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Envy is an emotion, evoked when one person strongly desires what another has. Envy may also refer to: Books Envy (novel) (Zavist'), a 1927 novel by Yuri Olesha Envy, a Fullmetal Alchemist character Films Envy (2004 film), an American comedy film Envy (2009 film), a Turkish drama film Music DJ Envy (born 1977), an American DJ and radio personality Envy, American band consisting of Rhonni and Gina Stile Envy, an Indonesian hip hop collective since 2018 Envy (band), a Japanese post-hardcore band Envy (English rapper) (born 1987) Nico & Vinz or Envy, a Norwegian hip-hop duo Albums Envy (Ambitious Lovers album) (1984) Envy (Eve's Plum album) (1993) Songs "Envy", a song appearing on Lunch. Drunk. Love. by Bowling For Soup "Envy" (movie theme song), a movie theme by Dan Navarro, from the 2004 film Envy "Envy" (song), a song by Ash Places Envy, Switzerland Envy, United States Virgin Islands The ICAO code for Værøy Airport, an airport formerly serving Værøy Other uses Envy (apple), a trademarked brand of the Scilate apple variety, a cross between Royal Gala and Braeburn Envy (dinghy), a type of fibreglass sailing dinghy HP Envy, a line of laptops by Hewlett-Packard Team Envy or Team EnVyUs, an international eSports organization based in the United States	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envy%20%28disambiguation%29
The Sony Ericsson W950i is the third UIQ 3 smartphone based on Symbian OS v9.1. It was announced on February 13, 2006, a week after the announcement of the Sony Ericsson M600. Background The W950 is Sony Ericsson's sixth 'Walkman'-series phone. One of its distinguishing features is the 4 GB internal flash memory, perfect for media storage. However, it does not support memory expansion with any type of memory card. Hardware With many core similarities to the M600, the W950 also uses the UIQ 3 software platform, which is based upon Symbian OS 9.1. The touchscreen displays 262,144 colours (18-bit colour depth) with a resolution of 240x320 pixels at 2.6 inches long in diagonal. The W950 runs on the Nexperia PNX4008 ARM9 208 MHz processor from Philips and has 64MB RAM and 128MB Flash ROM. This processor also includes a PowerVR MBX GPU for hardware-accelerated 3D graphics. Developing for the W950i Since the W950i is based upon the UIQ platform, it is easy to make third party applications that can be downloaded to the phone. Developers can choose their preferred programming language (Java, C++, etc.) and IDE (Visual Studio, CodeWarrior, Eclipse, Carbide, NetBeans). References External links Official Sony Ericsson W958c Webpage Official Sony Ericsson W950i Webpage Sony Ericsson UIQ Official UIQ developer portal Sony Ericsson W950 walkman announced - Article from All About Symbian W950i UIQ 3 Phones Mobile phones introduced in 2006 Mobile phones with infrared transmitter	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony%20Ericsson%20W950
Prometeo (Prometheus) is an "opera" by Luigi Nono, written between 1981 and 1984 and revised in 1985. Here the word "opera" carries the generic Italian meaning of "works", as in work of art, and not its usual meaning. Indeed, Nono scornfully labels Prometeo a "tragedia dell'ascolto", a tragedy of listening. Objectively it can be considered a sequence of nine cantatas, the longest lasting 23 minutes. The Italian libretto, by Massimo Cacciari, selects from texts by such varied authors as Aeschylus, Walter Benjamin and Rainer Maria Rilke and presents the different versions of the myth of Prometheus without telling any version literally. Vocal and orchestral forces Prometeo in its final form (1985) is scored for: 5 vocal soloists (2 sopranos, 2 altos, 1 tenor) 2 speakers (one male, one female) choir (12 singers) 4 orchestral groups, each consisting of: flute/piccolo, clarinet, bassoon, horn, trumpet, trombone, 4 violins, viola, cello, double bass 7 glasses 6 instrumental soloists: bass flute/piccolo/C flute, contrabass clarinet/clarinet in B/clarinet in E, trombone/tuba/euphonium, viola, cello, double bass 2 conductors. Sounds from the vocalists and instrumentalists are electronically manipulated. The duration of the final version is given as 135 minutes. Nine sections The work's nine sections are: Prologo Isola Prima Isola Seconda Interludio Primo Tre Voci (a) Isola Terza – Quarta – Quinta Tre Voci (b) Interludio Secondo Stasimo Secondo Performance history At the premiere of the first version, at the Church of San Lorenzo in Venice on 25 September 1984, Claudio Abbado was the conductor, with the Chamber Orchestra of Europe, a choir from the Hochschule für Musik Freiburg, and the following vocal soloists: Ingrid Ade, Monika Bair-Ivenz, Bernadette Manca di Nissa, Susanne Otto, and Mario Bolognesi. It is not clear whether a Conductor II was deployed. The revised and final Prometeo premiered at Teatro alla Scala in Milan on 25 September 1985, conducted by Peter Hirsch. Nono banned all photography of the production in an attempt to stop what he called "artistic consumerism." Prometeo had its first international premieres in France and Germany in 1987. The performances at Festival d'Automne in Paris and Alte Oper Frankfurt featured Ensemble Modern and conductors Friedrich Goldmann and David Shallon. A March 1997 production by Robert Wilson in Brussels (Festival Ars Musica / La Monnaie) was conducted by Péter Eötvös and Kwamé Ryan. The work was later also presented as part of the Berliner Festspiele in September 2011 under Matilda Hofman (Conductor II) and Arturo Tamayo (Conductor I); Cyndia Sieden, Silke Evers, Susanne Otto, Noa Frenkel, and Hubert Mayer were the vocal soloists, with the Konzerthausorchester Berlin. Its South American premiere took place at Argentina's Teatro Colón, in November 2013. Recordings EMI Classics 5 55209 2 – 1993, live in Salzburg: Ingrid Ade-Jesemann, Monika Bair-Ivenz, Susanne Otto, Helena Rasker, Peter Hall; Solistenchor Freiburg; Ensemble Modern; Ingo Metzmacher, conductor Col Legno WWE2SACD20605 – 2003, live in Freiburg: Petra Hoffmann, Monika Bair-Ivenz, Susanne Otto, Noa Frenkel, Hubert Mayer, singers; Sigrun Schell, Gregor Dalal (speakers); Freiburg Soloists’ Choir, ensemble recherche, Soloists’ Ensembles of the Freiburg Philharmonic and SWR Symphony Orchestras, Experimentalstudio Heinrich-Strobel-Stiftung of the SWR Freiburg (André Richard, director); Peter Hirsch (1st conductor), Kwamé Ryan (2nd conductor) References Italian-language operas Operas Operas by Luigi Nono 1985 operas 1984 operas Spatial music	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometeo
David Joseph Macpherson (January 12, 1854 – October 16, 1927) was a Canadian-born civil engineer, mainly known for his work on railroads in North America. Early career Macpherson was born in Canada West, and graduated from Cornell University. His first work was as a city planner for San Antonio, Texas, but he is more recognized for his work on railroads, specifically the one from Ciudad Juárez to Mexico City, and the Santa Fe Railroad. He was the sole survivor of six children who died from consumption or other diseases. This prompted his move to Pasadena, California, in 1885. Pasadena was known for its climate conducive to good health. There he moved into a Dutch Colonial home in the unincorporated area of the Pasadena Highlands. Mount Lowe Railway Though he spent time in developments in Pasadena, and was even once the Chairman of the Pasadena Board of Education, he wandered extensively about the foothills conjuring ideas about the development of a scenic mountain railroad to the crest of the San Gabriel Mountains. This idea had been brought up many times by the locals of Pasadena and Sierra Madre alike. It was not until he was introduced to the millionaire Professor Thaddeus S. C. Lowe by Perry M. Green, president of the Pasadena First National Bank, that any idea of funding such a venture came to the fore. Lowe retired to Pasadena from Norristown, Pa., and moved into a . mansion on Orange Grove Blvd., Pasadena in 1890. Together the men formed the Pasadena & Mt. Wilson Railroad and made plans for a steam cogwheel train to the summit of Mt. Wilson, the likes of which would rival the ones at Mt. Washington, Vermont, and Pikes Peak. Unable to obtain rights of way, the men turned their plans in the direction of Oak Mountain, to become Mount Lowe. The plan for the Mount Lowe Railway was also changed to incorporate an electric streetcar or trolley and a cable car funicular. Macpherson's designs of trestles and bridges went beyond the engineering standards of the day, particularly the Macpherson Trestle, which was designed to negotiate a deep granite chasm along of track on a 62% grade. Altadena Macpherson acquired the narrow strip of land on which his house was settled, which ran not more than a block wide and a mile in length through the Pasadena Highlands and into Altadena. He laid out the streets and named them after his favorite American railroads, south to north: Washington Street; Rio Grande St.; Denver become Howard St.; Santa Fe become Elizabeth St.; Topeka St.; Atchison St.; Erie become Woodbury Rd. east of Lake; New York Dr.; Albany become closed (portions renamed Sonoma Dr); Maine become closed; and Boston St. In 1920 he built a new home on the corner of Atchison and Mar Vista which, after Pasadena annexation was stopped, remains in Altadena. He died in Pasadena, aged 73. References 1854 births 1927 deaths American railway civil engineers Cornell University College of Engineering alumni Canadian people in rail transport American railroad pioneers Canadian railway pioneers Altadena, California Canadian emigrants to the United States	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Macpherson%20%28engineer%29
Janie Lou Gibbs (née Hickox; December 25, 1932 – February 7, 2010) was an American serial killer from Cordele, Georgia, who killed her three sons, a grandson, and her husband, by poisoning them with arsenic in 1966 and 1967. Background Gibbs was born in Georgia on Christmas Day, 1932. She operated a daycare from her home and was a dedicated member of the local church community. She had been married to her husband Marvin for 18 years before she began killing. Murders In 1965, Gibbs committed her first murder, poisoning her husband Marvin by putting arsenic into his dinner. While he was in hospital, she brought him homemade soup containing more poison. After Marvin's death on January 21, 1966, doctors decided the cause of death had been a liver disease. After her husband's death, Gibbs was supported by the local church community. She later donated some of her husband's life insurance money to the church. Eight months after the death of Gibbs's husband, she poisoned her youngest son, 13-year-old Marvin. He died on August 29, 1966. He was assumed to have inherited a liver disease from his father, but his death certificate listed hepatitis. Gibbs was not suspected of any wrongdoing, and she again donated a large portion of her life insurance payout to the local church. On January 23, 1967, another one of Gibbs's sons, 16-year-old Melvin, died suddenly. Doctors listed his cause of death as a rare muscular disorder, and for a third time, Gibbs donated life insurance money to the church. Gibbs now had only one son left, 19-year-old Robert. Robert had fathered a child named Raymond with his wife, and Gibbs was seen to be delighted that she had become a grandmother. Soon, Raymond became sick and died suddenly, followed only a month later by his father. Following the sudden deaths of a previously healthy young man and his infant son, the family physician became suspicious and referred the case to the state crime lab. Aftermath An autopsy on Robert found that he had ingested a fatal amount of arsenic. Gibbs was arrested for murder on Christmas Day, and the bodies of her husband and two buried sons were exhumed. Autopsies conducted in the cemetery revealed each of the five murdered members of the Gibbs household had arsenic present in their bodies. Gibbs initially was found mentally unfit to stand trial and was confined to a mental institution where she worked as a cook. Later, she stood trial and was sentenced to five life sentences. She remained imprisoned until 1999 when she was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and was released into the custody of her sister. She died in 2010 in a nursing home in Douglasville, Georgia. See also List of serial killers in the United States References "Janie Gibbs", Mind of a Killer, Kozel Multimedia, 1998 "Judged Insane in Poisonings," The Associated Press, February 8, 1968 "Woman Charged in Death of Kin", The Associated Press, January 28, 1968 External links Crime Library 1932 births 1966 murders in the United States 2010 deaths 20th-century American criminals American female serial killers American murderers of children American people convicted of murder American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Criminals from Georgia (U.S. state) Filicides in Georgia (U.S. state) Mariticides People convicted of murder by Georgia (U.S. state) People from Cordele, Georgia People paroled from life sentence People with Parkinson's disease Poisoners Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Georgia (U.S. state) Serial killers from Georgia (U.S. state)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janie%20Lou%20Gibbs
Think Twice is a weekend primetime PBS game show hosted by Monteria Ivey and produced by and taped at WGBH-TV in Boston, Massachusetts which ran from October 10, 1994 to March 6, 1995. Gameplay Two teams of two compete in a game that challenges their information, imagination, and intuition. The Main Game Round 1 (Information) This round is called the "Information Round" because it quizzes the contestants on their height of information. In this round, host Ivey reads a series of questions each with two parts. The first player to buzz-in gets to answer the question; but he/she can only answer one half, because in order to score, his/her partner must answer the other half without conferring. An incorrect answer from the buzz-in player gives the other team the right to answer either half of the question to score, but an incorrect answer from the partner causes the opposing team to capitalize on that miss. Each correct answer/complete question is worth 10 points. This round is played in an unmentioned time limit; the sound of a cuckoo (sometimes jokingly called a "dying quail" or some variation thereof by host Ivey) signals the end of the round. Round 2 (Imagination) In the "Imagination Round", the contestants were being tested on their creative ability. Before the show, each team had 60 seconds to review a list of nine words/phrases which are all clues to a puzzle. Now on a team's turn (starting with the team with the lowest score), each player had 30 seconds to make up a story using those clues with a minimum of six. Each clue is revealed on a video wall which is turned away from the other team so that they won't see what clues are revealed. When the storytelling team is done, host Ivey tells the opposing team how many clues were used; if less than six were used, another clue was revealed on the board, but if six or more were used, nothing happens. The opposing team then confer on what they heard and what clues they might have said; then they have a chance guess the subject. When they took their guess, they got a chance to look at what clues were revealed on the board as well as the clues unrevealed, then the subject is revealed. If they are correct they win 50 points; otherwise the storytelling team got the points. Note: If at any time the storytelling team says the subject, the opposing team automatically gets the 50 points by default. Round 3 (Intuition) The teams were tested on their intuition in this final round of the main game appropriately called the "Intuition Round". Much like Family Feud and Hot Potato, a question with a list of answers was read by host Ivey. On a player's turn (starting with the player on the team that's behind) he/she must give an answer that he/she thinks is on the list. After that, the opposing team can either accept or challenge that answer. They make their decision by pressing a colored button and light up a matching colored light; an acceptance is indicated by a green light (by pressing the green button), and a challenge is indicated by a red light (by pressing the red button). If the team is split in decision, the team captain makes the final decision by pressing a button. On accepting, a correct answer anywhere on the list is worth 10 points; but if the answer is the #1 answer, it's worth 50 points; but if the answer is not on the list, no points are awarded. On a challenge, if the answer was not on the list, the challengers got 10 points times the number of answers unrevealed (ex: if four answers were not yet revealed, the challenge would be worth 40 points) for a successful challenge; but if the answer was on the list, the challenged team gets the points; they also win 40 bonus points in addition to the challenge points if the answer was number one. An unlimited number of questions were played according to time, and the team with the most points at the sound of the cuckoo won the game and a Kenwood stereo plus a $500 shopping spree at Borders. The losing team received a $250 Gift Certificate Signals Catalog plus $500 in Microsoft merchandise. If both teams were tied at the end of the third round, one final list was played where the teams rang in using their green buttons. If the first player to ring in gave the #1 answer their team won automatically; otherwise the members of the opposing team gave another answer. The team that gave the higher answer on the list won. The Bonus Round In the bonus round, the team must answer 6 two-part questions within 60 seconds. For each question, each player supplies one answer. If either one doesn't know an answer, he/she can pass; both players must give a correct answer to the question to get credit. If they can answer six questions before time expires (signaled by a higher-pitched cuckoo and truck horn sound, followed by the "foghorn" [see below]), they each win a $2,500 Keystone America mutual fund. Cancellation Think Twice was cancelled after only 12 episodes due to low ratings. Notes Game show veterans Mark Maxwell-Smith, Michael Bevan, and Bob Boden created this show. The Price Is Right bell, foghorn, buzzer, clanging bell, and siren were used as sound effects on this show. During the show in-between rounds and at the beginning and end of the show, vocals were heard while the theme and background music played. The vocals were provided by Ellis Hall, who later played the organist in Big Momma's House. References 1990s American game shows 1994 American television series debuts 1995 American television series endings Television series by WGBH	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think%20Twice%20%28game%20show%29
The (, ; ; also spelled , , and occasionally simply ; ) is a traditional bowed string instrument of Thailand. It is in the family of Thai fiddles, which also includes the saw u and saw duang, but unlike the other two, it has three strings and a bow that is separate from the instrument. The is made up of three parts: the bout, the neck, and the bow. It has a three-lobed coconut bowl for a body, covered on one end with animal skin, and a hardwood or ivory neck that is cleaned and polished with wood varnish. Its bow is constructed of horsetail and hardwood. Other elements include the pegs, nut, bridge, lasso, and strings. Typically, the player glues a jewel onto the skin before playing to reduce the skin's resonance. The instrument is regarded as one of high stature and is often ornately decorated. It is believed to have been used since the Sukhothai period, and is related to a very similar Cambodian instrument called . The three silk strings on the produce the notes "so" on the higher-pitched upper string (, or ), "re" on the middle string (, or ) and "la" on the lower-pitched bottom string (, or ). History The is a bowed-string instrument with three strings and is usually played in ensembles and string bands. Its similarity to other stringed instruments suggests it may have originated from Persia, the Arab world, Cambodia, Indonesia, or Thailand. The is virtually identical to the , a bowed string instrument from Northern Thailand. These two instruments both have three strings, use the same method of playing, and require a foot for support. The only difference is that the has an elevated social status, unlike the . The has been played since at least the Sukhothai Kingdom, when it was utilized in royal rituals and incorporated into ensembles. According to 17th-century reports by Simon de la Loubère in Du Royaume de Siam, the Thai people had a tiny orchestra instrument called a "". This suggests that was highly popular among Thai people throughout the Ayutthaya period, until the Rattanakosin phase of King Rama II's reign. Because of King Rama II's passion for , he reimagined the instrument as exquisite, elevating is social status. After studying the origin of , the research found that Middle East countries are more advanced in their musical instrument culture. Other instruments that resemble the are the from the west of Persia, the from Egypt and Turkey, the from Indonesia and Malaysia, the from Cambodia, the saw rung-kee from India, and the saw mon from Myanmar. Origin theories Researchers have different theories about the origin of the . Thanit Yuupo (ธนิต อยู่โพธิ์) explained that the is similar to the Japanese and the Chinese , both of which are also fretless stringed instruments. The 's body is square and flat, and the 's body is smaller and covered in snakeskin. However, neither is bowed like the . Jenjira Benjapong (เจนจิรา เบญจพงศ์) stated her opinion that the ultimately derives from the , a Persian instrument. The gave rise to the Middle Eastern , which influenced the Thai , Cambodian , and Malay peninsula . Being suitable to accompany singing, the in Indonesia and Malaysia commonly accompanies the lead vocalist, much as the does in Thailand. Pongsin Aroonrat (พงษ์ศิลป์ อรุณรัตน์) presumed that evolved from the Persian , which is the root of numerous bowed string instruments, including the and violin. Java has a instrument, and Cambodia has a similar instrument called a . David Morton supposed that the original look of the originated in east India. Following then, the spread over various trading routes. The nan-chou, a bowed string instrument with a sharp point on the body, , and were the most common bowed string instruments discovered in that region. Udom Arunrut (อุดม อรุณรัตน์) said Thailand obtained the from Persia and used it in numerous rituals and royal events in the same way as the Persians. At the time, both nations were tightly linked by language, culture, and art. Suksant Puangklad (สุขสันต์ พ่วงกลัด) explained that the Islamic cultural group has a musical instrument that resembles the Thai , which has since diversified into numerous instruments, including the masenqo of east and west Africa, of Niger, rebab soussi of Morocco, joze of Iraq and Iran, kamaicha of India, of Afghanistan, of Java's gamelan ensembles, of Malaysia, of Cambodia, and of Lan Na of Thailand. Construction Components The bow () is strung with 250–300 pieces of horsetail or string. From top to bottom, the body () consists of many components: The pegs box () is the top of the fiddle and has a length of about 1 foot. The pegs box is shaped by a lathe and is cylindrical in shape. It has a hole at the bottom to connect to the upper neck, and three holes on the sides for the pegs. The pegs connect to pegs box alternating in a zigzag pattern. The head is spherical in shape and the stick has a length of about 6 inches. The upper neck () connects the pegs box to a lower neck. It has a cylindrical shape and is made from metal, with a diameter of about 1.125 inches and a length of about 9 inches. A nut is used for firmly tying the three strings to the upper neck to produce stable sound quality. Normally silk or the upper string is used for the nut. The lower neck () connects to the bout. It has a length of about 1 foot. It is turned in spherical shapes arranged in a row from small to large. The bout () is made from three coconut shells, together with wood and goatskin. The bridge is made of bamboo in a curved shape, used to support the strings. With a height of about 2 cm, it is located on the front of the fiddle 3 cm from the top edge. Jewelry is used to decorate and improve the sound of the fiddle. Lasso is silk used for tying and holding the strings, located at foot of the fiddle. Normally the middle string is used because it has the right size to tie the upper string and lower string. The strings are made of spiral silk. The upper string is the biggest string and the lower string is the smallest string. The foot () is the base of the fiddle, and has the physical appearance of a headdress (chada). Bout The bout is the main component of a fiddle, responsible for the sound, so care must be taken to find the best material for construction. Normally a three-lobed coconut shell is used; it must be symmetric with a thickness of about 0.5 cm. The coconut shell is peeled and a hole drilled to drain the coconut water. It is scrubbed and dried at room temperature for 1–2 weeks, after which it is cut and scrubbed inside using an electric polishing machine and sandpaper. The front of the shell is covered with goatskin or cow leather that is about 0.15 mm thick. After soaking in water for 3–4 hours, it is glued to the edge of the shell. The bout is then decorated to finish. Pegs box, bottom neck, and foot The size of the pegs box, bottom neck, and foot of fiddle depend on the size of the bout of the fiddle—if the bout is large, then these components will also be large. The pegs, pegs box, bottom neck, and foot are normally made of hardwood or tusk, and are all shaped using a lathe. The pegs box is used for tuning and also for increasing the sound frequency. For the pegs box, three holes are drilled for the pegs (two on the left, one on the right), and one hole is drilled through the bottom to connect it to the upper neck. For the bottom neck, the upper part is shaped like a marble and the lower part is shaped like an elephant's mouth. The foot of the fiddle is shaped like a Thai pagoda. Strings All three strings are made of silk, with four procedures used to make each string: spinning, silk tacking, gluing, and silk stranding. After gathering the silk from the silkworm, a spinning machine collects the silk onto a thread spool. 20 cm of nylon is used to make a lasso. The lasso hook is brought to the stranding machine, along with 8 spools of silk used for the upper string, 14 spools for the middle string, or 20 spools for the lower string. The silk is tacked to the stranding machine and stranded to make the string. Tuning The first thing that one does before tuning is stand the bridge. The bridge is set into the middle of the fiddle and away from the top of the bout around 1–2 inches. For tuning, each peg is turned to the front of the fiddle to tighten its string, while the bridge is kept stationary. A khim is used for the initial sound of the fiddle. The notes "so", "re", and "la" are used for the upper string, middle string, and lower string respectively. The tuning is checked by bowing the fiddle. Finally, a jewel can be attached to the bout for upgraded sound quality. Playing Sitting posture There are two sitting postures for playing . The first is to sit with legs to the side, where one leg on top of the other, stretching the player toe to the side while folding the knees (recommended for beginners). The other is Vajrasana, a kneeling hatha yoga and contemporary yoga posture, also known as 'Thunderbolt Pose' or 'Diamond Pose'. Holding posture Balance the iron needle on the bottom end of the on the ground. Hold the body of with the left arm, keeping it at the same level as the left thigh. Face the outside, and put the knob on the third string. Slightly turn the left palm to the front. Lean the neck of the against the space between the thumb and index finger. If holding the correctly, the pinky finger will not reach the string comfortably. Hold the bow with the right hand. Put the right hand around the area where the gap between the horsetail and the bow is about 4 centimeters. Put the ring finger between the horsetail and the bow. Use index finger and middle finger to support the bow while the wrist is parallel with the right arm. The performer needs to be careful not to bend the right hand askew with the right arm. While performing, the bow needs to always parallel to the ground. Bow handling Use the right arm and right hand to control the movement of the bow. Have the bow parallel to the ground and have the horsetail touch the string above the body around 3 centimeters. To increase the volume, use the ring finger to push the horsetail towards you. The most important thing is to balance the volume of the upper string and lower string. Finger gesture To determine the sound of the upper string and the middle string, the performer uses the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and pinky finger. To determine the sound of the lower string, use the index finger, middle finger, and ring finger. To press the upper string, stick the fingertip to the side of the upper string; this technique is called "chun sai". Any finger (except the thumb) can be used in "chun sai". Conducting One of the uniqueness of Thai instruments is "melody conducting", in which every performer conducts together harmoniously. For , conducting can be divided into two types: conducting as a band and conducting with a lead singer. When conducting as a band, the performer is guided by the other band members and the flow of the music. Therefore, the performer needs to understand the melody, musical type, and performance style. The most important thing the performer needs to commit to memory is that harmony is at the heart of playing as a band. The performer needs to play in the "Chou Chou" rhythm (ทำนองจาวๆ) which imitates "Saratta" rhythm (ทํานองสารัตถะ) as closely as possible. The performer needs to be mindful not to overuse the uniqueness of the sound of the "sol" and "re" notes. When conducting with a lead singer, it is crucial that the performer can recognize or sing the lyrics. The main role of the player is to support the lead singer, primarily with the instrument and possibly with singing accompaniment. However, the player needs to be cautious not to distract or overshadow the lead singer. References External links Sound sample Saw sam sai page See also Traditional Thai musical instruments Music of Thailand Drumhead lutes Thai musical instruments Bowed instruments	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw%20sam%20sai
Gwendolyn Gail Graham (born August 6, 1963) and Catherine May Wood (born March 7, 1962) are American serial killers convicted of killing five elderly women in Walker, Michigan, a suburb of Grand Rapids, in 1987. They committed their crimes in the Alpine Manor nursing home, where they both worked as nurse's aides. Crimes The two women met at the Alpine Manor nursing home shortly after Graham had moved to Michigan from Texas. They quickly became friends, and then lovers, in 1986. Two years later they both were facing murder charges for allegedly smothering five elderly patients as part of a "love bond". The details of the murders came almost entirely from accounts to criminal justice authorities by Wood, whose murder charges were reduced by a plea agreement so she could testify against Graham in Graham's trial for first-degree murder. However, Wood's accounts and her self-portrayal as Graham's pawn were later brought into serious question by award-winning journalist Lowell Cauffiel in his 1992 true crime book, Forever and Five Days. According to Wood's account, in January 1987, Graham entered the room of a woman who had Alzheimer's disease and smothered her with a wash cloth as Wood acted as her lookout. The woman was too incapacitated to fight back, and thus became the pair's first victim. The woman's death appeared to be natural, so an autopsy wasn't performed. Wood claimed Graham murdered the patient to "relieve her tension." Each felt that the secret of the murder would prevent the other partner from leaving, thus cementing their bond. Over the next few months, Graham murdered four more Alpine Manor patients, Wood alleged. Many of the victims, whose ages ranged from 65 to 97, were incapacitated and suffered from Alzheimer's disease. Wood testified that the couple turned the selection of victims into a game, first trying to choose their victims by their initials to spell M-U-R-D-E-R. But when that became difficult, they began counting each murder as a "day," as in the phrase, "I will love you for forever and a day." A poem by Wood to Graham, and introduced in the trial, concluded, "You'll be mine forever and five days." Wood also testified that Graham took souvenirs from the victims, keeping them to relive the deaths. However, no such souvenirs were ever discovered by police. Wood also portrayed Graham as being sexually, physically and emotionally dominant in their relationship. The couple eventually broke up when Graham began dating another female nursing aide who also worked at Alpine Manor. Graham then moved to Texas with the woman and began work in a hospital taking care of infants. Investigation The murder investigation began in 1988 after Wood's ex-husband, whom she had told about the murders, went to the police. Detectives for the Walker Police Department extensively questioned Cathy Wood in a series of interviews. She incrementally leaked out her version of the homicides, portraying Graham as the mastermind and hands-on killer. The investigation led to the exhumation of two nursing home victims who had not been cremated. But when medical examination failed to reveal physical evidence of homicide, not entirely unusual in a smothering case, the county medical examiner nevertheless ruled the deaths homicides, basing it on the interviews Wood had given to the police. Warrants were issued for the arrest of Wood and Graham. On December 4–5, 1988, Graham and Wood were arrested and charged with two murders. Wood was apprehended in Walker; Graham in Tyler, Texas. During the trial, Wood plea-bargained her way to a reduced sentence, claiming that it was Graham who planned and carried out the killings while she served as a lookout or distracted supervisors. Graham maintained her innocence, testifying that the alleged murders were part of an elaborate "mind game" by Wood. Despite the lack of physical evidence, the jury ultimately was swayed by the testimony of Graham's new girlfriend, who revealed that Graham had confessed to five killings. On November 3, 1989, Graham was found guilty of five counts of murder and one count of conspiracy to commit murder, and the court gave her five life sentences. Graham is housed in the Women's Huron Valley Correctional Facility in Pittsfield Charter Township, Michigan. Wood was charged with one count of second-degree murder and one count of conspiracy to commit second-degree murder. She was sentenced to 20 years on each count and has been eligible for parole since March 2, 2005. Wood was incarcerated in the minimum security Federal Correctional Institution, Tallahassee in Florida; she was released January 16, 2020 and is expected to live with relatives in South Carolina. However, as Lowell Cauffiel documents in his nonfiction book, friends, coworkers, family members and others who knew Graham and Wood told an entirely different story than the one Wood spun as the key witness in Graham's trial. They described Wood as both a coercive and seductive pathological liar who delighted in wreaking havoc in the lives of others. Forever and Five Days presents evidence that Wood planned the first murder after she found Graham with another woman. She involved Graham as an insurance policy to keep her from ever leaving her. When Graham left her anyway after the series of alleged killings, Wood was willing to put herself in legal jeopardy by disclosing to police to exact her revenge. The book portrays Wood as a psychopathic criminal mastermind who manipulated the prosecutor and the jury to punish Graham. Psychological testing also revealed Graham could be easily manipulated, suffered from borderline personality disorder and lacked the sophistication to plan the series of killings, let alone adequately defend herself in her trial. Wood, the book also reveals, later told inmates two other versions of events: The first, that she had made the entire story up to put Graham away for life for leaving her for another woman. The second, that she had done all the killing, but framed Graham, also for revenge. Several of the families sued the owners of Alpine Manor for hiring "dangerous and unbalanced employees". Alpine Manor has since gone out of business, but the building now houses a nursing home called "Sanctuary at Saint Mary's". Media The case was the basis of the 1992 true crime book Forever and Five Days by Lowell Cauffiel. Graham and Wood were featured in two episodes of the TV series The Serial Killers in which they were interviewed about their relationship and crimes. They were also featured on an episode of Snapped: Killer Couples. The television series American Horror Story tells a highly fictionalized version of their story in its sixth season, Roanoke. The duo are depicted as sisters Miranda and Bridget Jane. Their case is featured in the fifth episode, titled "Michigan Wolverines", of the fifth season of the show Deadly Sins. Jackie, Cathy Wood's daughter, called in to The Howard Stern Show on June 25, 2019 during the news and discussed her mother's story. "My mom is actually up for parole right now, but the victims' family members are appealing so it's taking a while for her to get out...but she's going to get out." She stayed on the air with Howard for about 10 minutes. On September 26, 2020, an episode of Oxygen's License To Kill called "A Match Made In Hell" took an in-depth look at the case. See also List of homicides in Michigan List of serial killers in the United States References Resources Buhk, T.T. and Cohle, S.D. (2008). Skeletons in the closet. New York: Prometheus Books. Cauffiel, Lowell. Forever And Five Days: The Chilling True Story of Love, Betrayal and Serial Murder in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Pinnacle, 1997. "Woman Sentenced In Patients' Deaths" (Nov 3, 1989). Worcester Telegram & Gazette. External links New York Times: Ex-Nursing Home Aide Gets Life Term in 5 Patient Killings Gwendolyn Graham and Cathy Woods by Elisabeth Wetsch The Serial Killers - Catherine May Wood and Gwendolyn Graham; The Lethal Lovers "‘She could do it again’: Serial nursing home killer released, moves to Fort Mill" by Anthony Kustura WSOCTV, January 17, 2020. 1962 births 1987 murders in the United States 20th-century American criminals 20th-century American LGBT people American female serial killers American serial killers Criminal duos Health care professionals convicted of murdering patients American lesbians LGBT people from Michigan Living people Medical serial killers People from Grand Rapids, Michigan Same-sex couples Serial killers from Michigan Violence against women in the United States	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwendolyn%20Graham%20and%20Cathy%20Wood
Sport name(), real name Genevieve ( born February 1970 year, Varna, Bulgaria) is a Bulgarian biathlete. She took up the biathlon in 1992. She made the national team in 1993 and came in 29th in the 15-kilometer competition at the Lillehammer Olympics the following year. She won a gold Olympic medal at the 15 km Individual event during the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. , her gold medal is the only one won by a Bulgarian at a Winter Olympic games. Dafovska is an administrator from Chepelare. Achievements 1995 – Bronze in the World Championship in Media:Antholz-Anterselva, Italy 1997 – Bronze in the World Championship in Brezno-Osrblie, Slovakia 1998 – Gold in the Olympic games in Nagano, Japan 2002 – Fifth place in the Olympic Games in Salt Lake City, USA 2004 – Gold in the European Championship in Minsk, Belarus 2006 – 8th in the Olympic games in Torino, Italy References 1975 births Living people Bulgarian female biathletes Olympic biathletes for Bulgaria Olympic gold medalists for Bulgaria Biathletes at the 1998 Winter Olympics Biathletes at the 2002 Winter Olympics Biathletes at the 2006 Winter Olympics Olympic medalists in biathlon Biathlon World Championships medalists Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics People from Chepelare 21st-century Bulgarian women 21st-century Bulgarian people	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekaterina%20Dafovska
Patrick Devlin may refer to: Pat Devlin (American football) (born 1988), American football quarterback Pat Devlin (footballer) (born 1953), Irish footballer and manager Patrick Devlin, Baron Devlin (1905–1992), British law lord L. Patrick Devlin, professor of communication at the University of Rhode Island Paddy Devlin (1925–1999), Northern Irish politician	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Devlin
In crystallography, a Frenkel defect is a type of point defect in crystalline solids, named after its discoverer Yakov Frenkel. The defect forms when an atom or smaller ion (usually cation) leaves its place in the lattice, creating a vacancy and becomes an interstitial by lodging in a nearby location. In elemental systems, they are primarily generated during particle irradiation, as their formation enthalpy is typically much higher than for other point defects, such as vacancies, and thus their equilibrium concentration according to the Boltzmann distribution is below the detection limit. In ionic crystals, which usually possess low coordination number or a considerable disparity in the sizes of the ions, this defect can be generated also spontaneously, where the smaller ion (usually the cation) is dislocated. Similar to a Schottky defect the Frenkel defect is a stoichiometric defect (does not change the over all stoichiometry of the compound). In ionic compounds, the vacancy and interstitial defect involved are oppositely charged and one might expect them to be located close to each other due to electrostatic attraction. However, this is not likely the case in real material due to smaller entropy of such a coupled defect, or because the two defects might collapse into each other. Also, because such coupled complex defects are stoichiometric, their concentration will be independent of chemical conditions. Effect on density Even though Frenkel defects involve only the migration of the ions within the crystal, the total volume and thus the density is not necessarily changed: in particular for close-packed systems, the lattice expansion due to the strains induced by the interstitial atom typically dominates over the lattice contraction due to the vacancy, leading to a decrease of density. Examples Frenkel defects are exhibited in ionic solids with a large size difference between the anion and cation (with the cation usually smaller due to an increased effective nuclear charge) Some examples of solids which exhibit Frenkel defects: zinc sulfide, silver(I) chloride, silver(I) bromide (also shows Schottky defects), silver(I) iodide. These are due to the comparatively smaller size of Zn^2+ and Ag+ ions. For example, consider a lattice formed by Xn− and Mn+ ions. Suppose an M ion leaves the M sublattice, leaving the X sublattice unchanged. The number of interstitials formed will equal the number of vacancies formed. One form of a Frenkel defect reaction in MgO with the oxide anion leaving the lattice and going into the interstitial site written in Kröger–Vink notation: Mg + O → O + v + Mg This can be illustrated with the example of the sodium chloride crystal structure. The diagrams below are schematic two-dimensional representations. See also Deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) Schottky defect Wigner effect Crystallographic defect References Further reading Crystallographic defects	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenkel%20defect
Jeff Galloway (born July 12, 1945 in Raleigh, North Carolina) is an American Olympian and the author of Galloway's Book on Running. A lifetime runner, Galloway was an All-American collegiate athlete and a 1972 US Olympic Team member in the 10,000 meters. He remains a competitive athlete, continuing through a successful masters running career. He is the chief executive officer of Galloway Productions, which conducts a broad range of training programs and events yearly; he also owns two running specialty stores. He has written several books on training and writes a monthly column for Runner's World magazine. Education and collegiate career In high school, at The Westminster Schools in Atlanta, Georgia, Galloway recorded bests of 4:28 in the mile and 9:48 in the two-mile; he became the state champion in the latter event. Running for Wesleyan University, he developed as a competitor, earning All-American honors in cross-country and track, clocking 4:12 in the mile, and noted times of 9:06 in the two-mile and 14:10 for three. He was on the 1966 Wesleyan cross country team along with Amby Burfoot. Bill Rodgers joined the team as a freshman during this time. In 1970, Galloway became the first winner of the Peachtree Road Race in Atlanta, Georgia. After three years in the United States Navy, Galloway attended graduate school at Florida State University (FSU), where he earned a master's degree in social studies and met his wife, Barbara, who competed for the FSU women's track team. While at FSU, he became a member of the Florida Track Club team, based at the University of Florida in Gainesville and led by Jack Bacheler and Frank Shorter. Olympian Galloway and his Florida Track Club teammates, Shorter and Bacheler, made the 1972 U.S. Olympic team, Galloway in the 10K, Bacheler in the marathon, and Shorter in both events. The three spent two months in the mountains near Vail, Colorado, conditioning themselves for the Olympics. According to noted runner and journalist, Joe Henderson, Galloway "should have been an Olympic marathoner", but is sometimes said to have given up his shot at a spot in the longer event to help his friend, Bacheler, to make the 1972 team. On his official website, Galloway says, "my greatest thrill was pacing Jack through the marathon trial and then dropping back at the finish so that he could take the remaining spot on the marathon team." Bacheler had narrowly missed out qualifying in the 10,000m trials a week earlier. Galloway was an alternate for the marathon. Other running accolades In 1973, Galloway set an American ten-mile road race record, posting a time of 47:49. He was a U.S. National Track and Field team member in Europe, Russia, and Africa. In the mid-1970s, he altered his training program to emphasize more rest and less weekly mileage, coupled with a long run every other week — a model that has worked successfully for amateurs and first-time marathon runners since then. The strategy helped extend his competitive career, and at age 35, he ran the Houston-Tenneco Marathon in 2:16:35. Other marks included 27:21 for six miles and 28:29 for the ten-kilometer event. Peachtree Road Race and race directing For many years, Galloway has been a key organizer of the Peachtree Road Race, one of the premier 10 kilometer road race events in the United States. Galloway helped the race achieve status as a marquee event by bringing together world-class fields which, in 1977, included Frank Shorter, Bill Rodgers, Don Kardong, and Lasse Virén. This brought international recognition to the race, while entries escalated from 1,200 to 12,000 participants by 1980. In 1978, Galloway co-founded the Avon International Women's Marathon, helping to bring the advent of the women's Olympic marathon. He is also co-director of the Manufacturers Hanover Corporate Challenge. Collateral endeavors In 1973, Galloway founded Phidippides, which developed into a nationwide franchise network of 35 running stores. The chain has dwindled, and as of 2006, Galloway owns only two Phidippides stores in the Atlanta area. In 1975, Galloway ventured into the vacation fitness camp business, and as of 2006, there are three in operation each summer in Colorado, British Columbia, and Squaw Valley, California. Coaches and lecturers have included Runner's World founder, Bob Anderson, Covert Bailey, Joe Henderson, Harry Hlavac, DPM, MEd, Joan Ullyot, MD and the late New Zealand Olympic track coach, Arthur Lydiard. In addition to vacation fitness camps, Galloway Productions conducts fitness seminars and marathon training groups across the United States. Runners and coaches around the globe have used his unique training approach. Achievements All results regarding marathon, unless stated otherwise Books Galloway, Jeff, Galloway's Book on Running, (1984), Galloway, Jeff, Return of the Tribes to Peachtree Street, (1995), Galloway Productions, Galloway, Jeff (and Joe Henderson) Better Runs (1995) Human Kinetics Publishers; 1 edition, Galloway, Jeff, Marathon!, (1996), Phidippides Production, Galloway, Jeff, Marathon: You Can Do It! , (2001), Shelter Publications, Galloway, Jeff, Galloway's Book on Running (revised), 2nd edition, Shelter Publications, Galloway, Jeff, Running: A Year Round Plan, (2005) Meyer & Meyer Fachverlag und Buchhandel GmbH, Galloway, Jeff, Running: Getting Started, Meyer & Meyer Fachverlag und Buchhandel GmbH, (2005) Galloway, Jeff, Running: Testing Yourself, Meyer & Meyer Fachverlag und Buchhandel GmbH, (2005) Galloway, Jeff, Walking: the Complete Book, Meyer & Meyer Fachverlag und Buchhandel GmbH, (2005) Galloway, Jeff, Mental Training For Runners - No More Excuses!, Maidenhead: Meyer & Meyer Sport (UK) Ltd., (2016) See also Running References Audio interview "Interview with legendary coach Jeff Galloway" "Interview with Jeff Galloway, recounted on how he had arranged to help pace his friend and training partner Bacheler" External links JeffGalloway.com - 'Run Injury Free with Jeff Galloway: Your Source for Running and Walking Information for All Abilities' (official homepage) AthensMarathon.com - 'Your Coach, Jeff Galloway', Athens Marathon CoolRunning.com - 'Training Tips by Jeff Galloway' (December 30, 2004) CoolRunning.com - 'Jeff Galloway - Everybody's Mother', Michael Selman (June 2, 2003) 1945 births Living people American exercise and fitness writers American male long-distance runners Track and field athletes from Raleigh, North Carolina Olympic track and field athletes for the United States Wesleyan University alumni Florida State University alumni Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics The Westminster Schools alumni	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Galloway
Mendota is an unincorporated village and census-designated place in Washington County in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Virginia, at an elevation of approximately 1411 feet. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 135. There is a medical clinic there, a post office, two churches and several residences, but no market or gas station. The nearest major city is Bristol. Mendota is widely recognized as the 'Hawk Capital of the World, and it lives up to its name. The name Mendota is derived from a Native American word meaning "bend in the river". The village is located on the north folk of the Holston River. At least five different Native American tribes once fished this fork and hunted the surrounding grounds. It is part of the Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a component of the Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA Combined Statistical Area – commonly known as the "Tri-Cities" region. Pre-History In 1770, Peter Livingston and his family settled on 2,000 acres beside the North Fork of the Holston River at the mouth of Livingston Creek near present day Mendota, Virginia. The beautiful and fertile river bottoms of his farm yielded good crops and he soon had expanded his cleared land to several acres and eventually brought in slaves to help him work it. All appeared well until the morning of April 6, 1794, when the feared, Cherokee Chief Benge and his followers quietly crept upon the unsuspecting cabins in an attempt to capture enslaved people to sell to the British. Working some distance away in the fields, Peter and his brother Henry only suspected trouble when they saw smoke rising from the direction of their homes. Rushing back to the scene, they soon learned that their wives and some of their slaves had been carried off. Not knowing the exact route the Indians might take, Peter and Henry followed the trail while others were sent to notify the militias in the surrounding area. Lt. Vincent Hobbs and his Lee County Militia (of 13) were drilling at Yokum’s Station on April 9 when they receive the word. Hurrying toward Big Stone Gap, he overtook some of Benge’s advance party and quietly dispatched them. Then the Lee County Militia hastily set up an ambush in an obscure hollow near the gap. But before Hobbs and his men were ready, the lead element of Benge’s group came into view. Although the red-headed Benge fired from cover, the Cherokee chief was killed and the captives released. Hearing the gun fire, Peter and Henry Livingston rushed ahead and were soon reunited with their wives. History More recently, the town of Mendota was founded and became an important point on a railroad line connecting Bristol and Hiltons. In the 1920s, a town council worked to turn Mendota into a thriving community, but the government eventually faded due to lack of organization. Eventually, the tribes and then the railroad moved on leaving Mendota struggling for a new identity. Today, Mendota is a quiet little village leading to recreational opportunities on the Clinch Mountain and Holston River. Ecology More than 16 species of raptors (hawks) soar down the spine of the Clinch Mountain every autumn, heading south for the winter along the Appalachian Flyway. The Mendota Fire Tower is a great location to view these hawks, especially at the peak of migration in mid September when up to 1,000 birds per day can be seen soaring past. Broad-winged Hawks are the most common raptors sighted, but the sharp-eyed birder will notice Sharp-shinned, Red-shouldered, and Coopers Hawks, Osprey, Bald and Golden Eagles, American Kestrels, Northern Harriers, Merlins, Peregrine Falcons, and Swallow-tailed Kites. External links References Unincorporated communities in Washington County, Virginia Unincorporated communities in Virginia Census-designated places in Washington County, Virginia Census-designated places in Virginia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendota%2C%20Virginia
Caroline Grills (née Mickelson; between 1888 and 1890 – 6 October 1960) was an Australian serial killer who poisoned her victims. She was predominantly a comfort killer, who murdered well-off members of her extended family to maintain a respectable lifestyle, but her later murders had more unclear motives. Biography Caroline Michelson was the daughter of Mary Preiers and George Michelson in Balmain, Sydney, and born between 1888 and 1890. She married Richard William Grills on 22 April 1908, with whom she had four sons. She first became a murder suspect in 1947 after the deaths of four family members: her 87-year-old stepmother Christine Mickelson; relatives by marriage Angelina Thomas and John Lundberg; and sister in law Mary Anne Mickelson. Authorities tested tea she had given to two additional family members (Christine Downey and John Downey of Redfern) on 13 April 1953, and detected the then-common household rat poison, thallium. At the time, thallium was easy to buy over the counter in New South Wales. Mickelson had inherited from Grills' father a house in Gladesville, and Grills was speculated to have murdered her to inherit it. Similarly, Thomas was a close family friend of the Grills couple and had left her holiday home in the Blue Mountains to the couple. Grills, a short woman who wore thick-rimmed dark glasses, commonly served her friends and in-laws tea, cakes and biscuits. She appeared in court charged with four murders and three attempted murders (the third being Eveline Lundberg, of Redfern, Christine Downey's mother) in October 1953. She was convicted on 15 October 1953 and sentenced to death, but her sentence was later changed to life in prison. She became affectionately known as "Aunt Thally" (a punning reference to "Aunt Sally") to other inmates of Sydney's Long Bay Prison. In October 1960, she was rushed to the Prince Henry Hospital at Randwick where she died from peritonitis from a ruptured gastric ulcer. In the months that followed more cases of thallium poisoning were stated, including notably, prominent Australian Rugby League footballer Bobby Lulham. See also List of serial killers by country Recipe for Murder (film) References Hidden Evidence: Forty true crimes and how forensic science helped solve them by David Owen (Firefly Books, September 2000). Murder! 25 True Australian Crimes by Vivien Encel & Alan Sharpe 1960 deaths 1947 murders in Australia 1950 murders in Australia 1953 murders in Australia 1950s murders in Australia 20th-century Australian women Australian female serial killers Australian people convicted of murder Australian prisoners sentenced to death Deaths from peritonitis Criminals from Sydney Poisoners People convicted of murder by New South Wales Prisoners sentenced to death by New South Wales Prisoners who died in New South Wales detention Serial killers who died in prison custody Thallium poisoning Year of birth unknown Women sentenced to death	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Grills
Rolling circle replication (RCR) is a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication that can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules of DNA or RNA, such as plasmids, the genomes of bacteriophages, and the circular RNA genome of viroids. Some eukaryotic viruses also replicate their DNA or RNA via the rolling circle mechanism. As a simplified version of natural rolling circle replication, an isothermal DNA amplification technique, rolling circle amplification was developed. The RCA mechanism is widely used in molecular biology and biomedical nanotechnology, especially in the field of biosensing (as a method of signal amplification). Circular DNA replication Rolling circle DNA replication is initiated by an initiator protein encoded by the plasmid or bacteriophage DNA, which nicks one strand of the double-stranded, circular DNA molecule at a site called the double-strand origin, or DSO. The initiator protein remains bound to the 5' phosphate end of the nicked strand, and the free 3' hydroxyl end is released to serve as a primer for DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase III. Using the unnicked strand as a template, replication proceeds around the circular DNA molecule, displacing the nicked strand as single-stranded DNA. Displacement of the nicked strand is carried out by a host-encoded helicase called PcrA (the abbreviation standing for plasmid copy reduced) in the presence of the plasmid replication initiation protein. Continued DNA synthesis can produce multiple single-stranded linear copies of the original DNA in a continuous head-to-tail series called a concatemer. These linear copies can be converted to double-stranded circular molecules through the following process: First, the initiator protein makes another nick in the DNA to terminate synthesis of the first (leading) strand. RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase III then replicate the single-stranded origin (SSO) DNA to make another double-stranded circle. DNA polymerase I removes the primer, replacing it with DNA, and DNA ligase joins the ends to make another molecule of double-stranded circular DNA. As a summary, a typical DNA rolling circle replication has five steps: Circular dsDNA will be "nicked". The 3' end is elongated using "unnicked" DNA as leading strand (template); 5' end is displaced. Displaced DNA is a lagging strand and is made double stranded via a series of Okazaki fragments. Replication of both "unnicked" and displaced ssDNA. Displaced DNA circularizes. Virology Replication of viral DNA Some DNA viruses replicate their genomic information in host cells via rolling circle replication. For instance, human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6)(hibv) expresses a set of "early genes" that are believed to be involved in this process. The long concatemers that result are subsequently cleaved between the pac-1 and pac-2 regions of HHV-6's genome by ribozymes when it is packaged into individual virions. Human Papillomavirus-16 (HPV-16) is another virus that employs rolling replication to produce progeny at a high rate. HPV-16 infects human epithelial cells and has a double stranded circular genome. During replication, at the origin, the E1 hexamer wraps around the single strand DNA and moves in the 3' to 5' direction. In normal bidirectional replication, the two replication proteins will disassociate at time of collision, but in HPV-16 it is believed that the E1 hexamer does not disassociate, hence leading to a continuous rolling replication. It is believed that this replication mechanism of HPV may have physiological implications into the integration of the virus into the host chromosome and eventual progression into cervical cancer. In addition, geminivirus also utilizes rolling circle replication as its replication mechanism. It is a virus that is responsible for destroying many major crops, such as cassava, cotton, legumes, maize, tomato and okra. The virus has a circular, single stranded, DNA that replicates in host plant cells. The entire process is initiated by the geminiviral replication initiator protein, Rep, which is also responsible for altering the host environment to act as part of the replication machinery. Rep is also strikingly similar to most other rolling replication initiator proteins of eubacteria, with the presence of motifs I, II, and III at is N terminus. During the rolling circle replication, the ssDNA of geminivirus is converted to dsDNA and Rep is then attached to the dsDNA at the origin sequence TAATATTAC. After Rep, along with other replication proteins, binds to the dsDNA it forms a stem loop where the DNA is then cleaved at the nanomer sequence causing a displacement of the strand. This displacement allows the replication fork to progress in the 3’ to 5’ direction which ultimately yields a new ssDNA strand and a concatameric DNA strand. Bacteriophage T4 DNA replication intermediates include circular and branched circular concatemeric structures. These structures likely reflect a rolling circle mechanism of replication. Replication of viral RNA Some RNA viruses and viroids also replicate their genome through rolling circle RNA replication. For viroids, there are two alternative RNA replication pathways that respectively followed by members of the family Pospivirodae (asymmetric replication) and Avsunviroidae (symmetric replication). In the family Pospiviroidae (PSTVd-like), the circular plus strand RNA is transcribed by a host RNA polymerase into oligomeric minus strands and then oligomeric plus strands. These oligomeric plus strands are cleaved by a host RNase and ligated by a host RNA ligase to reform the monomeric plus strand circular RNA. This is called the asymmetric pathway of rolling circle replication. The viroids in the family Avsunviroidae (ASBVd-like) replicate their genome through the symmetric pathway of rolling circle replication. In this symmetric pathway, oligomeric minus strands are first cleaved and ligated to form monomeric minus strands, and then are transcribed into oligomeric plus strands. These oligomeric plus strands are then cleaved and ligated to reform the monomeric plus strand. The symmetric replication pathway was named because both plus and minus strands are produced the same way. Cleavage of the oligomeric plus and minus strands is mediated by the self-cleaving hammerhead ribozyme structure present in the Avsunviroidae, but such structure is absent in the Pospiviroidae. Rolling circle amplification The derivative form of rolling circle replication has been successfully used for amplification of DNA from very small amounts of starting material. This amplification technique is named as Rolling circle amplification (RCA). Different from conventional DNA amplification techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), RCA is an isothermal nucleic acid amplification technique where the polymerase continuously adds single nucleotides to a primer annealed to a circular template which results in a long concatemer ssDNA that contains tens to hundreds of tandem repeats (complementary to the circular template). There are five important components required for performing a RCA reaction: A DNA polymerase A suitable buffer that is compatible with the polymerase. A short DNA or RNA primer A circular DNA template Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) The polymerases used in RCA are Phi29, Bst, and Vent exo-DNA polymerase for DNA amplification, and T7 RNA polymerase for RNA amplification. Since Phi29 DNA polymerase has the best processivity and strand displacement ability among all aforementioned polymerases, it has been most frequently used in RCA reactions. Different from polymerase chain reaction (PCR), RCA can be conducted at a constant temperature (room temperature to 65C) in both free solution and on top of immobilized targets (solid phase amplification). There are typically three steps involved in a DNA RCA reaction: Circular template ligation, which can be conducted via template mediated enzymatic ligation (e.g., T4 DNA ligase) or template-free ligation using special DNA ligases (i.e., CircLigase). Primer-induced single-strand DNA elongation. Multiple primers can be employed to hybridize with the same circle. As a result, multiple amplification events can be initiated, producing multiple RCA products ("Multiprimed RCA"). Amplification product detection and visualization, which is most commonly conducted through fluorescent detection, with fluorophore-conjugated dNTP, fluorophore-tethered complementary or fluorescently-labeled molecular beacons. In addition to the fluorescent approaches, gel electrophoresis is also widely used for the detection of RCA product. RCA produces a linear amplification of DNA, as each circular template grows at a given speed for a certain amount of time. To increase yield and achieve exponential amplification as PCR does, several approaches have been investigated. One of them is the hyperbranched rolling circle amplification or HRCA, where primers that anneal to the original RCA products are added, and also extended. In this way the original RCA creates more template that can be amplified. Another is circle to circle amplification or C2CA, where the RCA products are digested with a restriction enzyme and ligated into new circular templates using a restriction oligo, followed by a new round of RCA with a larger amount of circular templates for amplification. Applications of RCA RCA can amplify a single molecular binding event over a thousandfold, making it particularly useful for detecting targets with ultra-low abundance. RCA reactions can be performed in not only free solution environments, but also on a solid surface like glass, micro- or nano-bead, microwell plates, microfluidic devices or even paper strips. This feature makes it a very powerful tool for amplifying signals in solid-phase immunoassays (e.g., ELISA). In this way, RCA is becoming a highly versatile signal amplification tool with wide-ranging applications in genomics, proteomics, diagnosis and biosensing. Immuno-RCA Immuno-RCA is an isothermal signal amplification method for high-specificity & high-sensitivity protein detection and quantification. This technique combines two fields: RCA, which allows nucleotide amplification, and immunoassay, which uses antibodies specific to intracellular or free biomarkers. As a result, immuno-RCA gives a specific amplified signal (high signal-to-noise ratio), making it suitable for detecting, quantifying and visualizing low abundance proteic markers in liquid-phase immunoassays and immunohistochemistry. Immuno-RCA follows a typical immuno-adsorbent reaction in ELISA or immunohistochemistry tissue staining. The detection antibodies used in immuno-RCA reaction are modified by attaching a ssDNA oligonucleotide on the end of the heavy chains. So the Fab (Fragment, antigen binding) section on the detection antibody can still bind to specific antigens and the oligonucleotide can serve as a primer of the RCA reaction. The typical antibody mediated immuno-RCA procedure is as follows: 1. A detection antibody recognizes a specific proteic target. This antibody is also attached to an oligonucleotide primer. 2. When circular DNA is present, it is annealed, and the primer matches to the circular DNA complementary sequence. 3. The complementary sequence of the circular DNA template is copied hundreds of times and remains attached to the antibody. 4. RCA output (elongated ssDNA) is detected with fluorescent probes using a fluorescent microscope or a microplate reader. Aptamer based immuno-RCA In addition to antibody mediated immuno-RCA, the ssDNA RCA primer can be conjugated to the 3' end of a DNA aptamer as well. The primer tail can be amplified through rolling circle amplification. The product can be visualized through the labeling of fluorescent reporter. The process is illustrated in the figure on the right. Other applications of RCA Various derivatives of RCA were widely used in the field of biosensing. For example, RCA has been successfully used for detecting the existence of viral and bacterial DNA from clinical samples, which is very beneficial for rapid diagnostics of infectious diseases. It has also been used as an on-chip signal amplification method for nucleic acid (for both DNA and RNA) microarray assay. In addition to the amplification function in biosensing applications, RCA technique can be applied to the construction of DNA nanostructures and DNA hydrogels as well. The products of RCA can also be use as templates for periodic assembly of nanospecies or proteins, synthesis of metallic nanowires and formation of nano-islands. See also Selector-technique References External links DNA replication systems used with small circular DNA molecules Genomes 2, T. Brown et al., at NCBI Books MicrobiologyBytes: Viroids and Virusoids http://mcmanuslab.ucsf.edu/node/246 DNA replication	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling%20circle%20replication
Westminster Abbey is a community of Benedictine monks in Mission, British Columbia, established in 1939 from the Abbey of Mount Angel, Oregon. The abbey is home to the Seminary of Christ the King and is a member of the Swiss American Congregation within the Benedictine Confederation. The abbey's official name is the Abbey of Saint Joseph of Westminster; Saint Joseph is the abbey's patron saint. The abbey was designed by the firm of Gardiner, Thornton, Gathe and Associates. History The seminary was founded in 1931 by Archbishop William Mark Duke of the Archdiocese of Vancouver. Five monks, including Father Eugene Medved, later Prior and Abbot, were sent from Mount Angel Abbey, Oregon, to British Columbia in 1939 to found a priory and to take over the running of the Seminary of Christ the King, which was then located in Ladner, B.C. The following year, the monks moved their new priory together with the seminary to Burnaby, near Vancouver, B.C., neighbouring New Westminster. It became a conventual (independent) priory in 1948. In 1953 the Holy See raised it to the status of an Abbey. Prior Eugene was elected as the first Abbot of the new abbey. The same year, construction began on a new abbey, church, and seminary, designed by the Norwegian architect, Asbjørn Gåthe. The new location was on the outskirts of the town of Mission. The monks began to live on this site beginning in 1954; buildings were gradually added, culminating in the abbey church in 1982. The abbey is located on a hill northeast of the town centre, with a view up the Fraser River valley. Father Maurus Macrae was elected abbot in 1992 after the death of Abbot Eugene. He continued as abbot until his death in 2005, when Father John Braganza was elected. After having served the monastic community for over 17 years, Father Abbot John Braganza OSB resigned on May 3, 2022. In a statement from the Abbey, it said, “At this time, however, it has become evident that there is need for change and renewal, for both Abbot John and for the community...concerns have arisen regarding his interpersonal relations,” but that there are no allegations of sexual misconduct or of any misconduct with minors. On July 11, 2022, the bells of Westminster Abbey rang once again for her newly elected abbot - Father Abbot Alban Riley OSB. He was solemnly blessed by the Archbishop of Vancouver J. Michael Miller on September 14, 2022, in the Abbey Church. Activities Benedictine monks live by the motto of their order, Ora et Labora ("Pray and Work"). The roughly 30 monks at Westminster Abbey also follow this. In 1950, Benedictine sisters came to help the abbey, and continued there until they left in 1968. Since then, all kitchen, farm, and most other work at the abbey has been done by the monks themselves. Prayer The monks pray the Liturgy of the Hours, namely Lauds, Midday Prayer, Vespers and Vigils at four different times throughout the day. These are usually sung publicly in the Abbey church. Seminary The monks operate the Seminary of Christ the King, with a Minor (high school) and Major (college) seminary, both for young men. The students reside on the grounds during the school year. They also participate in the singing of the Liturgy of the Hours. The minor seminary is the only Anglophone high school seminary in Canada, and also the only minor seminary run by Benedictine Monks in the world. The major seminary is a private institution authorised by the government of British Columbia to grant degrees. The students are taught by the monks, as well by many volunteer teachers. The Major seminarians are also taught by local diocesan priests. Art Father Dunstan Massey is the abbey's resident artist. He has painted several frescoes around the abbey, and he has also created a series of concrete bas-reliefs affixed to pillars inside the church. Farm The abbey's farm is worked by the monks. It houses up to 40 cattle, raised for their meat. There are also chickens, whose eggs and meat are eaten. Most of the meat eaten at the abbey comes from the farm. The abbey, including the farm and woods, covers over 70 hectares of land. Gallery References External links Seminary home page Benedictine monasteries in Canada Mission, British Columbia High schools in British Columbia Religious buildings and structures in British Columbia Christian organizations established in 1939 Universities and colleges in British Columbia Private schools in British Columbia Brutalist architecture in Canada Seminaries and theological colleges in Canada Christianity in British Columbia 1939 establishments in British Columbia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster%20Abbey%20%28British%20Columbia%29
The tro Khmer () is a traditional bowed string instrument from Cambodia. Its body is made from a special type of coconut covered on one end with snake skin, and it has three strings. Instruments are not standardized, and coconuts vary in size; however the instrument's sound bowl may have dimensions 16.5 cm by 14 cm. In the past the strings were made of silk. By the 1960s, metal strings were in use, and the sound of the instrument changed, becoming sharper. The tro Khmer is closely related to a Thai instrument called saw sam sai. The instrument may be related to the similarly shaped Indonesian version of the rebab, arriving there from Muslim culture, c. 15th century a.d. A difference between the two is the number of stings; where the Indonesian rebab has two strings, the tro Khmer has three. References See also Indonesian rebab Tro (instrument) Traditional Cambodian musical instruments Music of Cambodia Huqin Cambodian musical instruments Drumhead lutes Bowed instruments	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tro%20Khmer
Andrija Zmajević (; 6 June 1628 - 7 September 1694) was a Baroque poet, the Archbishop of Antivari and a theologian. Biography The Zmajević family hailed from Vrba, a village from the region of the Njeguši tribe; when the last members of the Crnojević family left the Principality of Zeta, Nikola Zmajević and his cousins Ivaniš and Vučeta moved to Kotor, at the beginning of the 16th century. There, they quickly converted from Christian Orthodoxy in favor of Roman Catholicism, by marrying “Latin” women. Becoming appealed and somewhat wealthy, the family acquired property and gained a reputation and a name in Kotor. Andrija Zmajević was born in Perast, in the Bay of Kotor, at the time part of the Republic of Venice, in late July 1628. His grandmother Anđuša had moved from Kotor to Perast in the early 17th century, after the death of her husband. After finishing the Franciscan primary school in his native town, Andrija Zmajević continued his education in Kotor, before moving to the College for the Propagation of the Faith, in Rome, where he earned a doctorate of philosophy and theology. In 1656, back in Perast, he became the town's pastor and the abbot of the monastery of St. George, on the Sveti Đorđe Island. In 1664, he became the vicar of the bishopric of Budva, where he remained after being appointed as titular archbishop of Bar in 1671, as the latter city was under Ottoman rule. Work He collected epic and lyric folk songs and transcribed the works of Dubrovnik poets, notably Ivan Gundulić. His most important theological and historical work is Ljetopis Crkovni (“Church Chronicles”), completed in 1675 and illustrated by himself and his countryman Tripo Kokolja. Written in proto-Serbo-Croatian, the book focuses on the South Slavs and records some of their secular history. Zmajević saw them as a single people and hoped that they would eventually unite under the Roman faith, including the Serbs. In particular, the writer greetly admired Saint Sava, whom he incorrectly considered as faihtful to the Holy See. With the exception of the poem Od pakla, published in Venice in 1727, all his works remained in manuscript during his lifetime, some of which have been lost. Among the most notable are: Ljetopis crkovni (“Church chronicles”) Svadja Lazarevih kćeri, Brankovice i Miloševice (“The Quarrel of Lazar's daughters, wife of Branko and wife of Miloš”) Boj Peraški (“The Battle of Perast”); lost Slovinskoj Dubravi (“Of Slavic Dubrovnik”) Tripu Škuri (“Of Tripo Škura”) Od pakla (“From Hell”); lost Zmajević wrote both in Latin and in the vernacular language, which he called "Slavic" (slovinski) and which he wrote using both Latin and Cyrillic scripts. He justified his decision to write in Cyrillic script since it was used by the "Illyrian" and overall Slavic world. Legacy The Croatian Encyclopedia describes him as a 'Croatian archbishop and writer' and notes that his few remaining works are archived by HAZU. References Sources Prednjegoševsko doba, Titograd 1963. Serbian Roman Catholic priests 1628 births 1694 deaths Republic of Venice poets People from Perast Archbishops of Antivari Serbian male poets Montenegrin poets Montenegrin male writers Roman Catholic writers Venetian period in the history of Montenegro Venetian Slavs 17th-century Serbian writers 17th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Republic of Venice Montenegrin Roman Catholic archbishops	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrija%20Zmajevi%C4%87
Whiteshell Provincial Park is a provincial park in southeast Manitoba, approximately east of the city of Winnipeg. The park is considered to be a Class II protected area under the IUCN protected area management categories. It is in size. The park protects areas representative of the Lake of the Woods Ecoregion within the Boreal Shield ecozone. The park's protection also specifically extends to the Tie Creek basin, an area of great spiritual significance to Indigenous peoples. History Whiteshell Provincial Park was designated a provincial park by the Government of Manitoba in 1961. It was one of the first group of parks established the year following the passage of the Manitoba Provincial Parks Act. Tourism interest in the area had begun shortly after the arrival of railway lines—the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1883 and the Canadian Northern Railway around 1908. In 1927, the area was suggested as the location for Manitoba's first national park, eventually losing out to a competing proposal for Riding Mountain National Park. The Ojibway people and various other groups before them initially populated the area. The Ojibway, or Anishinaabe, first mapped some of the area on birch bark. The name of the park is derived from the cowrie shells that were used in ceremonies by the Anishinaabe, including the Ojibway, and among them the Midewiwin practitioners. The historic Winnipeg River and the Whiteshell River are the main rivers that run through the park. For thousands of years, Indigenous peoples used the area for harvesting wild rice, hunting, fishing, trade, ceremonies, teaching, and dwelling. In 1734, La Vérendrye was the first European to explore the area during his quest for a route to the Western Sea. First Nations, fur traders, and trappers used the Winnipeg River as the main travel route through this area, as well as the Whiteshell River. Whiteshell Provincial Park has many pink granite ridges, cliffs, and flat granite areas used for petroform making by First Nation peoples. There is also archaeological evidence of ancient copper trading, prehistoric quartz mining, and stone tool making in the area. The copper trade, which extended toward Lake Superior, began approximately 6,000 years ago. Many artifacts and prehistoric camps were discovered in Whiteshell Provincial Park and are protected under the Heritage Act of Manitoba. The park is still used by Indigenous peoples for wild rice harvesting and ceremonies. Around 1920, the development of roads brought tourists into the Whiteshell area. The first summer cottages were close to the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Canadian National Railway. In 1922 Brereton Lake Dominion Park was created. A decade later and in 1930 the park was transferred to the province of Manitoba and established the Whiteshell Forest Reserve. Further roadwork continued, linking the reserve to Ontario in the east and campgrounds and picnic sites further north. A Manitoba Historical Plaque was erected in the community of Falcon Lake by the province to commemorate the role of the Dawson Road in Manitoba's heritage. Geography Three rivers flow through the park forming strings of lakes. The Winnipeg River defines the northern edge of the park from Eaglenest Lake, straddling the Manitoba-Ontario boundary flowing west through Numao Lake, Nutimik Lake, Dorothy Lake, Margaret Lake to Natalie Lake on the park's northwestern edge. The Whiteshell River enters in the south-eastern corner linking West Hawk Lake, Caddy Lake, South Cross Lake, North Cross Lake, Sailing Lake, Mallard Lake, Lone Island Lake, Jessica Lake, White Lake and Betula Lake before joining the Winnipeg River at Nutimik Lake. The Rennie River forms a third chain of lakes, arising in Shiaro Lake within the park through Jean Lake, Brereton Lake, Rice Lake, Heart Lake before joining the Whiteshell River just below Betula Lake. Falcon Lake lies to the south of the TransCanada Highway. Big Whiteshell Lake is the largest of a number of lakes lying to the north of the Whiteshell River. Visiting the Park The park is located along the eastern side of Southern Manitoba, along the Ontario border. It is the first area that is entered when arriving in Manitoba from the east on the Trans-Canada Highway which runs east west through the park. Provincial Trunk Highway 44 joins West Hawk Lake with Rennie. Provincial Road 309 connects Provincial Road 307 at White Lake with Lone Island Lake and Big Whiteshell Lake. Park vehicle permits are typically required year-round in Manitoba Provincial Parks. Permits are available at all campgrounds and district offices, or can be purchased online. The population in the park increases significantly in the summer. Many of these seasonal residents own cottages or cabins built on land leased from the Crown. The word 'cottaging' is used to describe staying at these seasonal residences. Visitors to the park who are not interested in camping can choose to rent a cottage or cabin or stay in a lodge or resort. The Province operates ten serviced campgrounds in the park May through October. Reservations for these sites must be made through the Manitoba Parks Reservation Service. Fees vary depending on facilities and services provided. Summer Boating – Boat launches are accessible at a variety of lakes and many resorts offer boat rentals. Canoeing and kayaking – Up to 325 km of canoe routes are located within the park. Paddlers on the Caddy Lake Canoe Route pass through tunnels in a wall of rock that were created when the railways came through this area more than a century ago. Sailing and boardsailing – Falcon Lake and West Hawk Lake maintain sailing clubs. Fishing – There are a dozen species of fish that will provide fishing enjoyment. Swimming – Numerous public beaches permit swimming and many lakeside cottages allow swimming at the shoreline area. Hiking – Trails range from short 1.5 km routes to the more challenging 60 km Mantario Trail, connecting Caddy Lake with Block 2 of Big Whiteshell Lake. Part of the Trans-Canada Trail is contained in the park, although construction is incomplete. Cycling – A 4.2 km loop is available at Betula Lake on Provincial Road 307 and a 9 km trail at Big Whiteshell Lake on Provincial Road 309. The South Whiteshell Trail is a multi-use trail system that accommodates cyclists. The trail connects Falcon Lake to Caddy Lake and will be approximately 29 kilometres in length. Winter Icefishing Snowmobiling – Over 200 km of marked and groomed snowmobiling trails offer winter recreation. Snowshoeing – In winter, this snow allows for snowshoeing on the trail systems and on the frozen lakes. North Whiteshell The northern portion of the park may be accessed by road from the west via PR 307 at Seven Sisters Falls or Highway 44 at Rennie. Pointe du Bois can be reached by road via PR 313. Provincial campgrounds located in the North Whiteshell are Otter Falls, Nutimik Lake, Betula Lake, White Lake, Big Whiteshell Lake and Brereton Lake. Whiteshell Natural History Museum The Whiteshell Natural History Museum, opened in 1960 and located in a log building, features mounted wildlife displays of local animals. Other displays include the boreal forest, Canadian Indigenous peoples, petroforms, sturgeon and the Winnipeg River. The museum is located on PR 307 at Nutimik Lake. It has been closed since 2018. Alfred Hole Goose Sanctuary The Alfred Hole Goose Sanctuary and Interpretive Centre is located at PTH 44, slightly east of Rennie. The sanctuary protects nesting Canada geese each spring. The interpretive centre provides information about the biology of the geese and the history of the sanctuary, as well as an observation gallery for the lake and interpretive programs. Whiteshell Trappers Museum The Whiteshell Trappers Museum is located on the grounds of the Alfred Hole Goose Sanctuary. Built in 1997, the museum resembles a fur trapper's cabin. Interpreters discuss the history of fur trapping, trapping techniques, and local wildlife. South Whiteshell The park may be accessed from the south side via exits on the Trans-Canada Highway (Hwy 1), where visitors may enter near Falcon Lake on the western side or West Hawk Lake on the east. The main park entrance is located at Falcon Lake, immediately south of the Trans-Canada Highway. Falcon Lake has two provincially operated campgrounds, a beach, golf course, ski resort, riding stables and many other tourist services. It is the west end of Manitoba Provincial Road 301 which runs east through Faloma, Toniata, and Star Lake to the community of West Hawk Lake. Provincial campgrounds in the southern portion of the park are Caddy Lake, Falcon Beach, Falcon Lakeshore and West Hawk Lake. West Hawk Lake, the deepest lake in the province, was formed by a meteorite, and is a popular spot for scuba diving and ice diving. West Hawk Museum Located at West Hawk Lake, the West Hawk Museum features exhibits about the area's geology, area gold mining, and the formation of the lake from the impact of meteorite that formed the West Hawk crater. Whiteshell Fish Hatchery Interpretive Centre The Whiteshell Fish Hatchery Interpretive Centre allows visitors to learn about the hatchery's activities in raising lake sturgeon, trout and walleye. The hatchery is located along the Whiteshell River just north of West Hawk Lake. The fish in the hatchery are used to help stock lakes throughout Manitoba. It is open during the summer months. Ecology Fauna Whiteshell Provincial Park is home to a variety of large mammals including black bear, moose, white-tailed deer, timber wolf and lynx. Smaller mammals such as river otter, marten, fisher, red fox, mink, hare, beaver, bats, skunk, raccoon, muskrat and red squirrels also inhabit the park. The birds in the park include owls, bald eagles, ruby throated hummingbirds, chickadees, blue jays, grosbeaks, turkey vultures, redpolls, woodpeckers, osprey, loons, ruffed grouse, ducks and Canada geese. Snakes, turtles and a wide variety of insects are found in the park. The lakes and rivers contain perch, walleye, jackfish, lake sturgeon, black crappie, burbot, whitefish, trout, white bass, smallmouth bass and mooneye. Smoked mooneye meat is highly valued and sold as "Winnipeg goldeye". Gallery See also List of protected areas of Manitoba List of provincial parks in Manitoba Park ship References External links Whiteshell Provincial Park - official site Alfred Hole Goose Sanctuary and Interpretive Centre West Hawk Museum Whiteshell Fish Hatchery Interpretive Centre Travel Manitoba: Whiteshell Provincial Park iNaturalist.org:Observations in Whiteshell Provincial Park eBird hotspots in the park Whiteshell PP Whiteshell PP--Big Whiteshell Lake Whiteshell PP--White Lake Whiteshell PP--Jessica Lake Whiteshell PP--Alfred Hole Goose Sanctuary Whiteshell PP--Caddy Lake Whiteshell PP--West Hawk Lake Whiteshell PP--Falcon Lake Whiteshell Cottagers Association a non-profit organization advocating for those who lease or own land in the park Parks in Eastman Region, Manitoba Provincial parks of Manitoba Museums in Manitoba Natural history museums in Manitoba Protected areas established in 1961 1961 establishments in Manitoba Protected areas of Manitoba	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteshell%20Provincial%20Park
Patrick Arthur Devlin, Baron Devlin, PC, FBA (25 November 1905 – 9 August 1992) was a British judge and legal philosopher. The second-youngest English High Court judge in the 20th century, he served as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary from 1960 to 1964. In 1959, Devlin headed the Devlin Commission, which reported on the State of Emergency declared by the colonial governor of Nyasaland. In 1985 he became the first British judge to write a book about a case he had presided over, the 1957 trial of suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams. Devlin was involved in the debate about homosexuality in British law; in response to the Wolfenden report, he argued, contrary to H. L. A. Hart, that a common public morality should be upheld. Devlin's daughter Clare, then aged 81, said in 2021 that her father had sexually abused her from the age of 7 until her teens. Early life and education Patrick Devlin was born in Chislehurst, Kent. His father was an Irish Roman Catholic architect whose own father came from County Tyrone, and his mother was a Scottish Protestant, originally from Aberdeen. In 1909, a few years after Devlin's birth, the family moved to his mother's birthplace. The children were raised as Catholics. Two of Devlin's sisters became nuns; one brother was the actor William Devlin and another became a Jesuit priest. Devlin joined the Dominican Order as a novice after leaving Stonyhurst College, but left after a year for Christ's College, Cambridge. At Cambridge, Devlin read both History and Law, and was elected President of Cambridge Union in 1926. He graduated in 1927, having obtained a Lower Second for both parts of his degree. Legal and judicial career He joined Gray's Inn in 1927, passing the bar exam in 1929. He worked as devil for William Jowitt while Jowitt was Attorney-General, and by the late 1930s had a successful commercial practice. During the Second World War he worked for several government ministries. He took silk in 1939 and was Attorney-General of the Duchy of Cornwall between 1947 and 1948. High Court judge In 1948, Jowitt (by then Lord Chancellor) made Devlin, then aged 42, a High Court judge, assigned to the King's Bench Division; he received the customary knighthood later that year. He was the second-youngest person to be appointed to the High Court bench in the 20th century. From 1956 to 1960 he also served as the first President of the Restrictive Practices Court. Trial of John Bodkin Adams Amongst many commercial and criminal cases that Devlin tried, perhaps his most famous case was the 1957 trial of John Bodkin Adams, an Eastbourne doctor indicted for murdering two of his patients Edith Alice Morrell an elderly widow and Gertrude Hullett, a middle-aged woman whose husband had died four months before her death. Although the Attorney-General's decision to charge Adams with the murder of Morrell, whose body had been cremated, was questioned, Devlin considered the Morrell case, although six years old, was stronger than that of Mrs Hullett, who had clearly committed suicide and the extent, if any, of Adams' involvement in this was uncertain. Bodkin Adams was tried on the Morrell charge. Devlin considered that the prosecution, although it had not been wrong to bring the case to trial, had not prepared its case adequately as the Attorney-General was a busy minister and the next most senior member of his team Melford Stevenson did not make up for his leader's absence. The prosecution had not presented a coherent case, particularly on motive, and in his summing up Devlin said that the defence case was a manifestly strong one. In contrast, the defence led by Geoffrey Lawrence Q.C. had, in his view, presented a meticulously prepared and ably argued case. Devlin directed the jury not to find for the prosecution unless they rejected all the defence arguments, and accepted this was a summing up for an acquittal. Adams was then found not guilty on the Morrell charge. Controversially, the prosecutor – Attorney-General, Sir Reginald Manningham-Buller – claimed in Parliament that the acquittal was the result of Devlin's judicial misdirection and even more controversially, he entered a nolle prosequi regarding the Hullett charge. Devlin later termed this "an abuse of process", done because the prosecution's case was deficient, and left Adams under the suspicion that there might have been some truth in talk of mass murder. Devlin received a phone call from the Lord Chief Justice Lord Goddard at the time defence and prosecution were making their closing speeches. In the event of Adams being acquitted, Goddard suggested that Devlin might consider an application to release Adams on bail before the Hullett trial which was due to start afterwards. Devlin was initially extremely surprised because he had never heard of anyone accused of murder being granted bail, although he considered that Lord Goddard was not deterred by the lack of any precedent. However, he considered that such an application might be justified in the particular circumstances of this case, and invited the Attorney-General and Geoffrey Lawrence to discuss the issue. In 1985, two years after the death of Adams, Devlin wrote an account of the trial, Easing the Passing – the first such book by a judge in British history. Easing the Passing provoked a great deal of controversy within the legal profession. Some disapproved of a judge writing about a case he had presided over, while others disliked Devlin's dismissal of Manningham-Buller's approach to the case. Lord Hailsham told judge John Baker: "He ought never to have written it" before adding with a laugh, "But, it's a jolly good read". Court of Appeal and House of Lords In 1960, Devlin was made a Lord Justice of Appeal, and the following year, on 11 October, he became a Law Lord and life peer, as Baron Devlin, of West Wick in the County of Wiltshire. He retired in 1964, at the age of 58, having completed the minimum 15 years then necessary to qualify for a full judicial pension. He said that his retirement was due in part to his boredom with the large number of tax cases that came before the House of Lords. He himself explained in an interview: "I was extremely happy as a judge of first instance. I was never happy as an appellate judge ... for the most part, the work was dreary beyond belief. All those revenue cases ..." After retirement, Devlin was a judge on the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization until 1986. He was also chairman of the Press Council from 1964 to 1969, and High Steward of Cambridge University from 1966 until 1991. He spent time writing about law and history, especially the interaction of law with moral philosophy, and the importance of juries. He was active in the campaigns to reopen the Guildford Four and Maguire Seven cases. He died aged 86 in Pewsey, Wiltshire. Lord Devlin received several honorary degrees, including from the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Glasgow, Sussex, Leicester, Toronto, and Durham. Other public activities Hart–Devlin debate After the Wolfenden report in 1957, Devlin argued, initially in his 1959 Maccabean Lecture in Jurisprudence at the British Academy, in support of James Fitzjames Stephen that popular morality should be allowed to influence lawmaking, and that even private acts should be subject to legal sanction if they were held to be morally unacceptable by the "reasonable man", to preserve the moral fabric of society (Devlin's "reasonable man" was one who held commonly accepted views, not necessarily derived from reason as such). H. L. A. Hart supported the report's opposing view (derived from John Stuart Mill) that the law had no business interfering with private acts that harmed nobody. Devlin's argument was expanded in his book The Enforcement of Morals (1965). As a result of his debate with Devlin on the role of the criminal law in enforcing moral norms, Hart wrote Law, Liberty and Morality (1963) and The Morality of the Criminal Law (1965). In the first lecture in "The Enforcement of Morals", Devlin argued that "society means a community of ideas; without shared ideas on politics, morals and ethics no society can exist". Violation of the shared morality loosens one of the bonds that hold a society together, and thereby threatens it with disintegration. So an attack on "society's constitutive morality" would threaten society with disintegration. Such acts could therefore not be free from public scrutiny and sanction on the basis that they were purely private acts. He explained: While thus concluding that violations of the "moral code" were the law's business, Devlin observed that this did not mean that society necessarily had the power to intervene. He noted that the chief of the "elastic principles" limiting the power of the State to legislate against immorality was "toleration of the maximum individual freedom that is consistent with the integrity of society". He suggested that "the limits of tolerance" are reached when the feelings of the ordinary person towards a particular form of conduct reaches a certain intensity of "intolerance, indignation and disgust". If, for example, it is the genuine feeling of society that homosexuality is "a vice so abominable that its mere presence is an offence", then society may eradicate it. Privately Devlin felt that antipathy to homosexuality had not reached an intensity of "intolerance, indignation and disgust". In May 1965, he was one of the signatories of a letter to The Times calling for the implementation of the Wolfenden reforms. The American legal philosopher Joel Feinberg stated in 1987 that to a "modern" reader, Devlin's responses to Hart's arguments "seem feeble and perfunctory" and that most readers "will probably conclude that there is no salvaging Devlin's social disintegration thesis, his analogies to political subversion and treason, his conception of the nature of popular morality and how its deliverance is to be ascertained, or the skimpy place he allows to natural moral change". Feinberg does allow that Devlin has an important challenge to liberalism in his formulation of an argument as to why we "treat greater moral blameworthiness ... as an aggravating factor and lesser moral blameworthiness as a mitigating factor in the assignments of punishment". Devlin, for his part, considered (mainly in the last lecture in "The Enforcement of Morals") that the supporters of John Stuart Mill's doctrine had not plausibly fitted into their own theories such violations of the moral code as euthanasia, suicide, a suicide pact, duelling, abortion, incest, cruelty to animals, bigamy, bestiality and other obscenity, committed in private between consenting adults, causing no harm to others. Devlin Commission In 1959, soon after the declaration of the state of emergency in Nyasaland, the British Cabinet under Prime Minister Harold Macmillan decided to set up a Commission of Inquiry into the disturbances there and their policing, and appointed Devlin as chairman. Devlin was not Macmillan's choice for chairman, and he later criticised Devlin's appointment, criticising him for having "that Fenian blood that makes Irishmen anti-Government on principle" and for being "bitterly disappointed at my not having made him Lord Chief Justice". He also called him a "hunchback". In response to an early draft of the commission's report, which was highly critical of repressive police methods, the government hurriedly commissioned the rival Armitage Report, which was delivered in July of that year and backed Britain's role there. Bernard Levin, among others, was of the opinion that: "The Government refused to accept the Devlin Report because it told the truth". Despite Macmillan's's rejection of the Devlin Report, once Iain Macleod became Colonial Secretary later in 1959, he approached Devlin for advice. Personal life In 1932, Devlin married Madeleine Hilda Oppenheimer (1909–2012), daughter of the diamonds magnate Sir Bernard Oppenheimer, Bt. Together the couple had six children. Devlin's daughter Clare claimed publicly in evidence to the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse in 2021, when she was 81, that he had sexually abused her from the age of 7 until her teens. Bibliography Devlin, The Hon. Sir Patrick, Trial by Jury, Stevens & Sons, 1956, 1966 Devlin, Patrick, The Enforcement of Morals, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1965, 1968 Devlin, Patrick, Too Proud to Fight, 1974 (biography of Woodrow Wilson) Devlin, Patrick, The Judge, Oxford University Press, 1979, 1981 Devlin, Patrick, Easing the Passing, The Bodley Head, 1985 References Notes Sources External links Review of Devlin's autobiography by Alan Watkins 1905 births 1992 deaths Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge English barristers English Roman Catholics English legal writers English people of Irish descent English people of Scottish descent Fellows of the British Academy Knights Bachelor Law lords Members of Gray's Inn Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom People educated at Stonyhurst College People from Chislehurst Place of death missing Presidents of the Cambridge Union Lords Justices of Appeal Attorneys-General of the Duchy of Cornwall 20th-century King's Counsel Queen's Bench Division judges	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Devlin%2C%20Baron%20Devlin
Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) may refer to the process or the result of sequence alignment of three or more biological sequences, generally protein, DNA, or RNA. In many cases, the input set of query sequences are assumed to have an evolutionary relationship by which they share a linkage and are descended from a common ancestor. From the resulting MSA, sequence homology can be inferred and phylogenetic analysis can be conducted to assess the sequences' shared evolutionary origins. Visual depictions of the alignment as in the image at right illustrate mutation events such as point mutations (single amino acid or nucleotide changes) that appear as differing characters in a single alignment column, and insertion or deletion mutations (indels or gaps) that appear as hyphens in one or more of the sequences in the alignment. Multiple sequence alignment is often used to assess sequence conservation of protein domains, tertiary and secondary structures, and even individual amino acids or nucleotides. Computational algorithms are used to produce and analyse the MSAs due to the difficulty and intractability of manually processing the sequences given their biologically-relevant length. MSAs require more sophisticated methodologies than pairwise alignment because they are more computationally complex. Most multiple sequence alignment programs use heuristic methods rather than global optimization because identifying the optimal alignment between more than a few sequences of moderate length is prohibitively computationally expensive. On the other hand, heuristic methods generally fail to give guarantees on the solution quality, with heuristic solutions shown to be often far below the optimal solution on benchmark instances. Problem statement Given sequences , similar to the form below: A multiple sequence alignment is taken of this set of sequences by inserting any amount of gaps needed into each of the sequences of until the modified sequences, , all conform to length and no values in the sequences of of the same column consists of only gaps. The mathematical form of an MSA of the above sequence set is shown below: To return from each particular sequence to , remove all gaps. Graphing approach A general approach when calculating multiple sequence alignments is to use graphs to identify all of the different alignments. When finding alignments via graph, a complete alignment is created in a weighted graph that contains a set of vertices and a set of edges. Each of the graph edges has a weight based on a certain heuristic that helps to score each alignment or subset of the original graph. Tracing alignments When determining the best suited alignments for each MSA, a trace is usually generated. A trace is a set of realized, or corresponding and aligned, vertices that has a specific weight based on the edges that are selected between corresponding vertices. When choosing traces for a set of sequences it is necessary to choose a trace with a maximum weight to get the best alignment of the sequences. Alignment methods There are various alignment methods used within multiple sequence to maximize scores and correctness of alignments. Each is usually based on a certain heuristic with an insight into the evolutionary process. Most try to replicate evolution to get the most realistic alignment possible to best predict relations between sequences. Dynamic programming A direct method for producing an MSA uses the dynamic programming technique to identify the globally optimal alignment solution. For proteins, this method usually involves two sets of parameters: a gap penalty and a substitution matrix assigning scores or probabilities to the alignment of each possible pair of amino acids based on the similarity of the amino acids' chemical properties and the evolutionary probability of the mutation. For nucleotide sequences, a similar gap penalty is used, but a much simpler substitution matrix, wherein only identical matches and mismatches are considered, is typical. The scores in the substitution matrix may be either all positive or a mix of positive and negative in the case of a global alignment, but must be both positive and negative, in the case of a local alignment. For n individual sequences, the naive method requires constructing the n-dimensional equivalent of the matrix formed in standard pairwise sequence alignment. The search space thus increases exponentially with increasing n and is also strongly dependent on sequence length. Expressed with the big O notation commonly used to measure computational complexity, a naïve MSA takes O(LengthNseqs) time to produce. To find the global optimum for n sequences this way has been shown to be an NP-complete problem. In 1989, based on Carrillo-Lipman Algorithm, Altschul introduced a practical method that uses pairwise alignments to constrain the n-dimensional search space. In this approach pairwise dynamic programming alignments are performed on each pair of sequences in the query set, and only the space near the n-dimensional intersection of these alignments is searched for the n-way alignment. The MSA program optimizes the sum of all of the pairs of characters at each position in the alignment (the so-called sum of pair score) and has been implemented in a software program for constructing multiple sequence alignments. In 2019, Hosseininasab and van Hoeve showed that by using decision diagrams, MSA may be modeled in polynomial space complexity. Progressive alignment construction The most widely used approach to multiple sequence alignments uses a heuristic search known as progressive technique (also known as the hierarchical or tree method) developed by Da-Fei Feng and Doolittle in 1987. Progressive alignment builds up a final MSA by combining pairwise alignments beginning with the most similar pair and progressing to the most distantly related. All progressive alignment methods require two stages: a first stage in which the relationships between the sequences are represented as a tree, called a guide tree, and a second step in which the MSA is built by adding the sequences sequentially to the growing MSA according to the guide tree. The initial guide tree is determined by an efficient clustering method such as neighbor-joining or UPGMA, and may use distances based on the number of identical two-letter sub-sequences (as in FASTA rather than a dynamic programming alignment). Progressive alignments are not guaranteed to be globally optimal. The primary problem is that when errors are made at any stage in growing the MSA, these errors are then propagated through to the final result. Performance is also particularly bad when all of the sequences in the set are rather distantly related. Most modern progressive methods modify their scoring function with a secondary weighting function that assigns scaling factors to individual members of the query set in a nonlinear fashion based on their phylogenetic distance from their nearest neighbors. This corrects for non-random selection of the sequences given to the alignment program. Progressive alignment methods are efficient enough to implement on a large scale for many (100s to 1000s) sequences. Progressive alignment services are commonly available on publicly accessible web servers so users need not locally install the applications of interest. The most popular progressive alignment method has been the Clustal family, especially the weighted variant ClustalW to which access is provided by a large number of web portals including GenomeNet, EBI, and EMBNet. Different portals or implementations can vary in user interface and make different parameters accessible to the user. ClustalW is used extensively for phylogenetic tree construction, in spite of the author's explicit warnings that unedited alignments should not be used in such studies and as input for protein structure prediction by homology modeling. Current version of Clustal family is ClustalW2. EMBL-EBI announced that CLustalW2 will be expired in August 2015. They recommend Clustal Omega which performs based on seeded guide trees and HMM profile-profile techniques for protein alignments. They offer different MSA tools for progressive DNA alignments. One of them is MAFFT (Multiple Alignment using Fast Fourier Transform). Another common progressive alignment method called T-Coffee is slower than Clustal and its derivatives but generally produces more accurate alignments for distantly related sequence sets. T-Coffee calculates pairwise alignments by combining the direct alignment of the pair with indirect alignments that aligns each sequence of the pair to a third sequence. It uses the output from Clustal as well as another local alignment program LALIGN, which finds multiple regions of local alignment between two sequences. The resulting alignment and phylogenetic tree are used as a guide to produce new and more accurate weighting factors. Because progressive methods are heuristics that are not guaranteed to converge to a global optimum, alignment quality can be difficult to evaluate and their true biological significance can be obscure. A semi-progressive method that improves alignment quality and does not use a lossy heuristic while still running in polynomial time has been implemented in the program PSAlign. Iterative methods A set of methods to produce MSAs while reducing the errors inherent in progressive methods are classified as "iterative" because they work similarly to progressive methods but repeatedly realign the initial sequences as well as adding new sequences to the growing MSA. One reason progressive methods are so strongly dependent on a high-quality initial alignment is the fact that these alignments are always incorporated into the final result — that is, once a sequence has been aligned into the MSA, its alignment is not considered further. This approximation improves efficiency at the cost of accuracy. By contrast, iterative methods can return to previously calculated pairwise alignments or sub-MSAs incorporating subsets of the query sequence as a means of optimizing a general objective function such as finding a high-quality alignment score. A variety of subtly different iteration methods have been implemented and made available in software packages; reviews and comparisons have been useful but generally refrain from choosing a "best" technique. The software package PRRN/PRRP uses a hill-climbing algorithm to optimize its MSA alignment score and iteratively corrects both alignment weights and locally divergent or "gappy" regions of the growing MSA. PRRP performs best when refining an alignment previously constructed by a faster method. Another iterative program, DIALIGN, takes an unusual approach of focusing narrowly on local alignments between sub-segments or sequence motifs without introducing a gap penalty. The alignment of individual motifs is then achieved with a matrix representation similar to a dot-matrix plot in a pairwise alignment. An alternative method that uses fast local alignments as anchor points or "seeds" for a slower global-alignment procedure is implemented in the CHAOS/DIALIGN suite. A third popular iteration-based method called MUSCLE (multiple sequence alignment by log-expectation) improves on progressive methods with a more accurate distance measure to assess the relatedness of two sequences. The distance measure is updated between iteration stages (although, in its original form, MUSCLE contained only 2-3 iterations depending on whether refinement was enabled). Consensus methods Consensus methods attempt to find the optimal multiple sequence alignment given multiple different alignments of the same set of sequences. There are two commonly used consensus methods, M-COFFEE and MergeAlign. M-COFFEE uses multiple sequence alignments generated by seven different methods to generate consensus alignments. MergeAlign is capable of generating consensus alignments from any number of input alignments generated using different models of sequence evolution or different methods of multiple sequence alignment. The default option for MergeAlign is to infer a consensus alignment using alignments generated using 91 different models of protein sequence evolution. Hidden Markov models Hidden Markov models are probabilistic models that can assign likelihoods to all possible combinations of gaps, matches, and mismatches to determine the most likely MSA or set of possible MSAs. HMMs can produce a single highest-scoring output but can also generate a family of possible alignments that can then be evaluated for biological significance. HMMs can produce both global and local alignments. Although HMM-based methods have been developed relatively recently, they offer significant improvements in computational speed, especially for sequences that contain overlapping regions. Typical HMM-based methods work by representing an MSA as a form of directed acyclic graph known as a partial-order graph, which consists of a series of nodes representing possible entries in the columns of an MSA. In this representation a column that is absolutely conserved (that is, that all the sequences in the MSA share a particular character at a particular position) is coded as a single node with as many outgoing connections as there are possible characters in the next column of the alignment. In the terms of a typical hidden Markov model, the observed states are the individual alignment columns and the "hidden" states represent the presumed ancestral sequence from which the sequences in the query set are hypothesized to have descended. An efficient search variant of the dynamic programming method, known as the Viterbi algorithm, is generally used to successively align the growing MSA to the next sequence in the query set to produce a new MSA. This is distinct from progressive alignment methods because the alignment of prior sequences is updated at each new sequence addition. However, like progressive methods, this technique can be influenced by the order in which the sequences in the query set are integrated into the alignment, especially when the sequences are distantly related. Several software programs are available in which variants of HMM-based methods have been implemented and which are noted for their scalability and efficiency, although properly using an HMM method is more complex than using more common progressive methods. The simplest is POA (Partial-Order Alignment); a similar but more generalized method is implemented in the packages SAM (Sequence Alignment and Modeling System). and HMMER. SAM has been used as a source of alignments for protein structure prediction to participate in the CASP structure prediction experiment and to develop a database of predicted proteins in the yeast species S. cerevisiae. HHsearch is a software package for the detection of remotely related protein sequences based on the pairwise comparison of HMMs. A server running HHsearch (HHpred) was by far the fastest of the 10 best automatic structure prediction servers in the CASP7 and CASP8 structure prediction competitions. Phylogeny-aware methods Most multiple sequence alignment methods try to minimize the number of insertions/deletions (gaps) and, as a consequence, produce compact alignments. This causes several problems if the sequences to be aligned contain non-homologous regions, if gaps are informative in a phylogeny analysis. These problems are common in newly produced sequences that are poorly annotated and may contain frame-shifts, wrong domains or non-homologous spliced exons. The first such method was developed in 2005 by Löytynoja and Goldman. The same authors released a software package called PRANK in 2008. PRANK improves alignments when insertions are present. Nevertheless, it runs slowly compared to progressive and/or iterative methods which have been developed for several years. In 2012, two new phylogeny-aware tools appeared. One is called PAGAN that was developed by the same team as PRANK. The other is ProGraphMSA developed by Szalkowski. Both software packages were developed independently but share common features, notably the use of graph algorithms to improve the recognition of non-homologous regions, and an improvement in code making these software faster than PRANK. Motif finding Motif finding, also known as profile analysis, is a method of locating sequence motifs in global MSAs that is both a means of producing a better MSA and a means of producing a scoring matrix for use in searching other sequences for similar motifs. A variety of methods for isolating the motifs have been developed, but all are based on identifying short highly conserved patterns within the larger alignment and constructing a matrix similar to a substitution matrix that reflects the amino acid or nucleotide composition of each position in the putative motif. The alignment can then be refined using these matrices. In standard profile analysis, the matrix includes entries for each possible character as well as entries for gaps. Alternatively, statistical pattern-finding algorithms can identify motifs as a precursor to an MSA rather than as a derivation. In many cases when the query set contains only a small number of sequences or contains only highly related sequences, pseudocounts are added to normalize the distribution reflected in the scoring matrix. In particular, this corrects zero-probability entries in the matrix to values that are small but nonzero. Blocks analysis is a method of motif finding that restricts motifs to ungapped regions in the alignment. Blocks can be generated from an MSA or they can be extracted from unaligned sequences using a precalculated set of common motifs previously generated from known gene families. Block scoring generally relies on the spacing of high-frequency characters rather than on the calculation of an explicit substitution matrix. The BLOCKS server provides an interactive method to locate such motifs in unaligned sequences. Statistical pattern-matching has been implemented using both the expectation-maximization algorithm and the Gibbs sampler. One of the most common motif-finding tools, known as MEME, uses expectation maximization and hidden Markov methods to generate motifs that are then used as search tools by its companion MAST in the combined suite MEME/MAST . Non-coding multiple sequence alignment Non-coding DNA regions, especially TFBSs, are rather more conserved and not necessarily evolutionarily related, and may have converged from non-common ancestors. Thus, the assumptions used to align protein sequences and DNA coding regions are inherently different from those that hold for TFBS sequences. Although it is meaningful to align DNA coding regions for homologous sequences using mutation operators, alignment of binding site sequences for the same transcription factor cannot rely on evolutionary related mutation operations. Similarly, the evolutionary operator of point mutations can be used to define an edit distance for coding sequences, but this has little meaning for TFBS sequences because any sequence variation has to maintain a certain level of specificity for the binding site to function. This becomes specifically important when trying to align known TFBS sequences to build supervised models to predict unknown locations of the same TFBS. Hence, Multiple Sequence Alignment methods need to adjust the underlying evolutionary hypothesis and the operators used as in the work published incorporating neighbouring base thermodynamic information to align the binding sites searching for the lowest thermodynamic alignment conserving specificity of the binding site, EDNA . Optimization Genetic algorithms and simulated annealing Standard optimization techniques in computer science — both of which were inspired by, but do not directly reproduce, physical processes — have also been used in an attempt to more efficiently produce quality MSAs. One such technique, genetic algorithms, has been used for MSA production in an attempt to broadly simulate the hypothesized evolutionary process that gave rise to the divergence in the query set. The method works by breaking a series of possible MSAs into fragments and repeatedly rearranging those fragments with the introduction of gaps at varying positions. A general objective function is optimized during the simulation, most generally the "sum of pairs" maximization function introduced in dynamic programming-based MSA methods. A technique for protein sequences has been implemented in the software program SAGA (Sequence Alignment by Genetic Algorithm) and its equivalent in RNA is called RAGA. The technique of simulated annealing, by which an existing MSA produced by another method is refined by a series of rearrangements designed to find better regions of alignment space than the one the input alignment already occupies. Like the genetic algorithm method, simulated annealing maximizes an objective function like the sum-of-pairs function. Simulated annealing uses a metaphorical "temperature factor" that determines the rate at which rearrangements proceed and the likelihood of each rearrangement; typical usage alternates periods of high rearrangement rates with relatively low likelihood (to explore more distant regions of alignment space) with periods of lower rates and higher likelihoods to more thoroughly explore local minima near the newly "colonized" regions. This approach has been implemented in the program MSASA (Multiple Sequence Alignment by Simulated Annealing). Mathematical programming and exact solution algorithms Mathematical programming and in particular Mixed integer programming models are another approach to solve MSA problems. The advantage of such optimization models is that they can be used to find the optimal MSA solution more efficiently compared to the traditional DP approach. This is due in part, to the applicability of decomposition techniques for mathematical programs, where the MSA model is decomposed into smaller parts and iteratively solved until the optimal solution is found. Example algorithms used to solve mixed integer programming models of MSA include branch and price and Benders decomposition. Although exact approaches are computationally slow compared to heuristic algorithms for MSA, they are guaranteed to reach the optimal solution eventually, even for large-size problems. Simulated quantum computing In January 2017, D-Wave Systems announced that its qbsolv open-source quantum computing software had been successfully used to find a faster solution to the MSA problem. Alignment visualization and quality control The necessary use of heuristics for multiple alignment means that for an arbitrary set of proteins, there is always a good chance that an alignment will contain errors. For example, an evaluation of several leading alignment programs using the BAliBase benchmark found that at least 24% of all pairs of aligned amino acids were incorrectly aligned. These errors can arise because of unique insertions into one or more regions of sequences, or through some more complex evolutionary process leading to proteins that do not align easily by sequence alone. As the number of sequence and their divergence increases many more errors will be made simply because of the heuristic nature of MSA algorithms. Multiple sequence alignment viewers enable alignments to be visually reviewed, often by inspecting the quality of alignment for annotated functional sites on two or more sequences. Many also enable the alignment to be edited to correct these (usually minor) errors, in order to obtain an optimal 'curated' alignment suitable for use in phylogenetic analysis or comparative modeling. However, as the number of sequences increases and especially in genome-wide studies that involve many MSAs it is impossible to manually curate all alignments. Furthermore, manual curation is subjective. And finally, even the best expert cannot confidently align the more ambiguous cases of highly diverged sequences. In such cases it is common practice to use automatic procedures to exclude unreliably aligned regions from the MSA. For the purpose of phylogeny reconstruction (see below) the Gblocks program is widely used to remove alignment blocks suspect of low quality, according to various cutoffs on the number of gapped sequences in alignment columns. However, these criteria may excessively filter out regions with insertion/deletion events that may still be aligned reliably, and these regions might be desirable for other purposes such as detection of positive selection. A few alignment algorithms output site-specific scores that allow the selection of high-confidence regions. Such a service was first offered by the SOAP program, which tests the robustness of each column to perturbation in the parameters of the popular alignment program CLUSTALW. The T-Coffee program uses a library of alignments in the construction of the final MSA, and its output MSA is colored according to confidence scores that reflect the agreement between different alignments in the library regarding each aligned residue. Its extension, TCS : (Transitive Consistency Score), uses T-Coffee libraries of pairwise alignments to evaluate any third party MSA. Pairwise projections can be produced using fast or slow methods, thus allowing a trade-off between speed and accuracy. Another alignment program that can output an MSA with confidence scores is FSA, which uses a statistical model that allows calculation of the uncertainty in the alignment. The HoT (Heads-Or-Tails) score can be used as a measure of site-specific alignment uncertainty due to the existence of multiple co-optimal solutions. The GUIDANCE program calculates a similar site-specific confidence measure based on the robustness of the alignment to uncertainty in the guide tree that is used in progressive alignment programs. An alternative, more statistically justified approach to assess alignment uncertainty is the use of probabilistic evolutionary models for joint estimation of phylogeny and alignment. A Bayesian approach allows calculation of posterior probabilities of estimated phylogeny and alignment, which is a measure of the confidence in these estimates. In this case, a posterior probability can be calculated for each site in the alignment. Such an approach was implemented in the program BAli-Phy. There are free programs available for visualization of multiple sequence alignments, for example Jalview and UGENE. Phylogenetic use Multiple sequence alignments can be used to create a phylogenetic tree. This is made possible by two reasons. The first is because functional domains that are known in annotated sequences can be used for alignment in non-annotated sequences. The other is that conserved regions known to be functionally important can be found. This makes it possible for multiple sequence alignments to be used to analyze and find evolutionary relationships through homology between sequences. Point mutations and insertion or deletion events (called indels) can be detected. Multiple sequence alignments can also be used to identify functionally important sites, such as binding sites, active sites, or sites corresponding to other key functions, by locating conserved domains. When looking at multiple sequence alignments, it is useful to consider different aspects of the sequences when comparing sequences. These aspects include identity, similarity, and homology. Identity means that the sequences have identical residues at their respective positions. On the other hand, similarity has to do with the sequences being compared having similar residues quantitatively. For example, in terms of nucleotide sequences, pyrimidines are considered similar to each other, as are purines. Similarity ultimately leads to homology, in that the more similar sequences are, the closer they are to being homologous. This similarity in sequences can then go on to help find common ancestry. See also Alignment-free sequence analysis Cladistics Generalized tree alignment Multiple sequence alignment viewers PANDIT, a biological database covering protein domains Phylogenetics Sequence alignment software Structural alignment References Survey articles External links ExPASy sequence alignment tools Archived Multiple Alignment Resource Page — from the Virtual School of Natural Sciences Tools for Multiple Alignments — from Pôle Bioinformatique Lyonnais An entry point to clustal servers and information An entry point to the main T-Coffee servers An entry point to the main MergeAlign server and information European Bioinformatics Institute servers: ClustalW2 — general purpose multiple sequence alignment program for DNA or proteins. Muscle — MUltiple Sequence Comparison by Log-Expectation T-coffee — multiple sequence alignment. MAFFT — Multiple Alignment using Fast Fourier Transform KALIGN — a fast and accurate multiple sequence alignment algorithm. Lecture notes, tutorials, and courses Multiple sequence alignment lectures — from the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics Lecture Notes and practical exercises on multiple sequence alignments at the EMBL Molecular Bioinformatics Lecture Notes Molecular Evolution and Bioinformatics Lecture Notes Bioinformatics Computational phylogenetics Markov models	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20sequence%20alignment
The Whiteshell River is one of the major rivers in Whiteshell Provincial Park, in southeastern Manitoba, Canada, near the Ontario border. This river is close to some petroform sites that are about 2000 years old or older. The name "whiteshell" is in reference to the Meegis or cowry shells used by Ojibwa peoples in their ceremonies and teachings, especially the Midewiwin, and as recorded in their birch bark scrolls. The river was used for thousands of years as a major canoe route by native peoples. The Winnipeg and Whiteshell Rivers are the only waterways to easily travel between Lake Winnipeg and Lake Superior. The copper culture period of about 4,000 years ago involved the trade of copper from the north shore of Lake Superior to the Whiteshell Provincial Park area and other areas now known as Manitoba and northwestern Ontario. Manitoba also has prehistoric quartz mines to the far north, and evidence of ancient quartz mining also exists along the Winnipeg River area. Quartz, copper, and other minerals were used to make prehistoric arrow heads, tools, scrapers, spears, and artwork. Whiteshell Provincial Park is still a popular area for wild rice harvesting, as it was for thousands of years. Today this river system area is popular for canoeing, hiking, swimming, fishing, boating, and many cottages are located along the lakes and rivers of the park. The geography and geology of the area consists of Canadian Shield granite rock ridges, cliffs, boreal forest, bogs, and only one main road through the park. It is a very wild and pristine area with many deer, bear, wolves, coyotes, bald eagles, fox, cougars, lynx, and other wildlife. Fish Fish habitat in the river includes short areas of fast flowing water with rapids and small waterfalls, shallow and deep water lakes and slow flowing meanders through bogs. The clear water supports beds of underwater vegetation. 61 of the 79 native fish species found in Manitoba are recorded from the Winnipeg River drainage basin of which the Whiteshell River is a part. Betula Lake, Jessica Lake, and Lone Island Lake are important traditional fishing areas for Manitoba First Nations peoples. A marine glacial relict, the Deepwater sculpin is found in West Hawk Lake. The river and its lakes are popular with recreational anglers. More than 650 Master Angler awards have been made for documented trophy catches in the Whiteshell River including Black crappie, Brown trout (introduced), Bullhead, Goldeye, Lake sturgeon, Mooneye, Northern pike, Rainbow trout (introduced), Rock bass, Sauger, Smallmouth bass, Walleye, and Yellow perch. Bannock Point Bannock Point is a rock ridge overlooking the place where the Rennie River flows into the Whiteshell River a short distance upstream from the place where the Whiteshell flows into the Winnipeg River. A plaque installed in 1959 near PR 307 marks the significance of the boulder mosaics or petroforms near this location. Gallery See also List of Ontario rivers List of Manitoba rivers References External links Real Time Hydrometric Data for Whiteshell River at outlet of Jessica Lake (05PG001), Government of Canada Rivers of Manitoba Rivers of Kenora District Whiteshell Provincial Park Bodies of water of Eastman Region, Manitoba	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteshell%20River
The koudi (Chinese: 口笛; pinyin: kǒudí; also spelled kou di) is a very small Chinese flute made from bamboo. It is the smallest flute in the Chinese flute family. Its original shape derives from prehistorical instruments made with animal bone, but the modern koudi is made with wood, bamboo or PVC. It was invented in 1971 by dizi master Yu Xunfa (俞逊发, 1946–2006). Overview In 1971, the famous Chinese Flute player Yu Xunfa, who was inspired by original prehistorical instrument, made the first Koudi. This instrument contains one octave, and two years later this instrument went to public by playing the recomposed Romanian folk song Ciocârlia (《云雀》). After that, to expand the range, Xu made the five-hole Koudi, and Bai Chengren (白诚仁) composed Morning of A Miao Village《苗岭的早晨》(MaoLing de ZaoChen). Therefore, Koudi became famous in China. The instrument comes in two sizes. The smaller size, called gaoyin koudi, which is only 5–6 cm in length, has only the holes on the sides, where the thumbs can control the full range of pitch by incrementally opening the holes. The larger size, referred to as zhongyin koudi, is 8–9 cm long and has an additional 2–4 holes on the front (played with the fingers, these holes give slightly more precision to pitch changes). The gaoyin koudi is pitched an octave above the xiao di, whereas the zhongyin koudi is pitched an octave above the bang di. The range of the koudi is about a ninth or tenth, and it can bend notes over the entire range of the instrument. A related instrument in Hunnan province called the tuliang is also center-blown and open-ended but is much larger (about the size of the qudi). One of the most famous compositions for the koudi is"MaoLing de ZaoChen" and YunQue (, Romanian: Ciocârlia, lit. "The Skylark"). The instrument is also used in Chinese orchestral pieces such as Fei Tian. Basic skills Basically, a Koudi has two octaves, but it is not easy to get on the correct pitch. Audio sample MiaoLing de ZaoChen by Yu Xunfa Notable players Notable gaohu players include: Yu Xunfa (俞逊发) (1946–2006), in China Zhan Yongming (詹永明) (1957- ),in China See also Dizi Chinese flutes Traditional Chinese musical instruments Bamboo musical instruments References External links Video Koudi video: Ciocârlia by Zhan Yongming Chinese musical instruments Side-blown flutes 1971 musical instruments Bamboo flutes	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koudi
The Chicken Ranch was an illegal brothel in the U.S. state of Texas that operated from 1905 until 1973. It was located in Fayette County, about east of downtown La Grange. The business served as the basis for the 1973 ZZ Top song "La Grange", and the 1978 Broadway musical The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas, as well as its 1982 film adaptation. Early history The brothel that became the Chicken Ranch opened in La Grange, Texas, in 1844. Run by a widow known as "Mrs. Swine", the brothel operated in a hotel near the saloon, and featured three young women from New Orleans, Louisiana. The women under Swine's employment used the hotel lobby for entertaining, and rented a room upstairs for conducting business. The brothel was successful for over a decade, but closed during the Civil War when Swine and one of her prostitutes were forced to leave town as Yankees. After the war, prostitution was endemic in the local saloons, but no official records were kept. Miss Jessie Williams In 1905, Jessie Williams, known as "Miss Jessie" (although born Faye Stewart) bought a small house along the banks of the lower Colorado River and opened a brothel. Williams maintained a good relationship with local law enforcement: by excluding drunkards and admitting politicians and lawmen, she ensured that her house would be tolerated. In 1917, after learning of an imminent crusade against the red-light district, Williams sold her house and purchased outside the city limits of La Grange, two blocks from the Houston–Austin highway. This was the final location of the Chicken Ranch. In 1917, the Chicken Ranch began advertising. Under the direction of two sisters who worked in the house, the prostitutes sent packages and letters to local men fighting in WWI. The advertising, and an increase in automobile ownership, increased the traffic flow to the brothel, and new rooms were subsequently added to meet the increased demand. The brothel "looked like a typical Texas farmhouse, with whitewashed siding and a few side buildings," which held the chickens. The unlit brothel entrance was discreetly located at the back of the house, which featured 14 rooms. No external signage marked the brothel's presence within the house. Every evening, the local sheriff Will Loessin would visit the Chicken Ranch to learn the latest gossip and whether any patrons had boasted of crimes. Many local crimes were solved with information gained from these visits. Sheriff Loessin often paced the halls, and, using an iron rod, would eject patrons of the brothel for abuses toward its employed prostitutes. During the Great Depression, Williams was forced to lower her prices. As the Depression lingered, the number of customers dwindled and Williams had difficulty making ends meet for her employees. She implemented the "poultry standard", and charged one live chicken for each sexual act. The number of chickens at the brothel exploded, and soon the place became known as the Chicken Ranch. Williams supplemented her income by selling surplus chickens and eggs. In 1946, Jim T. Flournoy took office as sheriff. He immediately had a direct telephone line installed at the Chicken Ranch so that he could continue his predecessor's practice of gathering intel from the brothel, without having to travel there each evening. Edna Milton Williams began suffering from arthritis in the 1950s, and in 1952 a young prostitute named Edna Milton came to the ranch and eventually took on many of the day-to-day responsibilities of operating the brothel. After Williams died in 1961, Milton purchased the property, which she officially renamed Edna's Fashionable Ranch Boarding House. Milton maintained many of Williams's rules for the girls. They were prohibited from drinking or getting tattoos and were not allowed to socialize with the residents of La Grange. Before beginning their employment, the prostitutes were fingerprinted and photographed by Flournoy and underwent background checks. After beginning work, they were required to see the doctor in town weekly for a checkup. To encourage support from the townspeople, supplies were bought from local stores on a rotating basis. Milton also contributed to local civic causes, becoming one of La Grange's largest philanthropists. The Chicken Ranch was highly successful. In the 1950s, the Ranch employed sixteen prostitutes. On weekends there was often a line of men, mostly students or soldiers from nearby military bases, at the door. Students at Texas A&M University also made an unofficial tradition of sending freshmen to the Chicken Ranch for initiation. The Chicken Ranch was preferred because many of the girls were allegedly University of Texas students. Each prostitute would have between five and twenty customers per day. In the 1950s, they charged $15 for fifteen minutes ($ in today's terms). The employees were required to give 75% of their earnings to Milton, who paid for all of their living and medical expenses. At its peak in the 1960s, the Ranch earned more than $500,000 per year ($ in today's terms), with the prostitutes keeping an additional $300 per week for themselves ($ in today's terms). Edna Milton Chadwell died in Phoenix, Arizona, at the age of 82, on February 25, 2012. Closure In November 1972, the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) surveilled the Chicken Ranch for two days, documenting 484 people entering the rural brothel. At the request of a member of the DPS intelligence team, local law enforcement closed the Chicken Ranch for a short time. It reopened, and in July 1973 Houston television reporter Marvin Zindler began an investigation of the Chicken Ranch. Zindler claimed for many years that he began the investigation because of an anonymous tip. Governor Dolph Briscoe closed the operation, only to have it open again after a few months. Zindler then shed more light on the operation, which led to the Ranch being permanently closed. Tim James was in the office when Hill asked Fayette County District Attorney Oliver Kitzman to close the Chicken Ranch. Hill explained the interest the DPS and the Attorney General had in seeing that any organized crime was shut down. According to James, Kitzman responded: "There's nothing that the people in this county want to do about it, Mr. Hill. There's nothing that we're going to do about it. It's not of great concern to the people who've elected me." According to James, Kitzman then stated that he would investigate anyone that Hill sent to his district. The Attorney General then suggested that Zindler be called. James called Zindler in the hopes that the television personality could apply the right kind of pressure to get the Ranch shut down. Zindler interviewed Kitzman, who admitted to knowing about the Chicken Ranch, but claimed that he had never tried to close down the brothel because "we have never had any indication by anyone that these places are a problem to law enforcement." Sheriff Jim T. Flournoy, who had been overseeing the La Grange area for 27 years, denied that the Chicken Ranch was involved in organized crime, and denied that he had been bribed to keep the place open. Zindler approached Governor Dolph Briscoe about the matter. After a very brief investigation, which found no evidence of a link to organized crime, Briscoe and Hill ordered the Chicken Ranch to be permanently closed. On August 1, 1973, Flournoy called Milton and told her that she was no longer allowed to operate. A handmade sign on the building blamed Zindler for the closing. Flournoy then went to Austin to meet with the governor, armed with a petition opposing the closure and carrying 3,000 signatures. Governor Briscoe refused to meet with him. Legacy For two years after the Chicken Ranch was closed, potential customers continued to arrive. The house was purchased by two Houston lawyers. In 1977, part of the house and the original furniture were moved to Dallas, where it was opened as a restaurant, with Milton as the hostess; the restaurant closed a year later. In 1979, Milton opened a bar on Lemmon Avenue in Dallas also named The Chicken Ranch; the bar operated for a short period and closed a year later. The Chicken Ranch was the basis for the 1978 Broadway musical The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas and 1982 movie adaptation. It also inspired the ZZ Top song "La Grange". See also History of vice in Texas Miss Hattie's Bordello References Further reading Blaschke, Jayme Lynn. Inside the Texas Chicken Ranch: The Definitive Account of the Best Little Whorehouse. Charleston: The History Press, 2016. Hutson, Jan. The Chicken Ranch: The True Story of the Best Little Whorehouse in Texas. San Jose: Authors Choice Press, 1980, 2000. King, Larry L. The Whorehouse Papers. New York: Viking Press, 1982. Agris, Joseph, M.D. White Knight in Blue Shades: The Authorized Biography of Marvin Zindler. Houston: A-to-Z Publishing, 2002. King, Larry L. Of Outlaws, Con Men, Whores, Politicians, and Other Artists. New York: Viking Press, 1980. Reinert, Al Closing Down La Grange Texas Monthly, October 1973 Buildings and structures in Fayette County, Texas Brothels in Texas 1905 establishments in Texas 1973 disestablishments in Texas Texas culture	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken%20Ranch%20%28Texas%29
Johann Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp (27 February 1575 – 31 March 1616) was a Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. Life He was a third son of Duke Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp and his wife Christine of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel). He became the first Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck (1586–1607) and the Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (1589–1596). He became the Duke after the deaths of his two elder brothers. After succeeding in 1590 his father as ruling Duke the Bremian Chapter enforced his resignation in favour of his younger brother John Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-Bishop. Family and children He was married on 30 August 1596 to Princess Augusta of Denmark, daughter of King Frederick II of Denmark. They had the following children: Frederick III of Holstein-Gottorp (22 December 1597 – 10 August 1659). Elisabeth Sofie (12 October 1599 – 25 November 1627), married on 5 March 1621 to Duke Augustus of Saxe-Lauenburg. Adolf (15 September 1600 – 19 September 1631). Dorothea Auguste (12 May 1602 – 13 March 1682), married in 1633 to Joachim Ernest, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön. Hedwig (23 December 1603 – 22 March 1657), married on 15 July 1620 to Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach. Anna (19 December 1605 – 20 March 1623). John (18 March 1606 – 21 February 1655). Christian, died young in 1609. Ancestors See also History of Schleswig-Holstein \|- 1575 births 1616 deaths Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp John Adolphus John Adolphus 16th-century German bishops	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Adolf%2C%20Duke%20of%20Holstein-Gottorp
Maria Gruber, Irene Leidolf, Stephanija Meyer, and Waltraud Wagner were four Austrian women who worked as nurse's aides at the Geriatriezentrum am Wienerwald in Lainz, Vienna, and who murdered scores of patients between 1983 and 1989. The group killed their victims with overdoses of morphine or by forcing water into the lungs. By 2008, all four of the women had been released from prison. Background Wagner, 23, was the first to kill a patient with an overdose of morphine in 1983. She discovered in the process that she enjoyed playing God and holding the power of life and death in her hands. She recruited Gruber, 19, and Leidolf, 21, and eventually the "house mother" of the group, 43-year-old Stephanija Meyer. Soon they had invented their own murder method: while one held the victim's head and pinched their nose, another would pour water into the victim's mouth until they drowned in their bed. Since elderly patients frequently had fluid in their lungs, it was an unprovable crime. The group killed patients who were feeble, but many were not terminally ill. Investigators criticized the hospital for meeting them with "a wall of silence" as they attempted to look into a suspicious 1988 death. The aides were caught after a doctor overheard them bragging about their latest murder at a local tavern. In total, they confessed to 49 murders over six years but may have been responsible for as many as 200. In 1991, Wagner was convicted of 15 murders, 17 attempts, and two counts of assault. She was sentenced to life in prison. Leidolf received a life sentence as well, on conviction of five murders, while Meyer and Gruber received 20 years and 15 years respectively for manslaughter and attempted murder charges. In 2008, the Justice Ministry in Austria announced that it would release Wagner and Leidolf from prison due to good behaviour. Mayer and Gruber had been released several years earlier and had assumed new identities. References External links Crime Library, Angels of Death -- The Female Nurses by Katherine Ramsland Austrian female serial killers Austrian people convicted of murder Health care professionals convicted of murdering patients Hospital scandals Living people Medical controversies in Austria Medical serial killers People convicted of murder by Austria Poisoners Quartets Year of birth missing (living people)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lainz%20Angels%20of%20Death
Chicken Ranch may refer to: Chicken Ranch (Texas), a former brothel in Texas Chicken Ranch (Nevada), an operating brothel in Nevada, inspired by the original Texas brothel Chicken Ranch (film), a 1983 documentary film about the brothel in Nevada Chicken Ranch Rancheria, an Indian reservation or rancheria in Toulumne County, California	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken%20Ranch
The Dos Palmas kidnappings was a hostage crisis in southern Philippines that began with the seizing of twenty hostages from the affluent Dos Palmas Resort on a private island in Honda Bay, Palawan, by members of Abu Sayyaf on May 27, 2001, and resulted in the deaths of at least five of the original hostages. Three of these hostages were American citizens, Guillermo Sobero, and a married missionary couple, Gracia and Martin Burnham. At least 22 Filipino soldiers were killed in attempts to apprehend the captors and free the hostages in the 12 months following the initial hostage taking. An unknown number of captors were killed by government forces. The crisis During the crisis the number of those taken captive varied greatly as more hostages were seized in numerous raids on the island of Basilan; therefore, a total of those taken prisoner at some point may be impossible to determine. However, news reports suggested at least 100 hostages were taken and around 20 murdered in just over a year up until the final assault and freeing of Gracia Burnham on June 7, 2002. Even some local and foreign journalists covering the high-profile kidnappings were themselves held captive for some time. Abduction Gunmen arrived in two boats early on May 27, 2001, at a resort in Honda Bay to the north of Puerto Princesa City on the island of Palawan. They proceeded to abduct without incident 20 people from the resort, including four resort staff and three Americans, identified as Martin and Gracia Burnham, missionaries from the state of Kansas who were celebrating their 18th wedding anniversary, and Guillermo Sobero, a Peruvian-born American from California. Most of those seized were ethnic Chinese Filipino tourists. The hostages and hostage-takers returned hundreds of kilometres back across the Sulu Sea to the Abu Sayyaf's territories in Sulu. Lamitan siege Four Filipino nationals of the initial twenty hostages taken from the Dos Palmas resort were able to escape in the days up to June 1, 2001. However, on June 2, a large group of up to 40 gunmen were able to take control of the Dr. Jose Torres Memorial Hospital and St. Peter's Church compound in the town of Lamitan (Basilan), and would later state they had taken 200 people captive. Authorities would only confirm about 20 people were seized, including patients and doctors from the hospital. Reportedly the remaining hostages from the initial group taken in Palawan, including all three US nationals, were held in Lamitan. Witnesses in Lamitan described helicopters and infantry units pouring rockets and machine gun fire into the hospital and church compound as troops came under fire from rooftop snipers, killing up to 12 soldiers, including an army captain. Reports indicated 22 soldiers had been killed since the initial hostages were seized. Five more Filipino captives escaped during the fighting in Lamitan, but Abu Sayyaf had killed two hostages in the days before, beheading one. A large contingent of rebels reportedly broke through the military cordon during the night of June 4 while several members of their group stayed behind to hold their positions. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo vowed to fight the rebels and warned the Abu Sayyaf group to give themselves up or be killed, stating in a television broadcast, "We will finish off all the bandits if they don't surrender at the earliest possible time... to the Abu Sayyaf: You have nowhere else to run." Further raids By June 13, the number held captive was calculated at around 28 people, as 3 more people were found beheaded on Basilan. One of the bodies was that of a Muslim cleric who had privately tried to negotiate with the kidnappers. Abu Sabaya, the Abu Sayyaf spokesman, stated he had beheaded Guillermo Sobero on the Philippine day of independence, June 12, as the security forces would not halt a rescue operation. Sobero's death was later confirmed in October 2001, after his body was found in a shallow grave in Basilan. On August 2, 2001, suspected Abu Sayyaf militants captured 32 to 35 villagers in a raid on Balobo town in Lamitan, Basilan. However, on August 5, the Philippine Army rescued 13 of the Filipino hostages, including several children, after a gun battle with the Abu Sayyaf captors. An army spokesman stated the hostages were freed before dawn, when the soldiers stormed the militants' hideout outside the town of Isabela and that the guerrillas had beheaded around 11 hostages, while several others were either released or had escaped. According to American author Mark Bowden, Abu Sayyaf captors conducted numerous raids, "including one at a coconut plantation called Golden Harvest; they took about 15 people captive there and later used bolo knives to hack the heads off two men. The number of hostages waxed and waned as some were ransomed and released, new ones were taken and others were killed." Four children, including two 12-year-olds, were among the hostages taken from the coconut plantation in the Lantawan area of Basilan, a military spokesman said. The owners and a security guard were also taken, and two buildings, including a chapel, were burnt down during the raid a week after that in Lamitan. Conclusion of hostage taking By October 2001 the Burnhams were among a group of 14 still being held by the guerrillas, according to three Filipino hostages who escaped from the group in mid-October. Bertram Benasing, who escaped with his 14-year-old brother Zardi and Michael Abellion, said they had walked overnight after being sent to fetch water and bananas on the island of Basilan. A video taken in November 2001 apparently showed the Burnhams in poor health, with Martin saying "each night I am chained to a tree by my left wrist." The kidnappers demanded $1,000,000 for the release of the Americans. A ransom of $330,000 was paid, yet the kidnappers refused to release them. On June 7, 2002, after over a year in captivity, Martin Burnham and a Filipino nurse, Ediborah Yap, died in an operation to free them, while Burnham's wife Gracia was wounded. Martin was killed by three gunshots in the chest and Gracia was wounded in her right leg. Upon hearing of Martin Burnham's death, the then US President George W. Bush expressed his grief, saying, "First let me say how sad we are that Martin Burnham lost his life... I'm pleased that Mrs Burnham is alive. That's good." Most other hostages were reportedly released for ransom. President Arroyo defended the operation, stating that "our soldiers tried their best to hold their fire for their (the hostages') safety. I salute our troops for their forbearance. The terror shall not be allowed to get away with this. We shall not stop until the Abu Sayyaf is finished. The battle shall go on, wherever it takes." Perpetrators Dos Palmas Ahmad Baky Abdullah Adzmar Aluk Jumadil "Abu Hurayra" Arad, arrested in 2010 Sonny Asali Haber Asari Daud Baru Abdulazzan Diamla Tuting Hannoh Margani Iblong Hapilon Bas Ismael Kamar Ilias Ismael Alzen Jandul Bashier Ordonez Marvin Vincent Rueca Guillermo Salcedo Subsequent events The search for the hostages eventually led to a six-month deployment of 1,000 American troops who provided training and high-tech support to the Filipino troops. In July 2004, Gracia Burnham testified at a trial of eight Abu Sayyaf members and identified six of the suspects as being her erstwhile captors, including Alhamzer Limbong, Abdul Azan Diamla, Abu Khari Moctar, Bas Ishmael, Alzen Jandul and Dazid Baize. Fourteen Abu Sayyaf members were sentenced by the Regional Trial Court – Branch 69 in Pasig to life imprisonment on December 6, 2007, as result of the attacks; four were acquitted. Alhamzer Manatad Limbong, known as "Kosovo", was later killed in a prison uprising, along with two other Abu Sayyaf leaders. On the morning of March 15, 2013, Abu Sayyaf member Jailani Basirul, who was involved in the kidnapping of 15 people from the Golden Harvest coconut plantation and had a ₱600 thousand bounty on him, was arrested in Zamboanga City by security forces. Abu Sayyaf commander Sihata Muallom Asmad, who was involved in the Golden Harvest plantation kidnappings, had a 5.3 million peso bounty on him when he was found as police and military attempted to serve an arrest warrant in Parang, Sulu on November 22, 2014. He resisted arrest, leading to a firefight with the joint police-military team that resulted in his death the same day. In addition to the plantation kidnappings, he was involved in the kidnappings of Jehovah's Witnesses in 2002, a Taiwanese woman in 2013, and a German couple in October 2014. On November 23, 2016, the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) awarded the reward money to the informant. 600,000 pesos were rewarded to another informant for providing information on Abu Sayyaf perpetrator Suhud Yakan, also involved in the plantation kidnappings, who was arrested in May 2014. On the morning of June 16, 2016, Abu Sayyaf member Adam Muhadam/Mahamdom, a perpetrator of the Lamitan siege and the Golden Harvest kidnappings, was arrested by a joint military-police operation in a public market in Zamboanga City. He was using the alias "Junior Hali". The informant who alerted authorities to him was awarded the reward money in January 2020. On May 8, 2018, police arrested Langa Jamil Francisco, a member of the Abu Sayyaf involved in the Golden Harvest kidnappings, in Zamboanga City, where he was a resident of Barangay Tetuan with the alias "Teng". On February 3, 2019, two members of the Abu Sayyaf-Urban Terrorist Group involved in the plantation kidnappings, Haru Jaljalis and Pinky Ani Hadjinulla, were arrested by the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) in Zamboanga City. On May 16 of the same year, two Abu Sayyaf members involved in the plantation kidnappings, Azmier Maalum and Amar Assan were arrested in Taguig by a team operative from both the NBI and the Naval Intelligence and Security Group (NISG). Assan took Maalum into his household to help him avoid arrest. Three more perpetrators in the kidnappings, Musa Tahil Sampang, Jamil Ibrahim, and Yong Aming, were later arrested by the NBI. Sampang, who was also involved in the Lamitan siege, was caught in Balanga, Bataan on May 20 using two aliases due to Assan's admission, while Ibrahim and Aming were both caught in Zamboanga City under the aliases "Malangka Dawasa" and "Jamil Taib", respectively, based on gathered intelligence. On June 5, 2019, two more Abu Sayyaf members involved in the Golden Harvest kidnappings, Canda Ibrahim Jamik and Majuk Amil, were arrested in Barangay Arena Blanco, Zamboanga City. Another Abu Sayyaf perpetrator of the kidnappings, Ibno Ismael, was captured on June 26 hiding in Maharlika Village, Taguig, while another, Totoni Hairon, was captured soon after, hiding in Port Area, Manila. Ismael took the name "Abu Kodano" and worked as a construction worker, while Hairon worked as a security guard. See also Captive (2016 TV series), a documentary series in which the Martin and Gracia Burnham hostage situation was featured Captive (2012 film), loosely based on this event The Marine 2 (2009 film), inspired by this event References Further reading 2001 crimes in the Philippines 2002 crimes in the Philippines Abu Sayyaf attacks History of Palawan Hostage taking in the Philippines Islamic terrorist incidents in 2001 Islamic terrorist incidents in 2002 Kidnappings in the Philippines Moro conflict Religiously motivated violence in the Philippines Terrorist incidents in the Philippines in 2001 Terrorist incidents in the Philippines in 2002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos%20Palmas%20kidnappings
Fierabras (from French: , "brave/formidable arm") or Ferumbras is a fictional Saracen knight (sometimes of gigantic stature) appearing in several chansons de geste and other material relating to the Matter of France. He is the son of Balan, king of Spain, and is frequently shown in conflict with Roland and the Twelve Peers, especially Oliver, whose prowess he almost rivals. Fierabras eventually converts to Christianity and fights for Charlemagne. Texts and adaptations The oldest extant text of the story of Fierabras is a 12th-century () Old French chanson de geste of roughly 6,200 alexandrines in assonanced laisses. The story is as follows: the Saracen king Balan and his son Fierabras return to Spain after sacking the church of Saint Peter's in Rome and taking the relics of the passion. Charlemagne invades Spain to recover the relics and sends his knight Olivier de Vienne, Roland's companion, to battle Fierabras. Once defeated, the giant decides to convert to Christianity and joins Charlemagne's army, but Olivier and several other knights are captured. Floripas, Fierabras' sister, falls in love with one of Charlemagne's knights, Gui de Bourgogne. After a series of adventures, Charlemagne kills king Balan, divides Spain between Fierabras and Gui de Bourgogne (who marries Floripas), and returns to Saint Denis with the holy relics. The poem also survives in an Occitan version dating from the 13th century (roughly 5,000 alexandrines; the first 600 verses do not appear in the Old French version). The Occitan and the Old French version may derive from a common lost source. This version in turn inspired an Italian version (Cantare di Fierabraccia e Ulivieri) in the second half of the 14th century. Two English versions were made: Sir Ferumbras (late 14th or early 15th century) and Firumbras (fragmentary). A 15th-century English work, Sowdon of Babylon, combined the story with another work (the Destruction de Rome). The story was put into prose three times in the 14th and 15th centuries: one anonymous version (14th century); in this version, among the various changes brought to the story, Fierabras is no longer depicted as a giant. a Burgundian version (expanded with other material from the Matter of France and the history of Charlemagne: Chroniques et conquêtes de Charlemagne) by David Aubert () and, most importantly, a Swiss French version by Jean or Jehan Bagnyon, Le rommant de Fierabras le geant (Geneva, 1478, the first chanson de geste to be printed) which the author (like David Aubert) expanded with other material from the Matter of France and the history of Charlemagne (from 1497 the title was La Conqueste du grand roy Charlemagne des Espagnes et les vaillances des douze pairs de France, et aussi celles de Fierabras). The historical material in Bagnyon's text is largely based on the Historia Caroli Magni (also known as the "Pseudo-Turpin" chronicle), probably known to Bagnyon via the Speculum Historiale of Vincent de Beauvais. The Bagnyon version became one of the most popular novels in France in the first half of the 16th century (15 editions printed to 1536) and was adapted into Castilian, Portuguese, German, and English (by William Caxton). In Spain the story can be found in the Historia del emperador Carlomagno y de los doce pares de Francia by Nicolás of Piemonte first edited in 1521. This is a Castilian translation—or better, an adaptation—of Bagnyon's La Conqueste du grand roy Charlemagne. Miguel de Cervantes refers to Fierabras in his Don Quixote (see below). There also exist other versions of the legend, including one in Early Modern Irish (Stair Fortibrais). The 17th-century playwright Calderón de la Barca used elements of the story (the love affair of Floripas and Gui) for his play La Puente de Mantible. In 1823, Franz Schubert wrote the opera Fierrabras, based on certain tales surrounding the knight's conversion. Historical sources The story echoes the historical Arab raid against Rome in 846 in which Guy I of Spoleto (proposed as a source for "Gui de Bourgogne") participated, and critics have suggested that the existing "chanson" was based on a now lost poem describing the Sack of the Roman Basilicas extra muros. The composition of the 12th-century poem may be closely linked to the cult of relics at the Basilica of St Denis in Paris and the creation of the local festival of Lendit, as the narrator in the Old French poem addresses himself to visitors at this fair. Another view is that the Legend is based on the character of the Navarrese prince, Fortun "the Basque" Al-Graseiz or El-Akraz, as seen by the Arab chroniclers and perhaps known as such by Shakespeare to bring it over to his exotic character Fortinbras. This is the tale that Robert the Bruce, King of Scots, is said by Barbour to have related to his men after they fled their enemies across Loch Lomond in 1307. The balm of Fierabras According to a chanson from 1170, Fierabras and Balan conquered Rome and stole two barrels containing the balm used for the corpse of Jesus. This miraculous balm would heal whoever drank it. In Chapter X of the first volume of Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote de la Mancha, after one of his numerous beatings, Don Quixote mentions to Sancho Panza that he knows the recipe of the balm. In Chapter XVII, Don Quixote instructs Sancho that the ingredients are oil, wine, salt and rosemary. The knight boils them and blesses them with eighty Pater Nosters, and as many Ave Marias, Salves and Credos. Upon drinking it, Don Quixote vomits and sweats and feels healed after sleeping. For Sancho it has also a laxative effect, rendering him near death. The ingredients, gestures and signs used by the knight fashion what is called an ensalmo, "a potion and prayer used to cure the sick in a way that was forbidden by the church." Indeed, it was used most frequently by moriscos. See also Ferragut (also known as Ferragus, Ferraguto, Ferraù, Fernagu, Ferracutus): a character, sometimes portrayed as a giant, in French and Italian romantic epics dealing with the Matter of France, including Orlando innamorato by Matteo Maria Boiardo and Orlando furioso by Ludovico Ariosto. Notes References Geneviève Hasenohr and Michel Zink, eds. Dictionnaire des lettres françaises: Le Moyen Age. Collection: La Pochothèque. Paris: Fayard, 1992. Article "Fierabras", pp. 444–45. Jean Miquet, ed. Fierabras: roman en prose de la fin du XIVe siècle. Ottawa: Editions de l'Université d'Ottawa, 1983. Authur Tilly. Studies in the French Renaissance. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1968. Miguel de Cervantes. Don Quixote, J. M. Cohen, trans., Penguin Books, 1950, 1988. John Barbour. The Brus. Willem Pieter Gerritsen, Anthony G. Van Melle, Tanis Guest, eds. A Dictionary of Medieval Heroes: Characters in Medieval Narrative Traditions. Article: "Fierabras", pp. 103–05. Boydell Press, 2000. External links Fierabras: the "chanson de geste" (Auguste Kroeber, Gustave Servois, eds. Paris: Vieweg, 1860.) Google Books Jean Bagnyon's prose version: Fierabras. Jehan Bagnyon. Geneva, 1478. Gallica Fierabras. Jehan Bagnyon. Lyon, 1483 or 1484. Gallica Fierabras. Jehan Bagnyon. Lyon, 1497. Gallica La conqueste que fit le grant roy Charlemaigne. Jehan Bagnyon. Lyon, 1536 Gallica La Conqueste du grand roy Charlemagne des Espagnes. Jehan Bagnyon. Rouen, 1640 Gallica La Conqueste du grant roy Charlemaigne des Espaignes. Jehan Bagnyon. Paris Gallica (Castillan translation) Historia del emperador Carlo Magno 1765. Google Books The Sultan of Babylon a Middle English romance featuring Ferumbras Spanish definition of fierabrás, from the DRAE – an unruly, evil person, generally applied to naughty children Matter of France Don Quixote characters Chansons de geste Fictional Spanish people Fictional Muslims Male characters in literature Fictional knights Fictional characters introduced in the 12th century	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierabras
is a Japanese former competitive figure skater. From 2002 to 2007, she skated with Jean-Sébastien Fecteau as a pair skater for Canada, winning the silver medal at the 2006 Four Continents Championships. Earlier in her career, she competed in single skating for Japan. Career Until 2002, Wakamatsu competed in single skating for Japan. She competed on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series, winning a bronze medal in 1999 in the Czech Republic, and at one senior Grand Prix event, the 2001 Skate America. She placed as high as fifth on the senior level at the Japan Championships. In April 2002, Wakamatsu teamed up with Jean-Sébastien Fecteau to compete in pair skating for Canada. In 2003, they won gold medals at the Finlandia Trophy and Nebelhorn Trophy and made their Grand Prix debut. In the 2004–05 season, Wakamatsu/Fecteau won silver at the 2005 Canadian Championships and were sent to the 2005 World Championships where they placed eighth. In the 2005–06 season, the pair won bronze at a Grand Prix event, the 2005 NHK Trophy. They also took bronze at the 2006 Canadian Championships and were sent to the 2006 Four Continents Championships where they won the silver medal. Wakamatsu announced her retirement from competitive skating on April 24, 2007. Personal life Wakamatsu studied social welfare at Tohoku Fukushi University in Sendai. Programs With Fecteau Single skating Competitive highlights Pairs career with Fecteau for Canada Singles career for Japan References External links Official site 1981 births Canadian female pair skaters Japanese female single skaters Living people Sportspeople from Aomori Prefecture Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists Competitors at the 2001 Winter Universiade	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utako%20Wakamatsu
Gunboat Vale was a Vale-class Rendel gunboat built for the Royal Norwegian Navy at Karljohansvern Naval Yard in 1874. She was one of a class of five gunboats - the other ships in the class was Brage, Nor, Uller and Vidar. Vale was, in addition to the heavy, muzzle-loading main gun, armed with a small 'Quick Fire' gun and a 37mm Hotchkiss Revolving Cannon (broadly similar to the Gatling gun). Later Vale and her sister ships was rebuilt as mine layers, and she served in this role when the Germans invaded in 1940. During the Norwegian Campaign she served mainly in the Sognefjord. She was captured by German forces after the surrender of Norwegian forces in southern Norway, and returned to Norway after the war. The vessel was built at the Naval Yard at Horten, and had yard number 54. External links Naval history via Flix: KNM Vale, retrieved 14 Feb 2006 Vale-class gunboats Ships built in Horten 1874 ships World War II minelayers of Norway Naval ships of Norway captured by Germany during World War II Minelayers of the Kriegsmarine World War II minelayers of Germany	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Vale%20%281874%29
UnixWorld (Unixworld: McGraw-Hill's magazine of open systems computing.) is a defunct magazine about Unix systems, published from May 1984 until December 1995. References Defunct computer magazines published in the United States Magazines established in 1984 Magazines disestablished in 1995 Magazines published in California Unix history	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnixWorld
The Juno Award for "International Entertainer of the Year" was awarded from 1989 - 1993, as recognition for the best international musicians, from a Canadian perspective. Winners References International Entertainer	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno%20Award%20for%20International%20Entertainer%20of%20the%20Year
Jean-Sébastien Fecteau (born May 7, 1975) is a Canadian former pair skater. He is a two-time World Junior silver medallist with Caroline Haddad, the 2001 Nebelhorn Trophy silver medallist with Valerie Saurette, and the 2006 Four Continents silver medallist with Utako Wakamatsu. Career From 1990 to 1994, Fecteau competed internationally with Caroline Haddad. They won silver medals at the 1992 and 1994 World Junior Championships. In 1995, Fecteau began competing with Valerie Saurette. They competed on the Grand Prix series for three seasons, twice at the Four Continents (best result was fourth), and once at the World Championships, placing 13th. They won the silver medal at the 2001 Nebelhorn Trophy and three bronze medals at the Canadian Championships. Their partnership ended in early 2002. In April 2002, Fecteau teamed up with Japanese skater Utako Wakamatsu to compete for Canada. In 2003, they won gold medals at the Finlandia Trophy and Nebelhorn Trophy and made their Grand Prix debut. In the 2004–05 season, Wakamatsu/Fecteau won silver at the 2005 Canadian Championships and were sent to the 2005 World Championships where they placed eighth. In the 2005–06 season, the pair won bronze at a Grand Prix event, the 2005 NHK Trophy. They also took bronze at the 2006 Canadian Championships and were sent to the 2006 Four Continents Championships where they won the silver medal. Fecteau announced his competitive retirement on April 24, 2007. Personal life In 2007, Fecteau said he planned to study civil engineering at the École Polytechnique de Montréal. He completed his studies and is now working as a Transportation Engineer. Programs With Wakamatsu With Saurette Competitive highlights With Wakamatsu With Saurette With Haddad References External links Official site 1975 births Canadian male pair skaters Living people Sportspeople from Thetford Mines Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists Sportspeople from Quebec World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists 20th-century Canadian people 21st-century Canadian people French Quebecers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-S%C3%A9bastien%20Fecteau
In the United States public school system, released time or release time is time set aside during school hours, typically an hour a day or a week, for students to receive off-campus private religious education. There were challenges, but the concept was upheld and a defined implementation resulted, blocking hostility to religious instruction for these students whose parents approved, permitting accommodation yet precluded public funding. Early history The original idea of released time in the United States was first discussed in 1905 at a school conference in New York City. The proposal was that public elementary schools should be closed one day a week, in addition to Sunday, so that parents could have their children receive religious instruction outside the school premises. This idea was later implemented by Dr. William Albert Wirt, an educator and superintendent of the school district of Gary, Indiana, in 1914. In the first years of Wirt's implementation, over 600 students participated in off-campus religious education. Most released time programs were held outside school property, and the public school system had no involvement in the religious programs taught there. Released time began to grow rapidly. In 1922, programs were active in 23 states. Approximately 40,000 students, from 200 school districts, were enrolled in such programs. In 1932, 30 states had active programs in 400 communities with enrollment of 250,000 students. In 1942, participation reached 1.5 million students in 46 states. Released time reached its peak enrollment totals in 1947, when 2 million students were enrolled in some 2,200 communities. Legislation paving the way for released time programs had been adopted by 12 states. Legal challenge In 1945, Vashti McCollum brought legal action against the Champaign, Illinois public school district. McCollum was the mother of a student in the district. McCollum's suit stated that her eight-year-old son had been coerced and ostracized by school officials because her family had chosen to not participate in the district's in-school religious instruction program. The Champaign district's religious instruction was held during regular school hours in the classrooms in Champaign's public schools and was taught by members of a local religious association, with the approval of school officials. McCollum's suit argued that religious instruction held during regular school hours on public school property constituted an establishment of religion, in violation of the US Constitution, and violated also the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The state district court ruled against McCollum, as did the Illinois Supreme Court upon appeal. However, in 1948, the United States Supreme Court ruled 8-1 in favor of McCollum, reversing the lower courts' decision. It ruled that the Champaign program was unconstitutional since it used the state's compulsory education system to aid in the teaching of religious doctrine and tax-supported school buildings were being used. In the aftermath of that decision, McCollum v. Board of Education, the number of released time classes dropped by 12 percent across the nation. Zorach v. Clauson In 1952, the case of Zorach v. Clauson came before the Supreme Court. The case involved the education law of New York State, particularly a regulation by which a public school was permitted to release students during school hours for religious instruction or devotional exercises. In a 6 to 3 ruling, the high court upheld the New York law. In the majority opinion, Justice William O. Douglas wrote that New York's program "involves neither religious instruction in public schools nor the expenditure of public funds", unlike the earlier McCollum case that the Zorach plaintiffs had cited as precedent. Douglas wrote that a public school "may not coerce anyone to attend church, to observe a religious holiday, or to take religious instruction. But it can close its doors or suspend its operations as to those who want to repair to their religious sanctuary for worship or instruction. No more than that is undertaken here." The Court's opinion stated that In the McCollum case the classrooms were used for religious instruction and the force of the public school was used to promote that instruction. Here, as we have said, the public schools do no more than accommodate their schedules to a program of outside religious instruction. We follow the McCollum case. But we cannot expand it to cover the present released time program unless separation of Church and State means that public institutions can make no adjustments of their schedules to accommodate the religious needs of the people. We cannot read into the Bill of Rights such a philosophy of hostility to religion. Moss v. Spartanburg County School District Seven In 2012, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit upheld a South Carolina school district’s practice of awarding academic credit through a religiously-affiliated private school in the case of Moss v. Spartanburg County School District Seven. The court reiterating that Zorach is good law and held that Released Time programs, and the academic credit received for them, is an accommodation of the parents’ right to choose the type of education their child receives. The court found that: Far from establishing a state religion, the acceptance of transfer credits (including religious credits) by public schools sensibly accommodates the genuine choice among options public and private, secular and religious. Today There are approximately 1,000 released time programs in operation today, ranging from kindergarten to high school, with 250,000 students enrolled. In some areas, including most public school districts in the state of Utah, released time programs allow students a daily class period, which may be used for extracurricular religious studies. Christian education programs A multi-denominational Christian organization that supports Released Time Bible Education across the country is School Ministries, Inc. It was created in 1990 to act as an association that assists local communities in the creation of Released Time Bible Education and to provide support for existing programs. Although initially envisioned to have a South Carolina focus, School Ministries soon was undertaking a national role in responding to RTBE interests, addressing legal challenges, raising national visibility and addressing research needs. Since 2003, School Ministries has growth annually at an increase of 10% in students served. In 2006, School Ministries lead an effort in South Carolina to allow Released Time for high school credit. This law is now referred to as the Released Time Credit Act. School Ministries followed this up in 2014 in the state of Ohio. Since that time additional states have allowed schools to award academic credit for Released Time including three by legislative action (Alabama, Tennessee, and Indiana) and one by administrative law (Utah). Latter-day Saint education programs One notable large group taking released time for religious instruction are Latter-day Saint students. Most LDS students in ninth through twelfth grade attend weekday religious classes called Seminary. In the Western United States, such as in Idaho and Utah, it is common to find an LDS seminary building within close walking distance of public high schools, sometimes directly adjacent. In such situations, the LDS students will take one class period off from the public school as released time. The large numbers taking released time means the seminary has up to six or seven periods corresponding to the public school class periods. Jewish education programs New York City also participates in released time Many organizations take advantage, notably, the Jewish Education Program and the Jewish Released Time Program of Greater New York. Supporters of released time programs interpret the various court cases as permitting these programs, provided several guidelines are met: Classes must not be held on public school property. Religious instruction may not be financed by public funds. Students must have parental permission to be released from public school for attending religious instruction. Since 1941 "1,000,000 Public School Children have participated in the Jewish Hour" implementation of Released-time. A 1970s participant "from PS xxx in Brooklyn (walked) to a synagogue down the block" described it as "They lit the candles with us on Chanukah, told us stories, brought us matzoh for Passover... On Sukkot the children munched on snacks inside a sukkah." As of 2018 there were 1,328 participating students coming from 90 NYC public schools. See also McCollum v. Board of Education Separation of church and state Vashti McCollum Zorach v. Clauson References and further reading School Ministries - Home Releasedtime.org The "Release Time Program" Historical Album Article about released time, appeared in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel on June 9, 2000 The Supreme Court decision in the 1948 case of McCollum v. Board of Education, 333 U.S. 203 The Supreme Court decision in the 1952 case of Zorach v. Clauson 343 U.S. 306 Released Time Program of Greater New York References Separation of church and state in the United States Religious education in the United States United States education law	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Released%20time
A dogcart (also dog-cart or dog cart) is a two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle pulled by a single horse in shafts, or driven tandem. With seating for four, it was designed for sporting shooters and their gun dogs, with a louvred box under the driver's seat to contain dogs. It was developed in the early 1800s to afford more seating than the gig, which seats only two. Seating is two back-to-back crosswise seats, an arrangement called dos-à-dos from French. There is a hinged tailboard which lowers slightly and, supported by chains, acts as a footrest for the rear-facing passengers. Some dogcarts had a mechanism to slide the entire body forward or rearward along the shafts to help balance the weight for the horse. Other names for specific or regional designs of dogcarts include Battlesden cart, Bent panel cart, Bounder, Country cart, Essex trap, Farmer's dogcart, Going-to-cover cart, High dogcart, Hurdle cart, Leamington cart, Malvern cart, Moray car, Newport Pagnell cart, Norfolk cart, Norfolk shooting cart, Nottingham cart, Oxford bounder, Oxford dogcart, Pony dogcart, Ralli dogcart, Sliding bodied dogcart, Surrey cart, Tandem cart, To-cart, Whitechapel cart, Worcester cart, and Worthing cart. Dogcart phaeton A dogcart phaeton is a four-wheeled vehicle pulled by a single horse in shafts, or a pair of horses with a carriage pole. The dogcart phaeton seats four people and is arranged as two back-to-back crosswise seats, called dos-à-dos, with two people facing forward and two others facing the rear. Though the word cart generally means a two-wheeled vehicle, the name dogcart stuck when the body style was mounted on four-wheeled phaeton undercarriages. Other names for specific or regional designs of four-wheel dogcarts include Alexandra dogcart, Continental dogcart, Eridge car, Four-wheeled Ralli car, French Derby cart, Malvern dogcart, Martin's dogcart, and Village phaeton. In literature Frequent references to dog-carts are made by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in his writings about fictional detective Sherlock Holmes, and indeed by many other Victorian writers, as it was a common sight in those days. See also Carriage American Electric (1899 automobile), early electric vehicle based on dogcart phaeton structure Arrol-Johnston, maker of early automobiles based on the dogcart phaeton structure References Carriages Carts	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogcart
Elizabeth Gale Putnam (born November 28, 1984) is a Canadian former competitive pair skater. With Sean Wirtz, she is the 2006 Four Continents bronze medalist and a two-time (2003–04) Canadian national bronze medalist. Personal life Elizabeth Gale Putnam was born on November 28, 1984 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Her father died in October 2006. Putnam is married to Canadian skater Patrick Chan. The pair skated in a 2020 free-skate in Vancouver on an untouched plot of glaciered water. Career Putnam started skating in 1989. In addition to singles, she began training in pairs at age 15. She finished 9th with Mark Batka at the 2002 Canadian Championships. Partnership with Wirtz Putnam began training with Sean Wirtz in July 2002, following tryouts at the Toronto Cricket and Curling Club. The pair won bronze at the 2003 Canadian Championships and placed ninth at their first ISU Championship, the 2003 Four Continents in Beijing. Putnam/Wirtz made their Grand Prix debut in the 2003–04 season, having received two assignments. After placing sixth at the 2003 Skate America and fifth at the 2003 Skate Canada International, they won bronze at a regular international, the 2003 Bofrost Cup on Ice. For the second season in a row, they took bronze at the Canadian Championships and finished 9th at the Four Continents Championships. In the 2004–05 Grand Prix series, Putnam/Wirtz placed fifth at the 2004 Skate America and 8th at the 2004 Cup of Russia. They were fourth at both the 2005 Canadian Championships and 2005 Four Continents Championships. Competing in the 2005–06 Grand Prix series, Putnam/Wirtz placed fourth at the 2005 Skate America and fifth at the 2005 Cup of Russia. After finishing fifth at the 2006 Canadian Championships, they won the bronze medal at the 2006 Four Continents Championships in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Their training for the following season was delayed by a visa problem, which prevented Wirtz from returning to New Jersey for a month. Competing in the 2006–07 Grand Prix series, Putnam/Wirtz finished fourth at the 2006 Skate Canada International, two weeks after the death of Putnam's father, and then fourth at the 2006 Trophee Eric Bompard. They were sixth at the 2007 Canadian Nationals. Their preparations for the 2007–08 season were hampered by injuries. After Wirtz recovered from a broken rib, sustained while skiing in spring 2007, he injured his foot and then the other foot, causing them to withdraw from both of their Grand Prix assignments. Tchernyshev's availability also decreased due to his show commitments. on August 28, 2007, Putnam/Wirtz announced the end of their partnership. Later career Putnam decided to return to single skating, training in Vancouver under Jill Marie Harvey and Joanne McLeod. She later skated on cruise ships with adagio pairs partner Jonathan Poitras. In 2015, she appeared in a video skating on Widgeon Lake, near Coquitlam, at an altitude of 2,500 feet. Programs (with Wirtz) Results GP: Grand Prix With Wirtz With Batka Single skating References External links 1984 births Living people Canadian female pair skaters Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists Figure skaters from Toronto	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Putnam%20%28figure%20skater%29
Sean Wirtz (also Sean Kelly and Sean Kelly-Wirtz; born October 31, 1979, in Marathon, Ontario) is a Canadian figure skater who competed in pair skating and single skating. He teamed up with Elizabeth Putnam in the summer of 2002. They are the 2006 Four Continents bronze medalists and two-time (2003, 2004) Canadian national bronze medalists. Wirtz announced his retirement from competitive skating on August 28, 2007. Wirtz is the nephew of coach Paul Wirtz and former Olympic pair skater Kris Wirtz. Programs (with Putnam) Results Pairs skating with Putnam Pair skating with Dubois Singles career References External links 1979 births Canadian male single skaters Canadian male pair skaters Living people People from Thunder Bay District Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists 20th-century Canadian people 21st-century Canadian people	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean%20Wirtz
The Meowstro Sings — Guster's Keep It Together is an album created by the band Guster. It features all but one of the tracks from their release Keep It Together, with the vocals replaced by simulated cat meows. According to the band, the meows were sung by Guster's monitor engineer at the time, Matt Peskie. The tracks were then released to Kazaa, in an effort to deter downloading of legitimate tracks. The "meow mixes" gained a following from some fans, and were made available to Keep It Together purchasers through a link hidden on that album. It is still available from iTunes. Other Meowstro appearances The Meowstro is featured in "Melanie", which appeared on the 2004 Guster album Live 6/17/04 Myrtle Beach, SC. The studio version of "Melanie" appearing on the band's Goldfly album also includes some meowing, but not by the Meowstro. Guster released the single "Carol of the Meows" for the 2004 holiday season, a recording of the traditional "Carol of the Bells" given the same treatment. Track listing "Diane" (Meow Mix) – 3:51 "Amsterdam" (Meow Mix) – 3:39 "Homecoming King" (Meow Mix) – 3:43 "Jesus on the Radio" (Meow Mix) – 2:22 "Come Downstairs and Say Hello" (Meow Mix) – 5:24 "Keep It Together" (Meow Mix) – 3:43 "Long Way Down" (Meow Mix) – 4:42 "Backyard" (Meow Mix) – 3:07 "Red Oyster Cult" (Meow Mix) – 3:31 "Ramona" (Meow Mix) – 3:05 "Careful" (Meow Mix) – 3:44 "I Hope Tomorrow Is Like Today" (Meow Mix) – 3:20 See also Duetto buffo di due gatti "Duo miaulé" in L'enfant et les sortilèges Notes External links Guster Player includes "Carol of the Meows"; the Goldfly version of "Melanie" is found under the "Sonic Archives" link. (requires Adobe Flash Player) Guster albums 2003 remix albums Reprise Records remix albums Albums produced by Roger Moutenot Zoomusicology	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Meowstro%20Sings%20%E2%80%93%20Guster%27s%20Keep%20It%20Together
The Hajigak Pass ( hajji gak 'little pilgrim') is a mountain pass of Afghanistan. It is situated at a height of above sea-level in the northern part of Maidan Wardak province, connecting it with Bamyan province to the northwest. It is one of the two main routes from Kabul to Bamyan in Hazarajat, leading across the Koh-i-Baba range. Climate The climate in this area is classified as a subarctic (Dsc) in the Köppen climate classification system. Avalanches, heavy snowfalls and landslides can occur anytime and can sometimes block some sections of the road, being extremely dangerous due to frequent patches of ice. Routes The two main routes from Kabul to Bamyan are from the south via Maidan Wardak and the Hajigak Pass, and from the north via Parwan and the Shibar Pass. The journey via the Shibar Pass is approximately 6 and half hours long covering around long. The Shibar pass is still preferred over the Hajigak pass on safety grounds, because in the harsh climate of the area the Hajigak remain covered with snow during most of the year. The Hajigak route leaves Kabul from Kote Sangi, about 1 km west of Kabul University, and follows the paved highway to Ghazni west and then south into Maidan Wardak province. There the route leaves the Ghazni highway, turning right to head west through Maidan Shar, the capital of Maidan Wardak province. It continues through Jalrez, Sarchashman, Sia Sang, and Duz Qol, before crossing the Unai Pass to Gardan Diwal, where the route again turns to the right to head north, and finally start the climb to the Hajigak Pass proper. There are numerous villages in this sparsely populated, rugged area. The greenness of the trees and the clearness of the air in the valleys greet tourists who travel to Bamyan. In the fall and spring large camel caravans add their particular color and excitement to the scene. The major wildlife is lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) which are often seen squatting in large groups beside the road. These very large birds are also known as Bearded Vultures for they have very noticeable, rather comical goatees. Having a passion for bone marrow, they have been seen to carry animal bones to a height and carefully drop them onto rocks to crack them so that they can feast upon the marrow with greedy delight. Railway projects In May 2016, India, Iran and Afghanistan signed an agreement to develop two berths at the Port of Chabahar, build the new Chabahar-Zahedan railway line as part of the North–South Transport Corridor by linking it with the Trans-Iranian Railway, and invest up to INR 1 lakh crore (US$14 billion) in the Chabahar Special Economic zone by building a gas-based urea plant as well as other industries there. The proposed railway line will be linked with the Chabahar-Zaranj-Delaram-Hajigak railway, a 900 km long Indian-Iranian project that will link the future US$10 billion Indian iron-ore mining operations at the Hajigak to the Chabahar port. See also Unai Pass Shibar Pass Hajigak mining concession References External links Kotal Hajigak Mountain passes of Afghanistan Landforms of Maidan Wardak Province	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajigak%20Pass
Tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation is a method of inducible gene expression where transcription is reversibly turned on or off in the presence of the antibiotic tetracycline or one of its derivatives (e.g. doxycycline). Tetracycline-controlled gene expression is based upon the mechanism of resistance to tetracycline antibiotic treatment found in gram-negative bacteria. In nature, the Ptet promoter expresses TetR (the repressor) and TetA, the protein that pumps tetracycline antibiotic out of the cell. The difference between Tet-On and Tet-Off is not whether the transactivator turns a gene on or off, as the name might suggest; rather, both proteins activate expression. The difference relates to their respective response to tetracycline or doxycycline (Dox, a more stable tetracycline analogue); Tet-Off activates expression in the absence of Dox, whereas Tet-On activates in the presence of Dox. Tet-Off and Tet-On The two most commonly used inducible expression systems for research of eukaryote cell biology are named Tet-Off and Tet-On. The Tet-Off system for controlling expression of genes of interest in mammalian cells was developed by Professors and Manfred Gossen at the University of Heidelberg and first published in 1992. The Tet-Off system makes use of the tetracycline transactivator (tTA) protein, which is created by fusing one protein, TetR (tetracycline repressor), found in Escherichia coli bacteria, with the activation domain of another protein, VP16, found in the herpes simplex virus. The resulting tTA protein is able to bind to DNA at specific TetO operator sequences. In most Tet-Off systems, several repeats of such TetO sequences are placed upstream of a minimal promoter such as the CMV promoter. The entirety of several TetO sequences with a minimal promoter is called a tetracycline response element (TRE), because it responds to binding of the tetracycline transactivator protein tTA by increased expression of the gene or genes downstream of its promoter. In a Tet-Off system, expression of TRE-controlled genes can be repressed by tetracycline and its derivatives. They bind tTA and render it incapable of binding to TRE sequences, thereby preventing transactivation of TRE-controlled genes. A Tet-On system works similarly, but in the opposite fashion. While in a Tet-Off system, tTA is capable of binding the operator only if not bound to tetracycline or one of its derivatives, such as doxycycline, in a Tet-On system, the rtTA protein is capable of binding the operator only if bound by a tetracycline. Thus the introduction of doxycycline to the system initiates the transcription of the genetic product. The Tet-On system is sometimes preferred over Tet-Off for its faster responsiveness. Tet-Off expression systems are also used in generating transgenic mice which conditionally express gene of interest. Tet-On Advanced and Tet-On 3G The Tet-On Advanced transactivator (also known as rtTA2S-M2) is an alternative version of Tet-On that shows reduced basal expression, and functions at a 10-fold lower Dox concentration than Tet-Off. In addition, its expression is considered to be more stable in eukaryotic cells due to being human codon optimized and utilizing three minimal transcriptional activation domains. It was discovered in 2000 as one of two improved mutants by H. Bujard and his colleagues after random mutagenesis of the Tet repressor part of the transactivator gene. Tet-On 3G (also known as rtTA-V10 ) is similar to Tet-On Advanced but was derived from rtTA2S-S2 rather than rtTA2S-M2. It is also human codon optimized and composed of three minimal VP16 activation domains. However, the Tet-On 3G protein has five amino acid differences compared to Tet-On Advanced which appear to increase its sensitivity to Dox even further. Tet-On 3G is sensitive to 100-fold less Dox and is seven-fold more active than the original Tet-On. Other systems Other systems such as the T-REx system by Life Technologies work in a different fashion. The gene of interest is flanked by an upstream CMV promoter and two TetO2 sites. Expression of the gene of interest is repressed by the high affinity binding of TetR homodimers to each TetO2 sequences in the absence of tetracycline. Introduction of tetracycline results in binding of one tetracycline on each TetR homodimer followed by release of TetO2 by the TetR homodimers. Unbinding of TetR homodimers and TetO2 result in derepression of the gene of interest. A modified version of T-REx is the Linearizer synthetic biological circuit, optimized for gene expression tuning in eukaryotic (budding yeast, human, etc) cells. By incorporating TetO2 sites into the promoter driving TetR expression, it creates negative feedback, which ensures homogeneous expression (low noise) and a linear dose-response to tetracycline analogs. Tetracycline response element (TRE) In the most commonly used plasmids, the tetracycline response element consists of seven repeats of the 19bp bacterial TetO sequence ( TCCCTATCAGTGATAGAGA ) separated by spacer sequences (for example: ACGATGTCGAGTTTAC). It is the TetO that is recognized and bound by the TetR portion of Tet-On or Tet-Off. The TRE is usually placed upstream of a minimal promoter that has very low basal expression in the absence of bound Tet-Off (or Tet-On). Advantages and disadvantages The Tet system has advantages over Cre, FRT, and ER (estrogen receptor) conditional gene expression systems. In the Cre and FRT systems, activation or knockout of the gene is irreversible once recombination is accomplished, whereas, in Tet and ER systems, it is reversible. The Tet system has very tight control on expression, whereas ER system is somewhat leaky. However, the Tet system, which depends on transcription and subsequent translation of a target gene, is not as fast-acting as the ER system, which stabilizes the already-expressed target protein upon hormone administration. Also, since the 19bp tet-o sequence is naturally absent from mammalian cells, pleiotropy is thought to be minimized compared to hormonal methods of control. When using the Tet system in cell culture, it is important to confirm that each batch of fetal bovine serum is tested to confirm that contaminating tetracyclines are absent or are too low to interfere with inducibility. The mechanism of action for the antibacterial effect of tetracyclines relies on disrupting protein translation in bacteria, thereby damaging the ability of microbes to grow and repair; however protein translation is also disrupted in eukaryotic mitochondria leading to effects that may confound experimental results. See also Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis Gene trapping References External links Tet-Systems, Germany Tet-On Advanced animation on YouTube A detailed overview of Tet-systems in functional cancer research and oncogenomics Genetics experiments	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline-controlled%20transcriptional%20activation
The Journal of Library Administration is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers library management. It was established in 1980 and is published 8 times a year by Routledge. The editor-in-chief is Gary M. Pitkin (University of Northern Colorado). Controversy In March 2013, the editor-in-chief Damon Jaggars (Columbia University) and the complete editorial board resigned in protest of the limited authors' rights offered by the publisher under its copyright licensing terms. After negotiations by the editorial board with the publisher on behalf of authors committed to open access, the best offer made for publishing under a Creative Commons license was payment of nearly $3,000 by the author for each article, which was judged unacceptable by Jaggars and the board. Board member Chris Bourg wrote of a "crisis of conscience about publishing in a journal that was not open access" after the suicide of open access activist Aaron Swartz. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in CSA databases, EBSCOhost, Education Resources Information Center, Inspec, and ProQuest. References External links Library science journals Academic journals established in 1980 English-language journals Routledge academic journals	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Library%20Administration
Audrey Marie Hilley (née Frazier, later Homan; June 4, 1933 – February 26, 1987), also known by the aliases Robbi Hannon and Teri Martin, was an American murderer and suspected serial killer. She was suspected in the death by poisoning of her husband and the attempted murder of her daughter, and spent three years as a fugitive from justice. Her life and crime spree are the subjects of the 1991 telefilm Wife, Mother, Murderer. Early life and first crimes Audrey Hilley was born Audrey Frazier in the Blue Mountain neighborhood of Anniston, Alabama, on June 4, 1933. Her parents were Huey Frazier and his wife, Lucille (née Meads) She married Frank Hilley on May 8, 1951; they had two children, Mike and Carol. Despite Frank's well-paying job and Marie's secretarial employment, the couple had little money set aside in savings due to Marie's excessive spending habits, leading to tension in the marriage. Unbeknownst to Frank, his wife frequently engaged in sex with her bosses in exchange for money or superior performance evaluations. He began suffering from a mysterious illness, as did his son Mike, but Mike's symptomswhich his doctors attributed to stomach fluabruptly stopped when he moved away to attend a seminary. In 1975, after returning home early due to his illness, Frank found Marie in bed with her boss. He turned to Mike, then an ordained minister living in Atlanta, for advice. In May 1975, shortly after a visit from Mike, Frank visited his doctor complaining of nausea and tenderness in his abdomen, being diagnosed with a viral stomachache. The condition persisted and he was admitted to a hospital, where tests indicated a malfunction of the liver; doctors diagnosed infectious hepatitis. Frank Hilley died early in the morning of May 25, 1975. Frank's autopsy, performed with his wife's permission, revealed swelling of the kidneys and lungs, bilateral pneumonia, and inflammation of the stomach. Because the symptoms closely resembled those of hepatitis, that was listed as his cause of death and no further tests were conducted. Frank had maintained a moderate life insurance policy, secretly taken out by Marie at the time of his initial illness, that she redeemed for $31,140. Three years later, Marie took out a $25,000 life insurance policy on her daughter Carol; a $25,000 accidental death rider took effect in August 1978. Within a few months, Carol began experiencing nausea and was admitted to the emergency room several times. A year after filing the insurance policy on her daughter, Marie gave her an injection that she claimed would alleviate the nausea. However, the symptoms only worsened, with Carol's enduring numbness in her extremities. After medical tests found no disease, Carol's physician, fearing the symptoms were psychosomatic, had her undergo psychiatric testing at Carraway Methodist Hospital in Birmingham. There, Carol secretly received two more injections from her mother, who warned her not to tell others about the shots. A month after Carol was admitted to the hospital, her physician reported she was suffering from malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies, adding that he suspected heavy metal poisoning was to blame for the symptoms. Panicking, Marie had Carol discharged from the hospital that afternoon. The following day, Carol was admitted to the University of Alabama Hospital. Coincidentally, Marie was arrested for check kiting; they were written to the insurance company that insured Carol's life, causing that policy to lapse. University physicians concentrated their investigation on the possibility of heavy metal poisoning, noting that Carol's hands and feet were numb, she had nerve palsy causing foot drop and she had lost most of her deep tendon reflexes. Arrest Physicians noticed Aldrich-Mees lines on Carol's nails. Forensic tests on samples of her hair were conducted by the Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences on October 3, 1979, revealing arsenic levels ranging from over 100 times the normal level close to the scalp to zero times the normal level at the end of the hair shaft. This indicated that Carol had been given increasingly larger doses of arsenic over a period of four to eight months. That same day, Frank's body was exhumed, and upon examination, showed between ten and 100 times the normal level of arsenic. It was concluded that both Frank and Carol had suffered from chronic arsenic poisoning, with Frank's poisoning being fatal. Marie was incarcerated on her check kiting charges when she was arrested on October 9 for the attempted murder of her daughter. Anniston police found a vial in her purse, tests of which revealed the presence of arsenic. Two weeks later, Frank's sister found a jar of rat poison which contained 1.4–1.5% arsenic. On November 9, Marie was released on bail, after which she registered at a local motel under an assumed name and disappeared. While a note was left behind indicating that she "might have been kidnapped," Marie was listed as a fugitive. Escape On November 19, a burglary occurred at the home of Marie's aunt. The occupant's car was stolen as well as some clothes and an overnight bag. Investigators found a note in the house reading, "Do not call police. We will burn you out if you do. We found what we wanted and will not bother you again." Two months later, on January 11, 1980, Marie was indicted in absentia for Frank's murder. Subsequently, investigators found that both her mother and her mother-in-law, Carrie Hilley, had significant, but not fatal, traces of arsenic in their systems when they died. The remains of Sonya Marcelle Gibson, an 11-year-old friend of Carol's who had died of indeterminate causes in 1974, were also exhumed and examined, but were found to contain only a "normal" amount of arsenic. Gibson was one of the many neighborhood children who had fallen ill after drinking beverages that they had been given during visits to the Hilley household. Two police officers who had been dispatched to a domestic disturbance at the Hilley household also reported coming down with nausea and stomach cramps after drinking coffee that Marie had offered them. Although police and the FBI launched a massive manhunt, Marie Hilley remained a fugitive for a little more than three years. New identities Under the alias "Robbi Hannon", Marie travelled to Florida and met a man named John Greenleaf Homan III. They lived together for more than a year before marrying on May 29, 1981, at which point she took his last name. The couple moved to New Hampshire. Late in the summer of 1982, she left New Hampshire, telling her husband that she needed to attend to family business and to see some doctors about an illness. During this time, she travelled to Florida and Texas using the alias "Teri Martin", an imaginary twin sister. During the trip, Marie called Homan as "Teri" and informed him that Robbi had died in Texas, saying there was no need for him to claim the body because it had been donated to medical science. After getting to know "Teri" over the phone, Homan expressed interest in meeting her. She agreed, saying he needed to put "Robbi's" death behind them. In November 1982, after changing her hair color and losing weight, Marie returned to New Hampshire and reunited with Homan, posing as his "deceased" wife's sister. An obituary for Robbi Homan appeared in a New Hampshire newspaper, but aroused suspicion when police were unable to verify any of the information it contained. Homan's coworkers also had suspicions about his new "sister-in-law" and were concerned defalcation may have been at play. A detective with the New Hampshire State Police surmised that the woman living as Teri and Robbi were one and the same. Homan's concerned co-workers discovered that the Medical Research Institute of Texas, where "Robbi's" body was supposedly handed over for study, was nonexistent, as was the church that eulogized her death. While Homan's workplace was audited and no embezzlement found, authorities still believed that "Teri Martin" was possibly a fugitive bank robber named Carol Manning (later disproven) or wanted on other outstanding charges. In the meantime, "Teri" had taken a secretarial job in nearby Brattleboro, Vermont, and was arrested. While being interrogated by Vermont state troopers, she confessed that she was wanted in Alabama on check kiting charges and divulged her true name. Contact with Alabama authorities confirmed this, while also disclosing the far more serious charges for murder and attempted murder. Marie extradited to Alabama to stand trial. She was quickly convicted and sentenced to life in prison for her husband's murder and 20 years for attempting to kill her daughter. Incarceration and death Marie began serving her sentence in 1983 at the Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women in Wetumpka, Alabama, a maximum security prison. Due to her clerical career, she was often assigned to perform paperwork and was considered a quiet model prisoner. This good behavior earned her several one-day passes from prison, from which she returned as scheduled. In February 1987, Marie was given a three-day pass to visit Homan, who had moved to Anniston to be closer to his wife. They spent a day at an Anniston motel, and when Homan left for a few hours, she disappeared, leaving behind a note for asking his forgiveness. Homan promptly alerted police. Her escape prompted an inquiry into Alabama's furlough policy. Four days after she vanished from the motel, Marie was found delirious on the back porch of a house in Anniston. The woman who found Marie described her appearance as scary, stating she was dirty with mud on her face and long fingernails. She alerted police, who then summoned paramedics. Marie was conscious at the scene but lost consciousness while being transported to a nearby hospital for treatment. Upon arrival she suffered a heart attack. Doctors attempted to revive her but were unsuccessful, and she was pronounced dead hours after being found. The coroner believed she had been crawling around in the woods, drenched by four days of frequent rain and exposed to temperatures that dropped to around freezing. Her final cause of death was attributed to hypothermia and exposure. See also Blanche Taylor Moore Stacey Castor Velma Barfield Judy Buenoano References Further reading "Last Chapter Of Black Widow Saga: Muddy, Cold, Dying Near Birthplace," The Associated Press, February 27, 1987 "'Black Widow' spins a new web," United Press International, February 26, 1987 1933 births 1987 deaths 20th-century American criminals American escapees American female murderers American people convicted of attempted murder American people convicted of murder American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Criminals from Alabama Deaths from hypothermia Escapees from Alabama detention People convicted of murder by Alabama People from Anniston, Alabama People who faked their own death Poisoners Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Alabama Suspected serial killers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey%20Marie%20Hilley
Anabelle Langlois (born July 21, 1981) is a Canadian pair skater. She is the 2008 Canadian Figure Skating Championships with Cody Hay and the 2002 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships silver medallist with Patrice Archetto. Career Langlois teamed up with Patrice Archetto in 1998. She fractured her skull as a result of a fall on a throw jump at the 1998 Canadian Championships. She wore a hockey helmet for six months afterward. Langlois/Archetto won the silver medal at the 2002 Four Continents Championships, five Grand Prix medals, and five Canadian national medals. Jan Ullmark coached the pair in Edmonton. Their partnership ended when Archetto retired from competition in 2005. Langlois teamed up with Cody Hay in 2005. The pair finished 4th at the 2006 Skate America. They were forced to withdraw from their second event, 2006 Cup of Russia, because the airline lost Langlois' skates. Langlois/Hay took bronze at the 2007 Canadian Championships and were named to their first Worlds team. They placed 10th at the 2007 World Championships in Tokyo, Japan. In the 2007–08 season, Langlois/Hay competed at Skate Canada and NHK Trophy, before winning their first national title at the 2008 Canadian Championships in Vancouver, British Columbia. They went on to compete at the 2008 World Championships in Sweden, where they placed 8th. Langlois sustained a spiral fracture to her lower right fibula during practice on July 23, 2008, and underwent surgery a week later, after which she had five screws and a metal plate in her ankle. The pair, assigned to the 2008 Skate Canada International and 2008 NHK Trophy, withdrew from both Grand Prix events. Langlois returned to training in mid-September but had trouble walking during a January 6, 2009, practice session. It was determined that she had tissue damage and the pair withdrew from the 2009 Canadian Championships. Around February 2009, she had surgery to remove the screws and metal plate. The pair subsequently withdrew from the 2009 Four Continents Championships and 2009 World Championships. Langlois/Hay's first international competition back from her injury was the 2009 Nebelhorn Trophy held in Oberstdorf, Germany. Later on in November 2009, they were back on the Grand Prix circuit where they placed 4th at Skate Canada in Kitchener, Ontario. At the 2010 Canadian Championships in London, Ontario, Langlois/Hay won the silver medal behind Jessica Dubé / Bryce Davison and were named to the Olympic team. They placed 9th in Vancouver, British Columbia. On May 21, 2010, Langlois announced her retirement from competition. She participated in the fall 2010 and fall 2011 seasons of Battle of the Blades on CBC. Personal life Langlois and Hay became engaged in 2010. They married on May 21, 2012. Their daughter, Mia Olivia Hay, was born on March 28, 2013. Their son, Zac, was born in 2016. Langlois and her family now live in Waterloo, Ontario, where she works as Technical Director of the Kitchener-Waterloo Skating Club. Programs With Hay With Archetto Competitive highlights GP: Grand Prix With Hay With Archetto References External links Skate Canada Profile 1981 births Living people French Quebecers Canadian female pair skaters Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics Olympic figure skaters for Canada Battle of the Blades participants Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists Sportspeople from Shawinigan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabelle%20Langlois
Michael Howard (born 1965) is a software security expert from Microsoft. He is the author of several computer security books, the most famous being Michael Howard is a frequent speaker at security-related conferences and frequently publishes articles on the subject. Books Michael Howard, David LeBlanc : Writing Secure Code (2nd edition). Michael Howard, John Viega, David LeBlanc: The 19 Deadly Sins of Software Security. Michael Howard: Designing Secure Web-Based Applications for Microsoft(r) Windows(r) 2000. External links Michael Howard's Blog Microsoft employees Living people Writers about computer security 1965 births	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Howard%20%28Microsoft%29
USS Somerset may refer to: , a side wheel ferryboat launched and purchased in 1862 and sold in 1865; the rejuvenated Somerset began a career as a New York ferryboat until 1914 USS Somerset (ID-2162), a Maryland State Fisheries Force motor boat that served in World War I , an , launched in January 1945 and struck in December 1945 , a launched in April 2012 United States Navy ship names	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Somerset
California 26th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of California currently represented by . The district is located on the South Coast, comprising most of Ventura County as well as a small portion of Los Angeles County. Cities in the district include Camarillo, Oxnard, Santa Paula, Thousand Oaks, Westlake Village, Moorpark, and part of Simi Valley. In 2022, the district lost Ojai and most of Ventura and added Calabasas, Agoura Hills, and the sparsely populated northern half of Ventura County. From 2003 to 2013, the district spanned the foothills of the San Gabriel Valley from La Cañada Flintridge to Rancho Cucamonga. David Dreier, a Republican, represented the district during this period. Recent election results from statewide races 2005 special elections Proposition 73 Parental notification before termination of minors' pregnancy. 55.0% YES 45.0% NO Proposition 77 Redistricting according to a panel of retired judges. 49.8% YES 50.2% NO Proposition 80 Regulation of electric grids and services through California. 32.1% YES 67.9% NO List of members representing the district Election results 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1965 (Special) 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Historical district boundaries See also List of United States congressional districts References External links Official Congresswoman Julia Brownley website — representing the 26th District of California. GovTrack.us: California's 26th congressional district RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions California Voter Foundation map — CD26 26 Government of Los Angeles County, California Government of Ventura County, California Camarillo, California Conejo Valley Fillmore, California Moorpark, California Newbury Park, California Oak Park, California Oxnard, California Santa Clara River (California) Santa Paula, California Simi Valley, California Thousand Oaks, California Ventura, California Westlake Village, California Constituencies established in 1953 1953 establishments in California Los Padres National Forest	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s%2026th%20congressional%20district
Abu Sabaya ( ; July 18, 1962 – June 21, 2002), born Aldam Tilao, was one of the leaders of the Abu Sayyaf in the southern Philippines until he was killed by soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in 2002. Life Abu Sabaya was a former engineering student and police trainee in Zamboanga City. He had lived in Saudi Arabia for several years before returning to the Philippines in the late 1990s. Prior to his death, the United States government had placed a US$5,000,000 reward on his arrest for the May 2001 Dos Palmas kidnappings of two American missionaries and another American who was beheaded. According to the Philippine Army documents, Sabaya had dropped out of a criminology course to join the Moro National Liberation Front (M.N.L.F.), an Islamic rebel group, who trained him in bomb-making and assassination. When the M.N.L.F. signed a peace treaty with the Philippine government in 1996, Sabaya joined Filipinos working in Saudi Arabia. Upon his return to the Philippines he came into contact with Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani, one of the founders of the Abu Sayyaf. Sabaya was accused of several hostage kidnappings. In Basilan, he was accused of being involved in 13 kidnappings incidents, including that of a Roman Catholic priest, schoolchildren and teachers. In reaction, the Philippine government offered a 5,000,000 peso reward for his capture. On June 21, 2002, after being tracked by United States and Philippine forces, Sabaya was confronted by a Special Warfare Group team of the Philippine Navy. After attempting to evade capture, Sabaya was shot and killed at sea. Four other members of the Abu Sayyaf survived and were arrested during the incident. According to Australian scholar Bob East, Sabaya's death has had a significant impact on the Abu Sayyaf, as the number of operatives working for the group sharply decreased from 1100 in 2001 to 450 in late 2002, and had since been stagnant for the next ten years. References Sources Search for Abu Sayyaf leader's body CNN, June 22, 2002 Philippines rebel leader 'shot' BBC, June 21, 2002 Harakah Daily: Top Abu Sayyaf leader slain in southern Philippines 1962 births 2002 deaths Abu Sayyaf members Filipino Islamists Filipino Muslims Muslims with branch missing Paramilitary Filipinos	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Sabaya
The Kpelle people (also known as the Guerze, Kpwesi, Kpessi, Sprd, Mpessi, Berlu, Gbelle, Bere, Gizima, or Buni) are the largest ethnic group in Liberia. They are located primarily in an area of central Liberia, extending into Guinea. They speak the Kpelle language, which belongs to the Mande language family. Despite their yearly heavy rainfalls and rough land, Kpelle survive mostly on their staple crop of rice. Traditionally organized under several paramount chiefs who serve as mediators for the public, preserve order and settle disputes, the Kpelle are arguably the most rural and conservative of the major ethnic groups in Liberia. The Kpelle people are also referred to as Gberese, Gbese, Gbeze, Gerse, Gerze, Kpelli, Kpese, Kpwele, Ngere, and Nguere. History The Kpelle or Guerze lived in North Sudan during the sixteenth-century, before fleeing to other parts of Northwest Africa into what is now Mali. Their flight was due to internal conflicts between the tribes from the crumbling Sudanic empire. Some migrated to Liberia, Mauritania, and Chad. They still maintained their traditional and cultural heritage despite their migration. A handful are still of Kpelle origin in North Sudan. Kpelle are also located in Mali and maintain their heritage. Some Arabs in Mali enslaved the Africans and took women as their concubines, with those descendants being of Kpelle admixture. The Kpelle also used to trade with the Muslim Vai and Mandingo who live in small numbers in the country and reside nearby. The Kpelle trade with Lebanese merchants, U.S. missionaries and Peace Corps volunteers. There were 3 days of ethno-religious fighting in Nzerekore in July 2013. Fighting between ethnic Kpelle, who are Christian or animist, and ethnic Konianke, who are Muslims and close to the larger Mandinka ethnic group, left at least 54 dead. The dead included people who were killed with machetes and others who were burned alive. The violence ended after the Guinea military imposed a curfew, and President Conde made a televised appeal for calm. Location The Kpelle are the largest ethnic group of the West African nation of Liberia and are also an important ethnic group also in southern Guinea (where they are also known as Guerze) and north western Ivory Coast. Most Kpelle inhabit Bong County, Bomi County, Gbarpolu County, and Lofa County. They are major food suppliers of the capital cities. The terrain in the area includes swamps, hills and, in lowland areas, rivers. May through October brings their rainy season with an annual rainfall from 180 to 300 centimeters. The Kpelle territory sees the lowest temperatures dropping to 19 °C with the average temp around 36-degree C. It is supplemented by cassava, vegetables, and fruits; cash crops include rice, peanuts, sugarcane, and nuts they also enjoy fufu and soup, sometimes the soup is spicy but it depends on the way they want it. Soup may be eaten as an appetizer or in conjunction to the main dish. Culture Traditionally, the Kpelle have been farmers with rice as the main crop. The word Kpelle is often used as an adjective to refer to someone as hard working and very humble people in Liberia and Guinea. Traditionally, a Kpelle family consists of a man, his wives and his children. The household has been the usual farming unit, and all the family members participate in daily farming work. Young children learn how to farm and help the older family members with farm activities. In their social structure, leadership was very crucial. Every Kpelle tribe used to have a chief who oversaw their own interests as well as the interests of the society. These chiefs were recognized by the national government. They used to act as mediators between the government and their own tribes. Each town also had its own chief. The chiefs act as liaisons for different groups in the society. Anthropologists such as Caroline Bledsoe have characterized Kpelle social organization as one premised on wealth in people. Their flight was due to internal conflicts between the tribes from the crumbling Sudanic empire. Kpelle Surnames Notable Kpelle people Félix Balamou, Guinean Basketball player Moussa Dadis Camara, former Guinean military officer Ousmane Doré, Guinean politician Daniel Goumou, Guinean footballer Boniface Haba, Guinean footballer Paul Haba, Guinean sprinter Édouard Nyankoye Lamah, Guinean politician Jean Kolipé Lamah, former Minister of Justice of Guinea Remy Lamah, current Minister of Health and Public Hygiene of Guinea Gnanga Loramou, Guinean musician Alexandre Cécé Loua, Guinean diplomat Isabelle Kolkol Loua, Guinean producer and director Joseph Loua, Guinean sprinter Sény Malomou, Guinean musician Siba Nolamou, former Minister of Justice of Guinea Claude Pivi, former Guinean military officer Paul Pogba, French footballer Mathias Pogba, Guinean footballer Florentin Pogba, Guinean footballer Charles Fassou Sagno, Guinean politician Jean-Baptiste Zébélamou, Guinean writer Maurice Togba Zogbélémou, former Minister of Justice of Guinea Ilaix Moriba [Pepe Koulemou], Former Senator, Lawyer See also Culture of Liberia References Ethnic groups in Liberia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpelle%20people
The Committee may refer to any of the following: The Committee (improv group), a San Francisco-based improvisational comedy group The Committee (film), a 1968 independent film directed by Peter Sykes The Committee (racehorse), fell at the first fence in the 1995 Grand National The Committee (fan group), a group of Star Trek fans who arranged the first Star Trek convention The Committee (novel), a novel by Sonallah Ibrahim The Committee (play), a play by Robert Howard	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Committee
Storyland (or Story Land) can refer to: Storyland, a theme park in Renfrew, Ontario, Canada Story Land, a theme park in Glen, New Hampshire Storyland, a theme park in Fresno, California Storyland, a children's theme park at the New Orleans City Park in Louisiana, United States	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyland
Verve Energy was a Western Australian Government owned corporation responsible for operating the state's electricity generators on the state's South West Interconnected System (SWIS). It was split from the then vertically integrated Western Power Corporation in 2006, during reforms to the state's electricity sector. The company was merged into Synergy in 2014. Generators Verve Energy owned five major power stations, supplying electricity to the South West Interconnected System: Muja Power Station, east of Collie Collie Power Station, in Collie Kwinana Power Station, in Naval Base heavy industrial suburb Cockburn Power Station, in Cockburn Pinjar Power Station, in Pinjar Mungarra Power Station In addition it owned various other generation plants, including the Albany Wind Farm, wind diesel, and biomass facilities. References External links Government of Western Australia - Office of Energy Government of Western Australia - Office of Energy - Electricity Reform Implementation Unit Australian companies established in 2006 Companies based in Perth, Western Australia Defunct electric power companies of Australia Energy companies established in 2006 Energy in Western Australia Government-owned companies of Western Australia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verve%20Energy
Waneta Ethel (Nixon) Hoyt (May 13, 1946 – August 13, 1998) was an American serial killer who was convicted of killing all five of her biological children. Early life Hoyt was born in Richford, New York. She dropped out of Newark Valley High School in the 10th grade to marry Tim Hoyt on January 11, 1964. Deaths of children James Hoyt, Hoyt's longest surviving biological child, died on September 26, 1968, 28 months after he was born on May 31, 1966. All of Hoyt's other biological children died before turning six months old: Eric (October 17, 1964 – January 26, 1965), Julie (July 19 – September 5, 1968), Molly (March 18 – June 5, 1970), and Noah (May 9 – July 28, 1971). For more than 20 years, it was believed that the babies had died of sudden infant death syndrome. Several years after the death of their last child, the Hoyts adopted a child, Jay, who remained healthy through childhood and was 17 when his adopted mother was arrested in 1994. The last two biological Hoyt children, Molly and Noah, were subjects of pediatric research conducted by Dr. Alfred Steinschneider, who published an article in 1972 in the journal Pediatrics proposing a connection between sleep apnea and SIDS. The article was later discredited, and subsequent research failed to replicate the results. Investigation and trial In 1985, a prosecutor in a neighboring county who had been dealing with a murder case initially thought to involve SIDS, was told by one of his experts, Dr. Linda Norton, a forensic pathologist from Dallas, Texas, that there may be a serial killer in his area of New York. Norton arrived at this suspicion after reviewing Steinschneider's report on the Hoyt case in which the Hoyts were not identified by name. When the prosecutor became the district attorney in 1992, he tracked the case down and sent it to a forensic pathologist, Michael Baden, for review. Baden concluded that the deaths were the result of murder. In 1994, because of jurisdictional issues, the case was transferred to the district attorney of the county in which the Hoyts resided. In March 1994, Hoyt was approached at the post office by a New York State trooper with whom she was acquainted. He asked her for help in research he was doing on SIDS, and she agreed. She was then questioned by the trooper and two other policemen. At the end of the interrogation, she confessed to the murders of all five children by suffocation, and she was arrested. The reason that she gave for the murders was that the babies were crying and she wanted to silence them. Hoyt later recanted her confession, and its validity was an important issue during the trial. An expert hired by the defense, Dr. Charles Patrick Ewing, testified, "It is my conclusion that her statement to the police on that day was not made knowingly, and it was not made voluntarily." He diagnosed Hoyt with dependent and avoidant personality disorders, and he opined that she was particularly vulnerable to the tactics used during her interrogation. Dr. David Barry, a psychiatrist hired by the prosecution agreed that Hoyt had been manipulated by the police tactics. Nevertheless, Hoyt was convicted in April 1995. On September 11, 1995, she was sentenced to 75 years to life, 15 years for each murder, to be served consecutively. It has been speculated since her conviction that Hoyt suffered from Münchausen syndrome by proxy, a diagnosis that is not universally accepted in the psychiatric community. Aftermath Hoyt died in prison of pancreatic cancer in August 1998. She was formally exonerated under New York law because she died before her appeal. She was buried at Highland Cemetery in Richford, New York. See also List of serial killers in the United States References 1946 births 1998 deaths 20th-century American criminals 20th-century American women American female serial killers American murderers of children American people convicted of murder American people who died in prison custody Deaths from pancreatic cancer Filicides in New York (state) People convicted of murder by New York (state) People from Richford, New York People with avoidant personality disorder Prisoners who died in New York (state) detention Serial killers from New York (state) Serial killers who died in prison custody	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waneta%20Hoyt
Kottarakkara (IAST: Koṭṭārakkara), also transliterated as Kottarakara, is a town and municipality in the Kollam district of the Kerala, India. The town is close to Kollam Port, which has a rich history linked to the early medieval period as well as the reputation as an important commercial, industrial and trading center. Kottarakkara lies to the east of Kollam city centre. History Kottarakkara, also known in the ancient days of the kings as the Elayadathu Swarupam, was a principality ruled by a branch of the Travancore Royal Family. It is the home of Kathakali, a well known dance drama which originated initially as Ramanattam created in the 17th century by Prince Kottarakkara Thampuran and later patronized by the Raja of Kottarakkara in the early 19th century absorbing other dance forms of Krishnattam with further innovations. Etymology Kottarakkara, a compound word made up of the words Kottaram, meaning "palace", and kara meaning "land", literally means "land of palaces". The area which had several palaces was thus named "Kottarakkara." Geography Kottarakkara is a small principality close to Kollam. As a taluk headquarters, it has six panchayats and other small towns. It is surrounded by several other towns. Towns and villages in Kottarakara Taluk Ampalakkara Andoor Chadayamangalam Chengamanadu Chakkuvarakkal Cherupoika Chithara Elamad Ezhukone Irukunnam Ittiva Kadakkal Kalayapuram Kareepra- Edakkidom Karickom Kottarakkara Kottathala Kottukkal Kulakkada Kummil Malavila Mankode Melila Mylom Neduvathur Nilamel Odanavattom Panaveli Pavithreswaram Pooyappally Puthoor Sadhanathapuram Thrikkannamangal Ummannur Valakom Velinallur Veliyam Vettikkavala Climate Politics Kottarakara Assembly Constituency is one among the 11 assembly constituencies in Kollam district. K.N.Balagopal is the present MLA from Kottarakkara constituency. Kottarakkara comes under Mavelikkara (Lok Sabha constituency)(previously it was in Adoor Loksabha constituency) that represents a large area including Kottarakkara, Mavelikkara, Changanasseri, spread in Kollam, Alappuzha and Kottayam districts. E Chandrasekaran Nair (CPI), D.Damodaran Potti (PSP), R.Balakrishna Pillai (Kerala Congress), E.Chandrasekaran Nair (CPI), C.Achutha Menon (CPI), Kottara Gopalakrishnan (INC) and R.Balakrishna Pillai (Kerala Congress - B) are the former elected members represented Kottarakara Assembly Constituency in the past. Mandalam president: G.Peter (Kerala Congress) Transportation Road Network NH 744 earlier known as NH 208 (Kollam to Thirumangalam) meets the MC road (Thiruvananthapuram to Angamaly) at Kottarakkara. Kottarakkara is linked with Kollam (the district headquarters), both by road and rail, at a distance of 27 km. It is 66 km to the north of Thiruvananthapuram (the capital of Kerala) and 80 km to the south of Kottayam. Road Kottarakara has one of the Kerala's well connected KSRTC Hub, consist of various services across almost all the parts of kerala and interstate services. Local routes are connected by private bus services as well as State Transport. It is well connected to the capital city of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram by KSRTC Fast Passenger, super fast, super deluxe, a/c low floor buses. Buses are also ply to the district headquarters of Kollam and Pathanamthitta and to towns in Tamil Nadu like Coimbatore, Tenkasi and Sengottai and Daily trips to Mookambika, Sullia Munnar, Chennai, Hosur Bangalore, Velankanni, Madurai, Kumily, Mysore, Kanyakumari, Coimbatore, Nagercoil, Thirunelveli, Tuticorin, Palani, Trichy, Ernakulam, Kannur, Palakkad, Thrissur, Mangalore, Sultan Bathery, Kasaragod. Kottarakara depot of ksrtc is one of the top revenue earning depots of the state. Rail Kottarakara railway station is located on the Kollam-Sengottai railway line. Kottarakara railway station, which currently connects to Kollam, Trivandrum, Ernakulam, Thrissur, Palakkad, Madurai, Chennai, Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli, Guruvayur, Varkala and Punalur through the direct passenger, fast passenger and express train services. There are eight pairs of services right now and heard that many more services would be inducted in this route since the Punalur-Schengotta ghat section has been closed for Broad Gauge conversion. Further, a new line from Chengannur to Thiruvananthapuram via Adoor and Pandalam is awaiting survey. Kottarakkara will become a junction once the new line materializes. Air The nearest airport is Trivandrum International Airport, . Notable people Veliyam Bharghavan, Former General Secretary, Communist Party of India Bobby Kottarakkara, Malayalam actor K. B. Ganesh Kumar, actor and politician Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair (1922–1986), actor R. Balakrishna Pillai, former Minister, MLA, MP and Panchayat President, Chairman of the Kerala Congress Sai Kumar, Malayalam actor Salim Yusuf - Physician, cardiologist and epidemiologist Schools and Colleges References Further reading Parankamveettil; An ancient Christian Family based from Aippalloor spreads areas at Kizhakketheruvu, Chengamanadu, Kottarakara, Elampal, Ayoor etc. was Engaged in Agricultural Production, Tradings, Religious, Social and Cultural activities. K. Ayyappapanicker; Sahitya Akademi (1997). Medieval Indian literature: an anthology. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 317–. . M. O. Koshy (1989). The Dutch power in Kerala, 1729–1758. Mittal Publications. pp. 64–. . K. Srikumaran (1 January 2005). Theerthayathra: a pilgrimage through various temples. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 129. . External links Kottarakara Municipality Official Website Of Kottarakara Mahaganapthi Cities and towns in Kollam district	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottarakkara
There are several companies with Digital Research Labs in their name or that are otherwise similarly named: Digital Research, a defunct microcomputer operating system (CP/M, DR-DOS) vendor founded by Gary Kildall Threshold Digital Research Labs, a digital animation studio DEC Systems Research Center, the research arm of Digital Equipment Corporation See also Digital Research Systems Group (disambiguation)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20Research%20Labs
A batizado (literally "baptism" in Portuguese, and borrowed from the religious tradition) is normally an annual event for a capoeira group in a region or country. The practice originates from capoeira regional, but has been widely used by capoeira contemporânea groups. In capoeira regional, the tradition of the batizado is simply the first time a new student plays capoeira to the sound of the berimbau. In the batizado, the new student will play with a more advanced student, who takes care of the beginner, and helps them to develop their capoeira game. The batizado welcomes new students into the school and strengthens community bonds. Mestre Bimba, a founder of modern capoeira, recognized the central importance of relationships in people's lives, and he worked hard to nurture these connections, with the aim to help people develop into happy, whole individuals. In capoeira contemporânea, batizados have developed in different directions with their own traditions, and while this is just as valid, it is so far from Bimba's creation that the only connection is in the name and not in its rituals. In capoeira contemporânea, batizados are large events and are very important for the group organizing them. It is the point in the year where the new members will be baptized officially into the group and receive their first cords and where the other members, depending on their progress, will receive a new one. A typical batizado will take several days and consist of workshops, the batizado itself and a troca de cordas. Often many groups from more than one region will attend a batizado for other groups. This allows for development of the game by contact with other players, teachers and styles. Normally, the mestre of the group must be present during the proceedings, but historically this is not required. In many schools, students are baptized by the floor, that is, they play against higher level capoeiristas and are subsequently taken down by a rasteira. This is meant to signify a continual process of humility and improvement in the game. This ritual of giving a rasteira to the beginner is of modern creation, and is not a part of the original batizado ceremony that was created by Bimba. Troca de cordas Troca de cordas translates literally as the "changing of the cords". The cords signify the level of a capoeirista. During the troca de cordas, some capoeiristas will receive a new corda before or after a game played against a mestre (master) in which they have to show their advancement and earn the right to wear the new corda. The color schemes for the levels vary from group to group. References Capoeira	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batizado
Frank Knopfelmacher (Vienna, 3 February 1923 – Melbourne, 17 May 1995) was a Czech Jew who migrated to Australia in 1955 and became a psychology lecturer and anticommunist political commentator at the University of Melbourne. He engaged in vigorous polemics with many members of the left-wing intelligentsia from the Vietnam War period onwards, and through his teaching had a formative impact on many Australian postwar thinkers and writers such as Raimond Gaita and Robert Manne. Early life Knopfelmacher was born into an upper-middle-class Czech Jewish family in Vienna and enjoyed a happy childhood until the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria in 1938. Recognizing that his life was in danger, he fled the country in November 1939 with other members of a Zionist youth group and joined a kibbutz in Palestine. In January 1942, he joined the Communist Party and spent the remainder of World War II as a member of the Free Czech Forces, attached to the British Army. Every member of his family in Vienna was murdered in the Holocaust. Prague, where he had returned in 1945, had been taken over by the Communists. Reading Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon had soured his opinion of them, and he used money from his family estate to bribe officials into letting him flee to England. He thereafter detested the Soviet Union, while continuing to revere Karl Marx as a man, whom, as late as July 1983, he defended, in a Quadrant article). Academic career Knopfelmacher completed a doctorate in philosophy and psychology at the University of Bristol. In 1955, he moved to Melbourne and took up a lectureship at University of Melbourne's Psychology Department. Few outside professional circles had heard of him until 1965, when he applied and was approved for a post in political philosophy at the University of Sydney but had his appointment blocked, in what became a front-page cause célèbre, by the University Senate. The Senate considered Knopfelmacher's published criticisms of Moscow, and its apologists, to be unduly strong meat. He had written of Melbourne leftists that "like rats, they wish to operate in the dark" (Twentieth Century magazine, Volume 18, 1964). Those firmly supporting him included Sydney philosopher David Malet Armstrong, who called Knopfelmacher "a man fatally ahead of his time by a few years. A short time afterwards academic rebels were saying pretty much anything they liked, how they liked, about their opponents. If anyone tried to censure them or impede their careers as a result of this, the shouts that their academic freedom had been violated were deafening. To Knopfelmacher, however... Saki's saying applied: it is the first Christian martyr who gets the hungriest lion." Association with right-wing figures Catholic activist B.A. Santamaria stated (in his 1969 book Point of View) that, compared with Knopfelmacher's opponents, "Pontius Pilate was an amateur!". During the late 1960s Knopfelmacher (still lecturing at Melbourne University) became de facto academic leader of those usually associated with the Santamaria-controlled Peace With Freedom group, who favoured continuing Australian military involvement in the Vietnam War. He became a strong proponent of the controversial drive for Australian conscription and the method of conscription by lottery. When, in 1972, Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War ended (with the election of the Whitlam government), Knopfelmacher's long-standing intellectual unpredictability became more pronounced. He turned vehemently against Santamaria. In The Age on 7 April 1984, he likened Santamaria's treatment of trade-union opponents to Stalin's treatment of Trotskyists; this assertion was clearly libellous, but Santamaria refused to press charges. The previous year (Quadrant, October 1983), Knopfelmacher had directed some of his most sarcastic prose against Santamaria's supporters among conservative Catholic activists. His self-contradictions did not end there. In 1977, he had proclaimed, in an article in the short lived Sydney magazine Nation Review, that "Australia is a deeply racist nation" and lauded Indochinese refugee arrivals, viewing their acceptance by the immigration authorities as a debt of honour that Australia owed to its defeated allies. Within five years he executed a complete volte-face in condemning multiculturalism in sharp terms and calling it an "ethnic cauldron" (The Bulletin, 24 March 1981) and "a banana republic of squabbling and mutually resentful expatriated mini-cultures, each with its own special bunch of ethnic ... führers" (Robert Manne [ed.], The New Conservatism in Australia, St Lucia, Queensland, 1982). Elsewhere he described multiculturalism as a racket, an industry scrambling for government grants. From 1979, he denounced (especially in letters to Britain's Encounter magazine) John Bennett, the secretary of the Victorian Council for Civil Liberties, for disseminating Holocaust denial literature. Yet by 1989 he was arguing vituperatively with Jews who publicly advocated a national war crimes statute. For all his admiration of Koestler and George Orwell, Knopfelmacher wrote far less than either man, and his hardcover bibliography amounted to one 1968 reflection, Intellectuals and Politics. (A promised full-length memoir remains in manuscript, but a brief account of his political education appeared in the 1981 anthology Twenty-Five Years of Quadrant.) In his last years Knopfelmacher mended fences with Santamaria, who, from the early 1990s, deliberately sought reconciliations with ex-Cabinet Minister Clyde Cameron and other erstwhile foes. Personal life Knopfelmacher married fellow refugee Jarmila "Jacka" Pick in 1944. She succumbed in 1968 to an especially cruel and protracted form of multiple sclerosis. In 1970, Knopfelmacher wed Australian teacher Susan Robinson; the couple had two children. His protracted, usually free-wheeling, invariably slanderous late-night telephone monologues (visited alike upon associates and, more often, antagonists) retained a mythic status for decades among Australian intellectuals, not least for their superabundant four-letter words, which evoked the heyday of Kenneth Tynan and Berkeley's Filthy Speech Movement. He died on 17 May 1995 after incurring severe injuries in a road accident following a meeting with Václav Havel. In his obituary Robert Manne wrote that Knopfelmacher was "one of the most brilliant and influential political writers and teachers in the postwar history of Melbourne University". References Selected bibliography Knopfelmacher, F. (1958) Paths to peace [Book Review]. Quadrant 2, 93-96. Knopfelmacher, F. (1958) The threat to academic freedom. Quadrant 2, 17-26. Knopfelmacher, F. (1959) On tolerance. Quadrant 3, 5-13. Knopfelmacher, F. (1959) The poverty of historicism [Book Review]. Quadrant 3, 104. Knopfelmacher, F. (1960) The causes of world war three [Book Review]. Quadrant 4, 87-88. Knopfelmacher, F. (1962) Conscience and freedom. Quadrant 6, 29-36. Knopfelmacher, F. (1967) The consequences of Israel. Quadrant 11, 55-64. Knopfelmacher, F (1967) The most important problems. Quadrant 11, 57-63. Knopfelmacher, F (1967) My political education. Quadrant 11, 17-33. Knopfelmacher, F (1968) There are no youth movements. Quadrant 12, 27-30. Knopfelmacher, F. (1968) Intellectuals and Politics: And Other Essays, Thomas Nelson, Melbourne Knopfelmacher, F. (1969) The fourth world. Quadrant 13, 38-45. Knopfelmacher, F. (1969) University reform. Quadrant 13, 41-50. Knopfelmacher, F. (1973) The rise and fall of Anti-communism. Quadrant 17, 66-79. Knopfelmacher, F. (1976) Koestler at 70. Quadrant 20, 41-46. Knopfelmacher, F. (1978) Among the fleshpots - Solzhenitsyn and the west. Quadrant 22, 9-10. Knopfelmacher, F. (1978) The coming madness (Book review). Quadrant 22, 74-75. Knopfelmacher, F. (1979) Keeping the great in Britain. Bulletin (Sydney) 92,94,96. Knopfelmacher, F. (1981) Migrants: beware of the cauldron. Bulletin (Sydney) 38,40. Knopfelmacher, F. (1982) Arthur Koestler: The mole of god. Quadrant 26, 11-19. Knopfelmacher, F. (1982) The case against multi-culturalism. The New Conservatism in Australia. 40-64. Knopfelmacher, F. (1983) As I please: Black propaganda in Australia. Quadrant 27, 7-8. Knopfelmacher, F. (1983) As I please: In (mild) defence of Karl Marx. Quadrant 27, 7-8. Knopfelmacher, F. (1983) As I please: Our central weakness. Quadrant 27, 8-10. Knopfelmacher, F. (1983) As I please: Social emancipation of women of Australia. Quadrant 27, 9-11. Knopfelmacher, F. (1983) As I please: The Hawke Regime. Quadrant 27, 6-7. Knopfelmacher, F. (1983) As I please: Traitor Burchett. Quadrant 27, 7-8. Knopfelmacher, F. (1984) The banality of evil. -Book review. Quadrant 28, 64-66. Knopfelmacher, F. (1984) Boring for women (with apologies to Malcolm Muggeridge). -The possible effects of Jewish neo conservatism on the feminist debate. Quadrant 28, 65-66. Knopfelmacher, F. (1984) Has America recovered?. -Has America's defeat in Indochina shaken both power and morale? Quadrant 28, 67-68. Knopfelmacher, F. (1984) The multicultural enterprise and its consequences. Quadrant 28, 9-11. Knopfelmacher, F. (1984) The new model subversives. Quadrant 28, 15-16. Knopfelmacher, F. (1984l) Nineteen eighty-four. Quadrant 28, 5-7. Knopfelmacher, F. (1984) Pilatology. -Pontius Pilate. Quadrant 28, 8-10. Knopfelmacher, F. (1984) What Moscow wants. Quadrant 28, 7-8. Knopfelmacher, F. (1985) Against forgetting. -Discussion of ideas in John P. Roche's 'The history and impact of Marxist Leninist organizational theory' and their implications for the United States and Australia. Quadrant 29, 73-75. Knopfelmacher, F. (1985) Bitburg: a very personal comment. -on Jews who capitalise on the Holocaust but weren't directly involved. Quadrant 29, 38-39. Knopfelmacher, F. (1985) For whom the bell tolls. Quadrant 29, 75-76. Knopfelmacher, F. (1985) For whom the bell tolls: South Africa, Australia and Israel. Quadrant 29, 75-76. Knopfelmacher, F. (1985) Gulag fields. Quadrant 29, 59. Knopfelmacher, F. (1985) It can't happen here?: Defecting from the free world. Quadrant 29, 51-52. Knopfelmacher, F. (1985) Oceania, tis for thee. Quadrant 29, 36-37. Knopfelmacher, F. (1985) Peace with freedom. Quadrant 29, 55-56. Knopfelmacher, F. (1985) Stalin's daughter. Quadrant 29, 84-85. Knopfelmacher, F. (1985) Wilfred Burchett's treason. Quadrant 29, 32. Knopfelmacher, F. (1986) After the Geneva summit. Quadrant 30, 88-90. Knopfelmacher, F. (1987) The unquiet life of Sidney Hook. Quadrant 31, 8-14. Knopfelmacher, F. (1989) The Vietnam debate revisited: a perspective from the 1990s. Quadrant 33, 14-17. Knopfelmacher, F. (1990) Bangs and whimpers: The Soviet crisis. Quadrant 34, 25-28. Knopfelmacher, F. (1997) The threat to academic freedom. In 'The Oxford Book of Australian Essays.' (ed) Imre Salusinszky, OUP, Melbourne () pp. 150–155. Further reading James Franklin, (2003) Corrupting the Youth: A History of Philosophy in Australia Macleay Press, Sydney Norman Abjorensen, (1995), A key figure in a puzzling era, The Canberra Times, 19 May 1995, p.13. Accessed 16 March 2018. 1923 births 1995 deaths Australian Jews 20th-century Australian non-fiction writers Critics of multiculturalism Czechoslovak expatriates in Austria Czechoslovak emigrants to Australia Academic staff of the University of Melbourne 20th-century Australian philosophers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Knopfelmacher
Gley may refer to: Eugène Gley (1857–1930), French physiologist and endocrinologist Gleysol, a type of hydric soil See also Glay (disambiguation)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gley
Operation Daisy was a military operation conducted from November 1–20, 1981 by the South African Defence Force and South West African Territorial Force (SWATF) in Angola during the South African Border War and Angolan Civil War. This conflict was sparked when the South African Defence Force decided to try to halt the regroup of the active military branch of SWAPO, also known as the People's Liberation Army of Namibia. The Operation was a success for the South African Defence Force as they destroyed a SWAPO command base and captured a significant number of weapons and ammunition. The SWAPO had to retreat back into Angola to the farthest place since the civil war 6 years earlier. In the end, 70 SWAPO members were killed, compared to 5 fatalities on the side of the South African Defence Force. Background After the conclusion of Operation Protea, South-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) were attempting to regroup the scattered PLAN soldiers at their regional headquarters and bases at Chitequeta and Bambi, in south-eastern Angola. Chitequeta lay south of Indungo while Bambi was south west of Chitequeta. As a result, the South African military decided to launch Operation Daisy against these bases – some north of the South-West Africa-Angola border. The plan called for a South African mechanized force of Ratel Infantry Fighting Vehicles and Buffel Armoured Personnel Carriers assisted by airborne paratroopers, to cross the border and advance north, attacking the SWAPO bases from the 4 November 1981. Order of battle South African forces 61 Mechanised Battalion 201 Battalion one company – 32 Battalion two companies – 1 Parachute Battalion three companies – 3 Parachute Battalion Special Forces reconnaissance teams UNITA liaison team PLAN (SWAPO) forces Around Indungo HQ - approximately 400 men Chitequeta - a few hundred men Between Chitequeta and Bambi - up to a thousand men Battle 61 Mechanized set off on the 1 November from Omauni with a 32 Battalion reconnaissance team leading the way. 201 Battalion set off from Dova heading for a position south west of Chitequeta. A 32 Battalion company were flown in by helicopter to establish a HAA (helicopter administrative area) position for future helicopter missions and this was established by the evening. Also, that evening a special forces reconnaissance team were parachuted into the Chitequeta area to establish a landing zone for the paratroopers and to finalize the whereabouts of the PLAN bases in that area which had been formally established by intelligence. By the 2 November, 61 Mechanized had reached the HAA and refueled while later during the day the SAAF begun to fly the transport and assault helicopters into the HAA. 32 Battalion reconnaissance team were leap-frogged to Ionde to check for enemy positions and that would become the position for the SADF tactical headquarters the following day. During the early morning of the 3 November, a 32 Battalion company was flown in to Ionde to establish the headquarters and to make use of the runway at the airfield. This transfer of men and aircraft occurred throughout the day and where 1 Parachute Battalion would be held in reserve. Later during the day, 201 Battalion which was still making its way to its final position, ran into a group of PLAN soldiers heading south and a battle took place in which four SADF soldiers were wounded with the possibility that the operation had been compromised. A HAA was also moved northwards to a position south east of Chitequeta which 61 Mechanized reached that afternoon. At 3:00, 4 November, 61 Mechanised set off for Chitequeta with the attack to begin at 08h30. By 4:00 the Special Forces reconnaissance team were in contact with headquarters and believed the base was empty. 3 Parachute Battalion was flown in to Chitequeta and parachuted north west of the target and proceeded to sweep towards the bases. 201 Battalion had also reached their position by the attack time. Fifteen minutes before the attack, Buccaneer bombers attacked the PLAN positions followed minutes later by Mirage bombers that came under fire from SA-7 missiles and 23 mm AA guns and further attacks were called in throughout the morning. 61 Mechanized attacked Chitequeta from the north and the east. Apart from a few isolated engagements, where two UNITA and two SADF soldiers were killed, the target areas trenches and bunkers were found to be deserted apart from anti-tank and personnel mines. The tactical headquarters were brought forward and 61 Mechanized spent the night at Chitequeta. The following day saw the establishment of another HAA at Chitequeta and the day was spent clearing out the bunkers and minefields, losing one soldier in process. These clearing operations continued on the 6 November with the only enemy contact made was by 32 Battalion close to Ionde. Later on the same day a SAAF Mirage shot down an Angolan MiG-21. The last time an enemy aircraft had been shot down by the SAAF was during the Korean War. On the 7 November, 61 Mechanised headed south west towards Bambi and again found a deserted base apart from anti-tank and personnel mines. Here they spent the next two days encamped and patrolling the area. An enemy force was sighted near Ionde on the 9 November and were engaged by Alouette helicopters and by an airborne assault by paratroopers. 10 November saw 61 Mechanised move south from Bambi towards Mupa while a reconnaissance team was flown into Chitequeta to lay mines at the abandoned base to prevent or hinder resettlement by PLAN forces after the SADF had ended their mission. An unsuccessful paratroop mission was attempted on a suspected target area on the 11 November while 61 Mechanised and other units headed still further south. 12 November, 201 Battalion attempted to make contact with the enemy but were again unsuccessful and the column continued south. By the 13 November, the SAAF began to wind back operations, while paratroopers again attempted to find a possible target around Mupa but eventually all paratroops were withdrawn back to bases in SWA/Namibia that evening. 61 Mechanised was close to Mupa by the 14 November while 201 Battalion was close to Dova. Air missions found another abandoned base. On the 15 November, 61 Mechanised arrived at Mupa and stayed there until the 17 November. Intelligence identified two possible bases for 61 Mechanised and 201 Battalion to attack but reconnaissance on the ground failed to find anything except abandoned bases. Leaving Mupa, 61 Mechanised Battalion reached Ongiva on the 18 November. By the 19 November it had crossed the border back into SWA/Namibia and were back at their base by the 20 November. Aftermath During the operation seventy SWAPO members were killed. In spite of this, due to the immense size of the complex - about thirty-five square kilometres – most of the 1,200 SWAPO members at the base were able to escape into the bush. Nevertheless the South African forces considered the operation to be a success as they had destroyed yet another SWAPO command and logistic base within three months of Operation Protea and had also captured a large quantity of arms and ammunition. The SWAPO membership was also further demoralised, as they had to move even further north into Angola. Casualties on the South African side consisted of two UNITA members killed with the SADF/SWATF suffering three killed and twelve wounded. For the South African forces, the attack on Chitequeta was their deepest penetration into Angola since the civil war started six years before. References Further reading 1981 in Angola 1981 in South Africa Battles and operations of the South African Border War Conflicts in 1981 Cross-border operations of South Africa November 1981 events in Africa Operations involving South African special forces	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Daisy
The Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument is a National Monument in southern California. It includes portions of the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto mountain ranges, the northernmost ones of the Peninsular Ranges system. The national monument covers portions of Riverside County, west of the Coachella Valley, approximately southeast of downtown Los Angeles. Description The Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument was established in October 2000, through Congressional legislation (Public Law 106-351). It covers an area of . It is administered jointly by the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and U.S. Forest Service–San Bernardino National Forest (SBNF). Many flora and fauna species within the national monument are state and federal listed threatened or endangered species, including the Peninsular Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis cremnobates), a subspecies endemic to the Peninsular Ranges. The Cahuilla peoples own substantial acreage within the monument, are one of the managing agencies, and have historic cultural sites and interests throughout the mountains. More than 200 cultural resources have been recorded on federally managed lands within the monument, including the Martinez Canyon Rockhouse, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Preservation history Since the late 19th century, the area has been protected as public lands, beginning as forest reserves and then as part of the San Bernardino National Forest in 1925. In 1928, Mount San Jacinto State Park was established and has within the national monument boundary. In 1917 and 1927, state game refuges were established on both the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains. In the 1960s, the state agency California Department of Fish and Game began to set aside special areas called ecological reserves to protect certain species and habitats, and there are now three reserves with of state reserve lands in the monument. Other state agencies involved in conservation of the area include the Philip L. Boyd Deep Canyon Desert Research Center (part of the University of California Natural Reserve System) and the Coachella Valley Mountains Conservancy. In addition, the 1964 Wilderness Act established the San Jacinto Wilderness, and in 1984, the California Desert Protection Act added the Santa Rosa Wilderness in the Colorado Desert section of the Sonoran Desert. Other agencies include local and tribal governments that have habitat conservation plans, including the Habitat Conservation Plan addition to the Cahuilla Tribal Conservation Program. Private conservation organizations, such as The Nature Conservancy, American Land Conservancy, and Friends of the Desert Mountains, have also contributed to the protection of the mountains through land purchases and acquisitions. Landscape, vegetation, and wildlife The monument is oriented northwest to southeast along the edge of the broad Coachella Valley, and the terrain rises sharply from below sea level to nearly . These mountains are a part of the Peninsular Range Province, which extends from the Baja Peninsula in Mexico to the San Jacinto Mountains in California. San Jacinto Peak is the highest point in the Peninsular Range Province and has one of the steepest fault-block escarpments in North America. The differences in elevation, temperature, and moisture give rise to diverse vegetation. Being the western boundary of the Sonoran Desert, the eastern mountainslopes are hotter and drier, while the western side is affected by the Pacific Ocean and receives more precipitation with cooler temperatures. There are several major vegetation areas ranging from sand dunes/sand fields, chaparral, and mesquite to riparian zones of willow and cottonwood, desert fan palm oasis woodland, and pinyon pine woodland, with the highest elevations supporting lodgepole pine timberline forest. Another factor influencing plant and animal species is the "island" aspect of the San Jacinto Mountains and the Peninsular Range, the unique isolation of the landform on three sides-the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Salton Trough/desert environment to the east, and the San Gorgonio Pass to the north. Biologists believe that this isolation has contributed to evolution of subspecies such as the San Diego mountain kingsnake. California fan palm (Washingtonia filifera) groves, part of the natural community of oasis riparian woodland, are located at permanent water sites of both Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains. The fan palm is a relict species, although not listed under the Endangered Species Act. Associated plants in the oasis woodland include honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), arrow weed, and deer grass. The largest plant category in the national monument is collectively known as desert scrub and includes Sonoran Cresosote Scrub and Sonoran Mixed Woody and Succulent Scrub vegetation communities. Desert scrub occupies more than and consists of creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), burrobrush (Ambrosia dumosa), cacti, and other stem succulents. Desert scrub is found on the alluvial fans and intermountain bajadas, growing on coarse, well-drained soils. Wildlife of the desert scrub plant community includes the federally protected Peninsular Ranges bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) and the desert tortoise (Xerobates agassizii syn. Gopherus agassizii). On both sides of the mountains, montane coniferous forest occurs from around in elevation. Vegetation in this area includes Jeffrey pine, ponderosa pine, incense cedar, and sugar pine. Rare plants in the national monument include Hidden Lake bluecurls (Trichostema austromontanum ssp. compactum), a plant federally listed as threatened in 1998 and found at a single vernal pool site. Others include Nuttall's scrub oak, desert sand verbena, and vanishing wild buckwheat. There are nineteen species endemic to the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument area. These species require or are restricted to a small geographical area which makes them vulnerable to habitat disturbance. A few of these species are Johnston's rockcress, Casey's June beetle, Coachella Valley round-tailed ground squirrel, Munz's mariposa lily, San Jacinto bush snapdragon, Santa Rosa Mountain linanthus, Tahquitz ivesia, and Ziegler’s aster. The Bureau of Land Management lists eight animal species within the monument as endangered, threatened, or rare. Of these, all but one are federally listed with the southern rubber boa being state-listed as threatened. In addition to the Peninsular bighorn sheep and the desert tortoise, some of these protected wildlife include the Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard and the southwestern willow flycatcher. Management and recreation The Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument is managed by a mosaic of entities, including the Bureau of Land Management (), US Forest Service (), Cahuilla peoples (), California Department of Parks and Recreation (), other State of California agencies (), and privately (). Most of the common recreational uses of hiking, mountain biking, horseback riding and camping are allowed, with the exception of special areas such as ecological reserves and essential bighorn sheep habitat. The Pacific Crest Trail traverses the western part of the national monument and is one of the nation’s first National Scenic Trails established by the National Trails System Act (Public Law 90-543). This segment of the trail is managed by the US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management through a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). The National Monument legislation (introduced on February 16, 2000, by Congresswoman Mary Bono) authorized the establishment of a management plan that included cooperative agreements with existing organizations, such as that of the Cahuilla peoples and the University of California, as well as maintaining most of the historical land uses, except mining and geothermal activities. See also List of national monuments of the United States Anza-Borrego Desert State Park – located on the southern side of the monument Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve List of flora of the Sonoran Desert Region by common name Tahquitz (spirit) Notes References Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument Resource Management Plan and Final Environmental Impact Statement Bureau of Land Management February 2004. Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument Act of 2000, July 17, 2000. Report 106-750. Further reading Bertram, Debbie and Bloom, Susan (2005). A Monument to Treasure: A Journey through the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument Desert Publications. pp. 32. External links U.S. Forest Service: official 'Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument' website Bureau of Land Management: official Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument website National Landscape Conservation System: website on Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument National Monuments in California Protected areas of the Colorado Desert Parks in Riverside County, California San Jacinto Mountains Santa Rosa Mountains (California) Bureau of Land Management National Monuments Bureau of Land Management areas in California San Bernardino National Forest United States Forest Service National Monuments Protected areas established in 2000 2000 establishments in California Cahuilla Nature reserves in California Units of the National Landscape Conservation System Parks in Southern California	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Rosa%20and%20San%20Jacinto%20Mountains%20National%20Monument
The Bridge of Arta () is a stone bridge that crosses the Arachthos river (Άραχθος) in the west of the city of Arta (Άρτα) in Greece. It has been rebuilt many times over the centuries, starting with Roman or perhaps older foundations; the current bridge is probably a 17th-century Ottoman construction. The folk ballad "The Bridge of Arta" tells a story of human sacrifice during its building. From the ballad, a number of Greek proverbs and customary expressions arose, associated with interminable delays, as in the text of the ballad: "All day they were building it, and in the night it would collapse." History According to the Epirote chronicler Panayiotis Aravantinos, the bridge was first built under the Roman Empire. Some traditions say it was rebuilt when Arta became capital of the Despotate of Epirus, possibly under Michael II Doukas (r. 1230–1268). The current bridge is Ottoman, probably from 1602–06 or perhaps 1613. From the annexation of Arta in 1881 to the outbreak of the First Balkan War in 1912, the highest point of the bridge was the border between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece. Folklore According to the folk ballad of the acritic songs family, 45 masons and 60 apprentices, under the leadership of the Head Builder, were building a bridge, but its foundations would collapse each night. Finally a bird with a human voice informed the Head Builder that, in order for the bridge to remain standing, he should sacrifice his wife. As she is being buried alive in the foundations of the construction, she curses the bridge to flutter like a leaf, and those who pass it to fall like leaves also. She is then reminded that her brother is abroad and might pass the bridge himself, so she changes her curses so as to become actual blessings: "As the tall mountains tremble, so shall the bridge tremble, and as the birds of prey fall, so shall passers fall". Parallels Immurement was a common motive in the folklore of Balkan peoples. For example, the Serbian epic poem The Building of Skadar and the Romanian folk poem The Argeș Monastery embody the theme. One of the legends associated with Merlin is that Vortigern, the King of the Celts, was building a tower to defend himself from Ambrosius and Uther Pendragon. Like the Bridge of Arta, whenever they finished one day's work on the tower it would collapse in the night and Vortigern's advisors recommended that sacrificing a child and mixing his blood with the mortar would prevent the collapse. References Sources Artemis Leontis, "The Bridge between the Classical and the Balkan", The South Atlantic Quarterly 98:4:625-631 (1999) at MUSE On understanding the place of the Bridge of Arta in the literary landscape. External links Bridge of Arta, in Greek A thousand masons worked at Pavel’s bridge, video performed by Irina Alexe (Romania) in Thracian Greek, and its text recorded 2017 by Thede Kahl, from Historical Bridge of Arta (discoverarta) Bridges completed in the 17th century Ottoman bridges in Epirus (region) Stone bridges in Greece Buildings and structures in Arta, Greece Medieval legends 17th-century architecture in Greece	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge%20of%20Arta
Operation Displace was a military operation by the South African Defence Force during the South African Border War and Angolan Civil War. It involved maintaining the illusion that the SADF had remained in brigade strength east of Cuito Cuanavale at the end of April 1988 and the eventual withdrawal of all South African military units from south-eastern Angola during August 1988. Background Following the end of fighting on 27 June 1988 around Techipa and Calueque, also known as Operation Excite/Hilti, an undeclared ceasefire came into being. The Americans under Chester Crocker, eager to prevent further fighting, negotiated a third round of talks in New York City to begin on 10 July. With Soviet assistance, the Cuban delegation returned with a less belligerent leader who proposed to the South Africans a Cuban withdrawal linked with the implementation of UN Resolution 435. This new concession came after seven years of rejecting that position. The talks ended on 13 July 1988, resulting in a document called the New York Principles which set out the negotiating points for future rounds. These included implementation of UN Resolution 435, SWA/Namibian independence and the Cuban withdrawal from Angola. The fourth round of talks began on 22 July 1988 in Sal, Cape Verde. It lasted two days with the talks centring on the size and location of the military forces in Angola. Nothing more was achieved except a commitment to set up a Joint Monitoring Commission when the South Africans and Cubans decide to withdraw. Round five began on 2 August 1988 in Geneva, Switzerland. The Soviets joined the meeting in an observer role. The South Africans opened the negotiations with several proposals: a ceasefire to begin on 10 August 1988, redeployment of South African and Cuban forces in Angola by 1 September 1988, implementation of UN Resolution 435 and all foreign forces leave Angola by 1 June 1989. The 1 June 1989 proposal angered the Cuban and Angolans and the talks continued discussing the first three South African proposals. With the assistance of the Soviets, the American were able to get the Cubans, Angolans and South Africans to sign the Geneva Protocol on 5 August 1988. The protocol set the following dates: 10 August 1988 – South Africans to begin withdrawal from Angola 1 September 1988 – South Africans complete the withdrawal 10 September 1988 – Peace settlement signed 1 November 1988 – Implementation of UN Resolution 435 What was not agreed upon was Cuban withdrawal from Angola. This would be negotiated at another meeting in the near future. Nor were SWAPO or UNITA party to the agreement. Order of battle South African and South West Africa Territorial Forces Combat Group 20 – Commandant Piet Nel one company – 101 Battalion one anti tank squadron – 32 Battalion one G-5 battery one MRL Valkiri battery two Combat Engineer troops Operation By the end of March 1988, it was soon realized that the SADF and UNITA would not be able to push the FAPLA/Cuban forces out of their Tumpo positions without taking serious casualties.The South African government had also ruled out an attack on Cuito Cuanavale from the west. Operation Packer thus came to an end on 30 April 1988. 82 Mechanised Brigade began to withdraw and was replaced with Battle Group 20. This battle group's objective was, with aid from UNITA, to build minefields between the Tumpo and Dala Rivers and mine other exits across the Cuito River, to prevent a further Angolan assault from Cuito Cuanavale towards Mavinga and to create the impression that the SADF were still entrenched in the area. This operation would take several months. After the battle at Techipa on 27 June and the subsequent South African publics uproar over the deaths of the twelve SADF soldiers on the same day, the SA government decided to scale back operations in southern Angola and an undeclared ceasefire came into being. SADF soldiers in southwestern Angola were moved back to Calueque and Ruacana with some movement back into SWA/Namibia while in southeastern Angola, Battle Group 20, which was helping to maintain the siege of Cuito Cuanavale with UNITA, was ordered to maintain a position by which no more casualties or loss of equipment could be sustained. Meanwhile, 10 SA Division was formed on the SWA/Namibia border with Angola which would defend against any potential Cuban invasion of South West Africa. This force stayed in position until the end of the year. Ceasefire On 8 August, the South Africans, Angolans and Cubans announced a ceasefire in Angola and SWA/Namibia. A line was drawn from Chitado, Ruacana, Calueque, Naulili, Cuamato and Chitado that the Cubans would stay north of and would guarantee the water irrigation supply from Ruacana to SWA/Namibia. SWAPO, not party to the agreement, said it would honour the ceasefire on 1 September if South Africa did so, but this did not happen and SWAPO activities continued. UNITA on the other hand stated that it would ignore the ceasefire and would continue to fight the Angolan government. It did however state that it wished to stop fighting if the Angolan government held talks with them or ceased attacking them and seek national reconciliation. 10 August saw the South African government announce the beginnings of a troop withdrawal from southern Angola, with the final day for withdrawal of SADF personnel set for 1 September. When the Battle Group 20 commander notified the UNITA commander that they had been ordered southwards, the commander sought clarification from his headquarters. It is said that some of the UNITA soldiers cried as the SADF left their positions southeast of Cuito Cuanavale and believed they had been betrayed. The SADF elements arrived at the Angolan/SWA/Namibian border with ten days to spare and had to wait around as the Joint Monitoring Commission and world media organised themselves for the crossover at Rundu at a temporary steel bridge that was to take place on 1 September. Joint Monitoring Commission By 16 August the Joint Monitoring Commission was formed. This Joint Monitoring Commission met on 22 August at Ruacana and the formal ceasefire was signed between three parties. On 30 August 1988, the last of the South African troops crossed the temporary steel bridge into SWA/Namibia watched by the world's media and the Joint Monitoring Commission, 36 hours early than the planned time. A convoy of fifty vehicles with around thousand soldiers crossed over singing battle songs. After officers of the three countries walked across the bridge, the South African sappers begun to dismantle the temporary steel bridge. Aftermath The Joint Monitoring Commission then declared on 30 August 1988, that the South African Defence Force had now left Angola.What followed were nine more rounds of negotiations revolving around the dates for the Cuban withdrawal from Angola that finally ended with an agreement called the Tripartite Accord signed on 22 December in New York. This accord finalised the dates of the Cuban staggered withdrawals from Angola and the implementation of UN Resolution 435 on 1 April 1989. See also Tripartite Accord (Angola) References Further reading Displace Displace, Operation Displace Displace, Operation Displace, Operation	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Displace
Martha Ann Johnson (also known as Martha Ann Bowen) (born 1955) is an American suspected serial killer from Georgia convicted of smothering to death one of her children in 1982, and suspected of smothering to death three of her other children between 1977 and 1982. Murders By the age of 22, Johnson was on her third marriage. Her first marriage produced a girl, born in 1971. Her second marriage produced a son in 1975 and her third marriage, to Earl Bowen, produced a son and daughter, born 1979 and 1980, respectively. On September 23, 1977, Johnson claimed her 23-month-old James William Taylor was unresponsive when she attempted to wake him up from his nap. He was rushed to the hospital, where he was pronounced dead. The cause of death was determined to be sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). On November 30, 1980, Johnson claimed her three-month-old daughter Tabitha Jenelle Bowen was blue when she went to wake her up from a nap. Paramedics were unable to revive Tabitha, and her death was also attributed to SIDS. In January 1981, 2-year-old Earl Wayne Bowen was found with a package of rat poison. He was treated and released from the hospital, after which his parents claimed he began to have seizures. On February 12, 1981, Earl went into cardiac arrest while being taken to the hospital during a seizure. He was revived and placed on life support; however, doctors pronounced him brain dead, and he was removed from life support three days later. Johnson claimed her 11-year-old daughter Jenny Ann Wright was complaining of chest pains, for which a doctor prescribed Tylenol and a rib belt. On February 21, 1982, paramedics found Jenny Ann face down on Johnson's bed with foam coming out of her mouth, but were unable to resuscitate her. An autopsy indicated that Jenny Ann had died of asphyxia. Johnson and Bowen separated permanently, and Johnson remarried. Arrest, confession and conviction In December 1989, an article in The Atlanta Constitution questioned the deaths, and the cases were reopened. Investigators determined that each child's death was preceded seven to 10 days by marital problems between Johnson and Bowen. On July 3, 1989, Johnson was arrested, and she confessed to killing two of her children. After confrontations with Bowen, Johnson would suffocate the children by rolling her 250-pound body on them as they slept. She claimed the motive was to punish her husband. Johnson claimed she was not responsible for the deaths of her two youngest children. By the beginning of her trial in April 1990, Johnson had retracted her confession. On May 5, 1990, she was convicted of murder for the smothering death of one of her children and sentenced to life in prison. She was housed at Pulaski State Prison before being granted parole in 2020. Martha’s life and murders are the basis for a novel, “Underneath” by Lily Hoang, published in 2021 by Red Hen Press. See also List of serial killers in the United States References and footnotes Bibliography External links Georgia Department of Corrections 1955 births American female murderers American murderers of children American people convicted of murder Filicides in Georgia (U.S. state) Living people People convicted of murder by Georgia (U.S. state) Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Georgia (U.S. state) People paroled from life sentence Suspected serial killers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%20Ann%20Johnson
There are many uses of water in industry and, in most cases, the used water also needs treatment to render it fit for re-use or disposal. Raw water entering an industrial plant often needs treatment to meet tight quality specifications to be of use in specific industrial processes. Industrial water treatment encompasses all these aspects which include industrial wastewater treatment, boiler water treatment and cooling water treatment. Overview Water treatment is used to optimize most water-based industrial processes, such as heating, cooling, processing, cleaning, and rinsing so that operating costs and risks are reduced. Poor water treatment lets water interact with the surfaces of pipes and vessels which contain it. Steam boilers can scale up or corrode, and these deposits will mean more fuel is needed to heat the same amount of water. Cooling towers can also scale up and corrode, but left untreated, the warm, dirty water they can contain will encourage bacteria to grow, and Legionnaires' disease can be the fatal consequence. Water treatment is also used to improve the quality of water contacting the manufactured product (e.g., semiconductors) and/or can be part of the product (e.g., beverages, pharmaceuticals). In these instances, poor water treatment can cause defective products. In many cases, effluent water from one process can be suitable for reuse in another process if given suitable treatment. This can reduce costs by lowering charges for water consumption, reduce the costs of effluent disposal because of reduced volume, and lower energy costs due to the recovery of heat in recycled wastewater. Objectives Industrial water treatment seeks to manage four main problem areas: scaling, corrosion, microbiological activity and disposal of residual wastewater. Boilers do not have many problems with microbes as the high temperatures prevent their growth. Scaling occurs when the chemistry and temperature conditions are such that the dissolved mineral salts in the water are caused to precipitate and form solid deposits. These can be mobile, like a fine silt, or can build up in layers on the metal surfaces of the systems. Scale is a problem because it insulates and heat exchange becomes less efficient as the scale thickens, which wastes energy. Scale also narrows pipe widths and therefore increases the energy used in pumping the water through the pipes. Corrosion occurs when the parent metal oxidises (as iron rusts, for example) and gradually the integrity of the plant equipment is compromised. The corrosion products can cause similar problems to scale, but corrosion can also lead to leaks, which in a pressurised system can lead to catastrophic failures. Microbes can thrive in untreated cooling water, which is warm and sometimes full of organic nutrients as wet cooling towers are very efficient air scrubbers. Dust, flies, grass, fungal spores, and others collect in the water and create a sort of "microbial soup" if not treated with biocides. Many outbreaks of the deadly Legionnaires' Disease have been traced to unmanaged cooling towers, and the UK has had stringent Health & Safety guidelines concerning cooling tower operations for many years as have had governmental agencies in other countries. Certain processes like tanning and paper making use heavy metals such as Chrome for tanning. Although most is used up but some amount remains and gets carried away with water. The presence in drinking water is toxic when consumed so even the smallest amount must be removed. Disposal of residual industrial wastewaters Disposal of residual wastewaters from an industrial plant is a difficult and costly problem. Most petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have onsite facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the local and/or national regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewage treatment plants or into rivers, lakes or oceans. Processes Two of the main processes of industrial water treatment are boiler water treatment and cooling water treatment. A large amount of proper water treatment can lead to the reaction of solids and bacteria within pipe work and boiler housing. Steam boilers can suffer from scale or corrosion when left untreated. Scale deposits can lead to weak and dangerous machinery, while additional fuel is required to heat the same level of water because of the rise in thermal resistance. Poor quality dirty water can become a breeding ground for bacteria such as Legionella causing a risk to public health. Corrosion in low pressure boilers can be caused by dissolved oxygen, acidity and excessive alkalinity. Water treatment therefore should remove the dissolved oxygen and maintain the boiler water with the appropriate pH and alkalinity levels. Without effective water treatment, a cooling water system can suffer from scale formation, corrosion and fouling and may become a breeding ground for harmful bacteria. This reduces efficiency, shortens plant life and makes operations unreliable and unsafe. Boiler water treatment Boiler water treatment is a type of industrial water treatment focused on removal or chemical modification of substances potentially damaging to the boiler. Varying types of treatment are used at different locations to avoid scale, corrosion, or foaming. External treatment of raw water supplies intended for use within a boiler is focused on removal of impurities before they reach the boiler. Internal treatment within the boiler is focused on limiting the tendency of water to dissolve the boiler, and maintaining impurities in forms least likely to cause trouble before they can be removed from the boiler in boiler blowdown. Deaerator is used to reduce oxygen and nitrogen in boiler feed water applications. Cooling water treatment Water cooling is a method of heat removal from components of machinery and industrial equipment. Water may be a more efficient heat transfer fluid where air cooling is ineffective. In most occupied climates water offers the thermal conductivity advantages of a liquid with unusually high specific heat capacity and the option that of evaporative cooling. Low cost often allows rejection as waste after a single use, but recycling coolant loops may be pressurized to eliminate evaporative loss and offer greater portability and improved cleanliness. Unpressurized recycling coolant loops using evaporative cooling require a blowdown waste stream to remove impurities concentrated by evaporation. Disadvantages of water cooling systems include accelerated corrosion and maintenance requirements to prevent heat transfer reductions from biofouling or scale formation. Chemical additives to reduce these disadvantages may introduce toxicity to wastewater. Water cooling is commonly used for cooling automobile internal combustion engines and large industrial facilities such as nuclear and steam electric power plants, hydroelectric generators, petroleum refineries and chemical plants. Technologies Advancements in water treatment technology have affected all areas of industrial water treatment. Although mechanical filtration, such as reverse osmosis, is widely employed to filter contaminants, other technologies including the use of ozone generators, wastewater evaporation, electrodeionization and bioremediation are also able to address the challenges of industrial water treatment. Ozone treatment is a process in which ozone gas is injected into waste streams as a means to reduce or eliminate the need for water treatment chemicals or sanitizers that may be hazardous, including chlorine. Chemical treatment Chemical treatments utilizes the additive of chemicals to make industrial water suitable for use or discharge. These includes processes like chemical precipitation, chemical disinfection, Advanced oxidation process (AOP), ion exchange, and chemical neutralization. AOPs are attractive in the treatment of hazardous wastewater due to its high oxidation potential and degradation performance. In AOPs, oxidants like Fenton's reagent, Ozone or Hydrogen peroxide are introduced in the wastewater to degrade harmful substances in industrial water for discharge. Physical treatment Physical treatment involves the separation of solids form industrial wastewater either through Filtration or Dissolved air flotation. Filtration involves the use of Membrane or filters such as mechanical filters like sand filtration etc to achieve solid-liquid separation. Whereas for Dissolved air flotation, pressurized air is pumped into the wastewater. The pressurized air then forms small bubbles which adhere to the suspended matter causing them to float to the surface of the water where they can be removed by a skimming device or an overflow. Biological treatment Biological treatment is needed to treat wastewater containing biodegradable elements. It is commonly used in municipal and industrial wastewater management facilities and usually consists in adding common bacteria and other microbes, mostly environmentally friendly, to treat the water. It is a sustainable practice that has been successful for over a century. Slow sand filters use a biological process to purify raw water to produce potable water. They work by using a complex biological film that grows naturally on the surface of sand. This gelatinous biofilm called the hypogeal layer or Schmutzdecke is located in the upper few millimetres of the sand layer. The surface biofilm purifies the water as it flows through the layer, the underlying sand provides a support medium for the biological treatment layer. The Schmutzdecke consists of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rotifera and a range of aquatic insect larvae. As the biofilm ages, more algae may develop and larger aquatic organisms including bryozoa, snails and Annelid worms may be present. As water passes through the hypogeal layer, particles of matter are trapped in the mucilaginous matrix and soluble organic material is adsorbed. The contaminants are metabolised by the bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Slow sand filters are typically 1–2 metres deep, and have a hydraulic loading rate of 0.2–0.4 cubic metres per square metre per hour. Filters lose their performance as the biofilm thickens and reduces the rate of flow. The filter is refurbished by removing the biofilm and a thin upper layer of sand. Water is decanted back into the filter and re-circulated to enable a new biofilm to develop. Alternatively wet harrowing involves stirring the sand and flushing the biolayer through for disposal. Ultraviolet irradiation Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection technology has been a common water treatment technology in the past two decades due to its ability to provide disinfected water without the use of harmful chemicals. The UV-C portion represents wavelengths from 200 nm - 280 nm which is used for disinfection. UV-C photons penetrate cells and damage the nucleic acid, rendering them incapable of reproduction, or microbiologically inactive. Process water treatment technology Process water is water that is used in a variety of manufacturing operations, such as: coating and plating; rinsing and spraying; washing, etc. Municipal and ground water often contain dissolved minerals which make it unsuitable for these processes because it would affect product quality and/or increase manufacturing costs. A proper incoming water treatment system can remedy these issues and create the right water conditions for specific industrial processes. See also Water treatment Wastewater treatment Wastewater quality indicators Cooling tower Fouling Pumpable ice technology References Industrial processes Water treatment ja:下水処理場	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20water%20treatment
The Tikar (also Tikari, Tika, Tikali, Tige, Tigare and Tigre) are a Central African people who inhabit the Adamawa Region and Northwest Region of Cameroon. They are known as great artists, artisans and storytellers. Once a nomadic people, some oral traditions trace the origin of the Tikar people to Northern Nigeria, the Sudanian savanna, or the Sudan. Such ethnic groups were referred to in the 1969 official statistics as "Semi-Bantus" and "Sudanese Negroes." They speak a Northern Bantoid language called Tikar. One of the few African ethnic groups to practice a monotheistic traditional religion, the Tikar refer to God the Creator by the name Nyuy.They also have an extensive spiritual system of ancestral reverence. The current population of the Tikar in Cameroon is approximately 170,000. This is a vast difference from other enslaved and trafficked ethnic groups such as the Kirdi, who still number around 15 million people. This could be due to the high number of Tikar people who were kidnapped and sold into slavery in the Americas. The Bamum people and other ethnic groups have also asserted their link to the Tikar people through Tikar rulers in the Kingdom of Bamum. However, the Kom, Nso, Bamum, Ndop-Bamunka and Bafut peoples are the only ethnic groups who anthropologists and historians believe have a legitimate claim to Tikar lineage. There are currently six adjoining Tikar kingdoms: Bankim (Kimi), Ngambé-Tikar, Kong (Nkong/Boikouong), Nditam (Bandam), Ngoumé, and Gâ (Ntchi). The boundaries of these kingdoms have remained since German colonizers arrived in Cameroon. Etymology During the reign of Sultan Njoya, ruler of the Kingdom of Bamum, French missionary and translator Henri Martin documented that the Bamum people translated the word Tikar as "those who wander." History Tikar is an ethnonym used for a variety of different groups in Cameroon. They all descend from the Tikar who live in on the Tikar Plain in the Adamawa Region. The main Tikar towns are Bankim, Ngambe Tikar, and Magba. In the Bamenda Grassfields, those who claim Tikar origin include Nso, Kom, Bum,Bafut, Oku, Mbiame, Wiya, Tang, War, Mbot, Mbem, Fungom, Weh, Mmen, Bamunka, Babungo, Bamessi, Bamessing, Bambalang, Bamali, Bafanji, Baba (Papiakum), Bangola, Big Babanki, Babanki Tungo, Nkwen, Bambili and Bambui. The Bamum people and other ethnic groups have also asserted their link to the Tikar people through Tikar rulers in the Kingdom of Bamum. According to Molefi Kente Asante, the "Bamun and the Tikar are known as great artists creating enormous sculptures of bronze and beads. In many ways, the flow of the culture between the Tikar and the Bamun is one that has enriched both groups. The Bamun essentially adopted many words from the Tikar language. They also adopted words from other people, including the Bafanji, Bamali, and Bambalang."Anthropologists have identified similar cultural elements among the Tikar and Bamum E. M. Chilver and Phyllis Mary Kaberry concluded that some smaller groups in the Grassfields claims of Tikar ancestry as a political tribute. Small communities of Hausa peoples in Cameroon also identify as Tikar. The majority of oral traditions trace the origin of the Tikar people to the Nile River Valley in present-day Sudan.Some sources further state that the ancestors of the Tikar migrated from Kingdom of Kush. According to Mbum oral tradition, after entering and settling the Far North Region of Cameroon, the Mbum ancestors of the Tikar people were ruled by Belaka Nya Sana'a who rose from a royal lineage that begot Took Gokor. The ancestors of Nya Sana'a migrated into the Lake Tchad Basin region of Cameroon from the Nile Basin in Sudan. Another Mbum Fon (or king) and Yesum/Yelaa (or queen consort) are said to have founded the Kingdom of Nganha. Their daughter, Princess Wou-Ten (also called Betaka or Belaka), left her parents' kingdom and traveled to the Adamawa Region, where she founded the Kingdom of Tinkala, the first official Tikar fondom, or dynasty. She is believed to have ruled the Tikar people as Fon from 1201-1246. In the late 14th century, two Tikar brothers, Tinki and Guié, established two autonomous Tikar kingdoms: the Kingdom of Bankim (also called Kimi) at Rifum and the Kingdom of Ngambé-Tikar, respectively. From their lineage, Tikar princes and a princess are believed to have journeyed out of Bankim to create legacies of their own in two great migrations. In the first wave: Prince Ncharé (also called Njáré) founded the Kingdom of Bamum; Prince Doundje founded the Kingdom of Nditam (also called Bandam) and ruled with Queen Mother Nduingnyi; Prince Kpo left Nditam and founded the Kingdom of Ngoumé; Prince G'Batteu founded the Kingdom of Gâ; and Princess N'Gouen (also called Nguonso) founded the Kingdom of Nso (also called Banso). In the second wave, Prince Mbli left Bankim and founded the Kingdom of Kong. Prince Indie and Prince Ouhin also ventured out of Bankim, and settled to the south at We and Ina, respectively. However, their villages never fully developed into kingdoms. The majority of the Tikar people would later be kidnapped by Chamba and Fulani traffickers in the 18th and 19th centuries, who were envious of the Tikar's thriving trade deals through iron-working and mask-making. While many enslaved Cameroonians and Nigerians were shipped from the Bight of Biafra, many Tikar and Duala were sold up the river to Sierra Leona and down to Angola, where they were then sold into slavery and forcibly transported to the Americas in the Atlantic Slave Trade. Records show that the Tikar accounted for most of the stolen Cameroonians disembarking on ships for the Americas, leading to the drastic decline of the Tikar ethnic group on the African continent. The remaining Tikar kept an oral account of the history and did what they could to keep Tikar traditions alive. Geography There are currently six adjoining Tikar kingdoms: Bankim (Kimi), Ngambé-Tikar, Kong, Nditam (Bandam), Ngoumé, and Gâ. The boundaries of these kingdoms have remained since German colonizers arrived in Cameroon. Today, the Tikar people inhabit the Adamawa Region and certain regions of Bamenda Province. The Northwest is composed of the Fungum, Bum, and Kom. The Northeast is composed of Mbem, Mbaw, Wiya, War and Tang. The Southeast is composed of Banso (Nsaw), Ndop and Bafut. Language The Tikar people speak a Northern Bantoid, semi-Bantu language called Tikar, which is hypothesized to be a divergent language in the Niger-Congo language family. The Tikar language (also called Tigé, Tigré or Tikari) has four regional dialects, including Túmú, which spoken in Bankim and Nditam. Linguist Roger Blench stated that the Tikar language and other Bantuoid languages belong to a branch of the Niger-Congo family related to but distinct from Bantu, and do not have a classical Bantu noun-class system. Genetics Genetic testing found that many Tikar belong to Haplogroup L3e, which is prevalent in Central and North Africa. Haplogroup L2a1* was also found amongst Central African people, including the Tikar people of Cameroon and the Bubi people of Bioko Island. A 2010 study showed that the Tikar are a genetic outlier to peoples of Nigeria's Cross River region, Igboland and Ghana, showing significant differences. Similarly, a 2023 study found that self-identified Tikar who live in the Adamawa region and speak the Tikar language belong to a different genetic cluster than the self-identified Tikar who live amongst other Grassfields ethnic groups and don't speak the Tikar language. It concluded that persons from Cameroon and Sudan "showed the greatest reduction in genetic similarity with distance, which remained even after only comparing people belonging to the same ethnic group." It also lists ancestral components from Northeast, Western and Central Africa that contributed to the ancestry of Grassfields populations in Cameroon. The same study found Tikar-related genetic variations amongst the Bakongo people of Democratic Republic of Congo, the Kikuyu people of Kenya, and the Himba people and Damara people of Namibia. Through DNA testing with African Ancestry, Inc., founded by geneticist Dr. Rick Kittles and entrepreneur Dr. Gina Paige, people of African descent across the United States, South America and the Caribbean have been able to trace their lineages to the Tikar people of Cameroon. Genetic testing showed that the descendants of these stolen people of the Tikar-Bamileke-Pygmy cluster translocated the mtdna Haplogroup L3 to the Americas when they were forcibly taken. As a result, L3 is fairly common in the region today. Culture The Tikar are an artistically and culturally significant people. The design of Toghu and Ndop cloth print became a cultural marker of the Tikar and Grassfields peoples, creating a unique style that made them easily distinguishable from other peoples outside of the region. This intricate design is still used today for clothing, architecture, art and to demarcate royal ritual spaces. Artistry The Tikar are renowned for their highly detailed masks. Their artistry put the Tikar people at the center of trade and politics in Cameroon and made them a force to reckoned with in the eyes of neighboring ethnic groups, especially considering they are thought to be the only people in the region who were skilled in iron-working. Their masks are often characterized by their strongly-defined noses and large eyes. They are also known for their beautifully decorated brass pipes. Along with the Bamileke people, the Tikar are also known for their intricate elephant masks, which became renowned in the town Bali. Tikar horns and trumpets play a significant role in spiritual and cultural ceremonies with each design being purposefully sculpted for a specific event. The same can be said for elaborate grassland palaces, which feature hand-carved pillars supporting the roof overhangs, an ensemble of door posts, lintels and sills framing the entrance, as well as the interior doorways facing the open courtyards. Cultural beliefs Surrounded by great grasslands, the Tikar people developed a unique understanding of nature and performed planting rituals to bless seeds and work implements. Other ethnic groups in the region were known to offer animal sacrifices when it was time to plant. The Tikar also had their own cultural beliefs regarding birthing. It was once believed that during pregnancy, the blood that the woman would normally release during menstruation forms parts of the fetus. This blood was said to form the skin, blood, flesh and most of the organs. The bones, brain, heart and teeth were believed to be formed from the father's sperm. In the case of a son, the masculinity also came from this. Spirituality The Tikar people predominantly practice Christianity today. However, there are a small number who practice traditional religions and Islam. Despite the differences between the spiritual practices, the Tikar are known to refer to God the Creator as Nyuy, and the Bamileke people refer to Nyuy as Si. Both groups, along with the other peoples of the Grasslands, believe God requires them to reverence their lineage ancestors. This is pivotal to their spirituality; as they traditionally believed their ancestral spirits were embodied in the skulls of the deceased ancestors and still present. "The skulls are in the possession of the eldest living male in each lineage, and all members of an extended family recognize the same skulls as belonging to their group. When a family decides to relocate, a dwelling, which must be first purified by a diviner, is built to house the skulls in the new location. Although not all of the ancestral skulls are in the possession of a family, they are not forgotten. These spirits have nowhere to reside, though, and may as a result cause trouble for the family. To compensate when a man's skull is not preserved, a family member must undergo a ceremony involving pouring libations into the ground. Earth gathered from the site of that offering then comes to represent the skull of the deceased. Respect is also paid to female skulls, although detail about such practices is largely unrecorded." -Molefi Kete AsanteMuch of Tikar oral tradition speaks of their journey to flee the spread of Islam. After they settled in Cameroon, the Tikar people soon found themselves fleeing northern Cameroon for Adamawa to avoid forced-conversion to by Muslim Fulani invaders, who moved southward into Cameroon to take advantage of the lucrative, west-central trade route. The Tikar then migrated southward to what would become known as the city of Foumban in Northwest Cameroon. Once the Fulani followed to the south, war began, forcing some ethnic groups to flee yet again. Others, like the Bamun, remained, hoping to resist Islam. The Fulani conquest was brief and did not result in Islamization, although this faith was accepted by a later Bamum ruler, Sultan Ibrahim Mbouombouo Njoya, in the early 20th century. This created the division between the Bamum and Bafia people. Notable people of direct Tikar descent Chinyelu Asher, Cameroon-Jamaican-American footballer Gaetan Bong, Cameroonian footballer Pierre Boya, Cameroonian footballer Justin Che, Cameroonian-American footballer Joel Embiid, Cameroonian basketball player Wilfrid Kaptoum, Cameroonian footballer Bryang Kayo, Cameroonian-American footballer Daniel N'Gom Kome, Cameroonian footballer Yaphet Kotto, Cameroonian-American actor Privat Mbarga, Cameroonian footballer Roger Milla, Cameroonian footballer Thomas N'Kono, Cameroonian footballer Louis Ngwat-Mahop, Cameroonian footballer Joakim Noah, American basketball player Zacharie Noah, Cameroonian footballer Dimitri Oberlin, Cameroonian-Swiss footballer André Onana, Cameroonian footballer Jordan Siebatcheu, Cameroonian-American footballer Stéphane Zobo, Cameroonian footballer. Tony Tchani Ndamukong Suh Notable people of Tikar descent in the Americas Anthony Anderson, American actor, comedian, writer, and game show host Jasmyne Cannick, American journalist Don Cheadle, American actor, author, director, producer and writer Ebro Darden, American media executive and radio personality Quincy Jones, American music producer Spike Lee, American film director, producer, screenwriter, actor, and professor Flying Lotus, American hip hop producer Ivano Newbill, American NBA and European Basketball Player Papoose, American rapper Sheryl Lee Ralph, American actress, singer, author, and activist Condoleezza Rice, American diplomat, political scientist, civil servant, and professor who served as the 66th United States Secretary of State Sinbad, American stand-up comedian and actor Tasha Smith, American actress, director and producer Wanda Sykes, American stand-up comedian, actress, and writer Blair Underwood, American actor Vanessa A Williams, American actress and producer References External links Tikar entry at Ethnologue site Article about Bamenda and Tikar Ethnic groups in Cameroon Semi-Bantu History of Central Africa	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikar%20people
The Russian cruiser Marshal Ustinov (), is a (Project 1164) of the Russian Navy. The Russian name for the ship type is Raketnyy Kreyser (RKR), meaning "Missile Cruiser". The ship is named after Dmitriy Ustinov, a former Soviet Minister of Defence. Marshal Ustinov was assigned to the 43rd Missile Ship Division of the Russian Northern Fleet, whose homeport is in Severomorsk. From 2012 to 2016, the cruiser underwent a major overhaul. The vessel returned to service in 2017 and has since been deployed to the Mediterranean Sea. Description Marshal Ustinov is a designed during the Soviet Union as a Raketnyy Kreyser or "anti-ship rocket cruiser (RKR)." As originally constructed the vessel had a standard displacement of and at full load. By 2009, this had decreased to standard and at full load. The cruiser measures long with a beam of and a draught of . The vessel is powered by a combined gas or gas (COGOG) system comprising four boost gas turbines and two cruise gas turbines driving two shafts for a combined . This gives the cruiser a maximum speed of and a range of at . As built the cruiser had a complement of 505. This was later reduced to 476 including 62 officers. Marshal Ustinov when constructed was armed with sixteen P-500 Bazalt (SS-N-12 Sandbox) anti-ship missiles (SSM) in two eight-missile launchers located amidships to either side of the superstructure. The cruiser is also equipped with 64 S-300F Fort (SA-N-6 Grumble) long-range surface-to-air missiles (SAM) in eight eight-missile launchers located aft of the funnel and four OSA-M (SA-N-4 Gecko) SR SAMs in two twenty-round launchers located aft, to either side of the hangar. Marshal Ustinov is also armed with twin-mounted AK-130 /L70 dual purpose guns located forward and six AK-630 close-in weapons systems with two located forward atop the superstructure and four located amidships to either side of the superstructure. For anti-submarine warfare (ASW), the cruiser mounts two RBU-6000 anti-submarine mortars, each with six barrels and ten torpedo tubes two quintuple launchers behind shutters near the stern. The ship was equipped with MR-800 Voskhod/Top Pair 3-D long range air search and MR-700 Fregat/Top Steer air/surface search radar. For ASW, the cruiser is equipped with MG-332 Tigan-2T/Bull Nose hull-mounted LF and Platina/Horse Tail MF VDS sonar. Marshal Ustinov mounts MR-184/Kite Screech fire control radar for the 130 mm guns, 3R41 Volna/Top Dome radar for SA-N-6 SAM control, MPZ-301 Baza/Pop Group radar for SA-N-4 SAM control and Argument/Front Door-C radar for SSM control and 3 Bass Tilt radars for the AK-630s. The cruiser also utilises the Punch Bowl satellite link for its weapon targeting systems. For electronic warfare, the ship is supplied with the Kol'cho suite with Gurzhor-A&B/Side Globe intercept and MR-404/Rum Tub jammers. The vessel mounts two PK2 chaff launchers. The single Top Dome radar only has a 180° arc and presents a blind spot forward for the SA-N-6 missiles. The cruiser has a flight deck over the stern and a hangar. The cruiser can utilise either one Kamov Ka-25 or Kamov Ka-27 helicopter. The hangar is one-half deck below the flight deck and is reached via an inclined ramp. The helicopter is maneuvered using a chain-haul system. The helicopter can provide over-the-horizon targeting for Marshal Ustinovs weapon systems. Construction and career Hull number 070 was laid down at the 61 Kommuna#445 Yard, Mykolaiv on 5 October 1978 as the second Slava-class ship initially named Admiral Lobov. The cruiser was launched on 25 February 1982 and commissioned in the Soviet Red Banner Northern Fleet as the renamed Marshal Ustinov on 15 September 1986. Beginning in March 1987, the cruiser began operations with the fleet. Marshal Ustinov has been known to carry two other hull numbers than her original (070); 088 and 055. From December 1987 to June 1988, she performed the tasks of military service in the Mediterranean Sea. In 1989 Marshal Ustinov was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea again. Between 22 and 26 July 1989 the cruiser, along with the oiler and the destroyer , paid an official visit to the naval base of Norfolk, Virginia, United States. This marked only the second time Soviet warships had made a visit to the United States since World War II. On 4 January 1991 Marshal Ustinov started a patrol duty in the Mediterranean Sea. Between 16 and 20 July 1991 the cruiser paid a visit to the naval base of Mayport, Florida, United States. Marshal Ustinov was accompanied by the oiler and the destroyer Simferopol. This marked the third time Soviet warships had visited the United States since the end of the Cold War. Between 30 June and 5 July 1993 she paid a visit to Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada alongside the destroyer . In 1994, then commissioned in the Russian Northern Fleet, Marshal Ustinov was laid up at the Severnaya Verf shipyard in St. Petersburg awaiting extensive repairs. The refit was completed in May 1995. In December 1996, the People's Republic of China purchased two s and the income from this sale made it possible to pay for the $US169 million repairs to Marshal Ustinov. Marshal Ustinov remained in St. Petersburg until 1998 when the cruiser returned to the Northern Fleet. From 21 September to 22 October 2004 Marshal Ustinov took part in a long voyage of the carrier strike group of the Northern Fleet to the north-eastern part of the Atlantic. Beginning on 17 July 2008 the cruiser patrolled the waters of the Arctic Ocean around Spitsbergen, replacing the destroyer . In March 2011 it was reported that Marshal Ustinov could be transferred to the Russian Pacific Fleet. In 2011, it was decided to give the cruiser a moderate overhaul. However, in 2012, the navy decided to completely rework the cruiser. In 2012 the cruiser was laid up for repairs and upgrades at the Zvyozdochka Shipyard. The refit comprised repairs to ship's hull structures, propeller-steering group mechanisms, main power plant, and general systems. The electronic weapons systems were upgraded with digital devices. It was during this refit that the P-500 Bazalt missiles were upgraded to the modernized P-1000 Vulkan missiles. The ship rejoined the navy in 2016, and returned to active service in April 2017. On 12 May 2017, Marshal Ustinov, with cruise missiles on board, went on exercises in the Barents Sea. On 4 July 2017, together with the destroyer , Marshal Ustinov sailed from Severomorsk to the Baltic Sea and on 29 July she took part in the Main Naval Parade in St. Petersburg in honor of the Navy Day. On 5 December 2017, the cruiser completed combat training missions in training ranges in the Barents Sea to repulse conventional air attacks of Sukhoi Su-33 fighters. Between 11 August and 12 November 2018, Marshal Ustinov was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea for the fourth time after 1988, 1989 and 1991 deployments. On 3 July 2019, Marshal Ustinov left Severomorsk to participate in the Main Naval Parade in St. Petersburg before joining the Russian Navy exercise "Ocean Shield-2019" in the Baltic Sea and on 22 August, entered the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. There, she visited ports in Algeria, Egypt, Turkey, Greece and Cyprus. Marshal Ustinov afterwards transited Gibraltar again and sailed into the Atlantic. On its way to South Africa, the cruiser paid a port visit to Equatorial Guinea. This was only a third time after the Cold War that a Russian cruiser entered the South Atlantic, the first two being in 2008/2009 and in 2015. Between 25 and 30 November Marshal Ustinov participated in joint naval drills with South Africa and China. After the drills she transited Gibraltar. On 6 January 2020 it was reported that the cruiser will be deployed off Syria due to the danger of an Iran-US war in order to provide protection for the Russian troops in Syria and to ensure stability in the region. She returned to the homeport Severomorsk in February 2020, ending the 7-month deployment. Afterwards, she held drills in the Barents Sea in May, June and July 2020. In February 2021, Marshal Ustinov took part in the large-scale exercises in the Barents Sea. She entered the Barents Sea two times under the command of Captain 2nd Rank Andrey Krivoguzov. Other ships active in the area in January - February include destroyer Severomorsk, frigate with the tug Altay, nuclear submarine Severodvinsk, that launched a Kalibr missile, corvettes Aysberg, Snezhnogorsk, Yunga and Brest and salvage vessel Georgiy Titov with deep-submergence rescue vehicle AS-34. On 22 February, the same day as US bombers landed in Norway for the first time, Marshal Ustinov sailed in Varanger fjord in the area of Russia-Norway maritime border, becoming the first Russian warship to do so in the post-Cold War era. She entered the Barents Sea again on 4 March. On 1 June, the ship participated in drills in the Barents Sea along with . Afterwards, the ship embarked on a journey towards the Baltic Sea in order to participate in the Naval Parade in St. Petersburg, along with destroyer Vice-Admiral Kulakov, landing ship Pyotr Morgunov, tug Altay and nuclear submarines Orel, Knyaz Vladimir and Vepr. On 7 February 2022, the cruiser deployed to the Mediterranean along with destroyer Vice-Admiral Kulakov, frigate Admiral Kasatonov and tanker Vyazma. Her battle group linked-up with Varyag's deploying to the Mediterranean on 2 February 2022 from the Pacific along with destroyer Admiral Tributs and tanker Boris Butoma. The battle group left the Mediterranean on 24 August 2022, returning to her homeport Severomorsk, while Admiral Kasatonov stayed in the Mediterranean. Both battle groups have conducted exercises with naval bombers Tu-22M3 and MiG-31K, operating from airbase Khmeymim in Syria. Marshal Ustinov, Vice-Admiral Kulakov and Vyazma returned to Severomorsk on 15 September, after 236 days and 36.000 nautical miles travelled. They were accepted by the commander of the Northern Fleet admiral Aleksandr Moiseyev, who claimed that the presence of such ships in the distant sea zone is one of the deterrents, preventing the escalation of the situation, which is now critical. Citations References External links FAS.org GlobalSecurity.org Slava-class cruisers Ships built in the Soviet Union 1982 ships Cruisers of Russia Ships of the Russian Northern Fleet	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20cruiser%20Marshal%20Ustinov
Blenstrup, is a village with a population of 517 (1 January 2023) located about 25 km south of Aalborg, near the main road between Aalborg and Hadsund. It was a part of the former Skørping Municipality, but after Kommunalreformen ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007), it is now part of the new Rebild Municipality. References Cities and towns in the North Jutland Region Rebild Municipality	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenstrup
Pierre Pay-Pay wa Syakasighe (born 10 July 1946, in Bukavu), is an economist and politician of the Democratic Republic of Congo. During his career, he held several positions relating to the Economy and Finance. He has served as Minister of Economy, Industry and Foreign Trade, Minister of Portfolio, Minister of Finance, CEO of Commercial Gécamines, and Governor of the Central Bank of Congo at the time of Zaire. Pierre Pay-Pay was a candidate in the 2006 Presidential Election for the Congolese Democratic Convention (CODECO), an electoral platform that brought together several political parties. He served in the National Assembly as a member following the 2006 Legislative Elections. He is currently National President of the Union of Christian Democratic Federalists (U.DE.C.F). Pay-Pay is also a member of the political bureau for "Ensemble pour le changement", the opposition political coalition formed by former governor of Katanga Moïse Katumbi to support his presidential bid in the upcoming 2018 presidential election. See also List of governors of the Banque Centrale du Congo References 1946 births Living people Governors of the Banque Centrale du Congo Finance ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Members of the National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Federalist Christian Democracy – Convention of Federalists for Christian Democracy politicians Candidates for President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo exiles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Pay-Pay%20wa%20Syakasighe
Boiler water is liquid water within a boiler, or in associated piping, pumps and other equipment, that is intended for evaporation into steam. The term may also be applied to raw water intended for use in boilers, treated boiler feedwater, steam condensate being returned to a boiler, or boiler blowdown being removed from a boiler. Early practice Impurities in water will leave solid deposits as steam evaporates. These solid deposits thermally insulate heat exchange surfaces initially decreasing the rate of steam generation, and potentially causing boiler metals to reach failure temperatures. Boiler explosions were not uncommon until surviving boiler operators learned how to periodically clean their boilers. Some solids could be removed by cooling the boiler so differential thermal expansion caused brittle crystalline solids to crack and flake off metal boiler surfaces. Other solids were removed by acid washing or mechanical scouring. Various rates of boiler blowdown could reduce the frequency of cleaning, but efficient operation and maintenance of individual boilers was determined by trial and error until chemists devised means of measuring and adjusting water quality to minimize cleaning requirements. Boiler water treatment Boiler water treatment is a type of industrial water treatment focused on the removal or chemical modification of substances potentially damaging to the boiler. Varying types of treatment are used at different locations to avoid scale, corrosion, or foaming. External treatment of raw water supplies intended for use within a boiler is focused on the removal of impurities before they reach the boiler. Internal treatment within the boiler is focused on limiting the tendency of water to dissolve the boiler, and maintaining impurities in forms least likely to cause trouble before they can be removed from the boiler in boiler blowdown. Within the boiler At the elevated temperatures and pressures within a boiler, water exhibits different physical and chemical properties than those observed at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Chemicals may be added to maintain pH levels minimizing water solubility of boiler materials while allowing efficient action of other chemicals added to prevent foaming, to consume oxygen before it corrodes the boiler, to precipitate dissolved solids before they form scale on steam-generating surfaces, and to remove those precipitates from the vicinity of the steam-generating surfaces. Oxygen scavengers Sodium sulphite or hydrazine may be used to maintain reducing conditions within the boiler. Sulphite is less desirable in boilers operating at pressures above ; because sulfates formed by combination with oxygen may form sulfate scale or decompose into corrosive sulfur dioxide or hydrogen sulfide at elevated temperatures. Excess hydrazine may evaporate with steam to provide corrosion protection by neutralizing carbon dioxide in the steam condensate system; but it may also decompose into ammonia which will attack copper alloys. Products based on filming amines such as Helamin may be preferred for corrosion protection of condensate systems with copper alloys. Coagulation Boilers operating at pressures less than may use unsoftened feedwater with the addition of sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide to maintain alkaline conditions to precipitate calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide and magnesium silicate. Hard water treated this way causes a fairly high concentration of suspended solid particles within the boiler to serve as precipitation nuclei preventing later deposition of calcium sulfate scale. Natural organic materials like starches, tannins and lignins may be added to control crystal growth and disperse precipitates. The soft sludge of precipitates and organic materials accumulates in quiescent portions of the boiler to be removed during bottom blowdown. Phosphates Boiler sludge concentrations created by coagulation treatment may be avoided by sodium phosphate treatment when water hardness is less than 60 mg/L. With adequate alkalinity, addition of sodium phosphate produces an insoluble precipitate of hydroxyapatite with magnesium hydroxide and magnesium and calcium silicates. Lignin may be processed for high temperature stability to control calcium phosphate scale and magnetic iron oxide deposits. Acceptable phosphate concentrations decrease from 140 mg/L in low pressure boilers to less than 40 mg/L at pressures above . Recommended alkalinity similarly decreases from 700 mg/L to 200 mg/L over the same pressure range. Foaming problems are more common with high alkalinity. Coordinated control of pH and phosphates attempts to limit caustic corrosion occurring from concentrations of hydroxyl ions under porous scale on steam generating surfaces within the boiler. High pressure boilers using demineralized water are most vulnerable to caustic corrosion. Hydrolysis of trisodium phosphate is a pH buffer in equilibrium with disodium phosphate and sodium hydroxide. Chelants Chelants like ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) form complex ions with calcium and magnesium. Solubility of these complex ions may reduce blowdown requirements if anionic carboxylate polymers are added to control scale formation. Potential decomposition at high temperatures limits chelant use to boilers operating at pressures less than . Decomposition products may cause metal corrosion in areas of stress and high temperature. Feedwater Many large boilers including those used in thermal power stations recycle condensed steam for re-use within the boiler. Steam condensate is distilled water, but it may contain dissolved gases. A deaerator is often used to convert condensate to feedwater by removing potentially damaging gases including oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. Inclusion of a polisher (an Ion exchange vessel) helps to maintain water purity, and in particular protect the boiler from a condenser tube leak. Make-up water All boilers lose some water in steam leaks; and some is intentionally wasted as boiler blowdown to remove impurities accumulating within the boiler. Steam locomotives and boilers generating steam for use in direct contact with contaminating materials may not recycle condensed steam. Replacement water is required to continue steam production. Make-up water is initially treated to remove floating and suspended materials. Hard water intended for low-pressure boilers may be softened by substituting sodium for divalent cations of dissolved calcium and magnesium most likely to cause carbonate and sulfate scale. High-pressure boilers typically require water demineralized by reverse osmosis, distillation or ion-exchange. See also Dealkalization of water Sources References Boilers Water	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler%20water
Lee Arthur Horsley (born May 15, 1955) is an American film, television, and theater actor known for starring roles in the television series Nero Wolfe (1981), Matt Houston (1982–1985), and Paradise (1988–1991). He starred in the 1982 film The Sword and the Sorcerer and recorded the audiobook edition of Lonesome Dove. Career Horsley began his acting career touring in stage productions of West Side Story, Damn Yankees, and Oklahoma!. In 1981, he portrayed TV detective Archie Goodwin in the short-lived NBC drama series Nero Wolfe. He played the title character in the 1982–1985 ABC detective series Matt Houston, and starred as Ethan Allen Cord in the 1988–1991 Western Heritage Award-winning series Paradise. This was followed by a lead role on the CBS police drama Bodies of Evidence (1992–1993). He also starred opposite Lynda Carter in a series set in the French and Indian War era, Hawkeye. Horsley also starred as Rafe Beaudeen in North and South: Book II and as Nick Burnham in the Danielle Steel miniseries, Crossings (TV miniseries) opposite Jane Seymour and Christopher Plummer. He appeared in the feature-length cult film The Sword and the Sorcerer in 1982, and he appeared in its sequel Tales of an Ancient Empire in 2010. He recorded the audiobook edition of Larry McMurtry's Lonesome Dove. In 2006, Horsley and Marshall R. Teague traveled the world in search of exotic game on the Outdoor Life Network for the reality show, Benelli's Dream Hunts. Horsley appeared in the 2012 Quentin Tarantino film Django Unchained as Sheriff Gus and then in Tarantino's 2015 western The Hateful Eight as a stagecoach driver. In 1987-1988 Season, Horsley acted in the Jerry Herman musical, Mack and Mabel, at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn, New Jersey with Janet Metz, Scott Ellis, Ed Evanko, and Ruth Williamson in the cast. Robert Johanson was director. Personal life Horsley was born in Muleshoe, Texas, the seat of Bailey County. He grew up in the Denver, Colorado area, sang in a church choir and graduated from Englewood High School in 1973. Horsley married Stephanie Downer in 1980 and fathered a daughter, Amber, in 1981 and a son, Logan, in 1983. Horsley is an outdoorsman, horseman, rodeo participant, and western novelist. Filmography Television References External links 1955 births Male actors from Texas American male film actors American male television actors Living people People from Muleshoe, Texas	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Horsley
Horizon Power is a commercially focused, state government-owned, power company that provides power supplies to Western Australia. It is responsible for generating, procuring, distributing and retailing electricity to residential, industrial and commercial customers and resource developments in its service area. Horizon Power was established in 2006 during reforms to Western Australia's electricity sector. They operate in the Pilbara, Kimberley, Gascoyne/ Mid-West and the Southern Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia. Horizon Power’s head office is based in Karratha with regional offices in Broome, Kununurra, Carnarvon, Esperance and Port Hedland, and administrative support delivered from Perth. Horizon Power are responsible for delivering electricity to 47,000 connections, supplying more than 100,000 residents and more than 10,000 businesses in regional towns and remote communities. They manage 38 systems: the North West Interconnected System (NWIS) in the Pilbara and the connected network between Kununurra, Wyndham and Lake Argyle, and 34 stand-alone systems across regional WA. Its service area is approximately 2.3 million square kilometres, which means Horizon Power services the biggest area with the fewest customers in the world. For every 53.5 square kilometres of terrain, Horizon Power has one customer. See also State Energy Commission of Western Australia References External links https://www.facebook.com/HorizonPowerWA http://www.horizonpower.com.au/ Government of Western Australia - Office of Energy Government of Western Australia - Office of Energy - Electricity Reform Implementation Unit Electric power infrastructure in Western Australia Government-owned companies of Western Australia Electric power distribution network operators in Australia Government-owned energy companies	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon%20Power
Alain Giletti (born 11 September 1939 in Bourg-en-Bresse, Ain) is a French figure skater. He is the 1960 World champion, the 1955-1957 & 1960-1961 European champion and is a ten-time (1951–1957, 1959–1961) French national champion. At the age of 12, he represented France at the 1952 Winter Olympics, where he placed 7th. He placed 4th at the 1956 Winter Olympics, and 4th again at the 1960 Winter Olympics. He also competed as a pair skater. With partner Michèle Allard, he is the 1956 French national champion. At the time Giletti won his World title in 1960, he was on leave from compulsory military service in France and expected to be sent on a four-month tour of Algeria upon his return. He was normally stationed in Paris where his schedule allowed him to train in the mornings with his coach Jacqueline Vaudecrane. Prior to starting his military service, he also trained in the United States with Pierre Brunet. Giletti expected to defend his World title in 1961, but those championships were cancelled after the crash of Sabena Flight 548 killed all members of the U.S. team. Giletti turned professional to tour with Holiday On Ice, Scala Eisrevue and later became a skating coach in Chamonix, France. Surya Bonaly is one of his students. He currently trains figure skating in the Angoulême area, France. Competitive highlights References French Championships Historical Results 1939 births Living people French male single skaters French male pair skaters Sportspeople from Bourg-en-Bresse Olympic figure skaters for France Figure skaters at the 1952 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 1956 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 1960 Winter Olympics World Figure Skating Championships medalists European Figure Skating Championships medalists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain%20Giletti
John R. Anderson may refer to: John R. Anderson (minister) (1818–1863), founder and minister of African Baptist Churches John Robert Anderson (chemist) (1928–2007), Australian chemist/materials scientist John Robert Anderson (psychologist) (born 1947), Canadian psychologist and computer scientist John Rogers Anderson (born 1941), Canadian admiral and ambassador to NATO John Roy Anderson, known as Jon Anderson (born 1944), lead singer of the British band Yes See also John Anderson (disambiguation)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20R.%20Anderson
The Königsberg Castle (, ) was one of the landmarks of the East Prussian capital Königsberg, Germany (since 1946 Kaliningrad, Russia). History The site of the castle was originally an Old Prussian fort known as Tuwangste near the Pregel River at an important waypoint in Prussian territory. Nearby were three Prussian villages, later known as Löbenicht, Sackheim, and Tragheim. After conquering the area in 1255, the Teutonic Knights constructed a provisionary wooden and earthworks fort in place of the Prussian one. By 1257, a new stone Ordensburg castle was being constructed. The castle was greatly enlarged and refortified in several stages between the 16th to 18th centuries. The fortress, later designated a castle, was the residence of the Grandmasters of the Teutonic Order and later residence for Prussian rulers. The 1815 Encyclopædia Britannica refers to "the magnificent palace in which is a hall 83.5 m long and 18 m broad without pillars to support it, and a handsome library. The gothic tower of the castle is very high (100 m) and has 284 steps to the top, from where a great distance can be seen". This extensive building, enclosed in a large quadrangle and situated almost in the center of the city, was formerly a seat of the Teutonic Order. It was altered and enlarged from the 16th to 18th centuries. The west wing contained the Schloßkirche, or palace church, where Frederick I was crowned in 1701 and William I in 1861. The arms emblazoned upon the walls and columns were those of members of the Order of the Black Eagle. Above the church was the 83 m long and 18 m high Moscowiter-Saal, one of the largest halls in the German Reich. Until the latter part of World War II, the apartments of the Hohenzollerns and the Prussia Museum (north wing, ) were open to the public daily. Among other things, the museum accommodated 240,000 exhibits of the Prussian collection, a collection of the Königsberg State and University Library, as well as many paintings by the artist Lovis Corinth. In 1926, Friedrich Lahrs led an excavation of the castle courtyard. During World War II, various pieces of captured Russian art were stored there, possibly including parts of the Amber Room. An extensive collection of provincial archives was also housed there. Also the Blutgericht, a wine selling tavern, was situated within the castle. An image of Hans von Sagan was used as the castle's weathervane. Following the bombing of Königsberg by the Allies in the Second World War in 1944, the castle completely burnt down. However, the thick walls were able to withstand both the aerial bombing and Soviet artillery, as well as urban fighting in April 1945, allowing the ruins of the castle to stay standing. The largely demolished Königsberg became part of the Soviet Union and was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. Kaliningrad was to be rebuilt as a model town on the remains of Königsberg, without reminders of the German past left standing. Despite protests from students and intellectuals from Kaliningrad, the ruins of the castle were periodically blown up over the next several years, with the last remnants being destroyed in 1968 on Leonid Brezhnev's personal orders. However, the ruins of the nearby Königsberg Cathedral, which included the tomb of Immanuel Kant, were left standing, and, after the collapse of the USSR, in the late 1990s and early years of the 21st century were rebuilt and restored. Current situation Today, Kaliningrad is part of Russia. The centre square of Kaliningrad resides on the site of the castle which, despite its name, actually lies to the southeast of the town centre. Adjacent to the centre square on the filled-in moat is the "House of Soviets", which in 1960 was intended to be the central administration building. Continuation of development was stopped in the 1980s as the massive building gradually sank into the structurally unsound soil stemming from the collapse of tunnels in the old castle's subterranean levels. Many people call this the "Revenge of the Prussians" or "The Monster". The outside of the building was finally completed pending a visit by President Putin in 2005. The inside remains unfinished. The current Kaliningrad city administration debated whether to rebuild the castle with the financial assistance of the Russian Department of Culture. In contrast to the Königsberger Dom, there would be the difficult task of erecting the castle from scratch, so plans were dropped for the time being. Instead, the centre square is cobbled. In June 2010, the regional Minister of Culture, Mikhail Andreyev, announced that a referendum on the reconstruction of the castle would be held in the city of in March 2011. Previously, it had been intended to hold the referendum in October 2010, but budgetary pressures caused a delay. Since September 2001, the German magazine has financed the excavation of parts of the castle's cellar, which was carried out with the Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Arts. It is hoped that various buried treasures of the previous castle museum are uncovered, and possibly the rest of the Amber Room. During the Second World War the Amber Room was transferred by Germany to Königsberg where it was installed in one of the halls of the Castle. Here its traces were lost. So far, thousands of items have been discovered. In June 2005, an occult silver casket with medals and amulets was found, causing a sensation among experts. It is planned that after completion of the excavation, parts of the castle's vaults will be made accessible as an open-air museum. Gallery See also Potsdam Agreement Heart of the City (Kaliningrad) References Bibliography External links An illustrative account of the castle 1255 establishments in Europe 1945 disestablishments in Germany Castles of the Teutonic Knights Castle Former castles in Germany Former castles in Russia Demolished buildings and structures in Russia Demolished buildings and structures in Germany Prussian cultural sites Buildings and structures in Germany destroyed during World War II Buildings and structures demolished in 1968	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg%20Castle
The photosynthetic efficiency is the fraction of light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis in green plants and algae. Photosynthesis can be described by the simplified chemical reaction 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 where C6H12O6 is glucose (which is subsequently transformed into other sugars, starches, cellulose, lignin, and so forth). The value of the photosynthetic efficiency is dependent on how light energy is defined – it depends on whether we count only the light that is absorbed, and on what kind of light is used (see Photosynthetically active radiation). It takes eight (or perhaps ten or more) photons to use one molecule of CO2. The Gibbs free energy for converting a mole of CO2 to glucose is 114 kcal, whereas eight moles of photons of wavelength 600 nm contains 381 kcal, giving a nominal efficiency of 30%. However, photosynthesis can occur with light up to wavelength 720 nm so long as there is also light at wavelengths below 680 nm to keep Photosystem II operating (see Chlorophyll). Using longer wavelengths means less light energy is needed for the same number of photons and therefore for the same amount of photosynthesis. For actual sunlight, where only 45% of the light is in the photosynthetically active wavelength range, the theoretical maximum efficiency of solar energy conversion is approximately 11%. In actuality, however, plants do not absorb all incoming sunlight (due to reflection, respiration requirements of photosynthesis and the need for optimal solar radiation levels) and do not convert all harvested energy into biomass, which results in a maximum overall photosynthetic efficiency of 3 to 6% of total solar radiation. If photosynthesis is inefficient, excess light energy must be dissipated to avoid damaging the photosynthetic apparatus. Energy can be dissipated as heat (non-photochemical quenching), or emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence. Typical efficiencies Plants Quoted values sunlight-to-biomass efficiency The following is a breakdown of the energetics of the photosynthesis process from Photosynthesis by Hall and Rao: Starting with the solar spectrum falling on a leaf, 47% lost due to photons outside the 400–700 nm active range (chlorophyll uses photons between 400 and 700 nm, extracting the energy of one 700 nm photon from each one) 30% of the in-band photons are lost due to incomplete absorption or photons hitting components other than chloroplasts 24% of the absorbed photon energy is lost due to degrading short wavelength photons to the 700 nm energy level 68% of the used energy is lost in conversion into d-glucose 35–45% of the glucose is consumed by the leaf in the processes of dark and photo respiration Stated another way: 100% sunlight → non-bioavailable photons waste is 47%, leaving 53% (in the 400–700 nm range) → 30% of photons are lost due to incomplete absorption, leaving 37% (absorbed photon energy) → 24% is lost due to wavelength-mismatch degradation to 700 nm energy, leaving 28.2% (sunlight energy collected by chlorophyll) → 68% is lost in conversion of ATP and NADPH to d-glucose, leaving 9% (collected as sugar) → 35–40% of sugar is recycled/consumed by the leaf in dark and photo-respiration, leaving 5.4% net leaf efficiency. Many plants lose much of the remaining energy on growing roots. Most crop plants store ~0.25% to 0.5% of the sunlight in the product (corn kernels, potato starch, etc.). Photosynthesis increases linearly with light intensity at low intensity, but at higher intensity this is no longer the case (see Photosynthesis-irradiance curve). Above about 10,000 lux or ~100 watts/square meter the rate no longer increases. Thus, most plants can only use ~10% of full mid-day sunlight intensity. This dramatically reduces average achieved photosynthetic efficiency in fields compared to peak laboratory results. However, real plants (as opposed to laboratory test samples) have many redundant, randomly oriented leaves. This helps to keep the average illumination of each leaf well below the mid-day peak enabling the plant to achieve a result closer to the expected laboratory test results using limited illumination. Only if the light intensity is above a plant specific value, called the compensation point the plant assimilates more carbon and releases more oxygen by photosynthesis than it consumes by cellular respiration for its own current energy demand. Photosynthesis measurement systems are not designed to directly measure the amount of light absorbed by the leaf. Nevertheless, the light response curves that the class produces do allow comparisons in photosynthetic efficiency between plants. Algae and other monocellular organisms From a 2010 study by the University of Maryland, photosynthesizing cyanobacteria have been shown to be a significant species in the global carbon cycle, accounting for 20–30% of Earth's photosynthetic productivity and convert solar energy into biomass-stored chemical energy at the rate of ~450 TW. Some pigments such as B-phycoerythrin that are mostly found in red algae and cyanobacteria has much higher light-harvesting efficiency compared to that of other plants. Such organisms are potentially candidates for biomimicry technology to improve solar panels design. Efficiencies of various biofuel crops Popular choices for plant biofuels include: oil palm, soybean, castor oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, corn ethanol, and sugar cane ethanol. A 2008 Hawaiian oil palm plantation projection stated: "algae could yield from 5,000-10,000 gallons of oil per acre yearly, compared to 250-350 gallons for jatropha and 600-800 gallons for palm oil". That comes to 26 kW per acre or 7 W/m2. Typical insolation in Hawaii is around 230 W/m2., so converting 3% of the incident solar energy to chemical fuel. Total photosynthetic efficiency would include more than just the biodiesel oil, so this number is a lower bound. Contrast this with a typical photovoltaic installation, which would produce an average of roughly 22 W/m2 (roughly 10% of the average insolation), throughout the year. Furthermore, the photovoltaic panels would produce electricity, which is a high-quality form of energy, whereas converting the biodiesel into mechanical energy entails the loss of a large portion of the energy. On the other hand, a liquid fuel is much more convenient for a vehicle than electricity, which has to be stored in heavy, expensive batteries. Most crop plants store ~0.25% to 0.5% of the sunlight in the product (corn kernels, potato starch, etc.) Ethanol fuel in Brazil has a calculation that results in: "Per hectare per year, the biomass produced corresponds to 0.27 TJ. This is equivalent to 0.86 W/m2. Assuming an average insolation of 225 W/m2, the photosynthetic efficiency of sugarcane is 0.38%." Sucrose accounts for little more than 30% of the chemical energy stored in the mature plant; 35% is in the leaves and stem tips, which are left in the fields during harvest, and 35% are in the fibrous material (bagasse) left over from pressing. C3 vs. C4 and CAM plants C3 plants use the Calvin cycle to fix carbon. C4 plants use a modified Calvin cycle in which they separate Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) from atmospheric oxygen, fixing carbon in their mesophyll cells and using oxaloacetate and malate to ferry the fixed carbon to RuBisCO and the rest of the Calvin cycle enzymes isolated in the bundle-sheath cells. The intermediate compounds both contain four carbon atoms, which gives C4. In Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), time isolates functioning RuBisCO (and the other Calvin cycle enzymes) from high oxygen concentrations produced by photosynthesis, in that O2 is evolved during the day, and allowed to dissipate then, while at night atmospheric CO2 is taken up and stored as malic or other acids. During the day, CAM plants close stomata and use stored acids as carbon sources for sugar, etc. production. The C3 pathway requires 18 ATP and 12 NADPH for the synthesis of one molecule of glucose (3 ATP + 2 NADPH per fixed) while the C4 pathway requires 30 ATP and 12 NADPH (C3 + 12 ATP per fixed). In addition, we can take into account that each NADPH is equivalent to 3 ATP, that means both pathways require 36 additional (equivalent of) ATP [better citation needed]. Despite this reduced ATP efficiency, C4 is an evolutionary advancement, adapted to areas of high levels of light, where the reduced ATP efficiency is more than offset by the use of increased light. The ability to thrive despite restricted water availability maximizes the ability to use available light. The simpler C3 cycle which operates in most plants is adapted to wetter darker environments, such as many northern latitudes. Maize, sugar cane, and sorghum are C4 plants. These plants are economically important in part because of their relatively high photosynthetic efficiencies compared to many other crops. Pineapple is a CAM plant. Research Photorespiration One efficiency-focused research topic is improving the efficiency of photorespiration. Around 25% of the time RuBisCO incorrectly collects oxygen molecules instead of , creating and ammonia that disrupt the photosynthesis process. Plants remove these byproducts via photorespiration, requiring energy and nutrients that would otherwise increase photosynthetic output. In C3 plants photorespiration can consume 20-50% of photosynthetic energy. Engineered tobacco The research shortened photosynthetic pathways in tobacco. Engineered crops grew taller and faster, yielding up to 40% more biomass. The study employed synthetic biology to construct new metabolic pathways and assessed their efficiency with and without transporter RNAi. The most efficient pathway increased light-use efficiency by 17%. Chloroplast biogenesis Research is being done into RCB and NCP, two non-catalytic thioredoxin-like proteins that activate chloroplast transcription. Knowing the exact mechanism can be useful to allow increasing photosynthesis (i.e. through genetic modification). Ecosystem research on photosynthetic efficiency Photosynthesis is the only process that allows the conversion of atmospheric carbon (CO2) to organic (solid) carbon, and this process plays an essential role in climate models. This lead researchers to study the sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (i.e., chlorophyll fluorescence that uses the Sun as illumination source; the glow of a plant) as an indicator of photosynthetic efficiency of a region. This is interesting for scientists since its shows them things like the CO2 absorption of a forests, or the productivity of an agricultural region. The FLEX (satellite) is the upcoming satellite program by the European Space Agency designated to this type of measurements. See also Energy conversion efficiency FLEX (satellite) Phototroph Photosynthetically active radiation References Ecological metrics Photosynthesis	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic%20efficiency
Misterjaw is a 34-episode cartoon television series, produced at DePatie-Freleng Enterprises in 1976 for The Pink Panther Laugh and a Half Hour and a Half Show television series on NBC. Reruns continued on the Think Pink Panther Show on NBC through September 3, 1978. Plot Misterjaw (voiced by Arte Johnson) was a blue-colored great white shark (who wore a purple vest with white collar, a black bow tie and black top hat) who liked to leap out of the water and shout "HEEGotcha!" or "Gotcha!" at unsuspecting folks who would run off in terror. He spoke with a German accent and was known to mispronounce words, such as "knucklehead" pronounced as "ka-nucklehead". He also had a sidekick, a green-scaled, brown bowler hatted Brooklyn-accented catfish named Catfish (voiced by Arnold Stang) who usually referred to Misterjaw as "Boss" or "Chief"; Misterjaw usually called Catfish either "pal-ly", "fella" or "sonny" when in a good mood, or names like "dumbkoff", "ka-nucklehead" or "macaroni brain" when irritated. At times, Misterjaw would mistakenly address his sidekick as "Dogfish", only to correct himself a split second later by saying "I mean, Catfish". The primary goal of Misterjaw and Catfish was to catch Harry Halibut (voiced by Bob Ogle). In several instances, the duo were pursued by Fearless Freddy the Shark Hunter (voiced by Paul Winchell) in Merry Sharkman, Merry Sharkman and To Catch a Halibut. All entries were directed by Robert McKimson (who died suddenly after production was completed) with co-direction from Sid Marcus and produced by David H. DePatie and Friz Freleng. The music and score for the series were composed by Doug Goodwin. A brief version of the John Williams Jaws theme was used with the variation of the two-note theme. None of the shorts contained any credit information; only the series title, episode title, 1976 copyright and end titles were shown. All episodes include a laugh track. Episodes All episodes were directed by Robert McKimson and Sid Marcus. Flying Fool Shopping Spree To Catch a Halibut Beach Resort Monster of the Deep Showbiz Shark Aladdin's Lump Little Red Riding Halibut (a parody of Little Red Riding Hood) The Codfather (a takeoff of The Godfather, title is the same most of previous series The Dogfather) Davey Jones' Locker Flying Saucer The Shape of Things Caught In The Act Merry Sharkman, Merry Sharkman (a takeoff of Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman) Sea Chase Aloha, Hah, Hah! Never Shake Hands with a Piranha Stand-In Room Only The Fishy Time Machine Transistorized Shark The $6.95 Bionic Shark (a takeoff of The Six Million Dollar Man) Moulin Rogues Holiday in Venice Shark and the Beanstalk (a parody of Jack and the Beanstalk) The Aquanuts Cannery Caper Fish Anonymous Maguiness Book of Records (a take of Guinness Book of World Records) Cool Shark Deep Sea Rodeo Mama Easy Come Easy Go No Man's Halibut Sweat Hog Shark (a reference to Welcome Back, Kotter) Episodes 2, 3, 5, 13, 21, 22, and 26 were pulled from NBC's 1977-1978 reruns of the show. Production notes Misterjaw is the fifth and final cartoon series to appear in the MGM Television distribution package. Misterjaw was one of two cartoon sharks created as a cash-in on the Jaws craze, (the other being the Hanna-Barbera-created Jabberjaw). As of July 2005, Misterjaw has regularly been seen on Cartoon Network's Boomerang in the United States (along with The Pink Panther Show and other DePatie-Freleng cartoons). As of 2006, all the Misterjaw episodes have been aired. Three of the cartoons shown on Boomerang have been edited (some scenes from Beach Resort, Monster of the Deep, and the ending of Holiday in Venice were removed). The show was also known as Mr. Jaws and Catfish. In the entry Little Red Riding Halibut, Misterjaw quips "Verrry interesting..." after looking in a picnic basket that Harry Halibut left behind which was booby-trapped with mousetraps. This catchphrase was first uttered by Arte Johnson (who voiced Misterjaw) on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In. Misterjaw was featured on South African television in the 1980s as a morning cartoon called "Grootbek en Katvis" and was dubbed into Afrikaans. Home video VHS Misterjaw Cartoon Festival Featuring Monster of the Deep was released for VHS on 1987 as part of the "Viddy-Oh for Kids". It contains the first five episodes of the series. DVD / Blu-ray The complete series was digitally remastered, issued on its own two-disc Blu-Ray/DVD collection (the first 17 shorts on disc 1 and the last 17 shorts on disc 2) by Kino International (under licensed from MGM). It was released on April 24, 2018. References External links Misterjaw at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Toonarific 1970s American animated television series 1976 American television series debuts 1977 American television series endings American children's animated comedy television series Animated television series about fish Television series by DePatie–Freleng Enterprises Television series by United Artists Television The Pink Panther Show	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misterjaw
The Federalist Christian Democracy-Convention of Federalists for Christian Democracy () is a political party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Pierre Pay-Pay wa Syakasighe, the party's presidential candidate in the 2006 general election came seventh with 1.5% of the vote, and the party gained 8 seats in the National Assembly. On 19 January 2007 Senate elections, the party won out 1 of 108 seats. Christian democratic parties in Africa Federalism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Federalist parties Political parties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Political parties with year of establishment missing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist%20Christian%20Democracy%20%E2%80%93%20Convention%20of%20Federalists%20for%20Christian%20Democracy
Operation Bruilof () was a planned military operation in 1978 by the South African Defence Force during the South African Border War and Angolan Civil War. Background The operation was planned for May 1978, to be conducted by 61 Mechanised Infantry Battalion Group and paratroops. This was to be the first mechanised force to be deployed by the South African forces during the war and consisted of the then new Ratel Infantry Fighting Vehicles as well as Eland Armoured Cars. The plan called for the SADF to cross the South-West Africa–Angola border, with the battle group attacking and destroying six South-West Africa People's Organisation bases around Chetequera before withdrawing. The plan was eventually abandoned and merged into what became Operation Reindeer planned for the 4 May. References Further reading 1978 in South Africa 1978 in Angola Battles and operations of the South African Border War Conflicts in 1978 Cancelled invasions	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Bruilof
Victor Ling, (; born 1943) is a Canadian researcher in the field of medicine. Ling's research focuses on drug resistance in cancer. He is best known for his discovery of P-glycoprotein, one of the proteins responsible for multidrug resistance. Early life Ling was born in Shanghai, China in 1943, and is of Teochew ancestry. He moved to Hong Kong with his family in 1949 and lived there until 1952, when they emigrated to Canada. He graduated from North Toronto Collegiate in 1962. He received his bachelor's degree in 1966 from the University of Toronto and his PhD in 1969 from the University of British Columbia. Career Ling undertook post-doctoral training with Nobel laureate Fred Sanger at Cambridge University before returning to Toronto. He is currently Assistant Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia and former Vice-President, Discovery at the BC Cancer Agency in Vancouver, British Columbia, as well as the President and Scientific Director of the Terry Fox Research Institute. Honours 1990, awarded the Gairdner Award from the Gairdner Foundation for outstanding contributions to medical science 1991, awarded the Charles F. Kettering Prize 1991, awarded the Steiner Award, the highest honour in cancer research 1994, awarded the Robert L. Noble Prize by the National Cancer Institute of Canada 2000, appointed to the Order of British Columbia 2006, awarded an honorary doctorate from Trinity Western University 2008, made an Officer of the Order of Canada References External links Webpage at the BC Cancer Research Centre Webpage at the University of British Columbia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 1943 births Canadian medical researchers Cancer researchers Chinese emigrants to Canada Living people Members of the Order of British Columbia Naturalized citizens of Canada Officers of the Order of Canada Scientists from Shanghai University of British Columbia alumni Academic staff of the University of British Columbia University of Toronto alumni	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Ling
Parvatagouda Gaddigoudar (1 June 1951) is a member of the 16th Lok Sabha of India. He also represented the 14th Lok Sabha. He represents the Bagalkot constituency of Karnataka since 2004 and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party. Early life Parvatagouda Gaddigoudar was born on 1 June 1951 at a small hamlet Heballi in Bagalkot District to Balavva and Chandanagouda Gaddigoudar. He graduated in the faculty of Arts from Basveshwar Arts College at Bagalkot affiliated to the Karnatak University. Later, he completed his bachelor's degree in Law from the prestigious Raja Lakhamagouda College of Belgaum. He married Savitra Devi on 6 February 1976 and continued to practice law at Badami. Public life He started his public life in the early 1980s and his major boost came when he was appointed by the then chief minister of Karnataka, Ramakrishna Hegde in 1987 as chairman of the committee to study the reorganisation of districts. The report was implemented by J.H. Patel in 1997-98. He is considered instrumental in the creation of Bagalkot district, which was created after separating it from Bijapur. Parvatagouda Gaddigoudar was nominated to The Legislative Council of Karnataka in 1988. However, in 1994, he was unable to secure ticket from Janata Dal and contested the elections to the Assembly as an independent candidate. Just before the elections for the 14th Lok Sabha, Gaddigoudar had denied allegations that he would be leaving All India Progressive Janata Dal (a splinter group of Janata Dal with allegiance to Ramakrishna Hegde) to join the Bharatiya Janata Party. However just before the elections, he did join the Bharatiya Janata Party with his followers and got the party's nomination from Bagalkot Lok Sabha Constituency. He entered the 14th Lok Sabha by securing 459,451 votes while his nearest rival, R.S. Patil of Indian National Congress, secured 292,068. Positions held Member of the Legislative Council of Karnataka 1988 Member of the 14th Lok Sabha Member of the 15th Lok Sabha Member of the Parliamentary Committee on External Affairs Member of the 16th Lok Sabha Member of the 17th Lok Sabha Reference and notes External links Affidavit furnished by Parvatagouda Gaddigoudar to the Election Commission while contesting the Lok Sabha elections Member's home page on Parliament of India's Website 1951 births Living people India MPs 2004–2009 India MPs 2009–2014 People from Bagalkot Members of the Karnataka Legislative Council Lok Sabha members from Karnataka India MPs 2014–2019 Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.%20C.%20Gaddigoudar
David Ogden Watkins (June 8, 1862June 20, 1938) was the acting governor of New Jersey from 1898 to 1899. Biography Watkins was born in Woodbury, New Jersey. He studied law and was admitted to practice in New Jersey in 1893. Watkins' first political foray was mayor of Woodbury, New Jersey, from 1886 to 1890. He later served on the Woodbury City Council from 1892 to 1898, and as president of the council from 1895 to 1897. He served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1887 to 1899 as a Republican. On October 18, 1898, Governor Foster MacGowan Voorhees resigned from office, and Watkins become acting governor in his capacity as Speaker of the New Jersey State Assembly, Serving until January 16, 1899, when Voorhees returned as governor. From 1900 to 1903 he served as the U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey and from 1903 to 1909 he was the state's Commissioner of Banking and Insurance. He died on June 20, 1938, twelve days after his 76th birthday. He was buried in Green Cemetery in Woodbury. See also David Ogden Watkins entry at The Political Graveyard References Republican Party governors of New Jersey Mayors of places in New Jersey Politicians from Woodbury, New Jersey American Protestants Speakers of the New Jersey General Assembly Republican Party members of the New Jersey General Assembly United States Attorneys for the District of New Jersey 1862 births 1938 deaths Burials in New Jersey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Ogden%20Watkins
1920s On August 5, 1921, the first Major League Baseball game was broadcast on the radio by Harold Arlin. Harold Arlin was an engineer for Westinghouse Electric in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Arlin was offered an announcer's job for the KDKA radio station. At the time, this was one of the few radio stations in the country. In 1920, Arlin was asked to read the returns from that year's presidential race. His work in the early 1920s led him to getting a full-time job as an announcer on the radio. Harold Arlin was just 25 years old when he called the action from a box seat at Forbes Field. The game that was played was between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Philadelphia Phillies which ended in an 8–5 Pirates victory. To call the game, he used a converted telephone as a microphone. Arlin worked for a company called KDKA, which was the first commercial radio station in the United States. Arlin soon helped sports broadcasting to become a sensation. Fans were so interested in Arlin's broadcasts that record numbers of fans began traveling to Forbes Field to watch the games. The radio soon became an essential tool for sports fans all over the world. When teams had home games, stores and shops would mount loudspeakers outside so listeners could experience the game on their own time. As the radio developed throughout the 1920s, networks like CBS and NBC established its versatility by their ability to broadcast to an audience. 1930s The majority of the leagues' teams were reluctant to the idea of broadcasting their games. They all feared that fans would rather listen to the game on the radio than go to the ballpark. The fear was so overpowering that radio broadcasting was within one or two votes from being permanently banned. The first-ever televised baseball game aired on May 17, 1939, between Princeton and Columbia. Princeton beat Columbia 2–1 at Columbia's Baker Field. The game was aired on NBC station W2XBS. At the time, this was NBC's experimental station located in New York City, which would ultimately become WNBC. The game was announced by Bill Stern. On August 26 of the same year, the first ever Major League Baseball game was televised once again on W2XBS. With Red Barber announcing, the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Cincinnati Reds played a doubleheader at Ebbets Field. The Reds won the first game 5–2, while the Dodgers won the second game 6–1. Barber called the game without the benefit of a monitor and with only two cameras capturing the game. One camera was placed behind home plate, in the second tier of seating, while another was positioned near the visitors' dugout, on the third-base side. Later that year, Major League Baseball announced that all 16 major league teams were on the radio. 1940s During the Golden Age of Radio, televised sports was something not many people were familiar with. At this time, the radio was still the main form of broadcasting baseball games. Many notable and famous broadcasters such as, Vin Scully, Red Barber, Harry Caray, Ernie Harwell, and Mel Allen. By 1947, television sets were selling almost as fast as they could be produced. For this reason, Major League Baseball teams began televising games which attracted a whole new audience to the ballparks. Casual fans who only rarely followed baseball began going to the games in person and enjoyed themselves. As a result, Major League Baseball's attendance reached a record high of 21 million just a year later. In 1947, The World Series was televised for the first time ever. The games were shown in on NBC over their WNBT channel (now WNBC). The broadcast was sponsored by Gillette and Ford. With only about 100,000 television sets in the country at the time, the 1947 World Series brought in an estimated 3.9 million viewers. Many fans watched the action unfold from bars and other public places. This soon became television's first mass audience. On April 16, 1948, Chicago's WGN-TV (run by Jake Israel) broadcast its first big-league game. Jack Brickhouse called the Chicago White Sox' 4–1 victory over the Chicago Cubs in an exhibition game at Wrigley Field. WGN televised each Cubs and White Sox home game live. According to Brickhouse, 1950s On July 11, 1950, the All-Star Game was televised for the first time from Chicago's Comiskey Park. On November 8, 1950, Commissioner Happy Chandler and player reps agreed on the split of the TV-radio rights from the World Series. On August 11, 1951, WCBS-TV in New York City televised the first baseball game in color using its field-sequential color system. In this game, fans saw the Boston Braves beat the Brooklyn Dodgers by the score of 8–1. On October 1 of that year, NBC aired the first coast-to-coast baseball telecast. The Brooklyn Dodgers were beaten 3-1 by the New York Giants in a tiebreaker game of a playoff series. It was in this game in which Giant's third baseman, Bobby Thomson hit his famous game-winning home run. This clutch home run would later be named the “Shot Heard ’Round the World”. NBC added another first in 1955, when they televised that year's World Series entirely in compatible electronic color. The Dodgers defeated the Yankees that season for their only championship while they were based in Brooklyn. In 1958, KTTV in Los Angeles, California, aired the first regular-season baseball game ever played on the West Coast, a Los Angeles Dodgers-San Francisco Giants game from Seals Stadium in San Francisco, California, with Vin Scully announcing. In its first year airing Major League Baseball, KTTV aired only the Dodgers' road games. What may be the first sports instant replay using videotape occurred on July 17, 1959, during a broadcast of a New York Yankees game by New York TV station WPIX. It came after a hit by Jim McAnany of the Chicago White Sox ended a no-hitter by the Yankees' Ralph Terry. Since the game was being videotaped, broadcaster Mel Allen asked director Terry Murphy to play a tape of McAnany's hit over the air. 1960s On July 23, 1962, Major League Baseball had its first satellite telecast (via Telstar Communications). The telecast included portion of a contest between the Chicago Cubs vs. the Philadelphia Phillies from Wrigley Field with Jack Brickhouse commentating. On July 17, 1964, a game out of Los Angeles between the Chicago Cubs and Los Angeles Dodgers became the first Pay TV baseball game. Basically, subscription television offered the cablecast to subscribers for money. The Dodgers beat the Cubs by the score of 3–2, with Don Drysdale collecting 10 strikeouts along the way. On March 17, 1965, Jackie Robinson became the first black network (ABC) broadcaster for Major League Baseball. That year, ABC provided the first-ever nationwide baseball coverage with weekly Saturday broadcasts on a regional basis. Some time later, Bill White became the first black man to regularly do play-by-play work for Major League Baseball. 1970s On October 13, 1971, the World Series held a night game for the first time. Commissioner Bowie Kuhn, who felt that baseball could attract a larger audience by featuring a prime time telecast (as opposed to a mid-afternoon broadcast, when most fans either worked or attended school), pitched the idea to NBC. An estimated 61 million people watched Game 4 on NBC; TV ratings for a World Series game during the daytime hours would not have approached such a record number. In subsequent years, all weekday games would be played at night. Except for Game 1 in both series, all League Championship Series games in 1975 were regionally televised. Meanwhile, Game 3 of both League Championship Series were aired in prime time, the first time such an occurrence happened. On October 18, 1977, ABC's Bill White became the first African American broadcaster to preside over the presentation of the Commissioner's Trophy at the conclusion of the World Series. 1980s In 1985, NBC's telecast of the All-Star Game out of the Metrodome in Minnesota was the first program to be broadcast in stereo by a TV network. Also in 1985, ABC announced that every game of the World Series would be played under the lights for the biggest baseball audience possible. It marked the first time that all World Series games were played at night. In 1989, NBC's Gayle Gardner became the first woman to regularly host Major League Baseball games for a major television network. 1990s In 1990, CBS Sports' Lesley Visser became the first female to cover the World Series, serving as their lead field reporter. In addition to working the World Series from 1990-1993 for CBS, Visser covered the 1995 World Series for ABC Sports via The Baseball Network. On August 3, 1993, Gayle Gardner became the first woman to do television play-by-play for a Major League Baseball game. It was the Colorado Rockies vs. Cincinnati Reds on KWGN-TV in Denver. Also in 1993, CBS' Andrea Joyce became the first woman to co-host the network television coverage of the World Series. Joyce co-hosted that particular World Series with Pat O'Brien. On October 2, 1995, ESPN televised the first tie-breaker playoff game on cable television. Jon Miller and Joe Morgan called the game from Seattle's Kingdome between the Seattle Mariners and California Angels. In 1995, NBC's Hannah Storm not only became the first woman to serve as solo host a World Series game, but also the first woman to preside over the World Series Trophy presentation. In 1996, ESPN began a five-year contract with Major League Baseball worth $440 million and about $80 million per year. ESPN paid for the rights to a Wednesday doubleheader and the Sunday night Game of the Week, as well as all postseason games not aired on Fox or NBC. As a result, Major League Baseball postseason games were aired on cable for the very first time. On July 8, 1997, Fox televised its first ever All-Star Game (out of Jacobs Field in Cleveland). For this particular game, Fox introduced "Catcher-Cam" in which a camera was affixed to catchers' masks in order to provide unique perspectives of the action around home plate. Catcher-Cam soon would become a regular fixture in Fox's baseball broadcasts. On March 31, 1998, NBC affiliate KXAS presented the first non-experimental high-definition broadcast of a regular-season game, an Opening Day contest between the Chicago White Sox and the Texas Rangers. The White Sox prevailed that day, defeating the Rangers 8–1. 2000s 2001 marked first year of split coverage of one League Championship Series game as well as the first cable involvement in LCS. Game 5 of the NLCS and Game 4 of the ALCS were split between the Fox Broadcasting Company and Fox Sports Net. 2001 also featured the first cable League Division Series game to be aired in prime time. The 2002 World Series, broadcast on Fox, was the first World Series to be broadcast in high-definition. With TBS acquiring rights to air one half of the League Championship Series (the other half going to Fox), 2007 marked the first time that an LCS was broadcast exclusively on cable. It also marked the first time that cable television produced postseason games weren't available on over-the-air television in the participating teams' home markets. Also in 2007, ESPN2 broadcast the Major League Baseball Draft. It was the first time the draft was televised. 2009 marked the first time that Baseball Hall of Fame election ceremony was broadcast live, when MLB Network televised the occasion. Also in 2009, New York Yankees broadcaster Suzyn Waldman became the first woman to work a World Series game from the broadcast booth. 2010s For the first time ever, in 2010, the MLB season opener was televised live in China over five broadcasters reaching nearly 300 million fans. The game was played on April 4, 2010, between the Boston Red Sox and the reigning World Series champion New York Yankees. On August 24, 2015, Jessica Mendoza was the first female analyst for a Major League Baseball game in the history of ESPN, during a game between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Arizona Diamondbacks. On August 30, 2015, Mendoza filled in for suspended color commentator Curt Schilling for the Cubs-Dodgers game on Sunday Night Baseball. Cubs pitcher Jake Arrieta pitched a no hitter in the game. John Kruk, Dan Shulman and Mendoza called the 2015 American League Wild Card Game on October 6, and Mendoza became the first female analyst in MLB postseason history. 2020s On May 13, 2021, Major League Baseball extended their deal with ESPN through the year 2028. The agreement is set to begin at the start of the 2022 season. With this agreement, ESPN will televise 30 regular season games for the next 6 years. In addition, ESPN will also host the annual Home Run Derby and up to 10 spring training games. ESPN has been one of the MLB's biggest partners and it allows for a way for fans to see the biggest match ups of the year. On July 20, 2021, Melanie Newman was the play-by-play announcer as part of the first all-female broadcast team, who called the Baltimore Orioles vs. Tampa Bay Rays game for YouTube. On September 29, 2021, ESPN aired the first nationally televised Major League Baseball broadcast to be called entirely by women. Melanie Newman and Jessica Mendoza called the game in Los Angeles between the Dodgers and San Diego Padres. References Sources Sportscasting Firsts, 1920 - Present Home > Index > Broadcast Firsts > Sports Searchable Network TV Broadcasts Broadcasting Firsts Broadcasting Firsts Firsts	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball%20broadcasting%20firsts
Kach Gandava or Kachi is a low-lying flat region in Balochistan, Pakistan separating the Bugti hills from those of Kalat. Until the end of the 15th century the district had been a dependency of Sindh Around 1500 it was taken by Shah Beg of the Arghun dynasty from the Samma dynasty of Sultan of Sindh and so came under the control of Kandahar.Soon the territory was conquered by the Kalhoras Amirs of Sindh, they were displaced by the Nadir Shah of Persia and made it the part of Kalat Khanate in 1740. Kachhi was notified as a district in February 1965. At that time Naseerabad, Jhal Magsi and Jafarabad districts were included, these were separated in 1987. It is driven, like a wedge, into the frontier mountain system and extends for 150 miles from Jacobabad to Sibi, with nearly as great a breadth at its base on the Sindh frontier. The soil is fertile wherever it can be irrigated by the floods brought down from the surrounding hills; but much of the central portion is sandy waste. It is traversed by the North-Western railway. References Geography of Balochistan, Pakistan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kach%20Gandava
Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani (1959 – December 18, 1998) was a Filipino Islamist militant who was the chief founder and leader of the Abu Sayyaf organization until his death in 1998 by Filipino police. Upon his death his brother, Khadaffy Janjalani, took control of the organization. Janjalani was born on the Philippine island of Basilan to a Tau Sūg father and a Ilonggo Christian mother; his presumed year of birth, 1959, is still subject to dispute. A former teacher, he studied theology and Arabic in Libya, Syria, and Saudi Arabia during the 1980s. When he returned to the Philippines in 1990 Janjalani was able to attract many Muslim youth to join his organization. Janjalani was also allegedly given $6 million by Osama bin Laden to establish the organization as an offshoot of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). Janjalani had allegedly met Bin Laden in Afghanistan in the late 1980s and allegedly fought alongside him against the Soviet Union during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. At the time of his death, he was the country's most wanted man, with a bounty of 1.5 million pesos on his head. References External links Asia Times: "Philippines the second front in war on terror?" Looking for al-Qaeda in the Philippines 1959 births 1998 deaths Tausūg people Abu Sayyaf members Filipino Islamists Filipino Muslims Leaders of Islamic terror groups People from Basilan Salafi jihadists People shot dead by law enforcement officers in the Philippines	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdurajak%20Abubakar%20Janjalani
The Kachhi () is a geographical region of Punjab, Pakistan. It lies between the Thal Desert and the part of Chenab which flows after its confluence with the Jhelum River at Atharan Hazari in Jhang District. Parts of the districts of Kot Addu District and Layyah form this region. See also Kacchi Plain Regions of Punjab, Pakistan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachhi%20%28Punjab%29
Joan Metelerkamp (born 1956), is a South African poet. She was born in Pretoria in 1956 and grew up in Kwazulu-Natal. She was the editor of the poetry journal New Coin from 2000 to 2003. Poetry Towing the Line (in Signs, edited by DR Skinner) (Carrefour, 1992) Stone No More (Gecko Poetry, 1995) Into the Day Breaking (Gecko Poetry, 2000) Floating Islands (Mokoro, 2001) Requiem (Deep South, 2003) Carrying the Fire (substancebooks, 2005) Burnt Offering (Modjaji Books, 2009) References 1956 births Living people South African women poets	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20Metelerkamp
The bilateral relations between Germany and the United Kingdom span hundreds of years, and the countries have been aligned since the end of World War II. Relations were very strong in the Late Middle Ages when the German cities of the Hanseatic League traded with England and Scotland. Before the Unification of Germany in 1871, Britain was often allied in wartime with its dominant Prussia. The royal families often intermarried. The House of Hanover (1714–1837) ruled the small Electorate of Hanover, later the Kingdom of Hanover, as well as Britain. Historians have long focused on the diplomatic and naval rivalries between Germany and Britain after 1871 to search for the root causes of the growing antagonism that led to World War I. In recent years, historians have paid greater attention to the mutual cultural, ideological and technological influences. During the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), Prussia was from some time a British ally; some of the other German states had supported France. Germany, as the German Empire, fought against the United Kingdom and its allies in World War I between 1914 and 1918. Germany, as Nazi Germany, again fought the United Kingdom and allied forces in World War II between 1939 and 1945. Germany was defeated by the United Kingdom and its allies in both wars. Following the defeat of Nazi Germany, Germany was occupied by the allied forces, including the United Kingdom, from 1945 to 1955. Following this, the country was divided into West Germany and East Germany. The United Kingdom became close allies with West Germany during the Cold War, through West Germany's integration into the 'Western world'. For example, through the United States-led defence partnership, NATO, as Britain said that a Soviet incursion into Germany or a nuclear strike would be met with British fire, or nuclear retaliation. Contrastingly, relations between East Germany and the United Kingdom were poor due to East Germany being allied to the Soviet Union during the Cold War. West Germany was a founding member of the European Communities, later to become the European Union, which the United Kingdom joined in 1973. West Germany and the United Kingdom were some of the most powerful countries in the organisation, both having significant influence on its development. Germany broadly favoured European integration, whereas the United Kingdom generally opposed it. East and West Germany reunified following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 which marked the end of the Cold War, which led to East Germany sharing the superior relationship with the United Kingdom which it had developed with West Germany. Through membership of the European Union, trade and cooperation with the United Kingdom significantly increased in many areas, particularly in research and development which has created enduring links between the science and university communities of Germany and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is the second largest consumer of German motor vehicles after Germany itself. In a referendum on continued membership of the European Union in 2016, the United Kingdom voted to withdraw from the European Union and left the bloc on 31 January 2020 after 47 years of membership. Despite a slight reduction in trade afterwards, relations still remain strong in many areas. Their joint response to the current war in Ukraine has reinforced this. UK Government data reports 126,000 German nationals were living in the United Kingdom in 2013 and German Government data reports 107,000 British nationals living in Germany in 2016. Historical connections Shared heritage English and German are both West Germanic languages. Modern English has diverged significantly after absorbing more French influence after 1066. English has its roots in the languages spoken by Germanic peoples from mainland Europe, more specifically various peoples came from what is now the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark, including a people called the Angles after whom the English are named. Many everyday words in English are of Germanic origin and are similar to their German counterparts, and more intellectual and formal words are of French, Latin or Greek origin, but German tends to form calques of many of these. English has become a dominant world language and is widely studied in Germany. German, in the 19th and the early 20th centuries, was an important language of science and technology, but it has now largely lost that role. In English schools, German was a niche language and much less important than French. German is no longer widely studied in Britain, except at the A-level in secondary schools. Trade and Hanseatic League There is a long history of trade relations between the Germans and the British. The Hanseatic League was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds, and its market towns dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe. It stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea in the 13th to the 17th centuries, and it included London. The main centre was Lübeck. The League facilitated trade between London and its numerous cities, most of them controlled by German merchants. It also opened up trade with the Baltic. Royal family Until the late 17th century, marriages between the English and German royal families were uncommon. Empress Matilda, the daughter of Henry I of England, was married between 1114 and 1125 to Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, but they had no issue. In 1256, Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall, was elected King of Germany, and his sons were surnamed Almain. Throughout this period, the steelyard of London was a typical German business settlement. German mercenaries were hired in the Wars of the Roses. Anne of Cleves was the consort of Henry VIII, but it was not until William III of England that a king of German origin came to reign, from the House of Nassau. Queen Anne was the consort of his successor Prince George of Denmark, from the House of Oldenburg, who had no surviving children. In 1714, George I, a German-speaking Hanoverian prince of mixed British and German descent, ascended to the British throne, founding the House of Hanover. For over a century, Britain's monarchs were also rulers of Hanover (first as Prince Electors of the Holy Roman Empire and then as Kings of Hanover). There was only a personal union, and both countries remained quite separate, but the king lived in London. British leaders often complained that Kings George I, who barely spoke any English, and George II were heavily involved in Hanover and distorted British foreign policy for the benefit of Hanover, a small, poor, rural and unimportant country in Western Europe. In contrast, King George III never visited Hanover in the 60 years (1760–1820) that he ruled it. Hanover was occupied by France during the Napoleonic Wars, but some Hanoverian troops fled to England to form the King's German Legion, an ethnic German unit in the British army. The personal link with Hanover finally ended in 1837, with the accession of Queen Victoria to the British throne, while obtaining Heligoland from Denmark. The semi-Salic law prevented her from being on the throne of Hanover since a male relative was available. Every British monarch from George I to George V in the 20th century took a German consort. Queen Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and married her first cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1840. Their daughter, Princess Victoria, married Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia in 1858, who became Crown Prince three years later. Both were liberals, admired Britain and detested German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, but Bismarck had the ear of the elderly German Emperor Wilhelm I, who died in 1888. Friedrich Wilhelm now became Emperor Fredrich III until he died only 99 days later, and Princess Victoria became Empress of Germany. Her son became Emperor Wilhelm II and forced Bismarck to retire two years later. Wilhelm II (1888–1918) Wilhelm, the grandson of Queen Victoria, had a love-hate relationship with Britain. He visited it often and was well known in its higher circles, but he recklessly promoted the great expansion of the Imperial German Navy, which was a potential threat that the British government could not overlook. A humiliating crisis came in the Daily Telegraph Affair of 1908. While on an extended visit to Britain, the Kaiser gave a long interview to the Daily Telegraph that was full of bombast, exaggeration and vehement protestations of love for Britain. He ridiculed the British populace as "mad, mad as March hares" for questioning the peaceful intentions of Germany and its sincere desire for peace with England, but he admitted that the German populace was "not friendly" toward England. The interview caused a sensation around Europe, demonstrating the Kaiser was utterly incompetent in diplomatic affairs. The British had already decided that Wilhelm was at least somewhat mentally disturbed and saw the interview as further evidence of his unstable personality, rather than an indication of official German hostility. The affair was much more serious in Germany, where he was nearly unanimously ridiculed. He thereafter played mostly a ceremonial role in major state affairs. The British Royal family retained the German surname von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha until 1917, when, in response to anti-German feelings during World War I, it was legally changed to the more British name House of Windsor. In the same year, all members of the British Royal Family gave up their German titles, and all German relatives who were fighting against the British in the war were stripped of their British titles by the Titles Deprivation Act 1917. Intellectual influences Ideas flowed back and forth between the two nations. Refugees from Germany's repressive regimes often settled in Britain, most notably Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Advances in technology were shared, as in chemistry. Over 100,000 German immigrants also came to Britain. Germany was perhaps one of the world's main centres for innovative social ideas in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. The British Liberal welfare reforms, around 1910, led by the Liberals H. H. Asquith and David Lloyd George, adopted Bismarck's system of social welfare. Ideas on town planning were also exchanged. Diplomacy The British Foreign Office at first was poorly served by a series of ambassadors who provided only superficial reports on the dramatic internal German developments of the 1860s. That changed with the appointment of Odo Russell (1871–1884), who developed a close rapport with Bismarck and provided in depth coverage of German developments. Britain gave passive support to the unification under Prussian domination for strategic, ideological and business reasons. The German Empire was considered a useful counterbalance on the Continent to both France and Russia, the two powers that worried Britain the most. The threat from France in the Mediterranean and from Russia in Central Asia could be neutralised by a judicious relationship with Germany. The new nation would be a stabilising force, and Bismarck especially promoted his role in stabilising Europe and in preventing any major war on the continent. British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone, however, was always suspicious of Germany, disliked its authoritarianism and feared that it would eventually start a war with a weaker neighbour. The ideological gulf was stressed by Lord Arthur Russell in 1872: Prussia now represents all that is most antagonistic to the liberal and democratic ideas of the age; military despotism, the rule of the sword, contempt for sentimental talk, indifference to human suffering, imprisonment of independent opinion, transfer by force of unwilling populations to a hateful yoke, disregard of European opinion, total want of greatness and generosity, etc., etc." Britain was looking inward and avoided picking any disputes with Germany but made it clear, in the "war in sight" crisis of 1875, that it would not tolerate a pre-emptive war by Germany on France. Colonies Bismarck built a complex network of European alliances that kept the peace in the 1870s and 1880s. The British were building up their empire, but Bismarck strongly opposed colonies as too expensive. When public opinion and elite demand finally made him, in the 1880s, grab colonies in Africa and the Pacific, he ensured that conflicts with Britain were minimal. Improvement and worsening of relations Relations between Britain and Germany improved as the key policymakers, Prime Minister Lord Salisbury and Chancellor Bismarck, were both realistic conservatives and largely both agreed on policies. There were even several proposals for a formal treaty relationship between Germany and Britain, but they went nowhere, as Britain preferred to stand in what it called "splendid isolation." Nevertheless, a series of developments steadily improved their relations down to 1890, when Bismarck was pushed out by the aggressive Wilhelm II. Coming to power in 1888, the young Wilhelm dismissed Bismarck in 1890 and sought aggressively to increase Germany's influence in the world. Foreign policy was controlled by the erratic Kaiser, who played an increasingly-reckless hand and by the leadership of Friedrich von Holstein, a powerful civil servant in the Foreign Office. Wilhelm argued that a long-term coalition between France and Russia had to fall apart, Russia and Britain would never get together and Britain would eventually seek an alliance with Germany. Russia could not get Germany to renew its mutual treaties and so formed a closer relationship with France in the 1894 Franco-Russian Alliance since both were worried about German aggression. Britain refused to agree to the formal alliance that Germany sought. Since Germany's analysis was mistaken on every point, the nation was increasingly dependent on the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy. That was undermined by the ethnic diversity of Austria-Hungary and its differences with Italy. The latter, in 1915, would switch sides. In January 1896 Wilhelm escalated tensions with his Kruger telegram, congratulating Boer President Kruger of the Transvaal for beating off the Jameson raid. German officials in Berlin had managed to stop the Kaiser from proposing a German protectorate over the Transvaal. In the Second Boer War, Germany sympathised with the Boers. German Foreign Minister Bernhard von Bülow called for Weltpolitik (World politics). It was the new policy to assert its claim to be a global power. Bismarck's conservativism was abandoned, as Germany was intent on challenging and upsetting international order. Thereafter relations deteriorated steadily. Britain began to see Germany as a hostile force and moved to friendlier relationships with France. Naval race The Royal Navy dominated the globe in the 19th century, but after 1890, Germany attempted to achieve parity. The resulting naval race heightened tensions between the two nations. In 1897 Admiral Tirpitz became German Naval Secretary of State and began the transformation of German Navy from small, coastal defence force to a fleet that was meant to challenge British naval power. Tirpitz calls for Risikoflotte (Risk Fleet) that would make it too risky for Britain to take on Germany, as part of a wider bid to alter the international balance of power decisively in Germany's favour. The German Navy, under Tirpitz, had ambitions to rival the great British Navy and dramatically expanded its fleet in the early 20th century to protect the colonies and to exert power worldwide. Tirpitz started a programme of warship construction in 1898. In 1890, to protect its new fleet. Germany traded the strategic island of Heligoland in the North Sea with Britain. In exchange, Britain gained the Eastern African island of Zanzibar, where it proceeded to construct a naval base. The British, however, were always well ahead in the naval race and introduced the highly advanced Dreadnought battleship in 1907. Two Moroccan crises In the First Moroccan Crisis of 1905, there was nearly war between Germany against Britain and France over a French attempt to establish a protectorate over Morocco. The Germans were upset at not being informed. Wilhelm made a highly provocative speech for Moroccan independence. The following year, a conference was held at Algeciras in which all of the European powers except Austria-Hungary (now increasingly seen as little more than a German satellite) sided with France. A compromise was brokered by the United States for the French to relinquish some of their control over Morocco. In 1911, France prepared to send more troops into Morocco. German Foreign Minister Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter was not opposed to that if Germany had compensation elsewhere in Africa, in the French Congo. He sent a small warship, the SMS Panther, to Agadir, made saber-rattling threats and whipped up anger by German nationalists. France and Germany soon agreed on a compromise, with France gaining control of Morocco and Germany gaining some of the French Congo. The British cabinet, however, was angry and alarmed at Germany's aggression. Lloyd George made a dramatic "Mansion House" speech that denounced the German move as an intolerable humiliation. There was talk of war until Germany backed down, and relations remained sour. Start of World War I The Liberal Party controlled the British government in 1914 and was averse to war with anyone and wanted to remain neutral as the First World War suddenly erupted in July 1914. Since relations with Germany regarding colonies and the naval race had improved in 1914 it did not expect trouble. However Liberal Prime Minister H.H. Asquith and especially Foreign Minister Edward Grey were committed to defending France, which was weaker than Germany. The Conservative Party was very hostile to Germany as a threat both to Britain and to France. The emerging Labour Party and other socialists denounced the war as a capitalist device to maximize profits. In 1907, the leading German expert in the Foreign Office, Eyre Crowe, wrote a memorandum for senior officials that warned vigorously against German intentions. Crowe argued that Berlin wanted "hegemony... in Europe, and eventually in the world". Crowe argued that Germany presented a threat to the balance of power as that of Napoleon. Germany would expand its power unless the 1904 Entente Cordiale with France was upgraded to a full military alliance. Crowe was taken seriously, especially because he was born in Germany. During 1914 undocumented mission, diplomat Baron Sir Tyrrell on behalf negotiate an trade agreements and military alliance with Second Reich. In Germany, left-wing parties, especially the SPD or Socialist Party, in the 1912 German election, won a third of the vote and the most seats for the first time. German historian Fritz Fischer famously argued that the Junkers, who dominated Germany, wanted an external war to distract the population and to whip up patriotic support for the government. Other scholars, like Niall Ferguson, think that German conservatives were ambivalent about war and that they worried that losing a war would have disastrous consequences and that even a successful war might alienate the population if it was long or difficult. In explaining why neutral Britain went to war with Germany, Paul Kennedy, in The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914 (1980), argued Germany had become economically more powerful than Britain. Kennedy downplayed the disputes over economic trade and imperialism. There had long been disputes over the Baghdad Railway which Germany proposed to build through the Ottoman Empire. An amicable compromise on the railway was reached in early 1914 so it played no role in starting the July Crisis. Germany relied upon time and again on sheer military power, but Britain began to appeal to moral sensibilities. Germany saw its invasion of Belgium as a necessary military tactic, and Britain saw it as a profound moral crime, a major cause of British entry into the war. Kennedy argues that by far the main reason for the war was London's fear that a repeat of 1870, when Prussia led other German states to smash France, would mean Germany, with a powerful army and navy, would control the English Channel and northwestern France. British policymakers thought that would be a catastrophe for British security. In 1839, Britain, Prussia, France, and the Netherlands agreed to the Treaty of London that guaranteed the neutrality of Belgium. Germany violated that treaty in 1914, with its chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg ridiculing the treaty a "scrap of paper". That ensured that Liberals would join Conservatives in calling for war. Historian Zara Steiner says that in response to the German invasion of Belgium: The public mood did change. Belgium proved to be a catalyst which unleashed the many emotions, rationalizations, and glorifications of war which had long been part of the British climate of opinion. Having a moral cause, all the latent anti-German feelings, that by years of naval rivalry and assumed enmity, rose to the surface. The 'scrap of paper' proved decisive both in maintaining the unity of the government and then in providing a focal point for public feeling. Allied victory The great German offensive on the Western Front in spring 1918 almost succeeded. The Germans broke through into open country but outran their supplies and artillery support. By summer 1918, American soldiers were arriving on the front at 10,000 a day, but Germany was unable to replace its casualties and its army shrank every day. A series of huge battles in September and October produced sweeping Allied victories, and the German High Command, under Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg, saw it had lost and told Wilhelm to abdicate and go into exile. In November, the new republic negotiated an armistice, hoping to obtain lenient terms based on the Fourteen Points of US President Woodrow Wilson. Instead, the terms amounted almost to a surrender: Allied forces occupied Germany up the River Rhine, and Germany was required to disarm, losing its war gains, colonies and navy. By keeping the food blockade in place, the Allies were determined to starve Germany until it agreed to peace terms. In the 1918 election, only days later, British Prime Minister Lloyd George promised to impose a harsh treaty on Germany. At the Paris Peace Conference in early 1919, however, Lloyd George was much more moderate than France and Italy, but he still agreed to force Germany to admit starting the war and to commit to paying the entire cost of the Allies in the war, including veterans' benefits and interest. Interwar From 1920 to 1933, Britain and Germany were on generally good terms, as shown by the Locarno Treaties and the Kellogg–Briand Pact, which helped reintegrate Germany into Europe. At the 1922 Genoa Conference, Britain clashed openly with France over the amount of reparations to be collected from Germany. In 1923, France occupied the Ruhr industrial area of Germany after Germany defaulted in its reparations. Britain condemned the French move and largely supported Germany in the Ruhrkampf (Ruhr Struggle) between the Germans and the French. In 1924, Britain forced France to make major reductions on the number of reparations Germany had to pay. The Dawes Plan (1924–1929) stabilised the German currency and lowered reparations payments, allowing Germany to access capital markets (mostly American) for the money it owed the Allies in reparations, although the payments came at the price of a high foreign debt. Much of the money returned to Britain, which then paid off its American loans. From 1931, German payments to Britain were suspended. Eventually, in 1951, West Germany would pay off the World War I reparations that it owed to Britain. With the coming to power of Hitler and the Nazis in 1933, relations worsened. In 1934, a secret report by the British Defence Requirements Committee called Germany the "ultimate potential enemy against whom all our 'long range' defence policy must be directed," and called for an expeditionary force of five mechanised divisions and fourteen infantry divisions. However, budget restraints prevented the formation of a large force. In 1935, the two nations agreed to the Anglo-German Naval Agreement to avoid a repeat of the pre-1914 naval race. By 1936, appeasement was British effort to prevent war or at least to postpone it until the British military was ready. Appeasement has been the subject of intense debate for 70 years by academics, politicians and diplomats. Historians' assessments have ranged from condemnation for allowing Hitler's Germany to grow too strong to the judgement that it was in Britain's best interests and that there was no alternative. At the time, the concessions were very popular, especially the Munich Agreement in 1938 of Germany, Britain, France and Italy. World War II Germany and Britain fought each other from the British declaration of war, in September 1939, to the German surrender, in May 1945. The war continues to loom large in the British public memory. At the beginning of the war, Germany crushed Poland. In spring 1940, Germany astonished the world by quickly invading the Low Countries and France, driving the British army off the Continent and seizing most of its weapons, vehicles and supplies. War was brought to the British skies in the Battle of Britain in late summer 1940, but the aerial assault was repulsed, which stopped Operation Sealion, the plans for the invasion of Britain. The British Empire was standing alone against Germany, but the United States greatly funded and supplied the British. In December 1941, United States entered the war against Germany and Japan after the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan, which also later overwhelmed British outposts in the Pacific from Hong Kong to Singapore. The Allied invasion of France on D-Day in June 1944 as well as strategic bombing and land forces all contributed to the final defeat of Germany. Since 1945 Occupation As part of the Yalta and Potsdam agreements, Britain took control of its own sector in occupied Germany. It soon merged its sector with the American and French sectors, and that territory became the independent nation of West Germany in 1949. The British played a central role in the Nuremberg trials of major war criminals in 1946. In Berlin, the British, American, and French zones were joined into West Berlin, and the four occupying powers kept official control of the city until 1991. Much of Germany's industrial plant fell within the British zone and there was trepidation that rebuilding the old enemy's industrial powerhouse would eventually prove a danger to British security and compete with the battered British economy. One solution was to build up a strong, free trade union movement in Germany. Another was to rely primarily on American money, through the Marshall Plan, that modernised both the British and German economies, and reduced traditional barriers to trade and efficiency. It was Washington, not London, that pushed Germany and France to reconcile and join in the Schumann Plan of 1950 by which they agreed to pool their coal and steel industries. Cold War With the United States taking the lead, Britain with its Royal Air Force played a major supporting role in providing food and coal to Berlin in the Berlin airlift of 1948–1949. The airlift broke the Soviet blockade which was designed to force the Western Allies out of the city. In 1955, West Germany joined NATO, while East Germany joined the Warsaw Pact. Britain at this point did not officially recognise East Germany. However the left wing of the Labour Party, breaking with the anti-communism of the postwar years, called for its recognition. This call heightened tensions between the British Labour Party and the German Social Democratic Party (SPD). After 1955, Britain decided to rely on relatively inexpensive nuclear weapons as a deterrent against the Soviet Union, and a way to reduce its very expensive troop commitments in West Germany. London gained support from Washington and went ahead with the reductions while insisting it was maintaining its commitment to the defence of Western Europe. Britain made two applications for membership in the Common Market (European Community). It failed in the face of the French veto in 1961, but its reapplication in 1967 was eventually successful, with negotiations being concluded in 1972. The diplomatic support of West Germany proved decisive. In 1962, Britain secretly assured Poland of its acceptance of the latter's western boundary. West Germany had been ambiguous about the matter. Britain had long been uneasy with West Germany's insistence on the provisional nature of the boundary. On the other hand, it was kept secret so as not to antagonise Britain's key ally in its quest to enter the European Community. In 1970, the West German government under Chancellor Willy Brandt, the former mayor of West Berlin, signed a treaty with Poland recognizing and guaranteeing the borders of Poland. Reunification In 1990, United Kingdom prime minister Margaret Thatcher at first opposed German reunification but eventually accepted the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany. Since 1945, Germany hosts several British military installations in Western part of the country as part of British Forces Germany. Both countries are members of NATO, and share strong economic ties. David McAllister, the former minister-president of the German state of Lower Saxony, son of a Scottish father and a German mother, holds British and German citizenship. Similarly, the former leader of the Scottish National Party in the British House of Commons, Angus Robertson is half German, as his mother was from Germany. Robertson speaks fluent German and English. In 1996, Britain and Germany established a shared embassy building in Reykjavik. Celebrations to open the building were held on 2 June 1996 and attended by the British Foreign Secretary at the time, Malcolm Rifkind, and the then Minister of State at the German Foreign Ministry, Werner Hoyer, and the Icelandic Foreign Minister Halldór Ásgrímsson. The commemorative plaque in the building records that it is "the first purpose built co-located British-German chancery building in Europe". Twinnings Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire and Regensburg, Bavaria Aberystwyth, Ceredigion and Kronberg im Taunus, Hesse Abingdon, Oxfordshire and Schongau, Bavaria Amersham, Buckinghamshire and Bensheim, Hesse Ashford, Kent and Bad Münstereifel, North Rhine-Westphalia Barking and Dagenham, London and Witten, North Rhine-Westphalia Barnet, London and Tempelhof-Schöneberg, Berlin Barnsley, South Yorkshire and Schwäbisch Gmünd, Baden-Württemberg Basingstoke, Hampshire and Euskirchen, North Rhine-Westphalia Bath, Somerset and Braunschweig, Lower Saxony Bedford, Bedfordshire and Bamberg, Bavaria Belfast and Bonn, North Rhine Westphalia Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire and Lemgo, North Rhine Westphalia Biggleswade, Bedfordshire and , Erlensee, Main-Kinzig-Kreis Birmingham and Frankfurt, Hesse Blackpool and Bottrop, North Rhine-Westphalia Blyth, Northumberland and Solingen, North Rhine-Westphalia Bolton, Greater Manchester and Paderborn, North Rhine-Westphalia Bracknell, Berkshire and Leverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia Brentwood, Essex and Roth bei Nürnberg, Bavaria Bristol and Hanover, Lower Saxony Bromley, London and Neuwied, Rhineland-Palatinate Cambridge, Cambridgeshire and Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg Cannock, Staffordshire and Datteln, Baden-Württemberg Cardiff, South Glamorgan and Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg Carlisle, Cumbria and Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein Chelmsford, Essex and Backnang, Baden-Württemberg Cheltenham, Gloucestershire and Trier, Moselle Chesham, Buckinghamshire and Friedrichsdorf, Hesse Chester, Cheshire and Lörrach, Baden-Württemberg Chesterfield, Derbyshire and Darmstadt, Hesse Christchurch, Dorset and Aalen, Baden-Württemberg Cirencester, Gloucestershire and Itzehoe, Schleswig-Holstein Cleethorpes, North East Lincolnshire and Königswinter, North Rhine-Westphalia Colchester, Essex and Wetzlar, Hesse Coventry, West Midlands and Dresden, Saxony, and Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein Crawley, West Sussex and Dorsten, North Rhine-Westphalia Darlington, County Durham and Mülheim an der Ruhr, North Rhine-Westphalia Derby, Derbyshire and Osnabrück, Lower Saxony Devizes, Wiltshire and Waiblingen, Baden-Württemberg Dronfield, Derbyshire and Sindelfingen, Baden-Württemberg Dundee and Würzburg, Bavaria Dunfermline and Wilhelmshaven, Lower Saxony Durham and Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg Ealing, London and Steinfurt, North Rhine-Westphalia Edinburgh and Munich, Bavaria Elgin, Moray and Landshut, Bavaria Ellesmere Port, Cheshire and Reutlingen, Baden-Württemberg Enniskillen, County Fermanagh and Brackwede, Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia Epping, Essex and Eppingen, Baden-Württemberg Exeter, Devon and Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Hesse Fareham, Hampshire and Pulheim, North Rhine-Westphalia Felixstowe, Suffolk and Wesel, North Rhine-Westphalia Glasgow and Nuremberg, Bavaria Glossop, Derbyshire and Bad Vilbel, Hesse Gloucester, Gloucestershire and Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate Grantham, Lincolnshire and Sankt Augustin, North Rhine-Westphalia Greenwich, London and Reinickendorf, Berlin Guildford, Surrey and Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg Halifax, West Yorkshire and Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia Hammersmith and Fulham, London and Neukölln, Berlin Hartlepool, County Durham and Hückelhoven, North Rhine-Westphalia Havering, London and Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Rhineland-Palatinate Hemel Hempstead and Dacorum, Hertfordshire and Neu Isenburg, Hesse Hereford, Herefordshire and Dillenburg, Hesse Herne Bay, Kent and Waltrop, North Rhine-Westphalia High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire and Kelkheim, Hesse Hillingdon, London and Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein Hinckley, Leicestershire and Herford, North Rhine-Westphalia Hitchin, Hertfordshire and Bingen am Rhein, Rhineland-Palatinate Hurst Green, East Sussex and Ellerhoop, Schleswig-Holstein Inverness, Scotland and Augsburg, Bavaria Kendal, Cumbria and Rinteln, Lower Saxony Kettering, Northamptonshire and Lahnstein, Rhineland-Palatinate Kidderminster, Worcestershire and Husum, Schleswig-Holstein Kilmarnock, Ayrshire and Kulmbach, Bavaria King's Lynn, Norfolk and Emmerich am Rhein, North Rhine-Westphalia Kirkcaldy, Fife and Ingolstadt, Bavaria Knaresborough, North Yorkshire and Bebra, Hesse Lancaster, Lancashire and Rendsburg, Schleswig-Holstein Leeds, West Yorkshire and Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia Leicester, Leicestershire and Krefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia Leven, Fife and Holzminden, Lower Saxony Lewisham, London and Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Berlin Lichfield, Staffordshire and Limburg an der Lahn, Hesse Lincoln, Lincolnshire and Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Rhineland-Palatinate Littlehampton, West Sussex and Durmersheim, Baden-Württemberg Liverpool and Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia London and Berlin Loughborough and Schwäbisch Hall Luton, Bedfordshire and Bergisch Gladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia Maidenhead, Berkshire and Bad Godesberg, North Rhine-Westphalia Manchester and Chemnitz, Saxony Margate, Kent and Idar-Oberstein, Rhineland-Palatinate Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire and Oberhausen, North Rhine-Westphalia Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire and Bernkastel-Kues, Rhineland-Palatinate Morley, West Yorkshire and Siegen, North Rhine-Westphalia Motherwell, Lanarkshire and Schweinfurt, Bavaria Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear and Gelsenkirchen, North Rhine-Westphalia Northampton, Northamptonshire and Marburg, Hesse Norwich, Norfolk and Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate Nottingham, Nottinghamshire and Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg Nuneaton and Bedworth, Warwickshire and Cottbus, Brandenburg Oakham, Rutland and Barmstedt, Schleswig-Holstein Oxford, Oxfordshire and Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia Paisley, Renfrewshire and Fürth, Bavaria Perth, Perth and Kinross and Aschaffenburg, Bavaria Peterlee, County Durham and Nordenham, Lower Saxony Portsmouth, Hampshire and Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia Potton, Bedfordshire and Langenlonsheim, Rhineland-Palatinate Preston, Lancashire and Recklinghausen, North Rhine-Westphalia Prestwick, South Ayrshire and Lichtenfels, Bavaria Reading, Berkshire and Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia Redcar and Cleveland, North Yorkshire and Troisdorf, North Rhine-Westphalia Reigate, Surrey and Eschweiler, North Rhine-Westphalia Richmond upon Thames, London and Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg Rossendale, Lancashire and Bocholt, North Rhine-Westphalia Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent and Wiesbaden, Hesse Borough of Runnymede, Surrey and Bergisch Gladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia Rushmoor, Hampshire and Oberursel, Hesse Sheffield, South Yorkshire and Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia Skipton, North Yorkshire and Simbach am Inn, Bavaria Solihull, West Midlands and Main-Taunus-Kreis, Hesse South Tyneside, Tyne and Wear and Wuppertal, North Rhine-Westphalia Spalding, Lincolnshire and Speyer, Rhineland-Palatinate St Albans, Hertfordshire and Worms, Rhineland-Palatinate St. Helens, Merseyside and Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg Stafford, Staffordshire and Dreieich, Hesse Stevenage, Hertfordshire and Ingelheim am Rhein, Bielefeld, Rhineland-Palatinate Stockport, Greater Manchester and Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire and Erlangen, Bavaria Sunderland, Tyne and Wear and Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia Sutton, London and Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Berlin, and Minden, North Rhine-Westphalia Swansea, West Glamorgan and Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg Todmorden, West Yorkshire and Bramsche, Lower Saxony Torbay, Devon and Hamelin, Lower Saxony Thurso, Caithness and Brilon, North Rhine-Westphalia Truro, Cornwall and Boppard, North Rhine-Westphalia Uckfield, East Sussex and Quickborn, Pinneberg, Schleswig-Holstein Wallingford, Oxfordshire and Bad Wurzach, Baden-Württemberg Waltham Forest, London and Wandsbek, Hamburg Wantage, Oxfordshire and Seesen, Lower Saxony Ware, Hertfordshire and Wülfrath, North Rhine-Westphalia Warwick, Warwickshire and Verden (Aller), Lower Saxony Waverley, Surrey and Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate Waterlooville, Hampshire and Henstedt-Ulzburg, Schleswig-Holstein Watford, Hertfordshire and Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate Wellingborough, Northamptonshire and Wittlich, Rhineland-Palatinate Weston-super-Mare, North Somerset and Hildesheim, Lower Saxony Weymouth, Dorset and Holzwickede, North Rhine-Westphalia Whitstable, Kent and Borken, North Rhine-Westphalia Isle of Wight and Coburg, Bavaria Windsor, Berkshire and Goslar, Lower Saxony Witney, Oxfordshire and Unterhaching, Bavaria Woking, Surrey and Rastatt, Baden-Württemberg Wokingham, Berkshire and Erftstadt, North Rhine-Westphalia Worcester, Worcestershire and Kleve, North Rhine-Westphalia Workington, Cumbria and Selm, North Rhine-Westphalia York, North Yorkshire and Münster', North Rhine-Westphalia See also Foreign relations of Germany Foreign relations of the United Kingdom Anglo-German naval arms race Causes of World War I German entry into World War I History of German foreign policy International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919) Timeline of British diplomatic history Anglo-German Fellowship Anglo-Prussian alliance Centre for Anglo-German Cultural Relations British Forces Germany Two World Wars and One World Cup England–Germany football rivalry British migration to Germany Germans in the United Kingdom References Further reading Adams, R. J. Q. British Politics and Foreign Policy in the Age of Appeasement, 1935–1939 (1993) Albrecht-Carrie, Rene. A Diplomatic History of Europe since the Congress of Vienna (1958), passim online Anderson, Pauline Relyea. The background of anti-English feeling in Germany, 1890–1902 (1939). online Aydelotte, William Osgood. "The First German Colony and Its Diplomatic Consequences." Cambridge Historical Journal 5#3 (1937): 291–313. online, South-West Africa Bartlett, C. J. British Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century (1989) Brandenburg, Erich. From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914 (1928) online Carroll, E. Malcolm. Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914 : a study in public opinion and foreign policy (1938), 855pp; highly detailed diplomatic history Dunn, J.S. The Crowe Memorandum: Sir Eyre Crowe and Foreign Office Perceptions of Germany, 1918–1925 (2012). excerpt , on British policy toward Germany Faber, David. Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II (2009) excerpt and text search Frederick, Suzanne Y. "The Anglo-German Rivalry, 1890–1914," pp 306–336 in William R. Thompson, ed. Great power rivalries (1999) online Geppert, Dominik, and Robert Gerwarth, eds. Wilhelmine Germany and Edwardian Britain: Essays on Cultural Affinity (2009) Gifford, Prosser and William Roger Louis. Britain and Germany in Africa: Imperial rivalry and colonial rule (1967). Görtemaker, Manfred. Britain and Germany in the Twentieth Century (2005). Hale, Oron James. Publicity and Diplomacy: With special reference to England and Germany, 1890–1914 (1940) online. Harris, David. "Bismarck's Advance to England, January, 1876." Journal of Modern History 3.3 1931): 441–456. online Hilderbrand, Klaus. German Foreign Policy from Bismarck to Adenauer (1989; reprint 2013), 272pp Hoerber, Thomas. "Prevail or perish: Anglo-German naval competition at the beginning of the twentieth century," European Security (2011) 20#1, pp. 65–79. Horn, David Bayne. Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century (1967) covers 1603–1702; pp 144–77 for Prussia; pp 178–200 for other Germany; 111-43 for Austria Kennedy, Paul M. "Idealists and realists: British views of Germany, 1864–1939," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 25 (1975) pp: 137–56; compares the views of idealists (pro-German) and realists (anti-German) Kennedy, Paul. The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860–1914 (London, 1980) excerpt and text search; influential synthesis; 600pp Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1987), pp 194–260. online free to borrow Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of British Naval mastery (1976) pp 205–38. Kennedy, Paul M. "Idealists and realists: British views of Germany, 1864–1939." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 25 (1975): 137–156. online Lambi, I. The navy and German power politics, 1862–1914 (1984). Langer William L. European Alliances and Alignments: 1871–1890 (2nd ed. 1956) online Langer William L. The Diplomacy Of Imperialism (1890–1902) (1960) online Major, Patrick. "Britain and Germany: A Love-Hate Relationship?" German History, October 2008, Vol. 26 Issue 4, pp. 457–468. Massie, Robert K. Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War (1991); popular history Milton, Richard. Best of Enemies: Britain and Germany: 100 Years of Truth and Lies (2004), popular history covers 1845–1945 focusing on public opinion and propaganda; 368pp excerpt and text search Mowat, R.B. A History Of European Diplomacy 1914–1925 (1927) online Neilson, Francis. "Bismarck's Relations With England." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 9.3 (1950): 293–306. online Neville P. Hitler and Appeasement: The British Attempt to Prevent the Second World War (2005). Oltermann, Philip. Keeping Up With the Germans: A History of Anglo-German Encounters (2012) excerpt; explores historical encounters between prominent Britons and Germans to show the contrasting approaches to topics from language and politics to sex and sport. Otte, Thomas G. "'The Winston of Germany': The British Foreign Policy Élite and the Last German Emperor." Canadian Journal of History 36.3 (2001): 471–504. Negative views on Kaiser Wilhelm's mental stability. Padfield, Peter The Great Naval Race: Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 1900–1914 (2005) Palmer, Alan. Crowned Cousins: The Anglo-German Royal Connection (London, 1985). Ramsden, John. Don’t Mention the War: The British and the Germans since 1890 (London, 2006). Reinermann, Lothar. "Fleet Street and the Kaiser: British public opinion and Wilhelm II." German History 26.4 (2008): 469–485. Reynolds, David. Britannia Overruled: British Policy and World Power in the Twentieth Century (2nd ed. 2000) excerpt and text search, major survey of British foreign policy Rich, Norman. Great Power Diplomacy, 1814–1914 (1992), passim. Rüger, Jan. The Great Naval Game: Britain and Germany in the Age of Empire (Cambridge, 2007). Rüger, Jan. "Revisiting the Anglo-German Antagonism," Journal of Modern History (2011) 83#3, pp. 579–617 in JSTOR Schmitt, Bernadotte E. England and Germany, 1740–1914 (1918) online. Scully, Richard. British Images of Germany: Admiration, Antagonism, and Ambivalence, 1860–1914 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) 375pp Seton-Watson, R. W. Britain in Europe, 1789–1914. (1938); comprehensive history online Sontag, Raymond James. Germany and England: background of conflict, 1848–1898 (1938) online free to borrow Sontag, Raymond James. European Diplomatic History 1871–1932 (1933) online Taylor, A. J. P. Struggle for Mastery of Europe: 1848–1918 (1954), comprehensive survey of diplomacy Urbach, Karina. Bismarck's Favourite Englishman: Lord Odo Russell's Mission to Berlin (1999) excerpt and text search Weinberg, Gerhard L. The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany (2 vols. (1980) Willis, Edward F. Prince Lichnowsky, ambassador of peace; a study of prewar diplomacy, 1912–1914 (1942) online Primary sources Dugdale, E.T.S. ed German Diplomatic Documents 1871–1914 (4 vol 1928–31), English translation of major German diplomatic documents vol 1, primary sources, Germany and Britain 1870–1890. vol 2 1890s online Gooch, G. P., and Harold Temperley, eds. British Documents on the Origins of the War, Vol. 6: Anglo-German Tension: Armaments and Negotiation, 1907–12 (1930) pp 666–761. online Temperley, Harold and L.M. Penson, eds. Foundations of British Foreign Policy: From Pitt (1792) to Salisbury (1902) (1938) online, 608pp of primary sources Post 1941 Bark, Dennis L., and David R. Gress. A History of West Germany. Vol. 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963. Vol. 2: Democracy and Its Discontents, 1963–1991 (1993), the standard scholarly history Berger, Stefan, and Norman LaPorte, eds. The Other Germany: Perceptions and Influences in British-East German Relations, 1945–1990 (Augsburg, 2005). Berger, Stefan, and Norman LaPorte, eds. Friendly Enemies: Britain and the GDR, 1949–1990 (2010) online review Deighton, Anne. The Impossible Peace: Britain, the Division of Germany and the Origins of the Cold War (Oxford, 1993) Dockrill, Saki. Britain's Policy for West German Rearmament, 1950–1955 (1991) 209pp Glees, Anthony. The Stasi files: East Germany's secret operations against Britain (2004) Hanrieder, Wolfram F. Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy (1991) Heuser, Beatrice. NATO, Britain, France & the FRG: Nuclear Strategies & Forces for Europe, 1949–2000 (1997) 256pp Noakes, Jeremy et al. Britain and Germany in Europe, 1949–1990 * Macintyre, Terry. Anglo-German Relations during the Labour Governments, 1964–70: NATO Strategy, Détente and European Integration (2008) Mawby, Spencer. Containing Germany: Britain & the Arming of the Federal Republic (1999), p. 1. 244p. Smith, Gordon et al. Developments in German Politics (1992), pp. 137–86, on foreign policy Turner, Ian D., ed. Reconstruction in Postwar Germany: British Occupation Policy and the Western Zones, 1945–1955 (Oxford, 1992), 421pp. Zimmermann, Hubert. Money and Security: Troops, Monetary Policy & West Germany's Relations with the United States and Britain, 1950–1971'' (2002) 275pp External links Anglo-German Relations: Paul Joyce, University of Portsmouth Anglo-German Club in Hamburg Deutsch-Britische Gesellschaft in Berlin Anglo-German Foundation British-German Association German-British Chamber of Industry & Commerce in London German Industry in the UK UK-German Connection British Embassy in Berlin German Embassy in London Centre for Anglo-German Cultural Relations News BBC – 'Thatcher's fight against German unity' German Association for the Study of British History and Politics United Kingdom Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United%20Kingdom%20relations
The Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca (; ; ), historically sometimes shortened to and spelled "Goritz", was a crown land of the Habsburg dynasty within the Austrian Littoral on the Adriatic Sea, in what is now a multilingual border area of Italy and Slovenia. It was named for its two major urban centers, Gorizia and Gradisca d'Isonzo. Geography The province stretched along the Soča/Isonzo River, from its source at Mt. Jalovec in the Julian Alps down to the Gulf of Trieste near Monfalcone. In the northwest, the Predil Pass led to the Duchy of Carinthia, in the northeast Mts. Mangart, Razor and Triglav marked the border with the Duchy of Carniola (Upper Carniola). In the west, Mts. Kanin and Matajur stood on the border with the Friulian region, which until the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio was part of the Republic of Venice, from 1815 onwards belonged to the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia and finally to the re-established Kingdom of Italy from 1866. In the south the province bordered on the territory of the Imperial Free City of Trieste and the Margraviate of Istria. History Province of the Habsburg Empire The medieval County of Görz had been acquired by the Austrian Habsburgs in 1500, when the last Meinhardiner count Leonhard died without heirs. In the period shortly after 1500, Gorizia was administered by the stadtholder (captain) Virgil von Graben. Habsburg suzerainty was interrupted briefly by the Venetians in 1508/09, before Görz was finally incorporated into the Inner Austrian territories of the Habsburg monarchy. In 1647 Emperor Ferdinand III elevated the Görz town of Gradisca to an immediate county for the descendants of privy councillor Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg. After the princely House of Eggenberg had become extinct, Gradisca was re-unified with Gorizia in 1754, creating the County of Gorizia and Gradisca (; ). During the Napoleonic Wars, the territory of Gorizia and Gradisca became the battleground on several occasions. By the Treaty of Pressburg (1805), the French dominance was established in the region, resulting in Austrian loss of the most western parts of the County. Those territorial issues were finally resolved by the Treaty of Fontainebleau (October 10, 1807): all Austrian territories on the right (western) bank of the Isonzo river (including the town of Gradisca d'Isonzo and the westernmost suburbs of Gorizia) were assigned to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. The remaining territory of the County was left under the Austrian rule until 1809, when it was incorporated into the Illyrian Provinces under direct domination of the French Empire. In 1813, Austrian rule was restored. The county was re-established in its former borders, including the former enclaves of Monfalcone and Grado, which had been under Venetian control before 1797. However, in 1816 the county was combined with the Duchies of Carniola and Carinthia, the Imperial Free City of Trieste, and the March of Istria and its associated islands (Cres, Krk, Lošinj and numerous smaller islands) to form a wider administrative unit named the Kingdom of Illyria, with the capital in Laibach. In 1849, the Kingdom of Illyria was dissolved, and the Austrian Littoral was then formed, comprising the County of Gorizia and Gradisca, Trieste and Istria. In 1861, the territory of the County gained autonomy as the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca (; ; ), a crown land within Austria-Hungary. The county had its own provincial parliament and enjoyed a large degree of self-government, although it was formally subjected to an Imperial Governor () with the seat in Trieste, who carried out the government supervision for the whole territory of the Austrian Littoral. In 1915, Italy entered World War I against Austria-Hungary. The western part of the county was devastated by the Battles of the Isonzo, fought between the two armies. In August 1916, Gorizia was occupied by Italian troops for the first time in its history, but in November 1917 the Austro-Hungarian Army threw the Italian forces back in the Battle of Caporetto. Large numbers of the population were interned in civil camps around Austria-Hungary and Italy, while almost half of the province's territory laid in ruins. In Spring 1918, two mass political movements emerged in the county, demanding larger autonomy within a federalized Habsburg Monarchy. The Slovenes demanded the union with other South Slavic peoples into a sovereign Yugoslav state, The two movements did not clash, since they did not contend the same territories. The only open issue was the town of Gorizia, claimed by both the Slovenes and the Friulians. An underground movement, known as Italia irredenta (Unredeemed Italy), demanded the unification of Gorizia with Italy. With the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in late October 1918, a short interim period followed, in which no movement was able to establish its authority. In November 1918, the whole territory of the county was occupied by the Italian military which suppressed all political movements challenging her claims on the region. Border region of Italy In November 1918, the county was officially abolished and incorporated in the provisional administrative region of Julian March. With the treaties of Rapallo and Saint Germain-en-Laye of 1920, the whole territory of the county became an integral part of the Kingdom of Italy. The former Habsburg policy favouring local autonomies was replaced by a strict centralism. The Province of Gorizia was established, which had very little self-government compared to the old county. The borders of the new province were also partially changed. The new province included some areas of the former Austrian Duchy of Carniola that were assigned to Italy by the Peace Treaty (the districts of Idrija, Vipava, and Šturje). On the other hand, most of the territory in the Karst region, which had belonged to the County of Gorizia and Gradisca, was incorporated in the Province of Trieste, while the district of Cervignano was included in the Province of Udine. In 1924, the Province of Gorizia was abolished and its territory incorporated into the Province of Friuli, whose capital was Udine, except for the administrative district of Monfalcone and the town of Grado that became part of Province of Trieste. In 1927 the Province of Gorizia was recreated with approximately the same territory, except for the district of Cervignano del Friuli which remained under the Province of Udine, and the area of Monfalcone and Grado remained part of the Province of Trieste. With the establishment of the Fascist regime, a violent Italianization of the area started. This policy was carried out in three stages: first, all public administration was Italianized, with the Slovene and German losing their previous status of official languages; second, all education (both public and private) was Italianized; third, all visual presence of Slovene and German in public was prohibited. The latter included changing names of villages, prohibition to use a language other than Italian in public, prohibition to give Slavic names to children, forcible changes of Slovenian surnames, etc. This policy was accompanied by political persecutions and intimidations. By 1927, all Slovenian organizations were outlawed, including all media, publishing houses, cultural associations, as well as financial and economic companies owned by Slovenian organizations. Only one publishing house, the Catholic Hermagoras Society, was allowed to publish books in Slovene, although only religious literature. Most Slovene intellectuals and free professionals were forced to leave the region, many of them settled in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia or emigrated to Argentina. Between 1927 and 1943, the Province of Gorizia was an administrative territorial entity of the Fascist regime, governed by a Government-appointed prefect and the local Fascist hierarchy. All municipal autonomy was abolished and the podestà, appointed by the prefect, replaced the elected mayors. All legal political activity outside the regime became impossible and most of the civil society institutions, at least the Slovenian ones, were dismantled. In 1927, the first militant anti-fascist organization, known as TIGR, was established. The organization, founded by local Slovenes (mostly young people of liberal, nationalist and social-democratic orientation) carried out several attacks on Italian military and administrative personnel, which further exacerbated the situations in the region. Several Slovenian cultural and political figures were imprisoned, exiled or killed, with the most famous being Lojze Bratuž. World War II and post-war division In 1941, with the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia, the situation became even worse. By 1942, the Yugoslav resistance penetrated in the region from the bordering Province of Ljubljana. Several important clashes between the resistance and the Italian military happened. After the Italian armistice in September 1943, Nazi Germany occupied the region, incorporating it into the Operational Zone Adriatic Coast, led by the Gauleiter Friedrich Rainer. Already in September 1943, large portions of the region were taken over by the Communist-led Liberation Front of the Slovenian People, which established several important bases in the area, including the famous Franja Partisan Hospital. Fights between the Communist-led resistance and the Nazis were frequent. Soon, German authorities adopted a pragmatic approach regarding the local Slovenian population: public use of Slovenian was allowed again. The anti-Communist collaborationist militia called Slovene Home Guard was also allowed to establish some units in the area, although they had little success in recruiting the locals. At the same time, politically motivated assassinations were carried out by the Communist cells within the resistance movement. Among the victims, there were several Roman Catholic priests and anti-fascists opposed to the Communist ideology. After the end of World War II in 1945, almost the entire region was liberated by the Yugoslav People's Army, but was forced to withdraw from its western part. During the forty days of Yugoslav occupation, thousands of Italians were arrested by Communist authorities; most of them were released, but several hundred of them perished in the Foibe massacres. For two years, Gorizia and Gradisca was a contested region between Italy and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, divided by the so-called Morgan Line. The territory west of the line (including the entire Soča valley, the lower Vipava Valley and most of the Karst Plateau) were occupied by British and U.S. forces, while the east remained under Yugoslav military administration. In September 1947, the region was finally divided between the two countries: Yugoslavia got most of the rural territory of the eastern part, while all of the western lowlands and the urban center of Gorizia were left to Italy. A small portion of the Karst region between Trieste and Duino was incorporated into the Zone A of the Allied-administered Free Territory of Trieste (which became part of Italy in 1954). Gorizia and Gradisca thus ceased to exist as a unified historical region. Its Yugoslav portion became an integral part of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia: most of its territory was included in the Goriška region, except for the Karst Plateau, which was incorporated into the Littoral–Inner Carniola Statistical Region. A new urban center, called Nova Gorica ("New Gorizia") was built between the late 1940s and in the early 1950s. The Italian portion became part of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia autonomous region, mostly included in the Province of Gorizia. Culture The county of Gorizia and Gradisca enjoyed a multicultural environment, where Slavic, German and Latin people lived together and the government respected the right of minorities; it wasn't uncommon for people in this area to speak three or four language. Slovene culture The County of Gorizia and Gradisca emerged as a major center of Slovene culture in the second half of the 19th century. Already in the early 1860s, Slovene replaced German as the major language of education and administration in the Slovene-inhabited parts of the county. Differently from Styria, Carinthia and even Carniola, there was no assimilation pressure against the Slovene culture in most of Gorizia-Gradisca, so the Slovene culture flourished. Since the 1890s, the State Gymnasium of Gorizia emerged as one of the most prestigious educational centers in the Slovene Lands: several prominent figures in Slovenian arts, sciences and politics in the early 20th century received their education in this institution. In 1913, the Gymnasium was divided into three parts, with German, Italian and Slovenian as the language of teaching. The Slovenian section of the Gymnasium of Gorizia thus became the first public high school with Slovene as the primary language of teaching. Among the prominent figures of Slovene culture from the County of Gorizia and Gradisca were: the poets Simon Gregorčič, Alojz Gradnik, and Joža Lovrenčič, writer Julius Kugy, theologian Anton Mahnič, composer Stanko Premrl, historian Simon Rutar, painters Jožef Tominc and Saša Šantel, architect Max Fabiani, philologist Karel Štrekelj, and literary historian Avgust Žigon. Other prominent Slovenes from Gorizia-Gradisca included politicians Karel Lavrič and Anton Gregorčič, admiral Anton Haus, Roman Catholic bishop Frančišek Borgia Sedej, economist Milko Brezigar and the pioneer pilot Edvard Rusjan. Prominent Slovenes who settled in the province from other regions included politician and author Henrik Tuma, historian Franc Kos, linguist Stanislav Škrabec, and jurist, historian and politician Bogumil Vošnjak. Friulian culture During the 19th century Gorizia was an important and lively center for Friulian. Throughout the century, many old books were republished, new works were composed, and several political and cultural association promoting Friulian culture were founded in the region. This was also thanks to the fact that even the nobility would normally use the language, while for example in Udine and in other towns of central Friulian higher classes rather used Venetian, because Friulian was seen as the language of peasants. The County of Gorizia and Gradisca was also important for Friulian because it is the only territory in which an official census on speakers of Friulian has been carried out: in 1857, the official Austrian census showed 48.841 Friulians, 130,748 Slovenians, 15,134 Italians and 2,150 Germans in the county. A second census in 1921, carried out shortly after the annexation to Italy gave similar results. Throughout the 19th century, most educated Friulians gravitated towards the Italian culture. A distinct Friulian identity existed, but was weak and not well articulated. One of the most prominent Friulian poets from Gorizia-Gradisca in the 19th century, Carlo Favetti, was for example also a fervent Italian irredentist. Others, such as the conservative leader and political author Luigi Faidutti, favoured an autonomous development of Friulian culture within a multicultural framework of the Habsburg Empire. Between 1890 and 1918, the autonomist movement gained widespread support in the countryside, but remained marginal in the urban areas. Italian culture During the 19th century, the town of Gorizia was the only major center of Italian culture in the region. In the 17th century, Italian emerged as a second language of culture in the town, next to German. Throughout the 18th and early 19th century, Italian culture flourished in the whole region. Italian was used as a language of education and culture by many noble families, as well as in Slovene and German bourgeois families. Several renowned artists, such as architect Nicolò Pacassi, painters Jožef Tominc and Franz Caucig, Garibaldin general Ignazio Francesco Scodnik, architect Max Fabiani and author Julius Kugy were educated in a predominantly Italian cultural environment. The emergence of the Slovene National Awakening in the second half of the 19th century meant a significant setback for the Italian culture in the region. Most families that would previously educate their children in an Italian cultural environment, switched to Slovenian. Another reason for the decrease of Italian cultural influence was the unification of Lombardy-Venetia with the Kingdom of Italy in 1866, which radically reduced the influence of Italian culture within the Austrian Empire and cut off the free cultural exchange between Gorizia-Gradisca and Northern Italy. By the beginning of the 20th century, Italian lost its previous function as the lingua franca in the region. Gorizia remained the only important center of Italian culture in the county, although the percentage of Italian speakers in the town was in constant decrease and dropped under 50% in 1910. Nevertheless, important figures emerged from the Italian-speaking milieu of Gorizia, such as the prominent philologist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli and philosopher Carlo Michelstaedter, both of whom were of Jewish descent. Composer Rodolfo Lipizer and painters Italico Brass and Vittorio Bolaffio also came from this community. Other minor Italian cultural centres were the towns of Grado and Monfalcone, where a dialect of Venetian was spoken. The poet Biagio Marin was the most important representative of this local Italian culture. German culture The German-speaking community represented only a very small portion of the population. They were mostly concentrated in the town of Gorizia, where they represented some 10% of the overall population of the city center. Nevertheless, other factors increased the importance of the German culture in the region. Until the end of World War I, German continued to enjoy the prestige acquired in previous centuries, when the great majority of the high culture in the region was linked to the German cultural sphere. Most of the local aristocracy was multilingual, but they spoke mostly German among themselves. Several important noble families resided in the county, and they were often important contributors of arts and literature. They included the Thurn und Taxis, the Lanthieri, the Attems Petzenstein, the Windischgraetz, the Coronini Cronberg and the Strassoldo. Furthermore, German had served as a lingua franca for the communication between the single ethnic groups. Until 1913, most of the high education was available only in German. Among the most prominent members of the German-speaking community of Gorizia and Gradisca were the chemist Johannes Christian Brunnich and explorer and natural scientist Karl von Scherzer. In the 1850s, Gorizia and Gradisca also emerged as a tourist destination for the Central European elite. Towns such as Gorizia, Grado, Aquileia, Duino, Aurisina, and Most na Soči became important tourist centers in the Austrian Riviera. Many prominent figures, belonging to the German cultural milieu, frequented these places, making an important contribution to the survival of the local German culture. These include the ethnographer and linguist Karl von Czoernig, poet Rainer Maria Rilke who wrote his famous Duino Elegies while visiting the region, and the renowned physicist Ludwig Boltzmann. Religion The vast majority of the population of the county was of Roman Catholic denomination. Gorizia was one of the most important centers of the Catholic Church in Austria, since it was the seats of the Archbishops of Görz, who were one of the three legal descendants of the Patriarchate of Aquileia (along with the Patriarchate of Venice and the Archdiocese of Udine). Gorizia was thus the center of a Metropolitan bishopric that comprised the Dioceses of Ljubljana, Trieste, Poreč-Pula and Krk. Several important religious figures lived and worked in Gorizia, including cardinal Jakob Missia, bishop Frančišek Borgia Sedej, theologians Anton Mahnič and Josip Srebrnič, and Franciscan friar and philologian Stanislav Škrabec. There were many important Roman Catholic sacral buildings in the area, among them the sanctuaries of Sveta Gora ("Holy Mountain") and Barbana, and the monastery of Kostanjevica. Most of the county was included into the Archbidiocese of Gorizia, with the exception of the south-western portion of the Karst Plateau (around Sežana), which was included in the Diocese of Trieste. According to the census of 1910, there were around 1,400 members of non-Latin Catholic or non-Catholic denominations in the county, which amounted to only around 0,5% of the overall population. Among them, around 750 belonged to various Protestant denominations (mostly Lutherans), around 340 were of Jewish faith, around 180 Greek Orthodox and around 130 were Greek Catholic. Area and population According to the data of the last official census in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1910, the county had an area of 2918 km2 and 260,721 inhabitants, of which around 20% lived in urban areas (Gorizia, Gradisca, Monfalcone, Cormons, Cervignano, Ronchi, Grado), around 18% in semi-urban settlements (Podgora, Aquileia, Staranzano, Solkan, Šempeter, Duino, Ajdovščina, Bovec, Kobarid, Tolmin, Sežana, Kanal ob Soči) and around 62% in rural areas. Among the urban population, some 21% were ethnic Slovenes, some 8% ethnic Germans, while the rest were mostly ethnic Italians. Among the semi-urban population, some 90% were Slovenes and 10% Italians and Friulians, while in the rural population 30% were Friulians and some 70% Slovenes. The historical demography of the region was the following one: Subdivisions The county was divided into five administrative or "political" districts (Kreise), which were in turn subdivided into judicial districts. The town of Gorizia had a status of an administrative district. Administrative districts Gorizia City (, , ) Gorizia Countryside (, , ) Gradisca d'Isonzo (, ) Monfalcone (, ) Sežana (Italian and German: Sesana) Tolmin (, ) Judicial districts Administrative district of Gorizia: Gorizia Kanal ob Soči (, ) Ajdovščina (, ) A.d. of Gradisca: Gradisca Cormons () A.d. of Monfalcone: Monfalcone () Cervignano (, ) A.d. of Sežana: Sežana Komen (Italian and German: Comeno) A.d. of Tolmin: Tolmin Kobarid (, ) Bovec (, ) Cerkno (, ) See also History of Gorizia Slovenian Littoral Italia irredenta References Sources Branko Marušič & Sergio Tavano, Il vicino come amico realtà o utopia? : la convivenza lungo il confine italo-sloveno (Gorizia: Mohorjeva družba, 2007). Branko Marušič, Die Vereinstätigkeit im österreichischen Küstenland (Triest, Görz-Gradisca, Istrien) (Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2006). Branko Marušič, Gli sloveni nel Goriziano dalla fine del medioevo ai giorni nostri (Udine: Forum, 2005). Simon Rutar, Poknežena Grofija Goriška in Gradiščanska (Nova Gorica: Založba Branko, 1997). Sergio Tavano, Il Goriziano nella sua vita letteraria (Udine: Società Filologica Friulana). External links Küstenland Austrian Littoral Former states and territories in Slovenia Geographic history of Italy Subdivisions of the Habsburg monarchy 1861 establishments in the Austrian Empire 1918 disestablishments in Austria-Hungary Disestablishments in the Empire of Austria (1867–1918) Austrian Circle Subdivisions of Austria-Hungary Gor Province of Gorizia History of Slovenia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely%20County%20of%20Gorizia%20and%20Gradisca
Jerome New Frank (September 10, 1889 – January 13, 1957) was an American legal philosopher and author who played a leading role in the legal realism movement. He was chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Early life, education, and career Born in New York City, New York, Frank's parents were Herman Frank and Clara New Frank, descendants of mid-19th-century German Jewish immigrants. Frank's father, also an attorney, relocated the family to Chicago, Illinois, in 1896, where Frank would attend Hyde Park High School, before receiving his Bachelor of Philosophy degree from the University of Chicago in 1909. Frank obtained his Juris Doctor from the University of Chicago Law School in 1912, where he had the highest grades in the school's history, despite leaving the program for a year to work as secretary to reformist Chicago alderman Charles Edward Merriam. Frank worked as a lawyer in private practice in Chicago from 1912 to 1930, specializing in corporate reorganizations, and becoming a partner in the firm in 1919. Academic writing Frank was a legal skeptic. He characterized cases through an equation: R x F = D, where R stands for the applicable legal rule; F signifies the facts of the case; and D signifies the decision. Frank distinguished two classes of American legal realists: rule skeptics and fact skeptics. Rule skeptics—who Frank dismissively referred to as "magic addicts"—were skeptical that the legal rules articulated in decisions could adequately explain case outcomes, but, by employing various social sciences, they believed they could discover "real rules" that could predict case outcomes. Frank, on the other hand, considered himself a "fact skeptic": While he, too, traced uncertainty in the law to indeterminate legal rules, he believed that legal uncertainty was inevitable given the impossibility of predicting judicial fact finding or fully comprehending the myriad psychological influences on a judge that might affect a decision. Moreover, Frank argued that this indefeasible uncertainty was not to be bemoaned; rather, he commented, "Much of the uncertainty of law is not an unfortunate accident: it is of immense social value." Law and the Modern Mind In 1930, after having undergone six months of psychoanalysis, Frank published Law and the Modern Mind, which argued against the "basic legal myth" that judges never make law but simply deduce legal conclusions from premises that are clear, certain, and substantially unchanging. Drawing on psychologists such as Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget, Frank proposed that judicial decisions were motivated primarily by the influence of psychological factors on the individual judge. Like his judicial hero, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Frank urged judges and legal scholars to acknowledge openly the gaps and uncertainties in the law, and to think of law pragmatically as a tool for human betterment. The book "dropped like a bombshell on the legal and academic world", quickly becoming "a jurisprudential bestseller" which "was widely noticed as well as criticized". In 1930, Frank moved to New York City, where he practiced until 1933, also working as a research associate at Yale Law School in 1932, where he collaborated with Karl Llewellyn of Columbia Law School, and feuded with legal idealist Roscoe Pound, dean of the Harvard Law School. In 1933, Frank published a landmark article proposing hands-on ("clinical"), not just book-based, education for law students. In addition to the philosophical disagreements arising from Frank's realism and Pound's idealism, Pound accused Frank of misattributing quotes to him in Law and the Modern Mind, writing to Llewellyn: Llewellyn defended Frank, but Pound would not relent. This led Frank to produce a lengthy memorandum showing where each quote attributed to Pound by Frank could be found in Pound's writing, and offering to pay Pound to hire someone to verify the citations. Pound would continue to attack Frank's legal philosophy throughout his life, although Frank later moderated his views on legal realism. Later scholarly writing Frank's judicial service (1941–1957) did not stem his scholarly output. In 1942, he published If Men Were Angels, a defense of the ambitious New Deal programs, and governmental regulation in general, expressing views that he developed while serving in the SEC. In 1945, he published Fate and Freedom, which attacked the theoretical underpinnings of Marxism, denying that societies followed any strict progression and insisting that people were free to mold the development of their own society. Beginning in 1946, Frank also began teaching a regular course on legal fact-finding at Yale Law School which "emphasized the parts that human fallibility and partisanship play in the trial court processes". In 1949, he published his most significant work after Law and the Modern Mind, this being Courts on Trial, which stressed the uncertainties and fallibility of the judicial process. In 1951 he moved from New York City to New Haven, Connecticut, preferring to live closer to Yale. His last book, Not Guilty was written with his daughter, and published following his death. The book concerned specific cases of people who had been wrongfully convicted of crimes. Executive branch service During the New Deal administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Frank sought the assistance of Felix Frankfurter to secure a position with the administration. Frank was initially offered the position of solicitor of the United States Department of Agriculture, but this appointment was blocked by Postmaster General James A. Farley, who favored another candidate for the job. Frank was then appointed as general counsel of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration in 1933, and soon became embroiled in an internal struggle with the agency's head, George Peek, who had tried to exercise complete control over the agency. Peek resigned in December 1933, and Frank continued to serve until February 1935, when he was purged along with young leftist lawyers in his office. (Some of these lawyers were members of the Ware Group spy ring run by Whittaker Chambers, namely: Alger Hiss, Lee Pressman, Nathan Witt, and John Abt). Roosevelt approved the purge, but made Frank a special counsel to the Reconstruction Finance Association in 1935. Frank returned to private practice in New York from 1936 to 1938, with the firm of Greenbaum, Wolff and Ernst. In 1937, William O. Douglas recommended that Roosevelt appoint Frank to be a commissioner of the Securities and Exchange Commission, which Douglas then chaired. Roosevelt agreed, and Frank served as an SEC commissioner from December 1937 until 1941, and was elevated to Chairman from 1939 to 1941, when Douglas was appointed to the United States Supreme Court. While serving in the SEC, Frank also served on the Temporary National Economic Committee. In 1938, Frank also published a book titled Save America First, which had been written during his return to private practice and advocating against American involvement in the stirring conflict in Europe. However, Frank recanted those views after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and Roosevelt forgave Frank's isolationism. Federal judicial service Frank was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 13, 1941, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vacated by Judge Robert P. Patterson. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 20, 1941, and received his commission on March 27, 1941. His service terminated on January 13, 1957, due to his death. Judicial philosophy Frank was considered a highly competent judge, often taking what was perceived as the more liberal position on civil liberties issues. In addition to his reputation for expertise on civil liberties matters, he was also considered to be "an outstanding judge in the fields of procedure, finance, [and] criminal law". For a time, he was sharply and vocally at odds with a colleague on the bench, Charles Edward Clark, "over a whole range of common law precepts". In a tribute when Frank died, Clark referred to these disagreements as "glorious battles" and called Frank "a gladiator of unusual power and adroitness," who "never seemed to harbor permanent spite of any form whatsoever." Frank's scholarly tendency bled over into his judicial opinions, some of which were notoriously lengthy. One anecdote relayed about this aspect of Frank's work tells of a law clerk who had objected to the length of one of Frank's opinions. According to the story: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg As a judge, Frank wrote the opinion in February 1952 affirming the convictions of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who had been convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage. In reviewing the case as part of a three-judge panel, Frank rejected each of the Rosenbergs' arguments on appeal. Frank denied that the death penalty imposed on the Rosenbergs was cruel and unusual punishment, but privately he had advised trial judge Irving Kaufman not to sentence the Rosenbergs to death. In his opinion, he also suggested that the Supreme Court might want to revisit the questions about the death penalty for crimes similar to treason. In a related case, however, Frank dissented from his two colleagues by voting to grant a new trial to an accused third conspirator, Morton Sobell. The jury, according to Frank, should have been permitted to decide whether Sobell had joined the other conspirators in their plan to send atomic information from Los Alamos to the Soviets, or had merely engaged in a separate, less significant conspiracy with Julius Rosenberg to transmit non-atomic information. United States v. Roth In the 1956 case United States v. Roth, Frank wrote a concurring opinion to the decision, which affirmed the obscenity conviction of a criminal defendant. In a lengthy appendix to his concurring opinion, Frank "drew on a host of historical, literary, and social science studies to point to the dangers and contradiction of all forms of government censorship of ideas and images". The case was affirmed by the United States Supreme Court the following year, in Roth v. United States, which noted Frank's approach. The concurrence has been asserted to be one of Frank's most important opinions, and one which set the stage for the direction the Supreme Court would take on such issues beginning in the 1960s. Personal life and death Frank married Florence Kiper on July 18, 1914, and they had their only child, daughter Barbara Frank, on April 10, 1917. Florence Frank, herself a poet and playwright, said of her husband: "Being married to Jerome is like being hitched to the tail of a comet". Frank enjoyed word games, puns, and charades. Frank died on January 13, 1957, of a heart attack in New Haven, Connecticut. Legacy Frank's extensive personal and judicial papers are archived at Yale University and are mostly open to researchers. Yale Law School's clinical programs are housed in the Jerome N. Frank Legal Services Organization, named in recognition of Frank's early championing of adding a clinical component to legal education. Works Frank had published many influential books, including Law and the Modern Mind (1930), which argues for ‘legal realism’ and emphasizes the psychological forces at work in legal matters. In 1965, his daughter Barbara Frank Kristein published A Man's Reach: The Selected Writings of Judge Jerome Frank, with a foreword by William O. Douglas and an introduction by Edmond Cahn of New York University School of Law. At least one legal commentator has written that "[f]ew jurisprudential writers have aroused such prolonged public controversy as Jerome Frank". Law and the Modern Mind (Transaction Publishers, 1930), , . Save America First (New York and London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1938) If Men Were Angels (New York and London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1942), ISBN B007T2DFLS Fate and Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1945) Courts on Trial (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949), Not Guilty (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday & Company Inc., 1957) See also Legal realism List of Jewish American jurists References Sources and further reading Neil Duxbury 1991: "Jerome Frank and the Legacy of Legal Realism", in Journal of Law and Society, Vol.18, No.2 (Summer 1991), pp. 175–205. Robert Jerome Glennon, The Iconoclast as Reformer: Jerome Frank's Impact on American Law (Cornell U. Press, 1985). 252 pp. Barbara Frank Kristein, A Man's Reach: The Philosophy of Judge Jerome Frank (1965). Julius Paul, The Legal Realism of Jerome N. Frank: A Study of Fact-Skepticism and the Judicial Process (1959). J. Mitchell Rosenberg, Jerome Frank: Jurist and Philosopher (1970). Jordan A. Schwarz, The New Dealers: Power politics in the age of Roosevelt (Vintage, 2011) pp 177–194. online Walter E. Volkomer, The Passionate Liberal. The Political and Legal Ideas of Jerome Frank (1970). External links Jerome New Frank papers (MS 222). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. 1889 births 1957 deaths American people of German-Jewish descent Jewish American attorneys Jewish philosophers Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel Hyde Park Academy High School alumni Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Lawyers from New York City Writers from New York City United States court of appeals judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt 20th-century American Jews 20th-century American judges United States Department of Agriculture people University of Chicago alumni University of Chicago Law School alumni	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome%20Frank
A gleysol is a wetland soil (hydric soil) that unless drained is saturated with groundwater for long enough to develop a characteristic colour pattern. The pattern is essentially made up of reddish, brownish, or yellowish colours at surfaces of soil particles and/or in the upper soil horizons mixed with greyish/blueish colours inside the peds and/or deeper in the soil. Gleysols are also known as Gleyzems, meadow soils, Aqu-suborders of Entisols, Inceptisols and Mollisols (USDA soil taxonomy), or as groundwater soils and hydro-morphic soils. The term gley, or glei, is derived from , and was introduced into scientific terminology in 1905 by the Ukrainian scientist Georgy Vysotsky. Gleysols occur within a wide range of unconsolidated materials, mainly fluvial, marine and lacustrine sediments of Pleistocene or Holocene age, having basic to acidic mineralogy. They are found in depression areas and low landscape positions with shallow groundwater. Wetness is the main limitation on agriculture of virgin gleysols; these are covered with natural swamp vegetation and lie idle or are used for extensive grazing. Farmers use artificially-drained gleysols for arable cropping, dairy farming and horticulture. Gleysols in the tropics and subtropics are widely planted with rice. Gleysols occupy an estimated 720 million hectares worldwide. They are azonal soils and occur in nearly all climates. The largest extent of Gleysols is in northern Russia, Siberia, Canada, Alaska, China and Bangladesh. An estimated 200 million hectares of gleysols are found in the tropics, mainly in the Amazon region, equatorial Africa, and the coastal swamps of Southeast Asia. They exhibit a greenish-blue-grey soil color because of anoxic wetland conditions. On exposure, as the iron in the soil oxidizes colors are transformed to a mottled pattern of reddish, yellow or orange patches. During soil formation (gleying), the oxygen supply in the soil profile is restricted due to soil moisture at saturation. Anaerobic micro-organisms support cellular respiration by using alternatives to free oxygen as electron acceptors to support cellular respiration. Where anaerobic organisms reduce ferric oxide to ferrous oxide, the reduced mineral compounds produce the typical gleysoil color. Green rust, a layered double hydroxide (LDH) of Fe(II) and Fe(III) can be found as the mineral fougerite in gleysoils. Gleysoils may be sticky and hard to work, especially where the gleying is caused by surface water held up on a slowly permeable layer. However, some ground-water gley soils have permeable lower horizons, including, for example, some sands in hollows within sand dune systems (known as slacks), and in some alluvial situations. Groundwater gleysoils develop where drainage is poor because the water table (phreatic surface) is high, whilst surface-water gleying occurs when precipitation input at the surface does not drain freely through the ground. A reducing environment exists in the saturated layers, which become mottled greyish-blue or greyish-brown due to its ferrous iron and organic matter content. The presence of reddish or orange mottles indicates localised re-oxidation of ferrous salts in the soil matrix, and is often associated with root channels, animal burrows, or cracking of the soil material during dry spells. In the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB), soils with redox processes due to ascending groundwater belong to the Reference Soil Group Gleysols. Soils with redox processes due to stagnant water are Stagnosols and Planosols. See also Pedogenesis Pedology (soil study) Soil classification Anaerobic respiration Fougerite, the natural form of green rust Blue goo Redox Redox gradient External links profile photos (with classification) WRB homepage profile photos (with classification) IUSS World of Soils References Trolard F., Bourrié G., Abdelmoula M., Refait P. and Feder F. 2007: Fougerite, a new mineral of the pyroaurite-iowaite group: description and crystal structure. Clays and Clay Minerals, vol. 55, no. 3, p. 323-334; . Génin J.-M. R., Aïssa R., Géhin A., Abdelmoula M., Benali O., Ernstsen V., Ona-Nguema G., Upadhyay Ch. and Ruby Ch. 2005: Fougerite and FeII-III hydroxycarbonate green rust; ordering, deprotonation and/or cation substitution; structure of hydrotalcite-like compounds and mythic ferrosic hydroxide Fe(OH)2+x. Solid State Sciences, vol. 7., no. 5, p. 545-572. . Further reading W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022, Chapter 3.3.2. Pedology Types of soil	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleysol
Cobra Triangle is a 1989 racing, vehicular combat video game developed by Rare and released by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The player controls a weapon-equipped speedboat through 25 levels. Objectives include winning races, saving swimmers, and defusing bombs. The game also includes power-ups and is displayed from a 3D isometric perspective with automatic scrolling that follows the player's movement. The Stamper brothers designed the game and David Wise wrote its soundtrack. Computer and Video Games highly recommended the game and praised its graphics and gameplay. Later reviewers lauded its level diversity and noted its graphical similarities to previous Rare game R.C. Pro-Am. IGN and GamesRadar ranked Cobra Triangle among their top NES games. The latter considered Cobra Triangle emblematic of the NES era's aesthetic. It was also included in Rare's 2015 Xbox One retrospective compilation, Rare Replay. Gameplay Cobra Triangle is a racing, vehicular combat video game. The player races a cannon-equipped speedboat against other watercraft. The 25 stages of graduated difficulty vary in objectives: winning races, saving swimmers, and defusing bombs. Some levels end in boss fights. In races, the speedboat must avoid the riverbank and mid-river obstacles while outpacing a timer. The boat can attack other competitors, fly airborne via ramps, and pick up power-ups that upgrade its weapons and speed. In upstream races, the player navigates the speedboat to avoid logs and whirlpools. In bomb defusing activities, the player moves four protected bombs to a detonation site. In another mode, the player must destroy rogue boats before they drag swimmers to the edge of the lake. Any swimmers dragged halfway must be manually returned to the lake's center. The player loses a life if unsuccessful. Cobra Triangle is displayed from a 3D isometric perspective and its screen automatically scrolls as the speedboat moves. Background and release Ultimate Play the Game was founded by brothers Tim and Chris Stamper, along with Tim's wife, Carol, from their headquarters in Ashby-de-la-Zouch in 1982. They began producing video games for the ZX Spectrum throughout the early 1980s. The company were known for their reluctance to reveal details about their operations and then-upcoming projects. Little was known about their development process except that they used to work in "separate teams": one team would work on development whilst the other would concentrate on other aspects such as sound or graphics. This company later evolved into Rare, the developer of Cobra Triangle. Mark Betteridge and Tim and Chris Stamper designed the game and David Wise wrote its soundtrack. Nintendo released Cobra Triangle in July 1989. It was later included in the August 2015 Xbox One compilation of 30 Rare titles, Rare Replay. Reception In contemporaneous reviews, Jaz Rignall (Computer and Video Games) wrote in high praise of the "convincing" graphics, smooth gameplay, and "addictive" replay value. The magazine selected the game as a recommendation. Mark Caswell (The Games Machine) was most frustrated by the waterfall jumping sequences. In a retrospective review, Skyler Miller (AllGame) appreciated the diversity of levels. Reviewers noted its graphical similarity to R.C. Pro-Am, particularly in its camera angle and gameplay. Brett Alan Weiss (AllGame) put Cobra Triangle in the lineage of the 1982 River Raid for the Atari 2600. In comparison, both games have vehicular boat combat while avoiding land. Cobra Triangle camera view is isometric rather than overhead, and its gameplay is more focused on racing than combat. IGN and GamesRadar named Cobra Triangle among the top NES games. The latter had "the most admiration" for Cobra Triangle out of all of Rare's catalog. They thought the game aged well and typified NES-era beauty in its isometric combat, upgrades, and game type variety. References 1989 video games Action games Motorboat racing video games Nintendo Entertainment System games Nintendo games Rare (company) games Single-player video games Vehicular combat games Video games scored by David Wise Video games with isometric graphics Video games developed in the United Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra%20Triangle
Craig Hutchinson (June 23, 1891 – February 1976) was an American director and screenwriter. He directed more than 80 films between 1915 and 1928. He also wrote for 33 films between 1914 and 1927. He was born in Austin, Minnesota. Selected filmography A Film Johnnie (1914) His Favourite Pastime (1914) Cruel, Cruel Love (1914) The Star Boarder (1914) Fatty and the Heiress (1914) Whose Zoo? (1918) Dark and Cloudy (1919), wrote and directed References External links 1891 births 1976 deaths People from Austin, Minnesota American male screenwriters Silent film directors Film directors from Minnesota Screenwriters from Minnesota 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American screenwriters	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20Hutchinson
Charles Smith Olden (February 19, 1799April 7, 1876) was an American merchant, banker, and politician who served as the 19th governor of New Jersey from 1860 to 1863 during the first part of the American Civil War. As Governor, Olden supported President Abraham Lincoln and the national war effort but favored union and reconciliation with the South above all else; before the war, he argued slavery was properly understood as the sole regulatory province of the states, and he later opposed Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. His mansion, Drumthwacket, was bought by the state in 1966 and became the official residence of the governor of New Jersey in 1981. Early life Charles Smith Olden was born in 1799 near Princeton, New Jersey, to Hart Olden and Temperance Smith. His family were Quakers. He attended The Lawrenceville School. Upon his graduation from Lawrenceville, Olden worked in his father's store for some time before joining the mercantile firm of Matthew Newkirk. From 1826 to 1832, he opened and ran a New Orleans branch of Newkirk's firm. After his uncle died and bequeathed Olden a large estate, he returned to Princeton, where he constructed Drumthwacket as his personal residence. He lived there as a gentleman farmer and joined the board of directors of the Trenton Banking Company in 1842. New Jersey Senate In 1844, Olden was elected as a Whig to represent Mercer County in the New Jersey Senate. He was re-elected in 1847 and served until the conclusion of his second term in 1851. During his time in the Senate, he was chair of the Committee on Education and took interest in the State Lunatic Asylum. In 1856, Olden supported Millard Fillmore, running on the American Party platform with Whig support, for President of the United States. Governor of New Jersey (1860–63) 1859 election In 1859, the Opposition Party, a loosely knit organization of former Whigs, Know Nothings, and Republicans, nominated Olden for Governor of New Jersey. He was also supported by the American Party. He narrowly defeated Democrat Edwin R.V. Wright in the general election. Term in office In his inaugural address in 1860, Olden said that each state had "exclusive and independent control of its domestic policy" and that slavery was "exclusively and eminently a matter of domestic policy, to be ... controlled by each State for itself." Nevertheless, he joined the Opposition Party in supporting Abraham Lincoln for President in the fall election. As Governor during the last days before the American Civil War, Olden was an advocate for compromise and reconciliation with the South. He viewed secession as "anarchy" but blamed the crisis on "a few persons of extreme views both North and South." He called for vigorous enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act by Northern states and was the only state Governor to attend the Washington Peace Conference in January 1861. He did not speak at the conference but voted in favor of several compromise resolutions, including the extension of slavery in the territories, provision of compensation for runaway slaves, and a prohibition on the Congressional abolition of slavery. Throughout the pre-war crisis, Olden feared that armed conflict or calls for secession would break out in New Jersey. After the Battle of Fort Sumter and the outbreak of war, New Jersey and Olden shifted in decided favor of the Union. He wrote to President Lincoln, "New Jersey is a border state, and it is of great importance that she stand steadfast in the great conflict." He called a special legislative session, at which he asked for the creation of four regiments for coastal defense of southern New Jersey on both the river and ocean fronts. He later abandoned this call in favor of federal defense of the border. Throughout the first two years of the war, Olden rarely left Trenton. In September 1862, Olden (along with the governors of border states Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland) declined to join a resolution of state governors expressing support of the Emancipation Proclamation. Olden left office in January 1863, constitutionally prohibited from seeking a second term in office. He was succeeded by Democrat Joel Parker. Later career After leaving office, Olden continued to support the national war effort. He was the first President of the Loyal National League of New Jersey, a non-partisan organization dedicated to bringing together supporters of the war. This organization became the New Jersey branch of the National Union Party in the campaigns of 1863 and 1864. He was appointed to serve on the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals, then the state's highest court, serving from 1868 to 1873. He was a member of the Riparian Commission from 1869 to 1875 and a commissioner of the State Sinking Fund. He was presidential elector for Ulysses S. Grant from New Jersey in 1872. He served as treasurer of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) from 1849 to 1869 and was a member of its board of trustees from 1863 until 1875. Personal life and death He married Phoebe Ann Smith in 1832. They adopted one daughter but had no children of their own. He died at his home in Princeton on April 7, 1876. He was buried at the Stony Brook Meeting House and Cemetery. See also List of governors of New Jersey References External links New Jersey Governor Charles Smith Olden, National Governors Association Charles Smith Olden, The Political Graveyard 1799 births 1876 deaths Republican Party governors of New Jersey People of New Jersey in the American Civil War New Jersey state court judges Republican Party New Jersey state senators Politicians from Princeton, New Jersey American Quakers Union (American Civil War) state governors Lawrenceville School alumni Burials in New Jersey 19th-century American judges 19th-century American politicians	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Smith%20Olden
Darlington Provincial Park is a provincial park in Ontario, Canada. It is located just south of Highway 401 near the town of Courtice, between the cities of Bowmanville and Oshawa. A small park, the topography is dominated by gentle hills formed by a terminal moraine deposited by glaciers at the end of the last Ice Age. The park borders on the northern shore of Lake Ontario and also encloses McLaughlin Bay. The bay is shallow and at some point in the 1990s was completely closed off from the lake by the action of the waves. The property bordering the park to the west is the home of General Motors Corporation's Canadian headquarters. Kintigh Generating Station can be seen from this provincial park even though it is on the other side of the lake in Somerset, New York. Park wildlife Darlington Provincial Park is home to several varieties of plants and animals. The flora of the park consists mostly of second-generation regrowth, as the park was reforested in the 1960s after being cleared for farmland. Invasive plant species are a serious problem in the park, especially the aggressive purple loosestrife growing in the marshy areas bordering McLaughlin Bay. Animal species present in the park range from the white-tailed deer to squirrels and other small animals. Other animals such as coyotes and grey wolves have been rumored to be wandering around the park. Fish and amphibian life are also present in the park, especially in and around McLaughlin Bay. The park is known for migrating monarch butterflies. It offers an annual monarch tagging and educational program. Monarch butterfly migration Near summer's end, monarch butterflies begin to migrate south to Mexico. The park is part of a greater monarch conservation program. It tags monarch butterflies at its annual migration festival, the Monarchs and Raptors Weekend, held in early September. This event attracts young families who are given an opportunity to help with the tagging. Loyalist heritage This part of Canada was settled by three loyalist families in 1794; Roger Conant, John Burk and John Trull. They moved onto British soil in response to Lord Simcoe's offer of free land to the loyalists. Samuel Burk, a descendant of John Burk, purchased the land which is now the park in 1818 and resided there until his death in 1833. Located on the park property is a cemetery used by this Burk family. In film In 1971, a notable biker movie called The Proud Rider, featuring Art Hindle, was filmed in the area. Many of the biker scenes in the film were shot inside the park, and the Darlington pioneer home can often be seen. References External links Provincial parks of Ontario Clarington Tourist attractions in the Regional Municipality of Durham Protected areas of the Regional Municipality of Durham Year of establishment missing Campsites in Canada	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington%20Provincial%20Park
The daggertooth pike conger (Muraenesox cinereus) also known as the darkfin pike eel in Australia, to distinguish it from the related pike-eel (Muraenesox bagio), is a species of eel in the pike conger family, Muraenesocidae. They primarily live on soft bottoms in marine and brackish waters down to a depth of , but may enter freshwater. They commonly grow to about in length, but may grow as long as . Daggertooth pike congers occur in the Red Sea, on the coast of the northern Indian Ocean, and in the West Pacific from Indochina to Japan. A single specimen was also reported in the Mediterranean Sea off Israel in 1982. Culinary uses Daggertooth pike conger is a major commercial species, with annual catches reaching about 350,000 tonnes in recent years. The spot reporting the largest landings was Taiwan. It is eaten in Japanese cuisine, where it is known as hamo (ハモ, 鱧). In the Kansai Region, hamo no kawa (pickled conger skins) is a traditional delicacy, and pike conger is a common ingredient in some types of kamaboko (fish cake). Parasites As with other fish, the daggertooth pike conger harbours several species of parasites. A species of trichosomoidid nematode which parasitizes the muscles of the fish off Japan has been described in 2014 and named Huffmanela hamo, in reference to the Japanese name of the fish. Accumulations of eggs of the parasite are visible as 1–2mm black spots in the flesh of the fish. The parasite is rare and the consumption of infected fish meat has no consequences for humans. Gallery References External links Iron Chef Battle: Pike Eel Darfin Pike Eel @ Fishes of Australia daggertooth pike conger Fish of the Indian Ocean Marine fish of Northern Australia Commercial fish daggertooth pike conger	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daggertooth%20pike%20conger
Legislative elections were held in El Salvador on 10 March 1968. The result was a victory for the National Conciliation Party, which won 27 of the 52 seats. Voter turnout was just 36.6%. Results References Bibliography Political Handbook of the world, 1968. New York, 1969. Benítez Manaut, Raúl. 1990. "El Salvador: un equilibrio imperfecto entre los votos y las botas." Secuencia 17:71-92 (mayo-agosto de 1990). Caldera T., Hilda. 1983. Historia del Partido Demócrata Cristiano de El Salvador. Tegucigalpa: Instituto Centroamericano de Estudios Políticos. Danby, Colin. The electoral farce ends, the war continues: the United States and the Salvadoran elections. Cambridge: CAMINO (Central America Information Office). Eguizábal, Cristina. 1984. "El Salvador: elecciones sin democracia." Polemica (Costa Rica) 14/15:16-33 (marzo-junio 1984). Herman, Edward S. and Frank Brodhead. 1984. Demonstration elections: U.S.-staged elections in the Dominican Republic, Vietnam, and El Salvador. Boston: South End Press. Webre, Stephen. 1979. José Napoleón Duarte and the Christian Democratic Party in Salvadoran Politics 1960-1972. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. Williams, Philip J. and Knut Walter. 1997. Militarization and demilitarization in El Salvador's transition to democracy. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. El Salvador Legislative elections in El Salvador Legislative	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%20Salvadoran%20legislative%20election
Operation Seiljag was a South African 32 Battalion search and destroy campaign conducted against the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) from November 1976 to March 1977, during the South African Border War. It was carried out from November 1976 to March 1977 largely on the Yati Strip, a region patrolled by South African security forces parallel to the Angolan border. By February, the fighting had intensified and shifted to about fourteen kilometres into Angola. In the course of a four-month period 32 Battalion had eliminated two PLAN sections, repelled a third incursion across the border, and destroyed three militant bases. The bodies of nineteen guerrillas were recovered, in addition to a cache of mortar bombs and RPG-7 projectiles intended for use on PLAN raids. Operation Seiljag was one of the largest actions involving 32 Battalion at that point, involving firefights with up to three hundred insurgents. Casualties were relatively light on both sides. Background Military situation South Africa fought a long and bitter counter-insurgency conflict in South West Africa from 1966 to 1989, just prior to that country's independence as Namibia. On a strategic level, the South African government was at a unique disadvantage: its continued rule over South West Africa, under the auspices of a defunct League of Nations mandate granted shortly after World War I, was regarded internationally as an illegal, pseudo-colonial occupation. South Africa also drew criticism for imposing its policy of racial apartheid on its mandate, which provoked dissent and helped gave rise to an insurgency by the Marxist South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO). SWAPO demanded that all South African military and paramilitary units be withdrawn and replaced with a multinational United Nations mission to oversee elections. It also insisted on the relinquishment of Walvis Bay, an enclave then regarded as an integral part of South Africa. In 1975, the collapse of Portuguese colonial rule in neighbouring Angola allowed members of SWAPO's militant arm, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) to begin using Angolan sanctuaries near the southern border as forward operating bases. The South African Defence Force (SADF) soon found itself confronted with an ever-increasing number of well-armed guerrillas infiltrating by the hundreds across the porous frontier. Unwilling to accept a purely defensive posture, South African patrols began crossing into Angola to stop PLAN cadres before they could reach their targets. An interim solution to solving the manpower problem also emerged via the growing recruitment of black and coloured soldiers by the SADF. The first South African army unit which permitted black personnel to serve in a combat role was 32 Battalion, led by Colonel Jan Breytenbach. Breytenbach had encouraged a number of partisans loyal to the demobilised National Liberation Front of Angola, an armed faction opposed to Angola's leftist government, to seek refuge in South West Africa. He then ordered them retrained, re-equipped, and formed into a new fighting unit led by white South African officers. Under his unorthodox leadership the battalion was tasked with denying PLAN freedom of movement within a zone roughly fifty kilometres north of the Angolan border. 32 Battalion's first engagement with PLAN occurred on 17 May 1976, south of Cahana Hangadima, Angola, when guerrillas attacked an encampment of unit members and South African special forces in the night. The insurgents suffered heavy casualties and withdrew, while the South African platoon returned to its base a few weeks later without reporting further contact. Prelude In November 1976, Colonel Breytenbach issued his second deployment order aimed at preventing further PLAN infiltration into South West Africa. Breytenbach recognised that PLAN held the initiative, and he intended to wrest it from them with an aggressive preemptive strike strategy. Several 32 Battalion platoons, alternatively answering to the SADF command in Ovamboland or special forces headquarters, were to sweep the Yati Strip and surrounding region for PLAN camps. The minimal deployment period allocated for this operation was three months. The Yati Strip was an area cleared by the SADF just one kilometre south of Angola, running parallel to the border. Platoons were typically deposited there by vehicles carrying a limited supply of food and ammunition. Operators then cached the bulk of their supplies at a position of their choice and carried on with their patrols relatively unhindered. The cache was booby trapped with anti-personnel mines. PLAN had a heavy presence in the area: at the time of deployment at least one cadre was there seeking water. Other insurgents were frequently crossing into Angola from South West Africa, presumably for resupply, before returning there again. They were in collusion with Angolan civilians. Operation On the 26 November, the first 32 Battalion platoon observed six PLAN guerrillas at a watering hole on the edge of Chana Onaimbungu. This was three kilometres south of the border and well within South West African territory. The South Africans deployed into a sweep line and advanced to within fifty metres of the unsuspecting militants before opening fire. The insurgents made no attempt to resist, but fled towards the western bush. In their haste they inadvertently collided with a second platoon to the northwest less than an hour later. The insurgents were killed when they entered the South Africans' camp. Both platoon leaders made contact and agreed that they had probably encountered the same group. In mid-December, Colonel Breytenbach's brother Cloete, a journalist for The Sunday Times, arrived in South West Africa to do a story on the war. He requested an opportunity to see the operational area and was permitted to photograph 32 Battalion in action as long as he refrained from publishing the unit's name or any details of its deployment. Cloete received his opportunity on 23 December, when an SADF supply convoy spotted suspicious tracks entering Ovamboland. A 32 Battalion member, Tony Viera, followed the tracks two kilometres into Angola and observed seven insurgents mingling with civilians north of Chapa Lupale. His platoon deployed around the fringe of the settlement and crawled to within seventy metres of the guerrillas. In the ensuing firefight six of the seven were shot dead. Cloete Breytenbach published an exclusive report on the action when he returned to Johannesburg. This was the first time that 32 Battalion had been publicly photographed. On Christmas Day PLAN retaliated by attacking another 32 Battalion platoon a kilometre south of the border. The guerrillas were repelled back across the border with no casualties, and January 1977 passed almost without incident. On 19 February the South Africans located more suspicious tracks and not long after seven that evening two platoons led personally by Colonel Breytenbach followed them into Angola. There was a full moon which afforded excellent visibility; even without adequate night vision equipment Breytenbach's men were able to locate the target cadres near a waterhole. The insurgents fought back with surprising ferocity and mortally wounded a 32 Battalion operator before escaping. In the aftermath of the skirmish two insurgent dead were recovered as well as a cache of arms which included five PG-7V rockets and six 60mm mortar bombs. Sporadic engagements continued to be reported as 32 Battalion began actively searching out PLAN's forward operating bases. The first was discovered on the 22 February, when a sweep in the vicinity of Chana Henombe encountered one two kilometres southeast of the village. A 32 Battalion platoon stumbled into the camp's trench network and an estimated 100 insurgents responded to the scene with RPG-7s and small arms. The platoon also reported coming under heavy mortar fire. After ten minutes of shooting, the insurgents escaped unharmed into the bush and scattered. A second platoon led by Lieutenant Gerrit "Gert" Keulder also investigated Chana Mamuandi, arriving there on March 1. Their patrol made contact with a PLAN patrol, which immediately broke and ran. Seven nights later, 32 Battalion also combed Chana Hangadima but reported no sign of the enemy. By noon the following day the platoons had swept the fringe of Chana Henombe without encountering resistance. Keulder found an abandoned PLAN base in the Nutalala area and destroyed it. As the South Africans prepared to depart in the late afternoon, they were engaged by about 300 insurgents mounting a counterattack. The PLAN group mortally wounded Lieutenant Keulder before withdrawing, leaving their five dead behind them. At this point it became clear that PLAN either lacked the willingness or capability to fight sustained engagements, as even when 32 Battalion was outnumbered and outgunned their assailants would only exchange fire for about ten minutes. The insurgents would then disappear into the bush. Similar tactics were observed in the closing weeks of Seiljag – for instance, when sweeping a final PLAN base on the Huavala River a Lieutenant Des Burman's platoon encountered token opposition from guerrillas in a fortified trench complex. Despite initially responding with machine gun fire and RPGs, PLAN soon abandoned its advantageous position and retreated to the northwest. The South Africans scoured the trenches and found them to be one and a half metres deep, sprawling over a single piece of ground one hundred and fifty metres in diameter and bolstered with camouflaged bunkers. Some Angolan civilians had also resided in them. According to their accounts the particular base had been constructed three months prior. Male PLAN recruits tended to their fields by day and returned to sleep in their bunkers by night. Late March saw 32 Battalion beginning to move out once more; by the end of the month the platoons were back in South West Africa, having been relieved by fresh troops. Operation Seiljag was over. Aftermath Between November 1976 and March 1977 32 Battalion had accounted for at least 19 insurgents at the expense of three of their own. Besides Lieutenant Keulder, another white operator, Rifleman Christiaan Johannes Swart, had been killed on the 31 December. One of Colonel Breytenbach's platoon also died in the fighting on the 19 February. The capture of insurgent arms had been negligible, since most of the PLAN's combat infrastructure was located much further to the north in secure bases. By the end of 1977 it was clear that the South African government would have to take stronger action to curb insurgent activity. On 25 October 1977, the SADF claimed that there were 300 PLAN militants in the operational area and skirmishes with security forces averaged a hundred a month. A further 2,000 PLAN troops were active in Angola and 1,400 in Zambia near the Caprivi Strip. Not long after Black's statements an exceptionally large PLAN force of over 80 insurgents was able to infiltrate the border. The SADF was concerned that such raids could be indicative of a PLAN strategy to increase its semi-conventional capabilities and operate in larger cadres. For over a decade South Africa had concentrated on a counter-insurgency doctrine based on fighting small, lightly armed, and relatively disorganised partisans. PLAN's decision to escalate the war had forced a change in priorities; comparatively limited punitive actions such as Operation Seiljag were no longer regarded as adequate. On 4 May 1978, the SADF responded with Operation Reindeer, which involved regular airborne and mechanised units being deployed into Angola on a conventional scale for the first time. Five rifle companies of 32 Battalion took part in this operation. Operation Seiljag was followed by two similar search and destroy operations, Operation Buckshot and Operation Seiljag II. References Footnotes Sources 1976 in Angola 1977 in Angola 1977 in South Africa 1977 in South West Africa Cross-border operations of South Africa Battles and operations of the South African Border War Conflicts in 1976 Conflicts in 1977 Military raids	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Seiljag
Thunderchild, Thunder Child or variant, may refer to: Thunderchild First Nation, a Cree tribe and Indian reserve in Saskatchewan, Canada HMS Thunder Child, a fictional Royal Navy ironclad torpedo steam ram in the H.G. Wells novel The War of the Worlds "Thunderchild", a song about the ship from the 1978 album Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds Thunderchild, an album by James Ash, and the stagname listed on the album Thunder Child, a stagename for heavy metal band Warlord musician Mark Zonder Thunderchild, a character from Dick Tracy comics See also Children of the Thunder, a 1988 novel by John Brunner Sons of Thunder (disambiguation)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderchild
Sophie Moniotte (born 5 May 1969) is a French former ice dancer. With partner Pascal Lavanchy, she is a two-time World medalist (1994 silver, 1995 bronze) and two-time European medalist (1995 silver, 1997 bronze). Skating career Moniotte/Lavanchy began competing internationally in the 1980s. In 1992, they competed at their first Winter Olympics, finishing ninth at the event in Albertville, France. In the 1993–94 season, Moniotte/Lavanchy stood atop the podium at the 1993 Skate America and 1993 Skate Canada International. They placed fifth at the 1994 European Championships in Copenhagen, Denmark and at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway. They were awarded silver at the final event of the season, the 1994 World Championships in Chiba, Japan. In 1994–95, Moniotte/Lavanchy won the 1994 NHK Trophy and their third consecutive national title. The duo then won silver at the 1995 European Championships in Dortmund, Germany and bronze at the 1995 World Championships in Birmingham, England. In the 1995–96 season, Moniotte/Lavanchy were invited to compete at two events of the inaugural Champions Series (Grand Prix), the 1995 Skate America and 1995 Nations Cup. They withdrew due to injury. On 19 October 1995, Moniotte fractured the lateral malleolus of her left ankle while training at the Colombes rink. Although she resumed training in January 1996, she had not recovered and the duo ultimately decided to withdraw from the 1996 World Championships. Moniotte/Lavanchy returned to competition in the 1996–97 season. In October 1996, they finished second to Marina Anissina / Gwendal Peizerat at the French Championships, having placed first in the compulsory and original dances and second in the free dance. Despite the loss of their national title, they edged out Anissina/Peizerat for the bronze medal at the 1997 European Championships in Paris, France. Moniotte/Lavanchy then placed fourth at the 1997 World Championships in Lausanne, Switzerland, again finishing as the top French team. In the 1997–98 season, Moniotte/Lavanchy once again lost to Anissina/Peizerat at the French Championships and then slipped behind internationally, placing seventh at the 1998 European Championships in Milan, Italy. Moniotte/Lavanchy became three-time Olympians at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. They placed 11th and then retired from competition. In 1999, Moniotte published a memoir of her life as a skater. Later life Moniotte became involved in politics. Programs (with Lavanchy) Results CS: Champions Series (Grand Prix) with Lavanchy References 1969 births Living people French female ice dancers Olympic figure skaters for France Figure skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics World Figure Skating Championships medalists European Figure Skating Championships medalists Sportspeople from Dijon	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie%20Moniotte
Pascal Lavanchy (born 20 July 1968) is a French former ice dancer. With partner Sophie Moniotte, he is a two-time World medalist (1994 silver, 1995 bronze) and two-time European medalist (1995 silver, 1997 bronze). Skating career Lavanchy began skating in Morzine. He entered ice dancing immediately and partnered with an older skater, Isabelle Marcellin. After their split, he teamed up with Sophie Moniotte. Moniotte/Lavanchy began competing internationally in the 1980s. In 1992, they competed at their first Winter Olympics, finishing ninth at the event in Albertville, France. In the 1993–94 season, Moniotte/Lavanchy stood atop the podium at the 1993 Skate America and 1993 Skate Canada International. They placed fifth at the 1994 European Championships in Copenhagen, Denmark and at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway. They were awarded silver at the final event of the season, the 1994 World Championships in Chiba, Japan. In 1994–95, Moniotte/Lavanchy won the 1994 NHK Trophy and their third consecutive national title. The duo then won silver at the 1995 European Championships in Dortmund, Germany and bronze at the 1995 World Championships in Birmingham, England. In the 1995–96 season, Moniotte/Lavanchy were invited to compete at two events of the inaugural Champions Series (Grand Prix), the 1995 Skate America and 1995 Nations Cup. They withdrew due to injury. On 19 October 1995, Moniotte fractured the lateral malleolus of her left ankle while training at the Colombes rink. Although she resumed training in January 1996, she had not recovered and the duo ultimately decided to withdraw from the 1996 World Championships. Moniotte/Lavanchy returned to competition in the 1996–97 season. In October 1996, they finished second to Marina Anissina / Gwendal Peizerat at the French Championships, having placed first in the compulsory and original dances and second in the free dance. Despite the loss of their national title, they edged out Anissina/Peizerat for the bronze medal at the 1997 European Championships in Paris, France. Moniotte/Lavanchy then placed fourth at the 1997 World Championships in Lausanne, Switzerland, again finishing as the top French team. In the 1997–98 season, Moniotte/Lavanchy once again lost to Anissina/Peizerat at the French Championships and then slipped behind internationally, placing seventh at the 1998 European Championships in Milan, Italy. Moniotte/Lavanchy became three-time Olympians at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. They placed 11th and then retired from competition. Later life Following the end of his skating career, Lavanchy became a stunt driver. Programs (with Moniotte) Results CS: Champions Series (Grand Prix) with Moniotte References French male ice dancers Olympic figure skaters for France Figure skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics Living people 1968 births World Figure Skating Championships medalists European Figure Skating Championships medalists People from Thonon-les-Bains Sportspeople from Haute-Savoie	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%20Lavanchy

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