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The Tribes of Arabia () or Arab tribes () denote ethnic Arab tribes originating in the Arabian Peninsula. These tribes trace their ancestry to one of the two Arab forefathers, Adnan or Qahtan.
Historically, Arab tribes have inhabited the Arabian Peninsula. However, with the spread of Islam, they started migrating and settling in various regions, including the Levant, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Sudan, the Maghreb, and Khuzestan.
These areas collectively form what is known as the "Arab world," excluding Khuzestan. Arab tribes have significantly influenced demographic shifts in this region, leading to the growth of the Arab population. Additionally, they have played a vital role in the ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and genetic Arabization of the Levant and North Africa.
Arab genealogical tradition
The general consensus among 14th-century Arab genealogists is that Arabs are of three kinds:
Al-Arab al-Ba'ida (), "The Extinct Arabs", were an ancient group of tribes in pre-Islamic Arabia that included the ‘Ād, the Thamud, the Tasm, the Jadis, thelaq (who included branches of Banu al-Samayda), and others. The Jadis and the Tasm are said to have been exterminated by genocide. The Quran says that the disappearance of the 'Ad and Thamud came about due to their decadence. Recent archaeological excavations have uncovered inscriptions that reference 'Iram, once a major city of the 'Aad.
Al-Arab al-Ariba (), "The Pure Arabs", came from Qahtanite Arabs.
Al-Arab al-Mustarabah (), “The Arabized Arabs”, also known as the Adnanite Arabs, were the progeny of Ismail, the firstborn son of the patriarch Abraham.
The Hawazin tribe and the Quraysh tribe are considered ‘Adnani Arabs. Much of the lineage provided before Ma'ad relies on biblical genealogy, so questions persist concerning the accuracy of this segment of Adnanite Arab genealogy. Adnanites are believed to be the descendants of Ishmael through Adnan but the traditional Adnanite lineage does not match the biblical line exactly. According to Arab tradition, the Adnanites are called Arabised because it is believed that Ishmael spoke Aramaic and Egyptian then learnt Arabic from a Qahtanite Yemeni woman that he married. Therefore, the Adnanites are descendants of Abraham. Modern historiography "unveiled the lack of inner coherence of this genealogical system and demonstrated that it finds insufficient matching evidence".
History
Early history
The tribes of Arabia engaged in nomadic herding and agriculture since 6,000 BCE. By about 1,200 BCE, a complex network of settlements and camps was established. Kingdoms in the southern region of Arabia began to form and flourish. The earliest Arab tribes emerged from Bedouins. A major source of income for these people was the taxation of caravans, and tributes collected from non-Bedouin settlements. They also earned income by transporting goods and people in caravans pulled by domesticated camels across the desert. Scarcity of water and of permanent pastoral land required them to move constantly.
The Nabataeans were nomadic Arabs who moved into territory vacated by the Edomites – Semites who settled the region centuries before them. Their early inscriptions were in Aramaic, but gradually switched to Arabic, and since they had writing, it was they who made the first inscriptions in Arabic. The Nabataean alphabet was adopted by Arabs to the south, and evolved into modern Arabic script around the 4th century. This is attested by Safaitic inscriptions (beginning in the 1st century BCE) and the many Arabic personal names in Nabataean inscriptions. From about the 2nd century BCE, a few inscriptions from Qaryat al-Faw reveal a dialect no longer considered proto-Arabic, but pre-classical Arabic. Five Syriac inscriptions mentioning Arabs have been found at Sumatar Harabesi, one of which dates to the 2nd century CE.
The Ghassanids, Lakhmids and Kindites were the last major migration of pre-Islamic Arabs out of Yemen to the north. The Ghassanids increased the Semitic presence in the then Hellenized Syria, the majority of Semites were Aramaic peoples. They mainly settled in the Hauran region and spread to modern Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan.
Migration to Egypt
Ancient Bedouins and nomadic groups inhabited the Sinai Peninsula, located in Asia, ever since ancient times.
Prior to the Muslim conquest of Egypt, Egypt was under Greek and Roman influence. Under the Umayyad Caliphate, Arabic became the official language in Egypt rather than Coptic or Greek. The caliphate also allowed the migration of Arab tribes to Egypt. The Muslim governor of Egypt encouraged the migration of tribes from the Arabian Peninsula to Egypt to strengthen his regime by enlisting warrior tribesmen to his forces, encouraging them to bring their families and entire clans. The Fatimid era was the peak of Bedouin Arab tribal migrations to Egypt.
Migration to the Levant
On the eve of the Rashidun Caliphate's conquest of the Levant, 634 AD, Syria's population mainly spoke Aramaic; Greek was the official language of administration. Arabization and Islamization of Syria began in the 7th century, and it took several centuries for Islam, the Arab identity, and language to spread; the Arabs of the caliphate did not attempt to spread their language or religion in the early periods of the conquest, and formed an isolated aristocracy. The Arabs of the caliphate accommodated many new tribes in isolated areas to avoid conflict with the locals; caliph Uthman ordered his governor, Muawiyah I, to settle the new tribes away from the original population. Syrians who belonged to Monophysitic denominations welcomed the peninsular Arabs as liberators.
Migration to the Maghreb
The first wave of Arab immigration to the Maghreb began with the conquest of the Maghreb in the 7th century, with the migration of sedentary and nomadic Arabs to the Maghreb from the Arabian Peninsula. Arab tribes such as Banu Muzaina migrated, and the Arab Muslims in the region had more impact on the culture of the Maghreb than the region's conquerors before and after them. The major migration to the region by Arab tribes was in the 11th century when the tribes of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, along with others, were sent by the Fatimids to defeat a Berber rebellion and then settle in the Maghreb. These tribes advanced in large numbers all the way to Morocco, contributing to a more extensive ethnic, genetic, cultural, and linguistic Arabization in the region. The Arab tribes of Maqil migrated to the Maghreb a century later and even immigrated southwards to Mauritania. Beni Hassan defeated both Berbers and Black Africans in the region, pushing them southwards to the Senegal river while the Arab tribes settled in Mauritania. The Arab descendants of the original Arabian settlers who continue to speak Arabic as a first language currently form the single largest population group in North Africa.
Migration to Mesopotamia
The migration of Arab tribes to Mesopotamia began in the seventh century, and by the late 20th century constituted about three quarters of the population of Iraq. A large Arab migration to Mesopotamia followed the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia in 634, which saw an increase in the culture and ideals of the Bedouins in the region. The second Arab tribal migration to northern Mesopotamia was in the 10th century when the Banu Numayr migrated there.
Migration to Sudan
In the 12th century, the Arab Ja'alin tribe migrated into Nubia and Sudan and formerly occupied the country on both banks of the Nile from Khartoum to Abu Hamad. They trace their lineage to Abbas, uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. They are of Arab origin, but now of mixed blood mostly with Nilo-Saharans and Nubians. Other Arab tribes migrated into Sudan in the 12th century and intermarried with the indigenous populations, forming the Sudanese Arabs. In 1846, many Arab Rashaida migrated from Hejaz in present-day Saudi Arabia into what is now Eritrea and north-east Sudan after tribal warfare had broken out in their homeland. The Rashaida of Sudan and Eritrea live in close proximity with the Beja people. Large numbers of Bani Rasheed are also found on the Arabian Peninsula. They are related to the Banu Abs tribe.
Migration to Iran
After the Arab conquest of Persia in the 7th century, many Arab tribes settled in different parts of Iran, notably Khurasan and Ahwaz, it is the Arab tribes of Khuzestan that have retained their identity in language and culture to the present day while other Arabs especially in Khurasan were slowly Persianised. Khurusani Arabs were mainly contingent from Nejdi tribes such as Banu Tamim.
There was a great influx of Arab tribes into Khuzestan from the 16th to the 19th century, including the migration of the Banu Ka'b and Banu Lam from the Arabian desert. Tribalism is a significant characteristic of Arab population in Khuzestan.
Other later Arab migrations in Iran include the mostly cross Gulf migrations of Arabs into Hormozgan and Fars provinces from modern day eastern Saudi Arabia and other Gulf States, post 16th century. These include Sunni Huwala and Achomi people, who compromise of both fully Arab and mixed Arab-Persian families. The Arabs on the Iranian side of the Gulf tend to speak a dialect much closer to Gulf Arabic opposed to the Khuzestani Arabic which is closer to Iraqi Arabic.
The Great Skulls of Arabia
According to Arab traditions, tribes are divided into different divisions called Arab skulls (), which is a term given to a group of tribes of the Arabian Peninsula, which are described in the traditional custom of strength, abundance, victory, and honor. A number of them branched out, which later became independent tribes (sub-tribes). They are called "Skulls" because it is thought that the skull is the most important part of the body, and the majority of Arab tribes are descended from these major tribes.
They are:
Bakr, has descendants in Arabia and Iraq.
Kinanah, has descendants in Arabia, Iraq, Egypt, Sudan, Palestine, Tunisia, Morocco, and Syria.
Hawazin, has descendants in Arabia, Libya, Algeria, Morocco, Sudan, and Iraq.
Tamim, has descendants in Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Palestine, Algeria, and Morocco
Azd, has descendants in Arabia, Iraq, Levant, and North Africa.
Ghatafan, has descendants in Arabia and the Maghreb.
Madhhij, has descendants in Arabia and Iraq.
Abd al-Qays, has descendants in Arabia.
Al Qays (القيس), has descendants in Arabia.
Quda'a, has descendants in Arabia, Syria, and North Africa.
See also
Iranian Arabs
Arab tribes in Iraq
References
External links
The dwelling places and wanderings of the Arabian tribes, by Heinrich Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, in German
Tribes of Arabia
Arab people
Arab groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribes%20of%20Arabia |
David Farrington Thornton (born June 12, 1953) is an American actor. He has appeared in John Q, Home Alone 3 as Earl Unger, Law & Order, The Notebook, and The Other Woman, among other roles. He is the husband of singer songwriter Cyndi Lauper.
Personal life
Thornton was born in Cheraw, South Carolina. He is the son of Robert Donald Thornton (1917–2006), an international authority on the Scottish poet Robert Burns, who taught English at Harvard University among other institutions, and Grace Ellen, née Baker. He graduated from Hamilton College and Yale Drama School and studied at Lee Strasberg's Actors Studio.
Thornton met singer Cyndi Lauper on the set of the film Off and Running. They married in November 1991 and have a son, Declyn Wallace Thornton (b. 1997).
In 2005, the New York Court of Appeals ruled in favor of Thornton in Thornton v. Baron, which is considered a landmark decision in the New York real estate industry, specifically dealing with rent stabilization in New York.
Filmography
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
People from Cheraw, South Carolina
American male film actors
American male television actors
Hamilton College (New York) alumni
Male actors from South Carolina
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Thornton%20%28actor%29 |
The Ésagila or Esangil ( , "temple whose top is lofty") was a temple dedicated to Marduk, the protector god of Babylon. It lay south of the ziggurat Etemenanki.
Description
In this temple was the statue of Marduk, surrounded by cult images of the cities that had fallen under the hegemony of the Babylonian Empire from the 18th century BC; there was also a little lake which was named Abzu by the Babylonian priests. This Abzu was a representation of Marduk's father, Enki, who was god of the waters and lived in the Abzu that was the source of all the fresh waters.
Esarhaddon, king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (681 – 669 BC), reconstructed the temple. He claimed that he built the temple from the foundation to the battlements, a claim corroborated by dedicatory inscriptions found on the stones of the temple's walls on the site.
The Esagila complex, completed in its final form by Nebuchadnezzar II (604–562 BC) encasing earlier cores, was the center of Babylon. It comprised a large court (ca. 40×70 meters), containing a smaller court (ca. 25×40 meters), and finally the central shrine, consisting of an anteroom and the inner sanctum which contained the statues of Marduk and his consort Sarpanit.
According to Herodotus, Xerxes had a statue removed from the Esagila when he flooded Babylon in 482 BC, desecrated the Esagila and sacked the city. Alexander the Great ordered restorations, and the temple continued to be maintained throughout the 2nd century BC, as one of the last strongholds of Babylonian culture, such as literacy in the cuneiform script, but as Babylon was gradually abandoned under the Parthian Empire, the temple fell into decay in the 1st century BC.
Under the enormous heap of debris that lay over it, Esagila was rediscovered by Robert Koldewey in November 1900, but it did not begin to be seriously examined until 1910. The rising water table has obliterated much of the sun-dried brick and other oldest material. Most of the finds at Babylon reflect the Neo-Babylonian period and later.
Esagila tablet
Data from the Esagila tablet, which was copied from older texts in 229 BC and describes Esagila in lines 1–15 before passing on to the ziggurat of Etemenanki, have aided in the temple's reconstruction. The tablet, described by George Smith in 1872, disappeared for some time into private hands before it resurfaced and began to be interpreted.
The Esagila tablet hold Babylonian calculating methods considered to be sacred as they read in the back "let the initiate show the initiate, the non-initiate must not see this". On the front, the tablet explains the history and engineering of the 7-floor high Etemenanki temple (often thought to have inspired the Tower of Babel in the Bible).
Notes
External links
Esagila (livius.org)
The Ancient Middle Eastern Capital City — Reflection and Navel of the World by Stefan Maul ("Die altorientalische Hauptstadt — Abbild und Nabel der Welt," in Die Orientalische Stadt: Kontinuität. Wandel. Bruch. 1 Internationales Kolloquium der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft. 9.-10. Mai 1996 in Halle/Saale, Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag (1997), p. 109–124.
Babylonia
Ancient Near East temples
Esarhaddon
Nebuchadnezzar II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esagila |
George Newman may refer to:
George Newman (MP) (c. 1562–1627), Member of Parliament for Canterbury and Dover
George Newman (cricketer) (1904–1982), English cricketer
George Newman (physician) (1870–1948), English public health physician
George Newman, a fictional character played by “Weird Al” Yankovic in the film UHF
George Gough Newman (1862–1929) South Australian educator | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Newman |
Friedrich Müller (6 March 1834 25 May 1898) was an Austrian linguist and ethnologist who originated the term Hamito-Semitic languages for what are now called the Afro-Asiatic languages.
Biography
He studied at the University of Göttingen. His studies were completed at the University of Vienna (1853–1857), where he was librarian from 1858 to 1866, and then became extraordinary and then ordinary (1869) professor of comparative philology and Sanskrit. He was a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and was one of the highest authorities on comparative philology and ethnology and the relations of the two sciences, being so regarded in particular by Theodor Benfey.
Theories
According to Müller's classification, followed by Robert Needham Cust, the main subgroups of the Hamito-Semitic languages are: (1) Semitic; (2) Hamitic; (3) Nuba-Fula; (4) Nigerian or Negro languages; (5) Bantu; and (6) Hottentot-Bushman.
The prominent German zoologist Ernst Haeckel mentioned Müller when he formulated his own racialist theory about higher and lower races:
The Caucasian, or Mediterranean man (Homo Mediterraneus), has from time immemorial been placed at the head of all the races of men, as the most highly developed and perfect. It is generally called the Caucasian race, but as, among all the varieties of the species, the Caucasian branch is the least important, we prefer the much more suitable appellation proposed by Friedrich Müller, namely, that of Mediterranese. For the most important varieties of this species, which are moreover the most eminent actors in what is called “Universal History,” first rose to a flourishing condition on the shores of the Mediterranean.… This species alone (with the exception of the Mongolian) has had an actual history; it alone has attained to that degree of civilization which seems to raise men above the rest of nature.
Works
Besides contributing largely on comparative philology and ethnology to the Mitteilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft and the Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, and editing these periodicals for a time, Müller wrote:
Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara, linguistic and the ethnological parts (1867–73)
Allgemeine Ethnographie (1873)
Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft (1876–87) Facsimile reprint, 2004 ()
Notes
References
Austrian librarians
Linguists from Austria
Austrian philologists
Austrian ethnologists
Linguists of Niger–Congo languages
1834 births
1898 deaths
University of Vienna alumni
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
University of Göttingen alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20M%C3%BCller%20%28linguist%29 |
Source code escrow is the deposit of the source code of software with a third-party escrow agent. Escrow is typically requested by a party licensing software (the licensee), to ensure maintenance of the software instead of abandonment or orphaning. The software's source code is released to the licensee if the licensor files for bankruptcy or otherwise fails to maintain and update the software as promised in the software license agreement.
Necessity of escrow
As the continued operation and maintenance of custom software is critical to many companies, they usually desire to make sure that it continues even if the licensor becomes unable to do so, such as because of bankruptcy. This is most easily achieved by obtaining a copy of the up-to-date source code. The licensor, however, will often be unwilling to agree to this, as the source code will generally represent one of their most closely guarded trade secrets.
As a solution to this conflict of interest, source code escrow ensures that the licensee obtains access to the source code only when the maintenance of the software cannot otherwise be assured, as defined in contractually agreed-upon conditions.
Escrow agreements
Source code escrow takes place in a contractual relationship, formalized in a source code escrow agreement, between at least three parties:
one or several licensors,
one or several licensees,
the escrow agent.
The service provided by the escrow agent – generally a business dedicated to that purpose and independent from either party – consists principally in taking custody of the source code from the licensor and releasing it to the licensee only if the conditions specified in the escrow agreement are met.
Source code escrow agreements provide for the following:
They specify the subject and scope of the escrow. This is generally the source code of a specific software, accompanied by everything that the licensee requires to independently maintain the software, such as documentation, software tools or specialized hardware.
They oblige the licensor to put updated versions of the software in escrow in specific intervals.
They specify the conditions that must be met for the agent to release the source code to the licensee. Typical conditions include the bankruptcy of the licensor, the cancellation of a software development project or the express unwillingness of the licensor to fulfil his contractual maintenance obligations. Because it is often important to the licensee that the code be released as soon as possible once the conditions are met, the conditions tend to be worded as plainly and unambiguously as possible.
They circumscribe the rights obtained by the licensee with respect to the source code after the release of the software. These rights are generally limited and may include the right to modify the source code for the purpose of fixing errors, or the right to continue independent development of the software.
They specify the services provided by the escrow agent beyond a simple custody of the source code. Specialised agents may, for instance, verify that the source code storage media is readable, or even build the software based on the source code, verifying that its features match the binary version used by the licensee.
They may provide that non-compete clauses in the licence agreement, such as any that prohibit the licensee from employing the licensor's employees, are void in the event of the release conditions being met, enabling the licensee to acquire the know-how required for the maintenance of the software.
They also provide for the fees due to the escrow agent for his services.
Whether a source code escrow agreement is entered into at all, and who bears its costs, is subject to agreement between the licensor and the licensee. Software license agreements often provide for a right of the licensee to demand that the source code be put into escrow, or to join an existing escrow agreement.
Bankruptcy laws may interfere with the execution of a source code escrow agreement, if the bankrupt licensor's creditors are legally entitled to seize the licensor's assets – including the code in escrow – upon bankruptcy, preventing the release of the code to the licensee.
Third party escrow agents
Museums, archives and other GLAM organizations have begun to act as independent escrow agents due to growing digital obsolescence. Notable examples are the Internet Archive in 2007, the Library of Congress in 2006, ICHEG, Computer History Museum, or the MOMA.
There are also some cases where software communities act as escrow agent, for instance for Wing Commander video game series or Ultima 9 of the Ultima series.
Software open-sourcing to the public
The escrow agreements described above are most applicable to custom-developed software which is not available to the general public. In some cases, source code for commercial off-the-shelf software may be deposited into escrow to be released as free and open-source software under an open source license when the original developer ceases development and/or when certain fundraising conditions are met (the threshold pledge system).
For instance, the Blender graphics suite was released in this way following the bankruptcy of Not a Number Technologies; the widely used Qt toolkit is covered by a source code escrow agreement secured by the "KDE Free Qt Foundation".
There are many cases of end-of-life open-sourcing which allow the community continued self-support, see List of commercial video games with later released source code.
See also
Source code repository for open source
Orphan works
References
Further reading
Computerworld (7/20/92, page 99): Don't Rush Into Source Code Escrow
A Guide to IT Contracting: Checklists, Tools, and Techniques (, 2013) - Page 262
Software escrow meaning
Escrow
Computer law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source%20code%20escrow |
The Sugar Creek Slavic Festival is an annual two-day event held in Sugar Creek, Missouri. The next Festival is Friday & Saturday, 11–12 June in 2021, as 2020 went on hiatus.
The Sugar Creek Fair and Festival Board sponsors the Slavic Festival. The board consists of area civic and service organization members. In 2005, the Ambassador to the United States of the Slovak Republic, Mr. Ratislav Kačer, made an appearance at the festival to celebrate the event's 20th anniversary. Through their cooperative efforts, the Slavic Festival has continued to grow and help maintain the ethnic traditions of the people of Sugar Creek.
Ancient traditions of Slavic culture brought by immigrants from Czechoslovakia, Croatia, and Poland had been present even in Sugar Creek's earliest days. Celebrations were carried out in a customary manner between the residents of the town throughout the late 19th and most of the 20th century. However, it was not until July 4, 1986, that the celebrations became a formal event. The Fair and Festival Board patterned the festival after the very successful Folk Festivals sponsored by St. Cyril's Catholic Church and its Altar and Rosary Society in the late 1970s.
Slavic Heritage
The early Slavs came from Indo-European lands, spreading from various parts of Asia into Eastern Europe about 2000 BC. Under the pressure of nomadic hordes, the Slavic tribes crossed the Carpathian Mountains and pushed their way down to the Balkans. Others moved westward toward the upper Danube, and still others eastward toward the River Dniper and Black Sea. This migration continued from the fourth through the eighth century, giving birth to the Slavic nations that we know today.
For many centuries the Slavic tribes used the same common language. Starting with the migration into Eastern Europe some dialectical differences began to develop among the various tribes. Generally, linguists divide the Slavs into three main groups - Western Slavs, Southern or Yugoslavs, and Eastern Slavs. The Western Slavs embrace modern nations of Czechs, Slovaks, Lusitian Serbs and Poles. Southern Slavs include Serbs, Croats, Slovenians, Macedonians and Bulgarians. The Eastern Slavs are subdivided into three separate branches: Russians (or Muscovites), White (or Bielo-Russians) and Rusyns (or Ukrainian).
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries political and economic tension triggered a wave of emigration from the Slavic nations to America. These hard working people came to form settlements in cities and neighborhoods, like Sugar Creek, where jobs and the American Dream welcomed their arrival. Today, millions of Americans trace their family heritage to the Slavic nations. Celebrations, like the Sugar Creek Slavic Festival, remind us of those roots and the sacrifices made by those who came before us seeking a better life.
Activities
The Festival is a living display of the various Slavic customs and events continued by the people of Sugar Creek. Each year, locals serve traditional Slavic entrees such as Sarma (cabbage rolls), Kielbasa (Polish sausage) and Roznijici (pork kabobs). For those with a sweet tooth, authentic Slavic desserts such as Povitica, (walnut bread) Apple Strudel, Kolache, (fruit pastry) and various other cookies are offered as well.
Food isn't the only thing the festival offers, however. Music and dancing are, of course, mainstays as well. Musicians play on authentic instruments, and groups perform traditional songs and dances in the costumes of the Slavic countries. The Festival has featured such Grammy nominees as LynnMarie & The Boxhounds, Brave Combo and Alex Meixner. Best of all, everyone has the chance to learn one of the traditional Slavic Kolo (circle) dances.
For those who live for competition, the festival holds an annual Kielbasa eating contest to see who will be crowned that year's Kielbasa King or Queen. It will also hold the first Miss Czech-Slovak Missouri Pageant for young women to proudly represent their heritage while competing for the crown.
Crafts are also a big part of what the festival is all about. Visitors are able to see, touch, and take home a piece of Slavic history and culture. From the museum display of artifacts to hand-painted Ukrainian eggs, Baltic amber, and imported crystal you'll discover the beauty and wonder of the Slavic culture.
Location
The Slavic Festival is held on the Mike Onka Memorial Building grounds, 11520 E. Putnam in Sugar Creek. Free parking and shuttles are available throughout the event. Visit the Festival website for more information.
2017 Festival
The Sugar Creek Slavic Festival will be held June 9 and 10 in Sugar Creek, Missouri. Scheduled entertainment include the Sugar Creek Kolo Kids, Ethnic Dance Troupe Tamburitzans, and village musicians. It also includes the annual sausage eating competition sponsored by Peter May's House of Kielbasa.
Past Festivals
2016 Festival
The Sugar Creek Slavic Festival was held June 10 and 11 in Sugar Creek, Missouri. Scheduled entertainment included Grammy Award nominee Alex Meixner, the Sugar Creek Kolo Kids, the Hrvatski Obicaj Ethnic Dance Troupe Tamburitzans and village musicians. It also included the annual sausage eating competition sponsored by Peter May's House of Kielbasa.
2015 Festival
The Sugar Creek Slavic Festival was held June 5 and 6 in Sugar Creek, Missouri. Scheduled entertainment included Grammy Award nominee Alex Meixner, the Sugar Creek Kolo Kids, Ethnic Dance Troupe Tamburitzans and village musicians. It also included the annual sausage eating competition sponsored by Peter May's House of Kielbasa.
2014 Festival
The Sugar Creek Slavic Festival was held June 6 and 7 in Sugar Creek, Missouri. Scheduled entertainment included music royalty and two-time Grammy Award winner Brave Combo, as well as a sausage eating competition sponsored by Peter May's House of Kielbasa.
2013 Festival
The Sugar Creek Slavic Festival was held June 7 and 8 in Sugar Creek, Missouri. Scheduled entertainment included Grammy Award nominee Alex Meixner, The Ed Grisnik Orchestra, Sugar Creek Tamburitzans, Hrvatski Običaj, Kolo Kids and the Sugar Creek Ethnic Dance Troupe.
2012 Festival
The Sugar Creek Slavic Festival was held June 8 and 9 in Sugar Creek, Missouri. Scheduled entertainment included Grammy Award nominee Alex Meixner, The Ed Grisnik Orchestra, Sugar Creek Tamburitzans, Hrvatski Običaj, Kolo Kids and the Sugar Creek Ethnic Dance Troupe.
2011 Festival
The Sugar Creek Slavic Festival was held June 10 and 11 in Sugar Creek, Missouri. Scheduled entertainment included Grammy Award nominee Alex Meixner, The Ed Grisnik Orchestra, Sugar Creek Tamburitzans, Hrvatski Običaj, Kolo Kids and the Sugar Creek Ethnic Dance Troupe.
2010 Festival
The Sugar Creek Slavic Festival was held June 11 and 12 in Sugar Creek, Missouri. Scheduled entertainment included Grammy-winning artist, Brave Combo, The Ed Grisnik Orchestra, Sugar Creek Tamburitzans, Hrvatski Običaj, The Strawberry Hill Croatian Folk Ensemble, Kolo Kids and the Sugar Creek Ethnic Dance Troupe.
2009 Festival
The Sugar Creek Slavic Festival was held June 12 and 13 in Sugar Creek, Missouri. Scheduled entertainment included Grammy-winning artist, Brave Combo, The Ed Grisnik Orchestra, Sugar Creek Tamburitzans, The Strawberry Hill Croatian Folk Ensemble, Kolo Kids and the Sugar Creek Ethnic Dance Troupe.
2008 Festival
Sugar Creek Slavic Festival was held June 6 and 7 in Sugar Creek, Missouri. Scheduled entertainment included Grammy-nominated group LynnMarie & the Boxhounds, Polka Hall of Fame member Don Lipovac, Ed Grisnik Orchestra, Sugar Creek Tamburitzans, Strawberry Hill Croatian Folk Ensemble, Kolo Kids and the Sugar Creek Ethnic Dance Troupe.
2007 Festival
The 2007 Sugar Creek Slavic Festival was held June 8 and 9 in Sugar Creek, Missouri. Scheduled entertainment included Grammy Award Winner Brave Combo, Polka Hall of Fame member Don Lipovac, Ed Grisnik Orchestra, Sugar Creek Tamburitzans, Kolo Kids and the Sugar Creek Ethnic Dance Troupe.
Croatian-American history
Czech-American culture in Missouri
Cultural festivals in the United States
Festivals in Missouri
Slovak-American history
Russian-American culture
Ukrainian-American culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar%20Creek%20Slavic%20Festival |
Fotbal Club Gaz Metan Târgu Mureș was a Romanian football club from Târgu Mureș, Mureș County.
In its history, Gaz Metan has played for eight seasons in Liga III, between 2000 and 2009.
History
Gaz Metan achieved promotion to the Divizia C, Romanian's third division, at the end of the 1999–2000 season, winning Divizia D – Mureș County.
During its first season in Divizia C, 2000–01, coached by Florea Ispir, Gaz Metan enjoying a good form finishing in 2nd place. In the following season, "Mureșenii" finished on the 8th place.
Honours
Liga III:
Runners-up (1): 2000–01
Liga IV – Mureș County
Winners (3): 1999–2000, 2006–07, 2009–10
Runners-up (3): 1988–89, 2010–11, 2012–13
Cupa României – Mureș County
Winners (1): 2010–11
League history
References
External links
Asociaţia Judeţeană de Fotbal Mureş
Association football clubs disestablished in 2018
Defunct football clubs in Romania
Football clubs in Mureș County
Liga III clubs
Liga IV clubs
2018 disestablishments in Romania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20Gaz%20Metan%20T%C3%A2rgu%20Mure%C8%99 |
Germany competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, United States. In terms of gold medals, Germany finished ranking second with 12 gold medals. Meanwhile, the 36 total medals won by German athletes were the most of any nation at these Games, as well at any Winter Olympics, until this record was broken by the United States at the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Medalists
Alpine skiing
Men
Women
Women's combined
Biathlon
Men
Men's 4 × 7.5 km relay
Women
Women's 4 × 7.5 km relay
1 A penalty loop of 150 metres had to be skied per missed target.
2 Starting delay based on 10 km sprint results.
3 One minute added per missed target.
4 Starting delay based on 7.5 km sprint results.
Bobsleigh
Men
Women
Cross-country skiing
Men
Sprint
Pursuit
1 Starting delay based on 10 km C. results.
C = Classical style, F = Freestyle
4 × 10 km relay
Women
Sprint
Pursuit
2 Starting delay based on 5 km C. results.
C = Classical style, F = Freestyle
4 × 5 km relay
Curling
Men's tournament
Group stage
Top four teams advanced to semi-finals.
|}
Contestants
Women's tournament
Group stage
Top four teams advanced to semi-finals.
|}
Tie-breaker
|}
Contestants
Figure skating
Pairs
Ice Dancing
Ice hockey
Men's tournament
Preliminary round - group A
Top team (shaded) advanced to the first round.
First round - group C
Quarter final
Team roster
Marc Seliger
Robert Müller
Christian Künast
Dennis Seidenberg
Daniel Kunce
Christoph Schubert
Mirko Lüdemann
Erich Goldmann
Christian Ehrhoff
Andreas Renz
Jörg Mayr
Len Soccio
Klaus Kathan
Mark MacKay
Stefan Ustorf
Tobias Abstreiter
Andreas Morczinietz
Jochen Hecht
Andreas Loth
Marco Sturm
Jan Benda
Martin Reichel
Jürgen Rumrich
Wayne Hynes
Daniel Kreutzer
Head coach: Hans Zach
Women's tournament
First round - group B
Top two teams (shaded) advanced to semifinals.
Classification round
5th place semi-final
5th place game
Luge
Men
(Men's) Doubles
Women
Nordic combined
Men's sprint
Events:
large hill ski jumping
7.5 km cross-country skiing
Men's individual
Events:
normal hill ski jumping
15 km cross-country skiing
Men's Team
Four participants per team.
Events:
normal hill ski jumping
5 km cross-country skiing
Short track speed skating
Men
Women
Skeleton
Men
Women
Ski jumping
Men's team large hill
1 Four teams members performed two jumps each.
Snowboarding
Men's parallel giant slalom
Men's halfpipe
Women's parallel giant slalom
Women's halfpipe
Speed skating
Men
Women
References
Olympic Winter Games 2002, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 2002 Winter Olympics
2002
Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%20at%20the%202002%20Winter%20Olympics |
Ofer Bar-Yosef (; 29 August 1937 – 14 March 2020) was an Israeli archaeologist and anthropologist whose main field of study was the Palaeolithic period.
From 1967 Bar-Yosef was Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at Hebrew University in Jerusalem, the institution where he originally studied archaeology at undergraduate and post-graduate levels in the 1960s. In 1988, he moved to the United States of America where he became Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at Harvard University as well as Curator of Palaeolithic Archaeology at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. He was a professor emeritus.
He has excavated widely on prehistoric Levantine sites including Kebara Cave, the early Neolithic village of Netiv HaGdud, as well as on Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites in China and Georgia.
Selected publications
The Natufian Culture in the Levant (Ed), International Monographs in Prehistory, 1992.
Late Quaternary Chronology and Paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean. Radiocarbon, 1994.
Seasonality and Sedentism: Archaeological Perspectives from Old and New World Sites, (Ed), Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, 1998.
(with Belfer-Cohen, A) From Africa to Eurasia - Early Dispersals. Quaternary International 75:19-28, 2001.
See also
Nigel Goring-Morris
Anna Belfer-Cohen
References
External links
Ofer Bar-Yosef at Harvard's website
1937 births
2020 deaths
Israeli archaeologists
Israeli anthropologists
Harvard University faculty
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Prehistorians
Jewish anthropologists
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofer%20Bar-Yosef |
Wallace Augustus Rayfield (1874–1941), was an American architect and educator. He was the second formally educated practicing African American architect in the United States.
Biography
Wallace Augustus Rayfield was born around May 10, 1874 in Bibb County near Macon, Georgia. Rayfield attended schools in Macon, Georgia before moving to Washington, D.C. to live with his aunt after the death of his mother.
He was an apprentice at an architectural firm A. B. Mullett and Co. while attending Howard University. Rayfield received a B.S. degree in 1896 in Classics from Howard University. He then completed a graduate certificate in 1898 from Pratt Institute, before earning his bachelor of architecture (B. Arch) in architecture from Columbia University in 1899.
Upon graduation, he was recruited by Booker T. Washington to the role Directorship of the Architectural and Mechanical Drawing Department at Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University) in Tuskegee, Alabama. His students included William Sidney Pittman, and Vertner Woodson Tandy.
In 1907, Rayfield opened a professional office in Tuskegee, Alabama from which he sold mail-order plans nationwide. He also advertised "branch offices" in Birmingham, Montgomery, Mobile and Talladega, Alabama and Atlanta, Savannah, Macon and Augusta, Georgia. He left Tuskegee Institute and moved to Birmingham, Alabama in 1908 to focus on his young practice. He was elected as Superintending Architect for the Freedman's Aid Society, and Connectional Architect of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.
He died on February 28, 1941.
Notable work
Birmingham Art Club (1908), Birmingham, Alabama
Dr. Arthur M. Brown Residence (1908), 319-4th Terrace, Birmingham, Alabama; demolished
Sixth Avenue Baptist Church (1909), 1531-6th Avenue, Birmingham, Alabama
16th Street Baptist Church (1911), Birmingham, Alabama
People's A.M.E. Zion Church (1911), Syracuse, New York
T.C. Windham Construction Company Office Building (1912), Birmingham, Alabama
Alabama Penny Savings Bank/Knights of Pythian Temple Building (1913), Birmingham, Alabama
R. A. Blount Residence (1914), 322-6th Avenue North, Birmingham, Alabama
32nd Street Baptist Church (1924), Birmingham, Alabama
Antioch Baptist Church (1926), 956 W. 9th Street, Cincinnati, Ohio
Trinity Baptist Church, Birmingham, Alabama
Harmony Street Baptist Church, Birmingham, Alabama
Metropolitan A.M.E. Zion Church, Birmingham, Alabama
Ebenezer Baptist Church, Chicago, Illinois
St Paul's Episcopal Church, Batesville, Arkansas
Trinity Building, South Africa
Mt. Zion Baptist Church, Pensacola, Florida
Morning Star Baptist Church, Demopolis, Alabama
Marlinton Methodist Church, Marlinton, West Virginia
Marlinton Presbyterian Church, Marlinton, West Virginia
Mt. Pilgrim Baptist Church, Milton, Florida
Madame Clisby Residence, Birmingham, Alabama
Rocky Springs Presbyterian Church, Laurens, South Carolina
First Missionary Baptist Church, Decatur, Alabama
Pythian Temple Building, Cotton Avenue, Macon, Georgia
St. Luke African Methodist Episcopal Church, Birmingham, Alabama
First Congregational Church (now part of Talladega College), Talladega, Alabama
Dorms at Haven Institute and Conservatory of Music, Meridian, Mississippi
See also
Robert R. Taylor, the first professionally trained African American architect in the U.S.
African-American architects
References
Hamilton, G. P. (1911) "W. A. Rayfield, B. S., Birmingham, Ala." in Beacon Lights of the Race. Memphis, E. H. Clarke & Brother, pp. 451–7
Brown, Charles A. (1972) W. A. Rayfield: Pioneer Black Architect of Birmingham, Ala. Birmingham: Gray Printing Company
McKenzie, Vinson. (Fall 1993) "A Pioneering African-American Architect in Alabama: Wallace A. Rayfield, 1874–1941." Journal of the Interfaith Forum on Religion, Art & Architecture. Vol. 13
Durough, Allan R. (2010) The Architectural Legacy of Wallace A. Rayfield: Pioneer Black Architect of Birmingham, Alabama. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press
External links
Wallace A. Rayfield site by Allen R. Durough at the Wayback Machine archived (March 16, 2012)
Wallace Rayfield at BhamWiki.com
1874 births
1941 deaths
People from Macon, Georgia
Artists from Birmingham, Alabama
20th-century American architects
Pratt Institute alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation alumni
African-American architects
20th-century African-American people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace%20Rayfield |
Steiger is a tractor brand that is manufactured in the United States. The Steiger Tractor Company was founded in the 1950s by Douglass Steiger and Maurice Steiger, brothers who were farmers near Red Lake Falls, Minnesota. The Steigers first built a tractor in their workshop for their own use out of truck components, before beginning broader manufacturing and marketing of tractors in the United States and Canada. The tractor brand was acquired by Case IH in 1986, who continued production of tractor models under the name Steiger.
History
The tractor division of Steiger Farms was moved to Fargo, North Dakota, in 1969. It was acquired by Case IH in 1986, which later became part of Italy's FIAT Group.
Under CEO Eugene Dahl (formerly VP of Purchasing for the Melroe Company of Gwinner, ND) they have been one of the few successful mass-producers of 4WD tractors in the world. In the 1970s, International Harvester company of Chicago purchased a 30% stake in the company. This stake was later sold to Deutz-Fahr of Germany in 1982.
Case IH, formed from the merger of Tenneco's Case with the agricultural arm of International Harvester, purchased Steiger in 1986, and the familiar lime-green color of Steiger's was retired as CIH's red took over. The Steiger name disappeared for a while, but was re-introduced on the 4WD tractors in Case IH's stable as their flagship line, they can also be purchased as a New Holland. The 2009 models are branded as Case STX Steiger and are offered in power rating from 200 hp to 500+ hp, with a Quadtrac option on most models in the lineup.
Steiger has built tractors for other tractor manufacturers and distributors under the International Harvester and Co-op Implements brand, such as, Ford and Allis-Chalmers.
Steiger licensed their tractor designs to RÁBA of Hungary, which built RÁBA and RÁBA-Steiger tractors. Vandel, of France, also licensed the Steiger design and built tractors under their name.
Former Steiger President Jack Johnson later formed Titan Tractors in Fargo to re-manufacture and retrofit old Steigers.
American Tractors, or AmTrac, in England, retrofits and rebuilds old Steigers.
Models
AFS Connect Steiger Series Years of Production: 2020-Current
Steiger Series Years of Production: 2008-2020
Steiger STX Series Years of Production: 2000-2008
9300 Series Years of Production: 1996-1999
9200 Series Years of Production: 1990-1995
9100 Series Years of Production: 1986-1989
1000 Series Years of Production: 1983-1986
Series IV Years of Production: 1983-1985 (The Tiger IV was produced from 1984–1988 and ended production as the Case International 9190)
Industrial Series Years of Production: 1982-1984
Ford FW Series Years of Production: FW Series 1978-1982
Series III PT/PTA Years of Production: PT Series 1977-1981/PTA Series 1978-1982
Series III Years of Production: 1976-1983
Series II Years of Production: 1974-1976
Series I Years of Production: 1969-1974
Barn Series Years of Production: 1963-1969
References
Red 4WD Tractors: High-Horsepower 4WD Tractors from IH, Steiger, Case IH and J.I.Case
External links
Case IH
Steiger at TractorData.com
CNH Industrial
Tractor manufacturers of the United States
Agriculture companies of the United States
Thief River Falls, Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steiger%20Tractor |
Pigs Have Wings is a novel by P. G. Wodehouse, which first appeared as a serial in Collier's Weekly between 16 August and 20 September 1952. It was first published as a book in the United States on 16 October 1952 by Doubleday & Company, New York, and in the United Kingdom on 31 October 1952 by Herbert Jenkins, London. It is the seventh novel set at Blandings Castle.
Plot introduction
The absent minded Lord Emsworth finds himself once again embroiled in fierce rivalry in the pig-rearing arena with his neighbour, the obese baronet Sir Gregory Parsloe-Parsloe. With Emsworth's champion Empress of Blandings in line for a third straight victory in the local show and Parsloe bringing in a ringer, suspicions run high. Meanwhile, Blandings has its full complement of romantic entanglements. The ever-resourceful Gally is on hand to help out.
Plot summary
Lord Emsworth, his brother Galahad and butler Beach, hearing that devious neighbour Sir Gregory Parsloe-Parsloe has done the unthinkable and brought in a new and enormous pig from Kent, are in turmoil. Galahad and Beach are desperate to secure their savings, confidently invested in a wager on the mighty Empress, while Emsworth is as ever suspicious of his gloating neighbour.
Parsloe, meanwhile, is regretting becoming engaged to Gloria Salt, who has put him on a diet. His suspicions of Galahad lead him to put his pig man, George Cyril Wellbeloved, on a drink-ban too, a move of which Wellbeloved wholeheartedly disapproves; he also, on Connie's advice, orders a large quantity of "Slimmo", a slimming product, to aid his diet. Hearing about this suspicious purchase, a worried Galahad calls in Beach's niece Maudie, an old acquaintance and now proprietor of a Detective Agency, to keep an eye on things.
Penelope Donaldson heads up to London for the day, planning to meet up with her man, under cover of a dinner with an old friend of her father's. Jerry Vail, however, is forced to entertain his old flame Gloria Salt and cancels the date. Salt tells him Emsworth needs a secretary, and suggests talking pig to the Earl will get him the cash he needs to buy into a health farm and make his fortune.
Vail heads to Blandings, but Connie is suspicious, having heard his name when he called to cancel his date with Penny. Penny is furious, having been taken to Mario's by Orlo Vosper and seen Jerry with the attractive Gloria. When Jerry explains, she is suitably chastised, especially as, thinking her man had betrayed her, she had accepted Vosper's proposal of marriage.
When Wellbeloved visits Blandings to ask Gally to provide him with a drink (all the pubs in Market Blandings having been forbidden to serve him), Gally takes the opportunity to snatch Parsloe's pig, stashing it in the hut in the West Wood. Wellbeloved, finding the pig gone, nabs the Empress and puts her in the pen at Parsloe's place to cover up.
Vosper and Gloria Salt, their old love revived, run off together to be married, after Gally helps Vosper get out of being engaged to Penny, and Gloria writes to Parsloe ending their engagement. Wellbeloved spots Beach furtively heading for the shed, but his call to tell Parsloe of his discovery is intercepted by Gally, who has Beach move the pig to a nearby house, recently vacated by Gally's old friend "Fruity" Biffen.
Meanwhile, Emsworth, stricken with a cold, has been smitten by Maudie (posing as Mr Donaldson's old friend Mrs Bunbury), and writes a letter to her declaring his love, which he has Vail place in her room. She, meanwhile, pays a visit to Parsloe, with whom she once had an understanding, planning to give him a piece of her mind, but all is soon cleared up and the two become engaged. Emsworth, on hearing this, sends Vail to retrieve his letter, but has misdirected him into Connie's room; on finding Vail hiding in her closet, she promptly fires him.
Finding the Emsworth Arms uncomfortable, Vail lets the cottage with the pig in it. Fearing he will give the game away, Gally dashes round, but Vail has already been visited by a policeman and Wellbeloved. Gally removes the pig by car, but soon returns, having found the Empress in the Queen's sty. They head back to Blandings to tell Emsworth, leaving Beach, exhausted from cycling over, sleeping in the cottage. On their return, Parsloe is there, having been told by Wellbeloved that the Queen was in the kitchen and had Beach arrested for stealing his pig.
Gally explains to Parsloe that the Empress is in the kitchen, and the Queen in her sty, scuppering Parsloe. He then persuades Emsworth to invest in Vail's health farm, in gratitude for having found the pig, and Connie gives him another £500 for Beach, to prevent him suing Parsloe for wrongful arrest. Meanwhile, Parsloe's butler Binstead, having been refused a refund on the Slimmo no longer needed by his master, feeds it to the pig in the sty, thinking she is still the Empress...
Characters
The Earl of Emsworth, the absent-minded master of Blandings
The Hon. Galahad Threepwood, Emsworth's dashing brother
Lady Constance Keeble, Emsworth's formidable sister
Empress of Blandings, Emsworth's prize pig
Monica Simmons, Emsworth's Amazonian pig girl
Sir Gregory Parsloe-Parsloe, their neighbour, another pig-keeper
The Queen of Matchingham, Parsloe's new pig
George Cyril Wellbeloved, Parsloe's pig man, poached from Emsworth
Herbert Binstead, Parsloe's butler
Penelope Donaldson, younger sister of Emsworth's son Freddie's wife
Jerry Vail, the man she loves
Gloria Salt, a beautiful and athletic woman, engaged to Parsloe
Orlo, Lord Vosper, a handsome nobleman, old friend of Jerry and Gloria
Sebastian Beach, dignified head butler at the Castle
Maudie, his much-married niece
Publication history
The Collier's serial of Pigs Have Wings was published in six parts and illustrated by Robert Fawcett.
The first US edition dust jacket was illustrated by Earl Oliver Hurst, and the black and white photograph of Wodehouse on the back panel was by Ray Platnick. The first UK edition dust jacket was illustrated by "Sax".
The last chapter of the novel was included in the 1962 anthology Life and Laughter, More Wit and Humour, edited by Michael Barsley and published by Phoenix House, London.
Adaptations
In 1989, the book was adapted as a radio drama in four parts as part of the Blandings radio series.
References
Notes
Sources
External links
The Russian Wodehouse Society's page, with a list of characters
Fantastic Fiction's page, with details of published editions, photos of book covers and links to used copies
Novels by P. G. Wodehouse
1952 American novels
American comedy novels
Works originally published in Collier's
Novels first published in serial form
Herbert Jenkins books
Doubleday (publisher) books
Pigs in literature
British comedy novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigs%20Have%20Wings |
The 1972–73 season was the 93rd season of competitive football in England.
Honours
Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition
Football League
The Football League announced that a three-up, three-down system would operate between the top three divisions from the following season, rather than the traditional two-up, two-down system. The four-up, four-down system between the Third and Fourth Divisions would continue, as would the re-election system between the league's bottom four clubs.
First Division
Liverpool won the championship (their first in 7 years) in Bill Shankly's penultimate season as manager despite competition from Arsenal, Leeds United, Ipswich Town and Wolverhampton Wanderers. Arsenal actually led by a point with six matches to play, but a dismal 1-3-2 record down the stretch cost them the title.
Manchester United sacked manager Frank O'Farrell after 18 months in charge, following a terrible first half of the season which left them in serious danger of relegation only five years after their European Cup victory. Tommy Docherty, the 44-year-old Scottish national coach and former Aston Villa manager, was appointed as his successor, and steered them to survival. Neighbours Manchester City had a similarly poor campaign and were nearly relegated only a year after narrowly missing out on the title, but recovered well to finish safely in mid-table after manager Malcolm Allison was replaced by Johnny Hart late in the season.
West Bromwich Albion were relegated to Division Two for the first time since 1949, ultimately being left to rue losing five games in a row at the end of the season; winning just two of those games would have seen them survive. Crystal Palace, who had spent the previous few years battling against the odds on a limited budget, finally succumbed to relegation.
Second Division
Burnley and Queens Park Rangers won promotion to the First Division. Huddersfield Town's decline continued as they slid into the Third Division, where they were joined by Brighton & Hove Albion.
Third Division
Bolton Wanderers and Notts County occupied the two promotion places in the Third Division. Rotherham United, Brentford, Swansea City and Scunthorpe United were relegated to the Fourth Division.
Fourth Division
Hereford United were promoted from the Fourth Division in their first season as a Football League club. They had been elected to the Football League a year earlier after finishing as runners-up to Chelmsford City in the Southern League and achieving a shock win over Newcastle United in the FA Cup. They were joined in the promotion zone by champions Southport, Cambridge United and Aldershot. Newport County missed promotion only on goal average. There were no arrivals or departures in the league for 1973.
Top goalscorers
First Division
Pop Robson (West Ham United) – 28 goals
Second Division
Don Givens (Queens Park Rangers) – 23 goals
Third Division
Arthur Horsfield (Charlton Athletic) – 26 goals
Fourth Division
Fred Binney (Exeter City) – 27 goals
FA Cup
An Ian Porterfield goal saw Sunderland achieve a famous 1–0 win over Leeds United in the FA Cup final. Sunderland's team, managed by Bob Stokoe, did not contain any full internationals, whereas Don Revie's Leeds side were all internationals. Sunderland goalkeeper Jim Montgomery also received plaudits after a good performance featuring a noted double-save from Trevor Cherry and Peter Lorimer.
Wolverhampton Wanderers beat Arsenal 3–1 at Highbury in a third-place playoff, held three months after the final.
League Cup
Tottenham Hotspur's Bill Nicholson guided his club to a League Cup triumph, beating Norwich City 1–0 in the final, and in the process added another trophy to the club's ever-growing list of honours.
European Football
Derby County lost to the eventual finals runner-up Juventus by an aggregate score of 3–1 in the semifinals of the European Cup. Leeds United lost a controversial European Cup Winners Cup Final against AC Milan.
Star players
Tottenham Hotspur goalkeeper Pat Jennings was voted FWA Footballer of the Year to add to his League Cup winners medal.
Star managers
Bill Shankly guided Liverpool to another league championship triumph.
Bob Stokoe helped Sunderland achieve a shock win against Leeds United in the FA Cup final.
Bill Nicholson added the League Cup to his list of trophies won as Tottenham manager.
Don Revie took Leeds to 3rd in the league and led them to the finals of the FA Cup and Cup Winners' Cup.
Brian Clough took his Derby County side to the semi-finals of European Cup, losing to Juventus.
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373%20in%20English%20football |
Britânia is a municipality in northwestern Goiás state, Brazil. The population was 5,797 (2020) in a total area of 1461.2 km2.
Municipal boundaries
Municipal boundaries:
North: Aruanã
South: Jussara
East: Itapirapuã and Aruanã
West: the state of Mato Grosso
Highway connections
A paved highway connects Britânia with Santa Fé de Goiás and Jussara. Connections with Goiânia are made by highways GO-060 / Trindade / Claudinápolis / GO-326 / Anicuns / Sanclerlândia / Novo Brasil / GO-324 / Jussara / BR-070 / Nova Trindade / GO-173.
The main rivers are the Vermelho and the Araguaia. There are also several lakes, like the Tigrinho, Açará and the most important for tourist purposes, the Lago dos Tigres, which is used for fishing, water sports and swimming.
Demographic and political data
Population density in 2003: 3.47 inhabitants/km2
Population growth rate 2000-2007: -0.57%
Urban population in 2007: 4,085
Rural population in 2007: 988
Eligible voters: 4,278
City government: mayor (Rivadávia Jayme), vice-mayor (Estelila Maria dos Santos Azevedo), and 09 councilpersons
Economic facts
The economy is based on cattle raising, agriculture, commerce (58 units), and some small transformation industries (11 units).
Britânia had a herd of 155,400 in 2006, with 90% being of the Nelore breed. The land is divided into large properties, which use little labor. Other important agricultural products are: rice, sesame seeds, manioc, and corn.
Financial institutions in 2004: 01—Bradesco S.A.
Health
Infant mortality rate in 2000: 26.34
Infant mortality rate in 1990: 31.02
Health installations: 05
Hospitals: 02, with 59 beds in 2007
Education
Literacy rate in 2000: 83.2
Literacy rate in 1991: 69.5
Schools in activity: 09 with 1,721 students
Higher education: none in 2005
MHDI: 0.723
State ranking: 164 (out of 242 municipalities)
National ranking: 2,567 (out of 5,507 municipalities)
History
In 1953 Paulo Carlos Schmidt de Vasconcelos, from São Paulo, bought lands from the government and staked out lots in an endeavour called "Loteamento Lago dos Tigres" next to the lake with the same name. In 1959 another Paulista, Írio Spinar, bought the land and began to sell lots to farmers, who for the most part came from São Paulo or Paraná. The settlement grew and in 1958 it became a district of Jussara, later to become a municipality in 1963.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Municipalities in Goiás
1963 establishments in Brazil
Populated places established in 1963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit%C3%A2nia |
Anjuna () is a village located on the coast of North Goa, India. It is a Census Town, one of the twelve Brahmin comunidades of Bardez. It is mostly a tourist destination.
Its church, St. Michael's Church, Anjuna, founded in 1595, is dedicated to S. Miguel, and celebrates the feasts of S. Miguel (29 September) and Nossa Senhora Advogada (second week of January). There are three large chapels in the parish: the one to S. Antonio (Praias), to Nossa Senhora de Saude (Mazalvaddo), and to Nossa Senhora de Piedade (Grande Chinvar). The chapel at Vagator became the church of the new parish of Vagator, dedicated to S. Antonio, in the twentieth century.
History
Like all of Goa, Anjuna was long held by the Portuguese. In 1950, it had a population of 5,688 and, in 2011, it had 9,636.
Historian Teresa Albuquerque reports that the village's name is derived from the Arabic word 'Hanjuman' (meaning Merchant Guild). Others say it comes from an Arabic word for "change" - as people used to arrive at Anjuna from the sea looking to change money.
It became a destination on the hippie trail during the late 1960s.
Activities
Anjuna is famous for trance parties held on its beach during the tourist season (October - April).
Anjuna also hosts the famous flea market (every Wednesday and Saturday), in which products from all over India, as well as from foreigners, are sold, ranging from fruits to jewelry, to clothes, to hashish and electronic devices. On Wednesdays, there is a day market which starts in the morning and ends at 7:30 pm and on Saturdays, there is a night market.
Anjuna Beach
Anjuna Beach is a beach in Goa, which is located 18 kilometers from Panaji and 8 kilometers to the west of Mapusa, North Goa. It is situated in Anjuna village of Bardez taluka in North Goa. The beach is part of a 30 kilometer stretch of extended beach coastline along the west coast of Goa by the Arabian Sea.
Attractions close to Anjuna Beach include the Anjuna flea market and Chapora Fort.
Gallery
In popular culture
Above & Beyond's record labels, Anjunabeats and Anjunadeep, as well as their radio show, 'Anjunabeats Worldwide,' all make reference to Anjuna. In 2009, they also released a track called 'Anjunabeach.' Anjuna beach is also famous for the hippie lifestyle.
References
External links
Satellite map of Anjuna
Villages in North Goa district
Beaches of Goa
Beaches of North Goa district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjuna |
Joseph Wright FBA (31 October 1855 – 27 February 1930)
was an English Germanic philologist who rose from humble origins to become Professor of Comparative Philology at the University of Oxford.
Early life
Wright was born in Idle, near Bradford in the former West Riding of Yorkshire, the second son of Dufton Wright, a woollen cloth weaver and quarryman, and his wife Sarah Ann (née Atkinson). He started work as a "donkey-boy" in a quarry around 1862, at the age of six, leading a donkey-drawn cart full of tools to the smithy to be sharpened. He later became a bobbin doffer – responsible for removing and replacing full bobbins – in a mill in Sir Titus Salt's model village of Saltaire in Yorkshire. Although Wright learned letters and numbers at the Salt's Factory School, he was unable to read a newspaper until he was 15. He later said of this time: "Reading and writing, for me, were as remote as any of the sciences."
By now a wool-sorter earning a pound a week, after 1870 Wright became increasingly fascinated with languages, and began attending night school to study French, German and Latin, as well as maths and shorthand. At the age of 18, around 1874, he started his own night school, charging his colleagues twopence a week.
By 1876 Wright had saved £40 and could afford a term's study at the University of Heidelberg. He walked to Heidelberg from Antwerp, a distance of more than 250 miles (400 km), to save money.
After returning to Yorkshire Wright continued his studies at the Yorkshire College of Science (later the University of Leeds) while working as a schoolmaster. A former pupil of Wright's recalled: "With a piece of chalk [he would] draw illustrative diagrams at the same time with each hand, and talk while he was doing it.
Wright later returned to Heidelberg, and in 1885 he completed his PhD dissertation, Qualitative and Quantitative Changes of the Indo-Germanic Vowel System in Greek under Hermann Osthoff.
Career
In 1888, after his second return from Germany, Wright was offered a post at the University of Oxford by Professor Max Müller, and became a lecturer to the Association for the Higher Education of Women and deputy lecturer in German at the Taylor Institution. From 1891 to 1901 Wright was Deputy Professor and from 1901 to 1925, as Müller's successor, Professor of Comparative Philology at Oxford.
Wright specialised in the Germanic languages, and wrote a range of introductory grammars for Old English, Middle English, Old High German, Middle High German and Gothic, which were still being revised and reprinted 50 years after his death. He also wrote a historical grammar of German.
Wright had a strong interest in English dialects. His book A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill was "the first truly scientific monograph on an English dialect."
Wright's greatest achievement is considered to be the editing of the six-volume English Dialect Dictionary, which he published between 1898 and 1905, partly at his own expense. Other funds were contributed by Professor W. W. Skeat, founder and president of the English Dialect Society, and A. J. Balfour, at the time First Lord of the Treasury, made a grant from the Royal Bounty Fund. The Dictionary remains a definitive work, a snapshot of the dialects of spoken English in England at the end of the 19th century. In the course of his work on the Dictionary he formed a committee to gather Yorkshire material, which gave rise in 1897 to the Yorkshire Dialect Society, the world's oldest surviving dialect society. Wright had been offered a position at a Canadian university, which would have paid him an annual salary of 500 pounds, a very generous salary at the time, but he opted to stay in Oxford and finish the Dictionary without any financial backing from a sponsor. In the course of editing Dictionary (1898) Wright corresponded regularly with Thomas Hardy about the Dorset dialect.
On 25 June 1904 Wright was elected to the fellowship of the British Academy. He was also the recipient of a number of honorary degrees, largely in recognition for his work on the English Dialect Dictionary. An Honorary DCL from Durham in 1892 was followed by honours from Aberdeen (Hon. LLD, 1902), Leeds (Hon. LLD, 1904), and Dublin (Hon. LittD, 1906). In 1926, after his resignation from the chair, Oxford awarded him an honorary DLitt degree. In the same year, German colleagues dedicated Vol. 60 of the journal Englische Studien to him as a Festschrift to mark his 70th birthday in the preceding year.
In 1925 Wright became the inaugural recipient of the British Academy's Biennial Prize for English Literature (now the Sir Israel Gollancz Prize), awarded for publications on Early English Language and Literature.
Wright's papers are in the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford.
Personal life
In 1896 Wright married Elizabeth Mary Lea (1863–1958), with whom he co-authored his Old and Middle English Grammars. She also wrote a book, Rustic Speech and Folklore (Oxford University Press 1913), in which she refers to their walking and cycling journeys in the Yorkshire Dales, as well as various articles and essays.
The couple had two children, Willie Boy and Mary, both of whom died in childhood.
Wright and his wife were known for their hospitality to their students. They often invited a dozen or more, both men and women, to their home for Yorkshire Sunday teas. On these occasions Wright performed his party trick of making his Aberdeen Terrier Jack lick his lips when Wright said the Gothic words for fig tree, smakka bagms.
Wright's "star pupil" was Edith Wardale who had gained an early doctorate from the University of Zurich. He allowed her to lecture for the Faculty Board of Medieval and Modern Languages in 1914 several years before other faculties allowed women to teach. He believed that women were entitled to become university students, but believed that they should not be voting members of the university, saying that they were, "less independent in judgement than men and apt to run in a body like sheep".
Although his energies were for the most part directed into his work, Wright also enjoyed gardening, and followed Yorkshire cricket and football teams.
At the age of seventy-four Wright succumbed to pneumonia and died at his home, "Thackley", 119 Banbury Road, Oxford, on 27 February 1930. His last word was "Dictionary". He was buried in Wolvercote Cemetery, Oxford. In 1932 his widow published The Life of Joseph Wright.
Legacy
Wright's publications have been of lasting influence. His pioneering work on the Windhill dialect inspired "a vigorous local monograph tradition... patterned after it." Writing of the Dialect Dictionary and Dialect Grammar in 2001, Shorrocks remarks that, "Neither of these works - whatever their shortcomings - has
been superseded yet". The grammars have remained in print (sometimes in revised editions) and were still in use by students in the late 20th century, and his Gothic Grammar, in particular, remains on university reading lists over a century after its first publication.
Wright had a significant personal influence on J. R. R. Tolkien and was one of his tutors at Oxford. Studying the Grammar of the Gothic Language (1910) with Wright seems to have been a turning point in Tolkien's life. Writing to his son Michael in 1963, Tolkien reflected on his time studying with Wright:
When in 1925 Tolkien applied for the Rawlinson and Bosworth Chair of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford, Wright wrote a letter of recommendation. After Wright's death, Tolkien was one of the executors of his will.
Wright was greatly admired by Virginia Woolf, who wrote of him in her diary:
Wright was Woolf's inspiration for the character of "Mr Brook" in The Pargiters, an early draft of The Years (1937).
In 1963, Wright's estate funded the Joseph Wright Scholarship at the University of Leeds to support "postgraduate researchers wishing to undertake research degree study in English or German languages or literatures."
In popular culture
In the 2019 biopic Tolkien Professor Wright is played by Derek Jacobi.
Publications
Vol. 1: A-C • Vol. 2: D-G • Vol. 3: H-L • Vol. 4: M-Q • Vol. 5: R-S • Vol. 6: T-Z, with supplement, bibliography and grammar
Reprint:
with Elizabeth Mary Wright
(Abridgement of preceding work.)
Notes
References
Reprint of
.
vol. 1, vol. 2
External links
Bodleian Archive & Manuscripts: Papers of Joseph Wright
Wright's Old High German Primer
Wright's Middle High German Primer
Wright's Grammar of the Gothic Language
1855 births
1930 deaths
Writers from Bradford
People from Idle, West Yorkshire
Linguists from England
Historical linguists
Dialectologists
English philologists
Fellows of the British Academy
Heidelberg University alumni
Diebold Professors of Comparative Philology
Textile workers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Wright%20%28linguist%29 |
Banu Amr bin Auf () are an Arabian tribe in Quba, on the outskirts of Medina. Umar and his companions stayed with them during the hijra from Mecca.
Its descendants today consist of the Harb tribe.
See also
Arabian tribes that interacted with Muhammad
References
Tribes of Arabia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu%20Amr |
The United States Air Force Academy is an undergraduate college in Colorado Springs, Colorado, with the mission of educating and commissioning officers for the United States Air Force and United States Space Force. The Academy was established in 1954, entered its first class in 1955, and graduated its first class in 1959. All students hold the Air Force rank of "Cadet." Sports media refer to the Academy as "Air Force"; this usage is officially endorsed. Most cadets are admitted through a congressional appointment system. The curriculum is broad-based but has traditionally emphasized science and engineering. Before the Academy's first graduating class in 1959, the United States Military Academy and United States Naval Academy were the primary sources of officers for the Air Force and its predecessors, the Army Air Corps and Army Air Forces. Though the primary focus of the Academy is for the Air Force and Space Force, some graduates are given the option of "cross-commissioning" into the United States Army, United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, or United States Coast Guard.
This list is drawn from graduates, non-graduate former cadets, current cadets, and faculty of the Air Force Academy. Over 410 noted scholars from a variety of academic fields are Academy graduates, including: 41 Rhodes Scholars, 9 Marshall Scholars, 13 Harry S. Truman Scholars, 115 John F. Kennedy School of Government Scholars, and 31 Gerahart Scholars. Additional notable graduates include 794 general officers, 164 graduates who were killed in combat, 36 repatriated prisoners of war, 1 Medal of Honor recipient, and 2 combat aces. Thirty-nine Academy graduates have become astronauts, second among institutions of higher learning only to the United States Naval Academy with 52.
Academics
"Class year" refers to the individual's class year, which usually is the same as the individual's graduation year. In times of war, academy classes may graduate early, but this has never happened yet at the Air Force Academy.
Superintendents of the Academy
Astronauts
Athletes
Businesspeople
Civilian aviation
Government
Legislators
Literary figures
Air Force figures
Air Force Chiefs of Staff
Air Force Vice Chiefs of Staff
Commanders of Air Force Major Commands
Notable Vietnam War combatants
Notable Gulf War combatants
Notable War on Terror combatants
Other notable Air Force graduates
Space Force figures
Space Force Vice Chiefs of Space Operations
Commanders of Space Force Field Commands
Space Force general officers
Television figures
Non-graduates
As these alumni did not graduate, their class year is listed as "x-" followed by the class year they would have graduated, if known, and they are listed alphabetically by last name.
See also
United States service academies
List of colleges and universities in Colorado
Bibliography of Colorado
Geography of Colorado
History of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
List of Colorado-related lists
Outline of Colorado
References
External links
United States Air Force Academy
United States Air Force Academy Alumni Groups
Blue Alliance - LGBT Alumni of the U.S. Air Force Academy
United States Air Force lists
Lists of people by university or college in Colorado
Lists of American people by school affiliation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20Air%20Force%20Academy%20alumni |
In computer science, the terms TBox and ABox are used to describe two different types of statements in knowledge bases. TBox statements are the "terminology component", and describe a domain of interest by defining classes and properties as a domain vocabulary. ABox statements are the "assertion component" — facts associated with the TBox's conceptual model or ontologies.
Together ABox and TBox statements make up a knowledge base or a knowledge graph.
ABox statements must be TBox-compliant: they are assertions that use the vocabulary defined by the TBox.
TBox statements are sometimes associated with object-oriented classes and ABox statements associated with instances of those classes.
Examples of ABox and TBox statements
ABox statements typically deal with concrete entities. They specify what category an entity belongs to, or what relation one entity has to another entity.
Item A is-an-instance-of Category C
Item A has-this-relation-to Item B
Examples:
Niger is-a country.
Chad is-a country
Niger is-next-to Chad.
Agadez is-a city.
Agadez is-located-in Niger.
TBox statements typically (or definitions of domain categories and implied relations) such as:
An entity X can be a country or a city
So Dagamanet is-a neighbourhood is not a fact you can specify, though it is a fact in real life.
A is-next-to B if B is-next-to A
So Niger is-next-to Chad implies Chad is-next-to Niger.
X is a place if X is-a city or X is-a country.
So Niger is-a country implies Niger is-a place.
place A contains place B if place B is-located-in A.
So Agadez is-located-in Niger implies Niger contains Agadez.
TBox statements tend to be more permanent within a knowledge base and are used and stored as a schema or a data model. In contrast, ABox statements are much more dynamic in nature and tend to be stored as instance data within transactional systems within databases. With the newer, NoSQL databases and especially with RDF databases (see Triplestore) the storage distinction may no longer apply. Data and models can be stored using the same approach. However, models continue to be more permanent, have a different lifecycle and are typically stored as separate graphs within such database.
See also
Description logic#Modeling
Metadata
Web Ontology Language
References
Ontology (information science)
de:ABox | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abox |
Plaisance () is an administrative district of Seychelles located on the island of Mahé.
See also
Bernard Adonis
References
Districts of Seychelles
Victoria, Seychelles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaisance%2C%20Seychelles |
Broadford may refer to:
Places
Broadford, Victoria, Australia, a small town
Broadford, County Clare, Republic of Ireland, a village
Broadford, County Limerick, Republic of Ireland, a village
Broadford, Skye, Scotland, a village
Broadford, Pennsylvania, United States
Broadford, Virginia, United States
Shire of Broadford, a former local government area of Victoria, Australia
Other
Broadford Airfield on the Isle of Skye, Scotland
Broadford Football Club, an Australian Rules Football club in Victoria, Australia
Broadford GAA, Gaelic Athletic Association club in County Kildare, Ireland
Broadford railway station, Victoria, Australia
Broadford Track, a motorcycle racing venue in Victoria, Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadford |
Broadford ( ), together with nearby Harrapool, is the second-largest settlement on the Isle of Skye, Scotland. Lying in the shadow of the Red Cuillin mountains, Broadford is within the parish of Strath. A long meandering village historically consisting of a few buildings on either side of the Broadford River, the many small townships around the wide sweep of the bay have grown together and Broadford now stretches for around the southern side of Broadford Bay.
History
Like many places in Skye, Broadford derives its name from Old Norse. To the Vikings, this was Breiðafjorðr – the wide bay. The Gaelic name is of modern derivation and assumes that the "ford" element meant a river crossing.
West of Broadford in Glen Suardal, on the lower slopes of Beinn na Caillich, is Goir a' Bhlàir, 'the field of battle' ( ). The battle concerned was apparently a decisive action by the Gaelic Clan Mackinnon against the Norsemen.
From the late 1700s Broadford was a cattle market. In 1812, Thomas Telford built the road from Portree to Kyleakin. Veterans of the Napoleonic Wars settled during the first half of the 19th century, a legacy of which is a section of the village that is to this day named Waterloo. Writing in the middle of the 19th century, Alexander Smith said, "If Portree is the London of Skye, Broadford is its Manchester."
Legend holds that the recipe for Drambuie liqueur was given by Bonnie Prince Charlie to Clan MacKinnon who then passed it onto James Ross late 19th century. Ross ran the Broadford Inn (now the Broadford Hotel), where he developed and improved the recipe, initially for his friends and then later to patrons. Ross then began to sell it further afield and the name was registered as a trademark in 1893.
Throughout the 1800s, marble was extracted from a quarry at the foot of Beinn na Caillich (Hill of the Old Woman) and in 1904 the Skye Marble Railway was built to carry the marble to the new pier at Broadford. In December 1910 a steam locomotive named the Skylark was in use on the line until the work ceased in 1914.
The marble industry involved transporting the marble by hand to Loch Cill Chriosd, where it was dressed and polished using water power from a small dam, before being taken to the waiting ships at the old pier. Although there are significant early records of the much prized Skye marble, quarrying did not proceed on a commercial scale until more modern infrastructure was put in place, and the establishment of Skye Marble in 1907.
Martin Martin mentions the quarrying of marble near Torrin as early as 1698, and Thomas Pennant’s records of his Scottish tours of 1771–1775, state that the altar in Iona Abbey was made of Skye marble. The highly ornamental white marble was also used in Hamilton Palace and Armadale Castle.
Sleat & Strath AFC
Broadford is home to a successful football club in the Skye and Lochalsh Football League known as 'Sleat and Strath', originally just known as Sleat.
Geography
Broadford lies on the south-west corner of Broadford Bay, on the A87 between Portree and the Skye Bridge. The settlement is overlooked by the Red Cuillin.
Geology
The mineral harkerite was first found near Broadford by the geologist Alfred Harker.
Wildlife
A variety of marine life can be seen in Broadford Bay including otters, seals and on very rare occasions orca whales.
Birds that can sometimes be spotted at the bay include the whooper swan, brent goose, red-throated diver and the black-tailed godwit.
Climate
Broadford has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). The climate here is extremely wet, with over of rainfall a year on average. The nearest weather station to Broadford is located at Lusa, around to the east.
Economy
As well as being the home port to numerous fishing vessels, Broadford is also a key service centre for southern Skye. Services include the Co-op supermarket combined with a 24-hour Gulf Oil garage, restaurants (including the Broadford Hotel, Harbour Restaurant, Claymore, Dunollie Hotel, Hebridean Hotel and Red Skye), and a youth hostel. The local hospital, the Mackinnon Memorial Hospital, has a small ward and casualty department.
Transport
Road
The A87 travels through Broadford, on its route from Invergarry to Uig. The A851 begins at a junction with the A87, towards the east end of Broadford, and continues to Armadale. Meanwhile, the B8083 begins at a junction with the A87 at the western end of Broadford, and continues to Elgol. There is also a coastal road, (a left turn at Killbride) which can be found halfway along the B8083, this takes you down to a viewpoint at Loch Slapin. Public are able to catch either the 155 or 55 bus along this road.
Water
There are two piers within the vicinity of Broadford. One is at the east end of the village by the war memorial, the other and larger at Corry, at the north west end of the bay. It is common to see rainbows over Broadford bay, caused by the high moisture content of the air above it.
Air
Broadford Airfield (IATA: SKL; ICAO: EGEI) is located at nearby Ashaig. The single asphalt runway is in length and oriented at 07/25.
In popular culture
There is a song by the rock band Jethro Tull called "Broadford Bazaar" (on the remastered version of the Heavy Horses album) which is named after this town.
There is also a song entitled 'The Trip to Broadford' on the 1990 album Room to Roam by The Waterboys.
The opening sequence from the 1980 film Flash Gordon, was filmed at the Airstrip in the summer of 1978.
References
Further reading
Ballin Smith, Beverley; Taylor, Simon; Williams, Gareth (eds) (2007) West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300. Leiden. Koninklijke Brill.
External links
Undiscovered Scotland - Broadford
Populated places in the Isle of Skye | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadford%2C%20Skye |
Santa Balbina is a Roman Catholic basilica church in located in the Aventine rione, adjacent to the Baths of Caracalla in Rome.
History
A church at the site initially was built in the 4th century over the house of consul Lucius Fabius Cilo. Possibly the ancient Titulus Tigridae, the basilica was consecrated to St Balbina (died c. 130) in circa the year 600 by Pope Gregory I. It underwent many revisions since then, including by Pope Gregory III in 751, Pope Paul II in 1464, and by Cardinal Pompeo Arrigoni in 1600. Initially affiliated with Augustinians, the allegiance changed to the secular priests of Naples by Pope Innocent XII.
The adjoining monastery has a commanding medieval defence tower. Inside the basilica there is a very fine episcopal chair with Cosmatesque decoration from the 13th century. The church was heavily restored in the 1930s when frescoes were discovered on the side walls from the 9th to 14th centuries. The Baroque frescoes in the apse and the triumphal arch were painted by Anastasio Fontebuoni in 1599. The triumphal arch is decorated with the figures of Ss Paul and Peter while in the apse we can see St Balbina between other martyrs.
An ancient sarcophagus was also discovered during the restoration. It is now used as a font.
In 1270 the first known Hungarian cardinal, Stephen Báncsa was buried in the basilica. Another 13th-century Hungarian clergyman, Pál, Bishop of Paphos, erected an altar in the church for Saint Nicolas. Both the altar and the grave disappeared during later centuries, but a plaque commemorates the offerings of Pál.
The most recent cardinal priest of Santa Balbina was Péter Erdő, Archbishop of Esztergom. According to him, the Hungarian connections of the church played a part in the pope's decision to assign him Santa Balbina. Erdö also recommended Hungarian pilgrims visit the basilica and said he feels a special responsibility for the building. In March 2023, his title was changed to Santa Maria Nuova after Santa Balbina was because of its deteriorated physical condition.
Previous titulars include Alfonso de la Cueva, marqués de Bedmar and Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros.
Father Simpliciano of the Nativity founded the Congregation of the Franciscan Sisters of the Sacred Hearts here.
List of Cardinal-Priests
Gallery
References
Bibliography
External links
Nyborg, Chris, "Santa Balbina".
Basilica churches in Rome
Titular churches
6th-century churches
Churches of Rome (rione San Saba) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Balbina |
ToonTalk is a computer programming system intended to be programmed by children. The "Toon" part stands for cartoon. The system's presentation is in the form of animated characters, including robots that can be trained by example. It is one of the few successful implementations outside academia of the concurrent constraint logic programming paradigm.
It was created by Kenneth M. Kahn in 1995, and implemented as part of the ToonTalk IDE, a software package distributed worldwide between 1996 and 2009. Since 2009, its specification is scholarly published and its implementation is freely available.
Beginning 2014 a JavaScript HTML5 version of ToonTalk called ToonTalk Reborn for the Web has been available. It runs on any modern web browser and differs from the desktop version of ToonTalk in a few ways. ToonTalk programs can run on any DOM element and various browser capabilities (audio, video, style sheets, speech input and output, and browser events) are available to ToonTalk programs. Web services such as Google Drive are integrated. ToonTalk Reborn is free and open source.
Beyond its life as a commercial product, ToonTalk evolved via significant academic use in various research projects, notably at the London Knowledge Lab and the Institute of Education - projects Playground and WebLabs, which involved research partners from Cambridge (Addison Wesley Longman through their Logotron subsidiary), Portugal (Cnotinfor and the University of Lisbon), Sweden (Royal Institute of Technology), Slovakia (Comenius University), Bulgaria (Sofia University), Cyprus (University of Cyprus), and Italy (Institute for Educational Technology of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche). It was also source of academic interest in Sweden, where Mikael Kindborg proposed a static representation of ToonTalk programs and in Portugal, where Leonel Morgado studied its potential to enable computer programming by preliterate children.
ToonTalk was influenced by the Janus computer programming language and the Actor model. The main communication abstraction in ToonTalk is the bird/nest pair. When you (the programmer or a robot) give a thing to a bird, she flies to her nest and puts the thing in it, then returns. If one or more things already occupy the nest, the bird puts the new one underneath the others.
A ToonTalk program is a sequence of rules, where each rule has a head and a tail. The head is a pattern that can be matched against the argument, which must be a tuple. In ToonTalk's presentation, a rule appears as a robot, a program as a team of robots, and a tuple as a box that can have any number of holes or compartments in which things may be placed. The alphabet of things includes number pads, text pads, other boxes, robot teams, birds, nests, and things from some other categories. A process consists of a box with a team of robots working on it. If none of the patterns matches the box, the process suspends. Otherwise, the first rule that matches, fires. The end of the tail of the rule can either destroy the process, or continue it with the same team. In case the pattern calls for something other than an empty nest where an empty nest is present, the process suspends until some bird should place something on the nest (usually as a result of the actions of other processes). A nest with something on it matches the pattern as though the nest were not there, just the (top) something. The actions in the tail also manipulate the something rather than the whole nest. Consequently, a nest can be used to program a future.
ToonTalk can be given an imperative reading or a declarative reading. If we ignore certain constructs designed to facilitate I/O, we can see ToonTalk as not having any shared access to mutable memory. The bird/nest mechanism resembles the communication in the Actor model, but with the additional power to be able to pass nests around and for a process to hold more than one nest (which is also true in Janus). A difference between communication in the Actor model and in ToonTalk is that ToonTalk preserves the order of the messages; however, ToonTalk can also provide an indeterministic merge of message streams.
References
External links
Educational programming languages
Programming games
Logic programming languages
Visual programming languages
Software for children
Pedagogic integrated development environments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ToonTalk |
Peter Snowdon is a contemporary historian and journalist.
Educated at St. Dunstan's College, Durham University and the London School of Economics, he has collaborated with Anthony Seldon on a number of books, including the authorised biography of John Major, Major: A Political Life (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997), Blair (Simon & Schuster, 2004) and Blair Unbound (Simon & Schuster, 2007).
He has written articles on the Conservative Party in several academic journals, including The Political Quarterly and Parliamentary Affairs. He has also contributed to Parliamentary Monitor, Parliamentary Brief and Newsweek. He is an occasional columnist for the Yorkshire Post and has appeared as a commentator on television and radio in the UK and abroad. He currently works for BBC political programmes, having previously worked at London Weekend Television.
Books and publications
Author, Back from the Brink: The Extraordinary Fall and Rise of the Conservative Party (September 2010)
Co-author, Blair Unbound with Anthony Seldon and Daniel Collings (Simon & Schuster, 2007)
Contributor, The Blair Effect: 2001-05 (CUP, 2005)
Contributor, Recovering Power: The Conservative Party in Opposition since 1867 (Palgrave, 2005)
Contributor, Britain Votes 2005 (edited by Pippa Norris, OUP, 2005)
Co-author, The Conservative Party: An Illustrated History (Sutton Publishing, 2004)
Principal researcher, Blair (Simon & Schuster, 2004)
Co-author, A New Conservative Century? (Centre for Policy Studies, 2001)
References
People educated at St Dunstan's College
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Living people
Alumni of University College, Durham
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Snowdon |
Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel LLP (known as Kramer Levin) is an American law firm headquartered in New York City with branch offices in Silicon Valley, California; Washington, D.C.; and Paris, France. The firm has 324 lawyers.
History
The firm was founded in New York City in 1968, as Kramer, Lowenstein, Nessen & Kamin. Founding members include Arthur Kramer, Louis Lowenstein, Maurice Nessen, and Sherwin Kamin. When Eugene Nickerson, a descendant of President John Adams, joined the firm, its name changed to Nickerson, Kramer, Lowenstein, Nessen & Kamin.
The firm's current name, Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel LLP, resulted from personnel changes over a number of years, including Nickerson leaving to join the federal bench of the Eastern District of New York; Lou Lowenstein leaving to join the faculty of Columbia Law School; Gary P. Naftalis and Ezra G. Levin becoming name partners; and Marvin E. Frankel, a former Southern District of New York judge, joining the firm.
From 2000–2007, Kramer Levin was the exclusive U.S. referral firm to U.K. firm Berwin Leighton Paisner (BLP), meaning BLP would exclusively refer its clients to Kramer Levin for U.S. cases. The alliance was then changed to "preferred firm" status, meaning that the two firms would still collaborate but without exclusive referrals. There was speculation that the referral relationship was intended to become a merger.
In April 2012, anti-Muslim author Robert Spencer was scheduled to speak at the Kramer Levin offices about his book Did Muhammad Exist? An Inquiry Into Islam's Obscure Origins, but the firm canceled the event in response to pressure by the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR).
Offices
Kramer Levin has an office in Paris, France, which it acquired in 1999 from the legacy U.S. firm Rogers & Wells which did not want to merge with the rest of the firm to London-based Clifford Chance. The firm maintains relationships with other firms throughout the world. There are 35 lawyers at the Paris office, which focuses on finance and corporate law. In September 2011, Kramer Levin opened its Silicon Valley office in Menlo Park, California, expanding its intellectual property practice.
Each department at Kramer Levin, according to a study of the firm by Chambers Associates, has an assigning partner. There is "no formal rotation through the different sub-practices", meaning that lawyers at the firm can choose their direction. The juniors that Chambers spoke to had opportunities to work directly for partners. While the firm has offices in Paris and Silicon Valley, 95% of its attorneys are based in New York. In 2019, first-year associates of the firm were scheduled for $205,000 annual base compensation, before bonus.
Practice areas
In 2021, the firm had 324 lawyers. Many of the firm's attorneys have served as directors of nonprofit legal service providers, such as the Legal Aid Society, as well as other community-based nonprofits. The firm's areas of practice include: corporate law, white-collar defense, land use, and intellectual property.
The firm has a pro bono program. The firm served with Lambda Legal as co-counsel to petition the New York Court of Appeals to recognize the rights of same-sex couples to marry. This legal challenge was not successful. In 2010, the firm represented a lesbian high-school student who was denied the right to attend her prom with her girlfriend, wearing a tuxedo.
In 2013, in response to a suggestion by special counsel Brendan Schulman, Kramer Levin began to practice drone law. One of the first clients of the firm's unmanned aircraft systems practice was Raphael Pirker, who was fined $10,000 by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for allegedly flying his drone too low and too close to people while making an aerial video. In April 2014, Kramer Levin represented Texas EquuSearch Mounted Search and Recovery Team, which uses camera-bearing drones to find missing people, in a challenge against a FAA directive prohibiting their use of drones.
In 2013, Kramer Levin hired John P. "Sean" Coffey to run its complex litigation group. Coffey had attracted the firm's attention with his "aggressive" defense of Goldman Sachs trader Fabrice Tourre in a Manhattan case brought by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
In 2014, Kramer Levin announced that it had expanded its intellectual property group by hiring Christine Willgoos as special counsel. In 2011, the firm had about 60 attorneys working in intellectual property.
In 2014, Kramer Levin hired Jeffrey Mulligan, former executive director of New York City's Board of Standards and Appeals and a former official of the Department of City Planning, as a planning and development specialist in the firm's land use practice.
Rankings
Gross revenue of $390,000,000 in 2020 placed the firm at 98th on The American Lawyer's 2021 Am Law 200 ranking. The publication also ranked Kramer Levin as the 131st highest-grossing law firm in the world on its 2021 Global 200 survey. The 2021 National Law Journal NLJ 500 also ranked the firm 134th in the U.S., based on size.
References
External links
Official website
Profiles in Chambers USA and Chambers Associate
1968 establishments in New York City
Law firms based in New York City
Law firms established in 1968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kramer%20Levin%20Naftalis%20%26%20Frankel |
Embrace is a 2001 novel by South African author Mark Behr.
Embrace is the story of the sexual awakening of Karl De Man, a 13-year-old pupil at the Berg, an exclusive boys' school in South Africa in the 1970s. Karl's time at school is interwoven with descriptions of his time at home with his loving, but traditional, family.
Karl is punished after joining in casual sexual games in the dormitory, Karl falls in love. He simultaneously has an affair with his best friend, Dominic, whose liberal parents know he is gay, and his choirmaster, Jacques Cilliers.
References
2001 novels
21st-century South African novels
Novels set in South Africa
Novels by Mark Behr
Novels with gay themes
Fiction set in the 1970s
Novels set in boarding schools
2000s LGBT novels
Abacus books
2001 LGBT-related literary works | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrace%20%28novel%29 |
Ożarów (; ) is a town in Poland, in the province of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in Opatów county (Powiat of Opatów), historic Lesser Poland, with 10,399 inhabitants as of December 31, 2021. Ożarów received its town charter in 1569, during the Polish Golden Age, lost it in 1869, and regained in 1988. The town lies in eastern part of the province, some fifteen kilometers west of the Vistula river. Ożarów's coat of arms is the Rawa, which was used by the Ozarowski family.
Ożarów is a road hub, where National Road Nr. 79 (Warsaw - Bytom) meets Local Road Nr. 755. The town has a sports club Alit, established in 1947. Its largest employer is a leading cement factory nearby. The cement factory was privatized in 1995 and, a controlling stake in the company was purchased from HCP (Holding Cement Polski) by Irish company CRH plc. Recently, one of the agents involved in brokering the transaction between HCP and CRH claimed to have paid a USD 1m bribe to make the acquisition. The results of that inquiry were still pending as of June 2005. CRH plc owns more than a dozen operations in Poland.
History
Ożarów was founded in 1569 by Józef Ożarowski on the grounds of Wyszmontów village. It received city rights from King Zygmunt August, and until the Partitions of Poland was part of Sandomierz Voivodeship. In 1815 - 1915, the town belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland. In 1767 a big fire destroyed the centre of the city which was rebuilt in a slightly different place. The first original city centre was located along present day Kolejowa Street. By 1787 the steadily growing Jewish population reached 1,000. In 1869, following the failed January Uprising, Ożarów – like many similar Polish cities – was stripped of its city rights as punishment for supporting the independence movement.
During the Revolution of 1905, Ożarów was part of the so-called Ostrowiec Republic (Republika Ostrowiecka), anti-Russian revolutionary movement, led by the Polish Socialist Party. In 1915, the village was visited by Józef Piłsudski, and in late May of that year, a skirmish between Polish Legions in World War I and the Russian Imperial Army took place here. The Russians burned Ożarów to the ground; the village was rebuilt in 1916 - 1920.
The Holocaust
During occupation of Poland in World War II, the Nazi Germans created a Jewish ghetto in Ożarów for the imprisonment not only of the local Jews but also deportation transports from Radom, Włocławek and even from Vienna. The ghetto held around 4,500 inmates between January and October 1942, at which time all inhabitants were loaded onto Holocaust trains; shipped to Treblinka extermination camp and murdered upon arrival. Ożarów lost 64% of its citizens in the Holocaust.
The post-World War II development of Ożarów is connected with construction of a cement plant. It was initiated in 1972, and as a result, new block of flats were built for the workers of the plant. The population quickly grew in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and on December 18, 1987, the government of the People's Republic of Poland agreed to grant town charter to the village.
Jewish history of Ożarów
Rabbi Yehudah Leib Epstein became Rabbi of Ożarów (see Ozharov (Hasidic dynasty)) in Poland in 1811. He was a disciple of the Seer of Lublin, the Holy Jew of Prshiskhe, the Ohev Yisrael of Apt, and Rabbi Myer, the Or LaShamayim of Apt. His followers numbered in the thousands.
He was succeeded by his son, Rabbi Yechiel Chaim Epstein, who was in turn succeeded by his son Rabbi Arye Yehuda Leib Epstein, author of the Hasidic work Birkas Tov. Rabbi Arye Yehuda Leib had six children including Grand Rabbi Avraham Shlomo Epstein of Ozharov (1864-1917) who succeeded his father in 1913.
Rabbi Moshe Yechiel Epstein first came to the U.S. in 1920 and eventually moved there permanently in 1926 after being offered to be the rabbi of a synagogue for Ożarów immigrants on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Rabbi Moshe Yechiel's entire family in Europe was wiped out in the Holocaust. Rabbi Moshe Yechiel moved to Tel Aviv in 1952, where he spent the rest of his life.
Rabbi Moshe Yechiel was known as one of the great Torah scholars of his generation, authoring Eish Dos (11 volumes) and Be'er Moshe (12 volumes). In 1968 he was a recipient of the Israel Prize in the category of Torah literature.
Rabbi Moshe Yechiel died in 1971, and was succeeded by his grandson, Grand Rabbi Tanchum Becker (son of Rabbi Moshe Yechiel's daughter, Rebbetzin Miriam Becker and Rabbi Dovid Eliyahu Becker, a rav in Milwaukee, Wisconsin), was trained by his grandfather to succeed him. He is known as the Ożarów Rebbe.
Points of interest
Parish Church of Bishop St. Stanisław from late 19th century; erected near a bell tower dating back to 18th century; and, the chapel at Mickiewicza Street, built in gratitude for saving Ożarów from the plague.
Jewish cemetery in town dating back almost 400 years, one of the rare historic Jewish cemeteries in Poland saved in their original form. The cemetery wall however, was almost totally destroyed during World War II by general warfare as well as German soldiers using the stones for fortifications. In May 2001, Norman Weinberg organized the Ożarów Cemetery Restoration Project aimed at renovating and rebuilding the cemetery, which was completed in October 2001.
References
Cities and towns in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Opatów County
1569 establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1569 establishments in Poland
Populated places established in 1569
Holocaust locations in Poland
Historic Jewish communities in Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%BCar%C3%B3w |
In celestial navigation, lunar distance, also called a lunar, is the angular distance between the Moon and another celestial body. The lunar distances method uses this angle and a nautical almanac to calculate Greenwich time if so desired, or by extension any other time. That calculated time can be used in solving a spherical triangle. The theory was first published by Johannes Werner in 1524, before the necessary almanacs had been published. A fuller method was published in 1763 and used until about 1850 when it was superseded by the marine chronometer. A similar method uses the positions of the Galilean moons of Jupiter.
Purpose
In celestial navigation, knowledge of the time at Greenwich (or another known place) and the measured positions of one or more celestial objects allows the navigator to calculate latitude and longitude. Reliable marine chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century and not affordable until the 19th century.
After the method was first published in 1763 by British Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne, based on pioneering work by Tobias Mayer, for about a hundred years (until about 1850) mariners lacking a chronometer used the method of lunar distances to determine Greenwich time as a key step in determining longitude. Conversely, a mariner with a chronometer could check its accuracy using a lunar determination of Greenwich time. The method saw usage all the way up to the beginning of the 20th century on smaller vessels that could not afford a chronometer or had to rely on this technique for correction of the chronometer.
Method
Summary
The method relies on the relatively quick movement of the moon across the background sky, completing a circuit of 360 degrees in 27.3 days (the sidereal month), or 13.2 degrees per day. In one hour it will move approximately half a degree, roughly its own angular diameter, with respect to the background stars and the Sun.
Using a sextant, the navigator precisely measures the angle between the moon and another body. That could be the Sun or one of a selected group of bright stars lying close to the Moon's path, near the ecliptic. At that moment, anyone on the surface of the earth who can see the same two bodies will, after correcting for parallax, observe the same angle. The navigator then consults a prepared table of lunar distances and the times at which they will occur. By comparing the corrected lunar distance with the tabulated values, the navigator finds the Greenwich time for that observation.
Knowing Greenwich time and local time, the navigator can work out longitude.
Local time can be determined from a sextant observation of the altitude of the Sun or a star. Then the longitude (relative to Greenwich) is readily calculated from the difference between local time and Greenwich Time, at 15 degrees per hour of difference.
In practice
Having measured the lunar distance and the heights of the two bodies, the navigator can find Greenwich time in three steps.
Step one – Preliminaries
Almanac tables predict lunar distances between the centre of the Moon and the other body (published between 1767 and 1906 in Britain). However, the observer cannot accurately find the centre of the Moon (or Sun, which was the most frequently used second object). Instead, lunar distances are always measured to the sharply lit, outer edge (the limb, not terminator) of the Moon (or of the Sun). The first correction to the lunar distance is the distance between the limb of the Moon and its center. Since the Moon's apparent size varies with its varying distance from the Earth, almanacs give the Moon's and Sun's semidiameter for each day. Additionally the observed altitudes are cleared of semidiameter.
Step two – Clearing
Clearing the lunar distance means correcting for the effects of parallax and atmospheric refraction on the observation. The almanac gives lunar distances as they would appear if the observer were at the center of a transparent Earth. Because the Moon is so much closer to the Earth than the stars are, the position of the observer on the surface of the Earth shifts the relative position of the Moon by up to an entire degree. The clearing correction for parallax and refraction is a relatively simple trigonometric function of the observed lunar distance and the altitudes of the two bodies. Navigators used collections of mathematical tables to work these calculations by any of dozens of distinct clearing methods. For practical applications today the tables by Bruce Stark may be used for clearing the lunar distance. They are constructed such that only additions and subtractions of tabulated numbers are required instead of trigonometric evaluations
Step three – Finding the time
The navigator, having cleared the lunar distance, now consults a prepared table of lunar distances and the times at which they will occur in order to determine the Greenwich time of the observation. These tables were the high tech wonder of their day. Predicting the position of the moon years in advance requires solving the three-body problem, since the earth, moon and sun were all involved. Euler developed the numerical method they used, called Euler's method, and received a grant from the Board of Longitude to carry out the computations.
Having found the (absolute) Greenwich time, the navigator either compares it with the observed local apparent time (a separate observation) to find his longitude, or compares it with the Greenwich time on a chronometer (if available) if one wants to check the chronometer.
Errors
Almanac error
By 1810, the errors in the almanac predictions had been reduced to about one-quarter of a minute of arc. By about 1860 (after lunar distance observations had mostly faded into history), the almanac errors were finally reduced to less than the error margin of a sextant in ideal conditions (one-tenth of a minute of arc).
Lunar distance observation
Later sextants (after ) could indicate angle to 0.1 arc-minutes, after the use of the vernier was popularized by its description in English in the book Navigatio Britannica published in 1750 by John Barrow, the mathematician and historian. In practice at sea, actual errors were somewhat larger.
If the sky is cloudy or the Moon is new (hidden close to the glare of the Sun), lunar distance observations could not be performed.
Total error
A lunar distance changes with time at a rate of roughly half a degree, or 30 arc-minutes, in an hour. The two sources of error, combined, typically amount to about one-half arc-minute in Lunar distance, equivalent to one minute in Greenwich time, which corresponds to an error of as much as one-quarter of a degree of longitude, or about at the equator.
In literature
Captain Joshua Slocum, in making the first solo circumnavigation of the Earth in 1895–1898, somewhat anachronistically used the lunar method along with dead reckoning in his navigation. He comments in Sailing Alone Around the World on a sight taken in the South Pacific. After correcting an error he found in his log tables, the result was surprisingly accurate:
I found from the result of three observations, after long wrestling with lunar tables, that her longitude agreed within five miles of that by dead-reckoning.
This was wonderful; both, however, might be in error, but somehow I felt confident that both were nearly true, and that in a few hours more I should see land; and so it happened, for then I made out the island of Nukahiva, the southernmost of the Marquesas group, clear-cut and lofty. The verified longitude when abreast was somewhere between the two reckonings; this was extraordinary. All navigators will tell you that from one day to another a ship may lose or gain more than five miles in her sailing-account, and again, in the matter of lunars, even expert lunarians are considered as doing clever work when they average within eight miles of the truth...
The result of these observations naturally tickled my vanity, for I knew it was something to stand on a great ship’s deck and with two assistants take lunar observations approximately near the truth. As one of the poorest of American sailors, I was proud of the little achievement alone on the sloop, even by chance though it may have been...
The work of the lunarian, though seldom practised in these days of chronometers, is beautifully edifying, and there is nothing in the realm of navigation that lifts one’s heart up more in adoration.
The young Georg Forster describes 1777 in his book "A Voyage around the World" his impressions with captain James Cook on board the ship resolution in the South Pacific. James Cook had two of the new chronometers on board, one made by Mr. Kendal the other by Mr. Arnold, following the famous John Harrison clocks. On march 12, 1774, approaching Easter-Island, Georg Forster (suffering of scurvy) praises the method of lunar distances as the best and most precise method to determine longitude, as compared to the clocks which may fail due to mechanical problems.
See also
Royal Observatory, Greenwich
Josef de Mendoza y Ríos
John Harrison
History of longitude
Longitude prize
Henry Raper
Bowditch's American Practical Navigator
Nathaniel Bowditch
References
New and complete epitome of practical navigation containing all necessary instruction for keeping a ship's reckoning at sea ... to which is added a new and correct set of tables - by J. W. Norie 1828
Andrewes, William J.H. (Ed.): The Quest for Longitude. Cambridge, Mass. 1996
Forbes, Eric G.: The Birth of Navigational Science. London 1974
Jullien, Vincent (Ed.): Le calcul des longitudes: un enjeu pour les mathématiques, l`astronomie, la mesure du temps et la navigation. Rennes 2002
Howse, Derek: Greenwich Time and the Longitude. London 1997
Howse, Derek: Nevil Maskelyne. The Seaman's Astronomer. Cambridge 1989
National Maritime Museum (Ed.): 4 Steps to Longitude. London 1962
External links
About Lunars... by George Huxtable. (Free tutorial)
Navigation Spreadsheets: Lunar distance
Navigational Algorithms - free software for Lunars
Longitude by Lunars online
Time and Position by C-program LUNARS-V13
An Essay on Lunar Distance Method, by Richard Dunn
Geodesy
Lunar science
Navigation
Celestial navigation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar%20distance%20%28navigation%29 |
The wooden churches of southern Lesser Poland () of the UNESCO inscription are located in Binarowa, Blizne, Dębno, Haczów, Lipnica Murowana, and Sękowa (Lesser Poland Voivodeship or Małopolska). There are in fact many others of the region which fit the description: "The wooden churches of southern Little Poland represent outstanding examples of the different aspects of medieval church-building traditions in Roman Catholic culture. Built using the horizontal log technique, common in eastern and northern Europe since the Middle Ages..."
The wooden church style of the region originated in the late Medieval, the late sixteenth century, and began with Gothic ornament and polychrome detail, but because they were timber construction, the structure, general form, and feeling is entirely different from the gothic architecture or Polish Gothic (in stone or brick). Later construction show Rococo and Baroque ornamental influence. The form of these Roman Catholic churches is deeply influenced by the Greco-Catholic and Orthodox presence in the region. Some display Greek cross plans and onion domes, but the most interesting of the churches combine these features with the Roman forms with elongated naves and steeples. Other collections of wooden churches of the region are in the open-air museums in Sanok and Nowy Sącz.
St. Michael Archangel's Church, Binarowa
All Saints Church, Blizne
St. Michael Archangel's Church, Dębno
Assumption of Holy Mary Church, Haczów
St. Leonard's Church, Lipnica Murowana
Saints Philip and James Church, Sękowa
Other wooden churches of the region
See also
Wooden churches in Ukraine
Carpathian Wooden Churches
Vernacular architecture of the Carpathians
Wooden Churches of Maramureş
St. George's Church, Drohobych
Kryvka Church
Wooden synagogues of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Zakopane Style architecture
Lesser Poland
References
UNESCO citation
The Wooden Architecture Route in Małopolska
Regional Uniate Church history
Oldest wooden church at Czech Republic from 1177
Churches in Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Churches in Podkarpackie Voivodeship
World Heritage Sites in Poland
Wooden buildings and structures in Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden%20churches%20of%20Southern%20Lesser%20Poland |
Empress Xiaocigao (1575 – 31 October 1603), of the Manchu Yehe Nara clan, personal name Monggo Jerjer, was a consort of Nurhaci. She was 16 years his junior.
Life
Family background
Father: Yangginu (; d. 1584), held the title of a third rank prince ()
Paternal grandfather: Taicu (), held the title of a third rank prince ()
Paternal uncle: Cinggiyanu (; d. 1584), held the title of a third rank prince (), the father of Bujai (d. 1593)
Two elder brothers
First elder brother: Narimbulu (; d. 1609), held the title of a third rank prince ()
Second elder brother: Gintaisi (d. 1619), held the title of a third rank prince ()
Wanli era
In October or November 1588, Lady Yehe Nara married Nurhaci, becoming one of his multiple wives. On 28 November 1592, she gave birth to Nurhaci's eighth son, Hong Taiji. Lady Yehe Nara died on 31 October 1603.
Chongde era
On 16 May 1636, after Hong Taiji established the Qing dynasty, Lady Yehe Nara was posthumously elevated to "Empress Xiaociwu".
Kangxi era
In 1662, Lady Yehe Nara's posthumous title was changed from "Empress Xiaociwu" to "Empress Xiaocigao", reflecting her status as a consort of Nurhaci (Emperor Gao).
Titles
During the reign of the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620):
Lady Yehe Nara (from 1575)
Secondary consort (; from October/November 1588)
Primary consort ()
During the reign of Hong Taiji (r. 1626–1643):
Empress Xiaociwu (; from 16 May 1636)
During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722):
Empress Xiaocigao (; from 1662)
Issue
As secondary consort:
Hong Taiji (; 28 November 1592 – 21 September 1643), Nurhaci's eighth son, enthroned on 20 October 1626
In fiction and popular culture
Portrayed by Mak Tsui-han in The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty (1987)
Portrayed by Shi Xiaoqun in Taizu Mishi (2005)
See also
Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
Notes
References
1575 births
1603 deaths
Xiaocigao, Empress
Jurchens in Ming dynasty
16th-century Chinese women
16th-century Chinese people
17th-century Chinese women
17th-century Chinese people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress%20Xiaocigao%20%28Qing%20dynasty%29 |
De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi was written by Italian fencing master Filippo Vadi between 1482 and 1487. It consists of an opening prologue describing the art of fencing followed by colored plates illustrating specific techniques for the longsword, dagger, pollaxe, spear and club. While much of what he describes closely follows the work of Fiore dei Liberi, author of Flos Duellatorum, Vadi's work also differs in some respects, including his footwork and several original techniques of his own.
Little is known about the author, a native of Pisa, other than that he appears to have been a mid to late 15th-century fencing master linked in some way to the tradition of Fiore dei Liberi and that he dedicated a fencing book to the Dukes of Urbino, in the last quarter of the 15th century. However, a man of the same name appears as a governor of Reggio under the Estense family in the mid- to late 15th century. The book was dedicated to Duke Guidobaldo da Montefeltro (the same duke who plays a central role in Castiglione's Book of the Courtier) and kept in the library of the Dukes of Urbino.
See also
Italian school of swordsmanship
References
Further reading
Vadi, Filippo. De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi. translated by Luca Porzio and Gregory Mele
Filippo Vadi, L'arte cavalleresca del combattimento, Italian Publication by Marco Rubboli and Luca Cesari, Il Cerchio - Gli Archi,
Guy Windsor Veni Vadi Vici: a transcription, translation and commentary on Philippo Vadi’s De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (2013)
External links
Summary and Text of Prologue
1480s books
Combat treatises | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Arte%20Gladiatoria%20Dimicandi |
Hutton is a small civil parish about west of Penrith in the English county of Cumbria. The parish contains the small mansion and former pele tower of Hutton John, the seat of the Hudleston family.
At the UK census 2011 the parish had a population of 438.
The parish of Hutton was created in 1934 from the merger of Hutton John and Hutton Soil parishes, both of which were formerly part of the original ecclesiastical and civil parish of Greystoke. The parish also includes the larger village of Penruddock and the hamlets of Troutbeck and Beckces. Whitbarrow holiday village is also within the parish. Administratively, Hutton forms part of Eden District. It has a parish council, the lowest tier of local government.
Listed buildings
There are 13 listed buildings in the parish. Hutton John, mentioned above, is Grade I and the remainder are Grade II.
References
External links
Cumbria County History Trust: Hutton John (nb: provisional research only – see Talk page)
Cumbria County History Trust: Hutton Soil (nb: provisional research only – see Talk page)
Hamlets in Cumbria
Civil parishes in Cumbria
Eden District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutton%2C%20Cumbria |
Gary P. Naftalis (born November 23, 1941) is an American trial lawyer, and head of the litigation department and co-chair of Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel LLP, a New York City law firm.
Education
Naftalis graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Rutgers University (A.B. 1963), earned a master's degree in history at Brown University (M.A. 1965), and graduated from Columbia Law School (1967), where he was an editor on the Columbia Law Review.
Career
After clerking for William B. Herlands on the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, he joined the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York. Naftalis spent six years at the Office, ultimately holding the post of Deputy Chief of the Criminal Division. After a stint as Special Assistant to the U.S. Attorney for the Virgin Islands, Naftalis entered private practice, first as a partner at Orans, Elsen, Polstein & Naftalis, and then as a partner at Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel LLP. Naftalis has also been a Lecturer in Law at Columbia Law School and Harvard Law School.
Naftalis was awarded the Benemerenti medal by Pope Benedict XVI.
Selected representations
Naftalis has been involved in high-profile litigations over three decades. He successfully defended Michael Eisner, the CEO of The Walt Disney Company, in a 37-day shareholders derivative trial relating to the hiring and termination of Michael Ovitz. He has successfully represented securities industry clients, including Salomon Brothers in the federal criminal and SEC investigations of U.S. Treasury auction bidding practices, and Kidder Peabody in connection with the Wall Street insider trading scandal and ensuing civil litigations. He also successfully represented Canary Capital Partners in the ongoing mutual fund investigations and related civil litigations, and Gary Winnick, the Chairman and Founder of Global Crossing.
Naftalis was counsel to Kenneth Langone in the litigation brought by the New York State Attorney General relating to the compensation of New York Stock Exchange Chairman Richard Grasso. He also represented Cosmo Corigliano, the former Chief Financial Officer of the former Cendant, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Oxford Health Systems; the General Counsel of Rite Aid; the investment banking firm CIBC in the Enron investigation; a director and senior officer of Tyco in the securities class action and ERISA litigation; the former CEO of Refco, Phillip R. Bennett; and the former CEO of Arthur Andersen in the Enron civil litigation.
Naftalis was counsel for Ian Schrager in the Studio 54 tax evasion case; E. Robert Wallach, a San Francisco attorney and counsel to former attorney general Edwin Meese, in a federal criminal trial arising out of the Wedtech government contracting scandal; and a Saudi Arabian banker in proceedings before the Federal Reserve Board relating to the disposition of his interest in the Bank of Credit and Commerce International, as well as civil litigation brought by the liquidators of BCCI, seeking $10 billion in damages.
Naftalis represented the city of New York in the inquiry by the New York County District Attorney relating to the 2007 fire at the Deutsche Bank building at the World Trade Center.
Naftalis represented Rajat Gupta, former director of Goldman Sachs and Procter & Gamble, who was accused of leaking company secrets to a billionaire hedge fund manager.
Selected publications
Personal life
He is married to Donna (nee Arditi) Naftalis, a learning specialist in New York. They have four children.
References
External links
Official Biography
1941 births
Living people
United States Department of Justice lawyers
American legal scholars
New York (state) lawyers
Columbia Law School alumni
Brown University alumni
Rutgers University alumni
Harvard Law School faculty
Recipients of the Benemerenti medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20P.%20Naftalis |
"She Shook Me Cold" is a song written by David Bowie in 1970 for the album The Man Who Sold the World. Mick Ronson's solo guitar is influenced by hard rock as played by Cream, Led Zeppelin and Jeff Beck. Although solely credited to Bowie, this and other songs from the album were constructed around jams by all of the musicians. Tony Visconti, who played bass on the track in addition to producing the entire album, was quoted as saying, "The songs were written by all four of us. We'd jam in a basement, and Bowie would just say whether he liked them or not."
Song details
The working title of this track was "Suck". Its title bears a resemblance to the Muddy Waters song "You Shook Me," which was recorded by Jeff Beck for the then recent album Truth.
The lyrics are from the perspective of a man recounting a sexual encounter with a woman, with frequent references to oral sex. The band was deliberately recorded to sound as "fat" as possible, to be able to play the song live without disappointing.
Reviewing The Man Who Sold the World in 2016, Rolling Stone'''s Douglas Wolk described "She Shook Me Cold" as "straight-up heavy-metal".
Cover versions
Skin Yard – Skin Yard (1986)
Pain Teens – Born in Blood (1990)
Personnel
David Bowie: lead vocals
Mick Ronson: electric guitar
Tony Visconti: bass
Woody Woodmansey: drums
Notes
References
Pegg, Nicholas, The Complete David Bowie'', Reynolds & Hearn Ltd, 2000,
David Bowie songs
1970 songs
Songs written by David Bowie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%20Shook%20Me%20Cold |
Brønshøj, part of the municipality of Copenhagen, forms, together with Husum, the administrative city district (bydel) of Brønshøj-Husum, in Denmark.
History
The first mention of the village Brønshøj (Brunshoga), is in a letter dated October 21, 1186 from Pope Urban III to Archbishop Absalon. Brønshøj Church dates from approximately the same time.
In 1658-1660, during The Northern Wars, the village and its immediate surroundings were transformed into a military fortress and town, named Carlstad by the Swedish Army under the command of King Karl X Gustav. This town supported the Swedish siege of Copenhagen. The population reached c. 30,000, which was the same as that of Copenhagen itself. The siege ended on the death of Karl X Gustav, 13 February 1660. Evidence of the fortifications cannot be found in the landscape today, though many artifacts have been uncovered. Artifacts and models of Carlstad and the events surrounding its creation are found at Brønshøj Museum.
During the late part of the 19th century and early part of the 20th century the rural village developed into a suburb of the growing metropolis of Copenhagen. In 1901, Brønshøj, together with several of the neighboring villages, was incorporated into the municipality of Copenhagen. Brønshøj contains some important examples of Danish housing types. In 1899, the cooperative housing area of Enigheden was begun as worker housing for the local dairy: this was followed in 1923 by the English Garden Village. In the 1950s, Denmark's first significant high-rise housing was built at Bellahøj. The great Danish landscape architect C.Th. Sørensen lived in one of the penthouses, known as rooftop villas, until his death. C.Th. Sørensen and architect Steen Eiler Rasmussen also planned the housing area Tingbjerg (near Utterslev Mose) between the late 1950s and early 1970s, and was constructed on the English architectural concept (of the times) of having a village within the city.
Topography and Transport
Brønshøj lies on rising ground 4 km west of Copenhagen center and is bordered by the large wetland area of Utterslev Mose and Tingbjerg to the north. A number of ponds, lakes, and parks characterise Brønshøj. On its eastern edge, the ridgeline of Bellahøj provides extensive views over Copenhagen.
Today, Brønshøj is not served by the S-train and Metro networks, but the City bus connects the area to the core of Copenhagen, which can be reached within 20 minutes by car, bus or bicycle. In the most significant current development, small workshops, car lots and other single-storey buildings are being demolished and replaced with new housing blocks, often over shops, along Brønshøj's main street, Frederiksundsvej. However, the area maintains a distinctive character generated by its topography, parks, and housing architecture.
Sport
Brønshøj Boldklub play at the Tingbjerg Idrætspark.
External links
Brønshøj Museum
Brønshøj - from village to large suburb (fra landsby til storbyforstad) (in Danish)
Brønshøj-Husum
Copenhagen city districts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8nsh%C3%B8j |
Buriti Alegre is a municipality in south Goiás state, Brazil. The population was 9,484 inhabitants (2020) in a total area of 897.4 km2. Buriti Alegre is a large producer of poultry products.
Location and communications
Buriti is located in the extreme south of the state between Morrinhos and Itumbiara. It is part of the Meia Ponte Microregion. The distance to the state capital, Goiânia, is 181 km. The distance to the important BR-153 highway is 26 km. The elevation is 620 meters above sea level.
Highway connections from Goiânia are made by BR-153, passing through Aparecida de Goiânia and Professor Jamil and taking GO-419. Source: Sepin
Buriti has boundaries with the following municipalities: Morrinhos (north); Itumbiara and Tupaciguara, (south); Água Limpa (east); and Goiatuba (west).
The municipality is crossed by several rivers, the most important being the Paranaíba and the Corumbá. There is also the Pirancanjuba, which flows into the Corumbá. The Lago das Brisas with an area of 778 km2 is formed by the meeting of the waters of the Piracanjuba, Corumbá and Paranaíba.
History
Buriti Alegre began in 1910 with the construction of a chapel on the Buriti ranch. The chapel was dedicated to Our Lady of Aparecida and attracted pilgrims from around the region. In 1914 it became a district of Catalão. In 1927 it was dismembered to become a municipality.
Demographic and political data
Population density in 2007: 9.23 inhabitants/km2
Population growth rate 1996-2007: -0.79.%
Total population in 2007: 8,287
Total population in 1980: 8,803
Urban population in 2007: 7,525
Rural population in 2007: 762 (2,190 in 1980)
City government in 2005: mayor (João Alfredo de Mello Neto), vice-mayor (José Martins Marques), and 09 councilpersons
(Seplan)
Economy
The economy is based on cattle raising and agriculture, which is diversified, producing corn, rice, soybeans, oranges, and bananas.
In the 1950s Buriti had one of the largest herds of zebu cattle in the country, but today the number is around 80 thousand head. There are slaughterhouses for cattle and poultry in the town.
Number of industrial establishments: 15
Number of retail commercial establishments: 121
Meat packing houses: Buriti American Beef Ltda.; - JMA Ind. de Alimentos Ltda. (22/05/2006)
Financial institutions: Banco do Brasil S.A. (2007)
Automobiles: 1,286
Agricultural Production
Cattle raising: 79,000 head in 2006
Poultry raising: 988,000 head in 2006
Rice: 800 ha.
Bananas: 440 ha.
Oranges: 297 ha.
Corn: 1,380 ha.
Soybeans: 2,500 ha.
Tomatoes: 46 ha.
(Seplan and IBGE)
Farm data 2006
Farms: 366
Total area: 130,347 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 947 ha.
Area of perennial crops: 13,545 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 85,349 ha.
Persons dependent on farming: 1,080
Farms with tractors: 101
Number of tractors: 198 IBGE
Health (2007)
Health units: 03
Hospitals: 01, with 34 beds in 2003
Infant mortality rate in 2000: 21.47
Infant mortality rate in 1990: 29.47
(Seplan and IBGE)
Education (2006)
Schools: 09 with 2,487 students
Higher education: none in 2005
Literacy rate in 2000: 84.4
(Seplan and IBGE)
Ranking on the Municipal Human Development Index
MHDI: 0.758
State ranking: 62 (out of 242 municipalities)
National ranking: 1,654 (out of 5,507 municipalities)
(*Frigoletto)
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buriti%20Alegre |
The Banu Makhzum () was one of the wealthy clans of the Quraysh. They are regarded as being among the three most powerful and influential clans in Mecca before the advent of Islam, the other two being the Banu Hashim (the tribe of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) and the Banu Umayya.
History
Pre-Islamic era
The Banu Makhzum were a major clan of the larger Quraysh tribal grouping which dominated Mecca. Though in Arab genealogical tradition, there are some twenty branches descended from the progenitor Umar ibn Makhzum, the line of al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn Makhzum emerged as the principal family of the Banu Makhzum. According to the historian Martin Hinds, the "extent of the power and influence of Makhzum in Mecca during the 6th century A.D. cannot be established with any certainty". Based on the traditional Arabic sources, they formed part of the Ahlaf ("allies") faction of the Quraysh alongside the clans of Abd al-Dar, Banu Sahm, Banu Jumah and Banu Adi, in rivalry to the clans of the Banu Hashim and Banu Abd Shams. Toward the end of the 6th century, a scion of the Makhzum, Hisham ibn al-Mughira, grew to such prominence in Mecca that the Quraysh established a dating system that began with his death. His family, the Banu Hisham, thenceforth became the leading house of the Mughira line of the Makhzum. At the time, Hisham, his brothers al-Walid, Hashim and Abu Umayya and a number of their sons dominated Meccan trade with Yemen and Ethiopia.
Early Islamic era
The Banu Makhzum were among the foremost opponents of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in Mecca in the early 7th century. One of their chieftains, Abu Jahl, led Meccan opposition to the Muslims and organized a boycott of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim, in circa 616–618. The Muslims gained the advantage at the Battle of Badr, inflicting heavy losses on the Makhzum, with seven or eight nobles from the al-Mughira line slain and a roughly equal number from other cadet lines of the clan. The casualties the Makhzum sustained led to a significant weakening of their position in Mecca and they were passed in prominence by the Banu Abd Shams under the leadership of Abu Sufyan. At least three members of the Makhzum, all from cadet branches, fought alongside Muhammad at Badr, and by the time he launched his conquest of Mecca in January 630, several others had defected to him, including one of their eminent military commanders, Khalid ibn al-Walid, a grandson of al-Mughira. Nonetheless, among the most ardent opponents of negotiations with Muhammad was Ikrima, the son of Abu Jahl and principal leader of the clan. Khalid participated in the city's conquest and Ikrima subsequently fled to Yemen. The leaders who remained, i.e. al-Harith ibn Hisham of the al-Mughira line and Sa'id ibn Yarbu of the cadet branches, reconciled with Muhammad and the Banu Makhzum formed part of the nascent Muslim order.
Muhammad died in 632 and Ikrima was meanwhile pardoned and played an active role, along with Khalid, in the suppression of the Arab tribes that defected from the Muslim state after Muhammad's death in the Ridda wars (632–633). Ikrima later died fighting Byzantine forces, possibly at the Battle of Ajnadayn, while other members of the Makhzum, al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya and Abd Allah ibn Abi Rabi'a ibn al-Mughira served various terms as governors of part or all of Yemen under the caliphs Abu Bakr () and Umar (). The most prominent role by a member of the Makhzum during this period was played by Khalid who scored key victories against Musaylima in the Yamama during the Ridda wars and against the Byzantines during the Muslim conquest of Syria (634–638). His son Abd al-Rahman was appointed governor of Homs and the Jazira and fought reputably against the Byzantines. The forty or so male descendants of Khalid died in a plague in Syria toward the end of Umayyad rule.
Genealogical tree of key members
Notable members
Fatimah bint Amr, paternal grandmother of Muhammad
Amr ibn Hishām, better known as "Abu Jahl"
Walid ibn al-Mughira
Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya, a Mother of the Believers (wife of Muhammad)
Khalid ibn al-Walid, a companion of the Muhammad
Mughira ibn Abd-Allah
Hisham ibn al-Mughirah
Ibn Zaydún, Arab poet of Córdoba and Seville
Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl
Al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya
See also
Tribes of Arabia
References
Bibliography
Arab groups
Makhzum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu%20Makhzum |
Palm Pictures is a US-based entertainment company owned and run by Chris Blackwell. Palm Pictures produces, acquires and distributes music and film projects with a particular focus on the DVD-Video format. Palm places an emphasis on such projects as music documentaries, arthouse, foreign cinema and music videos. Palm Pictures' entertainment properties include a film division, a music label, sputnik7.com, epitonic.com, Arthouse Films and RES Media Group, publisher of RES magazine.
Palm Pictures has its own customised content channel on Audiotube.
Film titles
Films distributed by Palm Pictures include:
See also Directors Label.
Music artists
Artists released/distributed by Palm Pictures include:
See also
List of record labels
List of jungle and drum n bass record labels
External links
– official site
American record labels
Drum and bass record labels
Film distributors of the United States
World music record labels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%20Pictures |
Derek Arthur Roe (31 August 1937 – 24 September 2014) was a British archaeologist most famous for his work on the Palaeolithic period.
Roe was born in St Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex and grew up in Kent.
Educated at St Edward's School in Oxford, he undertook his National Service with the Royal Sussex Regiment and the Intelligence Corps in Berlin. He went on to study Archaeology and Anthropology at Peterhouse, Cambridge, graduating with first-class honours in 1961. Whilst studying for his PhD he became a lecturer at Oxford University. There, he set up the Donald Baden-Powell Quaternary Research Centre which opened in 1975. In 1997, he became Professor of Palaeolithic Archaeology at Oxford.
He excavated at many seminal Palaeolithic sites including Kalambo Falls and Olduvai Gorge as well as producing a gazetteer of British Middle and Lower Palaeolithic sites. He also played a key role in the autobiography of Mary Leakey.
He married Fiona Greig, a fellow archaeologist, and had two children. After their divorce, he married Sarah Milliken, an archaeologist and landscape architect.
Roe died of cancer on 24 September 2014 after a short illness.
References
Sources
Milliken, S, and J Cook (eds) (2001). A Very Remote Period Indeed. Papers on the Palaeolithic presented to Derek Roe, Oxford: Oxbow. .
1937 births
2014 deaths
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Academics of the University of Oxford
British archaeologists
People from Hastings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek%20Roe |
Adirondack Life is a bi-monthly magazine based in Jay, New York that covers the Adirondack region of the state. It has been published since 1969 when it began as a supplement to a Warrensburg, New York newspaper.
Articles are primarily oriented towards features on the history and culture of the region, as well as recreational opportunities. The magazine also runs an annual photography contest and publishes the winning entries both in the magazine itself and on its website. It also publishes and sells annual wall and engagement calendars.
References
External links
Magazine's website
Adirondacks
Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Local interest magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1969
Magazines published in New York (state)
Newspaper supplements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack%20Life |
Wings () was the first Russian novel centred on homosexuality. Written by Mikhail Kuzmin, it was printed in 1906 to the consternation of a conservative literary establishment.
Plot
The novel deals with teenager Vanya Smurov's attachment to his older, urbane mentor, Larion Stroop, a pederast who initiates him into the world of early Renaissance, Classical and Romantic art. At the close of the first part, Vanya is shocked to learn that the object of his admiration frequents a gay bathhouse. In order to sort out his feelings, Vanya withdraws into the Volga countryside, but his sickening experience with rural women, whose call on him to enjoy his youth turns out to be an awkward attempt at seduction, induces Vanya to accept his Classics teacher's proposal and accompany him in a journey to Italy. In the last part of the novel, Vanya and Stroop, who is also in Italy, are seen enjoying the smiling climate and stunning artworks of Florence and Rome, while Prince Orsini mentors the delicate youth in the art of hedonism.
Reception
The novel, partly based on Kuzmin's experience of travelling to Italy in 1897, is full of conversation in the Platonic vein; the title itself alludes to Phaedrus. Although the book was competently written in an elegant style all its own, its reputation has been dogged by scandal.
Kuzmin was one of the first writers in modern Europe to argue that homosexuality "was not immoral or ungodly, but morally distinctive, ethically sanctioned, and even at times spiritually superior, a matter not of decadent immoralism but the personal creation of values".
The central theme of aestheticized sensuality has spawned comparisons of Wings with contemporary works by Oscar Wilde and André Gide, which cover similar thematic territory. Nevertheless Kuzmin was probably the first literary figure of some standing to approve same-sex love in print:
"Wilde in The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890) only hinted that his hero's inner corruption resulted from his suppression of his true nature; Gide did not dare to name the attraction of his hero in The Immoralist (1902); Proust felt impelled to engage in all manner of subterfuge, and Forster wrote Maurice for the desk drawer."
Vladimir Nabokov parodied Kuzmin's novel in his own short novel The Eye, using "Smurov" as the name of a male protagonist and "Vanya" of a female one.
References
1906 Russian novels
Russian LGBT novels
Novels with gay themes
Works originally published in Russian magazines
1900s LGBT novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings%20%28Kuzmin%20novel%29 |
Philip Lewis Clarke (September 8, 1938 – April 23, 2013) was an American voice actor.
He provided voices in several TV series, films, and video games, including his leading role as Malcolm Betruger in Doom 3.
Roles
Oliver Twist - Additional Voices
Devlin - Additional Voices
Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo
Cataclysm - Additional Voices
The Man Who Saw Tomorrow - Nostradamus
The Smurfs - Additional Voices
Spider-Man - Sidewinder/Wild Willie Wilson
Meatballs and Spaghetti - Additional Voices
The New Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo Show - Additional Voices
The Dukes - Additional Voices
Challenge of the GoBots - Dr. Go, Tork
Pole Position - Additional Voices
CBS Storybreak - Additional Voices
Starchaser: The Legend of Orin - Additional Voices
GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords - Herr Fiend, Crackpot, Tork
The Transformers - Dead End, Tantrum, Auggie Cahnay, Abdul Fakkadi, Victor Drath, Marty Minkler, Ozu's sensei, Zeta Prime
G.I. Joe - Matthew Burke
Wildfire - Lord Sampson
The Chipmunk Adventure - Additional Voices
DuckTales - Additional Voices
The Chipmunks - Additional Voices
Popeye and Son - Additional Voices
Inhumanoids - Harry Slattery/Dirty Beggar Sorcerer
The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! - Computer
The Little Mermaid - Sailor #3
The Rescuers Down Under - Mouse at Rescue Aid Society, Mice at the Restaurant
Beauty and the Beast - Male Villager
An American Tail: Fievel Goes West - Male Mice
Aladdin - Guards
The Pirates of Dark Water - Additional Voices
Cyberia - Additional Voices
The Lion King - Hyenas
The Pebble and the Penguin - King
Skeleton Warriors - Baron Dark
Adventures in Odyssey - Additional Voices
The Hunchback of Notre Dame - Frollo's Soldiers
The Fantastic Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor - Additional Voices
Quest for Camelot - Ruber's Minions
Video games
References
External links
2013 deaths
American male voice actors
American male video game actors
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
1938 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20L.%20Clarke |
Cascadia Con was the eighth North American Science Fiction Convention, held in SeaTac, Washington, on September 1–5, 2005, at the Seattle Airport Hilton and Conference Center. This NASFiC was held because Glasgow, Scotland, was selected as the location for the 2005 Worldcon.
Guests of honor
Fred Saberhagen, writer (unable to attend due to illness)
Liz Danforth, artist
Kevin Standlee, fan
Marc Abrahams, science
Toni Weisskopf, editor
Uffington Horse, special filk guest
Hiroaki Inoue, anime
Harry Harrison, special author guest (unable to attend due to illness)
Information
Events
The first American showing of Charlie Jade was presented at Cascadia Con by Jeffrey Pierce and Robert Wertheimer.
Trailers of Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles were first shown at Cascadia Con, presented by Chase Masterson.
John and Bjo Trimble, with Marah Searle-Kovacevic, hosted a wake for James Doohan.
Heinlein Award
The Heinlein Award was presented by the Heinlein Society to Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle.
Site selection
After the "UK in 2005" bid was selected, essentially unopposed, as the World Science Fiction Convention to be held in 2005 (as "Interaction" in Glasgow, Scotland, the WSFS Business Meeting directed that a written ballot election be held at , the 2003 Worldcon in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, to select a NASFiC site for 2005. The Seattle bid won by "5 or 6" votes out of the roughly 400 cast.
At Cascadia Con, St. Louis won the vote for the 9th North American Science Fiction Convention in 2007. This is only the second time which a NASFiC site selection vote has been held at a NASFiC.
Notable program participants
Marc Abrahams
Heather Alexander
C. J. Cherryh
Julie Czerneda
William C. Dietz
Jane Fancher
Sheila Finch
Michael F. Flynn
Robin Hobb
Chase Masterson
Larry Niven
Diana L. Paxson
John Pelan
Jerry Pournelle
Kristine Kathryn Rusch
Stalking Cat
Bjo Trimble
Dan Woren
Tommy Yune
Anthology
The anthology Northwest Passages was sponsored by Cascadia Con and released at the convention. It was published by Windstorm Creative and edited by Cris DiMarco. Over 950 authors submitted stories for this anthology, of which 25 were selected for publication.
Committee
Cascadia Con was held under the auspices of SWOC, the Seattle Westercon Organizing Committee.
Chair: Bobbie DuFault
Division heads
Finance Vice-Chair: Susan Robinson
Administration Vice-Chair: Pat Porter
Facilities: Glenn Glazer
Operations: Marah Searle-Kovacevic, Cheryl Ferguson
Information Technology Systems: Jerry Gieseke
Membership Services: Dave Schaber
Hospitality: Jackie Sherry
Publications: Allyn Llyr
Programming: Alex von Thorn
Special Events: Michael Kemnir
Video/Film: Bruce E. Durocher II
Bid
Bid Chair: Bobbie DuFault
Bid Vice-Chair: Alex von Thorn
See also
World Science Fiction Society
Seattle
SeaTac
References
External links
Official Site (mirror?)
NASFiC Official Site
Northwest Passages anthology
City of SeaTac, WA Official Site
North American Science Fiction Convention
Festivals in the Puget Sound region
2005 in the United States
2005 in Washington (state)
Cascadia movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascadia%20Con |
Krylya may refer to:
Wings (Kuzmin novel), a 1906 Russian novel by Mikhail Kuzmin
Krylya (album), a 2005 album by Catharsis
Krylya (Wings), Russia's winning entry in the 2017 Junior Eurovision Song Contest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krylya |
Pickering Public Library is the library system of Pickering, Ontario, Canada. The library was operational in separate branches since 1841, but officially launched as the Main Library in 1990 at the Central Branch. There are also the George Ashe (formerly Petticoat) and Claremont branches which remain part of the Pickering Public Library.
History
The Pickering Public Library officially opened its doors on May 22, 1990, which is the Central Branch, after two years of construction in response to the Town of Pickering's growing needs. Prior to opening, there were various library branches including Greenwood, Claremont, Whitevale, Bay Ridges, Rouge Hill, Brougham, which was the first branch opened in 1841, and the formerly named Liverpool Branch until the official opening of the Central Branch. The former three branches remain open to this day. The Petticoat Creek Library branch opened their doors on June 14, 2001 and was officially renamed to the George Ashe Library on September 15, 2017.
In 2020, the library estimates to have 515,000 visitors, upwards of 60 permanent employees, almost 1 million items available to borrow, and almost 1.7 million uses of the public computers annually.
Services
Collections
The library's collection count is almost 1 million items.
Assistive Services
The library offers services to patrons and Pickering residents with special needs. This includes a library delivery service for those who cannot visit the library due to disabilities, and a sign language interpretation service.
Technology
The Pickering Public Library technology services include public access computers and free wireless internet access across all three branches. The Library provides access to e-books, movies, music, and other electronic items. Each branch has a black-and-white printer where patrons can print for 10 cents a page. All branches also have a photocopier. The Pickering Public Library website allows users to reserve items and transfer items to their preferred branch. The library also produces live readings of children's stories on Facebook, and a podcast for children called "Wee Listen".
The Central Branch of the Pickering Public Library houses a Maker Space, where patrons can reserve technological equipment and a workstation to with and utilize for developing new technologies.
Digital Content
Pickering Public Library cardholders can access multiple online databases through the library's website. These include databases of Consumer Reports, the Toronto Star's historical newspapers, and Merck Manuals.
The library offers audiobook, e-book, and eMagazine services, including cloudLibrary, Flipster, hoopla, Libby by OverDrive, and Tumblebooks, available from the library's website.
Future
There is a proposed Library Expansion for the Central Branch, due to increased usage and need. The expansion, dubbed the "City Centre Library", is projected to cost $21 million, while offering additional services such as financial learning assistance. The expansion would result in the Central Branch Library being attached to the Pickering Town Centre. Further, more items are planned to be available for loans, such as additional GoPro cameras and musical instruments.
Awards and nominations
See also
Ontario Public Libraries
References
External Links
Pickering Public Library Website
PPL Kids Website
Pickering Local History Collection Digital Archive
Pickering Library Promotional Video
Public libraries in Ontario
Buildings and structures in the Regional Municipality of Durham
Pickering, Ontario
Education in the Regional Municipality of Durham
Libraries established in 1990
1990 establishments in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickering%20Public%20Library |
Eunice Wyatt (also Gardner, Twining and Martin) is a fictional character from the American soap opera Search for Tomorrow. The role was originated by Marion Brash from 1957 to 1961, and then portrayed by Ann Williams from 1966 until the character's death in November 1976.
Portrayal
The role of Eunice was originated by Marion Brash from 1957 to 1961, and then portrayed by Ann Williams from 1966 until the character's death on November 19, 1976.
Storylines
Introduced in 1957, Eunice is the sister of Joanne Gardner (Mary Stuart) and, at first, very selfish and neurotic. She has a brief affair with Jo's second husband, Arthur Tate (Terry O'Sullivan), and is so racked with guilt about it that she confesses everything to her sister. She next falls for Rex Twining (Laurence Hugo), who is involved with Arthur's wealthy aunt, Cornelia Simmons (Doris Dalton). When Cornelia is found dead, Eunice and Rex become suspects and flee for the Caribbean. Cornelia's housekeeper, Harriet Baxter (Vicki Viola), is later revealed to be the killer. Eunice leaves town in 1961.
Eunice returns years later in 1966, having married and then divorced Rex. She is a lot nicer and not so selfish and unstable as before. She meets and marries lawyer Doug Martin (Ken Harvey), with whom she has a daughter named Suzi. Although Eunice is influenced by the women's liberation movement, she does her best to make her marriage work. After Doug dies, Eunice meets John Wyatt (Val Dufour) while working at a magazine that he owns. John and Eunice marry, but he had been seeing the unstable Jennifer Pace Phillips (Morgan Fairchild). Wanting John for herself and losing touch with reality, Jennifer confronts Eunice with a gun on November 19, 1976. She shoots Eunice in the back and kills her, hallucinating that John's voice told her to do it. John is put on trial for murder, but Jennifer is ultimately revealed to be the killer.
References
Search for Tomorrow characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunice%20Gardner%20Wyatt |
Mistral may refer to:
Mistral (wind) in southern France and Sardinia
Automobiles
Maserati Mistral, a Maserati grand tourer produced from 1963 until 1970
Nissan Mistral, or Terrano II, a Nissan 4×4 produced from 1993 until 2006
Microplas Mistral, a kit car from the 1950s produced in England, United States, and New Zealand
Companies
Mistral Group, an American defense and law enforcement product marketing company
Mistral Solutions, an Indian product design and systems engineering company
Mistral Appliances, an Australian home appliances brand
Aviation
Mistral Air (now Poste Air Cargo), an Italian cargo airline
Mistral Aviation, an airline from the Republic of the Congo
Mistral Engine Company, a Swiss light aircraft and helicopter engine manufacturer
Aviasud Mistral, a French ultralight aircraft
Sud-Est SE 535 Mistral, the French version of the de Havilland Vampire jet fighter
Swing Mistral, a German paraglider design
OpenSkies, an airline with the callsign MISTRAL
People and characters
Mistral Raymond (born 1987), American football player
Frédéric Mistral (1830–1914), French writer and lexicographer
Gabriela Mistral (1889–1957), pseudonym of the Chilean poet Lucila Godoy Alcayaga
Jacques Mistral (born 1947), French economist and professor
Jorge Mistral (1920–1972), Spanish actor
Mistral, title character of the Laurell Hamilton novel Mistral's Kiss
Mistral, a character from the video game Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance
Ships and watercraft
French ship Mistral, various ships of the French Navy, including:
Mistral-class amphibious assault ship
Mistral (L9013), the lead ship of the Mistral-class
Spanish submarine Mistral (S73), an Agosta-class submarine
Mistral One Design Class, a former windsurf class
Grand Mistral (previously Mistral), an Iberocruceros cruise ship
Other uses
Mistral (album), a 1980 album by Freddie Hubbard
Mistral (crater), a crater on Mercury
Mistral (missile), a surface-to-air missile developed in France
Mistral (pisco), a brand of pisco named after Gabriela Mistral
Mistral (software), an information retrieval software system
Mistral (typeface), a 1953 casual typeface designed by Frenchman Roger Excoffon
Le Mistral (train), an express train which ran between Paris and Nice
Operation Mistral 2, a Croatian military offensive in 1995
Mistral, a brand name of the fungicide fenpropimorph
See also
Mestral (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistral |
First Second Books is an American publisher of graphic novels. An imprint of Roaring Brook Press, part of Holtzbrinck Publishers, First Second publishes fiction, biographies, personal memoirs, history, visual essays, and comics journalism. It also publishes graphic non-fiction for young readers, including the Science Comics and History Comics collections, and for adults, including the World Citizen Comics, a line of civics graphic books, and biographical works such as The Accidental Czar.
Authors and artists published by First Second include Ben Hatke, Gene Luen Yang, Jillian Tamaki, Vera Brosgol, Jen Wang, Shannon Hale, LeUyen Pham, Scott Chantler, and Japanese director Hayao Miyazaki.
First Second is headed by creative director Mark Siegel.
History
First Second launched in U.S. stores and online in May 2006. It was distributed by Macmillan in the rest of the English-speaking world. After the merger in 2010, Macmillan distributes all of the books.
In 2006, First Second published American Born Chinese by Gene Luen Yang, the first graphic novel ever nominated for a National Book Award, and the first ever to win the American Library Association's Michael L. Printz Award.
In 2015, First Second published This One Summer by cousins Jillian and Mariko Tamaki, the first book in any format ever nominated as a finalist for both the American Library Association's Randolph Caldecott Award, and the American Library Association's Edward L. Printz Award.
Series
Some of First Second's biggest hits include the InvestiGators series and the Real Friends trilogy.
Series published by First Second include:
The Adventure Zone graphic novel series
The Dam Keeper by Robert Kondo and Daisuke Tsutsumi
Delilah Dirk, by Tony Cliff
Demon, by Jason Shiga
Cucumber Quest, by Gigi D.G.
Selected titles
Before 2010
American Born Chinese, by Gene Luen Yang
Laika, by Nick Abadzis
Prince of Persia, by Jordan Mechner, A.B. Sina, LeUyen Pham, and Alex Puvilland
The Photographer, by Emmanuel Guibert
2010s
Anya's Ghost by Vera Brosgol
Friends with Boys by Faith Erin Hicks
Boxers and Saints by Gene Luen Yang
The Cute Girl Network, by Greg Means and M. K. Reed, with art by Joe Flood
This One Summer by Mariko Tamaki and Jillian Tamaki
The Divine by Boaz Lavie, Asaf Hanuka, Tomer Hanuka
Spinning by Tillie Walden
The Hunting Accident by David Carlson and Landis Blair
Check, Please!: #Hockey by Ngozi Ukazu
Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson and Emily Carroll
The Prince and the Dressmaker by Jen Wang
Laura Dean Keeps Breaking Up with Me by Mariko Tamaki
Kiss Number 8 by Colleen A. F. Venable
2020s
Dragon Hoops by Gene Luen Yang
References
External links
First Second Blog
Comic book publishing companies of the United States
Holtzbrinck Publishing Group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Second%20Books |
Teachers is an American sitcom television series that aired on NBC. The show ran for six episodes from March 28 until its cancellation on May 2, 2006. Loosely based upon a 2001 UK series of the same name, it was developed by Matt Tarses, co-executive producer of the medical comedy Scrubs.
Overview
Set in New Jersey, Teachers stars Justin Bartha as Jeff Cahill, a skilled, irreverent young English teacher at the fictitious Filmore High School, whose apparent apathy toward his job masks his actual wisdom concerning teaching at an underfunded school. Sarah Alexander co-stars as idealistic British history teacher Alice Fletcher, his only kindred spirit on the faculty, for whom Jeff also has romantic feelings. Alice does not reciprocate these feelings, but she is becoming fonder of him. Radio personality Phil Hendrie plays Dick Green, an apathetic phys-ed and physics teacher, who spends his afternoons behind the gym. Deon Richmond plays Calvin Babbitt, the drama teacher whose attitude about teaching falls somewhere between Jeff's and Alice's. He often gets caught up in Jeff's schemes. Kali Rocha stars as the uncaring, rule-abiding Principal Emma Wiggins. Matt Winston stars as Mitch Lenk, a math teacher and lap dog to Principal Wiggins. It is implied that he is romantically interested in her. Sarah Shahi stars as Tina Torres, an attractive teacher from Mexico. She is Alice's possible rival for Jeff's affections, though it seems Jeff prefers Alice. It is revealed in Episode 05 ("Testing 1-2-3") that she does not have her teaching license, having gone to school, but taking jobs before she took her finals. However, she stated later in the episode that she will be taking them.
Cast
Justin Bartha as Jeff Cahill
Sarah Alexander as Alice Fletcher
Phil Hendrie as Dick Green
Deon Richmond as Calvin Babbitt
Kali Rocha as Emma Wiggins
Sarah Shahi as Tina Torres
Matt Winston as Mitch Lenk
Production
Like many American sitcoms, Teachers was shot before a studio audience.
The series began development under the title Filmore Middle, which reflected its original middle school setting.
Though adapted for American television by Matt Tarses, a writer and producer of the critically lauded series Sports Night and Scrubs, Teachers was panned by many critics (including the San Francisco Chronicle'''s Tim Goodman) as unoriginal and clichéd. The show was quickly cancelled by NBC, the news coming on May 15.
Episodes
Ratings
Based on average total viewers per episode of Teachers on NBC:
See also
Teachers (UK TV series)''
References
External links
2000s American high school television series
2000s American sitcoms
2000s American workplace comedy television series
2006 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
American television series based on British television series
English-language television shows
NBC original programming
Television series about educators
Television series by Universal Television
Television shows set in New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachers%20%282006%20TV%20series%29 |
Blame It on Me is the debut album by singer-songwriter Alana Davis. It was released in 1997 and contained her two most popular singles, "32 Flavors" and "Crazy". The album peaked at No. 157 on the U.S. Billboard 200.
Track listing
References
1997 debut albums
Alana Davis albums
Elektra Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blame%20It%20on%20Me%20%28album%29 |
Alvah Robert "Al" Holbert (November 11, 1946 – September 30, 1988) was an American automobile racing driver who was a five-time champion of the IMSA Camel GT series and the fifth driver to complete the informal triple Crown of endurance racing. He once held the record with the most IMSA race wins at 49.
Life and career
Holbert was born in Abington, Pennsylvania. He was the son of racecar driver Bob Holbert, who also ran a Volkswagen-Porsche dealership in Warrington, PA, near Philadelphia (one of the first Porsche dealerships in the USA). Holbert worked for Roger Penske while studying at Lehigh University, where he graduated with a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering in 1968. Holbert began racing Porsches in the northeast division of the SCCA, racing a C-production Porsche 914/6 against, among others, Bob Tullius (Triumph TR6) and Bob Sharp (Datsun 240Z). In 1971, Holbert scored his first race win in a Porsche and would turn professional in 1974. He would score his first of his two IMSA titles in 1976 and 1977 in a Dekon Monza. Being a Porsche supporter, Holbert allowed Porsche technicians to inspect his Monza, which would eventually lead to Porsche entering the series with turbocharged cars such as the 934 that led to a Porsche dominance for the following years. During that time Holbert jumped ship to the Stuttgart marque.
From 1976 to 1979 Holbert raced 19 career races in NASCAR. In those 19 races, in which he drove primarily for James Hylton, Holbert scored 4 top ten finishes.
He also added an IMSA GTP title during 1983 in a Chevrolet and Porsche powered March 83G when Porsche were unable to make their 956 eligible for competition that year. February 27, 1983, he won the Grand Prix of Miami. Holbert finished fourth in the 1984 Indianapolis 500, and led the Porsche IndyCar effort in 1987–1988. He won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1983, 1986, and 1987, the 24 Hours of Daytona in 1986 and 1987 and the 12 Hours of Sebring in 1976 and 1981. Holbert was the head of the Porsche North America's Motorsports Division and ran his own racing team, Holbert Racing. He clinched two more IMSA GTP championships back to back in both 1985 and 1986 driving a Lowenbrau sponsored Porsche 962. In 1988, Holbert realised that the Porsche 962 that had brought him success in his earlier years was becoming outmoded by the newer generation of racers from the likes of the Jaguar XJR-9 and the Electramotive's Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo. His plan was to build an open top Porsche-engined racer for customer teams. Porsche eventually built such a car nearly a decade later, although the WSC-95 would never be built for customer teams as Holbert and Porsche intended.
Death and afterwards
On September 30, 1988, Holbert was at the IMSA Columbus Ford Dealers 500. That evening, Holbert was fatally injured when his privately owned propeller driven Piper PA-60 aircraft crashed shortly after takeoff near Columbus, Ohio, when a clamshell door was not closed. At the end of the season, the team was disbanded and IMSA would retire his race number 14.
Former Holbert Racing chief mechanic Kevin Doran later became a noted team owner. Son, Todd Holbert was also a mechanic, and is currently with Toyota developing their NASCAR Tundra and Camry vehicles.
Awards
Holbert was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1993.
He was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1993.
Gallery
Racing record
SCCA National Championship Runoffs
Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results
American open–wheel racing results
(key)
CART
References
External links
NTSB accident report
NASCAR drivers
1946 births
1988 deaths
Champ Car drivers
Indianapolis 500 drivers
International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees
International Race of Champions drivers
Trans-Am Series drivers
People from Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1988
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Lehigh University alumni
Accidental deaths in Ohio
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans winning drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
IMSA GT Championship drivers
Racing drivers from Philadelphia
World Sportscar Championship drivers
SCCA Formula Super Vee drivers
SCCA National Championship Runoffs participants
12 Hours of Sebring drivers
Porsche Motorsports drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Holbert |
The Rhythm Pigs were an American punk band, originally from El Paso, Texas, United States, later relocated to San Francisco. Their first two albums were among the first to be released by the influential independent Mordam Records label. Their first 7-inch EP is a classic example of early hardcore, welding driving rock and roll with broad melodies and varied tempos and hooks. Their first two studio albums showed more "big tent" punk, with varied musical styles (such as the foray into rap in "Break or We'll Break Your Face" on their self-titled LP) happily shoehorned into melodic punk songs.
Touring extensively throughout Europe and North America throughout the mid-1980s, the Rhythm Pigs were one of the most sophisticated and musically diverse hardcore bands, and remained so throughout the 1980s as hardcore became more and more musically conservative. That the wistful and melodic power-ballads of El Paso would not be considered punk by most adherents has as much to do with the shifting definition of punk as it does with the mellowing of the band's sound. Baby Falcon Getaway saw a return to a more raw, fast-paced hard rock sound (the three out-and-out hardcore songs on El Paso are collected into a single track titled "The Fast Three") combined with the more humorous tone seen on the first album. Baby Falcon Getaway included a hardcore cover of the Gordon Lightfoot classic "Sundown" and a furiously paced rendition of Charles Mingus's "Boogie Stop Shuffle," which recalled the Peanuts theme (Vince Guaraldi's Linus and Lucy) from the first album.
Personnel
1st LP: Jay Smith, Greg Adams, Ed Ivey
2nd LP: Kenny Craun, Greg Adams, Ed Ivey (Don Holmes, "Main Man", LP engineered by Spot)
I'm Not Crazy, I'm an Airplane Billy Atwell from th' Inbred replaces Kenny on drums(engineered by Jeroen Visser).
El Paso: Jay Smith, Greg Adams, Ed Ivey
Baby Falcon Getaway Schmeckie, Jay Smith, Ed Ivey
'Construction' EP Ed Ivey, Schmeckie, Jay Smith
Ed Ivey currently plays sousaphone in San Francisco's North Beach Brass Band. Ed and Billy Atwell appear as themselves in the documentary "A Texas Tale of Treason" about the making of Waldo's Hawaiian Holiday, a Repo Man sequel film . Billy Atwell is a composer/producer for hire in the NYC metro area. Jay Smith has played in Bay Area bands: Tragic Mullato, GDKs, Cinnamon Girls, Sonic Brain Jam and Gone to Ground.
Discography
An American Activity 1984. 6 song 7-inch EP unclean records (cat# ur 004)
War Between the States: South, 1985 cassette compilation. 2 songs; "Arson" and "Van Halen Hater" (cat# TPOS 042)
The Rhythm Pigs, 1986 LP Mordam Records (cat # 2)
Choke on This, 1987 LP Mordam Records (cat # 4)
I'm Not Crazy, I'm an Airplane. 1988 LP Konkurrel (cat # 001-107) Recorded live at Donkiesjot (Don Quixote) Sittard Holland Nov 1987)
El Paso 1994. CD Westworld Enterprises (cat# 13)
Construction. 1995 Konkurrent
Baby Falcon Getaway. 1996 CD Cool Beans Records (cat# 4)
See also
Beefeater (band)
External links
Ed Ivey's website
Fan site on Myspace.com
Billy Atwell's website
Punk rock groups from Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm%20Pigs |
Fortune Cookies is the second album by Alana Davis, released in 2001. It peaked at #34 on Billboard's Heatseekers Album chart.
Track listing
References
2001 albums
Elektra Records albums
Alana Davis albums
Albums produced by the Neptunes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune%20Cookies%20%28album%29 |
The Smell of Apples is a 1993 debut novel by South African Mark Behr, published in Afrikaans as Die Reuk van Appels then published in 1995 in English.
Mark Behr describes the Afrikaner mentality in apartheid South Africa as seen through the eyes of an 11-year-old boy called Marnus, the son of an Army General. The novel also appeared in South Africa the same year in Afrikaans as Die reuk van apples. In 2017, the Afrikaans novel was adapted for the stage by the theatre company Theatrerocket, featuring Gideon Lombard in this solo production, directed by Lara Bye. The production toured the country to several festivals and main theatres to great acclaim. To date, it has earned the following awards and recognition: Kanna Award for Best Actor (KKNK 2017), Aardklop Award nomination for Best Actor (2017), Aardklop Award nomination for Best Director (2017), Best Actor (South African Theatre Magazine Awards 2017), four BroadwayWorld 2017 nominations (Best New Work, Best Performer in a Leading Role in a Play, Best Sound Design, Best Play) and four kykNET Fiësta Awards 2017 (Best Performance in a Solo Production, Best Adaption of an Existing Work; Best Director and Best overall production).
Plot summary
Marnus Erasmus is an eleven-year-old boy who, with his family, lives in Cape Town, South Africa in the early seventies. The Erasmus family, as white Afrikaners, lives in a country where blacks and coloured people form the majority, but where the white Apartheid regime rules and Marnus' father is an important general in the army.
Marnus grows up believing that black people are second-class people because he has been indoctrinated by the Apartheid system and his parents' views. On the other hand we, the readers, see that all Marnus' encounters with black people have actually been positive. Marnus' father hates black people because his father, Marnus' grandfather, and his family were driven away and their land was expropriated by the black majority from Tanganyika, today's Tanzania. They fled to South Africa and, together with the descendants of other white settlers, turned it into an ostensibly modern state. Now Marnus' father thinks that the black people are going to destroy everything that they built up and that the white population has to prevent this by keeping the native Africans under control. Marnus' older sister Ilse, an intelligent and talented girl, under the influence of a stay in the Netherlands, but also of an aunt living in London, gradually begins to become more and more sceptic of her father's beliefs.
Marnus' best friend is Frikkie, who is also white. They attend the same school and meet almost every minute in their free time. In the summer holidays, Frikkie stays with Marnus in the Erasmuses' house, where Marnus' father often meets generals from other countries. He tells Marnus that he is not allowed to tell anybody else that a general from another country (Chile) is visiting there and that he has to call him "Mr. Smith". At dinner, Marnus' father and the general speak about the political situation in the world. Mr. Smith says that he is relieved that his army has overthrown Allende's socialist government in Chile. Marnus' father tells the general that South Africa, too, is in a very bad position because the world is "against his country". He claims that the rest of the world is against them and that the white government of South Africa does not discriminate against the black population in any way.
Marnus makes an agreement with Frikkie that they will tell each other all their secrets, which is why Marnus ignores his father's warning not to tell anybody that he speaks with Mr. Smith. Marnus tells Frikkie that the whole world is against South Africa and that the coloured people are to blame for that.
One night Marnus wakes up and notices that Frikkie is not in his bed. He can see the spare room through the floor-boards in his room and witnesses Frikkie being raped. He assumes the rapist is Mr. Smith who is supposed to have left that night, and goes downstairs to wake his parents, but finds his father is not in bed. He goes back upstairs and observes that the man who is raping Frikkie does not have a scar on his back like the General (Mr. Smith) and realizes that it is his father. The next day he asks Frikkie if something happened during the night but Frikkie does not tell Marnus anything. Frikkie says that he has decided to go home and he does not want to stay longer. Marnus reassures himself that Frikkie will never tell anyone what happened.
In specially interspersed italicized sections of the novel set in the late 1980s, Marnus is presented to be a soldier in the South African Border War, in which he is apparently killed.
Awards and nominations
Art Seidenbaum Award for First Fiction from the Los Angeles Times 1996
M-Net Award
Eugene Marais Award
CNA Literary Award
Betty Trask Award
Nominations
Nominated for the Booker Prize
References
External links
The Smell of Apples at Google Books
1993 novels
1993 debut novels
20th-century South African novels
Apartheid novels
Novels by Mark Behr
Novels set in Cape Town
Novels set during the South African Border War
Afrikaans literature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Smell%20of%20Apples |
The Taiwanese Cultural Association (TCA; ) was an important organization during the Japanese rule of Taiwan. It was founded by Chiang Wei-shui on 17 October 1921, in Daitōtei, a district in modern-day Taipei.
History
After World War I, an epidemic of self-determination and democracy engulfed the world. Needless to say, Taiwan was also inundated with this new sense of independence. Inspired by the Samil Movement in Korea in 1919, Taiwanese college students in Japan further developed their craving for an independent Taiwan.
At that time, only affluent Taiwanese families could send their children to Japanese universities. Most of these children were born and raised during Japanese colonization of Taiwan. Therefore, they were taught using Japanese methods and customs quite different from the education of their parents, a formal Chinese education teaching strictly traditions and ancient philosophies. In Japan, Taiwanese students underwent extreme racism from not only Japanese students but also their friends and relatives. When improperly treated by the Japanese (e.g. being called ), these students would often search for methods of circumventing trouble. Due to these actions, though, they were often taunted by Korean students for not fighting for their own rights.
Japan
Japan was not only the hub of advanced learning for Taiwanese students, but also an excellent opportunity to learn revolutionary ideas such as equality for all people and freedom, options that the oppressive Japanese Regime would not allow. This was where intellectuals adopted new and more innovated ideas in order to gain either independence or autonomy for Taiwan. These intellectuals often held conferences discussing beneficial possibilities. They petitioned the Japanese government to permit the enactment of a representative committee which spoke in favor of Taiwanese people, thus taking a vital step towards democracy. The committee, established in 1921, was called the Petition Movement for the Establishment of a Taiwanese Parliament. Lin Hsien-tang was elected as their headperson. During its fourteen-year span, many rallies were held.
See also
Taipei Community Services Center (offers support services to the international community)
References
Chinese link
External links
Culture Taiwan article
Crystal Dragon of Taiwan (CDOT)
Cultural organizations based in Taiwan
1921 establishments in Taiwan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese%20Cultural%20Association |
Surrender Dorothy is the third album by Alana Davis. It was released in 2005 on Davis's own label, Tigress Records.
"Surrender Dorothy" is a line from the film The Wizard of Oz.
Track listing
References
2005 albums
Alana Davis albums
Rock albums by American artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender%20Dorothy%20%28album%29 |
Coastal Highway may refer to:
United States
Delaware Route 1, between the Maryland border in Fenwick Island and Milford
Parts of U.S. Route 98, Florida
Georgia State Route 25, Port Wentworth, Georgia
Maryland Route 528, Ocean City, Maryland
Parts of U.S. Route 17, Georgia and South Carolina
Elsewhere
North West Coastal Highway, Australia
Coastal Highway (Belize), Belize
Thiruvananthapuram–Kasaragod Coastal Highway, the proposed Coastal Highway along the Arabian Sea in India
Highway 2 (Israel), the Coastal Highway along the Mediterranean Sea in Israel
Makran Coastal Highway, Pakistan
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal%20Highway |
A Girl like Me is the second studio album by Barbadian singer Rihanna. It was released on April 10, 2006, by Def Jam Recordings. For the production of the album, Rihanna worked with Evan Rogers, Carl Sturken, Stargate, J. R. Rotem, and label-mate Ne-Yo, who wrote the album's second single. A Girl like Me is a pop and reggae album influenced by Rihanna's Caribbean roots. The album also incorporates elements of dancehall and rock, as well as ballads, which music critics were ambivalent towards.
Some critics gave the album positive reviews, stating that Rihanna gracefully avoided the sophomore disappointment while others compared the album to her previous effort. A Girl like Me was released less than eight months after Rihanna's debut album. It peaked at number five on the US Billboard 200 and on the UK Albums Chart. The album was successful in other countries as well, entering the top ten in Ireland, New Zealand, Australia and Japan, while topping the Canadian Albums Chart.
A Girl like Me spawned four singles: "SOS", which became Rihanna's first single to reach number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, "Unfaithful" and "Break It Off", both reaching the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100. However, the album's third single, "We Ride", failed to reprise the success of the album's other singles. The album was re-released as an expanded two-disc deluxe package in Germany, which includes remixes to both Rihanna's debut single, "Pon de Replay", and "If It's Lovin' That You Want". The album has been certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). To promote both A Girl like Me and her debut record, Rihanna embarked on her debut headlining concert tour, entitled Rihanna: Live in Concert in 2006.
Background and title
Rihanna released her debut album Music of the Sun in August 2005. An R&B album, Music of the Sun incorporated musical elements of dance-pop and Caribbean music genres such as dancehall and reggae. The album received mixed reviews from music critics, who complimented its dancehall and Caribbean-inspired songs, while others criticized some of the production. Music of the Sun debuted at number 10 on the US Billboard 200 and peaked in the top-forty of album charts in Germany, New Zealand, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. It produced two singles: "Pon de Replay" and "If It's Lovin' that You Want", the former of which peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart.
When discussing the conception for her second studio album with L.A. Reid—Chairman and CEO of The Island Def Jam Music Group—Rihanna talked about experimenting with different music by incorporating some rock on the album. In February 2006, Rihanna announced that she was going to release her second studio album in April 2006 under the name A Girl like Me. When asked about the album in an interview with MTV News, Rihanna stated: "Vocally I've matured so much, and lyrically I'm speaking about stuff I would never sing about [before]. Now I'm singing about experiences that I've gone through and stuff that other 18-year-old girls go through, so it's all about progression." In regards to the title of the album, Rihanna explained: "It's called A Girl Like Me because it's a very personal album, it's my baby. It's all about what it's like to be a girl like me, speaking of personal experiences as well as things that girls like me have gone through."
Recording
For writing and production of A Girl like Me Rihanna teamed up once again with record producers Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers, who produced most of the tracks on her previous album, J. R. Rotem and Norwegian production duo Stargate. While recording the track "If It's Lovin' That You Want" for her debut album, Rihanna received a visit from American singer Ne-Yo, in which they met for the first time, although they never got the chance to collaborate on Music of the Sun. When production started, she came up with the idea of working with Ne-Yo. When asked about collaborating with Ne-Yo, Rihanna stated: "We never got around to it on the first album. So for the second album, I was like, 'You know what? I have to work with that guy Ne-Yo.' And it made it a lot easier because he's on the same label I am." For the album, Rihanna also worked with Jamaican reggae and dancehall artist Sean Paul on the track "Break It Off", which was recorded in Paul's hometown of Kingston, Jamaica.
While working on A Girl like Me, Rihanna not only recorded songs but also promoted Music of the Sun. She commented: "We were so busy promoting the first album while trying to get this one done, working some crazy hours. That's why this album is so close to me, 'cause I really put my heart and soul into it." "SOS" was the first recorded track for the album, a song which was originally intended for Christina Milian's third studio album So Amazin'; however, she rejected it. L.A. Reid had Rihanna in mind as the next artist to record the song. The song was recorded within three days and eventually later released as the lead single from A Girl like Me. "Kisses Don't Lie" was penned and produced by Evan Rogers and Carl Sturken and it was one of the three songs on the album on which Rihanna received writing credit. The song was written and recorded in her native Barbados, and was described by Rihanna as mixed with rock and reggae.
In the song "Unfaithful", penned by Ne-Yo, Rihanna wanted to speak about personal things that girls her age at the time were experiencing, which was inspired by the album's title and according to her it is one of her favorite songs on the album. "We Ride" was written and produced by StarGate, who also produced and co-wrote "Unfaithful". For the song "Break It Off", which features Jamaican artist Sean Paul, Rihanna flew down to Jamaica to record the song. The song was written by Donovan Bennet and it was co-written by Sean Paul and Rihanna herself. The album's closing tracks were written by Rogers, Sturken and Rihanna, who co-wrote the album's title track "A Girl like Me". Rogers and Sturken produced and wrote eight of the album's 16 tracks.
Music and lyrics
Musically, A Girl like Me reveals new types of musical genres compared to Rihanna's light and uptempo debut effort, Music of the Sun. Her goal on the album was to find songs that express the many things young women want to say, but might not know how. In an interview, Rihanna said: "Now I'm singing about experiences that I've gone through and stuff that other 18-year-old girls go through, so it's all about progression." Reggae music, present in her debut album, subsequently continues into A Girl like Me. For the album, Rihanna used influences of different music genres, including rock music, while keeping the reggae and dancehall roots of her previous album. The new effort also presents Rihanna's new side with some balladic elements. Although the album mostly follows the disco-ish mode of its predecessor, it was noted for its introduction of the rock genre to Rihanna's music, mostly represented by the rock and reggae mash-up "Kisses Don't Lie", though Rihanna herself stated that the album is not overall driven by rock influence. In an interview, Rihanna commented: "Growing up in Barbados, I wasn't exposed to a lot of rock music. We really love reggae and soca music and hip-hop. But when I moved to the United States last year, I was exposed to a lot of different types of music, rock being one of them, and I fell in love with it. [Now] I love rock music." Celia SanMiguel of Vibe magazine wrote that A Girl like Me is "a pop album, one informed but not bounded by Rihanna's Caribbean roots", and that it "dispels any lingering notions of her as a dancehall-meets-R&B ambassador." Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine called the album "a record that almost identically" veered between "sunny dancehall/dub-pop", "hip-hop-infused club bangers", and "adult-oriented ballads".
Lyrically, the album's theme speaks of girls' experiences. The album was widely addressed a personal album, speaking about what it is like to be "a girl like me"—things that girls Rihanna's age at the time were going through—as well as every aspect of her life: people being cheated on, falling in and out of love, people hating on you, having feelings towards a guy and partying. "SOS" tells about a guy who gives the girl a feeling that is very overwhelming—he drives the girl crazy, and she needs someone to rescue her from it. "Kisses Don't Lie" talks about a girl who's in love with a guy but is stuck between an ultimatum because she's afraid of getting hurt. "Unfaithful" documents the decay of a relationship when another person starts cheating. According to Rihanna, "I'm referred to as a murderer in that song, meaning I'm taking this guy's life by hurting him, cheating on him. He knows, and it makes him feel so bad. It's killing him to know that another guy is making me happy." "We Ride" talks about how a guy promises a girl that they will be together forever, while the girl describes moments which he did things that could tear them apart. The lyrics of "Dem Haters" portray a message about how "haters" try to bring people down and recommends excluding them from your life. "Final Goodbye" talks about a woman who wants to spend the rest of her life with a man but feels that she needs to reveal a secret before moving on. "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" continues the theme of love in a similar vein to "SOS", however, "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" portrays a message about being in love, whereas "SOS" talks about having an overwhelming feeling towards a guy.
Songs
The album's opening track "SOS" is an uptempo dance song incorporating the key section, bass line, and drum beat of the 1981 recording of "Tainted Love" as performed by Soft Cell, although "SOS" contains a more dance-oriented beat to create a soulful anthem of young love. The song received positive reviews by critics, who called it "a sexy club tune." The song also features three different music videos, including two promotional music videos for Agent Provocateur and Nike, and the official music video, which was directed by Chris Applebaum. "Kisses Don't Lie", the album's second song, uses a mixture of Caribbean elements and electric guitar together with a mesmerizing bassline. On the ballad song "Unfaithful", the background instrumentation features a piano and strings. The song is the third track and the second single from the album, and was written by labelmate and fellow R&B musician Ne-Yo. Despite its strong chart performance, the song was panned by critics, who stated that "Rihanna's voice [on the song was] not particularly strong." The fourth track, "We Ride", features gently strummed acoustic guitar, with production handled by Stargate. The song received mixed reviews from critics and was less successful than the other singles. In the song's music video, directed by Anthony Mandler, Rihanna was featured hanging with her friends and scenes of her at the beach. After the song failed to chart in the United States, the song became the last single from the album to feature a music video.
"Dem Haters" features guest vocals by Barbadian singer Dwane Husbands. The song is the album's fifth track and was produced by Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers. The sixth track, "Final Goodbye", is a mid-tempo ballad containing ambient of strummed acoustic guitar. The seventh track, and the album's fourth and final single, "Break It Off", is a collaboration with Jamaican recording artist Sean Paul. The song contains dancehall influence. Although "Break It Off" did not feature a music video for its promotion, it still managed to reach the top ten in the singles charts in the United States, in ironic contrast to "We Ride", which did count with the support of an official music video. "Crazy Little Thing Called Love", the album's eighth track, is another collaboration song featuring Jamaican music group J-Status. The Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers-produced "Selfish Girl", is the ninth song of the album and contains reggae elements. The tenth track, "P.S. (I'm Still Not Over You)", is an R&B song also produced by Sturken and Rogers. "A Girl like Me", the album's eleventh song and title track, is another R&B song also containing reggae elements. The album's third ballad, "A Million Miles Away", is the twelfth song on the album. It received mixed reviews from music critics, who commented that the song "kills whatever momentum the album has." The closing track on the standard version of the album is a remix serving as a sequel to "If It's Lovin' That You Want", which was Rihanna's second single from her debut album. The track, titled "If It's Lovin' That You Want - Part 2", features American rapper Corey Gunz.
Singles
"SOS" was released as the album's lead single on February 14, 2006, and as a physical maxi single on March 27, 2006. The maxi single included both the radio edit and instrumental versions of "SOS", as well as the album track "Break It Off", which features Jamaican reggae singer Sean Paul. "SOS" contains a sped up sample of "Tainted Love", which was originally written by Ed Cobb in 1965 and popularized by English synthpop duo Soft Cell, when they released their cover version in 1981. It received positive reviews from music critics, especially for its energy and Rihanna's vocal performance. It peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, and became the singer's first number one single on the chart. It also peaked at number one on the US Hot Dance Club Play and Pop Songs charts, as well as number two on the UK Singles Chart. Two music videos, an official version and a Nike promotional version, were directed by Chris Applebaum.
"Unfaithful" was released as the second single from A Girl Like Me on May 2, 2006. Written by American singer Ne-Yo and Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen of Stargate, the song was originally titled "Murderer" and was inspired by the works of American rock band Evanescence. It garnered a mixed response from critics; many praised its powerful balladry, but some criticized the lyrics. The single peaked at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart as well as at number two on the UK Singles Chart. The song's accompanying music video was directed by Anthony Mandler, and features Rihanna in a love triangle in which she struggles to choose between her husband and her romantic interest, and regrets having cheated on the former. Rihanna performed the song at the 2006 MOBO Awards and it has been included on the set lists of her concert tours, the Good Girl Gone Bad Tour (2007–09), the Last Girl on Earth (2010–11) and the Loud Tour (2011).
"We Ride" was released as the third single from the album; the song was sent to US mainstream and rhythmic radio stations on August 21, 2006. It was written by Makeba Riddick, Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen, while production of the song was handled by Eriksen and Hermansen under their production team name, StarGate. "We Ride" was well received by critics, many of whom praised it as a good cruising song. It failed to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100, but managed to top the US Hot Dance Club Play chart and peaked at number 34 on the US Pop Songs chart. It failed to match the success of the album's previous singles, though peaking within the top twenty of the singles charts in Ireland, Slovakia and the United Kingdom. Its accompanying music video was also directed by Anthony Mandler, who had previously directed the music video for "Unfaithful". According to Rihanna, the video for "We Ride" is not as "out there" as the videos for "SOS" and "Unfaithful" were, as she wanted to do something less provocative to re-connect with people her own age.
"Break It Off" was released as the album's fourth and final single; it was released first in the United States on November 13, 2006 and internationally over four months later on February 27, 2007. The song was written by Donovan Bennett, Sean Paul, K. Ford and Rihanna, and it was recorded in Jamaica, where Rihanna joined Paul on vacation. The single garnered a positive reaction from critics, who hailed it as one of the album's highlights and a return to Rihanna's dancehall roots. "Break It Off" managed to attain chart success, in contrast to previous single "We Ride", and peaked at number nine on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number six on the US Pop Songs chart. Aside from the US charting, the only singles chart the song made an appearance on was in Belgium, where it attained a peak position of number 10. No music video for the song was shot, although Rihanna performed the song at the Radio One Big Weekend in 2007, after her third studio album Good Girl Gone Bad had been released, and performed "Break It Off" as part of the set list with other songs from all three of her albums up to that point. The song was also included on the setlist of the Good Girl Gone Bad Tour (2007–09).
Other charted songs
"A Girl Like Me" and "A Million Miles Away" made chart appearances on the Spanish Singles Chart in 2009, three years after the release of the album. The title track, co-written by Rogers, Sturken and Rihanna, peaked at number 25. The song prompted a mixed reaction from critics; Quentin B. Huff of PopMatters praised "A Girl Like Me", writing that the song is "refreshingly unpretentious" compared to "Unfaithful", which Huff labelled as "overboard with melodrama." However, Celia San Miguel of Vibe magazine criticized the song, and called it a "stumble" on the album and a "yawn-inducing slow jam." "A Million Miles Away" was also written by Rogers and Sturken, and peaked at number 38 on the Spanish Singles Chart. Huff wrote that the song, along with "Unfaithful", was not as good as the album's sixth track, "Final Goodbye".
Promotion
During the recording process of A Girl Like Me, Rihanna served as the opening act for Gwen Stefani during the Harajuku Lovers Tour 2005 in Japan to promote Music of the Sun. While performing on the tour, she performed some of the songs that would appear on A Girl Like Me. Before the release of the album, Rihanna was given substantial promotional support from MTV, which highlighted "SOS" on Total Request Live when she premiered the single's music video on March 23, 2006. She then took part in advertising Nike and J.C. Penney by shooting a promotional music video for the album's lead single supported by Nike. The album was released through Def Jam Recordings in North America as a digital download on April 11, 2006, and as a physical CD on April 25, 2006. On the album's release date, Rihanna made a guest appearance on MTV's Total Request Live to promote the album.
The album was released only eight months after Music of the Sun had been released. Rihanna stated regarding the rapid album succession: "We just felt like it was time. It made no sense waiting...you should never put time on music. You should never say, "Okay, Music of the Sun has to be out at least a year and a half before we start with--" No. That's what's great about the music business. When you feel it's time, you just go for it. And we felt like it was time to come up with a new album." "SOS" was included on the soundtrack of the film Bring It On: All or Nothing, where Rihanna made a cameo in the film as herself; her debut single, "Pon de Replay", was also included in the soundtrack.
An expanded double-disc deluxe edition of the album was re-released in Germany, titled A Girl Like Me: Deluxe Edition, on November 17, 2006. Aside from the original track listing, the new edition features a bonus CD containing leftover tracks from A Girl Like Me and Music of the Sun. It also included an enhanced CD featuring two of Rihanna's music videos. In order to promote further the album, Rihanna embarked on the Rock Tha Block Tour and then toured with the Pussycat Dolls on the PCD World Tour, from November 2006 to February 2007 in the United Kingdom. She also recorded songs for advertising the Happy fragrance by Clinique and deodorant Secret of the company Procter & Gamble.
Live performances
Rihanna performed the album's lead single "SOS" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on February 20, 2006, and at the 2006 MuchMusic Video Awards on June 18, 2006. Rihanna then performed her single "Unfaithful" on AOL Music, where Rihanna recorded her first Sessions@AOL broadcast, among other content exclusive to AOL members. On July 27, 2006, she performed "SOS" and "Unfaithful" on the MTV series Total Request Live. On September 20, 2006, Rihanna opened the 2006 MOBO Awards at the Royal Albert Hall in London with a performance of "Unfaithful". On November 2, 2006, Rihanna performed "SOS" live at the 2006 MTV Europe Music Awards held in Copenhagen, Denmark. On November 15, 2006, Rihanna performed "Unfaithful" at the 2006 World Music Awards, which also took place in London. On November 22, 2006, Rihanna performed "SOS" and "Unfaithful" on the Australian morning show Sunrise.
Tour
Rihanna further promoted A Girl Like Me through her debut concert tour, the Rihanna: Live in Concert. Taking place during the summer of 2006, the tour also supported her debut studio album Music of the Sun and traveled across North America.
Critical reception
A Girl Like Me received generally mixed-to-positive reviews from music critics. Dan Charnas of The Washington Post observed a "much broader musical palette than the wannabe-yoncés" and stated: "Sophomore slump avoided, Rihanna actually digs into some ambitious pop ballads". David Jeffries of AllMusic commented: "Versatile urban dance-pop singer Rihanna gracefully avoids the sophomore slump with A Girl like Me, a less tropical-flavored, more urban effort than her sun-and-fun debut." Jeffries compared the track "Kisses Don't Lie" to Damian Marley's "Welcome to Jamrock" and commented that "the album gets bolder and seamlessly bounces from genre to genre... Rihanna goes from a film noir song that elegantly uses murder as a metaphor for cheating ("Unfaithful") to an easy-flowing weekend cruiser ("We Ride")." Ruth Jamieson of The Observer noted: "Chuck in a bit of Sugababes-esque harmony, some M.I.A.-style electro and a dollop of reggae, and you're even closer to getting Rihanna. If you liked last year's ridiculously catchy "Pon de Replay", there's more of the same here."
In a negative review, Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times wrote that apart from "SOS", "Unfaithful", and "Break It Off", "this scattershot album is full of duds". Barry Walters of Rolling Stone felt that the album "doesn't deliver anything else as ingenious as its lead single: Lightweight dancehall and R&B jams lack the single's ear-bending boldness. But the burning rock guitar of "Kisses Don't Lie" and haunted strings of "Unfaithful" help make A Girl Like Me much more likable." Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine felt that the album's ballads are "at least a decade too mature for the teenage singer's minor vocal talents." He added that, despite the clever sampling on "SOS", "comparatively gooey and spineless slow numbers like "Final Goodbye" and "A Million Miles Away" kill whatever momentum the album has." Robert Christgau of MSN Music graded the album a "dud", indicating "a bad record whose details rarely merit further thought."
Commercial performance
A Girl like Me debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200, selling 115,000 copies in its first week, nearly twice the debut sales of Rihanna's debut album Music of the Sun, which sold 69,000 copies in its first week. The album has since been certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in the United States. As of June 2015, the album has sold 1.4 million copies in the US. The album debuted at number six in Ireland on the Irish Albums Chart. A Girl Like Me was later certified 2× Platinum by the Irish Recorded Music Association (IRMA). It also debuted at number six in the United Kingdom on the UK Albums Chart with sales of 24,000 copies on the issue dated April 24, 2006. The album reached its peak of number five in July 2006 due to the popularity of the single "Unfaithful" and it has so far sold almost 600,000 copies in the United Kingdom. In Europe, the album achieved a Platinum certification, granted by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. In Canada, the album topped the Canadian Albums Chart, becoming Rihanna's first number-one album in the country, and was later certified Platinum there.
In Australia, the album debuted at number 12 on the ARIA Albums Chart. The album later reached the number nine position and remained on the chart for twenty-one weeks. It was certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipping 70,000 units. In Switzerland, A Girl Like Me peaked at number six and remained there position for two consecutive weeks and charted for 39 weeks. The album was certified Platinum there for selling over 30,000 copies. In Belgium, A Girl Like Me debuted at number 45 on the Belgian Albums Chart in April 2006. The album further climbed up the chart and reached the chart's top 10 by peaking at number 10. A Girl Like Me managed to reach the top 20 in Germany, Portugal, the Netherlands, France and Denmark. The album ended 2006 as the 20th-best-selling album in the world that year and sold an estimated 3,600,000 units worldwide.
Track listing
Notes
denotes a vocal producer
denotes a co-producer
denotes a remixer
"SOS" contains excerpts from the composition "Tainted Love" (1981), written by Ed Cobb and performed by Soft Cell. "Tainted Love" was originally performed by Gloria Jones.
"If It's Lovin' That You Want – Part 2" contains interpolations from the composition "The Bridge Is Over", written by Scott La Rock and Lawrence Parker.
Personnel
Credits for A Girl like Me adapted from liner notes.
Musicians
Rihanna – lead vocals (all tracks), backing vocals (tracks 1–2, 4–6, 8–11)
Evan Rogers – backing vocals (tracks 1–2, 5)
Mikkel S. Ericksen – multi-instrumentalist (track 4)
Sue Pray – viola (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Donovan "Vendetta" Bennett – multi-instrumentalist (track 7)
Ann Leathers – violin (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Andy Bassford – guitar (track 9)
Yuri Vodovoz – violin (tracks 3, 6, 12)
John Beal – double bass (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Jill Jaffe – viola (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Luke McMaster;– guitar (track 6)
Eugene Briskin – cello (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Kevin Batchelor – trumpet (track 9)
Yana Goichman – violin (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Clark Gayton – trombone (track 9)
Marti Sweet – violin (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Richard Locker – cello (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Tor Erik Hermansen – multi-instrumentalist (track 4)
Maura Giannini – violin (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Carl Sturken – guitar (track 12), piano (12), keyboards (6, 9), drum machine (9), multi-instruments (2, 8, 10–11)
Ted Hemberger – percussion (track 12)
Abe Appleman – violin (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Cenovia Cummins – violin (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Jeanne Ingram – violin (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Jan Mullen – violin (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Gene Moye – cello (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Crystal Garner – viola (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Richard Sortomme – violin (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Katherine LiVolsi Stern – violin (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Production
Carl Sturken – music producer (tracks 2, 6, 8–12), executive producer, vocal producer (1, 4–5)
Evan Rogers – record producer (tracks 2, 6, 8–12), executive producer, vocal producer (1, 4–5)
The Carter Administration – executive producer
Augustus "Gussie" Clarke – record producer (track 8)
Don Corleon – record producer (track 7)
Poke & Tone – record producer (track 13)
Mike City – music producer, audio mixer (track 5)
James Auwarter – recording engineer (track 4)
Donovan "Vendetta" Bennett – recording engineer, audio mixer (track 7)
Dawn Boonyachlito – stylist, wardrobe
Jay Brown – A&R
Andrea Derby – production coordination
Rob Heselden – production assistant
Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen – music producer (tracks 3–4, 13), recording engineer (3-4), remixing (13)
Chris Gehringer mastering
Franny "Franchise" Graham – recording engineer (track 5)
Jeremy Harding – recording engineer (track 7)
Al Hemberger – recording engineer (tracks 1–6, 8–12), audio mixer (2, 5–6, 8–12)
Patrick Viala – mixer
Doug Joswick – package production
Ann Leathers – concert master (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Debbie Mounsey – production assistant (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Rob Mounsey – conductor, string arrangements (tracks 3, 6, 12)
Adrienne Muhammad – A&R
Malcolm Pollack – recording engineer (track 3)
Makeba Riddick – vocal producer (track 3)
J.R. Rotem – music producer, recording engineer (track 1)
Tippi Shorter – hair stylist
Rob Skipworth – audio mixing assistant (track 1)
Tyran "Ty Ty" Smith – A&R
Phil Tan – audio mixer (tracks 1, 3–4)
Tiger Stylz – recording engineer (track 3)
Nichell Delvaille – photography, art coordinator
Tracey Waples – marketing
Alli Truch – art direction
Tony Duran – photography
Valerie Wagner – design
Accolades
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
|-
Release history
References
2006 albums
Albums produced by Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers
Albums produced by J. R. Rotem
Albums produced by Stargate
Albums produced by Ne-Yo
Albums produced by Trackmasters
Albums with cover art by Tony Duran
Def Jam Recordings albums
Rihanna albums
Albums produced by Jay-Z | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Girl%20like%20Me%20%28Rihanna%20album%29 |
The letter (sometimes called sho or san) was a letter added to the Greek alphabet in order to write the Bactrian language. It was similar in appearance to the Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic letter thorn (þ), which has typically been used to represent it in modern print, although both are historically quite unrelated. It probably represented a sound similar to English "sh" (). Its conventional transliteration in Latin is .
Its original name and position in the Bactrian alphabet, if it had any, are unknown. Some authors have called it "san", on the basis of the hypothesis that it was a survival or reintroduction of the archaic Greek letter San. This letter closely resembles, perhaps coincidentally, the letter of the Greek-based Carian alphabet which may have also stood for . The name "sho" was coined for the letter for purposes of modern computer encoding in 2002, on the basis of analogy with "rho" (), the letter with which it seems to be graphically related. Ϸ was added to Unicode in version 4.0 (2003), in an uppercase and lowercase character designed for modern typography.
Other representations of in the Greek alphabet
The modern Cypriot Greek dialect also has a sound, but it is represented with the combining caron , by the authors of the "Syntychies" lexicographic database at the University of Cyprus, e.g. "mashallah".
When diacritics are not used, an epenthetic —often accompanied by the systematic substitution of the preceding consonant letter—may be used to the same effect, e.g. Standard Modern Greek → Cypriot Greek .
The Tsakonian language, considered a Hellenic language or a very divergent dialect of Greek, has a sound.
It is spelled or, in Thanasis Costakis' orthography, .
References
Greek letters
Bactrian language
1st-century introductions
9th-century endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sho%20%28letter%29 |
Charlie Chalk is a British stop motion animation series produced in 1987 in the United Kingdom by Woodland Animations, who also produced the children's television programmes Postman Pat, Gran, and Bertha. Reception to the show was mostly positive. The series began airing from 20 October 1988, Thursday afternoons on BBC1 part of Children's BBC for the first 10 episodes. The remaining three episodes of the series aired on BBC2 in a lunchtime slot.
Synopsis
The series tells the story of Charlie Chalk – a jolly clown who, after falling asleep whilst fishing out at sea, ends up on a strange island by the name of Merrytwit (as explained in the title sequence before each episode). Characters had to be aware of coconuts which constantly fell from the trees on the island.
The pilot episode of the series (entitled 'Shipwrecked Charlie') finds Charlie having just landed on Merrytwit, and after making friends with some of its inhabitants, decides to stay and build a home there. The following episodes follow Charlie and his new friends on various adventures on the island.
Main characters
Charlie Chalk: A good natured and friendly peaceful clown, he was out on a fishing trip, when he ended up on Merrytwit Island. In the theme tune, he is described as having "a funny way of walking and a wacky way of chalking". He was voiced by Michael Williams. His 'funny way of walking' is demonstrated when on occasion he tumbles in an acrobatic circus-style through frames, around obstacles, or just to show folks how happy he is. He also has the ability to do magic tricks.
Captain Mildred: The boss of the island (a parody of Margaret Thatcher), who loves to see everyone hard at work and has the practice of listing things that have to be done: "a: do this; b: do that" etc. She lives on the beached ship Buttercup.
Mary the Hover Fairy: An old fairy who often proves useful due to her ability to cast spells, provided her magic wand, Houdini, has not wandered off again. She is getting old, so has decided to settle down on Merrytwit. She now lives on Buttercup, serving as Mildred's first mate.
Lewis T. Duck: A small duck with a short temper. He is full of ideas, and believes them to be the best, so is quick to inform people that he is "always right". He can be quite friendly but lacks patience. The 'T' stands for 'The'.
Arnold the Elephant: A pink elephant, who is quite jolly, but also very clumsy, much to the annoyance of Lewis, who always seems to be on the receiving end of Arnold's bouts of clumsiness.
Edward: A gorilla who spends his time sleeping and has quite a dislike for work.
Trader Jones: Trader is the island's odd job man. Not only does he drive a bike which acts as a taxi and a means of transporting goods, he also owns a general supplies store on the island: 'if you want it, he's got it.' He never accepts money, he only trades e.g. a supply of bananas may cost a day's beachcombing.
Bert: A monster, discovered by Charlie, Arnold and Lewis in the episode The Mountain that Moaned. He lives inside a cave, and whilst an extremely friendly monster, he is quite lacking in intelligence.
Litterbug: A tiny little bug who is kept busy tidying up litter around the island. He often complains about the amount of litter, but does not realise there would be far less litter if his sack did not have a hole in it. Being so tiny, he is not always noticed, a fact which further frustrates him.
Episodes
The series consisted of 13 original episodes, as listed below:
Merchandise
UK VHS releases
All 13 episodes were released on three BBC Videos in the UK between 1988 and 1991.
Then, in 1995, Tempo Video released 9 episodes on VHS.
Finally, from 1999 to 2000, Contender Entertainment released 9 episodes on VHS on their "Nippers" label.
Other Merchandise
Charlie Chalk – The Complete Series features all 13 episodes and is currently available in the UK on a single DVD release. It was made by Entertainment Rights plc and distributed by Universal Pictures in 2005.
In 1994, Redrock Records released a Charlie Chalk LP. It included the several incidental songs played on the show and the full Charlie Chalk theme song which includes some previously unheard lyrics.
A new Charlie Chalk CD has been developed in America.
The UK based restaurant chain Brewers Fayre originally used Charlie Chalk as their mascot.
Charlie Chalk Fun Factory was a play area for little kids, found in large Pubs across the United Kingdom, now only found around Aberdeen.
Broadcast
The series originally first aired on BBC1 in the UK on 20 October 1988 until 22 December 1988 for the first 10 episodes then moved to BBC2 for the remaining three.
It later aired on cable television being shown on Sky One as part of The DJ Kat Show and later on The Children's Channel as part of their block for preschoolers Tiny TCC.
The series was later sold to broadcast in various countries around the world such as ABC in Australia, YTV in Canada, RTÉ One and RTÉ Two in the Irish Republic, TVNZ 1 and TVNZ 2 in New Zealand, TVB in Hong Kong and NRK in Norway.
The series was dubbed in Scottish Gaelic and broadcast under the title Callum an Cailc by BBC Scotland.
Voice cast
Michael Williams as Charlie Chalk, Lewis T. Duck, Trader Jones, Litterbug, and Rabbit
Barbara Leigh-Hunt as Captain Mildred, Mary the Hover Fairy, and Ponka the Toucan
John Wells as Arnold the Elephant, Edward, and Bert
Ken Barrie as Song vocals
Joan Baxter as Song vocals
Mike Redway as Song vocals
References
External links
BBC children's television shows
British stop-motion animated television series
1980s British children's television series
1980s preschool education television series
Animated preschool education television series
British preschool education television series
1988 British television series debuts
1989 British television series endings
English-language television shows
Television series by Universal Television
DreamWorks Classics
Fictional castaways
Fictional clowns
1980s British animated television series
Television shows about clowns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Chalk |
Holiday (released in the United Kingdom as Free to Live) is a 1938 American romantic comedy film directed by George Cukor, a remake of the 1930 film of the same name.
The film tells of a man who has risen from humble beginnings only to be torn between his free-thinking lifestyle and the tradition of his wealthy fiancée's family.
The film, adapted by Donald Ogden Stewart and Sidney Buchman from the 1928 play of the same name by Philip Barry, stars Katharine Hepburn and Cary Grant and features Doris Nolan, Lew Ayres, and Edward Everett Horton. Horton reprised his role as Professor Nick Potter from the 1930 version.
Although Hepburn had been Hope Williams' understudy in the original production of the play on Broadway, she only played the part for one performance. Screenwriter Donald Ogden Stewart appeared in the original stage version as Nick Potter.
Plot
In the late 1930s, Jonathan "Johnny" Case (Cary Grant), a self-made man who has worked all his life, is about to marry Julia Seton (Doris Nolan), whom he met while on holiday in Lake Placid, New York. He knows very little about his bride-to-be, and is surprised to learn that she is from an extremely wealthy family, the younger daughter of banker Edward Seton (Henry Kolker).
Then Johnny meets Julia's vivacious elder sister, Linda (Katharine Hepburn), to whom he confides his plan to take a long holiday from work to find the meaning of life. He also meets the sisters' younger brother, Ned Jr (Lew Ayres), an alcoholic whose spirit has been broken by subservience to their father. At first Julia's father is stunned when she tells him her plan to marry Johnny, but he is appeased after meeting Johnny and looking into his work history. Edward Sr. plans an elaborate New Year's Eve engagement party, even though Julia had promised Linda that she, Linda, could throw a smaller party for Johnny and herself, one that would include only close friends.
On New Year's Eve, upset that she did not get to throw the engagement party she was promised, Linda refuses to come downstairs. Julia sends Johnny to get her, and he finds her and Ned in "the playroom", the one truly human room in the enormous and over-built Park Avenue mansion. They are with Johnny's off-beat friends, Professor Nick Potter (Edward Everett Horton) and his wife Susan (Jean Dixon), who had gotten lost in the house and serendipitously ended up there. The group spends a joyful time together, and Julia and Edward Sr. find them just as Johnny and Linda are completing a tumbling trick.
Mr. Seton later offers Johnny a job at his bank, and Johnny reveals his plans for a holiday from work. Julia is appalled that her boyfriend said no to her father. After seeing in the New Year with Linda, and the announcement of the engagement to the assembled guests, Johnny tries to kiss Linda. She kindly rebuffs Johnny, reminding him that she will soon be his sister-in-law. Johnny leaves the mansion in a dark mood without saying goodbye to the family, although he wishes the kitchen staff a Happy New Year as he goes. Linda tells her brother that she has fallen in love with Johnny but, because of her love for her younger sister, she will keep her feelings to herself.
Hoping to patch things up between Johnny and Julia, Linda visits the Potters, and finds them packing for a voyage to Europe. They tell her that Johnny is planning to go as well, and that he has asked Julia to go with them. A telegram arrives, informing them that Julia has turned him down. Linda returns home, hoping to change her sister's mind, but they argue instead. Julia is certain that Johnny will give up his plans and return to her. Just then Johnny arrives with a compromise: He will work at the bank for two years, but will quit then if he is unhappy.
Mr. Seton accepts this, and Julia and he begin planning the couple's honeymoon in minute detail, mixing together stops at the homes of relatives with business-related matter. They discuss hiring servants to work in Julia and Johnny's new home, which he also just finds out about. This makes Johnny realize that Julia and Edward Sr.'s plan won't work, that marrying Julia on these terms will be more of an encumbrance on his freedom than he can abide. He begs Julia to marry him that evening, and travel to Europe with him. She says no. He leaves to meet the Potters and sail.
Linda sees from Julia's reaction that she is relieved by Johnny's decision. Linda makes Julia admit that she does not really love Johnny after all. With the way now clear, and inspired by Johnny, Linda renounces her father's stifling influence and declares her independence. She asks Ned to go with her, and when he can't, she promises to come back for him. Linda rushes off to meet Johnny and the Potters to go on holiday.
Meanwhile, the Potters arrive at the ship, saddened that Johnny had decided to take the job at the bank. Johnny surprises them, and explains that he couldn't go through with it, and they cheerfully celebrate. Johnny is doing a back flip in the ship's hallway when Linda arrives. Seeing her while in mid-handspring, Johnny falls on his stomach rather than finishing. As she greets the three of them, Johnny takes her hand, pulls her to the floor, and they kiss.
Cast
Jean Dixon retired from films after this performance.
Production
In 1936, Columbia Pictures purchased a group of scripts, including the script for Holiday, from RKO for $80,000. Although the film was intended to reunite The Awful Truth co-stars Cary Grant and Irene Dunne, George Cukor decided to cast Hepburn instead, and Columbia borrowed her from RKO, where she had just turned down the lead role in Mother Carey's Chickens. Joan Bennett and Ginger Rogers were considered to play Hepburn's role, and Rita Hayworth was tested for the role of Julia.
The character of Linda Seton, played by Hepburn, was loosely based on socialite Gertrude Sanford Legendre. Donald Ogden Stewart, who co-wrote the screenplay, had played Professor Nick Potter in the original Broadway cast. Katharine Hepburn had understudied the role of Linda Seton in the original Broadway cast. The working titles for the film were Unconventional Linda and Vacation Bound.
A scene that was to come before what is now the first scene of the film was set in the snows of Lake Placid, New York, but it was filmed in Bishop, California. The idea was to "open up" the stage play by utilizing an exterior scene, but when director George Cukor saw the scene, he did not like it and decided to cut it. A few still photographs, one of them on a lobby card that was distributed to theaters, are the only known remnants of this scene.
Reception
Holiday holds a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 23 professional reviews. Although both The Hollywood Reporter and Variety predicted the film would have great box-office appeal, Holiday was not a financial success. It was well received by critics who praised the "modernizing" of the screenplay into an implied "contest between a young New Dealer and an Old Reactionary." The Hollywood Reporter went so far as to say it should "take its place in the parade of periodic hits, along with It Happened One Night, Mr. Deeds, and The Awful Truth."
Hepburn biographers have speculated that Johnny Case's plans to give up working did not appeal to Great Depression audiences who were struggling to find jobs. Hepburn, at the time, had earned a reputation as box-office poison, causing her departure from RKO Pictures, but critics claimed the Holiday marked her comeback: "If she [Hepburn] is slipping, as Independent Theatre Owners claim, then her 'Linda' should prove that she can come back--and has."
Holiday was the third of four films starring Grant and Hepburn, the others being Sylvia Scarlett (1935), Bringing Up Baby (1938), and The Philadelphia Story (1940).
Time Out London referred to Holiday as "one of Cukor's best films".
Awards and honors
The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Art Direction by Stephen Goosson and Lionel Banks.
Adaptations
Holiday was presented on radio on Screen Guild Theater on November 13, 1944.
Home video release
This film has been released on Blu-ray as part of the Criterion Collection, spine #1009.
References
Bibliography
External links
Holiday: Play Mates – an essay by Dana Stevens at The Criterion Collection
1938 films
1938 romantic comedy films
1930s American films
1930s English-language films
1930s screwball comedy films
American black-and-white films
American films based on plays
American romantic comedy films
American screwball comedy films
Columbia Pictures films
Films about sisters
Films about social class
Films directed by George Cukor
Films set around New Year
Films set in country houses
Films set in New York City
Films with screenplays by Donald Ogden Stewart
Films with screenplays by Sidney Buchman
Love stories
Remakes of American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday%20%281938%20film%29 |
Zeeteah Silveta Massiah (born December 24, 1956) is a Barbadian-born British singer particularly associated with reggae, jazz and house music.
In a wide-ranging career she has recorded and/or toured with artists including Robbie Williams, Tom Jones, Michael Jackson, Phil Collins, Sting and Leo Sayer. She is best known in the United States as the lead vocalist on the 1993 Billboard No.1 dance hit "Slide on the Rhythm".
Massiah was born in Saint John, Barbados and grew up in London. In 2001 she moved to Germany, and in 2012 returned to England, where she now lives.
Biography
Born in Barbados, Zeeteah moved to London with her parents when she was five years old. Her first name was originally spelled Zeitia. As a teenager she recorded a cover of The Jackson 5's We Got A Good Thing Going in a reggae style for RG Records. She went on to record two more reggae tracks for the label.
In 1984, Massiah appeared for nine months as Chiffon in the hit musical Little Shop of Horrors in London.
She has been an additional vocalist for artists including Barry Manilow and Boy George, and toured with Climie Fisher and Paul Weller. In 1988, she sang with Kim Wilde on the European leg of Michael Jackson's BAD tour and, in 1994/95, toured the world with Tom Jones. She has also toured extensively with Eikichi Yazawa and Johnny Hallyday, among the most successful rock stars in Japan and France respectively.
In 1993, Massiah was the lead vocalist on the Arizona track "Slide on the Rhythm", later remixed by C&C Music Factory, which was a No. 1 hit on the Billboard Dance Chart in the US. She went on to record "I Specialise in Love" with Arizona, which was a UK chart hit.
On the back of her success with Arizona, Massiah signed a deal with Virgin Records, and released two singles: "Sexual Prime", which was a UK club hit, and "This Is The Place", which charted on the UK Singles Chart. In 1996 she was a UK finalist in the Eurovision Song Contest with "A Little Love".
In 2001, Massiah moved to Cologne, Germany, where she worked with a wide range of musicians, and recorded the single "Lovely Deep". During this time she spent nine months as featured singer in the hit show Fantissima, and spent three months touring Japan with Eikichi Yazawa.
In 2012, she returned to London to be with her partner Paul Caplin, and the two were married in 2016. Massiah performs regularly in London, playing songs composed by Caplin as well as her own interpretations of musical classics. She has released two albums produced by Caplin: Juice (2014), an album of original songs, and Maybe Tomorrow (2016), a collection of classics. The duo also released the single “All You” on 13 July 2018 under the name Caplin & Massiah.
On 4 February 2022 Massiah released “Wat A Ting”, the first single from her reggae album of the same name. The album itself was released on 18 November 2022.
Massiah and Caplin are currently working on a new album of Afrobeats-influenced material.
Discography
Singles
1980 "We Got A Good Thing Going"
1980 "A Love Like Yours"
1981 "I'm Still Waiting"
1991 "(Homegirl) Sing The Blues"
1992 "Feel My Love"
1993 "Slide on the Rhythm" – Arizona feat. Zeitia
1994 "This Is The Place"
1994 "Keep It Up" – Sharada House Gang feat. Zeitia Massiah
1994 "I Specialize in Love" – Arizona feat. Zeitia
1996 "Sweet Love" – With It Guys feat. Zeitia
1996 "Sexual Prime"
1997 "You Got It" – Fargetta feat. Zeitia Massiah (five tracks on album)
1997 "Beat of Green" – Fargetta feat. Zeitia Massiah
1998 "Wishing on a Star" – Curtis & Moore presenting Zeitia Massiah (remixed by Mousse T)
1998 "Wishing on a Star Part 2" – Curtis & Moore presenting Zeitia Massiah
1998 "Baby Come Back" – North on 41 feat. Zeitia Massiah
1998 "You Came" – North on 41 feat. Zeitia Massiah
2005 "Lovely Deep"
2014 "Whatever This Is"
2022 "Wat A Ting"
Albums
2013 Live in London
2014 Juice
2016 Maybe Tomorrow
Guest vocals
Singles
1989 "Keep Each Other Warm" – Barry Manilow
1989 "Strong Enough" – One Nation
1989 "What You See" – One Nation
1989 "My Commitment" – One Nation
1990 "Sweet Meat" – The Soup Dragons
1990 "Close to You" – Maxi Priest
1991 "Born Free" – Vic Reeves
1994 "Generations of Love" – Boy George
1994 "Rock My Heart" – Haddaway
1995 "Let's Push It" – Nightcrawlers
1995 "Should I Ever" – Nightcrawlers
1995 "You Lift Me Up" – Nightcrawlers
1996 "Born Free" – Happy Clappers
1996 "Maria" – Eikichi Yazawa
1996 "Naked" – Louise
Albums
1989 Trouble in the Home – Thrashing Doves
1991 Abracadabra – ABC
1993 Parc des Princes – Johnny Hallyday
1996 Smashing! – Right Said Fred
1999 Absolute O'Brien – Richard O'Brien
2021 Evolve – Gūnther Asbek
See also
List of number-one dance hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart
References
External links
Official Zeeteah Massiah website
1956 births
Living people
English women singers
Singers from London
Barbadian emigrants to England
People from Saint John, Barbados | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeteah%20Massiah |
Bring on the Girls! is a semi-autobiographical collaboration between P. G. Wodehouse and Guy Bolton, first published in the United States on 5 October 1953 by Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, and in the United Kingdom on 21 May 1954 by Herbert Jenkins, London.
Subtitled "The Improbable Story of Our Life in Musical Comedy, With Pictures To Prove It", it takes the form of a series of partly fictionalised, partly apocryphal stories centred on the world of Broadway, where both Wodehouse and Bolton had worked successfully as lyricists, collaborating with the likes of composer Jerome Kern. It features anecdotes about the larger-than-life characters who dominated Broadway between 1915 and 1930, but the biographer Frances Donaldson writes that it is to be read as entertainment rather than history: "Guy, having once invented an anecdote, told it so often that it was impossible to know whether in the end he believed it or not."
The title of the book refers to adding a chorus ensemble to a dull scene in a musical comedy in order to improve the scene, which, according to the book, is "the panacea that never fails". As stated in the book's opening pages:
Actors might walk through their parts, singers save their voices, but the personnel of the ensemble never failed to go all out, full of pep, energy and the will to win. A hundred shows have been pushed by them over the thin line that divides the floperoo from the socko. It is for this reason that Bolton (Guy) and Wodehouse (P.G.), looking back over their years of toil in the musical comedy salt mines, raise their glasses and without hesitation or heel taps drink this toast: "To the Girls!" And they feel that the least they can do in gratitude for all their hard work is to honor them in the title of this book.
References and sources
References
Sources
External links
The Russian Wodehouse Society's page
Books by P. G. Wodehouse
1953 short stories
Herbert Jenkins books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring%20On%20the%20Girls%21 |
HMS Raider is an patrol and training vessel of the British Royal Navy. Along with , Raider is part of the Faslane Patrol Boat Squadron based at HMNB Clyde.
Characteristics
Raider is one of sixteen , 54-tonne P2000 patrol craft operated by the Royal Navy. She is constructed from glass-reinforced plastic. As a "batch 2" vessel, Raider has a sustainable top speed of , faster than the earlier batch 1 vessels. Both Raider and operate in the force protection role, providing maritime security for high value shipping in the Firth of Clyde, and are armed with three general purpose machine guns.
Service
Raider, formerly of Cambridge URNU, became Bristol URNU's training ship in Summer 2010, superseding . In October 2012 she joined the Faslane Patrol Boat Squadron to replace , which returned to Bristol URNU.
References
External links
Archer-class patrol vessels
1988 ships | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Raider%20%28P275%29 |
A floorcloth, or floor-cloth, is a household furnishing used for warmth, decoration, or to protect expensive carpets. They were primarily produced and used from the early 18th to the early 20th century and were also referred to as oilcloth, wax cloths, and painted canvas. Some still use floorcloths as a customizable alternative to rugs, and some artists have elected to use floorcloths as a medium of expression. Most modern floorcloths are made of heavy, unstretched canvas with two or more coats of gesso. They are then painted and varnished to make them waterproof.
History
Floorcloths had their start in 18th century England, and may have evolved from painted wall tapestries from the 1500s. Textiles were too costly to be used on the floor at that time. From 1578 to 1694 a number of British patents were issued for treating cloth with an oil-type of covering, but it is not known if these were for floor coverings. A British receipt from 1722 refers to "a floor oyled cloth," indicating that they were being used underfoot at that time
A London painter and stainer, Nathan Smith, was issued a patent in 1763 for waxed cloth specifically as a floor covering. His recipe for the liquid coating included resin, tar, Spanish brown, beeswax and linseed oil. He set up a factory in Knightsbridge, in London, where the waxed cloth was manufactured and painted, initially freehand or with stencils, but later with wallpaper printing blocks.
When American colonists became independent from England, they also began to create their own floorcloths. The first three US presidents, George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson all used floorcloths, and Jefferson had plain green ones in the White House. It is hard to place a standard value on floorcloths, as they varied so much in cost and quality. While some were made at home, commercially-produced floor cloths were to be found in shops: in Boston, Samuel Perkins & Sons advertised "painted floor cloths or canvass carpets" in 1816, when they could be purchased for anywhere from $1.37 to $2.25 per square yard. In addition, some itinerant painters traveling in rural areas would sell their services as floorcloth painters.
When floorcloths became worn, they were often cut up and reused in less prominent places in the home, and might even be later cut up further for use in small spaces such as closets or pantries. Thus, old floorcloths are not often found in museums, and rarely are found in the possession of collectors.
Uses
Floorcloths served several purposes: they protected floors, decorated a room, and also helped to insulate a space. Floorcloths might be covered with a carpet during cold weather, or might themselves have straw or newspaper put underneath them to help to keep the cold out.
Historical floorcloths varied in size. They might cover a smaller space as an area rug does today, they might be of a size to reach wall to wall, or they might be of a size to be placed under a dining table to protect a costly carpet. These small protective floorcloths were called "covers" in the 18th century and "druggets" in the 19th.
Design
Initially used by the wealthy, the designs and patterns mimicked a range of other substances, including parquet flooring, tile, and marble. As these useful furnishings found their way into middle-class homes, the variety of patterns grew. The painting of floorcloths might be done at home, by professional painters, or in a factory, and thus the quality, intricacy, and value of the floorcloths varied enormously. Freehand painting of the cloths gave way to printed and stenciled patterns, and the stenciled floorcloths might be very intricate. One floorcloth at the Melrose Plantation in Natchez Mississippi mimicked an intensively patterned Brussels carpet.
Waning use of floorcloths
By the end of the 19th century, the single term still in use to refer to floorcloths was oil cloth. New materials and processes began to provide some competition for oil cloths, although they did continue to be produced through the early 20th century. A patent was issued in 1844 for kamptulicon, which was well regarded in Great Britain, but did not see much use in the United States. Interest in kamptulicon encouraged more experimentation. One result was the issuance of a patent to Frederick Walton in 1863 for linoleum. Both oil cloth and linoleum were being produced in the same factories, with linoleum more aggressively marketed.
In the past few decades, the desire to decorate homes in a more personal way has revived the popularity of floorcloths. Unique designs are made in a variety of styles and colors, using many techniques. This gives today's floorcloths the ability to be created for any style interior.
References
External links
Linens
Rugs and carpets
Floors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floorcloth |
F-16 Multirole Fighter is a combat flight simulation game, released by NovaLogic in 1998. It focuses on the F-16 Fighting Falcon, and uses the same game engine as MiG-29 Fulcrum; both were reissued together in 2001 as a double-disc edition named Jet Pack. It was re-released in 2009 on Steam.
Gameplay
Being a simulation, F-16 Multirole Fighter is reasonably accurate, especially when compared to most console arcade-style games such as Namco's Ace Combat series and Konami's Airforce Delta series. Features such as limited ammunition quantity (important to consider when playing through campaigns), fuel levels, and many flight characteristics come into play. The player must quickly learn to compensate for other events such as engine flameouts, flatspins, red- and blackouts (affected by the g-forces).
Campaigns
The campaigns in F-16 Multirole Fighter vary and take place across the globe; featuring locations such as Serbia, Burma, Liberia, Somalia and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
References
1998 video games
Combat flight simulators
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Serbia
Video games set in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Video games set in Liberia
Video games set in Somalia
Video games set in Myanmar
Windows games
Windows-only games
NovaLogic games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16%20Multirole%20Fighter |
Hishult is a locality and a parish situated in Laholm Municipality, Halland County, Sweden with 332 inhabitants in 2010.
The area has been a centre of iron extraction and formed a county, including parts of northern Skåne while it was Danish. The name might be related to the iron extraction as it used to be spelt Isenhult which might mean iron forest.
Today it has a gallery of some reputation.
References
Populated places in Laholm Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hishult |
Clive Andrew Mantle (born 3 June 1957) is an English actor. He played general surgeon Mike Barratt in the BBC hospital drama series Casualty and Holby City in the 1990s, and Little John in the 1980s fantasy series Robin of Sherwood. He returned to Casualty in 2016 as Mike Barratt for the show's 30th anniversary.
Mantle was educated at Kimbolton School, Cambridgeshire between 1970 and 1975 and at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) between 1978 and 1980. He appeared in 11 productions of the National Youth Theatre in five seasons between 1974 and 1978, and began carving a successful career as a stage actor in the 1980s, alongside various television roles. In 1984 he was nominated for an Olivier Award and was joint Best Newcomer in the Plays and Players Awards for his performance as Lennie in Of Mice and Men. That year he was cast as Little John in Robin of Sherwood, a role which he considers the most enjoyable of his career and which has remained one of his best-known roles. He was to appear as the first Nuclear Man in Superman IV: The Quest for Peace in 1987, but his scenes were cut from the film; they were later included with other deleted scenes when the film was released on DVD.
After playing several minor roles in other Hollywood films such as White Hunter Black Heart (1990) and Alien 3 (1992), Mantle was cast as consultant Dr Mike Barratt in Casualty, becoming one of its most popular characters. He left Casualty in 1996 after appearing in 85 episodes between October 1992 and November 1996 (and then briefly returning for 2 episodes in 1998), but after struggling with his acting career, he returned to the role in 1999 in Holby City, and appeared in another 32 episodes until 2001.
On stage, Mantle has appeared in plays such as Coming Clean, A Streetcar Named Desire, and Educating Rita, and has continued his successful stage career since departing from Holby City. In 2003 he appeared in Rattle of a Simple Man; in 2006 he played the part of The Narrator in The Rocky Horror Show; and over the Christmas and New Year period of 2007–2008, he portrayed the villain Abanazer in a pantomime production of Aladdin at the Theatre Royal in Bath. In 2010 he portrayed comedian Tommy Cooper in the stage entertainment show Jus' Like That! A Night Out with Tommy Cooper; it was one of his most challenging roles, due to the various skills the performance required. More recently, Mantle has become known for his roles on television as Lord Greatjon Umber in HBO's Game of Thrones and as Tony Curry, Ollie's (Will Mellor's) father, in the BBC's White Van Man.
Early life
Mantle was born in Barnet, Hertfordshire, in 1957. He was the cousin of John Hallam and was a keen supporter of Chelsea Football Club from a young age. Mantle studied at the boarding school Kimbolton School in Kimbolton, Huntingdonshire between 1970 and 1975, and was a chorister in the Choir of St John's College, Cambridge for four years. He first worked on a farm in Cambridgeshire during his studies and soon became interested in theatre. He appeared in 11 productions of the National Youth Theatre in five seasons between 1974 and 1978.
As a student, Mantle lived in a basement flat in Islington. He trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) between 1978 and 1980, where he initially found his towering height of 6' 5½" (1.97 m) to be a hindrance to the sort of roles he could convincingly perform in his acting. He said that he was discouraged early on by people who said, "You'll never work, you're too tall to be an actor."
He later said about his height:
Career
1980s
In 1980, Mantle debuted on the screen with a small role as Ewen in Christian Marnham's short thriller feature The Orchard End Murder. In 1981, he appeared in the national tours of The Ideal Gnome Expedition for David Wood's Whirligig Theatre and Deborah Warner's play, Woyzeck, which showed at the University Theatre during the Edinburgh Festival. In 1982, he appeared in an episode of the TV series Minder, before taking on the voice of Private Smith in the animated military comedy series Jane. From 3 November 1982, Mantle portrayed Jurgen opposite Eamon Boland, C. J. Allen, Philip Donaghy and Ian McCurrach in David Hayman's award-winning stage production of Coming Clean at the Bush Theatre in London.
In 1983, Mantle was cast in the fantasy series Robin of Sherwood as "Little John", a legendary fellow outlaw of Robin Hood, who was said to be Robin's chief lieutenant and second-in-command of the Merry Men, in a cast which included Michael Praed as "Robin Hood", Peter Llewellyn Williams as "Much", Ray Winstone as "Will Scarlet", and Judi Trott as "Maid Marian". Footage for the series was shot in rural Somerset and Wiltshire, with the Saxon Tithe Barn in Bradford-on Avon functioning as the great hall of Nottingham Castle, Great Chalfield Manor near Melksham doubling as Maid Marion's family home, and numerous battles were shot at Leaford Grange and Nettleton Mill near Castle Combe, locations which Mantle considered to be "wonderfully realised and breathtaking".
The waterfall scene for the quarterstaff battle between Robin and Little John in the first episode "Robin Hood and the Sorcerer" was shot at Bowood House. Helen Phillips said of his performance as Little John, "excellently played by Clive Mantle, the series' John at first appears to conform to a, by then, well-established stereotype." Mantle has said of his role: It is the job I've enjoyed doing more than anything else on TV. I have the greatest memories of beautiful, halcyon days-out filming on location and we had such a great, fun crew working on the show. We still get together once a year. Not just the cast but also the directors, producer, props guys, it's like a family! I think the key to part of the series' success was that this great camaraderie came across on screen.
In 1984, he was nominated for an Olivier Award and was joint Best Newcomer in the Plays and Players Awards for his performance as Lennie in Of Mice and Men. Following the success of the play, it was transferred from the Nuffield Theatre in Southampton to the Mermaid Theatre in London. He went on to tour extensively as Lennie in Of Mice and Men, and has appeared in six different productions of the play. He also played Little John in the theatrical production of Robin Hood at the Young Vic Theatre; and Mitch in Tim Albery's production of A Streetcar Named Desire at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield. Other theatrical credits include The Relapse; The Red Devil Battery Sign; King John; Johnny Johnson; The Ideal Gnome Expedition; East; Blood on the Neck of the Cat and Bedroom Farce. He has also appeared as the guest star at the Wyndham's Theatre and Theatre Royal Bath, in the award-winning production of The Play What I Wrote. Also in 1984, Mantle was one of four in the live BBC radio comedy show In One Ear. with Nick Wilton, Helen Lederer and Steve Brown. He transferred to TV with a version of it in 1987 called Hello Mum which was also live.
In 1986, Mantle replaced Alan Rickman as Achilles in Howard Davies's Royal Shakespeare Company production of Troilus and Cressida at the Barbican Theatre in London. London Theatre Record said that Mantle "gives a curious performance: virtually a mirror-image of Ajax in his nasal, bovine stolidity." He continued with minor screen roles as a ruffian on a bus in Ronald Neame's film Foreign Body and as "Big Ben" Davis in Dempsey and Makepeace in 1986. He was to appear as the first Nuclear Man in Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987), but the role was left on the cutting room floor. Some of his deleted footage from Superman IV was released on DVD in a Special Edition as part of Superman Ultimate Collector's Edition in November 2006. The footage was included as "Additional Scenes" but was not re-incorporated into the main feature. In 1987–1998 he appeared in two episodes of Smith & Jones, and in 1989 played a policeman in the TV series The Return of Shelley and had a small role as Johnny Ladder in the Menahem Golan-directed film Mack the Knife, a 19th-century set crime comedy which starred Raúl Juliá, Richard Harris, and Julia Migenes in the leading roles. He also appeared in the radio plays Farewell, My Lovely; Frozen Assets; and The Rise and Fall of the Romanov Autocracy.
1990s
In 1990, Mantle had a small role as an electricity meter reader in the One Foot in the Grave episode "The Return of the Speckled Band", and played Harry, a man who "gave Clint Eastwood a pounding" in White Hunter Black Heart. In 1991, Mantle played an irate husband whose wife is chatted up by Richie (Rik Mayall) in the first episode of Bottom, "Smells", and also had a role as a police inspector in an episode of Drop the Dead Donkey. In 1991–92 he played Dave in Sandi Toksvig's The Pocket Dream at the Nottingham Playhouse and Albery Theatre in London. In 1992 he played a minor character as a bald monk in the film Alien 3, in which he had to shave his head for the role. In applying for the film, Mantle sent off photographs of himself from a RADA play he had once starred in, sporting a similar shaven look. In an interview at the time, he spoke of his role in Alien 3:
I'm playing a heinous criminal. In fact, there are about 12 or 15 of us, the last remaining prisoners on a prison asteroid, which is hurtling through space. It was a hard labour prison, which is about the best place to send all your hardened, nastiest pieces of work. We're not nice people.
Also in 1992, he starred in the CITV series WYSIWYG.
Mantle is best known for his long stint as general surgeon Dr Mike Barratt in 85 episodes of the TV series Casualty from October 1992 to November 1996 (with a brief return in February 1998), and 32 episodes of Holby City between 1999 and 2001. He previously appeared in Casualty as the brother of a patient in 1988. Mantle received much acclaim for his role and was one of the show's most popular characters. He was praised for being entirely convincing as a hospital consultant and very dominant and authoritative in his role, "shouting orders in incomprehensible hospital-speak." Daily Mirror described him as a "heart-throb consultant" and said that the role brought him "an army of female fans". A 2001 poll by the Scottish Sunday Mail voted him 7th on a list of Top "10 heart-throb docs on the box" in a list which included the likes of George Clooney and Goran Višnjić. Mantle has said that during his role as the doctor he received a lot of fan mail, some of which were medically related and asking for his advice, believing him to be a real doctor, but professed that he couldn't even stand the sight of real blood. He has said, "It's funny because people always treat me like a doctor. Not a day goes by without someone coming up to me and asking me for advice." In 1996, he turned down an offer of £250,000 to continue playing the character, and last appeared in Casualty in November 1996. He said of his departure:
I've had a great time, but I'm frightened that, if I stick around too long, I'll end up unable to do anything else. It's not about money, it's about doing other things and not wanting Mike to pale into insignificance.
In 1995, Mantle was honoured with a surprise This Is Your Life edition, presented by Michael Aspel; the title theme drew upon the "Robin of Sherwood", after his role as Little John. During the life tribute, Mantle met his heroes from Worcestershire County Cricket Club, and the Chelsea FA Cup winners from 1970.
Also in 1995 Mantle appeared alongside Imelda Staunton on A Bit of Fry & Laurie.
In 1994, he played a prophet in Jo Brand Through the Cakehole, and in 1995 he performed on stage as Frank in Educating Rita, a No.1 National Tour. In 1996 he visited Ghana on an eight-day tour for the charity Save The Children. Mantle was a friend of Jill Dando, and played the prosecuting barrister in a TV dramatisation of the trial of Barry George in a Tonight With Trevor McDonald special, Nothing But The Truth.
In 1997, Mantle was cast opposite Sarah Lancashire as Jack Deakin in the comedy series Bloomin' Marvellous, written by playwright John Godber, described as "a comedy about a couple who decide to start a family." The series was panned by most critics, and Mantle sarcastically remarked that "I've seen murderers and rapists get a better press than we did."
In 1998, he appeared in Stephen Daldry's production of The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists at the Liverpool Playhouse and the Theatre Royal Stratford East theatres. In 1998-9 he portrayed Simon Horton, younger brother of David Horton in the British sitcom The Vicar of Dibley for two episodes; Stevyn Colgan said that his imposing height was "used to great comic effect" in this role when he became the love interest of 5' 0" (1.52 m) tall Reverend Geraldine Granger (Dawn French). From March 1999, Mantle played Victor in Jan Sargent's production of The Price at the Bristol Old Vic. Ian Shuttleworth of the Financial Times describes Mantle's Victor as a character who "sacrificed a promising academic career in science to become a cop on the beat simply in order to keep his shattered father" and said that "Clive Mantle expresses his obstinacy through gritted teeth and cold, civil smiles rather than letting it loose", also remarking that both he and his wife Esther (played by Susan Wooldridge) seemed several years too young for their roles.
In May 1999, Mantle, a cricket fan, agreed to participate in a celebrity international cricket tournament with the likes of Caprice Bourret, Rory Bremner, Ainsley Harriott, Lawrence Dallaglio, Lesley Garrett, Barry Norman, and Robbie Earle, and played Sri Lanka on 14 May 1999.
2000s
After experiencing mixed fortunes in his acting career after leaving Casualty, Mantle agreed to return to the role as Dr Mike Barratt in Holby City in 1999. Claire Stoker of Liverpool Echo said that "Clive will always be the best consultant Holby had ever had." Mantle finally left his role in Holby City after 32 episodes in 2001. That year, Mantle participated in a charity trek of the Annapurna circuit in the Himalayas and to Everest Base Camp, reaching 18,420 ft in aid of Hope and Homes for Children. In 2002, Mantle appeared in an episode of Heartbeat. He played a character called Vinny Sanders
In 2003, Mantle played Maynard in Ben Bolt's TV movie, Second Nature, which starred Alec Baldwin in the leading role, and appeared in the first episode of the series Fortysomething. He portrayed Percy, described as a "big, bashful Northern mill-worker who lives with his mum", in Patrick Sanford's stage production of Rattle of a Simple Man at the Clwyd Theatr Cymru in Mold, Flintshire. Gail Cooper of the Western Mail praised his performance and said: Mantle, better known as dishy and confident consultant Mike Barrett in Casualty, is cast completely against type as Percy, the 42-year-old virgin who admits to being only 35. His body language is superb: awkward, self-effacing, obsessively tidy – Coronation Street fans should think Roy Cropper if they want to imagine the sort of man Percy is. In 2003, Mantle began filming The Bingo Club, one of five specially commissioned one-hour plays which were screened in January 2004 on BBC1. Co-starring Paula Wilcox and John McArdle, The Bingo Tales relates the story of three women facing romantic hardship and growing old. During production, Mantle fell on his face while shooting a fencing scene and was rushed to Selly Oak Hospital with a ruptured ligament in his leg.
In 2004, Mantle appeared in an episode of The Afternoon Play, and in 2005 appeared in John Putch's two-part TV movie The Poseidon Adventure, opposite Adam Baldwin, Steve Guttenberg and Rutger Hauer. He also appeared in an episode of Doctors. In 2006, he guest-starred in the Doctor Who audio drama The Settling by Big Finish Productions, and had a role in Simon Shore's TV movie about a boy with autism, After Thomas, He toured as "The Narrator" in The Rocky Horror Show, and also played Brauner opposite Robin Hood's Michael Praed in Haymarket Productions's National Tour of Brian Stewart's Killing Castro. The play was performed at the Festival Theatre in Malvern in June 2006, and was described by the Birmingham Mail as an "acclaimed comedy" which "chronicles the more bizarre of America's attempts to kill the Cuban leader Fidel Castro – including filling his shoes with poison and inventing an exploding cigar."
Over the Christmas and New Year period of 2007 and 2008, Mantle portrayed the villain Abanazer in a pantomime production of Aladdin at the Theatre Royal in Bath, described as an attempt by a theatre spokesman for Mantle to "throw off his gentle giant persona and transform himself into a classic panto baddie for the audience to boo and hiss wildly." He performed in 64 shows over the duration of five and a half weeks. In 2008, he appeared in an episode of The Invisibles, opposite Anthony Head, Warren Clarke and Jenny Agutter. In 2009, Mantle had minor roles in Lucy Akhurst's Morris dancing comedy Morris: A Life with Bells On and in the Thaddeus O'Sullivan historical biopic of Sir Winston Churchill, Into the Storm, co-starring Iain Glen, Brendan Gleeson, and James D'Arcy.
2010s
In 2010, Mantle portrayed Tommy Cooper in the successful stage entertainment show Jus' Like That! A Night Out With Tommy Cooper, which appeared at the Edinburgh Festival. To train for the role, Mantle mastered many of Cooper's magic tricks, studying under Geoffrey Durham for several months. Mantle was thrilled to take on the role as Cooper is his ultimate comic hero, saying "It's such a big privilege playing Tommy – I genuinely love the man. He is one of the funniest comedians this country has ever produced. So this whole tour for me is just an immense thrill." Mantle considered the role highly challenging, given that he had to combine several aspects of skill, from the magic tricks to the joke-telling, the physical comedy, and emulating the distinctive voice.
Some people initially questioned the suitability of Mantle for the character, given that he was well known for playing a solemn doctor in Casualty, but he and the play were warmly received by critics. South Wales Echo called it a "compelling, funny and moving play" and said "Clive, best known for his role as Dr Mike Barratt in Casualty, has had to get used to wearing a fez and conjuring up some magic for his title role of Jus' Like That! A Night Out With Tommy Cooper."
In 2011 he took a supporting role in the TV series White Van Man as Tony Curry, father of the central character, Ollie "Rogan" Josh Curry, played by Will Mellor. He also has an ongoing role in HBO's Game of Thrones as Lord Greatjon Umber, a close ally of Robb Stark, and has provided the voice to the audio editions of Andy McNab's Nick Stone thrillers. In 2012, Mantle appeared in the Sherlock episode "The Hounds of Baskerville" as Dr Frankland.
In 2013, Mantle performed in the black comedy The Ladykillers, playing the part of Major Courtney. He was forced to withdraw from the touring production in March 2013 after he was attacked at the Travelodge hotel in Newcastle. On the night of Saturday 23 March, he became involved in a brawl after asking a group of fellow guests to keep the noise down, during which part of his right ear was bitten off. He had to have emergency surgery at the Royal Victoria Infirmary hospital to have it sewn back on. A 32-year-old man from Hamilton, South Lanarkshire was charged over the incident and appeared before a magistrate in April 2013, and another man was released on bail in connection to the incident; a third man has been released without charge. In June 2014, the two accused were found not guilty of all charges.
In 2014, Mantle supplied the voice of Gator in the eighteenth season of the British children's television series Thomas & Friends as well as its sixth CGI animated film Tale of the Brave. He voiced Gator in both British and American dubbed versions.
Filmography
References
External links
Audio interview at BBC Wiltshire
1957 births
Living people
21st-century English male actors
20th-century English male actors
Alumni of RADA
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English male voice actors
Male actors from London
National Youth Theatre members
People educated at Kimbolton School
People from Chipping Barnet
Male actors from Hertfordshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive%20Mantle |
Joseph Robert Murrell (19 November 1879 – 15 August 1952), known as Joe Murrell''', was an English cricketer who played over 350 matches, mainly for Middlesex County Cricket Club as a wicket-keeper.
Murrell was born at Hounslow in Middlesex. He made his first-class cricket debut for Kent County Cricket Club in 1899 and played for the county until the end of the 1905 season. Kent's wicket-keeper at the time was Fred Huish and Murrell found it difficult to gain a place in the side, only keeping wicket in six of his 27 first-class matches for the county. In 1906 he joined Middlesex and was associated with the club for the next 46 years.Joe Murrell, CricketArchive. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
Murrell played 342 times for Middlesex in first-class cricket and developed a reputation as "a first-class wicket-keeper" who, when Middlesex won the County Championship in 1920 and 1921, was considered by Wisden as "one of the best of wicket-keepers". He was considered a loyal team-mate whose judgment and advice could be relied upon by Middlesex captain Pelham Warner and in his obituary Wisden'' considered him unfortunate to have not played for England. As a batsman Murrell was considered "fast-footed" and "could hit extremely hard", although he never scored a century.
Over the course of his career, Murrell took 835 dismissals, 564 caught and 271 stumped. After retiring, he was the 1st XI scorer for Middlesex until his death at West Wickham in Kent in 1952 at the age of 72.
He also played football for Woolwich Arsenal. After playing for local sides in Kent and Middlesex, he joined Arsenal in October 1898, making his first-team debut against Small Heath on 31 March 1900. He played mainly as a full back filling in for regulars Jimmy Jackson and David McNichol. He left Arsenal for Clapton Orient in the summer of 1900, having played 6 first-team games for them.
References
External links
1879 births
1952 deaths
People from Hounslow
Sportspeople from the London Borough of Hounslow
Arsenal F.C. players
Cricket scorers
English cricketers
English men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Kent cricketers
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Middlesex cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Wicket-keepers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Murrell |
Joshua Brenner Ilika was born (September 14, 1976 in Celaya, Guanajuato) is a Mexican butterfly and freestyle swimmer, who began swimming at the age of three. He participated in the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics.
See also
List of Mexican records in swimming
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Mexican male butterfly swimmers
Mexican male freestyle swimmers
Sportspeople from Guanajuato
Swimmers at the 1999 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2003 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers for Mexico
Mexican people of German descent
People from Celaya
USC Trojans men's swimmers
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Mexico
Competitors at the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in swimming
Pan American Games competitors for Mexico
20th-century Mexican people
21st-century Mexican people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua%20Ilika%20Brenner |
Bill Johnson (born December 16, 1951) is an American actor, known for his role as Leatherface in the 1986 horror film The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2.
Career
Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2
Johnson was chosen to play Leatherface in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2. Despite negative reviews from critics due in part to the film relying much more on gore and black comedy than its predecessor, the film has become a cult classic and it gained Johnson notoriety as one of the six actors to have portrayed the character.
Other projects
Johnson also appeared in the Ultima series of role-playing games, as the voice of the Guardian, the final antagonist of the Ultima series. He also likes to act in the local theaters.
Filmography
1980 Fast Money as Cop (uncredited)
1985 Future-Kill as Splatter's Elite Guard
1985 Confessions of a Serial Killer as Oil Rig Worker (uncredited)
1986 The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 as Leatherface
1987 The Texas Comedy Massacre as Leatherface
1988 D.O.A. as Desk Sergeant (credited as "William Johnson")
1988 Paramedics as Caesar "Big Caesar"
1988 Full Moon in Blue Water as Stranger #2
1988 Talk Radio as Fan #1
1997 Redboy 13 as FBI Agent
1999 Crosswalk as Ellis Baird (short film)
2005 Fall to Grace as Auggie
2005 The Fantastic Escape as Troll (short film)
2010 Ultimate Guide to Flight as Chess Player
2012 Butcher Boys as Mr. Grimm
2012 Supernatural Activity as Mike Powers
2015 Kill or Be Killed as Hugo
References
External links
Bill Johnson's Official Site
1951 births
Living people
American male film actors
Male actors from Austin, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Johnson%20%28film%20and%20television%20actor%29 |
MTD Products is an American manufacturer of outdoor power equipment for the mass market. Headquartered in Valley City, Ohio, the company began in 1932 and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Stanley Black & Decker. Prior to Stanley Black & Decker's acquisition in December 2021, MTD Products was a majority family-owned, private company. It originated as a tool and die maker (Modern Tool and Die Company). MTD's main competitors are Stihl, Ariens, Briggs & Stratton, John Deere and Husqvarna.
Over the years, MTD acquired the Troy-Bilt, Bolens, Cub Cadet, Craftsman (owned by its minority partner), and Yard-Man brands and/or companies. MTD Craftsman mowers utilize the Sears "247" model prefix
MTD bicycles
Starting in 1966, MTD released their line of bicycles that were sold throughout the U.S. These bicycles were mostly muscle bikes and in 1969 they released a chopper, the MTD SS5 Chopper which merged Columbia and MTD. Both brands were strong players in the high-rise bicycle market, eventually they would join forces in the coming years; eventually the bicycle brand MTD would fade out while Columbia would continue.
Timeline
Theo Moll, Emil Jochum and Erwin Gerhard formed a partnership to purchase the assets of Modern Tool and Die
Company located on Power Avenue in Cleveland. The initial capital investment was $4,500. MTD's first products
were perforating dies and a rolling machine for making window channels for Standard Products. MTD employed 12
employees in 1933. By 1934 there were 60 employees.
In 1936 the company produced its first automotive stampings products, grilles for Graham-Paige automobiles.
In 1952 the controlling interest in Midwest Industries Inc. was purchased. With this MTD began to manufacture pedal bikes, velocipedes, kiddie cars and playground equipment.
In 1954 MTD entered the garden equipment industry with its introduction of a line of wheelbarrows.
In 1958 MTD entered the lawn and garden power equipment industry with the production of an power rotary mower.
In 1959 MTD began manufacturing self-propelled lawn mowers, garden tractors and other power equipment.
In 1962 MTD purchased Sehl Engineering Ltd. of Canada which would later become MTD Products, Ltd. and then MTD Canada.
In 1966 MTD purchased Industrial Plastics Company in Cleveland.
In 1967 MTD started to manufacture bicycles.
In 1968 MTD started snow thrower production. At the same time Yard-Man buys George Garden Tools.
In 1975 MTD purchased the Yard-Man name from Montgomery Ward.
In 1980 MTD built its manufacturing plant in Brownsville, Tennessee (now defunct).
In 1981 the Cub Cadet product line was acquired from International Harvester, and the White Outdoor Products Company was acquired from the old White Motor Company.
In 1985 the company's Martin, Tennessee plant began operation, and Arnold Corporation was acquired.
In 1986 Aircap Industries in Tupelo, Mississippi was acquired.
In 1994 MTD built the Modern Transmission Development Company plant in Leitchfield, Kentucky.
In 1996 a joint venture with Lesco created Commercial Turf Products.
In 2000, a Hungarian manufacturing facility was opened with expanded capacity for electrical products. MTD acquired Ryobi Limited's North America outdoor products business, giving them the capacity to produce 1.5 million engines and related hand-held garden products.
In 2001, MTD acquired Garden Way including the Troy-Bilt and Bolens brands.
In 2003, MTD's Ryobi Outdoor Power equipment division ceased manufacturing products under the Ryobi brand name and sold the rights to the use of the Ryobi brand name for the manufacture and sale of outdoor products to Ryobi Tools/TTI
In 2006, MTD began building lawn equipment under the fmc brand for sale in Europe.
In 2007, MTD began building the low-end lawn and garden tractors for its otherwise competitor, Toro.
In 2008, MTD began having a third-party company (located in China) manufacture a new line of engines for the Craftsman 2008 line of snowthrowers. They are no longer building them with Tecumseh engines.
In 2009 MTD acquired the brand Remington Chainsaws from Desa International.
In 2010 MTD (Australia) acquired the brand Rover Mowers from GWA International Limited.
In 2012 MTD began building Murray brand products which was acquired by Briggs & Stratton Motors in 2005.
In 2017 MTD acquired Robomow, a.k.a. "Friendly Robotics".
In September 2018, New Britain, Conn.-based power tool maker Stanley Black & Decker announced that it had an agreement to acquire a 20% stake in outdoor power equipment maker MTD Products for $234 million. The transaction was expected to close in early 2019. In addition, Stanley Black & Decker had the option to acquire the remaining 80% of MTD starting July 1, 2021, which it did on August 17, 2021. Furthermore, with the acquisition of Craftsman by Stanley Black & Decker, the brand's products are now produced by MTD through this partnership.
References
External links
American companies established in 1932
Manufacturing companies established in 1932
1932 establishments in Ohio
Agricultural machinery manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Ohio
Lawn and garden tractors
Lawn mower manufacturers
Medina County, Ohio
2019 mergers and acquisitions
2021 mergers and acquisitions
American brands
Stanley Black & Decker brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTD%20Holdings |
is a Japanese jazz musician. Ohno is known for his musical scoring of Japanese anime television series, particularly Lupin III, and most famously the 1977 series Lupin III Part II and the feature film The Castle of Cagliostro.
Early life
Born in the founding family of Atami City's Hotel Ohnoya, Ohno began playing piano in elementary school. He formed the group Junior Light Music with clarinetist and future NHK announcer Isamu Akashi, a classmate at Keio Senior High School. It was at this time that he taught himself jazz. While enrolled in the Faculty of Law at Keio University he was a member of the prestigious big band "Keio University Light Music Society". Later in college, on the recommendation of , he joined a quintet with Takeshi Shibuya.
Career
Ohno made his recording debut in 1966 backing Hideo Shiraki and Yūzō Kayama on their record Hideo Shiraki Meets Yuzo Kayama.
He took a leave of absence from the piano in the early 1970s and devoted himself to composing, working on TV dramas and movie accompaniments. In 1976, Ohno composed the score for the film The Inugami Family. Kōji Ishizaka, who starred in the film, was a classmate of Ohno's at Keio High School and Keio University. The promotional literature for the theatrical release contains an article about Ishizaka's visit to Ohno's recording studio.
Discography
Sound Adventure Act.1 (1975)
Yoshiko Sai – Mangekyou (Producer/Composer) (1975)
The Inugami Family (1976)
Space Kid (1978)
Daitsuiseki (1978)
Silent Dialogue (1979, with Masa Matsuda)
The Golden Dog: Original Sound Track (1979)
Captain Future Original Soundtrack [キャプテン・フューチャー – Original Sound Track] (1979)
Cosmos (1981)
Lifetide (1982)
Space Cobra (1983, with Kentaro Haneda)
Lupin The 3rd: Perfect Collection (1984)
Lupin III Theme Collection (1991)
Lupin the Third 「JAZZ」 (1999)
Lupin the Third 「JAZZ」 the 2nd (2000)
Lupin the Third 「JAZZ」 the 3rd. Funky & Pop (2001)
Lupin the Third 「JAZZ」 Another Jazz (2002)
Lupin the Third 「JAZZ」 Bossa & Fusion (2002)
Lupin the Third 「JAZZ」 Christmas (2003)
Lupin the Third 「JAZZ」 Plays the "Standards (2003)
Lupin the Third 「JAZZ」 Plays the "Standards" & Others (2004)
Lupin Trois (2004, with Kahimi Karie)
Lupin the Third 「JAZZ」 Cool for Joy (2005)
Lupin the Third 「JAZZ」 the 10th, New Flight (2006)
Lupin the Third 「JAZZ」 What's Going On (2007, with the Lupintic Five)
Filmography
The Inugami Family (1976)
Proof of the Man (1977)
Lupin III Part II (1977-1978)
One Million-Year Trip: Bander Book (1978) - Television film
The Mystery of Mamo (1978)
The Golden Dog (1979)
Undersea Super Train: Marine Express (1979) - Television film
The Castle of Cagliostro (1979)
Fumoon (1980) - Television film
Andromeda Stories (1982) - Television film
A Time Slip of 10,000 Years: Prime Rose (1983) - Television film
Lupin III Part III (1984-1985)
Mighty Orbots (1984)
Legend of the Gold of Babylon (1985)
Bye Bye, Lady Liberty (1989) - Television film
The Hemingway Papers (1990) - Television film
Napoleon's Dictionary (1991) - Television film
From Russia with Love (1992) - Television film
Voyage to Danger (1993) - Television film
Dragon of Doom (1994) - Television film
Farewell to Nostradamus (1995)
The Pursuit of Harimao's Treasure (1995) - Television film
Lupin III: Dead or Alive (1996) - Main theme only
The Secret of Twilight Gemini (1996) - Television film
Island of Assassins (1997) - Television film
Crisis in Tokyo (1998) - Television film
The Columbus Files (1999) - Television film
Missed by a Dollar (2000) - Television film
Alcatraz Connection (2001) - Television film
Episode 0: The First Contact (2002) - Television film
Operation Return the Treasure (2003) - Television filn
Stolen Lupin ~The Copy Cat is a Midsummer's Butterfly~ (2004) - Television film
An Angel's Tactics – Fragments of a Dream Are the Scent of Murder (2005) - Television film
Seven Days Rhapsody (2006) - Television film
Elusiveness of the Fog (2007) - Television film
Sweet Lost Night ~Magic Lamp's Nightmare Premonition~ (2008) - Television film
Lupin III vs. Detective Conan (2009) - Television film, with Katsuo Ōno
The Last Job (2010) - Television film
Blood Seal - Eternal Mermaid (2011) - Television film
Record of Observations of the East - Another Page (2012) - Television film
Princess of the Breeze - Hidden City in the Sky (2013) - Television film
Lupin III vs. Detective Conan: The Movie (2013) - Television film, with Katsuo Ōno
Lupin III Part IV (2015-2016) - Japan only
Italian Game (2016) - Television film
Lupin III Part V (2018)
Goodbye Partner (2019) - Television film
Lupin III: The First (2019)
Prison of the Past (2019) - Television film
Lupin III Part VI (2021)
References
External links
Yuji Ohno Official YouTube Channel
Yuji Ohno anime at Media Arts Database
Ordinary Europe LaserDisc
1941 births
Anime composers
Japanese film score composers
Japanese jazz composers
Japanese jazz musicians
Japanese male film score composers
Keio University alumni
Living people
Lupin the Third
Male jazz composers
Musicians from Shizuoka Prefecture
Video game composers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuji%20Ohno |
SAP NetWeaver Application Server or SAP Web Application Server is a component of SAP NetWeaver which works as a web application server for SAP products.
All ABAP application servers including the message server represent the application layer of the multitier architecture of an ABAP-based SAP system. These application servers execute ABAP applications and communicate with the presentation components, the database, and also with each other, using the message server.
Architecture
The architecture of SAP Web Application Server can be separated into 5 areas:
Presentation layer In the presentation layer, the user interface can be developed with JavaServer Pages (JSP), Business Server Pages (BSP), or with Web Dynpro technology. The underlying business layer provides the business content in Java or ABAP.
Business layer The business layer consists of a J2EE certified run-time environment that processes the requests passed from the Internet Communication Manager (ICM) and dynamically generates the responses. The business logic can be written either in ABAP or in Java based on the J2EE standard. Developers can implement business logic and persistence with Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) using the J2EE environment. Developers can also access the business objects of applications running in the ABAP environment to benefit from their business logic and persistence.
Integration layer The local integration engine is an integral part of SAP Web AS and allows instant connection to SAP NetWeaver Process Integration (SAP PI; formerly called SAP Exchange Infrastructure). The local integration engine provides messaging services that exchange messages between the components that are connected in SAP PI.
Connectivity layer The Internet Communication Manager (ICM) dispatches user interface requests to the presentation layer and provides a single framework for connectivity using various communication protocols. Currently, modules are available for Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), HTTPS (extension of HTTP running under the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), and Fast Common Gateway Interface (FastCGI).
Persistence layer The persistence layer supports database independence and scalable transaction handling. Business logic can be developed completely independent of the underlying database and operating system. Database independence is also made possible by support for open standards. The database interface ensures optimized data access from within the ABAP environment through Open SQL. SAP propagates the outstanding capabilities of Open SQL for ABAP to Open SQL for Java and offers a variety of standard Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to application programmers, such as SQLJ. Other technologies, such as Java Data Objects (JDO) and Container-Managed Persistence (CMP) for EJB, or the direct use of the Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API, are also supported.
Security
Authentication
The SAP NetWeaver AS can accept multiple forms of authentication:
SAP Logon Ticket with appropriate configuration.
Other single sign-on technology that utilizes x.509 certificates and the combination of Secure Network Communications (SNC) and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) for one standardize authentication platform.
Communications
The SAP NetWeaver Application Server's connectivity layer supports HTTPS which is required for encrypted communications via Secure Sockets Layer. It is possible to enable SSL using the SAP Cryptographic Library. If a company is running with traditional SAP systems that only uses RFC and DIAG protocols, Secure Network Communications is required for encrypted communications as well
See also
Comparison of application servers
Secure Network Communications
Secure Sockets Layer
x.509
Single Sign-On
References
External links
ABAP Development discussions, blogs, documents and videos on the SAP Community Network (SCN)
SAP Netweaver Capabilities - Java Development discussions, blogs, documents and videos on the SAP Community Network (SCN)
Application Server
Web server software
Web server software programmed in Java | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAP%20NetWeaver%20Application%20Server |
"Ricky" is a 1983 song by "Weird Al" Yankovic, duetting with voice actress Tress MacNeille. It is a parody of the 1982 song "Mickey" by Toni Basil, which itself, is a cover of Mike Chapman and Nicky Chinn's "Kitty" recorded by Racey. The song focuses on the sitcom I Love Lucy, and ends with a segment of the theme from the sitcom.
A music video was created for the song; it was Yankovic's first. According to the liner notes in the compilation DVD "Weird Al" Yankovic: The Ultimate Video Collection, "it was arguably the first comedy video ever shown on MTV".
Track listing
"Ricky" – 2:35
"Buckingham Blues" – 3:11
Music video
The music video was directed by Janet Greek. It was filmed mostly in black and white and parodies the television sitcom I Love Lucy. Yankovic plays the role of Ricky Ricardo, complete with affected Cuban accent. Yankovic appears, minus his mustache, glasses, and curly hair, to more closely resemble Desi Arnaz. He is also seen briefly in several scenes as himself with his band, playing the accordion and sporting his normal mustache and curly hair. Tress MacNeille plays the role of Lucy, giving an impression of Lucille Ball's somewhat raspy voice and her usual shticks such as her unique way of crying.
Near the end of the video, a cheerleader can be seen dancing in the crowd. This is a direct reference to the music video for "Mickey".
The video (and song) ends with a segment of the I Love Lucy theme played on guitar rounding out with Ricky on accordion, followed by Ricky doing his trademark "Huah! Huah! Huah!" laugh. Dr. Demento makes a cameo appearance at the very end.
Chart positions
See also
List of singles by "Weird Al" Yankovic
List of songs by "Weird Al" Yankovic
References
External links
, official upload of the music video
1983 singles
1983 songs
I Love Lucy
Male–female vocal duets
Scotti Brothers Records singles
Songs about fictional male characters
Songs about television
Songs with lyrics by "Weird Al" Yankovic
Songs written by Mike Chapman
Songs written by Nicky Chinn
"Weird Al" Yankovic songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky%20%28song%29 |
The Asatru Folk Assembly (AFA) is a white supremacist international Ásatrú organization, founded by Stephen A. McNallen in 1994. Many of the assembly's doctrines, heavily criticized by most heathens, are based on ethnicity, an approach it calls "folkish". Once headquartered in Grass Valley, California, with chapters worldwide, the AFA is recognized as a 501(c)(3) non-profit religious organization.
History
The AFA's roots are in the Viking Brotherhood, founded by McNallen in 1972. McNallen was one of the earliest advocates in the United States of reconstructing Germanic Paganism. The Viking Brotherhood evolved into the Asatru Free Assembly in 1974, and was disbanded in 1986, splitting into two successor organizations, the "folkish" Ásatrú Alliance, and the "universalist" Troth. In 1986, the Asatru Free Assembly ceased operations, due to burnout and disputes about polygamous relationships within the membership. According to accounts by McNallen, it was not due to racial politics, but because administration was time-consuming and the membership rejected a request seeking pay for religious work.
McNallen founded the Asatru Folk Assembly in 1995 as the successor organization to the Asatru Free Assembly. The defunct Asatru Free Assembly and Asatru Folk Assembly are sometimes called the "old AFA" and "new AFA", respectively. From 1997 to 2002, the AFA was a member of the International Asatru-Odinic Alliance.
McNallen believes in an "integral link between ancestry and religion, between biology and spirituality"; according to Jeffrey Kaplan, the organization was founded in part to counteract rumored "universalist" tendencies he discerned in Ring of Troth.
In 1999, the AFA almost acquired land in northern California, aiming to base a communal project with room for agriculture and religious worship. But it never held legal title to the land. Upon promises that the land would be donated, some AFA members built a simple hof there, after which the land's owner chose not to donate it.
In the late 1990s, the AFA got involved in a protracted fight over the remains of the Kennewick Man: members claimed that these were the remains of a European ancestor; they were allowed to approach, but not touch, the coffin holding the Kennewick Man. Later testing showed that Kennewick Man is "very closely related to the Colville" tribe in northeast Washington.
In May 2017, Facebook deleted the AFA's primary social media outlet, citing hate speech as the reason. In 2018, the Southern Poverty Law Center added the AFA to its list of hate groups as part of a new category called "neo-Völkisch". The Anti-Defamation League lists the AFA as an "extremist group".
In December 2019, two members of the Army National Guard received a general discharge after their involvement as leaders of "Ravensblood Kindred," an extremist group that shared ties with the AFA, were revealed. Both had previously attended a rally by Richard B. Spencer. One was on active duty in Afghanistan and one worked as a jailer for the Haralson County Sheriff's Office until the broadcast of their involvement, at which point the employment was terminated.
Activity
Since 2013, the AFA has owned rights to many of the books of "Edred Thorsson" (a pen name of Stephen Flowers).
In August 2015, the AFA acquired a former Grange Hall in Challenge–Brownsville, California, about 40 miles from Grass Valley, where the group was founded. The hall was built in 1938, and was purchased to be used as a hof and community center under the name Newgrange Hall Asatru Hof. It was previously the Youth Center of the Mountaintop Christian Academy of California, and at another time the Marge Moore Youth Center. This first hof has since been named Odinshof, in dedication to the god Odin.
In April 2020, the AFA acquired a former church in Linden, North Carolina, which has been turned into a heathen hof serving AFA members in the Southeastern United States. This second hof is named Thorshof, in dedication to the god Thor.
In June 2020, the AFA purchased a former Lutheran church in Murdock, Minnesota, to be used as gathering place for AFA members of the Northern Great Plains. In December 2020, the Murdock City Council gave the AFA conditional approval to use the church. More than 120,000 Minnesotans have signed a petition to stop the group's use of the building. This third hof is named Baldrshof, in dedication to the god Baldr.
In 2022, the AFA purchased a former church in White Springs, Florida, to serve as a hof for AFA members in the Southern United States. A monthly food pantry for the local community is operated by the AFA at this location. This fourth hof has been named Njordshof, in dedication to the god Njörðr.
Opposition
As a result of the discriminatory activities of the AFA, numerous Heathen and neo-pagan organizations sought to produce a document refuting these beliefs and the characterization that they represented these faiths. The product was Declaration 127, which specifically condemned the AFA. This declaration has been criticized for its specific focus on the AFA, and efforts taken to expand it. One alternative to Declaration 127 is the "Declaration of Deeds," a much wider-ranging statement against discrimination and hate in Heathenism.
See also
Far-right politics
List of white nationalist organizations
Neo-Völkisch movements
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
1994 establishments in California
501(c)(3) organizations
Alt-right organizations
Ásatrú in the United States
Germanic neopagan organisations
European American culture in California
Non-profit organizations based in California
Religion in California
Modern pagan organizations established in 1994
Modern pagan organizations based in the United States
White nationalism in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asatru%20Folk%20Assembly |
Russell's teapot is an analogy, formulated by the philosopher Bertrand Russell (1872–1970), to illustrate that the philosophic burden of proof lies upon a person making empirically unfalsifiable claims, rather than shifting the burden of disproof to others.
Russell specifically applied his analogy in the context of religion. He wrote that if he were to assert, without offering proof, that a teapot, too small to be seen by telescopes, orbits the Sun somewhere in space between the Earth and Mars, he could not expect anyone to believe him solely because his assertion could not be proven wrong.
The analogy has been criticised by philosophers Brian Garvey, Peter van Inwagen and Alvin Plantinga as to its validity regarding religion. Russell's teapot has given rise to similar analogies as well as being used in parodies of religion.
Description
In an article titled "Is There a God?" commissioned, but never published, by Illustrated magazine in 1952, Russell wrote:
In 1958, Russell elaborated on the analogy:
Analysis
Chemist Peter Atkins said that the point of Russell's teapot is that there is no burden on anyone to disprove assertions. Occam's razor has been interpreted to mean that that the simpler theory with fewer assertions (i.e., a universe with no supernatural beings) should be the starting point in the discussion rather than the more complex theory. Responding to the invocation of Russell's "Celestial Teapot" by biologist Richard Dawkins as evidence against religion, an apologia by philosopher Paul Chamberlain contends that such arguments rely on an undue distinction between positive and negative claims. Chamberlain says it is logically erroneous to assert that positive truth claims bear a burden of proof while negative truth claims do not; he says "every truth claim, whether positive or negative, has a burden of proof."
In his books A Devil's Chaplain (2003) and The God Delusion (2006), Dawkins used the teapot as an analogy of an argument against what he termed "agnostic conciliation", a policy of intellectual appeasement that allows for philosophical domains that concern exclusively religious matters. Science has no way of establishing the existence or non-existence of a god. Therefore, according to the agnostic conciliator, because it is a matter of individual taste, belief and disbelief in a supreme being are deserving of equal respect and attention. Dawkins presents the teapot as a reductio ad absurdum of this position: if agnosticism demands giving equal respect to the belief and disbelief in a supreme being, then it must also give equal respect to belief in an orbiting teapot, since the existence of an orbiting teapot is just as plausible scientifically as the existence of a supreme being.
Criticism
Philosopher Brian Garvey argues that the teapot analogy fails with regard to religion because, with the teapot, the believer and non-believer are simply disagreeing about one item in the universe and may hold in common all other beliefs about the universe, which is not true of an atheist and a theist. Garvey argues that it is not a matter of the theist propounding existence of a thing and the atheist simply denying it – each is asserting an alternative explanation of why the cosmos exists and is the way it is: "the atheist is not just denying an existence that the theist affirms – the atheist is in addition committed to the view that the universe is not the way it is because of God. It is either the way it is because of something other than God, or there is no reason it is the way it is."
Philosopher Peter van Inwagen argues that while Russell's teapot is a fine piece of rhetoric, its logical argument form is less than clear, and attempting to make it clear reveals that the Teapot Argument is very far from cogent. Another philosopher, Alvin Plantinga, states that a falsehood lies at the heart of Russell's argument. Russell's argument assumes that there is no evidence against the teapot, but Plantinga disagrees:
Philosopher Gary Gutting rejects Russell's teapot for similar reasons, arguing that Russell's argument accords theism far less support than it actually has. Gutting points out that numerous sensible, competent people appeal to personal experience and arguments in support of God's existence. Thus, to simply reject the existence of God, out of hand, seems unjustified, according to Gutting.
The literary critic James Wood, without himself believing in God, says that belief in God "is a good deal more reasonable than belief in a teapot" because God is a "grand and big idea" which "is not analogically disproved by reference to celestial teapots or vacuum cleaners, which lack the necessary bigness and grandeur" and "because God cannot be reified, cannot be turned into a mere thing".
One counter-argument, advanced by philosopher Eric Reitan, is that belief in God is different from belief in a teapot, because teapots are physical and therefore in principle verifiable, and that given what we know about the physical world, we have no good reason to think that belief in Russell's teapot is justified and at least some reason to think it not.
Similar analogies
Other thinkers have posited non-disprovable analogies, such as J. B. Bury in his 1913 book, History of Freedom of Thought:
Some people speak as if we were not justified in rejecting a theological doctrine unless we can prove it false. But the burden of proof does not lie upon the rejecter.... If you were told that in a certain planet revolving around Sirius there is a race of donkeys who speak the English language and spend their time in discussing eugenics, you could not disprove the statement, but would it, on that account, have any claim to be believed? Some minds would be prepared to accept it, if it were reiterated often enough, through the potent force of suggestion.
Astronomer Carl Sagan in his 1995 book The Demon-Haunted World offered a similar non-disprovable analogy called the Dragon in the Garage as an example of skeptical thinking. If Sagan claimed there was a dragon in his garage, you would wish to verify it for yourself but if Sagan's dragon was impossible to detect:
Now, what's the difference between an invisible, incorporeal, floating dragon who spits heatless fire and no dragon at all? If there's no way to disprove my contention, no conceivable experiment that would count against it, what does it mean to say that my dragon exists?
Influence in parodies of religion
The concept of Russell's teapot has influenced more explicitly religion-parodying concepts such as the Invisible Pink Unicorn and the Flying Spaghetti Monster. 1960s musician and psychedelic poet Daevid Allen of the band Gong employed the image of a flying teapot in his Planet Gong Universe and the Flying Teapot album trilogy, and refers to Russell's teapot in his book Gong Dreaming 2: The Histories & Mysteries of Gong from 1969–1975.
See also
Ad hoc hypothesis
Argument from ignorance
Knightian uncertainty
Sagan standard
Hitchens's razor
References
Agnosticism
Atheism
Bertrand Russell
Criticism of religion
Philosophical arguments
Razors (philosophy)
Religious parodies and satires
Skepticism
Teapots
Epistemology of religion
Thought experiments in philosophy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%27s%20teapot |
Lucius Fabius Cilo, full name Lucius Fabius Cilo Septiminus Catinius Acilianus Lepidus Fulcinianus, was a Roman senator, who was a confidant of Septimius Severus. He held a number of appointments that have been dated to the reigns of Commodus and Severus. He was twice Roman consul: the first time in 193 as a suffect, and the second time as ordinary consul in 204 with Marcus Annius Flavius Libo as his colleague. Cilo is known from numerous inscriptions and appears in the Historia Augusta and the history of Dio Cassius. He married Cilonia Fabia.
Earlier career
Fabius Cilo came from Hispania. Paul M. M. Leunissen writes it is possible he came from Baetica, while Anthony Birley suggests his home town was Iluro. Because the last known member of the republican and Patrician family of the Fabii was Paullus Fabius Persicus who died in the reign of Claudius, it is likely that Cilo was descended from one of the clientes or freedmen of that house. Ronald Syme notes that there are about 300 Fabii known in the Spanish provinces, as well as fifty in Gallia Narbonensis. Details are lacking how and when Cilo came to Rome.
His cursus honorum is known from two inscriptions on statue bases found in Rome. The earliest office Cilo held was in the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards that formed the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward a gaining entry into the Roman Senate. Next he received a commission as military tribune with Legio XI Claudia, which was stationed at Durostorum (modern Silistra) in Moesia Inferior, on the southern banks of the Danube. Once he completed his service, Cilo returned to Rome where he was appointed quaestor for the senatorial province of Crete and Cyrenaica and, upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy, Cilo was enrolled in the Senate. He went on to plebeian tribune, after which he served as legate or assistant to the proconsul of Gallia Narbonensis. Cilo then once again returned to Rome, where he advanced to the urban praetor. Once a senator had completed his duties as praetor, he was eligible to hold a number of important responsibilities.
The first appointment Cilo received after concluding his duties as praetor was as legatus legionis or commander of Legio XVI Flavia Firma, which was stationed in Roman Syria. Leunissen dates his service as falling between 180 and 184. Around 185, he became proconsul of the Roman Province of Gallia Narbonensis. Back in Rome, he was appointed praefectus of the aerarii militaris. His tenure in this civilian post is estimated as running from 187 to 189. Cilo then left this appointment to serve as legatus or governor of Galatia from around 189 until he returned to Rome towards the end of 192 to serve as suffect consul at some point in the following year.
Partisan of Severus
Moving from the dry account provided by the honorary inscriptions to the account provided by written histories, we find with the death of Commodus, Fabius Cilo acquired importance as a partisan of Septimius Severus. Anthony Birley lists a number of opportunities for Cilo and Severus to have met and/or continued their friendship. Birley dates Severus' first arrival in Rome to 164 and believes Cilo arrived in the city not long afterwards. While Cilo was in command of his legion in Syria, Severus was legatus legionis of Legio IV Scythica, also stationed in Syria. A third time the two were in near proximity was when Cilo governed Narbonensis and Severus was legatus or governor of the adjacent province of Gallia Lugdunensis. Regardless of the date their friendship began, it can be assumed they were friends by the time Commodus was assassinated.
It is with Commodus' death that Cilo enters the written history, for the Historia Augusta mentions that Livius Larensis had given the Emperor's corpse to Cilo. Birley suggests the reason Cilo received the slain emperor's body was because by this time he was a member of the sodalis Hadrianalis (a priestly order that other sources say he belonged to) and had placed it in the Mausoleum of Hadrian, where a funerary inscription for Commodus can be found. Except for that one act, Cilo was largely uninvolved in the tumult in the following days up to 1 June when Severus assumed the throne. Birley suggests that Cilo was responsible for protecting Severus' sons, who were in Rome during these months, and prevented them from being used as hostages against Severus. But following Severus' march on Rome, the new emperor assigned Cilo a title that was proudly displayed on the statue bases found at Rome: comes Imperatoris—companion of the Emperor.
Cilo was given command of a mixed force of soldiers known as a vexillatio, and proceeded to Thracia. The following year he fought against Severus' rival Pescennius Niger near Perinthus, and his troops suffered heavy casualties. An army drawn from the legions garrisoned along the Danube under Tiberius Claudius Candidus arrived to relieve Cilo, and in Autumn 194 crossed the Sea of Marmara, outflanking Niger. Candidus defeated Niger's army near Nicea. Following this victory, Cilo was made governor of Bithynia and Pontus, securing the rear of the advancing Septimian forces. Once Niger was defeated, and he could turn his attention to his other rival, Clodius Albinus, Severus reassigned Clio first to govern the frontline province of Moesia Superior (Leunissen dates this appointment to 195), then the strategic province of Pannonia Superior (from 197 to 201/202. This appointment demonstrates that Cilo was regarded as a trusted associate who could watch over matters while away from Rome.
From Pannonia, Cilo returned to Rome to hold the office of urban prefect. Leunissen dates his tenure from around 202 to some point between the death of Severus (4 February 211) and the death of Geta (26 December 211). While in that office, he saved the life of procurator and, later, emperor Marcus Opellius Macrinus when his patron Gaius Fulvius Plautianus fell into disgrace. He also served as consul for the second time while Urban Prefect (in 204).
A domus on the Aventine was given as a present by Severus to Cilo. This domus, showed also in the Forma Urbis Romae, is under the basilica and the monastery of Santa Balbina, and was close to the horti Ciloniae Fabiae.
Life under Caracalla
Cilo served also under Caracalla, Septimus Severus' oldest son. When the emperor decided to kill his own brother and co-ruler Geta and Papinian, Cilo, who had counselled harmony between the brothers, was seized by the urbaniciani, and only after the soldiers had torn off his senator's robe and pulled off his boots, Caracalla stopped them. According to Cassius Dio:
He [Caracalla] also wished to take the life of Cilo, his tutor and benefactor, who had served as prefect of the city under his father, and whom he himself had often called "father." The soldiers who were sent to Cilo first plundered his silver plate, his robes, his money, and everything else of his, and then led him along the Sacred Way with the purpose of taking him to the palace and there putting him out of the way; he had only low slippers on his feet, since he had chanced to be in the bath when arrested, and was wearing a short tunic. The soldiers tore the clothing off his body and disfigured his face, so that the populace as well as the city troops began to make an outcry; accordingly, Antoninus, in awe and fear of them, met the party, and shielding Cilo with his cavalry cloak (he was wearing military dress), cried out: "Insult not my father! Strike not my tutor!" As for the military tribune who had been bidden to slay him and the detail of soldiers sent with him, they were put to death, ostensibly because they had plotted Cilo's destruction, but in reality because they had not killed him.
Antoninus pretended to love Cilo to such a degree that he declared, "Those who have plotted against him have plotted against me" [...]
References
Further reading
Karlheinz Dietz, "Caracalla, Fabius Cilo und die Urbaniciani", Chiron 13 (1983), pp. 381–404
3rd-century deaths
2nd-century Romans
3rd-century Romans
Cilo, Lucius
Imperial Roman consuls
Roman governors of Galatia
Roman governors of Gallia Narbonensis
Roman governors of Bithynia and Pontus
Roman governors of Pannonia Superior
Roman governors of Upper Moesia
Romans from Hispania
Senators of the Roman Empire
Urban prefects of Rome
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius%20Fabius%20Cilo |
Héctor Israel Ortiz Ortiz (born 28 July 1950 in Oaxaca) is a Mexican lawyer and politician who served as Governor of Tlaxcala.
Professional career
Héctor Ortiz holds a bachelor's degree in law. He has been a professor of law at the Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala (UAT) since 1974. Ortiz also served as Rector of the UAT from 1983 to 1987 and again from 1999 to 2000. From 1990 to 1991 he served as Secretary of Education of the State of Tlaxcala. He served in the lower house of the Mexican Congress during the LV (1991 to 1994) and the LVIII Legislatures. In 2002 he was elected mayor of Tlaxcala.
Ortiz joined the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 1967 and was an active member until 2004, when he resigned from the PRI after losing the party's internal bid for the governorship of Tlaxcala. He then accepted the National Action Party (PAN) invitation to run for the governorship as the PAN candidate; he won the election held on November 14, 2004, and took office on January 14, 2005.
See also
List of Mexican state governors
References
External links
Héctor Ortiz at the Tlaxcala.gob website
1950 births
Living people
Politicians from Oaxaca
20th-century Mexican lawyers
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Municipal presidents in Tlaxcala
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
Governors of Tlaxcala
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
20th-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
Academic staff of the Autonomous University of Tlaxcala
Heads of universities and colleges in Mexico
People from Oaxaca City
Deputies of the LVIII Legislature of Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor%20Ortiz%20Ortiz |
Sternomancy, from the Greek sternon (chest) is a divination practice involving reading the markings or bumps on the chest or breast bone (or the area "from the breast to the belly", according to some sources). Sternomancy may have been commonly practiced on victims of sacrifice, including human sacrifice. Sternomancy may also include speaking through the chest (believed to be an early form of ventriloquism).
The size and shape of the sternum bone are taken into consideration, as well as the way in which the bone burns when placed into a fire. The old holiday custom of the breaking of a chicken's or turkey's wishbone by two persons is actually a remnant of this type of divination.
Sternomancy is related to phrenology (head-reading), palmistry (chiromancy) and scapulomancy (divination by observing animal shoulder-blades).
Sources
Divination | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternomancy |
The golden viscacha rat or golden vizcacha rat (Pipanacoctomys aureus) is the single species of the genus Pipanacoctomys of the rodent family Octodontidae. It has 92 chromosomes and has been regarded as tetraploid (4x = 2n). This octodontid and its sister-species, the plains viscacha rat (Tympanoctomys barrerae) (2n = 102), may have arisen from the diploid mountain viscacha rat (Octomys mimax), (2x = 2n = 56) as a result of the doubling and subsequent loss of some chromosomes. However, some genetic studies have rejected any polyploidism in mammals as unlikely, and suggest that amplification and dispersion of repetitive sequences best explain the large genome size.
Description
The golden viscacha rat grows to a head-and-body length of about with a tufted tail of about . The dorsal fur is golden-blond and the underparts are white.
Distribution and habitat
The species is known from Catamarca Province of northwestern Argentina, where specimens are known only from the Salar de Pipanaco, a salt flat. This habitat consists largely of low, salt-loving shrubs, and the soil consists of sand with high levels of salt. It feeds on the halophytic plants growing there. The genus is named after the locale, with “octo” being a reference to the figure-eight ridge on its cheek tooth.
Status
The golden viscacha rat is only found within a very restricted area totalling less than and it actually occupies only about one tenth of that area. It lives among the salt-loving plants that live between the salt pans and the desert.
It is threatened by conversion of its very restricted habitat to agricultural use, for the growing of olives, and its population trend is downwards. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as "critically endangered".
References
Octodontidae
Mammals described in 2000
Mammals of Argentina
Endemic fauna of Argentina
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN
High Monte | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20viscacha%20rat |
"The Supermen" is a song written by English singer-songwriter David Bowie in 1970 and released as the closing track on the album The Man Who Sold the World. It was one of a number of pieces on the album inspired by the works of literary figures such as Friedrich Nietzsche and H. P. Lovecraft.
Music and lyrics
The song has been cited as reflecting the influence of German Romanticism, its theme and lyrics referencing the apocalyptic visions of Friedrich Nietzsche and its prominent timpani part being likened to Richard Strauss' Also Sprach Zarathustra. Bowie later said "I was still going through the thing when I was pretending that I understood Nietzsche... And I had tried to translate it into my own terms to understand it so 'Supermen' came out of that." Critics have also seen the influence of H. P. Lovecraft's stories of "dormant elder gods".
According to Bowie himself the guitar riff was given to him by Jimmy Page when the latter, who was Shel Talmy's session guitarist in the mid-1960s, played on one of Bowie's early releases, "I Pity the Fool". The riff was later used on another Bowie song, "Dead Man Walking", from the Earthling album in 1997.
Live versions
An early performance of the song, by the Hype, on the BBC show Sounds of the 70s: Andy Ferris, recorded in March 1970, was released for the first time in 2016 on the vinyl edition of the album Bowie at the Beeb.
Bowie and Ronson played the song on the BBC show Sounds of the 70s: Bob Harris on 21 September 1971. This was broadcast on 4 October 1971 and was released in 2000 on Bowie at the Beeb.
A live version recorded at the Boston Music Hall on 1 October 1972 was released in 1989 on the original Sound + Vision box set, but was not included in subsequent versions of this compilation. However, the same track appeared on the bonus disc of the Aladdin Sane – 30th Anniversary Edition in 2003.
Another live version recorded at Santa Monica Civic Auditorium on 20 October 1972 was released on Santa Monica '72 and Live Santa Monica '72.
Other releases
An alternate version of the song was recorded on 12 November 1971 during sessions for The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars. It first appeared on the album Revelations – A Musical Anthology for Glastonbury Fayre in July 1972, compiled by the organisers of Glastonbury Festival at which Bowie played in 1971. It was later released as a bonus track on the Rykodisc CD and cassette reissue of Hunky Dory in 1990, and again on the Ziggy Stardust – 30th Anniversary Reissue bonus disc in 2002. This version was sampled on "Culture Shock", from Death Grips's 2011 mixtape Exmilitary.
A November 1996 tour rehearsal recording of the song, which originally aired on a BBC radio broadcast in 1997, was released in 2020 on the album ChangesNowBowie.
Cover versions
Doctor Mix and the Remix (aka Metal Urbain) – Wall of Noise (1979)
Aquaserge – Repetition – A Tribute to David Bowie (2010)
Personnel
David Bowie: lead and backing vocals
Mick Ronson: electric guitars, backing vocals
Tony Visconti: bass guitar, backing vocals
Woody Woodmansey: drums
Notes
David Bowie songs
1970 songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Supermen |
Getinge is a locality situated in Halmstad Municipality, Halland County, Sweden, with 1,843 inhabitants in 2010.
Economy
Getinge Group had its headquarters in the village until 2014.
History
The local assembly, the Hallandic thing took place in Getinge.
References
Populated places in Halmstad Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getinge |
I Vampiri ( The Vampires) is a 1957 Italian horror film directed by Riccardo Freda and completed by the film's cinematographer, Mario Bava. It stars Gianna Maria Canale, Carlo D'Angelo and Dario Michaelis. The film is about a series of murders on young women who are found with their blood drained. The newspapers report on a killer known as the Vampire, which prompts young journalist Pierre Lantin to research the crimes. Lantin investigates the mysterious Du Grand family who lives in a castle occupied by Gisele Du Grand who is in love with Lantin. She lives with her aunt, who hides her face in a veil, as well as the scientist Julian Du Grand, who is trying to find the secret to eternal youth.
The film was developed during a growth in the Italian film industry which allowed for the market to expand beyond a local Italian audience and would allow Italian film makers to explore new genres of filmmaking. Freda made a deal with producers at the Italian film studio Titanus to create a low budget horror film by writing a story in one day and filming it in two weeks. The producers agreed and Freda began filming. On the final day of shooting, Freda left the set which led to the cinematographer Mario Bava to direct the rest of the film, which changed various plot points and added the inclusion of stock footage.
On the film's release in 1957, it became Italy's first horror film of the sound era. It was not successful in Italy, which Freda interpreted as an audience not interested in horror films made by Italians. The film was released theatrically as The Devil's Commandment and Lust of the Vampire in the United States and United Kingdom respectively. English critics predominantly discuss the film in terms of its cinematography and place in film history. Despite being the first of the Italian horror films, it was not until the British film Dracula (1958) and the international hit Black Sunday were released that a greater amount of horror films began being produced in Italy.
Plot
In 1957 Paris, a series of mysterious killings are committed against young women of the same blood type who are found dead and drained of their blood. The press reported these killings as being performed by a murderer coined "The Vampire". The journalist Pierre Lantin begins to investigate and becomes more involved when his fiancée, the dancer Nora Duval, is kidnapped. As Inspector Chantal examines the crime scene, Lantin arrives predicting that the crime was committed by the Vampire. Lantin investigates the school that the latest murder happened at to search for clues and finds that the woman was being followed by a tall man before the murder. Elsewhere, a man named Joseph begs for "his fix" in a dark room, but is told to go after a woman named Lorette and that he "knows what to do" at Rue Saint Etienne. Joseph arrives at the location and is spotted by Lantin, but manages to get away from him. Joseph arrives at the clinic of Professor Julian Du Grand and demands money to leave town or he will report what is happening to the police. He is strangled by Du Grand's assistant when a shadowed woman named Marguerite arrives and states that if the police track them down, it will be the end of Du Grand's career. A newspaper headline later reveals that Professor Julian Du Grand has died unexpectedly.
After a funeral procession for Julian, a group of men arrive and reveal that the body buried was that of Joseph. Joseph's corpse is taken to a castle, where he is experimented on by Julian who is attempting to discover the secret for eternal life. Later, Lorette meets a blind man in the street who asks her to drop off a letter. On dropping the letter off, she is kidnapped and finds herself locked in a bedroom with the skeletons of the Vampire's previous victims. As the police try and track down Lorette's kidnappers, Lantin is reassigned from following the Vampire story and is set to cover a ball at the castle of Du Grand. At the castle, he meets Gisele, who expresses admiration for Lantin as he reminds her of his father. Lantin leaves the party and is pursued by the photographer Ronald. Lantin states he does not want to lead on Gisele with her emotions, which leads to Ronald re-entering the castle to profess his love for Gisele. Gisele turns him down as her face begins to grow old before his eyes and she reveals that each person killed restores her youth for a short time. Knowing her secret is his death warrant as she reaches for a pistol and murders Ronald. Gisele then calls upon Professor Julian to make her eternally young. Julian states that under her fragile emotional state it may not work, but begins an experimental transfer Lorette's youth and beauty to Giselle.
Gisele meets Pierre the next day when she is picking up a painting where he spots odd behavior in her such as writing with the wrong hand, which leads him to return to her castle to investigate further. Gisele begins growing ill from her previous experiment and calls upon Professor Du Grand to aid her. As he leaves, Joseph awakens in Du Grand's lab. Pierre triggers an alarm, which has him race out the castle where he meets the disoriented Joseph. Pierre takes Joseph to the police station where he reveals he was the kidnapper of the young women, but the people in the castle are the real murderers. The police arrive looking for Marguerite, but only find Gisele who denies any knowledge of Joseph. Pierre and the police explore the castle without finding clues. On leaving, Gisele begins transforming back into Marguerite before their eyes, prompting for an emergency search of the castle. A gun battle ensues between Du Grand's assistant and the police, leaving the assistant and Du Grand shot. This leads the police to open his grave, where they find Lorette. Lorette is sent home and Inspector Chantal reveals that Giselle confessed to the crimes and died shortly after.
Production
Background and development
Around the time I Vampiri was in development, Italian film productions had grown exponentially. Italian film productions rose from 25 films in 1945, to 204 in 1954. This growth allowed film makers in Italy to approach new genres and new styles not attempted before. In 1956, the chief executive officer of Titanus, Goffredo Lombardo, stated that Italian film productions should be aimed a European market opposed to just an Italian one. During the production of the film Beatrice Cenci (1956), director Riccardo Freda and his friend, cinematographer Mario Bava discussed the idea of developing a horror film. Horror films had been previously banned in Italy during the 1930s and 1940s, while a new taste for the macabre was developing. Italian film historian Goffredo Fofi stated in 1963 that "ghosts, monsters and the taste for the horrible appears when a society that became wealthy and evolves by industrializing, and are accompanied by a state of well-being which began to exist and expand in Italy only since a few years"
Freda's ambition to make a horror film derived from his desire to make films in the fantastique style, feeling that only the Americans and German expressionists were able to make such films in the past. Freda approached film producer Luigi Carpentieri with the idea of the film despite not having a treatment ready. Promising them that he would have something for them by the next day, he returned with a tape of his treatment that was complete with sound effects. Carpentieri phoned Goffredo Lombardo to convince him further. Freda followed up his tape with the promise that his script could pass the censors and could be filmed in 12 days. This convinced the producer who allowed Freda to create what became I Vampiri. I Vampiri was a low-budget production with Donati and Capentieri of Athena and Lombardo's Titanus investing 32 million lire each initially into the film. The initial budget was 97,000,000 Italian lire which increased to 142,000,000 for its post-production and release after the film's format was switched to panoramic CinemaScope.
Pre-production
The screenplay of I Vampiri is credited to Piero Regnoli and the fictional writer and scenarist Rijk Sijöstrom. The story of the film features contributions from Freda, who has only mentioned Regnoli during the writing process. Both Freda and Regnoli have uncredited roles in the film as the autopsy doctor and Mr. Bourgeois respectively. Freda had the film set in the 1950s opposed the 18th or 19th Century to lower the cost of re-creating a period set as well as making the film's plot feel like it could actually happen. The film's story borrows from uncredited stories. This includes the crimes committed by Gianna Maria Canale's character Giselle Du Grand, which are based upon the legend of Elizabeth Bathory who bathed in the blood of virgins to stay young. Another influence that Freda acknowledged was Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Fall of the House of Usher", with its suggested parallel between decaying, dissipated interiors and the Canale's vampire-like character.
Gianna Maria Canale took the female lead in the film, despite not initially wanting the role. The film was the last of her many films she made with Freda. Freda and Canale had first worked together on Il cavaliere misterioso (1948); their relationship led to Freda leaving his wife to go with Canale to Brazil where they made two more films. On their return to Italy, Canale would have the female lead role in nearly all his films including The Iron Swordsman, Sins of Rome and Theodora, Slave Empress.
Production
Filming began in Rome in 1956. The film was a low budget production as Lombardo did not care for horror films. Freda and his crew utilized mostly existing sets with only a single scene at the Aniene river filmed outside the studio. The film was shot in black-and-white by cinematographer Mario Bava, who felt that that style would better suit the special effects in the film and keep the budget down. Bava worked on the special effects on the film without credit. One of his effects involved Gianna Maria Canale aging make-up that would only be revealed when certain coloured lights were revealed on her. This effect had been done previously in older films, such as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931) and contemporary films, including The Man Who Turned to Stone (1957).
Freda's deal with his producers failed when he left the set on the 12th day of production. After an argument with the producers, Freda left the production allowing Mario Bava to step in to finish the film in the next two days. Reasons for Freda leaving production differ and range from Freda having a misunderstanding with the producers to Bava stating that Freda was taking too long to make the film. Bava's ending was different than Freda's initial ending, which involved finding the heroine hanged. Among the changes Bava made to finish the film included changing the supporting character of the journalist becoming the lead and removing a subplot about a dismembered criminal who returns to life on being reassembled. Bava also extended other portions of the film with stock footage and montages of newspaper presses.
Release
I Vampiri was released in Italy on 5 April 1957 in San Remo. It grossed a total of 125.3 million Italian lire on its initial theatrical run. The film was not a box office success in either Italy or France. It was released in the U.S. in 1960 in a heavily altered version under the title The Devil's Commandment. This version of the film featured new scenes written by J. V. Rhems and filmed by Ronald Honthauer in New York. In the United Kingdom, the film was released under the title Lust of the Vampire. Mario Bava biographer Tim Lucas wrote in 1992 that another version of the film, also titled Lust of the Vampire, was assembled in the U.S., which incorporated scenes of nudity.
Home media
A photonovel version of I Vampiri was released in Italy. Photonovels were similar to comic strips in that they use a succession of panels and speech captions. The main difference is that they rely on photographs of films as opposed to illustrations. I Vampiri'''s photonovel was titled Quella che voleva amare (), which appeared in I Vostri Film in August 1958.I Vampiri was released uncut for the first time on DVD in the United States on June 12, 2001 by Image Entertainment. IGN gave a positive review of the DVD, referring to the image quality as "stunning" and that the film was the original cut, "not the butchered Devil's Commandment version aired on late night television over the years." It was also released on DVD as a bonus feature from Arrow Films on their Black Sunday Blu-ray on February 4, 2013.
Critical reception
In a contemporary review, The Monthly Film Bulletin described the film as a "bizarre and grisly Italian effort" that "drags in everything from drug addiction to perpetual youth, crypts to skeletons, but has only a few moments which can claim to be genuinely macabre." The review praised the special effects involving a transition between a young to aged woman and back again, and concluded that "if only story, treatment and performance ... had been comparable, the film might have been really high in its class." Variety described the film as an "attempt at a horror film which doesn't quite come off with only a few moments in succeeding in being chilling." The review concluded that the film was "strictly for devotees of the genre" In Italy, La Stampa noted the surprise that the film avoided being banned by Italian censors and that when the film takes on thriller motives, it achieves some effective moments.
In their retrospective review, AllMovie wrote "While I Vampiri is more important for its place in history than for it ultimate effectiveness as a film, it is nevertheless an entertaining horror flick." Danny Shipka, who discussed this film in his book on European exploitation films, noted that the film "set the standard for visual style that would be the foundation for most Italian gothic films of this nature." He also described the film as "a little ponderous and talky" while praising Canale's transformation scenes and the "masterful filming of cobwebs, creaking doors, and decay, along with great lighting". IGN wrote that "anyone interested in the history of [Italian horror cinema] should see the film" and that the film was "showing its age and is incredibly tame compared with the gore shockers that Italy would eventually become famous for". Martyn Conterio, in his book on Black Sunday stated that it would be "pushing it to declare I Vampiri as a neglected masterpiece, but it is a hugely underrated work and very cleverly sets out what a horror film with a modern edge and sensibility could achieve." Louis Paul wrote a negative review of the film in his book Italian Horror Film Directors, opining that the film suffered some damaging influences from neorealistic cinema, which turned on very static scenes. He also opined that the film spends too much time with Dario Michaelis character, and the "mind-numbingly dull and endless police procedural scenes"
Aftermath and influence
Freda felt that I Vampiri did not succeed financially in Italy due to the country's audience reluctance to an Italian interpretation of the horror genre. For Freda's next film, Caltiki – The Immortal Monster, he used an English pseudonym of Robert Hampton to give the impression that the film was not Italian. Freda attempted a Gothic horror film again five years later with his film The Horrible Dr. Hichcock. Other crew members would go on to direct horror films following I Vampiri, such as screenwriter Piero Regnoli, who directed The Playgirls and the Vampire (1960) and Bava, who became the cinematographer on Freda's Caltiki as well as directing Black Sunday (1960).I Vampiri was the first Italian horror film of the sound era, following the lone silent horror film Il mostro di Frankenstein (1920) The film did not start a new wave of Italian horror productions. The British Film Institute stated that it required the international success of Mario Bava's Black Sunday to initiate the start of horror film production in Italy. Italian screenwriter Ernesto Gastaldi suggested that it was when Terence Fisher's film Dracula'' (1958) was released in Italy that a "hailstorm of vampire movies flooded the screens".
See also
List of horror films of the 1950s
List of Italian films of 1957
References
Footnotes
Sources
External links
1957 films
1957 horror films
Italian horror films
Italian black-and-white films
1950s Italian-language films
Gothic horror films
Films shot in Rome
Films set in castles
Films set in Paris
Films set in 1957
Titanus films
Films directed by Mario Bava
Films directed by Riccardo Freda
1950s Italian films
Films scored by Roman Vlad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Vampiri |
Jacques-Cartier Park is a park in Gatineau, Quebec, Canada, along the Ottawa River. The park is more than 22.68 hectares large and is located at the base of the Alexandra Bridge, facing the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa. It is named for French explorer Jacques Cartier, who arrived at the mouth of the Ottawa River while he was looking for the Northwest Passage.
The National Capital Commission (NCC) uses the site to run one of its popular annual events, Winterlude, every February. It is also a busy site on Canada Day, offering activities such as music and dance shows throughout the day, entertainment and activities for children, and demonstrations by the Canadian Forces SkyHawks parachute team.
Christiana's House/Maison Charron, the oldest surviving house in Hull, and the oldest house in the Ottawa Valley (circa 1804-1815) is located in the park. It was restored by the NCC in 1985 and is used for various activities. The Gilmour Hughson Building is also located in the park, at the north end.
References
External links
Parks in Gatineau | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Cartier%20Park |
Card stunts are a planned, coordinated sequence of actions performed by an audience, whose members raise cards that, in the aggregate, create a recognizable image. The images they create can range widely and, through careful planning, the same cards can create a number of different images by systematically changing how the cards are held up. Although card stunts are now performed at a variety of events ranging from sports to political rallies, the card stunt is closely associated with American football, particularly college football, as well as football (soccer), where it can form part of a tifo. The North Korean mass games Arirang Festival, however, were the first to extend the card stunt to an art form, using flip-book cards to produce enormous hour-long animated sequences.
Card Stunts created on a smaller scale (50 to 1,000 cards) are used as team-building exercises for corporations, or to promote a new company logo, or recognize a company milestone. These card stunts, known as "billboard card stunts," are created using cards that are held above the card holders' heads. The largest billboard card stunt was created on September 17, 2013, in the desert outside Las Vegas by Kivett Productions. The card stunts were to promote the opening of Britney Spears' new show at the Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort & Casino.
By country
Mexico
In Mexico's Heroic Military Academy, card stunts are done during various occasions, especially on September 13, the anniversary of the Battle of Chapultepec, where a program is made in honor of this great battle.
North Korea
North Korea's yearly Arirang Festival, also known as the Mass Games, in Pyongyang capitalizes on choreography and card stunt to create sweeping images across the stadium. The festival is famed for the use of this technique as part of the iconographic propaganda art of the regime.
Thailand
Card stunts () are regularly performed in certain sporting events in Thailand. They are especially associated with Jaturamitr Samakkee and Chula–Thammasat Traditional Football Match, but are also employed in most school- and university-level sporting events where performances by the seated crowd often play an important part in the competition. In addition to plain colored cards, other objects such as umbrellas, flashlights and reflective surfaces are also used, and special plates with multiple tiles of colored card booklets are used to create detailed aggregate images.
The origin of such performances in Thailand can be traced back to Assumption College, a member of the Jaturamitr, where in 1942, by the instruction of Cherd Sudara, a teacher at the school, differently-uniformed students in the audience arranged to form the school's initials. This developed into dynamic messages by physical movement of the crowd and later the covering and exposure of specific-colored clothing. The Chula–Thammasat Traditional Football Match adopted the card stunt in 1957; in the following years, cardboard cards became the predominant medium for the stunts. As a part of larger events, performances by Chulalongkorn University students were featured in the opening ceremony of the 1974 Asian Games in Tehran, and eight thousand students from the Jaturamitr schools performed during the 1999 FESPIC Games in Bangkok.
United States
A 2006 Super Bowl commercial by Budweiser, titled "The Wave", features a fictional card stunt using computer animation. The crowd at the Rose Bowl performs a card stunt which shows a beer bottle being opened and poured around the stadium into a glass and subsequently being consumed one gulp at a time. The crowd finished with a collective "AHHHH".
In February, 2006 the Gillette company sponsored the "World's Largest Card Stunt" at the NASCAR Daytona 500 with over 118,000 fans set to participate. The Card Stunts were produced by Kivett Productions. During the singing of the US National Anthem, fans held up cards forming a patriotic design consisting of stars and stripes. Following the anthem, fans flipped the cards to display the "Gillette Fusion" logo.
On August 25, 2007, the Bristol Motor Speedway and Kivett Productions broke the Daytona 500 record, by creating what is now the World's Largest Card Stunt with 128,000 cards. There were two card stunts that were sponsored by Sprint; and the Card Stunts took place during the Food City 500 Race. An army of 325 workers spend 5 hours placing the cards in the seats.
Other performances
College traditions
The first card stunt was performed by students at the University of California, Berkeley ("Cal") during the 1910 Big Game against rival Stanford University, and consisted of two stunts in total: a picture of the Stanford Axe and a large blue "C" on a white background. While the card stunt is closely associated with college football, this first instance took place at a rugby match because all the major colleges and universities on the West Coast of the United States had briefly dropped football in favor of rugby during the early 1910s. As universities switched back, students brought the card stunts with them and by that time they became a national phenomenon associated with college football. While the tradition has subsided at many American colleges and universities, Cal maintains the tradition through the UC Rally Committee.
"Block I", the football student cheering section at the University of Illinois, also maintains the tradition by performing a 2000-member, 12-image card stunt during halftime of each home football game.
Card stunts have been the object of several famous college pranks, including the Great Rose Bowl Hoax and the 2004 Harvard-Yale Prank.
Olympics
At the opening and closing ceremonies of Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow at the Olympic Stadium (now Luzhniki Stadium), some 6,800 Soviet Army cadets in front of the presidium created many images using this technique. The cadets practiced some six months to perfect their card formations. One of the most memorable was a Misha with a tear dropping, during the closing ceremonies of the event.
The opening ceremony of the 1984 Summer Olympics at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum boasted the single, biggest card stunt at the time. 85,000 spectators found colored cards in their seats (which had been preassigned by computer); and at one point the ceremony, just before the various national delegations marched in, all 85,000 spectators flashed their cards to form supposedly all the flags of the nations in attendance. However, there is question today whether 140 flags were indeed flashed because only 87 sections at that time could actually accommodate only 87 flag sections.
A similar stunt was tried at the Vancouver 2010 Winter Games opening ceremony as well, which featured 82 nations vs. Los Angeles' supposed 140 images flashed, and 55,000 spectators in Vancouver vs. the 85,000 cards ordered and used in 1984. The stunt at Vancouver was performed in a dimly lit setting (again, as the national delegations started to march in), whereas LA's was performed in daylight.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, an effect similar to a card stunt was achieved by mounting a small panel with LED lights next to every spectator seat in the stadium, effectively turning the entire seating area into a big display for the audience seated on the opposite side. The show's producers, rather than the audience, controlled the light panels.
Card stunts involving large numbers of people have become a standard part of similar celebratory gatherings in countries such as North Korea.
Fiction
In 1958, the science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke published "A Slight Case of Sunstroke" (also called "The Stroke of the Sun"), a short story in which a diabolical card stunt was used to kill an unpopular soccer referee. In the narrative, a large number of hostile spectators aim reflective program covers at the unfortunate umpire, who is vaporized in the resulting solar furnace.
See also
Wave (audience)
Tifo
Mass games
References
External links
The Great Rose Bowl Hoax (1961): Students from Caltech play a trick on the card stunt section of the University of Washington
Sports terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card%20stunt |
In cell culture biology, confluence refers to the percentage of the surface of a culture dish that is covered by adherent cells. For example, 50 percent confluence means roughly half of the surface is covered, while 100 percent confluence means the surface is completely covered by the cells, and no more room is left for the cells to grow as a monolayer. The cell number refers to, trivially, the number of cells in a given region.
Impact on research
Many cell lines exhibit differences in growth rate or gene expression depending on the degree of confluence. Cells are typically passaged before becoming fully confluent in order to maintain their proliferation phenotype. Some cell types are not limited by contact inhibition, such as immortalized cells, and may continue to divide and form layers on top of the parent cells. To achieve optimal and consistent results, experiments are usually performed using cells at a particular confluence, depending on the cell type. Extracellular export of cell free material is also dependent on the cell confluence .
Estimation
Rule of thumb
Comparing the amount of space covered by cells with unoccupied space using the naked eye can provide a rough estimate of confluency.
Hemocytometer
A hemocytometer can be used to count cells, giving the cell number.
References
Cell culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluency |
"I Love Rocky Road" is a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic about a man's obsession with rocky road ice cream. It is a parody of the 1981 Joan Jett and the Blackhearts' cover version of the British band Arrows' 1975 song, "I Love Rock 'n' Roll", originally sung and written by Alan Merrill.
Track listing
"I Love Rocky Road" – 2:35
"Happy Birthday" – 2:26
Music video
The music video was the directorial debut of Dror Soref and parodies the "I Love Rock 'n Roll" music video, with these differences from the original:
It takes place in an ice cream parlor, rather than a tavern.
It was shot in color rather than black and white.
It was videotaped rather than filmed.
In "I Love Rock 'n Roll", Joan Jett says "Ow!" twice. In "I Love Rocky Road", Weird Al says "Ow!" in reaction to an ice cream-induced brain freeze; the second time, he says "Ow!" in reaction to a kid biting his leg.
Dr. Demento makes a cameo appearance as a cashier.
While Al is playing his accordion, the cover photo for the single can be seen.
Yankovic wears a black leather jacket with the I Love Lucy logo, referencing Yankovic's first music video, "Ricky".
When Yankovic sings the line "If I get fat and lose my teeth, that's fine with me," he smiles to reveal all his teeth appear to have either fallen out or are rotten.
The "ice cream" used in the video is actually mashed potatoes, since real ice cream would melt under stage lights.
Chart positions
Rerecording
In 2022, for the film WEIRD: The Al Yankovic Story, Yankovic rerecorded the track as well as four others. In the film, Yankovic first plays the song in a bar. Different from the album version, it starts out with just Yankovic and the accordion, and near the end of the first verse Jim Kimo West, Steve Jay, and Jon Bermuda Schwartz spontaneously join in on guitar, bass, and drums. After the song is finished, Dr. Demento, who was in the audience, comes up to Yankovic and asks to be his agent, to which Yankovic says yes.
See also
List of singles by "Weird Al" Yankovic
List of songs by "Weird Al" Yankovic
References
External links
1983 songs
1983 singles
"Weird Al" Yankovic songs
Songs with lyrics by "Weird Al" Yankovic
American hard rock songs
Ice cream | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Love%20Rocky%20Road |
Argus (formerly known as Petroleum Argus Ltd) is an independent provider of price information, consultancy services, conferences, market data and business intelligence for the global petroleum, natural gas, electricity, emissions, biofuels, biomass, LPG, metals, chemicals, fertilizers, agriculture and coal industries.
Overview
Argus is a privately held UK-registered company which produces price assessments and analysis of international energy and other commodity markets, and also offers consulting services and conferences.
Argus was the first price-reporting agency to apply an IOSCO audit for its energy benchmarks.
Argus was owned by the family of its founder Jan Nasmyth and its senior staff, but in September 2016 a majority-stake was sold to the equity firm General Atlantic valuing the company at $1.4 billion.
Argus's headquarters are in London, with major offices in Houston, Dubai, Singapore, Paris, Seoul, Amsterdam, Hamburg, Riga, Kyiv, Astana, Calgary, San Francisco, Mexico City, Washington DC, Pittsburgh, New York, Sao Paulo, Tokyo, Shanghai, Beijing, Mumbai, Sydney, Granada, Brussels, Lagos, and Cape Town.
Prices assessed by Argus for energy, fertilizer, metals, petrochemicals and agriculture markets are widely used as benchmarks to settle futures contracts and as indexes for short or long term physical supply contracts.
History
Argus was established in 1970 by former Daily Telegraph journalist Jan Nasmyth. In 1979, Argus became the first reporting agency to quote crude oil prices and published the first ever daily crude market wire.
In 2011, Argus bought FMB Consultants Ltd (FMB) - a price reporting agency for international fertilizer markets. FMB was founded in 1982 and focused on nitrogen, phosphate, sulphur, potash and ammonia.
In 2012, Argus also acquired US petrochemical market intelligence, pricing and consulting firm DeWitt & Co, and European power and gas fundamental data provider Fundalytics. In 2013, Argus bought petrochemical market specialists TABrewer Consulting and Jim Jordan & Associates.
Argus launched coverage of the global iron ore market with daily report Argus Steel Feedstocks in February 2013. Argus expanded its metals coverage further in 2015, after acquiring MetalPrices.com - a specialist pricing, news and analysis service focusing on speciality metals, rare earths and ferro-alloys.
In 2018, Argus purchased Integer Research a London-based market intelligence, conference and consulting firm.
In 2019, Argus acquired German oil reporting specialist O.M.R.
In 2020, Argus bought French agricultural intelligence company Agritel.
In 2021, Argus acquired the renewable chemicals specialist Oleochem Analytics.
In 2022, Argus acquired Pipe Logix, a US-based provider of pipe and tube market information.
In 2023, Argus acquired Mercaris, a US-based provider of organic and non-GMO commodity prices.
Awards
Argus won the Queen's Award for Enterprise: International Trade (Export) in the UK in 2002, 2009 and 2015.
References
External links
Mass media companies based in London
Business services companies established in 1970
1970 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus%20Media |
Simplicity Manufacturing Company is an American company based in Port Washington, Wisconsin that builds lawn and garden equipment under various brands. The company was founded by William J. Niederkorn in 1922, and started building walk-behind two-wheeled tractors in 1939. Between 1941 and 1945, due to World War II, Simplicity Manufacturing temporarily halted production of lawn and garden products, and manufactured electric fence controllers and external surface grinders to satisfy the War Production Board. Simplicity built is first riding tractor in 1957 which was the model Wonderboy. The company rapidly expanded its product line in the sixties to meet the demands of the population shift to American suburbs. Allis-Chalmers purchased the company in 1965, and Simplicity's management bought it back in 1983. Simplicity Manufacturing celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1997 with a special 75th anniversary tractor model. The tractor featured a special blue paint scheme with chrome Harley-Davidson lights and muffler.
Sometime after AGCO Corporation purchased Deutz-Allis from Deutz-Fahr and KHD, Simplicity took over building and selling the Deutz-Allis lawn equipment. The name was later changed to Agco-Allis, and then to AGCO to reflect the changes within the AGCO Corporation.
After AGCO purchased Massey Ferguson, Simplicity began building and selling the Massey Ferguson lawn equipment. Simplicity bought the Snapper company in 2002. Snapper had built Massey Ferguson lawn tractors many years before.
Over the years, Simplicity has also built lawn and garden tractors for J.C. Penney, Montgomery Ward, Viking (part of Stihl), Homelite Corporation and Rapid. Hinomoto/Toyosha built some of the larger compact tractors sold as Simplicity, Deutz-Allis and Allis-Chalmers.
1989, purchased the Middlesworth company of Greentown, Indiana, a manufacturer of zero-turn mowers
2000 Simplicity announced that it had agreed to purchase Ferris Industries
2000 purchased Giant-Vac
2002, purchased the Snapper company
2004, was purchased by Briggs & Stratton
References
External links
Official website
Fast Company: The Man Who Said No to Wal-Mart
Lawn and garden tractors
Manufacturing companies based in Wisconsin
Agriculture companies of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicity%20Manufacturing%20Company |
The Agglomération du Choletais, also simply known as CAC, is the intercommunal structure gathering the city of Cholet and its suburbs.
It is located in the Maine-et-Loire département, in the Pays de la Loire région (France). It was formed on 1 January 2017 by the merger of the former Communauté d'agglomération du Choletais, the Communauté de communes du Bocage and the Communauté de communes du Vihiersois-Haut-Layon. Its area is 788.0 km2. Its population was 104,382 in 2018, of which 54,186 in Cholet proper.
Composition
The Agglomération du Choletais gathers the following 26 communes:
Bégrolles-en-Mauges
Cernusson
Les Cerqueux
Chanteloup-les-Bois
Cholet
Cléré-sur-Layon
Coron
Lys-Haut-Layon
Maulévrier
Le May-sur-Èvre
Mazières-en-Mauges
Montilliers
Nuaillé
Passavant-sur-Layon
La Plaine
La Romagne
Saint-Christophe-du-Bois
Saint-Léger-sous-Cholet
Saint-Paul-du-Bois
La Séguinière
Somloire
La Tessoualle
Toutlemonde
Trémentines
Vezins
Yzernay
References
Choletais
Choletais
States and territories established in 2017
Cholet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglomeration%20community%20of%20Cholet |
Verla at Jaala, Kouvola, Finland, is a well-preserved 19th-century mill village. Situated along the northern Kymi River, the mill, nearby power plants, and residential houses were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1996 due to its testimony to the lumber industry in the 19th century and the lives of the industrial workers of that time.
Description
Verla is a typical example of a late-19th-century wood-processing mill village. The mill owner's residence, made out of wood, and the surrounding park are located on the western side of the river along with the factory buildings, and the workers' houses are arranged in a regular pattern on the eastern side. Most of the factory buildings are made out of red brick, and despite their somewhat outdated Neo Gothic style, they were technologically advanced for the time. These include the mill, the drying-plant, a flour mill and a few storehouses. Along the river, there are three power plants, constructed in the 1920s, 1954 and 1995. Prehistoric rock art (roughly 6,000 years old) was found on the eastern side of the river, depicting elk, humans and geometric patterns in red ink.
History
The first groundwood mill at Verla was founded in 1872 by Hugo Neuman but was destroyed in a fire in 1876. A larger groundwood and board mill, founded in 1882 by Gottlieb Kreidl and Louis Haenel, continued to operate until 18 July 1964, when the last of the old workers retired. In 1908, the mill was acquired by the Kymmene Corporation. Most of the buildings in the mill village date to the turn of the 20th century (1885–1902).
Museum
After closing operations, the historical paper mill was converted into a museum of board mill technology that opened in 1972. The historical machines were preserved in their places (except for several pieces brought from other buildings). A guided tour to the mill follows the technological process from timber cutting and pulp production to board drying, sorting, and packing.
References
Kouvola
World Heritage Sites in Finland
Museums in Kymenlaakso
Landmarks in Finland
Forestry museums
Buildings and structures in Kymenlaakso
Forestry in Finland
History of Kymenlaakso | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verla |
The National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI from its former name in ) is an autonomous agency of the Mexican Government dedicated to coordinate the National System of Statistical and Geographical Information of the country. It was created on January 25, 1983, by presidential decree of Miguel de la Madrid.
It is the institution responsible for conducting the Censo General de Población y Vivienda every ten years; as well as the economic census every five years and the agricultural, livestock and forestry census of the country. The job of gathering statistical information of the Institute includes the monthly gross domestic product, consumer trust surveys and proportion of commercial samples; employment and occupation statistics, domestic and couple violence; as well as many other jobs that are the basis of studies and projections to other governmental institutions.
The Institute headquarters are in the city of Aguascalientes in central Mexico.
Functions
With the enactment of the National System of Statistical and Geographical Information Law, (LSNIEG by its name in Spanish, Ley del Sistema Nacional de Información Estadística y Geográfica) on April 16, 2008, INEGI changed its legal personality, acquiring technical and management autonomy. Its new denomination is National Institute of Statistic and Geography (INEGI by its name in Spanish, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía), but it preserves the acronym of its former name (INEGI).
INEGI's main objective is to achieve that the National System of Statistical and Geographical Information (SNIEG, by its name in Spanish), bring to the society and to the government, quality information, pertinent, truthful and relevant, to contribute to the national development, under accessibility, transparency, objectivity and independence principles.
To this goal, its attributions are:
Regulate and coordinate the SNIEG's development.
Regulate the statistical and geographical activities.
Produce statistical and geographical information.
Provide the Public Service of Information.
Promote the knowledge and use of the information.
Maintain information up to date.
The INEGI is governed by a government board, which oversees its operations. It is integrated by the institute president, and four vice presidents, who are designated by the president of Mexico with Chamber of Senators approval.
INEGI collaborates with American and Canadian government scientists, along with the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, to produce the North American Environmental Atlas, which is used to depict and track environmental issues for a continental perspective.
See also
Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística
Survey of Occupation and Employment
References
External links
National Institute of Statistic and Geography official website (INEGI)
Cuéntame – INEGI's educational section
National System of Statistical and Geographical Information (SNIEG)
Digital Map of Mexico
Interactive National Atlas of Mexico
Orthophotos display
Geoespatial information to damage assessment and reconstruction support: Stan and Wilma hurricanes
Government agencies established in 1983
Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Institute%20of%20Statistics%20and%20Geography |
WRIU (90.3 FM) is a non-commercial radio station broadcasting a college radio format. Licensed to Kingston, Rhode Island, United States, the station serves the greater Rhode Island area. The station is owned by University of Rhode Island. The broadcast area reaches almost all of Rhode Island, and portions of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Long Island. WRIU began broadcasting on February 16, 1964 on 91.1 MHz (Channel 216) with a power of 10 watts.
Weekday programming includes student and community member DJs shows featuring jazz, classical music, hip hop, folk, roots rock, indie rock, noise rock, electronica and experimental music, along with public affairs, sports, and news programming. A two-hour freeform block reserved for URI students also airs each weekday. Weekends have a less structured schedule, with an emphasis on world and electronic music, as well as children's, sports and specialty programming. WRIU has traditionally supported local and independent artists across its programming lineup.
WRIU also operates RIU2 (formerly Studio B), an internet-only station with an air staff composed exclusively of URI students and a freeform format. The original purpose of RIU2 was to train and prepare DJs for the transition to FM, but the diversity and quality of shows on RIU2 have made it a significantly popular internet radio station in its own right.
When the station first signed on in 1964, WRIU's music format was mostly jazz, classical, some folk music, and easy listening. The station signal was 10 watts and coverage was generally just nearby to the Campus, sometimes reaching farther. When the station wished to expand in about 1971, installing a more powerful signal with updated facilities, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements included surveying the current and potential audience- mostly URI students- to show support for FCC approval of such expansion. A music listener survey was conducted by WRIU staff, collated, and results were published to help establish a new format based on the survey of listener preferences. This helped WRIU gain the support of URI students and the URI Student Senate, which voted to fund the purchase of equipment for expansion by about 1972. The new music format that was established in 1971 was unique in Rhode Island and continues, flexibly now inclusive of many new musical influences.
References
1965 Broadcasting Yearbook, page B-135.
External links
WRIU Homepage
RIU
WRIU
RIU
South Kingstown, Rhode Island
Radio stations established in 1964
1964 establishments in Rhode Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRIU |
NPY may refer to:
Neuropeptide Y, a 36 amino-acid neuropeptide that is involved in various physiological and homeostatic processes in both the central and peripheral nervous systems
NPY, the IATA airport code for Mpanda Airport, Tanzania
*.npy files are binary files to store numpy arrays | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPY |
BGN/PCGN romanization are the systems for romanization and Roman-script spelling conventions adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) and the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use (PCGN).
The systems have been approved by the BGN and the PCGN for application to geographic names, but they have also been used for personal names and text in the US and the UK.
Details of all the jointly approved systems are outlined in the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency publication Romanization Systems and Policies (2012), which superseded the BGN 1994 publication Romanization Systems and Roman-Script Spelling Conventions. Romanization systems and spelling conventions for different languages have been gradually introduced over the course of several years. The currently used set is available on the UK government site. A complete list of BGN/PCGN systems and agreements covering the following languages is given below (the date of adoption is given in the parentheses). The status "agreement" refers to systems which were created by authorities of the corresponding nations and then adopted by BGN and PCGN.
Systems
BGN/PCGN romanization of Adyghe (2012 system)
BGN/PCGN national romanization system for Afghanistan (for Pashto and Dari, 2007 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Amharic (1967 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Arabic (1956 system; BGN 1946, PCGN 1956)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Armenian (1981 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Avar (2011 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Azerbaijani Cyrillic script (2002 table of correspondences)—note that the Government of Azerbaijan abandoned the Cyrillic script in 1991 and adopted the Roman alphabet to replace it
BGN/PCGN romanization of Baluchi (2008 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Bashkir (2007 agreement)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian (1979 System)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Bulgarian (BGN/PCGN 2013 agreement reflecting the official Bulgarian system.)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Burmese (1970 agreement)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Chechen (2008 table of correspondences)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Chinese (1979 agreement)—Chinese characters are romanized by BGN/PCGN by means of the Pinyin system
BGN/PCGN romanization of Chuvash (2011 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Dzongkha (2010 agreement)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Georgian (2009 agreement)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Greek (1996 agreement)—Greek is romanized by BGN/PCGN by means of the ELOT 743 system
BGN/PCGN romanization of Hebrew (2018 agreement)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Inuktitut (2013 agreement)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Japanese Kana (2017 agreement)—Japanese is romanized by BGN/PCGN by means of the modified Hepburn system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Kabardian (2011 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Karachay-Balkar (2008 table of correspondences)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Kazakh (1979 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Khmer (1972 agreement)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Korean (North Korea) (BGN/PCGN 1945 agreement); of Korean in North Korea—Korean is romanized by BGN/PCGN by means of the McCune–Reischauer system.
BGN/PCGN romanization of Korean (South Korea) (2011 agreement) of Korean in South Korea—Korean is romanized by BGN/PCGN by means of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism System (2000) system.
BGN/PCGN romanization of Kurdish (2007 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Kyrgyz (1979 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Lao (1966 agreement)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Macedonian (2013 agreement)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Maldivian (1988 agreement, with modifications 2009)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Moldovan (2002 table of correspondences)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Mongolian Cyrillic (1964 system; PCGN 1957, BGN 1964)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Nepali (2011 agreement)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Ossetian (2009 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Pashto (1968 system, 2017 revision)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Persian (1958 system; updated 2019)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Russian (1947 system; BGN 1944, PCGN 1947)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Rusyn (2016 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Serbian (Cyrillic script)(2005 table of correspondences)— Serbian is not romanized by BGN/PCGN; instead, the Roman script that corresponds to the Cyrillic script is used
BGN/PCGN romanization of Shan (2011 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Modern Syriac (2011 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Tajik (1994 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Tatar (2005 table of correspondences)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Thai (2002 agreement)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Tigrinya (2007 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Turkmen (2000 table of correspondences)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Udmurt (2011 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Ukrainian (2019 agreement)—see Romanization of Ukrainian
BGN/PCGN romanization of Urdu (2007 system)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Uzbek (2000 table of correspondences)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Yakut (2012 system)
In addition to the systems above, BGN/PCGN adopted Roman Script Spelling Conventions for languages that use the Roman alphabet but use letters not present in the English alphabet. These conventions exist for the following four languages:
BGN/PCGN romanization of Faroese (1968 agreement)
BGN/PCGN romanization of German (2000 agreement)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Icelandic (1968 agreement)
BGN/PCGN romanization of Northern Sami (1984 agreement)
Notes
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGN/PCGN%20romanization |
Luigi Verderame, usually known just as Luigi, is a Belgian singer, popular internationally in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He sang mainly in French, but he also sang in Italian, Hebrew, Turkish and English. His most well known hits are Une Maman (1964) and Pitie (1967).
Childhood
Luigi was born on July 9, 1950, in a small town near Liège, Belgium to parents that immigrated from Sicily. Luigi had three older brothers, and three sisters, and all of them were taught to enjoy singing and music. At the age of 8 Luigi learned to read sheet-music, and to play the clarinet and guitar. His three older brothers formed a band that played in cinemas, weddings and parties in their vicinity. In 1963, little Luigi (then only 13) joined his brothers' band as the lead singer to sing in a band competition.
Fame
In 1964, when Luigi was only 14, he recorded the song Une Maman (a mother, in French), which became a huge hit in Belgium and the rest of Europe, as well as in Turkey and in the Middle East. Because his surname was considered long and hard to remember, he became famous as just Luigi.
In the following two years, Luigi released several other songs to the hit parades: (When I bought my guitar), L'automne (The autumn), Apres tant d'annees (After many years), Main dans la main (Hand in hand), Suzy et Jo (Suzy and Jo), and Nadine. In 1966, he toured Turkey's major cities, with a big success. He recorded his hit Nadine in Turkish as "Sensiz" i.e. without you.
In 1967, he recorded his second huge hit, Pitie (Pity). By then a mega-star in several countries, he went on long performance tours in Romania, Lebanon, Syria, and, at December 1968, Israel.
The 18-year-old Luigi toured Israel with his three brothers, and received the treatment of a mega-star, performing in packed halls in front of ecstatic crowds, and fussed over by the media, which called him "the new teenage idol". He received such a warm welcome that he decided to return to Israel a few months later (after another tour of Lebanon and Syria). The publisher of his albums in Israel raised the idea that Luigi record Hebrew versions of his hit songs; Luigi, who did not know that language but had an extraordinary talent for languages, enthusiastically took up the offer, and in February 1969 he released an album with four of his biggest hits in Hebrew, and later recorded more of his hits in Hebrew. He continued to tour Europe, but returned to Israel often and started learning the Hebrew language. In December 1969, he topped the Israeli charts with an original hit in Hebrew 12 שעות written by Nurit Hirsh and Ehud Manor. In 1970, he also recorded English versions of a few popular Israeli songs.
References
Living people
1950 births
Belgian pop singers
Belgian people of Italian descent
French-language singers of Belgium
20th-century Belgian male singers
20th-century Belgian singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi%20Verderame |
Polesian National Park () is a National Park in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland, in the Polish part of the historical region of Polesia. Created in 1990 over an area of 48.13 square kilometres, it covers a number of former peat-bog preserves: Durne Marsh (Durne Bagno), Moszne Lake (Jezioro Moszne), Długie Lake (Jezioro Długie), Orłowskie Peatland (Torfowisko Orłowskie). In 1994 its size was augmented by the addition of Bubnów Marsh (Bagno Bubnów), a swampy terrain adjacent to the park. Currently, the park occupies , of which forests make up 47.8 km2, and water and wastelands 20.9 km2.
The idea of creating a National Park in the Polish part of Polesie first appeared in 1959. Over the following years a few preserves were organized here, and in 1982 the government announced the creation of Poleski Park Krajobrazowy (Polesie Landscape Park). Currently, even though Polesie's infrastructure is quite well developed, it is rarely visited by tourists.
The National Park and neighbouring areas form the West Polesie biosphere reserve, designated by UNESCO in 2002. The Shatsky National Natural Park is adjacent on the Ukrainian side of the border. The Park is also protected under the Ramsar convention as an important wetland site.
World War II history
After the invasion of Poland, Nazi Germany planned to set up a "Jewish reservation" in the Polesie National Park known for its swampy nature. Adolf Eichmann was assigned the task of removing all Jews from Germany, Austria, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia to this reservation. The first short-term plan to be implemented was to concentrate the Jews around Nisko. Deportations began in October 1939. The "Nisko Plan" initially intended to remove 80,000 Jews from the so-called Greater German Reich, was scrapped in April 1940. By that time 95,000 Jews chiefly from Poland were already deported to this area. They were pressed to work in the RSHA camps of Generalplan Ost. By mid-October however, the idea of a "Jewish reservation" was revived. Resettlement actions connected to this plan continued until January 1941 under Globocnik, and included both Jews and Poles. Some 51 camps were created, but further plans of deporting up to 600,000 additional Jews to the Lublin reservation failed because of logistical factors. Notably, in less than two years the whole district would lend itself to the industrialized murder of hundreds of thousands of Jews during Operation Reinhard.
Geography
The park lies on the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland (Pojezierze Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie). In the south it borders the Lublin Upland, in the north the region of Podlaskie, and in the west Masovia. Parts of its forests can be considered as tundra-like, which is unique in continental Europe and characteristic of Russian Siberia. The park's terrain is flat, with numerous lakes and peat-bogs.
Ecology
Of the plant species, the greater part is made up of boreal plants, typical of other parts of northern Europe, but there is also some Atlantic flora, as it lies on the border of these important plant regions. The region which is particularly rich with flora is the Bagno Bubnów. Animal life is abundant, including 21 species of fish, 12 species of amphibians, 6 species of reptiles and up to 150 species of birds (including several endangered eagles). Out of 35 species of mammals, one can point out otters, elks, beavers and bats.
The ecosystems of swamps and peat-bogs, which dominate the park's landscape, are considered very delicate and can easily be influenced by several outside factors. Some unfortunate changes were made by draining swamps, which took place mainly during World War II, when the area became the focus of the Nazi German "Lublin und Nisko Plan". However, the most important threat to the life of the park is its proximity to the Lublin Coal Basin, which is located less than 2 kilometers from the park's protective zone.
The park includes an endangered Important Bird Area "Bubnow Marsh" of Poland.
Culture
In the village of Załucze Stare there is a cultural center with a museum. There is also a small scientific exhibition, connected with an asylum for disabled animals.
See also
List of national parks of Poland
Notes
References
- read online
Polish national parks (in English)
The Board of Polish National Parks
National parks of Poland
Biosphere reserves of Poland
Protected areas established in 1990
Ramsar sites in Poland
Parks in Lublin Voivodeship
1960 establishments in Poland
Important Bird Areas of Poland
Central European mixed forests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polesian%20National%20Park |
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