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Munda may refer to:
Places
India
Munda, a village in Hanumangarh district, Rajasthan, India
Munda Majra, a former village in Haryana, India
Munda Pind, a village in Punjab, India
Pakistan
Munda, a village near Bilyamin in Kurram Valley, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan
Munda, Lower Dir, a union council in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan
Munda Tehsil, an administrative subdivision of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan
Other places
Munda, the Latin name of the Mondego River, the largest river in present-day Portugal
Munda, Solomon Islands, a settlement on the island of New Georgia in the Western Province of the Solomon Islands
Mundabullangana, Western Australia, is commonly referred to as Munda.
People
Munda people, an ethnic group of the Indian subcontinent
Munda peoples, list of peoples speaking Munda languages
Language
Munda languages, a group of Austroasiatic languages in Indian subcontinent
Mundari language, a member of the Munda language family, spoken by the Munda people
Other uses
Battle of Munda, took place on March 17, 45 BC in the plains of Munda, modern southern Spain
Battle of Munda Point, a World War II battle
Munda Dam, previous name of Mohmand Dam
Munda (Hinduism), a monster that was killed by Chamunda Devi in Hinduism
Munda, father of Nāgadāsaka, the last ruler (437–413 BCE) of the Haryanka dynasty of Magadha in ancient India
Munda, an early chieftain (reigned 1006–1026) of the Hoysala Empire, in modern Karnataka, India
Munda (alga), a Eustigmatophyte, in Eustigmatales order
Munda (insect), a genus of crickets, in the subfamily Podoscirtinae
USS Munda, a US Navy escort aircraft carrier
Turanga Munda, a fictional character in the animated TV series Futurama
See also
Munda (surname)
Mundari (disambiguation)
Munday (disambiguation)
Language and nationality disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munda |
The yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata) belongs to the order Anura, the family Bombinatoridae, and the genus of fire-bellied toads. The toad is distributed mainly across western Europe as well as a handful of countries in eastern Europe. While the population of the toad is steadily decreasing over time, its numbers are not critical enough to be considered threatened or extinct. Conservation efforts in Germany are taking place to remedy the declining population before it is too late.
The toad is characterized by its bright ‘yellow belly,’ and has a dark brown and green dorsal body. The toad displays crypsis to camouflage itself from predators. It also positions itself to display yellow coloration when facing a threat. The warts found on the dorsal side allow for the toad's toxins to be readily excreted when needed.
The yellow-bellied toad is fascinating species to study because of its breeding choices; it chooses calculated risk when deciding to breed in shallow, unpredictable locations. Due to its breeding and egg laying behavior, climate change and habitat fragmentation heavily impact this species.
Description
Specimens range from 28–56 mm, typically weighing between 2.3 and 12 g. This places them among the smaller members of the family Bombinatoridae, which can reach sizes of 7 cm. Their top side is grey-brown, often with washed-out, bright spots. Their under side, including the inner sides of the limbs, fingers, and toes, is grey-blue to black-blue with striking, bright yellow to orange spots or patches, usually covering more than half of the underside. Yellow-bellied toads have compact bodies - though not so flat as the related European fire-bellied toad - and a rounded snout. The pupils are heart-shaped, with the eardrums not visible. The overside has numerous warts with raised swirls. A study conducted by researchers from Brill Academic Publishers had concluded that there are sexually dimorphic differences noted within the species. Males of the species have notably longer humerus length resulting in a longer forelimb length; It is believed to give them an advantage while coupling and while fighting other males of the same species.
Variation
A study conducted by Bogdan Stugren and Stefan Vancea in 1968 on yellow-bellied toads in Romania and the USSR established eight different forms of B. variegata, expanding on the three forms previously posited by Michalowski in 1958. Each of these forms represents a ratio of yellow to black markings on the underside of the toad, ranging from nearly completely yellow (Form 1) to nearly completely black (Form 8). Stugren and Vancea found that the undersides of B. variegata specimens from northern regions typically had greater coverage by black markings than those that were found in southern regions.
Habitat and distribution
The yellow-bellied toad is found in mountainous regions, typically in Western Europe. Within Europe, two species of Bombina exist, Bombina variegata and Bombina bombina. Due to postglacial advance of the latter, Bombina variegata has been found in lower numbers in comparison. The yellow-bellied toad is also found in a much smaller, more isolated, region. France, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands are the most common locations in which the toad would be found. Due to habitat disturbances, the areas of occupancy for the yellow-bellied toads have seen a significant decrease in size.
Conservation
Factors associated with climate change, including habitat loss, loss of genetic variation and increase in disease spread have all greatly contributed to the decline of the Yellow-bellied toad. It is important to obtain accurate information about the exact issues plaguing the population at a local, regional, and continental scale. Each level requires a different solution and multiple conservation efforts must be performed to get the species outside of endangered. The species has been largely isolated in recent years due to habitat complications, the largest of which is fragmentation. The reduced genetic diversity can arise from the known habitat fragmentation or the result of post-glacial dispersal, resulting in high levels of inbreeding. In populations that are affected by both, the decline in genetic diversity is evident. Current conservation efforts must focus on the improvement of habitat in an effort to increase genetic diversity.The yellow-bellied toad is endangered in Germany. Experiments have been done in an attempt to increase the current population by moving individuals in higher density areas to areas with low populations of the frog. Due to this movement, the ability of the frog to adapt its coloration to suit the environment they are placed in is critical to their survival. Variation in coloration plasticity amongst individuals in the species forces researchers to consider assessing an individual’s ability to change coloration prior to relocation. Another issue arising with the relocation of some individuals to another habitat is the spread of disease that can come with it. Ensuring individuals of the species have a better chance of interaction would increase the negative effects habitat fragmentation has had. Therefore, on a continental scale, conservation efforts should focus on the creation of metapopulations as a counteractive mechanism, allowing for more interactions to take place and increasing variation through breeding.
Reproduction and life cycle
Female yellow-bellied toads have the ability to produce offspring multiple times each mating season and long-lived individuals are possible. However, to find a female actually producing offspring multiple times per year is rare. Female reproductive output is also very low, having the capacity to lay over 200 eggs at a given time, but typically seen to only lay about 40. This is because there is little incentive to produce offspring in conditions when adult survival is high and offspring have a more variable likelihood of survival.
Life span
The life span of yellow-bellied toads encompasses the broad range of 5-23 years. Mortality rates directly determine the average lifespan. The range an individual falls in the fast-slow continuum is dependent on factors such as climate, habitat, and food availability. Climate especially plays the largest extrinsic role as it mediates the predictability of a habitat for an individual as well as the availability of breeding sites. The risk of predation is another factor that plays a large role in the life span of an individual. The yellow-bellied toad has defense mechanisms such as skin-secreting toxins that decrease its appeal to predators, allowing for a longer life span. Interestingly, in the yellow-bellied toad, specific populations exhibit a wide range of life spans across the fast-slow continuum, with climate conditions accounting for a significant amount of variation.
Life cycle
Tadpoles develop rapidly and can reach 55mm in length. They have a blunt tail and are typically grayish-brown or, in rare cases, transparent. Tadpoles and eggs are vulnerable to predation from various small pond-dwelling creatures, such as leeches, fish, and some aquatic beetles.<ref name="Europa Factsheet">{{cite web |title=Yellow-bellied Toad: Bombina variegata' |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/management/docs/Bombina%20variagata%20factsheet%20-%20SWIFI.pdf |access-date=22 November 2017 |website=The European Commission |publisher=EU Wildlife and Sustainable Farming Project 2009}}</ref> A study published in 2016 in the Canadian Journal of Zoology indicated that tadpoles in warmer water develop more quickly than those in cooler climates, meant to mimic the differing environments found in forested areas and sunny quarries.
Mating
Mate searching behavior
To maximize mating for a male, some yellow-bellied male toads will engage in water-wave-producing behavior. This is where a male will kick its hind legs into a small body of water, generating a wave-like pattern. This pattern not only attracts females but is a mechanism of making a male’s territory known. Since yellow-bellied toads have very specific, typically risky, breeding sites, having a territory is very important since the highest chance of offspring survival occurs ponds that last longer. Not all males can exhibit this wave-generating behavior because it is exclusive to ponds of a specific depth.
Male/male interactions
In the instance where the owner of a territory comes into contact with an intruder, the owner will move towards the intruder and engage in a fight. The fight consists of each male trying to climb the other’s back, with the winner eventually holding the other frog down through its legs while climbing its back. The loser immediately swims away while the winner begins exhibiting wave-producing behavior at very high frequencies, marking its territory.
Parental care
Site selection for egg-laying
The yellow-bellied toad has the ability to breed in unpredictable habitats and locations, including shallow pools that have the ability to disappear overnight. Within the Bombinatoridae family, the yellow-bellied toad is the only species that chooses to breed in such unpredictable sites.
The yellow-bellied toad lays eggs in ponds of a particular temperature and duration. When given the choice between a warm pond, or a cooler one, the frog will lay its eggs in the warmer pool because of heat being conducive for healthy egg growth and development. Therefore, laying in warmer ponds increases the reproductive fitness of the frog.The frog would also prefer ponds that persist for an intermediate period of time because laying eggs in a pond that persists for a long time risks the introduction of a large number of predators to the eggs while short-lived ponds have too few as well as carrying the risk of desiccation. A key component of site selection is the ability for rapid development to occur. Site selection and rapid development are key to survival because most deaths occur at this stage. It was found that pond duration, rather than risk of predation is the most critical factor to site selection. Pond desiccation, unlike predation, has the ability to kill an entire group of tadpoles or eggs.
Protective coloration and behavior
The frog’s displays a darker brown or green coloration on its dorsal body allowing the species to participate in crypsis, thereby giving the frog a camouflage effect against prospective predators. The yellow bellied toad also displays aposematism in its ventral body with varying shades of yellow displayed as a warning signal to predators of its poisonous skin. Different individuals in the yellow-bellied toad species display variations of the darker dorsal and yellow ventral body, depending on their specific location. When placed in lighter or darker environments the frogs are also able to alter the shade of their coloration in an attempt to better disguise themselves. There is a natural variation in coloration amongst the species, with some individuals having a brighter coloration. It was found that these individuals adapted to enhance their crypsis, for example covering themselves with pond soil, suggesting an awareness that their dorsal body does not conceal them perfectly in comparison to their environment. This ability to rapidly change coloration when moving to lighter or darker environments is achieved by the movement of melanosomes, or pigment containing vesicles, to different parts of the cell. The ability to alter the shade of coloration is very important in reducing the amount of time the frog is vulnerable to predators as the longer they stand out amongst other individuals in the species, the higher the risk of predation is.The warts present on the dorsal side of the yellow-bellied toad allow for an opening of venom glands when threatened. The difference in coloration on the cryptic dorsal side and bright yellow ventral body allow for the yellow-bellied toad to remain camouflaged most of the time, only flashing its coloration under duress. Escape, full, and partial threat responses are the most commonly seen among yellow-bellied toads. The toad was also seen to puff up their chest, discouraging predators who prefer to capture and swallow their prey at once. Immobility is the most passive of responses, with the toad remaining still in an attempt to conceal itself as much as possible, avoiding confrontation entirely. While the toxin of the yellow-bellied toad is not fatal to humans, it can cause significant discomfort to most animals and is fatal to smaller ones.
The difference in what type of defense mechanism is used by yellow-bellied toads varies significantly among populations, even more so than species. The differences in predators among the populations is responsible for this difference. If one individual encounters snakes more often, it will employ the defense of puffing up more often than individuals that have never encountered a snake.
Synonyms
Rana variegata, Linnaeus, 1758
Bombynator pachypus'', Bonaparte 1838
References
Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern
Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent German-language Wikipedia article (retrieved 14 February 2006)
External links
A few pictures (German)
More pictures (German)
Pictures from Amphienschutz.de (German)
Characteristics at www.erdkroete.de (German)
Audio Recordings on Kalerne.net
Bombina
Amphibians described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Habitats Directive Species
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-bellied%20toad |
Robota (2003) is an illustrated book by Doug Chiang and Orson Scott Card about a mysterious fourth planet of the solar system named Orpheus. In a time before the events of the book, an alien race known as the Olm came to Orpheus and warned the people, explaining that their planet will crash into Earth in several thousand years. The Olm gave humans very advanced technology and the ability to create robots with artificial intelligence. But over the centuries, entropy and mismanagement have taken their toll. The humans have reverted to a preindustrial existence in a world populated with chimerical beasts such as the saurian jodhpurs, relying on bio-sciences for whatever support they can derive. With their mysterious leader, Font Prime, silenced, the robots have fallen under the baneful influence of Kaantur-Set, who directs a program of human extermination. But the robots themselves are on the point of extinction, as their technologies of reproduction no longer work. In this dire end of times, the story follows the adventures of Caps, a human who wakes up inside a metal capsule with no memory of his past.
Orpheus
Orpheus was the fourth planet in our solar system, it was also the sixth largest. Its orbit intersected Earth's orbital path every 50 years. Rich in life, it gave rise to sophisticated human, animal and robot civilizations. About 2.1 billion years ago, after avoiding proto-Earth for countless years, these two planets inevitably collided. Orpheus was obliterated and the Earth shattered. Eventually, Orpheus's fragments coalesced to form Earth's moon, which stabilized our planet's erratic rotation and allowed life to germinate. Robota is the story of life before the collision and the conflict between animal life and the machines that sought to dominate them.
Kaantur's City
Kaantur's City was the home of Kaantur and the base of operation for his robots, the City levitates over ocean sinkholes hundreds of miles from shore. Measuring 9 miles in diameter, the City is protected by the peculiar qualities of the gravity wells that form the sinkholes. Thought to be over 800 years old, little is known about the City's original purpose or builders.
Mushroom City
The home of the last humans aided by the sentient jodhpurs and other species who have gained sapience over the generations. They act as a dwindling but firm resistance against the tyranny of Kaantur-Set and his followers. The Mushroom City is, as the name implies, composed of massive fungal structures, carved hollow, and appropriated as great dwelling places. It is here where Caps first meets others of his kind who inspire him to go on a mission to fight against Kaantur and find himself.
The Olm
Orpheus was visited centuries ago by a cybernetic race called the Olm. The Olm found the world populated with humans possessed of a steam-age technology. The benevolent Olm made massive changes, seeding the world with their own kind, before they departed. A peaceful and productive alliance of robots and humans then reigned.
Characters
Caps - a human with partial amnesia. Doesn't remember any of his past, The main hero in the story.
Juomes - is a yeti-like hunter-beast whose parents were killed by Kaantur-set. He possesses a cubing jewel, an object which allows creatures to gain sentience and enables their young to be born with this newfound intelligence.
Rend - is a sentient monkey-like creature that acts as comic relief through the story. He appears to have much knowledge about Caps's past yet is unwilling to divulge details. He relies on his small size to escape from trouble.
Beryl - is a young woman who, along with her unnamed younger sister, were raised from infancy by robots in Transept City, one of the major robot cities and the home of Font Prime. Beryl managed to escape the city but was unable to help her sister. Known as the eyes of the forest,
Elyseo - an anomalous robot friend who represents a sect that will not harm humans.
Kaantur-Set - general of the robot armies. His cunning and agility is matched only by his sadistic passion for big game hunting and he has planned to unleash a world-purging of carbon-based life. Kaantur-Set killed Juomes’ parents and took Juomes’ hand in order to obtain the last of the cubing jewels. The character's name sounds remarkably similar to a mathematical set of points called the Cantor set.
Font Prime - is a mysterious entity whose body lies deep in Kaantur's City. At first, many believed that it was Font Prime who commanded the extermination of carbon-based life when it was really Kaantur. However, it is revealed that Font Prime is a benevolent being who was once human but gained synthesis with the robots and the very earth of the planet.
Trailers and proposed projects
In 2002 Sparx Animation Studios in France produced a three-minute computer-animated video, it was followed by two other short films, one of which included a live character interacting with two animated robots. For some time, it was speculated that a feature film was being produced.
A video game adaptation was announced in early 2015 which would be produced by SiXiTS Studios and Doug Chiang Studios. Gameplay would have been akin to Infinity Blade.
The kickstarter was created but failed to raise enough funds in time. There is no news regarding the video game's development at the current moment.
See also
List of works by Orson Scott Card
Orson Scott Card
External links
About the book Robota from Card's website
The official Robota website
References
Books by Orson Scott Card
Science fiction books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robota |
The Palais Toskana was a palace in Vienna.1
History
It was constructed in 1867 for the Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria. The architect is unknown; the facade may have been designed by Carl Tietz. The palace was up to four stories high, and was built in neo-classic style with elaborate figural decoration in its middle part. In the back part there was a large garden which extended all the way to that of the Palais Rothschild. The palace was slightly damaged during World War II. The descendants of the archduke could not afford the repair costs and sold the estate. The palace then was torn down. For decades the palace location was used as a parking lot by employees of the ORF public broadcasting company. Recently a nondescript modern building has been erected there.
Notes
1 Address was at Argentinierstraße 29, in the IV. District Wieden
References
Toskana
Neoclassical architecture in Austria
Demolished buildings and structures in Austria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Toskana |
Canada competed at the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens, Greece. Three athletes, all men, competed in four events in one sport. These games are not now considered as official Olympic games by the International Olympic Committee, and results are not included in official records and medal counts.
Medalists
Athletics
Field
References
Nations at the 1906 Intercalated Games
1906
Intercalated Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20at%20the%201906%20Intercalated%20Games |
Kampong Cham (, UNGEGN: ; ) is the capital city of Kampong Cham Province in eastern Cambodia. It is the 12th largest city in Cambodia with a population of 61,750 people (2021) and is located on the Mekong River. Kampong Cham is 124 kilometers northeast from Phnom Penh and can be reached by either boat or by asphalt road. It takes about 2.5 hours by vehicle or 2.5 hours by boat from Phnom Penh to the city of Kampong Cham.
The city is connected to the district of Tbong khmum by the Kizuna bridge, the first in Cambodia to span the Mekong.
Administrative division
The city is subdivided into four sangkats and 32 villages.
Politic
The indirect election of city council in 2014 give the presidentship to CPP which has won 11 out of the 15 seats in the city council. The rest were won by CNRP.
Sport
Kampong Cham has a great outdoor Olympic size 50 meter swimming pool with 5 and 10 meter diving boards. As of January 2020 the entry cost was $2 USD.
There is a swim club, coached by Japanese volunteers.
Climate
The city has a tropical climate. When compared with winter, the summers have much more rainfall. This location is classified as Aw by Köppen and Geiger. The average annual temperature in Kampong Cham is 27.7 °C. Precipitation here averages 1721 mm.
See also
Cham people
Cham language
References
External links
Provincial capitals in Cambodia
Cities in Cambodia
Populated places in Kampong Cham province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong%20Cham%20%28city%29 |
Theodore Sharp Ligety (born August 31, 1984) is a retired American alpine ski racer, a two-time Olympic gold medalist, and an entrepreneur, having cofounded Shred Optics. Ligety won the combined event at the 2006 Olympics in Turin and the giant slalom race at the 2014 Olympics in Sochi. He is also a five-time World Cup champion in giant slalom (2008, 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2014). Ligety won the gold medal in the giant slalom at the 2011 World Championships. He successfully defended his world title in giant slalom in 2013 in Schladming, Austria, where he also won an unexpected gold medal in the super-G and a third gold medal in the super combined.
Ligety planned to participate in the 2021 World Championships in Cortina d'Ampezzo but withdrew due to an injury, which prompted his retirement from ski racing in early February, 2021. He finished his career with 25 victories (24 in giant slalom and 1 super combined) and 52 podiums in World Cup competition. His Olympic giant slalom gold medal, 24 GS World Cup wins, 3 GS world championship gold medals and 5 World Cup titles put him among the three greatest giant slalom skiers of all time, according to Ski-DB.
Early life and career
Ligety was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, the son of Cyndi Sharp and Bill Ligety, who are real estate agents. He grew up in Park City and began skiing at two and racing at ten. He attended The Winter Sports School and graduated in 2002. Ligety was named to the U.S. Skiing Development Team and won a silver medal in slalom in the Junior World Championships in 2004. He made his first start in a World Cup event during the 2004 World Cup season in the giant slalom at Park City. In the summer of 2004, Ligety and U.S. Ski Team head coach Sasha Rearick studied Fu Style Tai Chi. The next winter in the 2005 season, Ligety was added to the U.S. Ski Team full-time, during which he had four top-15 finishes in slalom, placing 24th overall in the discipline.
2006 season
Ligety recorded his first World Cup podium finish in the first slalom of the season, at Beaver Creek in December, and followed that up with a second and a third during the next three slaloms. Ligety's first major victory of his professional career came at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, held at Sestriere. Ligety won the gold medal in the men's combined event, a major upset after the two racers favored to win the event failed to finish the slalom portion. At age 21, he became the first American man to win an Olympic gold medal in alpine skiing in a dozen years, since Tommy Moe won the downhill at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway. Ligety also became just the fourth American male skier to win Olympic gold, along with Moe, Phil Mahre (slalom, 1984) and Bill Johnson (downhill, 1984). At Turin, Ligety also participated in the giant slalom and the slalom, but he failed to complete either event. Following his Olympic victory in the combined, Ligety recorded his first World Cup victory, a win in the giant slalom in Yongpyeong, South Korea. He finished ninth in the overall World Cup standings for the year, marking the first time that three American men had placed in the top 10 (along with Bode Miller in third and Daron Rahlves in fourth), despite the fact that he did not compete in downhill or super-G that year. - It was a little surprise that Ted Ligety's first win was in a giant slalom because he wasn't known as a good giant slalom racer (he had only placed in the top ten in one race before, being 8th at Sölden on October 23, 2005 - and he had bib-number 18, a number which is behind the top fifteen of the world; at that time he was far better in the slalom by finishing 3rd at Beaver Creek on December, 4th, and also at Kranjska Gora in December 2005, and indeed finishing second at Adelboden on January 8). On that March 5, he was only 8th-placed after the first leg (with a deficite of 1.13 sec. behind leading Davide Simoncelli but he was able to overtake all elite racers in the second leg). - It took long until he could achieve a second win (Kranjska Gora on March 8, 2008).
2007 season
In the summer of 2006, Ligety changed his ski supplier from Völkl to Rossignol. With Rahlves' retirement, Ligety began to compete in all five events. However, he managed only two podium finishes during the season, a second in slalom and a third in giant slalom. Disappointingly, he had three fourth-place finishes, one in giant slalom, one in super combined, and one in the World Cup finals downhill, as well as a fourth-place finish in the giant slalom at the 2007 World Championships in Åre, Sweden, missing a medal by 0.07 seconds. He finished eleventh overall in 2007.
2008 season
Ligety won his first World Cup season title in the giant slalom in 2008, and finished fifth in the overall standings. He won the final two giant slaloms of the year at Kranjska Gora and Bormio to edge out two-time defending champion Benjamin Raich of Austria for the season title. He also recorded four other podium finishes: a second and a third in giant slalom and two third places in slalom. In addition to his title, Ligety ranked seventh in combined and ninth in slalom. When the last giant slalom race was started on March 14, Ligety was ahead to Raich with a margin of 27 points, but in that actual race he was only seventh-placed after the first leg while Raich was second-placed. But Ligety did do a phenomenal best time in the second leg, becoming first ahead to Raich.
2009 season
Ligety opened defense of his 2008 giant slalom title with a third-place finish in Sölden, Austria, and then placed second at Beaver Creek, Colorado. At the 2009 World Championships in Val d'Isère, France, Ligety took the bronze medal in the giant slalom, then won his fourth World Cup race at Kranjska Gora. He finished the season with another second at the finals in Åre, Sweden, which left him ranked third in GS and ninth overall for the season.
Taking the bronze medal on February 13 (and starting with bib number 1) he had to strain because he was only ninth-placed (with a deficit of 1.71 sec. to leadinh Carlo Janka) after the first leg. In the second leg he took the lead und remained there until Benjamin Raich overtook him with a margin of 0.28 sec.
2010 season
Ligety notched his fifth World Cup victory in January, his third win at Kranjska Gora in as many seasons. At the finals in Garmisch, Germany, he finished on the podium to secure his second season title in giant slalom, and finished seventh in the overall standings.
At the 2010 Vancouver Olympics at Whistler, he finished ninth in the giant slalom (on February 23, he was eighth-placed after the first leg, 0.60 sec. behind leading Carlo Janka, but he couldn't do better in the second leg) and fifth in the super combined on February 21. He was fifteenth in the downhill portion and first in the one slalom run, to finish a half-second out of the medals. In the "special slalom" race (held on February 27; he had bib number 16), only a brief time elapsed when he came out of the course in the first leg.
2011 season
After racing for four seasons on Rossignol skis, Ligety switched his equipment supplier to Head in the summer of 2010, as fellow American champions Lindsey Vonn and Bode Miller did in previous seasons. Ligety won his sixth World Cup race in December 2010, his first win on home snow in the U.S., taking the giant slalom by a substantial 0.82 seconds at Beaver Creek, Colorado, the site of his first podium five years earlier. It was the first World Cup victory in the U.S. (and North America) by an American male in four years; the last was by Bode Miller in the downhill at Beaver Creek in December 2006. Six days later, Ligety won the next GS race in Val d'Isère, France, by over a full second. He won his third consecutive GS race at Alta Badia, Italy, the following week.
In February he won his first world championship, taking gold in the giant slalom at the 2011 World Championships in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Fourth after the first run, Ligety won by 0.08 seconds over Cyprien Richard of France. He won his third season title in giant slalom in 2011.
2012 season
Even though Ligety was able to win three giant slalom races during the season, he was dethroned as the discipline champion by an overall champion Marcel Hirscher from Austria. Before the last giant slalom race which was held on March 17 at Schladming, Hirscher was in lead with 605 points ahead to Ted with 513 points. Therefore, Ted was forced to attack as powerful as he was able to do but he did fall in the first leg; he did continue but he finished on the 29th place (it was the last place), he had a deficite of 11.16 seconds to leading (it was not Hirscher, who was second) Hannes Reichelt. But Ted had lost; his only rehabilitation was that he could achieve the quickest time in the second leg, and finishing 25th (with a deficite of 10.03 seconds to Hirscher, who was victorious at last - but not gaining any point because in the final races there are only the best 15 can gain points).
2013 season
Ligety was very skeptical of the new FIS rules for the giant slalom, and cited David Dodge. Dodge stated that it was well known that if one tipped the new ski 7° more it would have the same turning radius than the old 27m ski. The greater knee angulation would then increase the risk of injury. Doubts if the new rules would affect his level of skiing didn't last long as Ligety won the first race of the season in Soelden by a huge margin of 2.75 seconds over Manfred Moelgg who finished second. The season turned out to be the best in Ligety's career as he finished on podium in all eight giant slalom races of the season and winning six of them. That feat helped him to regain the discipline title. In overall standings Ligety finished on the career best 3rd place.
Ligety made his season even more impressive by winning three gold medals at the World Championships in Schladming. The first gold he won surprisingly in super-G race which was his first victory in the discipline in an international level. Ligety then won also the super combined event and successfully defended his title in the giant slalom. It was the first time in 45 years that one male skier won three gold medals in one championships.
2014 season
Ligety won three giant slalom races prior to the 2014 Olympics in Sochi. On January 17, Ligety gained his 20th World Cup victory with a win in the super combined event in Wengen, his first (and only) World Cup win outside the giant slalom discipline.
Entering the Olympics, Ligety was considered a favorite to medal in three disciplines, but he finished 12th in the super combined and 14th in the super-G. While under pressure as a big favorite to win a gold in the giant slalom, Ligety began his first run with an attacking attitude and established a 0.93 second lead. He skied carefully on the second run to secure the first-ever gold medal for an American man in the discipline. Ligety became the first male American ski racer in history to win two Olympic gold medals in his career.
After the Olympics, Ligety won the giant slalom in Kranjska Gora for a record sixth time. At the season finals in Lenzerheide he surprisingly finished second, tied with Christof Innerhofer, in the downhill race. The result was his first ever podium in downhill and made him only the second American skier in history, after Bode Miller, to podium in all five alpine skiing disciplines. Ligety then finished fifth in the final super-G race. Before the last giant slalom race of the season Ligety was trailing Marcel Hirscher by 50 points for the discipline title. However, Ligety won the race on March 15 with a 0,03 second advantage over Alexis Pinturault and with Hirscher finishing fourth, both skiers ended the season tied with 560 points. The Crystal Globe was however awarded to Ligety who won due to having five discipline victories during the season compared to Hirscher's two. This was the fifth giant slalom title in Ligety's career. - Hirscher lost the title in that last giant slalom race with a deficit of 0.01 seconds to the 3rd place (achieved by Felix Neureuther) which is awarded 60 points, therefore 10 points more than fourth place.
2015 season
The 2015 FIS Alpine Skiing World Cup season was less successful for Ligety as he was able to win just one race and finished third in the giant slalom standings and eleventh overall. At the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2015 held in Beaver Creek, Ligety finished third in the super combined event despite being ranked 29th after the downhill leg. In the giant slalom, placed fifth after the first run and trailing by 0.24 to then leading favorite Marcel Hirscher, Ligety skied impressively in the second run, to finish 0.45 ahead of Hirscher and secure his third consecutive world title in the discipline.
2016 season
Ligety won the season's first race, a giant slalom on October 25, 2015, at Sölden, Austria. While training on January 27 at Oberjoch, Germany, he tore the ACL in his right knee, which required surgery and ended his 2016 season.
2017 season
Ligety returned to World Cup racing in October 2016, competing in the prelude (giant slalom) race at Sölden on October 23 (finishing 5th), and he finished 11th in the giant slalom on December 4 at Val d'Isère. He was not able to finish the following two giant slalom races due to back pain, and subsequently returned to the United States. On January 17, Ligety announced he would have season-ending back surgery.
2018 season
Ligety returned to the World Cup racing late in 2017, competing in the Super G at Lake Louise on November 26 (DNF), and finishing seventh in the giant slalom on December 3, 2017, at Beaver Creek. He went on to compete at the FIS World Cup events in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Wengen, Adelboden, Alta Badia, and Val d`Isere.
Ligety was named to the US Olympic team on January 6, 2018 to compete in the combined, Super G, giant slalom, and slalom races at the PyeongChang Olympics. He came in fifth in the men's combined event, but following a disappointing finish in the giant slalom, he decided to skip the slalom event and leave South Korea early to focus on the World Cup.
Other achievements
Ligety has won six national championships, putting him behind the all-time record of nine, held by Bode Miller and Tiger Shaw.
Following his Olympic gold medal at Turin, he started Shred Optics in 2006; Ligety designs all the products and uses them himself. The company produces ski goggles, sunglasses, and helmets.
Ligety served as the Director of Skiing for the now-bankrupt Mt. Holly Club, a private luxury ski and golf resort in southwestern Utah. It is located in eastern Beaver County, on the site of the former Elk Meadows ski area (1971–84).
World Cup results
Season titles
5 titles – 5 Giant slalom + 1 Combined unofficial
Unofficial, tied with Alexis PinturaultIngemar Stenmark is the only racer with more GS season titles (8).
Season standings
Race victories
Although a GS specialist, Ligety is among the few alpine ski racers to have a World Cup podium finish in all five disciplines. Both in 2013 and 2014, he was the racer with the most victories that season and among the top three with the most podiums.
25 wins – (24 GS, 1 SC)
52 podiums – (1 DH, 2 SG, 41 GS, 6 SL, 2 SC)
World Championships results
Through 2013, Ligety has won five medals in the World Championships, four of them gold. He won three of them in giant slalom, after a bronze medal in 2009 in Val d'Isère behind Carlo Janka and Benjamin Raich he won the GS world title in 2011 besting Cyprien Richard and Philipp Schörghofer. Ligety repeated as world champion in GS in 2013, ahead of Marcel Hirscher and Manfred Mölgg. At Schladming in 2013, he became a triple world champion in giant slalom, super-G, and combined at Planai.
Ligety became the fifth man in history to win three or more gold medals at one world championships and the first in 45 years, when Jean-Claude Killy won four in 1968 at Chamrousse, with the combined as a "paper race." Ligety is the first racer of either gender to win the super-G, giant slalom, and combined at one world championships.
Olympic results
Personal
Through a Citi charitable program, Ligety supports Youth Enrichment Services, an organization located in Boston founded in 1968, that takes urban youth to the mountains and teaches them how to ski and snowboard. He is married and has three children, a son born in 2017 and twin sons born in 2020.
Video
YouTube.com – victory at Kranjska Gora (1.61 sec) – from Universal Sports – March 10, 2012
YouTube.com – victory at Sölden (2.75 sec) – from Universal Sports – October 28, 2012
YouTube.com – victory at Adelboden (1.15 sec) – from Universal Sports – January 12, 2013
Audiovisual presentation of Ligety's style in the super-G.
See also
List of FIS Alpine Ski World Cup men's race winners
References
External links
Ted Ligety at U.S. Ski Team
Ted Ligety at Head.com
Ted Ligety at Shred Optics
1984 births
Living people
21st-century American businesspeople
American male alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup champions
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic Games broadcasters
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in alpine skiing
Skiers from Salt Lake City
Skiing announcers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Ligety |
Scottish Enterprise () is a non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government which encourages economic development, enterprise, innovation and investment in business. The body covers the eastern and central parts of Scotland whilst similar bodies, Highlands and Islands Enterprise and South of Scotland Enterprise, operate in north-western and southern Scotland, respectively.
History
The body is a successor in part to the wide-ranging Scottish Development Agency which was established in 1975. The first Chairman of the SDA was Sir William Gray former Lord Provost of Glasgow. and the first Chief Executive was Dr, later Sir Lewis Robertson. The first year of its operation was 1977/78 with its functions described here in its first Annual Report 1978.
Scottish Enterprise was created on 1 April 1991 under the Enterprise and New Towns (Scotland) Act 1990. That act dissolved the Scottish Development Agency (SDA), created in 1975 and the Highlands and Islands Development Board forming Scottish Enterprise alongside Highlands and Islands Enterprise.
Scottish Enterprise was created with a structure of Local Enterprise Companies (LECs). Initially these were Limited Companies with boards led by local businesspeople, but from 2000 they became wholly owned subsidiaries of Scottish Enterprise and were subsequently wound up.
International trade and investment arm Scottish Development International was established in 2001 by merging the export promotion agency, Scottish Trade International (STI; 1991–2001) and the foreign direct investment and inward investment agency, Locate in Scotland (LiS; 1981–2001). It is jointly operated by Scottish Enterprise, Highlands and Islands Enterprise and South of Scotland Enterprise.
On 1 April 2008, the skills function of Scottish Enterprise moved out of the organisation to the newly formed Skills Development Scotland.
Lena Wilson became the Chief Executive in 2009. She had previously led Scottish Development International.
Lena Wilson left Scottish Enterprise in October 2017 after she was awarded a CBE for her contribution to Scotland in 2015. Wilson had also lead the government's "Scottish Oil & Gas jobs taskforce" whose task was completed in 2017. She had received criticism from the Scottish Parliament over taking a paid, non-executive directorship with the multinational product testing and certification company Intertek. Wilson had been paid £214,000 a year and she was replaced by Steve Dunlop, Chief Executive of Scottish Canals, who was offered £168,000. Steve Dunlop was still one of the top paid civil servants in Scotland. Dunlop resigned in 2020 and Linda Hanna became the interim CEO in the same month.
Structure
Scottish Enterprise has around 1,100 staff based in fourteen offices across the UK and a further 33 overseas.
Organisational structure consists of a board headed by chairman, Bob Keiller to oversee fulfilment of the objectives established by the Scottish Government and an executive leadership team responsible for the day-to-day running of the organisation. The leadership team consists of:
Adrian Gillespie - Chief Executive
Jane Martin, Managing Director of Innovation and Investment
Carolyn Stewart, Chief People Officer
Rhona Allison, Managing Director, Business Growth
Neil Francis, Managing Director, Digital and Major Projects, Scottish Enterprise
Douglas Colquhoun, Chief Financial Officer
Reuben Aitken, Managing Director, International Operations
Finances
Scottish Enterprise is a non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government, although it also raises part of its budget from other sources such as property rental and disposal of assets. The Scottish Government's draft spending plans for 2018/2019 allocated £256 million to Scottish Enterprise and Scottish Development International.
Partners
Scottish Enterprise works with a range of other local, national and international strategic partners, from industry and the public sector to help deliver its wider range of services and sector-specific support across international trade, innovation, investment and inclusive growth.
These include:
Scottish National Investment Bank (since 2020)
Skills Development Scotland
VisitScotland
Business Gateway
Scottish Funding Council
Department for International Trade
Scottish Enterprise's international trade services are supported by Scottish Development International, the international arm of Scotland's enterprise agencies.
References
Development agencies of Scotland
Enterprise
1991 establishments in Scotland
Government agencies established in 1991
Organisations based in Glasgow
Business in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20Enterprise |
Albert Diamond Cohen, LLD (January 20, 1914 – November 21, 2011) was a Canadian entrepreneur, community builder, philanthropist, and Officer of the Order of Canada. He was Chairman, Co-President and Co-Chief Executive Officer of Gendis Inc., a Toronto Stock Exchange listed Canadian real estate and investment company headquartered in Winnipeg, Manitoba. At one time, Gendis held a 51% stake in Sony of Canada and owned the SAAN Stores retail chain.
He was the author of several books: The Entrepreneurs: The Story of Gendis Inc...The Triangle of Success: The Gendis/Saan Story...The Story of SAAN...and...I.D.E.A. His latest and last book, published in the fall of 2010, was titled Reminiscences of an Entrepreneur - How Sony came to Canada and then to the World in 1955. His interest and talent for writing stemmed from his close personal friendship with the late British author Ian Fleming.
Cohen was married to Irena Cohen (née Kankova) from 1953 until his death, and they had three children: Anthony, James, and Anna-Lisa. He died at the age of 97 years, 10 months, in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Background
Cohen came from a poor immigrant family of eight, born in Winnipeg, Manitoba as the son of Alexander and Rose (Diamond) Cohen, and he served with the Royal Canadian Navy from 1942 to 1945.
Albert's five brothers, John C. (Chauncey), Harry B. Cohen, Morley Cohen, Samuel N. Cohen, and Joseph H. Cohen set up a small retail store and, by 1939, the family had scraped together enough monies to create General Distributors Ltd., a wholesale import firm.
Sony and the Cohen Brothers
By 1950, General Distributors sales amounted to $1 million. In 1952, the company obtained exclusive Canadian rights for Paper Mate pens. Albert negotiated the sale of Papermate in Canada to the Gillette (brand) Company of Boston, Massachusetts in 1955 whereby Gendis continued to distribute the Papermate pen in Canada until 1962 when Gillette fully took over. Then, in 1955, Cohen accomplished the feat of landing the Canadian distribution rights to Sony products. Spotting an ad in a Japanese newspaper seeking a distributor for a new portable transistor radio, Cohen met with Sony co-founder, Akio Morita. On the basis of a handshake deal, Cohen cemented a partnership that would last for decades. The Cohen brothers scattered across Canada in order to manage the national business, each brother establishing himself in a major city: Morley (Montreal), John (Toronto), Joe (Vancouver), Harry (Calgary), and both Sam and Albert setting up headquarters (Winnipeg). Gendis' stake in Sony of Canada was sold back to Sony Corporation of Tokyo, Japan in 1995 for $207,000,000. This was a crowning achievement for Albert, the man who launched Sony's first national export business. In recognition of his forty-year association with Sony, Albert received the Sony Lifetime Achievement Award in Tokyo in 2000.
SAAN, Metropolitan, real estate, and the Cohen Brothers
The six brothers expanded into real estate and retailing. Over the years, they established several hundred SAAN Stores as well as Metropolitan and Greenberg junior department stores in all provinces of Canada. The explosive growth of the SAAN Stores chain was guided by Samuel N. Cohen while Metropolitan's expansion was overseen by Morley Cohen. By 1983, the company was a diversified Canadian conglomerate, renamed Gendis. SAAN Stores was eventually sold in 2004 to a Toronto based investor group and sold again in 2008 to Genuity Capital, owner of The Bargain! Shop discount chain.
At one point, it is said the Cohen brothers owned downtown real estate in almost every major Canadian city. Albert began to accumulate real estate in downtown Winnipeg starting in the early 1960s and Gendis finally sold its city block of property to Manitoba Hydro in 2003 for $16.2 million to allow for construction of the new Manitoba Hydro headquarters which officially opened in September 2009.
Oil & gas, and the Cohen Brothers
Under Albert's guidance, the six brothers participated in various joint ventures and/or owned several minority interests in oil & gas exploration, development, and distribution. The companies included Tripet Resources; Chauvco Resources; Pioneer Natural Resources; Fort Chicago Energy Partners L.P.; and Tundra Oil & Gas. Fort Chicago Energy Partners was renamed Veresen Inc. in 2011.
Gendis today
Through a variety of investment companies, the Cohen family is the largest shareholder of Gendis Inc., as well as major shareholders of Veresen Inc., (TSX-listed), and privately held OSUM Oilsands Corporation, both of Calgary, Alberta. James Cohen (Albert's youngest son) is the President and CEO of Gendis Inc., President of Gendis Realty, and served as interim President and Chief Operating Officer of SAAN Stores in 2004 during the sale of the retail chain. Today the company is focused on investments in three areas: commercial real estate, energy and the agribusiness sector.
Philanthropy
Cohen was considered to be one of the major community builders/philanthropists in Winnipeg and he was a large contributor to the Royal Winnipeg Ballet, Manitoba Theatre Centre, Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra, Manitoba Opera, and various Winnipeg hospitals.
Several of his notable accomplishments include:
Founding Member, Canada-Japan Business Council
Former President, Manitoba Theatre Centre (1968–1969, 1970–1971, 1976–1981)
Former President, Winnipeg Clinic Research Institute (1975–1980)
Former President, Dr. Paul Thorlakson Research Foundation (1978–1980)
Past Commissioner, Metric Board, Ottawa (1978)
Awards
Man of the Year, Sales and Advertising Club, Winnipeg (1974)
Member of the Order of Canada (1983)
International Distinguished Entrepreneur Award (IDEA), University of Manitoba, [(Asper School of Business)] (1983)
National Business Book Award, The Entrepreneurs: the Story of Gendis (1986)
Honorary Doctorate, University of Manitoba (1987)
The Albert D. Cohen Building at St. John's-Ravenscourt School (1990)
Order of Excellence Achievement Award, Manitoba Sport Directorate (renamed Sport Manitoba) (1990)
125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal (1992)
Officer of the Order of Canada (1994)
Canadian Business Hall of Fame (1994)
Albert D. Cohen Management Library at the University of Manitoba's Asper School of Business
Sony Lifetime Achievement Award (2000)
Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal (2002)
Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd Class, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon (Japan) (2011)
Manitoba Business Hall of Fame Inductee (2013)
While Cohen has collected an array of awards for business achievements and community service during his life, he was particularly proud of the fact that he holds three Canadian speed skating records in Master 5 Class (over 70 age category), as per the Ottawa Amateur Speedskating Association.
General references
References
1914 births
2011 deaths
Businesspeople from Winnipeg
Canadian chief executives
Jewish Canadian philanthropists
Officers of the Order of Canada
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class
Royal Canadian Navy personnel of World War II
20th-century Canadian philanthropists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20D.%20Cohen |
CDisplay is a freeware comic book archive viewer and sequential image viewer utility for Microsoft Windows used to view images one at a time in the style of a comic book. It popularized the comic book archive file format. CDisplay was written to easily view JPEG, PNG and static GIF format images sequentially. The program was designed to be less general purpose than existing image viewer programs, and more convenient for simply viewing images sequentially.
Features
Loads JPEG, PNG, and static GIF images which are automatically ordered alphabetically and presented for viewing one at a time or two at a time.
The images may be viewed from a folder or collected in a .zip, .rar, .ace, or .tar archive file.
Page through the images sequentially and scroll around pages with single key presses.
Many automatic page sizing options including choices to display one or two pages at one time. Image resizing uses Lanczos resampling for the best picture quality.
No bloat caused by non-essential general purpose image processing features.
Users can view the pictures as full screen (with or without mouse pointer) or in a window.
Files
CDisplay supports Comic Book Archive files, archives of individual page images with the extension .cbr, .cbz, .cbt, or .cba; they are simply renamed RAR, ZIP, TAR, or ACE archive files. The standard icon for all comic file types extension is a comic balloon. The format was made popular by CDisplay but is now used by many other programs designed for reading comics.
CDisplay supports the display of JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP, TXT, and also SFV files which confirm that the file is not corrupt, either directly or contained within archive files.
If a .txt file is within a folder or comic book archive file, it displays the comic's contents on file opening.
If a .sfv file is within a folder or comic book archive file, it verifies the SFV data to confirm that the rest of the content is not corrupted.
Automatic colour balance and yellow reduction if desired.
Development
The program was compiled using Borland C++ Builder 5.0 and runs on 32- and 64-bit versions of Windows platforms from Windows 98 onwards.
The source code was not made available, and the program ceased to be maintained when the author died in 2003.
See also
Comparison of image viewers
References
External links
CDisplay, semi-official website
Image viewers
Windows-only freeware
2003 software
Discontinued software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDisplay |
Choe Jong-gil, sometimes romanized as Tsche Chong-kil (April 28, 1931 in Gongju – October 19, 1973 in Seoul) was a professor at the Law College of Seoul National University. For years, the government denied any involvement in his death, but in 2002 the Presidential Truth Commission announced the results of its investigation: during interrogation by the KCIA he fell, or was thrown, from a seventh story window; he is also believed to have been tortured. In 2006 the government was ordered to pay 184 million won in damages; an intelligence agent who had accused him of spying for North Korea was ordered to pay an additional 20 million.
See also
History of South Korea
Human rights in South Korea
External links
Truth Commission site, in Korean and English
"State Held Liable for Academic's 1973 Defenestration", The Chosun Ilbo, February 14, 2006.
"The Final Truth About Tsche Chong Kil", the Hankyoreh, March 19, 2004.
1931 births
1973 deaths
People from Gongju
Academic staff of Seoul National University
Seoul National University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choe%20Jong-gil |
The Palais Lanckoroński was a palace in Vienna, Austria, located at Jacquingasse 16-18, in the Landstraße District. It was constructed in 1894-95 for Count Karol Lanckoroński and his family as a personal residence, and it housed the count's enormous art collection. The palace was built in a neo-baroque style by the theatre architects Ferdinand Fellner and Hermann Helmer. The building was three stories high, set back from the street, and protected by a wall with double gates. The entrance hall was wood panelled, two stories high, and decorated with portraits of the family. Other festive halls were decorated with frescoes and luxurious gobelin tapestries from the 17th century. Precious paintings, furniture and sculpture from different eras were arranged to form themed ensembles in the various rooms, with the rooms named to reflect the collection housed within. The palace was severely damaged in World War II, and was torn down in the 1960s.
History
The noble Lanckoroński family, aristocrats originally from Galicia, assembled a major art collection through the generations, including Italian Renaissance paintings as well as German, French, and Dutch pictures, antique sculptures, bronzes, glass miniatures and porcelain. Count Karol Lanckoroński continued his family’s interest in the collection. He was a collector, archaeologist, art patron, author and conservator and also served as chamberlain to emperor Franz Joseph I. His additions to the collection included antique sculptures, as well as paintings by Tintoretto, Canaletto and Rembrandt. The art collection in the Lanckoroński Palais became one of the largest in Vienna under his stewardship. Frequent visitors to the palace were the artists Hans Makart, Viktor Oskar Tilgner, Arnold Böcklin, Kaspar von Zumbusch and Auguste Rodin. Writers and authors such as Hugo von Hofmannsthal and Rainer Maria Rilke also paid visits. After the end of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Count decided to return to Poland and began to move a large part of his collection to the family’s ancestral estate in Galicia.
With the annexation of Austria to Nazi Germany in 1938, the Nazis confiscated the palace. Since the heir Count Anton Lanckoroński was a Polish citizen, he was treated under the new regulation "Regulation on treatment of assets of nationals of the former Polish State". The remaining art collection was confiscated in 1939 after the outbreak of war with Poland.
Adolf Hitler decreed that all works confiscated in Austria should remain within the country, although items purchased could be exported. This measure was introduced as a result of the acquisition by Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring of two paintings from the Lanckoroński collection. Göring kept the pictures despite an order from Hitler to return them; nevertheless, the decree prevented the loss of the majority of Austria's works of art beyond its borders.
Many art objects were brought to Schloss Hohenems in the state of Vorarlberg for safekeeping during World War II. Unfortunately most of the objects brought there fell victim to fire. Palais Lanckoroński itself was looted in the aftermath of the war and also suffered a fire. The palace was temporarily repaired, but then abandoned and fell into a state of disrepair. Financial costs for a renovation were deemed too high, so during the 1960s the palace was completely torn down, and a modern office block was built on the site for Hoffmann-La Roche. Today this office block serves as Austrian headquarter of Motorola. The surviving art collection is scattered among various museums and private collections.
Lanckoroński Collection
Many of the objects in the collection originally came from the Royal Castle in Warsaw. They consisted of a large number of paintings which hung in the "Gallery of Stanisław August", named after King Stanisław August Poniatowski. After the partition of Poland in 1795, many of the objects in the Royal Castle that were sold off were bought by Polish noble families, including the Lanckoroński. Other pieces acquired included sculptures, textiles, and silver-ware. The art objects that remained after World War II were sold by the three heirs to the National Gallery, London as well as the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. Some objects were also presented as a gift to Poland by Count Lanckoroński's youngest daughter Countess Karolina Lanckorońska in the 1990s. Items from the Lanckoroński collection can be seen in the Wawel Royal Castle in Kraków and the Royal Castle in Warsaw.
Paintings in the Royal Castle, Warsaw
Paintings from the collection formerly housed in Vienna, today in the Royal Castle in Warsaw, include:
Adriaen van Ostade, The Smoker and the Drunkard
Anton von Maron, The Brothers Franciszek and Kazimierz Rzewuski with Roman Buildings in the Background
David Teniers the Younger, Country Doctor
Rembrandt van Rijn, The Scholar at the Lectern (known as The Father of the Jewish Bride) and The Girl in a Picture Frame (known as The Jewish Bride),
other pieces are by Ludolph Backhuysen and Philips Wouwerman.
Paintings in the Wawel Royal Castle, Kraków
82 works from the Lanckoroński collection that were donated by the heiress Countess Karolina Lanckorońska are now in Kraków. These include works by Simone Martini, Bernard Daddi, Bartolo di Fredi, Apollonius di Giovanni, Jacopo del Sellaio, Vittore Crivella, Dosso Dossi, Garofalo.:
Bartolo di Fredi, Saint Augustine
Niccolo di Tommaso, Madonna and Child with Saints and Angels
Simone Martini, Angel
Bernardo Daddi, Enthroned Madonna and Child
Sano di Pietro, Madonna
Rossello di Jacopo Franchi, Madonna and Child
Dosso Dossi, Jupiter, Mercury and Virtue (Donated by Dr. Anton Lanckoronski to the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. The piece was restituted to the heir in 2000, and then given to the Wawel Museum)
Paintings in the Österreichische Galerie
Pieces in the Österreichische Galerie Belvedere in Vienna include:
Heinrich Angeli, Margarethe Gräfin Lanckoronska
Carl von Blaas, Leonie Gräfin Lanckoronska, geb. Gräfin Potocka, mit ihrem Sohn Karl
Rudolf von Alt paintings
The realist painter Rudolf von Alt met Count Lanckoronski in Nuremberg on August 29, 1881. In the autumn of that year, he executed a series of ten interiors of the Count’s apartments. The paintings sometimes get confused as being interior depictions of the count's Palais at Jacquingasse. The paintings, however, are of his former residence at Riemergasse 8, in Vienna's Innere Stadt.
The watercolour series represent various rooms decorated with paintings and sculptures of the 17th and 18th century. In some, the Count can be seen sitting in one of the armchairs, reading a book. Using a refined technique, von Alt very precisely depicted all works of art, which are easy to identify. For example, the bust of Friedrich von Schiller, done by Johann Heinrich Dannecker, can be seen, as well as paintings by Thomas Gainsborough, Anton von Maron, Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruisdael, and Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller.
References
Sources
Mieczyslaw Paszkiewicz. Jacek Malczewski in Asia Minor and Rozdol: The Lanckoroński Foundation. Polish Library (1972). ASIN B00154PE5Q
Karolina Lanckoronska. Those Who Trespass Against Us: One Woman's War Against the Nazis. Da Capo Press. 2007.
External links
Warsaw Royal Castle | The Lanckoroński Gallery
Wawel Royal Castle | Furniture Restoration Workshop on Lanckoroński art work
Wawel Royal Castle | Archives of Lanckoroński memorabilia
Buildings and structures in Landstraße
Lanckoroński family
Lanckoronski
Fellner & Helmer buildings
Demolished buildings and structures in Austria
Buildings and structures demolished in the 1960s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Lanckoro%C5%84ski |
Abbot Academy (also known as Abbot Female Seminary and AA) was an independent boarding preparatory school for women boarding and day care for students in grades 9–12 from 1828 to 1973. Located in Andover, Massachusetts, Abbot Academy was notable as one of the first incorporated secondary schools for educating young women in New England. It merged with Phillips Academy in 1973 and campus buildings along School Street continue to be used for the combined school. Some Abbot traditions continue at the combined private boarding school such as Parent's Weekend. Since the 40th anniversary in 2013 of the merger of the two schools, there has been renewed interest in Abbot's history and traditions.
History
The school was founded during a time when the prevailing view was that women's education "should always be relative to men", with some believing that study of "higher subjects" such as philosophy and mathematics might render women to be infertile. One of the first formal discussions to propose a school for young women happened on February 19, 1828. The school was incorporated in 1829 with 70 or 85 pupils from eighteen to twenty years of age for the "exclusive work of educating women". According to one source, the official opening day was May 6, 1829.
The early years
The school received financial support from Sarah Abbot who pledged substantial money, which allowed for loans to begin construction; Sarah Abbot died in 1850 and left a substantial sum for educational purposes. After mid-century, Abbot faced several challenges: the addition of a public high school in Andover, followed by the challenges of coping with the American Civil War. In 1853, the first principalship was offered to a woman, and additional monies were raised for the construction of dormitories. In 1859, the "strong-willed" but "ideologically moderate" McKeen sisters — headmistress Philena and Phebe—exerted strong leadership by adopting a "school-home" approach. The years were marked by substantial expansion of buildings. The McKeens fostered the study of French and German and introduced a "systematic oral language program" on a par with that of Harvard University and which "far outdistanced Phillips Academy", which did not offer any modern language instruction until the mid 1870s. Under their "no-nonsense" leadership, teachers stayed longer, many for ten or more years.
It was during the late 1800s that the school had a "golden age", according to one view. The campus was visited by Helen Keller and her teacher Anne Sullivan and Amos Bronson Alcott. The leadership of Philena and Phebe McKeen was characterized by substantial fundraising and growth. According to Susan McIntosh Lloyd, Abbot's curriculum "may have surpassed that of Phillips" during these years. After 1910, the only structures built were "gates". The school was like a "family" but commanded by women, in which "women and girls could enjoy one another as persons without self-consciousness or shame."
Art education
The academy emphasized art education. After starting a small art club in 1871 led by Professor E. A. Park, the academy introduced one of the nation's first History of Art courses in 1873. Painting and drawing were taught by professional painter and alumnus Emily A. Means who had studied with well-known painters in Europe for four years. Means guided the art department from 1877 to 1892 and later served as principal from 1898 to 1911.
The 1930s through the 1960s
The school went through challenging times during the Great Depression of the 1930s. In the Depression's first five years, the school lost approximately $60,000 annually as well as a sharp drop in its real-estate assets, and the school slipped from having 135 boarders in 1929–30 to 71 boarders in 1933–34. Despite financial concerns, the school continued to dismiss "unruly or lazy students" or those who tucked "dummies into their beds" to spend the night at Phillips Academy. Many other schools folded during the Depression years. During these years, the school taught the "basic college preparatory" program of 3 years of English, 5 years of languages (including 2 or 3 of Latin), 2 or 3 years of mathematics, 1 year of science and 1 year of history, as well as physical education, an "all school choral class" and Bible study of one hour a week, but requirements adjusted over time, largely dictated by preferences of college admissions departments. From World War II and afterwards, the academy experienced increasing enrollment; ten years after the attack on Pearl Harbor, a third of its teachers were either European born or European educated. The school opened its doors more widely to minority groups, such as African American women and Jews.
Academic excellence improved. An alumna, Elizabeth Thomas '49, recalled her Abbot teaching as "the best she has ever had", with college being easier. However, during these years, there was a greater space between teachers and students, such that there were no "out-of-class relationships" between them; teachers seemed "miles away" unless they were enforcing rules about lipstick or patrolling the Phillips campus for errant women or checking mail for return addresses to "certain Phillips boys." Rules forbade smoking and drinking and sexual activity; one 1954 alumna described a "whole system of deception" designed to evade teachers, seen as "the enemy," with deceptions done to get messages to Phillips students, sometimes through day student intermediaries or by messages left in bushes.
However, some students appreciated that the rules cleared "time and space for that peaceful collection of self". Nevertheless, applications to the school increased from the 1950s through the 1960s. During the 1960s, the ratio of applicants to acceptances was three to one. The 1960s featured rules easing somewhat, with more chaperoned dances, more phone calls and dating as well as "cattle-market mixers", but the easing sometimes encouraging girls to find "ways to be still naughtier." Lloyd described the coming changes:
According to Lloyd, Abbot Academy seemed to be a "nineteenth century school" which was stagnant and insular and limited in comparison with the abrupt societal changes made during the 1960s. In 1967, there were greater ties between Phillips Academy and Abbot, including a Phillips-Abbot committee to explore a "wide range of shared activities" between the two schools. Abbot trustee Philip Allen had determined that both schools should merge, but that this was a "hidden agenda"; Allen brought in headmaster Donald Gordon, a graduate of Phillips Academy and Yale, to bring "Abbot up to the point where it could
be part of Phillips Academy." Abbot's "old dress code" was abolished for a "neat and clean" requirement. The 1969-70 year was "tumultuous" nationwide, with student revolts on many college campuses and foreign policy failures abroad. The following is a description of Abbot campus life in 1969:
The 1973 merger
The late 1960s and early 1970s was marked by the merger between the two schools. The merger was brought about by many factors, including the sense of shared history and goals between the two schools, common activities, plus survey research showing that 94% of students in northeastern secondary schools wished for coeducation. The times "favored coeducation"; in 1968, 53 colleges and universities either became coeducational or began coordinate instruction. While Phillips Academy "held the cards" regarding whether the two schools should merge, there was a "crasser impetus" from admissions statistics, as Phillips was increasingly being turned down by applicants preferring newly-coeducational competitors such as St. Paul's, Taft, Northfield-Mount Hermon, and Exeter. Many committee meetings, including discussions between administrators and teachers, happened over a sixteen-month period. The Phillips headmaster, John Kemper, who had kinship ties with women graduates of Abbot, felt a merger was "practical, ethical, and educationally sound", although several times the Phillips Board of Trustees refused to sanction a merger. The school merged with Phillips Academy on June 28, 1973. Many Abbot traditions were included in the combined school, such as having a designated weekend in the fall for parents to visit.
After the merger, $1 million of Abbot's endowment became the basis for the Abbot Academy Association, which funds various educational programs and projects submitted by students, faculty, and staff. Since the first Abbot Grant was awarded in the fall of 1973, nearly 2000 Abbot Grant proposals have been submitted by students and members of the faculty, staff and administration of Phillips Academy. The Abbot Academy Association has funded more than 1400 of these proposals with grants totaling $9,400,000. In 2014, the Abbot Academy Association's endowment had grown to $10 million.
Campus life
Activities included the Fidelio Chorus, school government, and the school newspaper. Athletic programs included basketball, crew, cycling, ballet and modern dance, fencing, soccer, softball, and tennis. In the late 1960s, Abbot's math department set up a paper-tape terminal connected to a computer at Merrimack College in North Andover, Massachusetts. This provided the high school students with early BASIC-language computer programming skills. In 1973, the languages taught included English, French, German, Latin, Russian, and Spanish.
Academic prizes
Abbot was a chapter member of the Cum Laude Honor Society. The school awarded the following student prizes annually:
Anna Dawes Prize for History
Betsy Waskowitz Rider Art Award
Beatrice Farnsworth Powers Art Award
Priscilla Bradley Prize for Art
Pam Weidenman Prize for Art
Ceramics Prize
Photography Prize
Music Department Award
Kate Friskin Award for Music
Mathematics Department Prize
Science Prize
Spanish Department Prize
English Department Prize
Latin Department Prize
Ballet Prize
Abbot Athletic Award
Isabel Hancock Award
The Madame Sarah Abbot award was established through a gift from the Abbot Class of 1973. The award is given to a female Phillips Academy senior who " … best exemplifies 'strong character, effective leadership and outstanding scholarship.'"
School publications
In June 1873, the first issue of the Abbot Courant was published. This student literary magazine appeared two to three times a year. Later editions included art work and photographs. In 1992, with a grant from the Abbot Academy Association, the Courant was revived at Phillips Academy and continues to be published twice a year. In 2002, a 123-page alumni edition was published. The Abbot Academy yearbook was published from 1900 to 1973. Originally known as The Abbot Academy Class Book, the yearbook became The Circle in 1916 (this is the first year that the double-A logo used on senior class rings appeared on the book cover). Digital versions of the Abbot Courant and The Circle are available through the school Archives and Special Collections.
The student newspaper was called Cynosure. In 1974, it moved to Phillips where it became a monthly magazine.
Traditions
Students were divided into two groups called Gargoyles and Griffins for sports teams and for other purposes that required dividing the students into groups; their colors were green and orange, respectively. Dual-color felt beanie hats with an image of a gargoyle or griffin were distributed to students.
The locally based Clan MacPherson Pipes and Drums led graduation processions on the Abbot Circle. This tradition continues today at Phillips Academy. At graduation, after chapel, Seniors and Junior Middlers (eleventh graders) met in the Senior Courtyard for the Ring Ceremony. (This central garden was completely enclosed by the three sides of Draper Hall with the dining room wall as the fourth side.) By tradition, Junior Mids who purchased Abbot Academy class rings the year before wore them with the "AA" insignia upside-down. During the Ring Ceremony, each Junior Mid received a Senior sponsor. The Junior Mid, now recognized as a member of the new Senior class, turned her ring so that the insignia was upright. In 1973, all students who wanted to were allowed to buy Abbot class rings.
Buildings and campus
In 1863, the Abbot campus consisted of one acre surrounded by a fence. By 1878, it was approximately 22 acres. Abbot's three main buildings (Abbot Hall, Draper Hall, and McKeen Hall) are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The first academy building, Abbot Hall, is an "exceptional" early example of the Greek Revival style. It was built in 1828–29. Since 1996, it has housed Phillips Academy's Brace Center for Gender Studies. An art gallery was added to the left side of Abbot Hall in 1906–07. It was designed by Andrews, Jaques & Rantoul of Boston. The art gallery housed the collection of Mrs. Esther Byers. The Merrill Memorial Gates and two side gates (the John P. Taylor and George G. Davis gates) were added in 1921 to the front and sides, respectively, of the Abbot Circle. Designed a few years earlier by the firm of McKim, Mead & White, similar gates appear at Harvard University, Princeton University, and Bowdoin College. The Abbot Circle, around which the main buildings are grouped, was re-dedicated on 3 May 1997. The tree-lined Maple Walk, which once connected the dining room at the back of Draper Hall with Phillips Street, remains in use. (The dining room was demolished.)
Efforts for the Preservation of the Abbot Campus
In 1988, Phillips Academy opened a proposal to repurpose buildings on the former Abbot Academy campus to increase rental and commercial use on the property. This plan was designed to prevent the academy from demolishing the land to make way for single-family homes or selling the acreage to private developers. The school argued that saving the buildings will ultimately allow for historical preservation. A town meeting was then set in place on April 4-6 of 1988, with the Phillips Academy historical preservation plan needing a two-thirds yes vote on Article 101 to get support in retaining the campus for the school's own use. However, some town members were hesitant to move forward with this plan. Those who wanted to vote no on Article 101, made the argument that the repurposed use of Abbot campus buildings for commercial use would in turn decrease the property value of existing Andover residential neighborhood homes. In the end, Phillips Academy ended up retaining the Abbot campus for its own use.
Headmasters and headmistresses
School principals:
Charles Goddard 1829–31
Rev. Samuel Lamson 1832–34
Rev. Samuel Gilman Brown 1835–38
Rev. Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth 1838–39
Rev. Timothy Dwight Porter Stone 1839–42
Rev. Asa Farwell 1842–52
Peter Smith Byers 1853 (Elected but did not serve)
Nancy Judson Hasseltine 1854–56
Maria Jane Bancroft Brown 1856–57
Emma L. Taylor 1857–59
Philena McKeen 1859–92
Laura Sophia Watson 1892–98
Emily Adams Means 1898–1911
Bertha Bailey 1912–35
Marguerite Capen Hearsey 1936–55
Mary Hinckley Crane (Mrs. Alexander) 1955–66
Eleanor Tucker (Acting) 1966–68
Donald Gordon 1968–73
For further information, consult The Philippian:
Distinguished alumnae and faculty
Notable alumnae
Julia Alvarez (1967) - Poet, novelist, essayist
Harriette Newell Woods Baker (1833) - Story book author
Alice Stone Blackwell (1867) - Editor Woman's Journal, activist, and translator
Anna Brackett - Philosopher, educator
Charlotte Emerson Brown - Clubwoman
Eileen Christelow (1961) - Author of "Five Little Monkeys" children's book series
Maria Susana Cummins (1845) - Author of international bestseller; domestic fiction writer
Wendy Ewald (1969) - Photographer and educator, MacArthur Fellowship winner
Julia Constance Fletcher - (1867)
Mary H. Graves - Unitarian minister, literary editor, writer
Marsha Kazarosian (PA 1974) - Attorney
Lucy R. Lippard (1954) - Art theorist
Sara Nelson (PA 1974) - Former editor-in-chief of Publishers Weekly
Elizabeth Marshall Thomas (1949) - Anthropologist
Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward (1858) - Early feminist author
Kate Douglas Wiggin (1873) - Author of Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm
Francesca Woodman - Photographer
Shirley Young (1951) - Businesswoman
For additional alumnae, consult Notable Alumni: Long List:
Notable faculty
Emily Hale, speech and drama, muse of T.S. Eliot
Maud Morgan
See also
Hartwell and Richardson architects
Phillips Academy
Suggested reading
Susan McIntosh Lloyd. "A Singular School: Abbot Academy 1828-1973", Hanover, NH: Published by Phillips Academy, Andover, 1979.
Susan J. Montgomery and Roger G. Reed. "The Campus Guide. Phillips Academy Andover", New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2000.
Philena McKeen, headmistress. Author of "Annals of Fifty Years: A History of Abbot Academy, Andover, Mass., 1829-1879" and "Sequel to Annals of Fifty Years: A History of Abbot Academy, Andover, Mass., 1879-1892
References
External links
Abbot Academy Archives in Archives and Special Collections: Phillips Academy Andover
Abbot Academy Photograph Collection - Digital Commonwealth
Andover Historical Society
Film on Abbot
Boarding schools in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Andover, Massachusetts
Private preparatory schools in Massachusetts
Private high schools in Massachusetts
Defunct girls' schools in the United States
1829 establishments in Massachusetts
Girls' schools in Massachusetts
Abbot Academy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot%20Academy |
George England and Co. was an early English manufacturer of steam locomotives founded by the engineer George England of Newcastle upon Tyne (1811–1878). The company operated from the Hatcham Iron Works in New Cross, Surrey, and began building locomotives in 1848.
The company supplied one of the earliest tank locomotives to the contractors building the Newhaven, Sussex, branch line for the London Brighton and South Coast Railway and exhibited a design at The Great Exhibition in 1851. It also supplied locomotives to the Ffestiniog Railway, the Wantage Tramway, the Caledonian Railway, the London & Blackwall Railway, the Great Western Railway, the Somerset and Dorset Railway and the Victorian Railways amongst others.
Locomotive types
Festiniog Railway 0-4-0
The four locomotives supplied by England, in 1863/64, to the Festiniog Railway, were the first truly successful narrow gauge engines built. Remarkably three of the four survive, much rebuilt, two still in full working order. The other, Princess, was for many years on display at Spooner's Bar in Porthmadog, although without its tender. It has since been restored cosmetically to a high standard, and has made appearances in London and elsewhere for publicity purposes.
Two more similar engines, to an improved design, were built in 1867, one of which, Welsh Pony, survives, and bought back to steam on the 27th of June 2020. Having undergone a careful and sympathetic restoration by the Ffestiniog Railway.
Fairlie
In 1869, England built the famous Little Wonder, Fairlies Patent articulated locomotive, also for the Ffestiniog Railway. George England's daughter, Eliza Anne, had earlier eloped with Robert Francis Fairlie, the inventor of the Fairlie locomotive. On George England's early retirement in 1869, Fairlie took over the company, in partnership with England's son George England junior, renaming it the Fairlie Engine and Steam Carriage Company, but following the death of George England Jr., in July 1870, the works were sold.
Victorian Railways 'Old' V class
Victorian Railways 'Old' V class
Preservation
Wantage Tramway, Shannon, 0-4-0WT, preserved at Didcot Railway Centre
Ffestiniog Railway, see: Ffestiniog Railway rolling stock
Notes and references
England
Ffestiniog Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20England%20and%20Co. |
News Tirbune may refer to:
The News Tribune in Tacoma, Washington
News Tribune (Jefferson City) in Jefferson City, Missouri
News and Tribune in Jeffersonville, Indiana
Rome News-Tribune in Rome, Georgia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News%20Tribune |
Savvas Kyriakou Tsitouridis (; born 3 February 1954 in Kilkis) is a Greek politician and member of the New Democracy and former Minister for Employment and Social Protection. He studied law at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, France and Britain. Tsitouridis worked for the European Commission in Brussels from 1981 to 1990 and 1995 to 1996 on matters pertaining to agriculture, competition, state subsidies and the internal market. He has been a member of the New Democracy Central Committee since April 1994. He was elected MP in the Kilkis constituency in the general elections of 1996 - 2000 - 2004 and 2007. In June 2000, he became shadow minister for the environment, town planning and public works. In March 2004 to September 2004, he was appointed Minister for Rural Development and Food. He returned to the cabinet on 15 February 2006 as Minister for Employment and Social Protection
(PM Kostas Karamanlis then made his first major cabinet reshuffle). He resigned from his position on 28 April 2007.
In November 2012 he returned to his organic post at the European Commission in Brussels, which he holds since 1981.
External links
Hellenic Parliament Website - Curriculum Vitae
Footnotes
1954 births
Living people
People from Kilkis
New Democracy (Greece) politicians
Greek MPs 1996–2000
Greek MPs 2000–2004
Greek MPs 2004–2007
Greek MPs 2007–2009
Labour ministers of Greece
Agriculture ministers of Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savvas%20Tsitouridis |
Valtra is an agricultural machinery manufacturer based in Äänekoski, Finland. Valtra's products include tractors, combine harvesters, sugar cane harvesters, self-propelled sprayers and seed drills. Valtra has been part of the American AGCO Corporation since 2004.
Company
Valtra Inc. is a fully owned subsidiaries of the American agricultural equipment manufacturer AGCO Corporation. AGCO's headquarters are situated in Duluth, Georgia, and its EAME head office in Neuhausen, Switzerland. AGCO is the world's third largest manufacturer of agricultural equipment. In addition to Valtra, other AGCO brands include Massey Ferguson, Fendt, Challenger and GSI. In Finland AGCO also owns the AGCO Power engine plant in Linnavuori, Nokia, which produces off-road diesel engines for AGCO and other manufacturers. AGCO is listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Valtra Inc. employed 918 people at the Suolahti tractor plant at the end of 2014. Valtra manufacturers around 20,000 tractors a year at its plants in Suolahti and Mogi das Cruzes.
History
Valtra's roots go back to the Finnish State Rifle Factory founded in Jyväskylä in 1928 and the Finnish State Artillery Factory, which moved from Helsinki to Jyväskylä in 1939. Following the Second World War in 1945, the former defensive weaponry plants owned by the Finnish State were combined under a new organisation, the State Metal Works (Valtion Metallitehtaat), the name of which was then shortened to Valmet. Following the war, the artillery and rifle plants were converted to produce goods for war reparations and civil use, although the rifle plant also continued to produce military and civilian weapons until 1992.
The first Valmet tractors were manufactured in 1951. The prototypes and first 10 tractors were the result of cooperation between the artillery and rifle plants, after which tractor production was consolidated within the rifle plant in Tourula, Jyväskylä. The first tractors actually used parts of cannon barrel for their subframes.
The first tractor model was the Valmet 15, the model number indicating its horsepower. The tractor was designed to replace horses on small Finnish farms and in the forests. The upgraded Valmet 20 model followed in 1955.
The Valmet 33 D model was launched in 1957 with a modern diesel engine and the fuel tank located between the clutch and the gearbox, which became a trademark of Valmet and Valtra tractors. The protected position of the fuel tank also made it particularly well suited to forest work. The displacement of the three-cylinder Valmet 309 D engine was 2.7 litres, and it produced . The engine was very modern for its time. It had excellent cold start properties and featured liquid engine cooling, wet cylinder liners and direct injection.
Factory in Brazil
By the late 1950s Valmet exported several hundred tractors a year to Brazil. The Brazilian government planned to nationalise tractor production, however, and announced a bidding competition for establishing factories there. Valmet's factory project was approved, and production began rapidly in 1960 starting with the Valmet 360 D model.
Tractor cabs became more widespread in the 1960s, especially in the Nordic markets, due to more stringent safety regulations and comfort requirements. The original Valmet factory in Tourula, Finland, could not assemble tractors with cabs due to the low ceiling, and the factory area near the expanding centre of Jyväskylä began to be too small. Accordingly, tractor production moved in 1969 to Suolahti, where the state owned an industrial site. Transmission production followed in 1975 following the construction of a new plant on the site. Marketing and engineering operations moved to Suolahti in 2005 and 2006.
Valmet acquires Volvo BM tractors
Valtra traces its origin not only to Valmet, but also Bolinder, Munktell and Volvo. Bolinder-Munktell merged with the Swedish company Volvo in 1950 to form BM Volvo (later Volvo BM, now Volvo Construction Equipment). In the late 1970s Volvo BM decided to focus on construction equipment and sell off its tractor and forest machinery business. Valmet was already bigger than Volvo BM in the tractor market and was keen to invest more in the business. Volvo BM and Valmet signed a letter of intent in November 1978, and the final agreement was signed on 1 October 1979.
Work on designing a new range of tractors designated Volvo BM Valmet began already in January 1979. Scantrac AB, a joint venture between Volvo BM and Valmet, was responsible for engineering and marketing operations, as Volvo BM wanted to transfer its sales network and customers to Valmet. Tractor production at Volvo BM's factory in Eskilstuna, Sweden, was discontinued, and the factory switched to manufacturing construction equipment.
The first Volvo BM Valmet models were unveiled in Sweden in May 1982. Volvo supplied the cabs and transmission components to all 505–905 series tractors between 1982 and 1991. After taking over Volvo BM's tractor operations, Valmet became the biggest tractor brand in Northern Europe, having already been the market leader in Finland and one of the most popular brands in Brazil.
Factories in Tanzania and Portugal and license manufacturing
In 1980 Valmet and the government of Tanzania set up an assembly plant for tractors in Kibaha. The Trama company was established in the spirit of development cooperation and was 80 percent owned by the Tanzanian State Motor Corporation, 10 percent by Valmet, and 10 percent by Finnfund. Between 1983 and 1989 the Tanzanian plant manufactured around 2000 Valmet 604 Series tractors, with 10 to 12 percent of components sourced locally.
Valmet has also had two factories in Portugal. Between 1964 and 1967, the FAP factory produced around 700 Valmet 361 Series tractors under license in Aveiro. In 1989, Valmet Tractor S.A. was established in Portugal when it seemed likely the EU would limit sales of imported tractors through tariffs. The factory in Montijo operated from 1990 to 1997, producing around 1300 tractors in total. After Finland joined the EU the factory was no longer needed. Between 1995 and 1997 the factory in Montijo also produced tractors for the Austrian brand Steyr.
Valtra tractors have been manufactured under license in India by Eicher Tractor, which produced the Valmet 365 model and 320D engine for a few years beginning in 1997. In addition, Hema Endüstri/Hattat in Turkey has manufactured the Valtra A Series under license for the local market since 2004. Hema/Hattat has also manufactured small A Series models, sold under the Valtra brand around the world.
Valtra in turn manufactured the Massey Ferguson 4400 Series at the Suolahti factory for a few years beginning in 2005. The MF 4400 Series was based on the Valtra A Series.
The Valtra S Series has been manufactured at the AGCO factory in Beauvais, France, since 2009. From 2003 to 2007 the S Series was manufactured at the Suolahti factory. Beginning in 1989 the Valmet 8300 and 8600 models were also manufactured in Beauvais at what was then the Massey Ferguson factory. At the same time, Massey Ferguson began using Valmet diesel engines for its own models. Agritalia in turn manufactured Valtra 3000 Series vineyard tractors in the early 2000s.
In February 2015 a Valtra tractor, driven by former World Rally Champion, Juha Kankkunen, equipped with Nokian Tyres set a new world speed record for tractors at 130.165 km/h.
Ownership
When it was founded in 1945, Valmet was a fully state-owned company. In 1994 Finnish state-owned companies were reorganised, and Valmet's tractor operations were transferred to a joint company with Sisu trucks creating the Sisu-Valmet brand.
In 1997 Sisu, including its tractor operations, was acquired by Partek. At the end of 1999 the Finnish State owned 30 percent of Partek.
In 1998 the brand name was changed from Valmet to the transition name ValtraValmet before being shortened to Valtra in 2001.
In 2002 Partek was acquired by the Kone Corporation.
In 2004 Kone Corporation sold Valtra and SisuDiesel to the American AGCO Corporation for EUR 600 million.
Innovation
Valmet/Valtra has introduced numerous innovations that later became industry standards.
One of the typical features of Valmet/Valtra tractors from the 1940s to the present has been their suitability for forest work. In the Nordic region tractors have traditionally been used for farming in the summer and forest work in the winter. From the 1960s to the 2000s, Valmet/Valtra tractors featured metallic fuel tanks within the subframe, where they are protected from rocks, tree stumps and branches. In the newest Valtra models the fuel tank is no longer situated inside the subframe, but forest protection is available.
Other forest specifications include a high ground clearance, a forest cab, the TwinTrac reverse-drive system, narrow mudguards, protected tyre valves and factory-fitted forest tyres. With TwinTrac, the seat, along with the armrest located controls can be turned through 180 degrees to meet a second set of foot pedals and a smaller steering wheel placed at the rear of the cab. This allows the operator to drive the tractor backwards and use rear mounted implements more efficiently. Only Fendt has provided a similar fully integrated reverse-drive system, while in other brands such devices have been post-manufacture, third party additions. Valtra is the only tractor manufacturer in the world that offers a factory-fitted reverse-drive system, which is ideal not only for forest work, but also for mowing and municipal maintenance tasks.
The Valmet 565 model introduced in 1965 featured the first synchronised gearbox in the tractor industry.
The Valmet 900 introduced in 1967 featured a factory-fitted cab and gear levers on the right-hand side of the driver.
Pioneer in turbocharging
Valmet and Valtra have also been pioneers in turbocharging, especially with their three- and four-cylinder engines. In 1969 Valmet introduced the world's first turbocharged four-cylinder tractor, the Valmet 1100, which produced 115 horsepower SAE. Valtra has continued the tradition of offering the most powerful four-cylinder tractors in the world with its M and N Series models, for example. Valmet also introduced the first turbocharged three-cylinder tractor engine in 1979 with the Valmet 602 Turbo model.
Among the most unusual tractors manufactured by Valmet was the six-wheeled Valmet 1502 bogie model, which was introduced in 1975.
The experimental H800 model from 1986 featured an articulated chassis and fully hydraulic transmission.
The 8750 Sigma Power model introduced by Valmet in 1996 was the first tractor in the world to feature PTO (Power Take-off for external implements) boost, which was activated automatically when at least 30 horsepower was transmitted to the PTO.
Valmet/Valtra is the only tractor manufacturer ever to have manufactured articulated tractors in the 100-200 horsepower class. The company's history of articulated tractors began with the Terra model introduced in 1965 and continued with the H800 in 1986 and the X, XM and NX models beginning in 1996.
Valtra was awarded two prestigious DLG Silver Medals at Agritechnica 2007 for its innovations. One was awarded for the Valtra LH Lift pivoting front linkage and the other for its semi-active AutoComfort cab suspension.
In 2008 Valtra was the first tractor manufacturer in the world to introduce SCR exhaust cleaning technology with its S Series. The technology had been previously used in the truck industry and has since become almost standard in the tractor industry.
Stepless transmission
In 2008 Valtra introduced the stepless Direct transmission, which it had developed and manufactured itself. Unlike other continuously variable transmissions, Direct transmissions have ground-speed PTO option, are equally efficient when driven forwards and in reverse, and have separate oils for the hydraulics and transmission. Direct transmissions are very similar in design to Valtra's five-step Versu powershift transmissions.
The fourth generation T Series that was introduced in 2014 featured for the first time Valtra's patented hydraulics assistant that increases the engine speed automatically under heavy hydraulic loads. The T Series also features an automatic powershift that switches to a lower gear range when needed at a preset speed. The Valtra T Series was named Machine of the Year at SIMA, the Paris International Agri Business Show, in 2014.
In autumn 2015 Valtra introduced its ASR traction control system on the fourth generation N Series. This innovation optimises power in relation to the traction, reducing fuel consumption and avoiding damage to the ground. Valtra N Series was named Machine of the Year and awarded Tractor of the Year for the Best Design at Agritechnica exhibition 2015.
Custom-built tractors
Since the early 1990s Valtra has had a tradition of allowing the customer to tailor the tractor to specific needs and desires, in recent years called 'a la carte'. Valtra has been the only tractor manufacturer in the world to manufacture tractors on the basis of individual customer orders only. Several options have been available pertaining to for example the tractors color, transmission type and speed, hydraulics, PTO and suspension. The Suolahti factory does not make a single tractor without an order from an importer, dealer or customer. Valtra offers a wide range of options and features, allowing customers to specify their tractors according to their own specific needs.
In 2013 the Unlimited Studio was introduced to serve the customer further in this regard, allowing the addition to the tractor of "anything within reason" as a final step in the assembly process. The Unlimited Studio allows tractors to be fitted with options that would otherwise not be possible or feasible on the regular assembly line. The 1000th Unlimited tractor was handed over in autumn 2015. The Unlimited Studio has customised 106 N163 Direct tractors for the Finnish Defence Forces, as well as the Pink Cat campaign tractor for the Young Farmers of Finland.
Fourth generation N and T Series tractors won several international tractor and design awards in 2015 and 2016 including Machine of the Year, Golden Tractor for Design, A Design Award and Red Dot design award.
Market position
Valmet/Valtra has been the most popular tractor brand in Finland since the early 1970s and the most popular tractor brand in Scandinavia since it took over Volvo BM's tractor operations in the early 1980s. In Brazil and South America, Valmet/Valtra has been the second or third most popular tractor brand depending on the year.
In western markets, Valtra has been the fourth or fifth most popular tractor brand depending on the year. Valtra tractors are currently sold in around 75 countries around the world.
Models
Valtra tractor models being manufactured in 2015:
A Series
A53 (50 hp /196 Nm)
A63 (68 hp / 285 Nm)
A73 (78 hp / 310 Nm)
A83 HiTech (88 hp / 325 Nm)
A93 Hitech (101 hp / 370 Nm)
N Series
N104 HiTech (105 hp / 470 Nm)
N114e HiTech (115 hp / 500 Nm)
N124 HiTech (125 hp / 550 Nm)
N134 HiTech, Active, Versu, Direct (145 hp / 600 Nm)
N154 HiTech, Active, Versu, Direct (165 hp / 720 Nm)
N174 HiTech, Active, Versu, Direct (185 hp / 730 Nm)
T Series
T144 HiTech, Active, Versu, Direct (170 hp / 680 Nm)
T154 HiTech, Active, Versu, Direct (180 hp / 740 Nm)
T174e HiTech, Active, Versu, Direct (190 hp / 900 Nm)
T194 HiTech, Active, Versu, Direct (210 hp / 870 Nm)
T214 HiTech, Active, Versu, Direct (230 hp / 910 Nm)
T234 HiTech, Active, Versu (250 hp / 1000 Nm)
S Series
S274 (300 hp / 1300 Nm)
S294 (325 hp / 1390 Nm)
S324 (350 hp / 1500 Nm)
S354 (380 hp / 1590 Nm)
S374 (400 hp / 1600 Nm)
A different set of models are produced in Brazil:
Valtra BL (65-95 hp)
Valtra BM (100-125 hp)
Valtra BH (145-205 hp)
Valtra BT (150-210 hp) with higher end technology compared to BH line
Valtra BC (Harvesters)
Valtra BS (Sprayers)
A special series made in Argentina since 2014
Valtra AR (140-210 cv)
References
External links
Valtra Brazil
Email group concerning Valtra agricultural equipment and tractors
AGCO
Valmet
Agricultural machinery manufacturers of Finland
Tractor manufacturers of Finland
Finnish brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtra |
Nabīl or Nabeel () is a male given name of Arabic origin, meaning "noble". The feminine version is Nabila, Nabeela, Nabilah, Nabeela or Nabeelah. The name Nabil has a similar meaning to the English given name Patrick.
People named Nabeel
Given name
Nabeel Abbas (born 1986), Iraqi footballer
Nabeel Jabbour, author, lecturer, and expert on Muslim culture
Nabeel Kassis (born 1945), Palestinian academic and politician
Nabeel Qureshi (author) (active from 2009), American Christian apologist
Nabeel Qureshi (director) (born 1985), Pakistani film director
Nabeel Rajab (born 1964), Bahraini human rights and opposition activist
Nabeel Saleh Mubarak, Bahraini modern pentathlete
Nabeel Shaukat Ali (born 1989), Pakistani singer
Nabeel Yasin (born 1950), Iraqi poet, journalist and political activist
Middle name
Muhammad Nabil Al Khatib, Syrian politician
Family name
Dada Nabeel (born 1989), Indian football player
Nasser Nabeel (born 1990), Qatari footballer
People named Nabil
Honorific
Nabíl-i-Akbar (1829–1892), one of the 19 Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh
Nabíl-i-A`zam (1831–1892), "the Great Nabíl", Bahá'í historian
Given name
Nabil Abou-Harb (born 1984), American filmmaker, writer, producer
Nabil Abidallah (born 1982), Dutch footballer of Moroccan descent
Nabil Abdul Rashid (born 1987), English comedian of Nigerian descent.
Nabil Adamou (born 1975), Algerian long jumper
Nabil Al-Garbi (born 1993), Yemeni middle-distance runner
Nabil Ali (1938–2016), Egyptian scientist, writer, and thinker.
Nabil Ammar (born 1965), Tunisian diplomat and politician
Nabil Amr (born 1947), Palestinian politician
Nabil Anani (born 1943), Palestinian artist
Nabil Ashoor (born 1982), Omani footballer
Nabil Aslam (born 1984), Pakistani Danish footballer
Nabil Ayad, founder of the Diplomatic Academy of London
Nabil Ayers, American musician and entrepreneur
Nabil Ayouch (born 1969), French-Moroccan television and film director, producer and writer
Nabil Sabio Azadi (born 1991), Iranian-New Zealand artist
Nabil Baalbaki (born 1978), Lebanese footballer
Nabil Bahoui (born 1991), Swedish footballer of Moroccan descent
Nabil Ben Yadir, Moroccan-Belgian actor, film director and screenwriter
Nabil Benabdallah (born 1959), Moroccan politician and minister
Nabil Bentaleb (born 1994), Algerian footballer
Nabil Al Busaidi (born 1970), British adventurer
Nabil Choueiri (born 1950), Lebanese long-distance running athlete
Nabil Crismatt (born 1994), Colombian baseball pitcher
Nabil Ejenavi (born 1994), Algerian footballer
Nabil El Zhar (born 1986), Moroccan footballer, currently with Levante F.C.
Nabil Elaraby (born 1935), Egyptian diplomat and the Secretary-General of the Arab League
Nabil Elderkin, Australian photographer, music video and film director of mixed American / Iranian origin
Nabil El-Nayal (born 1985), Syrian-born British fashion designer
Nabil Elouahabi (born 1975), British Moroccan actor
Nabil Esmail (born 1942), Egyptian chemical engineer
Nabil Al Fadl (1949–2015), Kuwaiti politician
Nabil Fahmi (born 1951), Egyptian diplomat and politician
Nabil Hasan al-Faqih, Yemeni politician
Nabil Farouk (1956–2020), Egyptian novelist
Nabil Fekir (born 1993), French footballer
Nabil Fiqri (born 1987), Malaysian field hocker player
Nabil Gabol (born 1963), Pakistani politician
Nabil Ghilas (born 1990), Algerian footballer
Nabil Gholam, Lebanese architect
Nabil Haddad, priest in the Melkite Greek Catholic Church and a leading figure among Arab Christians in Jordan. Founder and director of the Jordanian Interfaith Coexistence Research Center (JICRC) in Amman, Jordan
Nabil Hemani (1979–2014), Algerian footballer
Nabil Jaadi (born 1996), Belgian footballer of Moroccan origin
Nabil Jeffri (born 1993), Malaysian racing driver
Nabil Kassel (born 1984), Algerian boxer
Nabil Kebbab (born 1983), Algerian swimmer
Nabil Kochaji (born 1975), Syrian author, novelist and medical researcher
Nabil Lasmari (born 1978), Algerian badminton player
Nabil Maâloul (born 1962), Tunisian footballer and football coach
Nabil Madi (born 1981), Algerian middle distance runner
Nabil Maleh (1936–2016), Syrian film director, screenwriter, producer, painter and poet
Nabil Miskinyar (born 1948), Afghan TV host who currently runs a TV channel from United States called Ariana
Nabil Nahas (born 1949), Lebanese New York-based artist and painter
Nabil Neghiz, Algerian football manager
Nabil Nosair (1938–2016), Egyptian footballer
Nabil Omran (born 1981), Libyan futsal player
Nabil Qaouk, Lebanese politician and cleric, member and deputy member of the executive council of Hezbollah
Nabil Sahli (born 1978), better known by his stage name Nessbeal, French rapper
Nabil Sahraoui (1966–2004), alias Mustapha Abou Ibrahim, Algerian Islamist militant, and the head of the radical Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat (GSPC, later renamed Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb) from August 2003 until his death in 2004
Nabil Salameh, also known as Nabil or Nabil Bey, Palestinian Lebanese-born singer, songwriter, musician, artist and journalist, founder of the world music bands Radiodervish and Al Darawish.
Nabil Samad (born 1986), Bangladeshi cricketer
Nabil Sawalha, Jordanian comedian
Nabil Seidah (born 1949), Egyptian born Canadian Québécois scientist
Nabil Shaath (born 1938), Palestinian official, chief negotiator and cabinet minister
Nabil Shaban (born 1953), Jordanian-British actor and writer
Nabil Al Shahmeh (born 1974), Syrian footballer
Nabil Talhouni, Jordanian Ambassador of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Family name
Ahmed Nabil (fencer) (born 1986), Egyptian fencer
Muhammad Nabil al-Khatib, Syrian politician
Rahmatullah Nabil, Afghan politician, Head of the National Directorate of Security from 2010 to 2012
Shahrun Nabil (born 1986), Malaysian field hockey player
Youssef Nabil (born 1972), Egyptian artist and photographer
See also
Nabeel's Song, book by Jo Tatchell published accounting life of Iraqi poet Nabeel Yasin and his extended family
Nabil Bank, commercial bank in Nepal
References
Arabic-language masculine given names
Masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabil |
A child model refers to a child who is employed to display, advertise and promote commercial products or to serve as a subject of works of art, such as photography, painting and sculpture.
Practice
Artists have used children as models for countless works over the centuries. Child modeling has become a distinct activity because of the explosion of commercial media over the past several decades. Many young actresses and actors, notably, Naomi Campbell, Jennifer Connelly, Katherine Heigl, Jessica Alba, Ashley Benson, Lindsay Lohan, Naya Rivera, Zendaya, Bella Thorne, Miranda Cosgrove, Hayley Kiyoko, Liv Tyler, Brooke Shields, Taylor Momsen, Peyton List, Gigi Hadid, Yara Shahidi, Maddie Ziegler, Skai Jackson, Anastasia Bezrukova, Isabella Cramp and Frankie Muniz began as child models. The book, Lisanne: A Young Model, described the life of Lisanne Falk, a colleague of Brooke Shields at the Ford modeling agency in the late 1970s. Falk, like Shields, was a relatively successful child model who posed for magazine covers, notably Seventeen, for editorial fashion layouts, and for advertising in magazines and mail-order catalogs. Both models appeared in the 1977 Sears and Montgomery Ward catalogs. Falk, like Shields, moved from modeling to movies as she became older. More recently Australian child model Morgan Featherstone has achieved worldwide success but has also attracted criticism due to her looking older than her age.
The visible success of child models who became media celebrities has led numerous children (and their parents) to pursue modeling as a part-time career. In practice, most modeling jobs go to children who have already worked as models and have developed a working relationship with a modeling agency. For prospective models, the challenge is to land the first job. This usually happens through referrals by people already involved in modeling. It is also possible to land jobs by contacting modeling agencies directly. Occasionally, a child may be "discovered" in a public place or through other grassroots means.
Competing in local and national beauty pageants
Working with local retailers for small-scale modeling
Entering mall fashion shows
Entering photo competitions.
Salary
The amount that a child can earn is based upon the type of work they are contracted to carry out.
A photo shoot for a magazine article will generally pay around $70 per hour. Advertisement work, on the other hand, can pay out between $1,000 and $1,200 for a day's work. The child's agency will take a commission from the earnings, which will be around 20%.
See also
Child beauty pageant
Junior idol
References
Modeling (profession)
Childhood | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child%20model |
Czartoryski-Schlössel (Schlössel is roughly translatable as "small palace") was a palace called Weinhaus in the Währing district of Vienna, Austria. It was built in 1807 for the banker Friedrich Jakob van der Nüll, the legal, but not biological father of architect Eduard van der Nüll. The palace was subsequently put up for sale and purchased by Prince Czartoryski; it remained in possession of the Czartoryski family until shortly after World War I.
The three-storey-high palace was designed in the Empire style. The layout was shaped like a horseshoe, with a central part (Mitteltrakt) and two side wings. The building was set back from the street by a courtyard, protected by a wrought-iron fence with a gate. Before selling the palace, the Prince had the expensive inlaid doors and wooden floor removed and transported to his estate in Pełkinie near Jarosław, Galicia, where they were destroyed in a fire during World War I. The palace's remaining features included the elaborate ceiling in the former library, showing depictions of mythological scenes, as well as the stucco in the former gallery.
After the palace was renovated in 1923, it re-opened as a children's home. The building suffered slight damage during World War II, and subsequently fell into neglect. It was torn down in 1957 to make way for a modern school building, completed in 1959.
References
External links
Palaces in Vienna
Buildings and structures in Währing
Czartoryski family
Demolished buildings and structures in Austria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czartoryski%20Palace%20%28Vienna%29 |
Jean-Baptiste Morin (February 23, 1583 – November 6, 1656), also known by the Latinized name as Morinus, was a French mathematician, astrologer, and astronomer.
Life and work
Born in Villefranche-sur-Saône, in the Beaujolais, he began studying philosophy at Aix-en-Provence at the age of 16. He studied medicine at Avignon in 1611 and received his medical degree two years later. He was employed by the Bishop of Boulogne from 1613 to 1621 and was sent to Germany and Hungary during this time. He served the bishop as an astrologer and also visited mines and studied metals. He subsequently worked for the Duke of Luxembourg until 1629. Morin published a defense of Aristotle in 1624. He also worked in the field of optics, and continued to study in astrology. He worked with Pierre Gassendi on observational astronomy.
In 1630, Morin was appointed professor of mathematics at the Collège Royal, a post he held until his death.
A firm believer of the idea that the Earth remained fixed in space, Morin is best known for being an opponent of Galileo and the latter's ideas. He continued his attacks after the Trial of Galileo. Morin seems to have been a rather contentious figure, as he also attacked Descartes' ideas after meeting the philosopher in 1638. These disputes isolated Morin from the scientific community at large.
Morin believed that improved methods of solving spherical triangles had to be found and that better lunar tables were needed.
Morin and longitude
Morin attempted to solve the longitude problem. In 1634, he proposed his solution, based on measuring absolute time by the position of the Moon relative to the stars. His method was a variation of the lunar distance method first put forward by Johann Werner in 1514. Morin added some improvements to this method, such as better scientific instruments and taking lunar parallax into account. Morin did not believe that Gemma Frisius' transporting clock method for calculating out longitude would work. Morin, unfailingly irascible, remarked, "I do not know if the Devil will succeed in making a longitude timekeeper but it is folly for man to try."
A prize was to be awarded, so a committee was set up by Richelieu to evaluate Morin's proposal. Serving on this committee were Étienne Pascal, Claude Mydorge, and Pierre Hérigone. The committee remained in dispute with Morin for the five years after he made his proposal. Morin refused to listen to objections to his proposal, which was considered impractical. In his attempts to convince the committee members, Morin proposed that an observatory be set up in order to provide accurate lunar data. He wrangled with the committee for five years.
In 1645, Cardinal Mazarin, Richelieu's successor, awarded Morin a pension of 2,000 livres for his work on the longitude problem.
Morin and astrology
Perhaps most famous for his work as an astrologer, towards the end of his life Morin completed Astrologia Gallica ("French Astrology"), a treatise which he did not live to see in print. The 26 books of intricate, complex, Latin text were published at the Hague in 1661 as one thick folio 850 pages long. The work covers natal, judicial, mundane, electional and meteorological astrology, and parts that are most concerned with astrological techniques (as compared to theological discussion on which they are based) have been translated or paraphrased into French, Spanish, German, and English.
At least among English-speaking astrologers, Morin is known as having been particularly concerned with prediction through methodical extrapolation of what is promised in the natal chart. His techniques were directions, solar and lunar return, and he regarded transits a subsidiary technique though one key to accurate timing of events nonetheless.
Morin challenged much of classical astrological theory, including the astrology of Ptolemy, in an attempt to present a solid set of tools while rendering reasons for and against particular techniques, some of which may be considered crucial to many astrologers before and during Morin’s lifetime. At the same time, Morin vested himself heavily in promoting in mundo directions, a technique largely based on the work of Regiomontanus that became available thanks to then-recent advancement in mathematics. In his work, Morin provides examples of successful delineation of events that otherwise could not be delineated with the same relative degree of certainty.
Morin’s life has been that of trial and tribulation by his own testament. He died in Paris of natural causes at 73 years of age.
Sources
Longitude
The Galileo Project
A critical edition of Morin's will and probate inventory
Further reading
The Astrology of Jean-Baptiste Morin by Thomas Callanan
Astrologia Gallica principiis & rationibus propriis stabilita atque in XXVI libros distributa (The Hague: Adriaan Vlacq, 1661).
Translations into English of individual books of the Astrologia Gallica published by the American Federation of Astrologers (Tempe, Az.) with the date of publication:
Books 13, 14, 15, & 19 (2006)
Book 16 (2008)
Book 17 (2008)
Book 18 (2004)
Book 21 (2008)
Book 22 (1994)
Book 23 (2004)
Book 24 (2004)
Book 25 (2008)
Book 26 (2010)
1583 births
1656 deaths
People from Villefranche-sur-Saône
Academic staff of the Collège de France
17th-century French astronomers
French astrologers
Christian astrologers
17th-century French mathematicians
French Roman Catholics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste%20Morin%20%28mathematician%29 |
Thioacetamide is an organosulfur compound with the formula C2H5NS. This white crystalline solid is soluble in water and serves as a source of sulfide ions in the synthesis of organic and inorganic compounds. It is a prototypical thioamide.
Research
Thioacetamide is known to induce acute or chronic liver disease (fibrosis and cirrhosis) in the experimental animal model. Its administration in rat induces hepatic encephalopathy, metabolic acidosis, increased levels of transaminases, abnormal coagulopathy, and centrilobular necrosis, which are the main features of the clinical chronic liver disease so thioacetamide can precisely replicate the initiation and progression of human liver disease in an experimental animal model.
Coordination chemistry
Thioacetamide is widely used in classical qualitative inorganic analysis as an in situ source for sulfide ions. Thus, treatment of aqueous solutions of many metal cations to a solution of thioacetamide affords the corresponding metal sulfide:
M2+ + CH3C(S)NH2 + H2O → MS + CH3C(O)NH2 + 2 H+ (M = Ni, Pb, Cd, Hg)
Related precipitations occur for sources of soft trivalent cations (As3+, Sb3+, Bi3+) and monovalent cations (Ag+, Cu+).
Preparation
Thioacetamide is prepared by treating acetamide with phosphorus pentasulfide as shown in the following idealized reaction:
CH3C(O)NH2 + 1/4 P4S10 → CH3C(S)NH2 + 1/4 P4S6O4
Structure
The C2NH2S portion of the molecule is planar; the C-S, C-N, and C-C distances are 1.68, 1.31, and 1.50 Å, respectively. The short C-S and C-N distances indicate multiple bonding.
Safety
Thioacetamide is carcinogen class 2B.
It is known to produce marked hepatotoxicity in exposed animals. Toxicity values are 301 mg/kg in rats (LD50, oral administration), 300 mg/kg in mice (LD50, intraperitoneal administration). This is evidenced by enzymatic changes, which include elevation in the levels of serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and aspartic acid.
References
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Thioamides
Hepatotoxins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioacetamide |
Palais Arnstein was a palace in Vienna, Austria. The building was constructed in 1794-96 by the merchant Franz Natorp. The Jewish noble Nathan Adam von Arnstein rented the palace, since Jews were not allowed to own property in the city.
The palace was hit by bombs during World War II and burned. Nevertheless, the building remained standing. At first there were plans for renovation, however the palace was demolished in 1952 for real estate speculation, and a modern building was erected in its place instead.
The Salon of Baroness Fanny von Arnstein
Fanny von Arnstein, married to the banker Nathan, established a salon in the Arnstein mansion, which quickly became a focus of Vienna's intellectual and cultural life. This had some effect in removing the barriers between the aristocracy, the bourgeoisie, and the Jewish citizens of Vienna. Her sister Cäcilie von Eskeles also had her own salon in Vienna.
The palace saw many balls, concerts and literature readings. This made Baroness Arnstein very well known and highly esteemed: even Emperor Josef II called her his friend and would pay visits. During the Vienna Congress, the salon was a meeting-point for diplomats for informal talks, even hosting the likes of state chancellor Prince Metternich.
After the death of Fanny von Arnstein, her daughter Henriette von Pereira-Arnstein continued her mother's tradition as salonière.
References
Sources
Michaela Feurstein], Gerhard Milchram. Jüdisches Wien. Boehlau Verlag, Vienna. 2001.
Arnstein
Buildings and structures in Innere Stadt
Jews and Judaism in Vienna
Jewish Austrian history
Houses completed in 1796
Buildings and structures demolished in 1952
1796 establishments in the Habsburg monarchy
1796 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
18th-century establishments in Austria
1952 disestablishments in Austria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais%20Arnstein |
Nathaniel Meserve (1704–1758) was an American shipbuilder.
Meserve was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, to Clement Maserve and his wife Elizabeth Jones.
On December 16, 1725, aged 21, he married Jane Libby and together they had ten children. Nathaniel Meserve would become a shipwright in his native Portsmouth, a hub of early American shipbuilding.
During King George's War Nathaniel was a lieutenant colonel in the New Hampshire Militia regiment at the 1745 capture of Fortress Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island. His shipbuilding experience allowed him to build sleds to transport the cannon over the marshy ground. In 1749 he was hired by the Royal Navy to build a 50 gun warship HMS America at his shipyard. During the French and Indian War Colonel Meserve led the New Hampshire Provincial Regiment in 1756 to Fort Edward New York and in 1757 to garrison Halifax, Nova Scotia.
In 1758 Col. Nathaniel Meserve was with General Amherst in another attack on Fortress Louisbourg because of his service in the 1745 capture of the fort. Here he contracted smallpox and died along with his eldest son.
Sources
Louisbourg: From its Founding to its Fall by J.S. McLennan, Macmillan and Co. LTD London, UK 1918
The Taking of Louisburg 1745 by Samuel Adams Drake, Lee and Shepard Publishers Boston Mass. USA 1891 (reprinted by Kessinger Publishing )
1704 births
1758 deaths
Deaths from smallpox
People of New Hampshire in the French and Indian War
People from Portsmouth, New Hampshire
American shipwrights
People of colonial New Hampshire
Infectious disease deaths in Nova Scotia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel%20Meserve |
Silvestri is a surname of Italian origin. Noted people with this last name include:
Alan Silvestri (born 1950), American composer
Alessandra Silvestri-Levy (born 1972), Italo-Brazilian curator, writer and humanitarian activist
Angelica di Silvestri (born 1965), Dominican cross-country skier of Italian origin
Armando Silvestri (1930–20??), Italian born co-founder of the "Duron" construction company and inventor of the Fmin100 Super-flat Concrete Floor (1976).
Carlos Silvestri (born 1972), Peruvian football manager and former player
Charles Anthony Silvestri (born 1965), American poet, lyricist and historian
Constantin Silvestri (1913–1969), Romanian conductor
Cristian Silvestri (born 1975), Italian footballer
Daniele Silvestri (born 1968), Italian singer-songwriter and musician
Dave Silvestri (born 1967), American baseball player
Davide Silvestri (born 1980), Italian cyclist
Debora Silvestri (born 1998), Italian professional racing cyclist
Enrico Silvestri (1896–1977), Italian Alpini officer and skier
Federico Silvestri (born 1963), Italian swimmer
Fernando Silvestri (1896–1959), Italian Air Force general
Filippo Silvestri (1873–1949), Italian entomologist
Graciela Silvestri (born 1954), Argentine architect and professor
Jacobelli Silvestri, (died 1516), Italian Roman Catholic bishop
Jacopo Silvestri (15th century – 16th century), Italian cryptographer and author
Ken Silvestri (1916–1992), American baseball player
Lorenzo De Silvestri (born 1988), Italian footballer
Louis Silvestri, bass singer with the original Four Aces
Luigi Silvestri (born 1993), Italian professional footballer
Marc Silvestri (born 1958), American comic book artist
Marco Silvestri (born 1991), Italian footballer
Marco Silvestri (born 1999), Italian footballer
Max Silvestri (born 1983), American stand-up comedian
Nicola Silvestri, (born 1985), Italian footballer
Orazio Silvestri (1835–1890), Italian geologist and volcanologist
Orlando Silvestri (born 1972), American football player
Paolo Silvestri (born 1967), Italian freestyle skier
Papirio Silvestri (1592–1659), Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Macerata e Tolentino
Peter N. Silvestri (born 1957), a village president of Elmwood Park and a commissioner of Cook County, Illinois
Russ Silvestri (born 1961), American sailor
Tommaso Silvestri (born 1990), Italian footballer
Umberto Silvestri (1915–2009), Italian wrestler
See also
Silvestrii (disambiguation)
Silvestris (disambiguation)
External links
Distribution of Silvestri surname
Surnames
Italian-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvestri |
Zama Lake is a large lake in Mackenzie County, in north-western Alberta, Canada.
Major Ernest Wilson Hubbell, Chief Inspector of the Dominion Land Survey, recorded the name "Zammah River" in his field notes as the transliteration of the name of a Slavey Chief (Slavey Indians are now known as the Dene Tha' First Nation). The Geographic Board of Canada recorded the name "Zama River" on 4 July 1922 without explanation for the spelling change. The lake seems to be named in the same fashion and was named on 6 November 1944. The Dene Tha' do not use the name "Zama Lake", but use names in the Slavey language to identify the lake; some use K’ah Woti Túé (“Main Blind Lake” referring to a hunting blind) and others use Tulonh Mieh (“Where the Water Ends”).
The lake is located approximately northeast of Rainbow Lake and west northwest of High Level, at the confluence of Zama River and Hay River. The lake covers and forms an intricate river, lakes, and wetland system. The Hay-Zama Lakes complex is a Ramsar site for its importance to spring and fall migrating ducks and geese. As many as 250,000 ducks and geese use the lakes during the fall migration.
A small hamlet, Zama City is located approximately north of the lake and the unincorporated community of Chateh in the Hay Lake 209 Indian reserve of the Dene Tha' First Nation is also located south of the lake.
References
Lakes of Alberta
Mackenzie County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zama%20Lake |
The Palace of Monimail, also known as Monimail Tower, was a Renaissance palace in Fife, Scotland. A residence of the Archbishops of St Andrews from the 13th century, in the early 17th century Monimail became a chief seat of the Melville family. Lord Monimail is one of the subsidiary titles of the Leslie-Melville Earls of Leven. It was abandoned in the late 17th century and subsequently most of the palace was demolished. One tower remains standing in the grounds of Melville House near the village of Monimail, north of Ladybank.
Origins
Monimail Palace was situated at the junction of the main roads between St. Andrews, Perth and Stirling, overlooking the Howe of Fife. This would have made Monimail an attractive property for the Bishops of St Andrews and from the time of its earliest documentation (1206), Monimail was an estate belonging to the bishop. Around 1319 William Lamberton (Bishop of St. Andrews 1298–1328) constructed a manor house of some quality at Monimail "in the period of stability that followed Bannockburn".
The Renaissance Palace
According to legend the Palace was built by its most famous inhabitant: Cardinal David Beaton (c.1494–1546). However, recent research suggests that the building is in fact the work of his uncle, and predecessor as Archbishop of St Andrews, James Beaton (1473–1539). Monimail is described in this era as "a comfortable, if quiet, country residence, capable of accommodating the elite and their entourages." Church records show that it was the favourite residence of James and David Beaton after St Andrews itself. James Beaton went to the expense of importing fruit trees from France to plant in the gardens.
After David Beaton's murder in 1546 the palace continued to be used by his successors until the time of the Reformation. Archbishop John Hamilton (1512–1571), spent several weeks at Monimail in 1552 receiving medical treatments, for an unspecified condition, overseen by the Italian physician Jerome Cardan.
Mary, Queen of Scots visited the castle for dinner on 23 March 1563 but stayed at Baillinbreich. In 1564 Archbishop Hamilton sold Monimail to Sir James Balfour of Pittendriech. By this time the majority of the palace, with the exception of the tower, was said to be derelict. Balfour and his son undertook restoration of the tower, before selling on the estate in 1592 to Sir Robert Melville of Murdocairnie.
The decline of Monimail Palace
In the late 1690s Sir Robert's descendant, George Melville, 1st Earl of Melville (1636–1707), who had recently been appointed President of the Privy Council, decided to build himself a mansion in the fashionable Classical style on his Monimail estate, to be called Melville House. For many years, the remains of Monimail Palace were maintained as a picturesque folly in the park of the new house. The tower of the palace was described as being in "pretty good preservation" as late as 1791. In the 1820s the Melvilles built walled gardens, changing the ground levels around the site of the palace and resulting in most of the remains being buried.
Monimail Tower
The surviving tower comprises three storeys over a basement, which was later altered to form an ice house. The lower parts of the tower are likely to be part of the episcopal palace, though the upper parts date from later 16th-century restoration. An investigation in 1993 discovered the buried remnant of a corner tower to the north-west of Monimail Tower, and an adjoining section of curtain wall. The architectural detail, notably the Renaissance-style portrait roundels on the parapet, is comparable to that at the nearby Falkland Palace. The roundels at Monimail probably date from the 1570s, while those at Falkland were executed in the 1530s and the oaken Stirling Heads are from around 1540.
A restoration of the tower, to a high standard of authenticity using historically correct materials, was overseen by the Monimail Tower Preservation Trust in the 1990s-2000s. The gardens around the Tower are home to a small intentional community.
The tower is a category A listed building in recognition of its national importance.
References
External links
Monimail Tower restoration, Arc Architects
Category A listed buildings in Fife
Listed palaces in Scotland
Palaces in Fife
Tower houses in Scotland
Episcopal palaces in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace%20of%20Monimail |
Anastasios Papaligouras (; born 14 April 1948) is a Greek lawyer and New Democracy politician and was Minister for Mercantile Marine and Island Policy.
Born in Athens, Papaligouras studied law at the University of Athens and took a Masters in Comparative European Law at Brunel University, London. He was leader of ONNED (the New Democracy youth organisation) from 1976 to 1977. From 1976 to 1978, he was a member of the New Democracy Executive Committee, and from 1976 to 1981 he was a member of the New Democracy Administrative Committee. He was elected MP for Korinthia in the general elections of 1981, 1985, 1993, 1996 and 2000.
Following New Democracy's victory in the 2004 parliamentary election, Papaligouras became Minister for Justice in the new government of Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis on 10 March 2004. He was replaced by Sotirios Hatzigakis in the government sworn in on 19 September 2007. On September 12, 2008, Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis decided to give him the portfolio of the Ministry for Mercantile Marine and Island Policy, because of the resignation of the former Minister.
He was married to Zaira Ralli, daughter of Prime Minister Georgios Rallis, and has a daughter. Anastasios Papaligouras is the son of the right-wing politician who was appointed minister many times between 1949 and 1976 (Coordination and Plan, Foreign Affairs, Agriculture).
References
1948 births
Living people
Politicians from Athens
New Democracy (Greece) politicians
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Alumni of Brunel University London
20th-century Greek lawyers
Greek MPs 1981–1985
Greek MPs 1985–1989
Greek MPs 1993–1996
Greek MPs 1996–2000
Greek MPs 2000–2004
Greek MPs 2004–2007
Greek MPs 2007–2009
Justice ministers of Greece
Lawyers from Athens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasios%20Papaligouras |
The Hartford Symphony Orchestra (HSO) is an American orchestra based in Hartford, Connecticut.
Overview
The orchestra presents more than 100 concerts annually to audiences numbering more than 110,000.
The Hartford Symphony Orchestra’s extensive array of Education and Community Activities serves more than 22,000 individuals in Hartford and surrounding communities annually.
The Hartford Symphony Orchestra is supported by nearly 4,500 subscribers and over 2,000 donors. The organization has been greatly strengthened by an extensive level of communication and involvement with its musicians that has become a national model for orchestral governance. Now representing 15% of the board of directors and one-third of its executive committee, musicians also serve on all major Board committees.
History
1930s
The Federal government established the Federal Emergency Relief Corporation, which included a program to help struggling musicians through the economic depression. Amateur musician and businessman Francis Goodwin II, considered today to be the “Father of the Hartford Symphony,” seized the opportunity to bring orchestral music to the city of Hartford. His Federal “Orchestra Application” was accepted, resulting in the creation of the Hartford Symphony Orchestra, then known as the “Civic Symphony Orchestra of Hartford.” Created as a public service, the orchestra gave two free concerts per week, and the musicians rehearsed every day for a weekly salary of $21. The Civic Symphony Orchestra of Hartford performed its first concert on November 20, 1934, under music director Angelo Coniglione at West Middle School in Hartford. Although this first concert did not bring in a huge audience, it was generally considered to be a promising start to the orchestra’s future.
The Federal government disbanded the Federal Emergency Relief Corporation in 1935 and instead began a larger program called the Federal Music Project (FMP). This project was a subdivision of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) of the New Deal. Many orchestras in the United States were born out of the funding from this project. To the Hartford Symphony, being a part of the Federal Music Project meant they could pay musicians higher wages and charge a moderate admission of 25¢.
In 1936, Jacques Gordon replaced Angelo Coniglione as conductor and music director and the name of the orchestra officially changed to the “Hartford Symphony Orchestra.” The Symphony’s concerts schedule expanded with performances in The Bushnell, as well as public venues across Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. However, the next year the WPA changed its policies so that orchestras could not charge admission. However, the Hartford Symphony continued to bring in revenue by cleverly charging each patron 10¢ to rent a seat for summer concerts. At the first part of the summer concert that year, Francis Goodwin receives a telegram explaining that the Federal Music Project was changing its policies and that the Hartford Symphony would need to cover half of its own costs or it would lose all Federal funding. Panicked, Mr. Goodwin stood up at intermission and appealed to the audience for its financial support. A box was passed around, and by the end of the concert they had collected $1,200! The next day the contributions continued to roll in, saving the orchestra from financial disaster and initiating the strong connection between the Hartford Symphony and the Hartford community.
In the past the FMP had always had dictated which guest artists and conductors would be allowed to perform. Looking for complete artistic control over the orchestra, the Hartford Symphony pulled out of the FMP in 1938 in order to hire conductor Leon Barzin as the new music director. Despite the Symphony’s poor financial status from a lack of government funding, the orchestra’s four-concert season was the most illustrious the orchestra had ever seen; it featured world-famous soloists and a high ticket revenue from $3 admission prices. In an effort to raise community spirits, the following year the City of Hartford funded five successful summer concerts with guest conductor George Heck at the podium. Bushnell Park’s outdoor bandshell was torn down at the end of this summer series, marking the end of the first decade of the Hartford Symphony’s history.
1940s
Ever since the decision was made to forgo Federal funding in 1938, the Hartford Symphony had been struggling to keep its doors open. Board member Francis Goodwin, considered to be the “Father of the Hartford Symphony,” even put up $11,000 in personal collateral to finance a loan for the Symphony. (The Symphony was later unable to pay back the loan, and Goodwin’s personal collateral was confiscated.) Despite this financial distress, the Hartford Symphony presented five concerts in the Bushnell which featured all-Beethoven programming. These concerts marked the highest attendance the orchestra had experienced in its six-year history.
The Hartford Symphony played the last of its successful Beethoven concerts on May 14, 1941. By this time, World War II had swept through Europe, and by the fall of 1941 nearly all of the Hartford Symphony’s musicians had taken leave to join the armed forces. With crippled finances and no musicians, the orchestra only existed as a corporate entity and it did not seem likely that Connecticut would ever hear the Hartford Symphony again.
In a final effort to save the Hartford Symphony, Francis Goodwin pulled together a new board of directors in 1946 composed of prominent Hartford businessmen, including Willard B. Rogers, the Commissioner of the Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development, as President of the Hartford Symphony Board.
In an unprecedented action, Hartford’s musicians’ union agreed to perform for free for one year in an effort to get the Symphony up and running again. The Hartford Symphony was then free to use what little funds they had to pay for technical costs. In 1947 they hired two alternating co-conductors: George Heck, Dean of what is now the Hartford Conservatory, and Moshe Paranov, Dean of The Hartt School.
The Hartford Symphony’s first concert back was held on January 25, 1948, in Mortensen Hall. For the first time, patrons could buy subscriptions ($6 for seats at four concerts in either the Orchestra or Front Balcony section) or pay $1 per concert for a seat in the rest of the house. The audiences were much larger than the Symphony had seen in the past, with more than 1,000 paid admissions at every concert. After observing this heartfelt struggle to revive the Hartford Symphony, Travelers Insurance Company, in conjunction with radio station WTIC-FM, offered up a generous gift of $30,000 over the course of three years to the Hartford Symphony. After the first $10,000 installment in 1948, the HSO was finally able to open official administrative offices in the first floor of the Old State House, and, more importantly, was able to pay the musicians scale wages.
The Hartford Symphony’s 1949 – 1950 concert season expanded to six concerts in the Bushnell instead of four. In addition, Arthur Fiedler guest conducted the first Hartford Symphony Pops! concerts at The Bushnell and the Trinity Field House, where audience members sat at cabaret-style tables and were served food and drink by white-coated Trinity Students. It was noted this year that the orchestra played better than ever before; it seemed that musicians and audience members alike had a renewed interest in keeping the Hartford Symphony in business.
1950s
After the financial growth of the 1940s, the Hartford Symphony was able to perform six traditional concerts in The Bushnell with several nationally and internationally renowned guest performers, including Walton Deckelman, piano; Bela Urban, violin; Joseph De Pasquale, viola; Seymour Benstock, cello; and Cynthia Otis, harp. Odell Shepard, a former Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut, was even invited to narrate Aaron Copland’s A Lincoln Portrait.
The Symphony decided that Fritz Mahler would soon replace Moshe Paranov and George Heck as the new conductor of the Hartford Symphony, with a salary of $7,500 per year. At first, the public was very upset over the decision to hire Fritz Mahler; local newspapers slammed the Symphony for firing the two former Hartford Symphony conductors. On October 28, 1953 Fritz Mahler conducted his first concert with the Hartford Symphony in a program that featured the Boston Symphony’s principal cellist, Samuel Mayes, premiering Kabalevsky’s Concerto for Cello. Although the concert was well attended, there was still backlash from press about new conductor.
Determined to see the Hartford Symphony expand and flourish, Mahler developed educational and outreach programs. He began his series of “Young People’s Concerts” at The Bushnell, and appointed Mrs. Rena Oppenheimer as Educational Director. She traveled to local grade schools to present instrument demonstrations and promote the “Young People’s Concerts.” Mahler also started the “Hartford Little Symphony”- a reduced orchestra that would play run-out concerts at Avon Old Farms School, Miss Porter’s School, the Duffy School, and the Verplank School.
Mahler infused a sense of variety into the Symphony’s programming with performances of Prokofiev’s Alexander Nevsky, J. Strauss’ Die Fledermaus, an all-Tchaikovsky program, a performance of “Show Boat,” two Pops! concerts, and a program entitled “Theater in the Dance,” featuring the José Limón Dancers with Pauline Koner (Mrs. Fritz Mahler) as a soloist. In 1954, the Hartford Symphony performed the American premiere of Carl Orff’s Carmina Burana. After hearing the piece for the first time, audiences jumped to their feet with standing ovations and the local papers overflowed with excellent reviews.
On March 27, 1957 the Symphony recorded Carmina Burana on the Vanguard record label. Fritz Mahler continued the Hartford Symphony’s recording project with the Vanguard label, recording three new albums: Berlioz’s Requiem, Gustav Mahler’s Das Klagende Lied, and Bloch’s Three Jewish Poems for Orchestra and Copland’s Variations for Orchestra & Fanfare for the Common Man.
1960s
The sixties opened with a general sense of uneasiness amongst the Hartford Symphony administration over the symphony’s lack of growth in the past few years. Newly elected Hartford Symphony President Francis Goodwin, who is considered to be the “Father of the Hartford Symphony,” was determined to make the Hartford Symphony the “really great orchestra” he had always dreamed it could be. Although the Symphony had received local accolades for its recent accomplishments, it had not yet reached the status Goodwin felt it could achieve.
The Hartford Times and Hartford Courant gave mediocre reviews to the Symphony’s opening concerts of the 1961–62 season; more people began to subscribe to the Bushnell’s concert series instead of the Symphony’s because they believed the Hartford Symphony’s performances were mediocre in comparison. Insisting that they would be able to provide better programming if more funds were available, Goodwin initiated a new fundraising campaign, headed by former Symphony president Albert Holland. The campaign was a great success: the Orchestra raised $100,000 in one year.
Although the public was enamored with everything Music Director Fritz Mahler had done for the Symphony, the general consensus within the administration and musicians was that Mahler was no longer a good fit for the HSO. Mahler was constantly traveling overseas to conduct foreign orchestras and seemed no longer committed to the growth of the Symphony. When it became apparent that the board wanted to hire a new conductor, the public was outraged. Despite growing controversy over removing Mahler, Goodwin and the board announced that they wanted to hire a new Music Director- someone who played an instrument, who would hire local players, and, most importantly, who would commit themselves to the nitty-gritty business details of the orchestra. After conducting a wide-sweeping national search, they picked Arthur Winograd, the founding cellist of the Juilliard Quartet, to be the Symphony’s new music director. The Symphony rose to a new level under Winograd. Concerts for the 1965–66 season were packed and the Symphony saw a 15% increase in subscriptions, surpassing the Bushnell’s subscription sales.
As part of the national “Ford Challenge Grant” program for performing arts organizations, the Ford Company awarded the Hartford Symphony a grant of $1,350,000 in 1966. Ford saw the Hartford Symphony as an exemplary local orchestra, with “special potential” and “qualities of vision and realism shown by plans for the coming decades.” Needless to say, this gift launched the Symphony into uncharted financial success.
In 1967, the Hartford Symphony Orchestra was invited to perform in New York City at Lincoln Center and Carnegie Hall. The New Yorker published the following review of the Hartford Symphony after one of their performances in Carnegie Hall: “[The Hartford Symphony is] exceeded in refinement, tone, and everything else that makes a great symphony orchestra only by the big four of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Cleveland…I was amazed by the quality of this ensemble under the baton of Arthur Winograd, who must be a very [gifted] trainer of professional musicians. The orchestra’s intonation is excellent and its tone correspondingly luminous…the high level of performance that evening was a constant delight.”
1970s
Despite the fantastic successes of the 1960s, the Hartford Symphony was listed by the New York Times as one of 12 American orchestras in serious financial “danger.” The HSO had experienced great ticket sales and generous donations during the 1960s, but operating costs were high and financial failure was imminent once again. The Ford Challenge Grant which had been awarded to the HSO ten years prior stipulated that the HSO needed to raise one million dollars on their own in order for Ford to donate the $1,350,000 award. At the end of 1971, the Symphony was $140,000 short of the one million dollar requirement, even though Ford’s award money had been built into future budgets. At the last minute, Symphony supporters Francis Goodwin and Harry Robinson each donated $70,000 to the HSO, allowing the orchestra to meet its goal and continue to provide classical music to the City of Hartford.
Financially steady for the first time, the Hartford Symphony expanded their educational series to include four “Young People’s Concerts” in the Bushnell, a “Junior Symphony Series” for junior high students, and a concert series at Connecticut College. These years also brought in the world’s most celebrated soloists, including Benny Goodman, Mitch Miller, Isaac Stern, Leon Fleisher, a young André Watts, Itzhak Perlman, Van Cliburn, Ella Fitzgerald, and a 19-year-old Yo-Yo Ma.
IN 1976, the Symphony presented a special Bicentennial series, featuring popular and brand-new American music on every program. This year also marked the passing of Francis Goodwin, who truly had devoted his life to creating and sustaining the Hartford Symphony.
In October 1978, the musicians went on strike, protesting the reductions of concerts and rehearsal hours. The strike lasted ten days, and ended in late October.
In 1979, the Symphony hired Richard Hayman to conduct the Pops! Series at the Jai-alai Fronton in Hartford. With Hayman’s appointment came new, innovative Pops! programming, including the incorporation of rock ‘n roll, modern jazz, and international music into the series.
1980s
The Hartford Symphony continued to bring in the finest guest soloists from around the world, including Andre Watts, piano; Richard Stoltzman, clarinet; Jean-Pierre Rampal, flute; Itzhak Perlman, violin; Emmanuel Ax, piano; and Tony Bennett. Throughout the eighties, the Symphony would expand and create original new concert series, starting these first couple of years with a Beethoven Festival, “Symphony on Ice,” and “Spring, con Amore.”
After leading the HSO for 20 years, Music Director Arthur Winograd announced that this would be his final season. After a year of stunning performances of works by De Falla, Bartók, Shostakovich, and Berlioz, and incredible guest artists including cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, Winograd handed off his baton. As a search committee combed the country for the new conductor, the 1985 season continued on with a series of guest conductors, including Michael Lankester, an exciting British conductor who was associate conductor of the Pittsburgh Symphony. Lankester thoroughly impressed the Symphony and the public; the next year he was appointed as the new music director of the HSO.
Lankester brought in a new wave of interesting guest artists and adventurous programming, including pianist Horatio Guttierez and 13-year-old violinist Midori, as well as performances of works by Britten, Ives, Rorem, and Harbison. This season was bigger than ever, with Classical and Pops! programs, a new “Discovery” and “Music to Go” series, and community concerts at local high schools. In order to accommodate all these new concerts, the musicians ratified a new contract allowing for 21 full-time “core” musicians who were paid a salary instead of per service. Lankester set a new programming standard, pairing modern, avant-garde music by composers like Martinu, Walton, and Kolb with more traditional works, including Verdi’s Requiem. Ticket sales were outstanding, and the Symphony continued to grow.
Although the Symphony’s audiences were thrilled with the increase in concerts, the musicians were being pushed to play more than they ever had before. Many of the “core” musicians had experienced performance injuries, and there were ambiguities with pay rates between orchestra members. All performances came to a grinding halt during an 11-week impasse; at the end of the year the HSO finally negotiated new contracts where the work schedule became much more reasonable. The Hartford Symphony opened its doors once again on January 18, 1989. After that, it seemed that Hartford’s thirst for classical music could not be quenched. This year the Symphony started five new series: “Classical Conversations,” “Symphonikids” in-school concerts, Family concerts, a completely sold out series in local churches called “Music in a Gothic Space,” and a brand new set of summer concerts.
1990s
Hartford Symphony Music Director Michael Lankester continued to grow the orchestra's presence in the Hartford community by starting the “Classical Conversations” series, a program designed to help familiarize HSO audiences with the personal lives of their beloved composers. Lankester expanded the Family and Children’s Concerts, even writing much of the music for these programs himself.
Ever since the 1988 contract negotiations there had been tension between the musicians and the administration, and in 1991 the problems finally came to a head. As the result of a contract dispute, the orchestra hit a work impasse and the Symphony was forced to cancel the 1991–92 season. Fourteen months later, a compromise was reached and the HSO went back to work.
After the cancellation of the 1991–92 season, new subscriptions were low and the prospects of a 1992–93 season looked shaky. In the face of this challenge, the HSO got creative, not despondent. With budget and staff restructuring and greater initiative by the musicians, the orchestra pulled through and kept music in Hartford. The Symphony opened its 50th-anniversary season in 1993 with a fanfare written by Maestro Lankester.
Where there had been tension and dispute, now the musicians, board, and staff were working hand in hand to keep the Symphony alive. The symphony initiated new fundraising efforts to expand endowment, increase subscriptions, and balance the budget. This year the HSO began a new Chamber Orchestra series, the “Signature Series.”
In 1996, the HSO held its first trial season of the HSO’s summer series, the Talcott Mountain Music Festival.
In 1997 the HSO finally worked its way back to achieving a balanced budget after the financial and administrative struggles earlier that decade. This recovery was due not only to increasingly effective marketing, but also to steady growth in the orchestra’s artistic quality, balanced programming, increased emphasis on music and cultural education, and fresh, skillful, and professional management.
The HSO opened the 1997–98 season with a Masterworks concert featuring Stravinsky’s oratorio, Oedipus Rex, with a massive choir and a theatrical stage set. This year’s guest artist roster included pianists Leon Fleisher and Garrick Ohlsson, cellist Ralph Kirshbaum, and actor Christopher Plummer.
Michael Lankester announced in 1999 that he would be leaving the HSO. To celebrate the retirement of their music director, the symphony invited some of the greatest artists of the time to perform, including Yo-Yo Ma, Yefim Bronfman, Marvin Hamlisch, Krystof Penderecki, Ute Lemper, and Captain Kangaroo. At the close of this tumultuous decade, the symphony turned an eye to the future and began the search for the new leader of Connecticut’s orchestra.
2000s
The HSO launched a major community initiative in 2000 designed to reach new audiences with “I Have a Dream,” the HSO's first concert celebrating the life and legacy of Martin Luther King Jr., and named for his 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech. In addition, the orchestra was invited for the first time to tour with the popular tenor Andrea Bocelli; together they performed 15 concerts in cities across North America.
After a three-year search, the HSO announced the appointment of its new music director, Edward Cumming, who told Connecticut to “Expect the Unexpected.” This new appointment invigorated the orchestra, and fresh programming brought in huge crowds. With this change also came a change of attitude: Cumming wanted the HSO to be an orchestra for the people of Greater Hartford, and the programming should reflect this. With this in mind, the Symphony embarked on a mission to connect with the immediate community of Hartford, starting with a Martin Luther King Jr. Tribute concert and a new Latino Music Festival.
The League of American Orchestras awarded the Hartford Symphony Orchestra the 2003 ASCAP award for Adventurous Programming of Contemporary Music. The Hispanic Professional Network recognized the HSO's "dedication to promote awareness of Hispanic arts and culture". In addition, the HSO joined a distinguished roster of orchestras to receive two special honors: major funding from MetLife Foundation's "Music for Life" program and an invitation to join the "Sustaining the American Orchestra" initiative organized by The Kennedy Center and funded by SBC.
The HSO was one of three orchestras in North America to be honored with the 2004 MetLife Award for Excellence in Community Engagement. The Symphony went on tour once again with Andrea Bocelli, and was awarded the Governor's Arts Award "in recognition of remarkable artistic achievement and contributions to the arts in the state of Connecticut."
In 2005, the HSO toured with Andrea Bocelli for a third time, continuing to bring the orchestra national acclaim. For its innovative programming at home in CT, the Connecticut Natural Gas presented the orchestra with its Diversity Award.
World-renowned cellist Yo-Yo Ma joined Edward Cumming and the HSO for the opening concert of the 2007–08 season. After a landmark year of diverse programming, the League of American Orchestras awarded the HSO its ASCAP award for Adventurous Programming of Contemporary Music for the second time in four years.
The HSO’s 65th Anniversary Season was marked by performances of all of Beethoven’s Symphonies, performed in The Bushnell’s intimate Belding Theater. This year also marked the HSO’s most successful Talcott Mountain Music Festival of all time.
In 2009, Cumming announced that his final season as music director would be in 2010–11; thus began a two-year music director search to find his replacement.
2010s
From 2009 to 2011 the HSO led a very public music director search which brought six music directors from around the county to Hartford to each guest conduct the orchestra. The final candidate made the biggest impression and was hired immediately following her appearance with the HSO. In January 2011, the HSO announced that Carolyn Kuan, formerly of the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, would be the next music director, starting from the 2012 season. She was the youngest individual and first woman to be awarded this title.
The 2011–12 season opened with a free concert called "Picnic in the Park" which featured performers and repertoire that would be featured on Kuan's inaugural season. From there, the HSO launched a series of new community initiatives, including CityMusic, an El Sistema inspired after school music program in Hartford.
In 2012, the HSO received a Getty grant to launch the Musicians Care Project, which seeks to enhance the quality of life for people of all ages whose healthcare needs prevent them from taking part in traditional music performances by providing live, interactive musical experiences.
Through a combination of accessible and innovative, community-based programming, the HSO's concert attendance reached a ten-year high point, bringing in new and younger audience members.
In 2014, the HSO entered into a management services alliance with The Bushnell Center for the Performing Arts. Under the agreement, the HSO and The Bushnell remain independent, 501(c) (3) non-profit organizations while The Bushnell provides executive and administrative support to the HSO.
Music Directors
2011–present Carolyn Kuan
2001–2011 Edward Cumming
1985–2000 Michael Lankester
1965–1984 Arthur Winograd
1953–1965 Fritz Mahler
1947–1953 George Heck
1947–1953 Moshe Paranov
1938–1941 Léon Barzin
1936–1938 Jacques Gordon
1934–1936 Angelo Coniglione
References
External links
hartfordsymphony.org – Official site
Hartford Symphony Facebook Page
Musical groups established in 1934
American orchestras
Tourist attractions in Hartford, Connecticut
Works Progress Administration in Connecticut
Performing arts in Connecticut
Musical groups from Hartford, Connecticut
1934 establishments in Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford%20Symphony%20Orchestra |
A criterion-referenced test is a style of test which uses test scores to generate a statement about the behavior that can be expected of a person with that score. Most tests and quizzes that are written by school teachers can be considered criterion-referenced tests. In this case, the objective is simply to see whether the student has learned the material. Criterion-referenced assessment can be contrasted with norm-referenced assessment and ipsative assessment.
Criterion-referenced testing was a major focus of psychometric research in the 1970s.
Definition of criterion
A common misunderstanding regarding the term is the meaning of criterion. Many, if not most, criterion-referenced tests involve a cutscore, where the examinee passes if their score exceeds the cutscore and fails if it does not (often called a mastery test). The criterion is not the cutscore; the criterion is the domain of subject matter that the test is designed to assess. For example, the criterion may be "Students should be able to correctly add two single-digit numbers," and the cutscore may be that students should correctly answer a minimum of 80% of the questions to pass.
The criterion-referenced interpretation of a test score identifies the relationship to the subject matter. In the case of a mastery test, this does mean identifying whether the examinee has "mastered" a specified level of the subject matter by comparing their score to the cutscore. However, not all criterion-referenced tests have a cutscore, and the score can simply refer to a person's standing on the subject domain. The ACT is an example of this; there is no cutscore, it simply is an assessment of the student's knowledge of high-school level subject matter.
Because of this common misunderstanding, criterion-referenced tests have also been called standards-based assessments by some education agencies, as students are assessed with regards to standards that define what they "should" know, as defined by the state.
Comparison of criterion-referenced, domain-referenced and norm-referenced tests
Both terms criterion-referenced and norm-referenced were originally coined by Robert Glaser. Unlike a criterion-reference test, a norm-referenced test indicates whether the test-taker did better or worse than other people who took the test.
For example, if the criterion is "Students should be able to correctly add two single-digit numbers," then reasonable test questions might look like "" or "" A criterion-referenced test would report the student's performance strictly according to whether the individual student correctly answered these questions. A norm-referenced test would report primarily whether this student correctly answered more questions compared to other students in the group.
Even when testing similar topics, a test which is designed to accurately assess mastery may use different questions than one which is intended to show relative ranking. This is because some questions are better at reflecting actual achievement of students, and some test questions are better at differentiating between the best students and the worst students. (Many questions will do both.) A criterion-referenced test will use questions which were correctly answered by students who know the specific material. A norm-referenced test will use questions which were correctly answered by the "best" students and not correctly answered by the "worst" students (e.g. Cambridge University's pre-entry 'S' paper).
Some tests can provide useful information about both actual achievement and relative ranking. The ACT provides both a ranking, and indication of what level is considered necessary to likely success in college. Some argue that the term "criterion-referenced test" is a misnomer, since it can refer to the interpretation of the score as well as the test itself. In the previous example, the same score on the ACT can be interpreted in a norm-referenced or criterion-referenced manner.
Domain-referenced test is similar to criterion-referenced test, it is an assessment that covers a specific area of study such that a score will reveal how much of this area has been mastered. Thus, if an individual got 90% of the items correct in a domain-referenced or criterion-referenced test, this would be a high score indicative of his or her deep knowledge and understanding of the content covered in the test. These kinds of tests are contrasted with norm-referenced tests, in which scores indicate how well a test taker performed on the items relative to others who took the test.
Relationship to high-stakes testing
Many high-profile criterion-referenced tests are also high-stakes tests, where the results of the test have important implications for the individual examinee. Examples of this include high school graduation examinations and licensure testing where the test must be passed to work in a profession, such as to become a physician or attorney. However, being a high-stakes test is not specifically a feature of a criterion-referenced test. It is instead a feature of how an educational or government agency chooses to use the results of the test. It is moreover an individual type of test.
Examples
Driving tests are criterion-referenced tests, because their goal is to see whether the test taker is skilled enough to be granted a driver's license, not to see whether one test taker is more skilled than another test taker.
Citizenship tests are usually criterion-referenced tests, because their goal is to see whether the test taker is sufficiently familiar with the new country's history and government, not to see whether one test taker is more knowledgeable than another test taker.
See also
Concept inventory
Constructive alignment
Educational assessment
Ipsative assessment
Norm-referenced assessment
Psychometrics
Standardized test
References
Educational psychology
Psychometrics
Standardized tests
Education reform | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criterion-referenced%20test |
AC/DC are an Australian hard rock band.
AC/DC or AC-DC can refer to any device that runs on alternating current (AC) and/or direct current (DC), two types of mains power.
AC/DC may also refer to:
Electronics
AC/DC converter, or rectifier, a device that converts AC to DC
AC/DC motor, a type of electric motor that runs on AC or DC
AC/DC receiver, broadcast receivers from the early days of radio and television that ran from AC or DC mains
AC/DC supply, power supply
The historical commercial Battle of Currents between distributors of AC or DC as mains power
Power inverter, a device that converts DC to AC
Music
AC/DC (video), by the band, 1989
ACxDC, American hardcore punk band
ACDC, a dance crew led by Adam G. Sevani and Jon M. Chu
Other uses
AC/DC (pinball), a pinball machine designed after the band AC/DC
"AC/DC" (Brooklyn Nine-Nine), a television episode
AC/DC (slang), a slang term for bisexuality
AC/DC, short for Add to Commons / Descriptive Claims, a Wikimedia Commons JavaScript gadget
See also
ACDSee, a shareware image viewer program
AC/DShe, an all-female AC/DC tribute band from San Francisco
ACDC (disambiguation)
AC (disambiguation)
DC (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC/DC%20%28disambiguation%29 |
People's Liberation Army of Turkey (, abbreviated THKO) was an armed underground far-left movement in Turkey. It was founded at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey in 1968 by Hüseyin İnan, Yusuf Aslan, Sinan Cemgil, Deniz Gezmiş, Taylan Özgür and Cihan Alptekin.
Goals
THKO was of the opinion that it had become impossible to carry on the struggle for independence and democracy within the legal framework and depending on peaceful methods of struggle in Turkey. The organization struggled for what they called a "National Democratic Revolution". One of the main goals was to rid Turkey of all things American. The main theses of THKO were:
Revolution with the goal of a completely independent and truly democratic Turkey would be realised through a struggle based in rural areas and force policy under the command of national front understanding
People's war should be carried out on the basis of the alliance of the proletariat, peasantry and petty bourgeoisie
The party of the working class and People's Army should be counted as the two basic organisations of people's war
These two organisations would be built during the period of struggle, based on the participation of the masses
THKO was a unique organisation, performing the functions of both of these two organisations simultaneously.
Activities
The organization's headquarters was in room 201 of Middle East Technical University. In February 1971, the group kidnapped an American sergeant from a base in Ankara and held him in room 201 for 15 hours, before releasing him. Deniz Gezmiş reportedly invited young women to this room, as described by Christopher de Bellaigue:Into his room at Ankara's Middle East Technical University, the famous room 201, he ushered a considerable number of tender, attractive, young women - captives to his piercing eye and cleft, proletarian jaw.On March 27, 1972, the THKO abducted three NATO engineers (two of them British, one Canadian), working at a radar base in Ünye. The kidnapping was perpetrated in cooperation with another organization: the People's Liberation Party-Front of Turkey (THKP-C). The kidnappers tried to hide in the village of Kızıldere, but were discovered by the authorities who surrounded their hideout. In the following shootout the hostages and ten of the kidnappers were killed. One was caught alive.
On October 22, 1972, four students belonging to the THKO hijacked a Turkish airliner with 69 passengers on board after takeoff from Ankara. The aircraft was forced to change its course and eventually landed in Sofia, Bulgaria. During the hijacking one passenger and a pilot were injured and they were allowed to leave the plane together with the women who were released with their children. The four hijackers demanded the release of all political prisoners in Turkey, but after just one day they surrendered to the Bulgarian authorities.
Division
THKO was crippled after the killing of Sinan Cemgil, Kadir Manga, Alpaslan Özdoğan at Nurhak; Cihan Alptekin and Omer Ayna at Kizildere; and after the execution of Deniz Gezmiş, Yusuf Aslan and Hüseyin İnan on May 6, 1972. However, the organization remained active during the 1970s.
Individuals benefiting from the political amnesty in 1974 and THKO cadres that were already outside of jail constituted a Temporary Central Committee. After the formation of the TCC internal differences arose. One group developed policies advocated by Communist Party of China-Party of Labour of Albania (later only PLA) and founded the Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey (TDKP); another group adhering to the tendency of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union eventually founded the Communist Labour Party of Turkey (TKEP). A third sector refounded itself as the People's Liberation Army of Turkey-Revolutionary Path of Turkey.
See also
List of illegal political parties in Turkey
People's Liberation Party-Front of Turkey
1971 Turkish military memorandum
References
Anti-imperialist organizations
Communist organizations in Turkey
Defunct communist militant groups
Defunct organizations based in Turkey
Left-wing militant groups in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s%20Liberation%20Army%20of%20Turkey |
Lohne (Oldenburg) (Northern Low Saxon: Lohn) is a town in the district of Vechta, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located approximately 8 km south-west of Vechta. The town lies on the A1 freeway between Bremen and Osnabrück.
Geography
Geographical position
Lohne lies in the Oldenburg Münsterland between Oldenburg to the north and Osnabrück to the south. Through the city goes the Weser-Ems-watershed from north to south. In the east is the catchment area of the Hunte and in the west the catchment area of the Hase, which lies on a Geest, part of the Dammer Berge.
To the east of Lohne lies the Großes Moor, a raised bog. To the west lies the "Dinklager Becken", a great lowland. Drainage occurs by the rivulets "Hopener Mühlenbach" and "Bokerner Bach" into the Hase and "Dadau" into the Hunte.
In the east, next to the "Großes Moor" lie two more raised bogs, the "Brägeler Moor" and the "Südlohner Moor". The "Südlohner Moor" is a protected landscape. A small part of the "Steinfelder Moor" is protected too. It lies in Kroge-Ehrendorf, south of the federal road B214.
Districts
Neighbourship of Lohne
The neighbourship of Lohne, clockwise, start in the north:
The city Vechta (District Vechta)
The municipality Barnstorf (District Diepholz)
The municipality Drebber (District Diepholz)
The city Diepholz (District Diepholz)
The municipality Steinfeld (District Vechta)
The municipality Holdorf (District Vechta)
The city Dinklage (District Vechta)
The municipality Bakum (District Vechta)
The distance is town center to town center.
Twin towns – sister cities
Lohne is twinned with:
Rixheim, France (1987)
Międzylesie, Poland (2010)
Economy
As a "city of special industries", Lohne has also made a name for itself nationwide. As early as 1900, Lohne had an injection moulding factory, a machine factory, two paintbrush and one brush factories, a mechanical weaving mill, a sausage factory, several brickworks including cement industry, a peat factory, a cardboard packaging factory and a large number of other production facilities. Lohne's industry was characterized less by size than by its specialization. Since the 1950s, the plastics industry has been the mainstay of the Lohner economy. Today, metalworking companies, machinery and equipment manufacturers, packaging and cartonboard companies, cork manufacturers, as well as the food industry, agriculture and the construction trades ensure that there is a wide variety of industries in Lohne.
The fact that Lohne, as a middle center, is in the same order as the middle center of Vechta, the capital of the district, is shown by the fact, that most of the professional schools in the district are located in Lohne.
Every Thursday and Saturday there is a weekly market on the "Alter Markt", occasionally also on the "Rixheimer Platz".
Plastic industries
Established plastic industries in Lohne are:
ATKA Kunststoffverarbeitung
delo Dettmer-Verpackungen
Franz Henke Kunststoffwerk & Werkzeugbau
Kronen-Hansa-Werk
Nowack
Polytec Rießelmann
Pöppelmann
RPC Bramlage
Other companies
Lohne has a wide range of small, medium and large companies. These are for example:
EnviTec Biogas AG (producer for biogas plants)
PHW Group (biggest German poultry farmer and producer)
Würth
Transport
Lohne lies on the A1 freeway (European route E 37) between Bremen and Osnabrück. It can be reached via the exit Lohne / Dinklage.
The train station lies on the Delmenhorst–Hesepe railway, which is operated by the NordWestBahn. Trains run every hour as RB 58 to Osnabrück and Bremen. Until 1999, a Lohne-Dinklage narrow-gauge railway was in operation; passenger transport ended in 1954. Meanwhile, most of the tracks have been converted into a bike path. In November 2013, the call bus system "Moobilplus Vechta" was put into operation in the district of Vechta, in which Lohne is involved. Every hour a bus operates between Dinklage, Lohne and the Lohner municipality Märschendorf.
Other buses run, including "Weser-Ems-Buses", for example to Damme and Diepholz.
From the 1920s there were plans to build a channel called "Hansakanal". It would pass through the middle of Lohne, and would connect the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region with the seaports of Bremen and Hamburg. In 1950 the plan was finally abandoned.
The nearest international airports are Bremen Airport (80 km north) and Münster Osnabrück Airport (80 km south).
Lohne has a fast charging station from Tesla, the Tesla Supercharger.
Population development
Religion
Denominational Statistics
According to the 2011 Census, 67.6% of the population were Roman Catholic, 15.8% were Evangelical, and 16.7% were either non-religious, belonged to other religious communities, or did not specify their affiliation. In early 2022, 55.7% of the residents were Catholic, 13.4% were Evangelical, and 30.9% were non-religious or belonged to other faith communities. In early 2023, 53.7% of the people in Lohne were Catholic, and 13% were Evangelical. Other religions and non-religious individuals together accounted for 33.2%.
The number of Protestants and Catholics has decreased during the observed period.
Catholic Churches
Lohne and its districts have the following Catholic churches:
Parish Church St. Gertrud, the namesake of the corresponding church community
Filial Church St. Josef
Filial Church St. Maria-Goretti (Brockdorf)
Pilgrimage and Chapel of Grace St. Anna Klus
Filial Church Herz Jesu (Kroge/Ehrendorf)
Chapel Rießel
Evangelical Churches
St. Michael's Church, the namesake of the corresponding church community
Mosques
Mosque Bilal-i Habeşi Camii
Culture and sights
Theatre
Freilichtbühne Lohne
Musical AG of the Lohner high school
Theatregroup of the Schützenverein Bokern-Märschendorf
Theaterring Lohne e. V.
Notable places
Lohne Museum of Industry (opened in March 2000)
St.-Gertrud-Church with impressive high altar
St.-Anna-Klus (pilgrimage church) with healing spring
"Patoratsmühle" (historical water mill at the city park)
Windmill „Elbers Mühle“
Outlook tower at the forest park
Moated castle Hopen
Urban Villas (Villa Clodius, Villa Taphorn, Villa Trenkamp, Villa Trenkamp and Bohmann, Haus Uptmoor)
Outdoor artwork
Bronze sculpture „Gänseliesel“ (Hans-Gerd Ruwe, 1978)
Bronze sculpture „Begegnung“ (Holger Voigts, 1986)
Fountain sculpture „EGOLOHNE 88“ (Jürgen Goertz, 1988)
Bronze sculpture „Mantelmadonna“ (Judith von Eßen, 1991)
Acacia wood sculpture „Gestern – Heute – Morgen“ (Jacques Muhlenbach, 1992)
Dimension stone sculpture „Zwei Stühle-Thron“ (Rudolf Kaiser, 1992)
Diabase sculpture „Lohner Wasserstein“ (Wolf Bröll, 1992)
Bronze fountain sculpture „Das tapfere Schneiderlein“ (Bernhard Kleinhans, 1992)
Clay sculpture „Befreite Formen“ and marble sculpture „Magisches Quadrat“ (Wolfgang Roßdeutscher, 1992 and 1993)
Bronze sculpture „Disput“ (Bernd Altenstein, 2009)
Steel sculpture „Jede Menge Leute“ (Werner Berges, 2012)
Steel sculpture at the „Lohneum“ (Alfred Bullermann, 2018)
other sculptures throughout the city
1992 Lohne organized a Sculptor symposium. Many sculptures in Lohne are the result of it.
In the area of the town are more than 100 Wayside crosses.
Notable people
Claus Peter Poppe (born 1948), politician (SPD), member of Lower Saxony Landtag 2003–2014
Johannes Schmoelling (born 1950), musician
Benno Möhlmann (born 1954), football player and manager
Ulrich Kirchhoff (born 1967), show jumper, Olympic champion
Erik Pfeifer (born 1987), boxer, German champion
Honorary citizens
Honorary citizenship is the highest honour Lohne has to offer. Only three citizens have received this award:
Helmut Göttke-Krogmann (1919–2008), former voluntary mayor (1972–1991)
Hans Diekmann (born 1938), former voluntary mayor (1991–2001)
Hans-Georg Niesel (born 1944), former town director (1979–2001) and full-time mayor (2001–2011)
Politics
City council
(as of 11 November 2016)
By German law, cities between 25,001 and 30,000 citizens must have 36 town councils (German Stadträte). Lohne has only 35. The party AFD won 2 seats for the city council, but only one candidate on their ticket. The 2nd seat was withdrawn. The legislative period will take 5 years.
Mayor
In 2011, Tobias Gerdesmeyer was elected as mayor (CDU). He was common representative for the mayor (2008–2011) before he succeeded Hans Georg Niesel (mayor 2001–2011) as mayor.
Coat of arms
On 3 January 1912, the grand duke of Oldenburg granted the coat of arms. The shield is divided into four quarters (party per quarterly). The upper left quarter shows gold and red fesses, the lower right quarter shows a golden cross on blue ground. They are the same as in the coat of arms of the grand duke. The upper right quarter shows a church on white ground. It displays the modest character of Lohne in union with the Catholic Church. The lower left square shows a wing on a crown. The crown is symbolic of wage and price of the bourgeois activity (Lohn und Preis der bürgerlichen Regsamkeit). The wing is symbolic of the significant feather industry in Lohne in the early 19th century.
References
External links
Vechta (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohne%2C%20Germany |
Gregory "Greg" Corbitt (born 2 September 1971 in Perth, Western Australia) is a former Australian field hockey player who played as a striker for the Australian national team. He was a member of the team that won the silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. Greg was known for his striking abilities. Notably, he was diagnosed with cancer from a urine sample submitted as part of drug screening for Australian National Team athletes and underwent successful surgery to remove a malignant tumor.
References
External links
Profile on AOC website
Profile on IOC website
1971 births
Living people
Australian male field hockey players
Male field hockey forwards
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Field hockey players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Field hockey players from Perth, Western Australia
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
1990 Men's Hockey World Cup players
20th-century Australian people
Sportsmen from Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory%20Corbitt |
Electrics may mean:
Electric vehicle which is propelled by one or more electric motors, using energy stored in rechargeable batteries
Electrical wiring installed in a building
Electrical network or circuit of any kind
In music
"Electrics", a song on Listen, A Flock of Seagulls album | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrics |
"To a Southern Slaveholder" is an anti-slavery essay written by the Unitarian minister Theodore Parker in 1848, as the abolition crisis was heating up in the United States.
The tone of the essay is akin to that of someone correcting someone else about a fact they got wrong. However, Parker says several times throughout that is not trying to antagonize slave owners and that he is their friend.
Parker points out flaws in the proslavery idea that slavery is allowed by the Bible. He argues that African Americans are not descendants of Noah's son Ham, who was cursed by his father to be a slave, as anti-abolitionists claimed. Parker goes further to say that even though the Old Testament does allow slavery, the creation of the New Testament ended such clauses.
References
External links
1848 essays
American essays
Slave narratives
Works about American slavery
Abolitionism in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%20a%20Southern%20Slaveholder |
A norm-referenced test (NRT) is a type of test, assessment, or evaluation which yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population, with respect to the trait being measured. Assigning scores on such tests may be described as relative grading, marking on a curve (BrE) or grading on a curve (AmE, CanE) (also referred to as curved grading, bell curving, or using grading curves). It is a method of assigning grades to the students in a class in such a way as to obtain or approach a pre-specified distribution of these grades having a specific mean and derivation properties, such as a normal distribution (also called Gaussian distribution). The term "curve" refers to the bell curve, the graphical representation of the probability density of the normal distribution, but this method can be used to achieve any desired distribution of the grades – for example, a uniform distribution. The estimate is derived from the analysis of test scores and possibly other relevant data from a sample drawn from the population. That is, this type of test identifies whether the test taker performed better or worse than other test takers, not whether the test taker knows either more or less material than is necessary for a given purpose. The term normative assessment is used when the reference population are the peers of the test taker.
Norm-referenced assessment can be contrasted with criterion-referenced assessment and ipsative assessment. In a criterion-referenced assessment, the score shows whether or not test takers performed well or poorly on a given task, not how that compares to other test takers; in an ipsative system, test takers are compared to previous performance. Each method can be used to grade the same test paper.
Robert Glaser originally coined the terms norm-referenced test and criterion-referenced test.
Common uses
Many college entrance exams and nationally used school tests use norm-referenced tests. The SAT, Graduate Record Examination (GRE), and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) compare individual student performance to the performance of a normative sample. Test takers cannot "fail" a norm-referenced test, as each test taker receives a score that compares the individual to others that have taken the test, usually given by a percentile. This is useful when there is a wide range of acceptable scores, and the goal is to find out who performs better.
IQ tests are norm-referenced tests, because their goal is to rank test takers' intelligence. The median IQ is set to 100, and all test takers are ranked up or down in comparison to that level.
Other types
As alternatives to normative testing, tests can be ipsative assessments or criterion-referenced assessments.
Ipsative
In an ipsative assessment, the individuals' performance is compared only to their previous performances. For example, a person on a weight-loss diet is judged by how his current weight compares to his own previous weight, rather than how his weight compares to an ideal or how it compares to another person.
Criterion-referenced
A test is criterion-referenced when the performance is judged according to the expected or desired behavior. Tests that judge the test taker based on a set standard (e.g., everyone should be able to run one kilometre in less than five minutes) are criterion-referenced tests. The goal of a criterion-referenced test is to find out whether the individual can run as fast as the test giver wants, not to find out whether the individual is faster or slower than the other runners. Standards-based education reform focuses on criterion-referenced testing. Most everyday tests and quizzes taken in school, as well as most state achievement tests and high school graduation examinations, are criterion-referenced. In this model, it is possible for all test takers to pass or for all test takers to fail.
Methods
One method of grading on a curve uses three steps:
Numeric scores (or possibly scores on a sufficiently fine-grained ordinal scale) are assigned to the students. The absolute values are less relevant, provided that the order of the scores corresponds to the relative performance of each student within the course.
These scores are converted to percentiles (or some other system of quantiles).
The percentile values are transformed to grades according to a division of the percentile scale into intervals, where the interval width of each grade indicates the desired relative frequency for that grade.
For example, if there are five grades in a particular university course, A, B, C, D, and F, where A is reserved for the top 20 % of students, B for the next 30 %, C for the next 30–40 %, and D or F for the remaining 10–20 %, then scores in the percentile interval from 0 % to 10–20 % will receive a grade of D or F, scores from 11–21 % to 50 % will receive a grade of C, scores from 51 % to 80 % receive a grade of B, and scores from 81 % to 100 % will achieve a grade of A.
Consistent with the example illustrated above, a grading curve allows academic institutions to ensure the distribution of students across certain grade point average (GPA) thresholds. As many professors establish the curve to target a course average of a C, the corresponding grade point average equivalent would be a 2.0 on a standard 4.0 scale employed at most North American universities. Similarly, a grade point average of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale would indicate that the student is within the top 20 % of the class. Grading curves serve to attach additional significance to these figures, and the specific distribution employed may vary between academic institutions.
Advantages and limitations
The primary advantage of norm-reference tests is that they can provide information on how an individual's performance on the test compares to others in the reference group.
A serious limitation of norm-reference tests is that the reference group may not represent the current population of interest. As noted by the Oregon Research Institute's International Personality Item Pool website, "One should be very wary of using canned 'norms' because it isn't obvious that one could ever find a population of which one's present sample is a representative subset. Most 'norms' are misleading, and therefore they should not be used. Far more defensible are local norms, which one develops oneself. For example, if one wants to give feedback to members of a class of students, one should relate the score of each individual to the means and standard deviations derived from the class itself. To maximize informativeness, one can provide the students with the frequency distribution for each scale, based on these local norms, and the individuals can then find (and circle) their own scores on these relevant distributions."
Norm-referencing does not ensure that a test is valid (i.e. that it measures the construct it is intended to measure).
Another disadvantage of norm-referenced tests is that they cannot measure progress of the population as a whole, only where individuals fall within the whole. Rather, one must measure against a fixed goal, for instance, to measure the success of an educational reform program that seeks to raise the achievement of all students.
With a norm-referenced test, grade level was traditionally set at the level set by the middle 50 percent of scores. By contrast, the National Children's Reading Foundation believes that it is essential to assure that virtually all children read at or above grade level by third grade, a goal which cannot be achieved with a norm-referenced definition of grade level.
Norms do not automatically imply a standard. A norm-referenced test does not seek to enforce any expectation of what test takers should know or be able to do. It measures the test takers' current level by comparing the test takers to their peers. A rank-based system produces only data that tell which students perform at an average level, which students do better, and which students do worse. It does not identify which test takers are able to correctly perform the tasks at a level that would be acceptable for employment or further education.
The ultimate objective of grading curves is to minimize or eliminate the influence of variation between different instructors of the same course, ensuring that the students in any given class are assessed relative to their peers. This also circumvents problems associated with utilizing multiple versions of a particular examination, a method often employed where test administration dates vary between class sections. Regardless of any difference in the level of difficulty, real or perceived, the grading curve ensures a balanced distribution of academic results.
However, curved grading can increase competitiveness between students and affect their sense of faculty fairness in a class. Students are generally most upset in the case that the curve lowered their grade compared to what they would have received if a curve was not used. To ensure that this does not happen, teachers usually put forth effort to ensure that the test itself is hard enough when they intend to use a grading curve, such that they would expect the average student to get a lower raw score than the score intended to be used at the average in the curve, thus ensuring that all students benefit from the curve. Thus, curved grades cannot be blindly used and must be carefully considered and pondered compared to alternatives such as criterion-referenced grading. Furthermore, constant misuse of curved grading can adjust grades on poorly designed tests, whereas assessments should be designed to accurately reflect the learning objectives set by the instructor.
See also
Concept inventory
Educational assessment
Equating
Grading in education
List of law school GPA curves
Macabre constant
Psychometrics
Standardized test—all individuals are given the same test under the same conditions; used for both norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests
References
External links
A Comprehensive Look at Types of Curves
A Brief Note about Grade Statistics or How the Curve is Computed
How to Create a Bell Curve in Excel
Psychological testing
Standardized tests
Educational psychology
Educational evaluation methods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm-referenced%20test |
Tomomi Okazaki (, born 7 September 1971) is a Japanese speed skater who has competed in five Olympic Games. She won a bronze medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. Okazaki was the oldest member of the Japanese team at the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Biography
Okazaki, a member of the Fuji speed skating team, has competed in speed skating at five Olympic Games, participating in both 500 meter and 1000 meter events. She first competed in the Winter Olympics in the 1994 Games in Lillehammer, Norway, placing 14th. Four years later, competing in her home country during the 1998 Games in Nagano, she won her only medal, a bronze, when she placed third in the 500 meter event with a time of 38:55. She placed seventh in the 1000 meter race at the same games. She became famous in her native Japan and around the world for her smile after winning the bronze medal. In 2002, she placed 6th in the 500 meter race, and in 2006 placed 16th in the 1000 meter race and a close 4th in the 500 meter raced after coming in third in the first two runs of the competition.
Okazaki married in late 2007 and started competing again during the 2008–09 speed skating season. She earned a spot on the Japanese team for the 2010 Olympic Games, the first woman from Japan to compete in five Olympic Games. At 38 years old, she was the oldest female member of the Japanese team, and was selected to bear the flag of Japan during the opening ceremony. She was not the first female flag bearer for Japan in the winter games as erroneously reported by a Canadian TV commentator and on Yahoo! Sports (This title goes to Junko Hiramatsu in Squaw Valley in 1960.)
In addition to her Olympic career, Okazaki has skated successfully in a number of world championship events. She has won 11 Speed Skating World Cup races in 500 meter events, and has a personal best time in that distance of 37.73. Her performances at the 1000 meter distance have been less successful.
References
External links
Photographs of Tomomi Okazaki
Results of Tomomi Okazaki
1971 births
Japanese female speed skaters
Speed skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skaters for Japan
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Olympic bronze medalists for Japan
Speed skaters at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Speed skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games competitors for Japan
Speed skaters from Hokkaido
Living people
20th-century Japanese women
21st-century Japanese women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomomi%20Okazaki |
The Cleveland Press was a daily American newspaper published in Cleveland, Ohio from November 2, 1878, through June 17, 1982. From 1928 to 1966, the paper's editor was Louis B. Seltzer.
Known for many years as one of the country's most influential newspapers for its focus on working class issues, its neighborhood orientation, its promotion of public service, and its editorial involvement in political campaigns at the state and local levels, the paper may best be remembered for its controversial role in the 1954 Sam Sheppard murder case.
History
The paper was founded by Edward W. Scripps as the Penny Press in 1878. It was the first newspaper in what would become the Scripps-Howard chain. The name that was shortened to the Press in 1884, before finally becoming the Cleveland Press in 1889. By the turn of the century, the Press had become Cleveland's leading daily newspaper, bypassing its main competitor, The Plain Dealer.
During the 1920s, the Press reached nearly 200,000 in circulation and stood out by proposing the city manager form of government for Cleveland, while also supporting Progressive candidate Robert M. La Follette Sr. for president in 1924. Louis B. Seltzer became the paper's 12th editor in 1928, and stressed the area's neighborhoods, promoting the slogan "The Newspaper That Serves Its Readers."
The paper endorsed winning mayoral candidates Frank J. Lausche and Anthony J. Celebrezze.
However, the Press was criticized for its role, led by editor-in-chief Louis B. Seltzer, in the conviction of Dr. Sam Sheppard in 1954 for the murder of his wife, Marilyn. A Federal judge stated, "If ever there was a trial by newspaper, this is a perfect example. And the most insidious example was the Cleveland Press. For some reason that newspaper took upon itself the role of accuser, judge and jury." The appeals process eventually made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court. The paper's aggressive coverage that goaded local officials and potentially prejudiced the jury resulted in a ruling that pre-trial publicity had been injurious to Sheppard. It was a major reason why a new trial was ordered where Sheppard was acquitted in 1966.
In January 1960, Scripps-Howard purchased Press rival the Cleveland News (also an afternoon paper) and merged it with the Press giving the city one afternoon newspaper under the Press banner. Four years later, the Press was named one of America's 10 best newspapers in a list compiled by Time magazine, but under Seltzer's successor, Thomas L. Boardman, the Press began a decline that was shared in general with other large afternoon dailies throughout the country.
The Press was passed in circulation by The Plain Dealer in 1968, and after Boardman's retirement in 1979, rumors began circulating that the Press would shortly suspend publication unless a buyer could be found. Scripps-Howard sold the paper on October 31, 1980, to Cleveland businessman Joseph E. Cole, who purchased the paper only after gaining concessions from the employee unions.
Closing
Cole introduced a Sunday edition on August 2, 1981, followed by a morning edition on March 22, 1982. The morning edition was sold on newsstands only. Color presses were introduced, and circulation increased from 303,400 in March 1981 to 316,100 a year later. However, a bad economy, coupled with losses in advertising resulted in the paper's closing. Its final issue was published on June 17, 1982.
The remnants of the paper live on in the Cleveland Press Collection at the Cleveland State University library. The collection consists of clippings and photographs from the newspaper's archives. Among the paper's foremost writers from the 1940s–1970s were Jack Ballantine and Dick Feagler.
See also
The Akron Press
References
Further reading
Tidyman, John (2009). Gimme Rewrite, Sweetheart: Tales From the Last Glory Days of Cleveland Newspapers—Told By The Men and Women Who Reported the News. Cleveland, OH: Gray & Company, Publishers.
External links
Cleveland Press Collection
Defunct newspapers published in Cleveland
Daily newspapers published in the United States
Defunct companies based in Cleveland
Publications disestablished in 1982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland%20Press |
is a Japanese manga artist who grew up in Mibu. Many consider stories such as Hoshi no Hitomi no Silhouette and Gin'iro no Harmony to be her masterpieces. However, she is known for her Whisper of the Heart manga, and the film based on it.
Life and work
Hiiragi was born in Fukuoka (which became Kamifukuoka in 1972 and then Fujimino in 2005), Saitama Prefecture, Japan, and grew up in Mibu, Tochigi.
She made her manga debut with Cobalt Blue no Hitoshizuku in the manga magazine Ribon Original in 1984. She created a number of other manga over the next two decades, including Hoshi no Hitomi no Silhouette and Gin'iro no Harmony.
She currently resides in Hakodate, Hokkaidō.
Whisper of the Heart
Hiiragi's most widely known work is Whisper of the Heart, a manga which was later made into an anime film by Studio Ghibli. A number of its characters made its way into other stories and into popular culture. The protagonist of the film was the inspiration for Lofi Girl, whose first iteration was based closely on a still from the film. Two cats in the film, the Baron and Muta, have appeared in five different Studio Ghibli productions.
Studio Ghibli commissioned another story from Hiiragi involving the cats as more central characters, which became Baron, Neko no Danshaku, also released as The Cat Returns. While this is a sequel of sorts, it is not a continuation of the story found in Whisper.
Bibliography
Manga
Series
Hoshi no Hitomi no Silhouette (Ribon, 1985–1989)
Hoshi no Hitomi no Silhouette Bangaihen
Oinari-san Dai Panic (Ribon, 1988)
Engage (Ribon Original, 1991)
Engage II
Hoshikuzu Serenade (2018)
Mimi wo Sumaseba [Whisper of the Heart] (Ribon, 1989)
Mimi wo Sumaseba: Shiawase na Jikan (Ribon Original, 1995; released the year of the film)
Gin'iro no Harmony (Ribon, 1990–1992)
Step (Ribon, 1993)
Peppermint Graffiti (Ribon Original, 1994)
Yuki no Sakura no Ki no Shita de... (Bouquet, 1997)
Smile! (Margaret, 1998)
Yume no Machi: Neko no Danshaku (Margaret, 2002)
Kono Machi de Kimi ni (Margaret, 2002)
"Okaa-san" no Jikan
One-shots
Campus Sketch
Cobalt Blue no Hitoshizuku (her debut work)
Harukaze no Melody
Hajimemashite
Joshikō no Okite
Kikyou no Saku Goro
Kisetsu no Shiori
Kono Machi de Anata ni ( & Issho ni & Kimi ni )
Mahō no Toketa Princess
Naimono Nedari (1 &2)
Otome Gokoro·Yume Gokoro
Shōjo Shōkei
Spring!
Yuki no Sakura no Ki no Shita de...
Yume no Kaori no Tea Time
Films
Mimi wo Sumaseba [Whisper of the Heart] (1995)
The Cat Returns (2002)
Books
Baron: The Cat Returns (2002), a children's book
Sora no Eki [The Cat Returns] (2002), a picture book
Albums
Hoshi no Hitomi no Silhouette Image album (Warner/Pioneer, 1987)
References
External links
1962 births
Living people
Manga artists
Women manga artists
Japanese female comics artists
Female comics writers
20th-century Japanese women writers
21st-century Japanese women writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoi%20Hiiragi |
Former Protestants or ex-Protestants are people who used to be Protestant for some time, but no longer identify as such. This is a list of people who were, but no longer are, followers of Protestant churches. It is organized by what church they left; when applicable, the religion they joined is mentioned. As implied it is limited to those who left Protestantism for a non-Protestant faith and so does not include those who switched from one Protestant denomination to another.
Baptists
William Marrion Branham – former Baptist minister, became a Pentecostal, but later became a non-denominational Christian Evangelist and preacher.
Ahuva Gray – former Baptist minister, who converted to Orthodox Judaism.
Keith Ham (a.k.a. Swami Kirtanananda; 1937–) – son of a fundamentalist Baptist pastor, Ham met ISKCON founding guru A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in New York City in 1966. After Prabhupada's death, Ham assumed leadership of ISKCON, claiming to be the sole successor to Prabhupada. He was later expelled after various criminal charges were brought against him.
Carolivia Herron – author, convert to Judaism.
Belinda Carlisle – lead singer of the Go-Go's, raised as Southern Baptist and converted to Buddhism.
H. P. Lovecraft – fantasy-horror writer who rejected the practice as a teenager, and became an atheist.
Gene Roddenberry – television producer and creator of Star Trek. Raised Southern Baptist, denounced his former faith and became a secular humanist.
Andre Tippett – NFL player, who converted to Judaism.
Calvinists
Wojciech Bobowski, born in the 1600s and raised as a Protestant Calvinist possibly in Bobowa, a city within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (although some sources cite him as being from Lviv, itself also part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth at the time of his birth), was captured as a young adult by slavers and sold into slavery in the Ottoman Empire. While enslaved, Bobowski converted to Sunni Islam, and engaged in ecumenical activities, such as translating the complete Bible, fourteen psalms from the Genevan Psalter, the Anglican Catechism, and the works of the Protestant Reformers Hugo Grotius and John Amos Comenius into Ottoman Turkish.
Adam Neuser, a Calvinist pastor originally from Gunzenhausen in the Duchy of Bavaria, itself a part of the Holy Roman Empire. He gained notoriety as the presiding priest of the Protestant congregation of the Church of the Holy Spirit in Heidelberg, the Palatinate (also within the Holy Roman Empire). As a consequence of a time of transition within the Calvinist Church in the late 1560s, Neuser joined a faction within the Church known as the Antidisciplinists, led by the Swiss physician and theologian, Thomas Lüber (Erastus). As a part of the Antidisciplinists, Neuser began to doubt standard Calvinist theology, especially the concept of the Trinity. He became an apologetic of Antitrinitarianism, writing a series of letters criticising the doctrine of the Trinity. Neuser even went so far as to write to the Ottoman Sultan Selim II where he maintained that should the Ottomans ever push their empire as far northwest as Germany, he would find support from its inhabitants, persecuted by the hyper-Catholic Habsburgs. The Palatinate Court found him guilty of blasphemy by denying the Divinity of Christ, and he was subsequently imprisoned. However, Neuser not only managed to escape with the help of his friend and fellow theologian Simon Grynaeus, but he was also able to make his way to the Ottoman Empire. After arriving in Constantinople, Neuser recited the Shahada and thus converted to Sunni Islam. Neuser eventually became a government official of the Ottoman Empire at the behest of the Sultan.
Matthias Vehe, a contemporary of Adam Neuser and also an Antidisciplinist. He converted to a kind of Judaism called after also becoming an Antitrinitarian like Neuser.
Claude Dalenberg, raised in Dutch Reformed Church community, met Shunryū Suzuki and converted to Buddhism, eventually becoming a senior priest at the San Francisco Zen Center.
Evangelicals
William G. Dever, Biblical archaeologist and former Evangelical minister who became a world-renowned Old Testament scholar and converted to Reform Judaism, although he says he no longer believes in God.
Peter E. Gillquist, former regional director for Campus Crusade for Christ, converted to Eastern Orthodoxy. The initial impulse was his attempt to re-establish primitive Christianity, a faith formation which would go back to the very beginnings of the church. Researching the historical foundation of the faith, Gillquist with his colleagues concluded that Eastern Orthodox Church is that very unchanged, historical Christian formation they had sought. He organized the Evangelical Orthodox Church (EOC) in 1979, and in 1987 Gillquist led seventeen parishes with 2,000 members into Eastern Orthodoxy.
Alfred Bloom, a professor of Religion and was raised as Evangelical Christian, was promoting Evangelical Christianity when encountered the concept of Amida Buddha and eventually converted to Buddhism. He was also a pioneer of Jōdo Shinshū studies in the English-speaking world.
Lutherans
Louis Bouyer – Lutheran pastor who converted to Catholicism.
Ole Brunell – Lutheran pastor who converted to Orthodox Judaism.
Christina of Sweden – Swedish queen-regent who converted to Catholicism.
St. Elizabeth the New Martyr – Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, later Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia, converted to Orthodox Christianity from her native Lutheranism. Following the assassination of her husband in 1905, Elizabeth took monastic vows, opened the Convent of Saints Martha and Mary, and became its abbess. In 1918, Elizabeth was murdered by the Cheka Soviet secret police during the Russian Revolution. She was canonised by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in 1981 and in 1992 by the Moscow Patriarchate as New Martyr Elizabeth Feodorovna.
Richard John Neuhaus – Lutheran pastor who converted to Catholicism.
Jaroslav Pelikan – Lutheran historian who deemed his conversion to the Orthodox Church in America to be a "return."
Arnold Schoenberg – Austrian and later American composer, associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School. Born as a Jew he converted to Lutheranism for mainly cultural reasons only to later re-embrace Judaism.
Johann Peter Spaeth – raised Roman Catholic, later converted to Lutheranism, and became a Lutheran theologian, he later left Christianity entirely and embraced Judaism.
Ola Tjørhom – Norwegian theologian, converted to Catholicism.
Sigrid Undset – convert to Catholicism.
Wilhelm Volk – convert to Catholicism.
Ajahn Viradhammo (Vitauts Akers) – convert to Buddhism and senior western disciple of Ajahn Chah, also the founder & abbot of Tisarana Buddhist Monastery.
Methodists
Sam Brownback – converted to Catholicism
Richard Gere – American actor and producer, converted to Buddhism and co-founder of Tibet House US
Kate Capshaw – converted to Judaism
Isla Fisher – Australian actress and author, convert to Judaism
Capers Funnye – converted to Judaism; he is the first African-American member of the Chicago Board of Rabbis, serves on the boards of the Jewish Council on Urban Affairs and the American Jewish Congress of the Midwest, and is active in the Institute for Jewish and Community Research; he is also the cousin of Michelle Obama
John P. Greene – Methodist minister who joined the Latter Day Saint movement and became a Council of Fifty member.
Julius Lester – son of a Methodist minister, and famous author who converted to Judaism.
Arnold Lunn – son of minister Henry Simpson Lunn, who converted to Catholicism after initial opposition to that religion.
Margaret Noble (1867–1911) – daughter of a minister of the Wesleyan Church in North Ireland (a branch of Methodism), she was a fervent Christian as a child, desiring to become a missionary to India. In 1895, Noble met Swami Vivekananda in London, converted to his version of Hinduism and was renamed "Sister Nivedita." Moved to India where she worked for nationalist causes and wrote several books, most notably, Kali The Mother.
Asher Wade – ex-Methodist pastor; he converted in 1978 to Orthodox Judaism after studying the history of the holocaust.
Earl Williams – American basketball player; converted to Judaism
Pentecostals
Duane Pederson – leader in the Jesus movement who joined an Eastern Orthodox Church.
Yahweh ben Yahweh – founder of the Nation of Yahweh.
Presbyterians
A. George Baker – American Presbyterian, and later Episcopalian, minister who converted to Islam
Scott Hahn – former minister who became a Catholic apologist.
Frank Schaeffer – son of Calvinist theologian and social critic Francis Schaeffer who converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity and then to functional Atheism.
David N. Weiss – former Presbyterian minister David Weiss (born in a secular Jewish household) returned to Judaism and is now a successful screenwriter living in Los Angeles. He has been the screenwriter for several films, including Shrek 2, Clockstoppers, Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius, and Rugrats in Paris: The Movie. He has also been the screenwriter for some TV series.
Seungsahn Haengwon – son of Korean Presbyterian couple, converted to Buddhism and became a Buddhist monk, later founded the international Kwan Um School of Zen.
Anglicans
Solomon Bandaranaike, fourth Prime Minister of Ceylon, converted to Buddhism
Don Stephen Senanayake, first Prime Minister of Ceylon, converted to Buddhism
J. R. Jayewardene, second President of Sri Lanka, converted to Buddhism
See also
List of former atheists and agnostics
Lists of former Christians
List of former Catholics
List of former or dissident Mormons
List of former Jews
List of former Muslims
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20former%20Protestants |
Data architecture consist of models, policies, rules, and standards that govern which data is collected and how it is stored, arranged, integrated, and put to use in data systems and in organizations. Data is usually one of several architecture domains that form the pillars of an enterprise architecture or solution architecture.
Overview
A data architecture aims to set data standards for all its data systems as a vision or a model of the eventual interactions between those data systems. Data integration, for example, should be dependent upon data architecture standards since data integration requires data interactions between two or more data systems. A data architecture, in part, describes the data structures used by a business and its computer applications software. Data architectures address data in storage, data in use, and data in motion; descriptions of data stores, data groups, and data items; and mappings of those data artifacts to data qualities, applications, locations, etc.
Essential to realizing the target state, data architecture describes how data is processed, stored, and used in an information system. It provides criteria for data processing operations to make it possible to design data flows and also control the flow of data in the system.
The data architect is typically responsible for defining the target state, aligning during development and then following up to ensure enhancements are done in the spirit of the original blueprint.
During the definition of the target state, the data architecture breaks a subject down to the atomic level and then builds it back up to the desired form. The data architect breaks the subject down by going through three traditional architectural stages:
Conceptual - represents all business entities.
Logical - represents the logic of how entities are related.
Physical - the realization of the data mechanisms for a specific type of functionality.
The "data" column of the Zachman Framework for enterprise architecture –
In this second, broader sense, data architecture includes a complete analysis of the relationships among an organization's functions, available technologies, and data types.
Data architecture should be defined in the planning phase of the design of a new data processing and storage system. The major types and sources of data necessary to support an enterprise should be identified in a manner that is complete, consistent, and understandable. The primary requirement at this stage is to define all of the relevant data entities, not to specify computer hardware items. A data entity is any real or abstract thing about which an organization or individual wishes to store data.
Physical data architecture
Physical data architecture of an information system is part of a technology plan. The technology plan is focused on the actual tangible elements to be used in the implementation of the data architecture design. Physical data architecture encompasses database architecture. Database architecture is a schema of the actual database technology that would support the designed data architecture.
Elements of data architecture
Certain elements must be defined during the design phase of the data architecture schema. For example, an administrative structure that is to be established in order to manage the data resources must be described. Also, the methodologies that are to be employed to store the data must be defined. In addition, a description of the database technology to be employed must be generated, as well as a description of the processes that are to manipulate the data. It is also important to design interfaces to the data by other systems, as well as a design for the infrastructure that is to support common data operations (i.e. emergency procedures, data imports, data backups, external transfers of data).
Without the guidance of a properly implemented data architecture design, common data operations might be implemented in different ways, rendering it difficult to understand and control the flow of data within such systems. This sort of fragmentation is undesirable due to the potential increased cost and the data disconnects involved. These sorts of difficulties may be encountered with rapidly growing enterprises and also enterprises that service different lines of business.
Properly executed, the data architecture phase of information system planning forces an organization to specify and describe both internal and external information flows. These are patterns that the organization may not have previously taken the time to conceptualize. It is therefore possible at this stage to identify costly information shortfalls, disconnects between departments, and disconnects between organizational systems that may not have been evident before the data architecture analysis.
Constraints and influences
Various constraints and influences will have an effect on data architecture design. These include enterprise requirements, technology drivers, economics, business policies and data processing needs.
Enterprise requirements These generally include such elements as economical and effective system expansion, acceptable performance levels (especially system access speed), transaction reliability, and transparent data management. In addition, the conversion of raw data such as transaction records and image files into more useful information forms through such features as data warehouses is also a common organizational requirement, since this enables managerial decision making and other organizational processes. One of the architecture techniques is the split between managing transaction data and (master) reference data. Another is splitting data capture systems from data retrieval systems (as done in a data warehouse).
Technology drivers These are usually suggested by the completed data architecture and database architecture designs. In addition, some technology drivers will derive from existing organizational integration frameworks and standards, organizational economics, and existing site resources (e.g. previously purchased software licensing). In many cases, the integration of multiple legacy systems requires the use of data virtualization technologies.
Economics These are also important factors that must be considered during the data architecture phase. It is possible that some solutions, while optimal in principle, may not be potential candidates due to their cost. External factors such as the business cycle, interest rates, market conditions, and legal considerations could all have an effect on decisions relevant to data architecture.
Business policies Business policies that also drive data architecture design include internal organizational policies, rules of regulatory bodies, professional standards, and applicable governmental laws that can vary by applicable agency. These policies and rules describe the manner in which the enterprise wishes to process its data.
Data processing needs These include accurate and reproducible transactions performed in high volumes, data warehousing for the support of management information systems (and potential data mining), repetitive periodic reporting, ad hoc reporting, and support of various organizational initiatives as required (i.e. annual budgets, new product development).
See also
Controlled vocabulary
Data mesh, a domain-oriented data architecture
Disparate system
Enterprise Information Security Architecture - (EISA) positions data security in the enterprise information framework.
FDIC Enterprise Architecture Framework
Information silo
TOGAF
References
Further reading
Bass, L.; John, B.; & Kates, J. (2001). Achieving Usability Through Software Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University.
Lewis, G.; Comella-Dorda, S.; Place, P.; Plakosh, D.; & Seacord, R., (2001). Enterprise Information System Data Architecture Guide Carnegie Mellon University.
Adleman, S.; Moss, L.; Abai, M. (2005). Data Strategy Addison-Wesley Professional.
External links
Achieving Usability Through Software Architecture, sei.cmu.edu 2001
The Logical Data Architecture, by Nirmal Baid
Building a modern data and analytics architecture
The “Right to Repair” Data Architecture with DataOps, the DataOps Blog
TOGAF 9: Preparation Process
Computer data
Data management
Enterprise architecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20architecture |
Ashley Carey (born 23 May 1969) is a former field hockey player from Australia, who was a member of the team that won the silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. Aside from representing Australia at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, Carey also played in two World Cups (winning bronze in Lahore in 1990 and bronze in Sydney in 1994), five Champions Trophies (winning gold in Berlin in 1989, gold in Melbourne in 1990, silver in Karachi in 1992 and gold in Kuala Lumpur in 1993) and two Junior World Cups, playing a total of 106 matches for the Kookaburras.
In February 2010, he joined the Hockey Victoria Board of Directors.
References
External links
1969 births
Australian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Field hockey players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Living people
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Place of birth missing (living people)
Olympic medalists in field hockey
20th-century Australian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley%20Carey |
Fani Palli-Petralia (born August 10, 1943) is a Greek lawyer, New Democracy politician and
a former Minister for Employment and Social Protection. She is also a former Minister of Tourism, the first woman to hold this position.
Life
Born in Athens, she studied law at the University of Athens. She is married to Nikos Pallis and has three daughters and a son.
Political life
She was elected MP for the Athens B constituency in the general elections of 1985, 1989 (June and November), 1990, 1993, 1996 and 2000.
She was elected to the ND Central Committee in 1990 and the Executive Committee in 1997. In 1999, she became president of the European Women’s Union. In 2002, she was elected president of the International Democratic Union of Women.
She served as Deputy Minister for Culture from 1990 to 1991 and Deputy Minister for Health, Welfare and Social Security from 1992 to 1993. She was Alternate Minister for Culture from 2004 to 2006.
She was appointed Minister for Tourism on 15 February 2006, and was not included in the Cabinet that was appointed after the September 2007 parliamentary election.
On 18 December 2007, Palli-Petralia returned to the cabinet as Minister for Employment and Social Protection.
References
External links
1943 births
Living people
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Greek MPs 1985–1989
Greek MPs 1989 (June–November)
Greek MPs 1989–1990
Greek MPs 1990–1993
Greek MPs 1993–1996
Greek MPs 1996–2000
Greek MPs 2000–2004
Greek MPs 2004–2007
Greek MPs 2007–2009
Politicians from Athens
New Democracy (Greece) politicians
Women government ministers of Greece
Labour ministers of Greece
20th-century Greek women politicians
21st-century Greek women politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fani%20Palli-Petralia |
Isernhagen (Eastphalian: Isernhogen) is a municipality in the district of Hanover, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated in the north-east of Hanover. According to the average income per capita it is the most affluent municipality in Lower Saxony. Bundesautobahn 7 passes through the municipality. It is adjacent to Burgwedel, Burgdorf, Lehrte, Hannover, Langenhagen und Wedemark.
Division of the municipality
Isernhagen consists of 7 districts:
Niedernhägener Bauerschaft (common abbreviation: NB)
Kircher Bauerschaft (common abbreviation: KB)
Farster Bauernschaft (common abbreviation: FB)
Hohenhorster Bauerschaft (common abbreviation: HB)
Altwarmbüchen
Neuwarmbüchen, including Gartenstadt Lohne
Kirchhorst, including Großhorst and Stelle
Twinned with Peacehaven in East Sussex, Épinay-sous-Sénart in France, Suchy Las in Poland and Tamási in Hungary.
History
Name
The first part of the name Isernhagen derives from the word Yser or Yserne which means 'iron'. In the middle ages ironstone was found in the lowlands of the river Wietze. It was smelted on-site and used as construction material. The ending Hagene or Hagen describes a piece of woodlands or fencing of crop lands, common to keep away animals from the farmland.
Arms
The coat of arms was drafted by Walter Peitschmann. It was authorized by the district of Hannover on 9 January 1987.
Description of coat of arms: "Separated by the silver diagonal wavy bar, top right three silver lilies on red (2:1), bottom left four silver horseshoes each other overlaying on green background."
Explanation of coat of arms: The three lilies on red in the top right half, are taken from the coat of arms of the once residential Barons of Cramm and they are symbols for the three local congregations of the former joint municipality Kirchwarmbüchen. The four Bauernschaften (peasantries), in which horse breeding was predominant, are symbolized by the four horseshoes. In between meanders the silver band of the river Wietze, which connects all villages of the joint municipality.
Twin towns – sister cities
Isernhagen is twinned with:
Épinay-sous-Sénart, France
Peacehaven, England, United Kingdom
Suchy Las, Poland
Tamási, Hungary
References
Hanover Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isernhagen |
Graham John Reid (born 9 April 1964) is a former Australian field hockey player who played as a defender and midfielder for the Australian national team. He managed the Indian men's national team that won a bronze medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
He was a member of the team that won the silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. Afterwards he played club hockey for the Dutch top team Amsterdam for two seasons (1993, 1994) returning in 1995 to play the Europa cup.
Reid played 130 internationals for Australia scoring 36 goals including two Olympic Games (1988, 1992), one World Cup (1990) and nine Champions Trophies (1984, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, and 92). He has also won the Olympians medal (WA Best and Fairest medal) 3 times (1995, 96, and 98) whilst playing for Victoria Park Panthers.
He wasan inaugural member of the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) hockey unit in Perth, Western Australia in 1984 and despite stints back in Queensland, Amsterdam and Bangalore, Reid has his home in Perth. He and his wife Julia have two children, Scott (1998) and Emma (1997).
Managerial career
In 2009, he was appointed assistant coach of the Australian Men's Hockey Team (Kookaburras).
During this time he was given the opportunity to take on the head coach position for the Champions Trophy in Melbourne in 2012. He guided the team to their 5th consecutive Champions Trophy gold medal. In October 2013 he was given another opportunity to lead the Kookaburras at the Oceania Cup in Stratford, New Zealand. Here the Kookaburras won the Oceania Cup by defeating New Zealand 5 - 2 in the final and qualified for the 2014 World Cup in Den Haag.
.
In 2014 he and Paul Gaudoin co-coached the Kookaburras to a gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. In September 2014 he was announced as the head coach of the Kookaburras following the retirement of Ric Charlesworth.
During 2015 the Kookaburras continued their successful reign as world number 1 with qualification for the 2016 Rio Olympics by winning the World League Semi-Final tournament in Antwerp after beating Belgium after the final whistle. The World League final was held in December 2015 in Raipur, India. Australia again was victorious in the final of this competition defeating Belgium again, capturing the only World title to have alluded Australia.
On 21 November 2015 Graham was inducted into the Queensland Hockey Hall of Fame.
In the Olympic year, the Kookaburras won the 14th Champions Trophy held in London in June 2016. It was Reid's 2nd Champions Trophy title as head coach. It finished controversially after Australia defeated India in the final after sudden death penalty shootouts (3-1).
After the 2016 Summer Olympics, he stepped down as the Australia head coach and in 2017 he became the head coach of his former club Amsterdam and the assistant coach of the Dutch national team. In March 2019, he was dismissed as Amsterdam coach after an 8–2 loss to HGC in the league and alleged interest from the Indian national team for his services.
Coach of Indian men's team
In April 2019 he was appointed as the head coach of the Indian national team, which also meant he had to leave his position as assistant coach of the Dutch national team.
At the Tokyo Olympics, under his coaching, the Indian team won the bronze medal, defeating Germany in the bronze-medal match. It was India's first podium finish in field hockey after the 1980 Olympics.
He was the coach at the 2021 Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup held in Bhubaneswar where the team finished fourth.
He stepped down as Indian men's hockey team chief coach following poor performance of Indian team in 2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup. He is holding the record for longest service coach of Indian National Hockey Team.
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
Australian male field hockey players
Male field hockey defenders
Male field hockey midfielders
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Field hockey players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Sportsmen from Queensland
Amsterdamsche Hockey & Bandy Club players
1990 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Olympic coaches for Australia
Australian expatriate sportspeople in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Reid%20%28field%20hockey%29 |
Matthew Robert Ralph d'Ancona (born 27 January 1968) is an English journalist and editor-at-large of The New European. A former deputy editor of The Sunday Telegraph, he was appointed editor of The Spectator in February 2006, a post he retained until August 2009.
Early life and education
D'Ancona's father was a Maltese tennis champion of Italian descent who moved to England to study and played youth football for Newcastle United before becoming a civil servant. His mother was an English teacher. D'Ancona was educated at St Dunstan's College, an independent school for boys (now co-educational) in Catford in south London, where he was head boy. He also won an essay-writing competition run by The Observer on the subject of the future of British industry. He went to Magdalen College at the University of Oxford, where he took the top First in Modern History for his year in 1989. The same year, he was elected a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.
Life and career
After a year studying medieval confession, d'Ancona joined the magazine Index on Censorship, before proceeding to The Times as a trainee. There he rose swiftly to become education correspondent and then assistant editor at the age of 26.
He joined The Sunday Telegraph in 1996 as deputy comment editor and columnist, before becoming deputy editor. He wrote a weekly political column in The Sunday Telegraph for a decade; the column was "treated as the best insight into Cameronism by Conservative MPs". He succeeded Boris Johnson as editor of The Spectator. On 28 August 2009 it was announced that d'Ancona would be stepping down as editor to be replaced by Fraser Nelson.
While not himself a believer, d'Ancona is also the co-author of two books on early Christian theology, The Jesus Papyrus and The Quest for the True Cross. He has written three novels, Going East, Tabatha's Code and Nothing to Fear. D'Ancona has also written several articles for the British political magazine Prospect.
In January 2015, d'Ancona joined The Guardian as a weekly columnist. He left the paper in 2019. He also writes columns for the Evening Standard, GQ and The New York Times, and a former editor of Tortoise Media.
He is chairman of the liberal Conservative think tank, Bright Blue, a trustee of the Science Museum and a Visiting Research Fellow at Queen Mary University of London.
Bibliography
References
External links
Journalisted - Articles written by Matthew d'Ancona
Living people
1968 births
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
English male journalists
English magazine editors
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
People educated at St Dunstan's College
The Spectator editors
British people of Maltese descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20d%27Ancona |
The Kol people referred to a group of tribal communities of Chotanagpur in eastern parts of India. Historically, the Mundas, Oraons, Hos and Bhumijs were called Kols by the British.
It also refers to some tribes and castes of south-east Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. They are mostly Indigenous people and dependent on forest produce to make a living, and they have their own land. The caste has several exogamous clans, including the Bhil, Chero, Monasi, Rautia, Raut, Gauthiya Rojaboria‚ Rautel and Thakuria. They speaks the Baghelkhandi dialect. Around 1 million lives in Madhya Pradesh while another 5 lakh lives in Uttar Pradesh.
Once spelled "Kole", the swaths of land they inhabited in the 19th-century were called "Kolean".
Etymology
Kol was generic term for non-Aryan people in Chotanagpur such as Oraon and Munda. The term Kola mentioned in Rigveda. According to legend, Yayati, the son of Nahus divided his kingdom for his five sons. Then after ten generation, India was divided among four brothers; Pandya, Krala, Kola and Chola. According to Markandeya Purana, the Aryan princess Suratha was defeated by some unclean tribe called Kolabidhansinah means slayer of Pig. According to Herr Jelinghans, Kolarian tribes who eat pig were considered unclean by the hindus. Another meaning of Kol is Pig.
History
Colonel Edward Tuite Dalton has refferd to non-Aryan Kolarian and Dravidian tribals of Chotanagpur as Kol such as Munda, Oraon, Ho, Santal, Bhumij, Juang, etc in his writings in 1867. According to him, the word is epithets of abuse applied by the Brahmin races to the aboriginals who opposed their settlements. In Chotanagpur, the term kol generally applied to Munda and Oraon. Although, Oraon and Munda celebrate same festivals, but they don't intermarry among themselves.
Later, Colonel Dalton classified Oraon as Dravidian and Munda, along with other Kols such as Ho, Bhumij as Kolarian after observing their customs and traditions which were distinct.
References
10. Kol Tribal Education and Cultural Development Society
Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh
Scheduled Tribes of Odisha
Scheduled Tribes of Madhya Pradesh
Scheduled Tribes of Chhattisgarh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol%20people |
Cogging torque of electrical motors is the torque due to the interaction between the permanent magnets of the rotor and the stator slots of a permanent magnet machine. It is also known as detent or no-current torque. This torque is position dependent and its periodicity per revolution depends on the number of magnetic poles and the number of teeth on the stator. Cogging torque is an undesirable component for the operation of such a motor. It is especially prominent at lower speeds, with the symptom of jerkiness. Cogging torque results in torque as well as speed ripple; however, at high speed the motor moment of inertia filters out the effect of cogging torque.
Reducing the cogging torque
A summary of techniques used for reducing cogging torque:
Skewing stator stack or magnets
Using fractional slots per pole
Optimizing the magnet pole arc or width
Almost all the techniques used against cogging torque also reduce the motor counter-electromotive force and so reduce the resultant running torque.
A slotless and coreless permanent magnet motor does not have any cogging torque.
See also
Torque ripple
Dual-rotor permanent magnet induction motor
Footnotes and References
Islam, M.S. Mir, S. Sebastian, T. Delphi Steering, Saginaw, MI, USA "Issues in reducing the cogging torque of mass-produced permanent-magnet brushless DC motor".
External links
[D. Hanselman]
Electric motors
Torque | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogging%20torque |
John Gavanti is a 1980 no wave opera album by members of the bands Mars and DNA. It was written and played by Mark Cunningham (of Mars), Sumner Crane (of Mars), China Burg (of Mars), Ikue Mori (of DNA) and Arto Lindsay (of DNA). All were prominent members of New York City's short-lived No Wave music scene.
The opera is a loose retelling of Mozart's 1787 opera Don Giovanni, which in turn is based on the legend of Don Juan. The title character is a libidinous figure endowed with magical powers, and the songs of the opera follow him on a series of adventures, many of them involving the pursuit of various females, including a female lion, a young girl, and a grandmother "in the beautiful autumn of life."
Description
Cunningham wrote about the project on his personal website:
"John Gavanti was, in a sense, a band, as we spent over a year developing and rehearsing the work. It consisted of Sumner Crane, the author of the libretto and songs, Don Burg, alter ego of China Burg, and myself as well as Ikue Mori from DNA. In the recording sessions we also used Arto Lindsay and his brother Duncan on garbage lid percussion for a samba takeoff. Sumner played guitar and piano, Don bass clarinet and I managed to get in trumpet, trombone, baritone horn and tuba. Ikue played the viola and cello. Neither she nor Lucy had ever touched those instruments before. Sumner called the shots generally but the arrangements were collective improvs. We recorded it in NY at Sear Sound, an all vacuum tube studio later popularized by Sonic Youth. It was released on my own label Hyrax in 1980, and sold over the years almost all the 3000 vinyl copies printed. It's now been reissued as a CD on Atavistic.
In the early eighties, some crazy Italian fans made a video of the whole opera which was really quite amazing; we figured the only way to represent it would be a big budget film, but they did it with no budget, an all male cast and lots of energy and humor. Unfortunately finding a copy is probably next to impossible."
Reviews
Glenn Kenny of Trouser Press wrote of John Gavanti: "Some have called this the most unlistenable record ever made, and that's a fine invitation indeed."
Track listing
All tracks composed by Sumner Crane.
"Overture"
"I Awake"
"Down To The Ocean"
"On Board Ship"
"Gavanti Samba"
"Lo! La!"
"O Ancient Ocean"
"New York Blues"
"Higher And Higher"
"Africa"
"Mirror Mirror"
"Venice/ Locus Solus"
"Gavanti's Lament"
"Homeward Bound"
References
External links
Cunningham quote source
Trouser Press entry
No wave albums
Concept albums
Rock operas
1980 albums
Works based on Don Giovanni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Gavanti |
If He Is Protecting Our Nation, Then Who Will Protect Big Oil, Our Children? is an album by indie rock band of Montreal. Originally self-released by the band as a tour-only CD, it was later released commercially with a few changes.
Track listing of commercial release
"My, What a Strange Day With a Swede" - 4:11
"An Ill-Treated Hiccup" - 2:23
"Cast in the Haze (Been There Four Days)" - 2:46
"Mimi Merlot Beatnik Version" - 0:31
"Girl From NYC (Named Julia)" - 2:15
"Inside a Room Full of Treasures, a Black Pygmy Horse's Head Pops Up Like a Periscope" - 2:28
"Charlie and Freddy" - 1:31
"There Is Nothing Wrong With Hating Rock Critics" - 4:41
"Maple Licorice" - 0:58
"Barely Asian at the Beefcake Horizon" - 1:13
"Spooky Spider Chandelier" - 1:30
"Friends of Mine" (The Zombies cover) - 2:20
"Christmas Isn't Safe for Animals" - 3:42
Track listing of original tour-only CD
"My, What a Strange Day With a Swede" - 4:11
"An Ill-Treated Hiccup" - 2:25
"Cast in the Haze (Been There Four Days)" - 3:01
"She's My Best Friend" (Velvet Underground cover) - 3:30
"Mimi Merlot Beatnik Version" - 0:29
"Neru No Daisuki" - 3:25
"Maple Licorice" - 1:01
"Inside a Room Full of Treasures, a Black Pygmy Horse's Head Pops Up Like a Periscope" - 2:27
"Spooky Spider Chandelier" - 1:30
"Charlie and Freddy" - 1:32
"Girl From NYC #64" - 2:15
"Nickee Coco Chorus" - 1:21
"Friends of Mine" (The Zombies cover) - 2:28
"Christmas Isn't Safe for Animals" - 3:42
Of Montreal albums
2003 compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%20He%20Is%20Protecting%20Our%20Nation%2C%20Then%20Who%20Will%20Protect%20Big%20Oil%2C%20Our%20Children%3F |
William Augustus Jones Jr. (February 24, 1934 – February 4, 2006) was an African-American Minister and Civil Rights leader.
Biography
William Augustus Jones Jr. was born in Louisville, Kentucky, to Mary Elisabeth Jones and William Augustus Jones Sr. His life was considered to began as a medical miracle. It was said that he was not expected to be born alive because of a traumatic childbirth. Jones reflecting upon the story of his birth once said: "All of my days have been lived with the feeling that Divine Providence has upheld, sustained and directed my destiny."
Jones graduated with honors in sociology from the University of Kentucky, though he could not play basketball because African Americans were barred from the team. He earned a doctorate from Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. While studying at Crozer, Jones worshipped at the Calvary Baptist Church and became known as one of the "Sons of Calvary" along with Martin Luther King Jr. and Samuel D. Proctor, who all went on to become well known preachers in the Black Church. He enlisted in the United States Army in 1954 as a Private and was discharged in 1956 as a First Lieutenant.
As a young Minister, Jones was taught by BG Crawley, who was his pioneer and known as "The Walking Encyclopedia" to Baptist Ministers across the nation. Crawley was a Judge and founder of Little Zion Baptist Church of Brooklyn, New York.
Jones joined Martin Luther King Jr. in 1961, splitting from conservative Baptist churches and forming the Progressive National Baptist Convention. He was known for being an outspoken and prophetic critic. In the 1960s, Al Sharpton, a Pentecostal minister at the time, was introduced to Jones. F. D. Washington. Jones became a mentor to Sharpton, and eventually Sharpton became part of the Baptist denomination.
For 43 years, Jones served as minister at Bethany Baptist, a 5,000-member church in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn, and hosted a syndicated weekly radio program called Bethany Hour. The Bethany Hour was also broadcast weekly on the syndicated Family Radio program hosted by the late Harold Camping. In 1979, Jones published a book entitled God in the Ghetto.
See also
Jennifer Jones Austin - Daughter
References
Sources
The life and ministry of Jones as recounted in part by Jones in his Spiritual Autobiography, 1972.
1934 births
2006 deaths
African-American activists
African-American Baptist ministers
Clergy of historically African-American Christian denominations
Crozer Theological Seminary alumni
Activists for African-American civil rights
Religious leaders from Louisville, Kentucky
University of Kentucky alumni
Baptists from Kentucky
21st-century African-American people
20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Augustus%20Jones%20Jr. |
"Nothing Without You" is the fifth single released by Japanese singer Ami Suzuki in February 1999, the first Ami single released on that year.
Information
The main song of this single also appeared in a TV commercial for a videogame from Tecmo called "Monster Farm 2", and was one of the 50 best-selling singles of that year. This was Ami's first single with only three songs on it since her debut single, "Love the Island". It peaked at number three on the Oricon chart.
Following her blacklisting from the music industry in September 2000, production and distribution of the single stopped in its entirety.
Track listing
"Nothing Without You"
"Nothing Without You" (remix)
"Nothing Without You" (TV mix)
Ami Suzuki songs
1999 singles
Songs written by Tetsuya Komuro
1999 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing%20Without%20You%20%28song%29 |
The Pegasus Project was a NASA initiative to study the frequency of micrometeoroid impacts on spacecraft by means of a constellation of three satellites launched in 1965.
All three Pegasus satellites were launched by Saturn I rockets, and remained connected with their upper stages.
The Pegasus satellites were named for the winged horse of Greek mythology and was first lofted into space by a NASA Saturn I rocket on February 16, 1965. Like its namesake, the Pegasus satellite was notable for its "wings", a pair of -long, -wide arrays of 104 panels fitted with sensors to detect punctures by micrometeoroids at high altitudes, in support of the Apollo Program to send crewed lunar landing missions starting by 1970. Micrometeoroids were believed to be potentially hazardous to the Apollo crew if they could puncture the spacecraft skin. The sensors successfully measured the frequency, size, direction and penetration of scores of micrometeoroid impacts. The satellite also carried sample protective shields mounted on the arrays.
The NASA Marshall Space Flight Center was responsible for the design, production and operation of the three Pegasus satellites which were launched by Saturn I rocket test flights in 1965. At launch, a boilerplate Apollo Command/Service Module and launch escape system tower were atop the Saturn I, with the Pegasus experiment folded inside the Service Module. After first stage separation and second-stage ignition, the launch escape system was jettisoned. When the second stage attained orbit, the 10,000-pound Apollo boilerplate Command and Service modules were jettisoned into a separate orbit. Then a motor driven device extended the winglike panels on the Pegasus to a span of . The Pegasus wings remained attached to the Saturn I's second stage as planned.
A television camera, mounted on the interior of the Service Module adapter, provided pictures of the satellite deploying in space and as historian Roger E. Bilstein has written, "captured a vision of the eerie silent wings of Pegasus I as they haltingly deployed." The satellite exposed more than of instrumented surface, with thickness varying up to .
Ernst Stuhlinger, then director of the MSFC Research Projects Laboratory, noted that all three Pegasus missions provided more than data on micrometeoroid penetration. Scientists also were able to gather data regarding gyroscopic motion and orbital characteristics of rigid bodies in space, lifetimes of electronic components in the space environment, and thermal control systems and the degrading effects of space on thermal control coatings. Space historian Roger Bilstein reported that for physicists the Pegasus missions provided additional knowledge about the radiation environments of space, the Van Allen radiation belts and other phenomena.
Orbits
Pegasus 1
Launched: February 16, 1965
Launch vehicle: A-103
Orbital inclination: 31.7 degrees.
Perigee: 510 km
Apogee: 726 km
Launch weight: 10.5 tons.
Dry weight: 1451.5 kg
Decayed: September 17, 1978
International Designator: 1965-009A
Pegasus 2
Launched: May 25, 1965
Launch vehicle: A-104
Orbital inclination: 31.7 degrees.
Perigee: 502 km
Apogee: 740 km
Launch weight: 10.46 tons.
Dry weight: 1451.5 kg
Decayed: November 3, 1979
International Designator: 1965-039A
Pegasus 3
Launched: July 30, 1965
Launch vehicle: A-105
Orbital inclination: 28.9 degrees.
Perigee: 441 km
Apogee: 449 km
Launch weight: 10.5 tons.
Dry weight: 1451.5 kg
Decayed: August 4, 1969
International Designator: 1965-060A
References
External links
Encyclopedia Astronautica entry
1965 in spaceflight
Satellites formerly orbiting Earth
Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets
Satellite constellations
NASA programs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus%20%28satellite%29 |
Hiddenhausen is a municipality in the district of Herford, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The municipality was formed in 1969 in a reform of Herford (district) by combining the villages of Lippinghausen, Eilshausen, Schweicheln-Bermbeck, Hiddenhausen, Oetinghausen and Sundern.
Geography
Hiddenhausen is situated approximately 6 km north-west of the centre of Herford and 15 km north-east of Bielefeld.
Neighbouring places
Bünde
Kirchlengern
Löhne
Herford
Enger
Division of the town
Hiddenhausen consists of 6 districts:
Eilshausen (4,909 inhabitants)
Hiddenhausen (2,755 inhabitants)
Lippinghausen (2,892 inhabitants)
Oetinghausen (4,038 inhabitants)
Schweicheln-Bermbeck (5,329 inhabitants)
Sundern (1,578 inhabitants)
Twin towns
Loitz (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany)
Czechowice-Dziedzice (Poland)
Kungälv (Sweden)
References
External links
Official site
Herford (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiddenhausen |
Fighting Talk is a topical sports show broadcast on BBC Radio 5 Live during the English football season. The show is broadcast on Saturday mornings for an hour between 1100 and 1200 and is based on a similar format to the ESPN show Around the Horn.
Its first series was broadcast in October 2003, presented by Johnny Vaughan. The second series was presented by Christian O'Connell. The longest-serving presenter was Colin Murray, who took charge between 2006 and 2013 and returned to the show for the 2016–17 season. Murray announced on Twitter that he would step down as host at the end of the 2022–23 season but continue to fill in when his replacement takes holidays. Rick Edwards is the current host.
The show has twice won Gold Sony Radio Academy Awards in the sports programme category; in 2006 and 2011. For the latter, judges described the show as "like a modern version of old-fashioned Music Hall".
Format
The host chairs the show where four guest pundits are invited to expound in turn, preferably with wit and knowledge, their views and opinions on a series of topical sporting events. Most sports are thrown into the fray but there is a strong emphasis on English top-flight football and other sports covered by the British news media.
The penultimate discussion topic on the show is known as 'Any Other Business' (AOB) where the guests are given the opportunity to talk about anything they wish, and encouraged to comment on topics or issues that have irked, annoyed or incensed them in past week, regardless of relevance to sport.
Listener participation
The programme is interspersed with "listeners' homework" – listeners are asked to submit answers to one of the questions posed to the panel (normally question two) by e-mail or text message. During the course of the show, the presenter reads out the "best" responses, with the most entertaining answers being read out the following week. Homework questions often involve likening sports people to objects, animals or concepts: for example, "If footballers were houses, what would they be?"
Prizes were introduced to encourage respondents; in the first series, the prize for the best entry was a "soundbite" recording of a commentator or sportsman — being a brief piece of sporting commentary involving the winning respondent or recollections of the respondent's sporting prowess (both fictional). Contributors included Chris Waddle, Barry Fry and Jonathan Pearce. In keeping with the Park incident (see below), the results of this competition have been rigged on occasion — for example, Giles Boden (writer — see below) is a previous "winner"; his prize was a soundbite recorded for him by the former Chelsea manager Claudio Ranieri.
During the second series, a tangible prize was introduced in the form of a Fighting Talk mug – and as an added incentive, listeners were offered the chance to appear as guest pundits. Jim Thane was the first listener to be invited to compete live on the show, appearing in series two with Steve Bunce, Greg Brady and Dominic Holland. Richard Seymour was the second guest listener, appearing in the third series with Steve Bunce, Bob Mills and Kriss Akabusi. During the fourth series, Christopher Briggs joined a panel consisting of Will Buckley, John Rawling and Bob Mills.
Prizes were suspended during series 5 due to the BBC's blanket ban on hosting phone-in competitions, which came as a result of various phone-in and interactive voting scandals. Listeners were still encouraged to text and e-mail in answers by the presenter, immediately followed by a sarcastic remark from Colin Murray about Blue Peter, one of the BBC's programmes accused of misleading viewers. When considered in the context of the arbitrary nature of the show's scoring systems, the suspension seems somewhat ironic, particularly given that presenter corruption is tolerated to the point of being encouraged.
As of 19 September 2009 the listeners have been asked to submit a question, rather than answer the set question. The listener who is selected to pose the question over the phone is also given the power to award two bonus points to any panelist of his or her choice. The listener also receives a unique theme tune that no FT contestant will ever get. The listener-submitted question is always the second question of the show.
Defend the Indefensible
In order to decide the week's ultimate winner the two highest scoring pundits are invited to "Defend the Indefensible". Each pundit is called to vigorously support a topical theme for twenty seconds that is either distasteful, politically incorrect, plainly wrong, self-derisory or entirely contrary to the pundit's known opinions. Previous examples of defending the indefensible include "I’d gladly drink a pint of Maradona's liposuction fat for Comic Relief"; "cricket has been cheapened now common people and ladies have jumped on the bandwagon" and "I believe the annual Oxford-Cambridge boat race should take place in Iranian territorial waters".
For all the responses are often outrageously comedic, due to some being extremely near the knuckle, hosts have still had to reiterate on many occasions that the statements are not meant to be taken seriously in any way. Indeed, more often than not they actually have the intention of mocking those who would hold such an abhorrent view; even so, despite repeated clarification, complaints are still a fairly regular occurrence.
On occasion, the DTI round has been specifically designed for the pundit who has to answer. Examples include propositions posed to former England football manager Graham Taylor and Henning Wehn. After the resignation of Sven-Göran Eriksson from the position of England Manager, Taylor was invited to defend the statement "The next England manager should be Graham Taylor". In a later series, Wehn was asked to defend "The German football team should wear PVC Nazi outfits as a show of support to Max Mosley", in reference to the latter's court battle following revelations about Mosley's personal life.
Finalists who refuse to take part in the round forfeit the round and by extension, the game — for example, John Rawling refused to criticise his wife's cooking on the Christmas 2006 show, with the win being awarded to fellow panellist Des Kelly. Rawling was again asked to defend the proposition exactly a year later, and did so successfully.
Two episodes of Fighting Talk were won by pundits who did not have to participate in the DTI round:
On 17 September 2005, Bob Mills won a show after fellow finalist Steve Bunce refused to defend "John Rawling's debut as ITV boxing commentator was mediocre at best"; Bunce was replaced in the final by John Rawling, who was subsequently unable to respond to the proposition "Boxing's so gay, but that's why I like it".
In November 2006, Trevor Nelson was awarded a win after finalists Ian Stone and Clare Balding's efforts were deemed too terrible to win.
Martin Kelner became the first (and to date, only) person to be ejected from the DTI final on 25 April 2009 because Colin Murray claimed he was "being a wuss" in offering his place in the final to John Oliver.
Scoring
Guests earn arbitrary points for 'good punditry', but lose them if they waffle, use predictable clichés, or attempt to ingratiate themselves with the host.
Disordered and by no means fair, the system is sufficiently flexible to accommodate the presenter's moods, likes and dislikes and personal bias. Pundits can start the game on positive scores, with points having been awarded for complimentary comments about the presenter; by contrast, many start on minus scores, with points having been deducted due to interruptions or negative comments about the presenter.
At the beginning of series four, Colin Murray introduced the "Golden Envelope" round. The presenter places his or her own answer to a particular question into an envelope prior to the show and poses the question to the pundits during the second half of that show: matching the answer in the envelope is worth ten bonus points.
Presenters can also 'fix' the outcome of show results for personal gain. Colin Murray arranged for Richard Park to win a show in 2007 because Park was a judge in the TV show Comic Relief does Fame Academy, in which Murray was a contestant. At one point, Park was in last place, but Murray put him into the final and gave him the win, without listening to the Defend the Indefensible round answer from fellow contestant Jim White.
Murray also decided an FA Cup third round show on 3 January 2009 in favour of former Wimbledon FA Cup Final goalscorer and Northern Ireland national football team manager Lawrie Sanchez, after both Sanchez and fellow finalist Martin Kelner failed to meet the 20 seconds required in Defend the Indefensible. On 9 November 2013, Bob Mills finished the show on zero points after a ridicule of Southampton's season left host Christian O'Connell aghast, and thus took all his points.
History
The first series began in October 2003 and was hosted by Johnny Vaughan. The inaugural show featured a panel consisting of Greg Brady, Will Buckley, Bradley Walsh and the eventual winner, Stan Collymore. After the first series ended in April 2004, Vaughan left to present the Capital FM breakfast show.
Christian O'Connell was the show's second presenter, and completed a successful second series from 2004 to 2005, culminating in a Gold Award for the show at the 24th Sony Radio Academy Awards. He left to focus on his new Virgin Radio breakfast show at the end of 2005. His last show was in December 2005, and featured his four favourite guests — John Rawling, Steve Bunce, Greg Brady and Bob Mills. That show also briefly featured the wives of three of those panellists, who were invited to answer (via telephone) a question on behalf of their husbands. Bob Mills' wife was unavailable for comment.
Colin Murray started presenting the show in February 2006. He was the host for seven years until he left in July 2013 as he moved from the BBC to present on rival network Talksport.
Following Murray's departure, he was replaced by three presenters who would rotate hosting duties. O'Connell returned as one of the presenters, with commentator Jonathan Pearce and TV presenter Matt Johnson the others for the 2013–14 season.
For two seasons, 2014–15 and 2015–16, hosting duties were shared between presenter Georgie Thompson and comedian Josh Widdicombe. Murray returned to the show on 17 September 2016 and remained until his second departure at the end of the 2022–23 season. Rick Edwards replaced Murray as the show's permanent host.
Guest presenters
Vaughan came back for 'one week only' on 10 March 2007 because Murray was appearing in the reality television programme Comic Relief does Fame Academy. However, he has since made two other guest appearances as chairman while Murray has been away. The show has also had a number of other guest presenters to cover for when the host is unavailable, including well-known British broadcasters such as Jordan North, Dickie Davies, Kelly Cates, Jimmy Tarbuck, Gabby Logan, Terry Wogan, Phil Williams, Sam Quek and Nick Hancock.
Producer Mike Holt has also had to present the show for one question when Colin Murray could not bring himself to adjudicate a round questioning his favourite team by asking "What's wrong with Liverpool Football Club?" Murray left the studio for the duration of the question.
The 'Stuart Hall incident'
Fighting Talk made national news with an episode broadcast on 12 March 2005. The panel consisted of Danny Kelly, Will Buckley, John Rawling and Stuart Hall. The presenter, Christian O'Connell, asked the panel "What other former all-conquering nations, clubs or individuals would you like to see have a renaissance?". Stuart Hall responded "Zimbabwe", and criticised what Robert Mugabe had done to the country, saying "...don your flannels, black up, play leather on willow with Mugabe cast as a witch doctor. Imagine him out at Lords casting a curse; tincture of bat's tongues, gorilla's gonads, tiger's testicles...". Shortly afterwards, O'Connell was heard to ask studio staff "Are we still on air?" During the same show, Hall was also asked for his opinion on sporting stars acting as role models for young people. In his response, he defended swearing by footballers suggesting that "your average 10-year-old can instruct you in oral or anal sex". The incidents were widely reported in the national press, although neither attracted significant criticism from listeners.
The Champion of Champions Show
Starting in 2010, the final episode of Fighting Talk for every season was dubbed the Champion of Champions show. The top four panelists who had appeared in (but not necessarily won) the DTI final the most over the course of the season would appear. The format would be the same, but some of the questions in the final episode would look back over the sporting events that occurred during the season, as well as looking forward to the UEFA Champions League Final as it either fell on the same day or a few days later.
Pundits
Pundits are generally British and Irish sports journalists, sportspeople or stand-up comics.
Regulars include:
Dougie Anderson – TV and Radio presenter (nicknamed "Three Answers")
Greg Brady – Sports journalist
Will Buckley – Sports journalist
Steve Bunce – Sports journalist
Simon Day – Comedian
Neil Delamere – Comedian
Gail Emms – Sportsperson
Elis James – Comedian
Eddie Kadi – Comedian
Des Kelly – Sports journalist
Martin Kelner – Sports journalist
Katharine Merry – Sportsperson
Bob Mills – Comedian
Justin Moorhouse – Comedian
Pat Nevin – Sportsperson
Eleanor Oldroyd – Sports journalist (labelled "The First Lady of Fighting Talk")
Richard Osman – TV presenter
Natalie Pike – TV presenter
John Rawling – Sports journalist (nicknamed "Psycho")
Paul Sinha – Comedian
Mark Watson – Comedian
Henning Wehn – Comedian
Jim White – Sports journalist
However, some non-UK pundits have made appearances, including Greg Brady (who participates regularly by ISDN from Toronto, Canada). On 27 October 2007, Brady made an appearance in the studio due to being in London for the first NFL regular season game to be played outside the USA. He has made appearances in the UK every year since then, including the 24 October 2009 broadcast which came live from Hull.
Other non-UK contestants include Australian comedians Charlie Pickering and Jim Jefferies, English-born New Zealand comedian Al Pitcher and German comedian Henning Wehn. American comic Doug Stanhope made an appearance on the 13 September 2008 episode, as he was touring Britain at the time. Adam Richman, host of Man vs. Food, appeared on 17 November 2012, but did so on ISDN rather than in studio. Also, American comedian Alex Edelman has been appearing on the show since 2019.
Music and sound effects
The show's distinctive theme tune comes from the track "Sabotage" by Beastie Boys, which first appeared on their 1994 album Ill Communication. The segment used is from the middle of the track. The song was replaced with a different version due to contractual reasons in 2010, but made a one-off appearance on the 5 May 2012 episode as a tribute to MCA (aka Adam Yauch), who had died the day before aged 47 and to whom that episode was dedicated.
Scoring is accompanied by a variety of appropriate and humorous sound effects.
In the 24 January 2009 show, a new sound effect (being the start up music from Microsoft Windows XP) was introduced, to indicate a 'fact' that had been blatantly pulled by the contestant from Wikipedia or another online source.
The music usually playing while the host gives the scores is the theme from the British TV show Grandstand, and during the final segment, Defend the Indefensible, the theme from the Rocky series, "Gonna Fly Now", is used.
Other sound effects used throughout each show include the various pundit themes; the theme from Allo Allo; Planet Funk's "Chase the Sun"; the German, Italian and American national anthems; the Indiana Jones theme; "The Lonely Man" from The Incredible Hulk, "Burning Heart" from Rocky IV, and the Grange Hill theme tune among others.
Fighting Talk in other media
The show made a brief appearance on television (2004, BBC2, in an early evening slot) presented and written by Johnny Vaughan and was true to the popular radio format. The scoring sound effects were juxtaposed with complementary images shown on large screens. At one stage negotiations were believed to be under way for Colin Murray to host a live style format in the Camden-based MTV studios which would air on Sky One during the close season.
In late 2010 ITV4 broadcast one series of Mark Watson Kicks Off, a looser television adaptation of Fighting Talk less closely related to the radio version than the 2004 BBC series.
The programme has also made outside broadcasts through the years throughout the United Kingdom, a number of which coincided with the BBC Sports Personality of the Year ceremony in December.
Fighting Talk: Any Other Business
A one-off, politics-based show — using the name of Fighting Talk'''s 'Any Other Business' round — was broadcast on Sunday 17 December 2006 at 7pm, presented by Richard Bacon. A run of four further shows billed as Fighting Talk: Any Other Business were broadcast between 15 July and 5 August 2007. The host was the original Fighting Talk presenter Johnny Vaughan and guests included Alan Duncan, Diane Abbott, Stephen Pound, Arabella Weir and Robin Ince.
Internet resources
The most popular and well known fan-site is located on the social networking website Facebook, under the name 'The Fighting Talk Appreciation Society'. It is occasionally mentioned on the show by the presenter.
In 2009 the show introduced a "secret" group on the social networking website Facebook, called 'FT316' for listeners to post their suggestions for question 2. Originally they did not give the name of the group on air, but a link was sent to anyone who requested it by email. This idea was scrapped after a couple of shows and now the presenter just tells listeners to go to the page, giving them the name of it on air. The 316 comes from the number of one of the sound effects in the BBC library, later found to be one number out from what it should be.
PodcastFighting Talk became available as an mp3 download in October 2004, with a podcast version following as part of a BBC trial in February 2005. Each show can be accessed for download on the BBC website in either format for one week after broadcast. Much comment is made by the presenters about the performance of the podcast in the iTunes chart (in either the Sport or Comedy categories, or the overall podcast chart) – with a previous best of number 5 in the overall chart (series three).
Following the Russell Brand Show prank telephone calls row, the BBC introduced a system of editing 'controversial' content of some shows before making them available as podcasts. The three most noticeable edits to date have been made to DTI rounds — the first involved the show recorded at Goodison Park (see above), where Pat Nevin was asked to defend the statement I'd gladly swap every game I played for Everton and Tranmere for just one night with Wayne Rooney's granny. Nevin's original answer in the live broadcast included the statement "sloppy seconds from Wayne Rooney just sounds like pure class to me" but the line was cut for the podcast.
The second involved the show broadcast on 16 May 2009, when Bob Mills was asked to defend a statement involving ex-cricketer Chris Lewis's appearance in court in relation to cocaine smuggling. Both the DTI statement and Mills's response were removed from the podcast. Mills was also edited out of the podcast of the 1 June 2013 broadcast, after he was asked to defend the statement "Give me 20 minutes with her and I’m pretty sure I could turn around Clare Balding." The statement, as well as Mills's response, was removed from the podcast before its official release, although fans made available an unabridged version recorded from DAB radio, via a number of sources, in a protest against the British newspaper the Daily Mail. The number of downloads of the uncut version reached four figures.
Several podcasts in series 6 contain bonus audio clips that can be heard after several minutes of silence at the end of the broadcast recording. The sections generally consist of studio chatter between the host and panellists, often recorded during off-air audio level tests. The most notable can be found on the podcast recording of the show broadcast on 28 March 2009, when panellist Perry Groves can be heard singing along to "Love Really Hurts Without You" by Billy Ocean.
Book
A Fighting Talk tie-in book, Fighting Talk: Flimsy Facts, Sweeping Statements and Inspired Sporting Hunches'', edited by regular pundit Will Buckley, was published by Hodder & Stoughton on 2 October 2008.
References
External links
Podcast RSS feed
BBC Radio 5 Live programmes
BBC Radio comedy programmes
2003 radio programme debuts
British panel games
British radio game shows
2000s British game shows
2010s British game shows
British sports radio programmes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting%20Talk |
Whitehall, is a district on the northeastern edge of central Bristol, within the electoral ward of Easton.
Parks
The local green space is Whitehall Playing Fields or Packer's Ground as it was known, taking its name from the local chocolate factory - Packers. In 2006 the company, known as Elizabeth Shaw, announced the closure of the site. In 2014 plans to convert it into flats and housing. The playing field is to be fully redeveloped for sports use for The City Academy Bristol school.
Housing
In part of the area, adjoining Easton and Eastville, there are still many streets and houses from the Victorian and Edwardian eras and in the part, adjoining St George, Bristol is the Gordon Estate with houses that were built in 1936. This area originally consisted of market gardens and the new estate was built on the rhubarb patch and as a result, rhubarb was quite commonplace in many gardens.
Some houses ("villas") overlook the adjoining St. George Park and these have small balconies.
Newer houses have since been built on the former Co-op Bakery and Rose Green High School sites. There is a plaque on the original school wall, which was retained, giving some history, about John Wesley having preached on this site.
The comedian Bob Hope lived for a time in Whitehall Road in his youth.
Churches
Local Churches include Crofts End Church, established in 1895 by George Brown, as a Christian mission for miner's children it became known as 'The Miner's Mission' or Crofts End Mission. Still part of the local community and very much a family church its current Pastor is Andrew Yelland.
The Parish Church of St Ambrose has undergone some change in latter years, with its vicarage being demolished and replaced by a sheltered housing scheme for older people. The church hall was refurbished as part of this and is now The Beehive Centre with day-care facilities. The Almshouses were retained and are still in use.
Whitehall Chapel has been retained and restored, but no longer for church purposes. It is now in use as offices. The 48th Bristol Scout Group Headquarters adjacent to the site of an old garage was originally sited on the new housing site. When the garage was originally redeveloped and enlarged, the garage company paid for the Scout Group to have a new building built. The Saint Leonard's Scout Group merged with the 48th Bristol Scout Group and they then became the 32nd Bristol (1st Whitehall) Scout Group. The patron saint of Scouting is Saint George also, the name of an adjacent local district.
See also
Crofts End, Bristol
St George, Bristol
Greenbank, Bristol
References
Areas of Bristol | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall%2C%20Bristol |
Gregory Charles Browning (born 14 February 1953) is a retired field hockey player from Australia, who won the silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
He was also Australia's youngest senior team player, making his debut at 16 years of age. He was the very successful coach of the Queensland Blades in the Australian Hockey League.
In 2009 Browning was inducted into the Queensland Sport Hall of Fame.
Greg Browning was first selected for the Queensland Open Team in 1969 and he continuously represented his state for a period of 15 years until 1983. He was at the time the youngest player ever selected in the Queensland Open Team.
Greg was selected to play for Australia first in 1969 and every year after that until 1982. He was selected for three Olympics first in 1972 in Munich, 1976 in Montreal (Silver Medal) and Moscow in 1980 when the team withdrew on Federal Government insistence. He attended four World Cups first in 1971 in Barcelona, then 1973 in Kuala Lumpur, 1978 in Buenos Aires where the team won a bronze medal and finally in 1982 in Bombay (a silver medal). He also attended 3 Championship Trophies in 1978 Lahore (Silver Medal), 1980 Kuala Lumpur (Bronze Medal) and Amsterdam (Silver Medal).
He was employed by the Brisbane Hockey Association in 1996 as Coaching / Athlete Development Officer and was appointed Queensland's Academy of Sports / NTC (Blades) Coach from 1997 to 2008. He coached the Queensland Blades team to numerous Australian Hockey League titles and was runner up on several occasions.
Greg Browning has been recognised by Hockey Queensland when he was first inducted into Hockey Queensland's Hall of Fame in 2002 and further recognised with Distinguished Player Award when initiated in 2008. He was also named in Queensland's Team of the Century in 2008. He was awarded Queensland's Hockey Association Award of Merit in 1995.
He has served on numerous Queensland committees – member Coaching and Development Committee 2002 to 2008, member of Appointments committee for Coaches 2000 to 2008, Manager's appointment committee in 2008 and also Appointments committee for selectors 2008.
From 1999 to 2008 he was a selector for Queensland Open, U/21 and Country men, also a Queensland U/18 Men's selector from 1999 to 2008. Greg also served as Australian Open Men's selectors from 1989 to 1995.
Greg started his career as a player with Redcliffe club before moving to Bulimba as Player / Coach and then to South West United as Player Coach. He represented Brisbane Hockey Association as a Player from 1969 to 1983.
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
Australian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Field hockey players at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
Sportsmen from Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Browning |
The Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (until 1962 titled Journal of Meteorology) is a scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society. It covers basic research related to the physics, dynamics, and chemistry of the atmosphere of Earth and other planets, with emphasis on the quantitative and deductive aspects of the subject.
See also
List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences
References
External links
English-language journals
Monthly journals
Academic journals established in 1944
American Meteorological Society academic journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20the%20Atmospheric%20Sciences |
"Like a Surgeon" is a song recorded by "Weird Al" Yankovic that appears as the opening track on his third studio album, Dare to Be Stupid (1985). It was released as the album's second single on June 4, 1985, by Scotti Brothers Records. It was issued as a 7", 12", and picture disc. A parody of the pop song "Like a Virgin" by Madonna, its lyrics describe a hospital environment, with the same melody as Madonna's original. The track was written by Yankovic, Tom Kelly and Billy Steinberg, the latter two are credited as co-writers due to the "Like a Virgin" sample. Madonna came up with the parody's title, an act Yankovic generally discourages. Rick Derringer served as the executive producer.
"Like a Surgeon" was well received by music critics, who praised Yankovic's take on Madonna's single. Another critic called it "as good" as "Like a Virgin". In the United States, it peaked at number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming his fifth entry in that country at the time. It also peaked in the top forty of Australia and Canada, with the former peaking at number 19. For live performances of the recording, Yankovic further borrowed elements from Madonna's renditions, singing live in a hospital surrounding, sporting similar outfits and costumes.
Writing and development
Although Yankovic generally did not use parody ideas from other musicians, Madonna was partly involved during the writing process of the track. Reportedly, Madonna was walking with a friend in New York City when she wondered out loud when Yankovic would parody her 1984 hit "Like a Virgin" with "Like a Surgeon". The friend was a mutual acquaintance of Jay Levey, Yankovic's manager, and brought the idea up to him following the encounter. This is the only known time that Yankovic has obtained an idea directly from the original artist, as he "openly discourages people from giving him parody ideas". It was recorded alongside other singles in February 1985: "I Want a New Duck" and "Hooked on Polkas", and album track "Girls Just Want to Have Lunch".
Yankovic parodies the pop song by speaking from the point of view of a new surgeon who is "more bothered by the fact that his patients are dying before they can pay than the fact that they're dying at all". Before the chorus, he also coos: "I'll pull his insides out, pull his insides out / And see what he ate".
Reception
Critical reception for "Like a Surgeon" was generally positive. In Eugene Chadbourne's AllMusic album review for Dare to Be Stupid, he congratulated Yankovic for "perhaps his best parody ever, the brilliant and cutting 'Like a Surgeon'". Chadbourne continued: "Turning the tacky Madonna hit inside out and upside down, Yankovic comes up with a hilarious satire of the medical profession." Richard Stim, claimed in his book Music Law: How to Run Your Band's Business that "Like a Surgeon" was "an effective parody", while Bryan Brewer from the Digital Audio and Compact Disc Review called it "as good on CD as the original, digitally recorded 'Like a Virgin'". Christopher Thelen of Daily Vault didn't find it up to par with the singer's previous parodies; however, Thelen stated: "but since I've developed a healthy distrust of the medical community, I appreciate the somewhat biting sarcasm that Yankovic works in."
Commercially, the single became one of Yankovic's more well-known works. In the United States, it became his fifth entry on the Billboard Hot 100, and highest since "Eat It"'s peak of number 12 in 1984. It climbed the charts for eight weeks in mid 1985, before reaching its peak at number 47 for the week ending July 13, 1985. On list compiling Yankovic's most successful releases, Billboard described "Like a Surgeon" as his third biggest hit single. According to RPM, the single reached its peak of 37 on August 17 of the same year, becoming his second entry in Canada. In Australia, it peaked at number 19, similarly his third highest peak in that country at the time.
Promotion
The music video was directed by Robert K. Weiss and is set in a hospital. It parodies several elements of the promotional video for "Like a Virgin", famously set in Venice; Yankovic singing on a moving gurney references Madonna on a canal boat, and both videos feature a lion at the beginning. During one scene, a Madonna wannabe is sitting in a corner filing her nails. At the end of the "Like a Surgeon" music video, dance moves and scene changes spoof the video for Madonna's "Burning Up", then Yankovic and two dancers perform a routine that spoofs the video for "Lucky Star". Both songs appear on Madonna's first album. The video also includes the famous PA announcement from The Three Stooges ("Paging Dr. Howard, Dr. Fine, Dr. Howard"). The visual would later be included on Yankovic's 1992 video album The "Weird Al" Yankovic Video Library.
Filming was done at a closed hospital that had been turned into a set for various productions where hospital shots were needed. The lion was real, and Yankovic recalled several of the actors were slightly intimidated by the lion being led through the sets.
The singer has performed "Like a Surgeon" at several of his concert tours. A staff member from Rolling Stone called the renditions a "key part of Yankovic's live show[s] for decades". For the performance, he mocks Madonna's "Middle Eastern rendition" from her Blond Ambition World Tour of 1990, as shown in her 1991 documentary film Madonna: Truth or Dare.
Track listing and formats
US 7" single
"Like a Surgeon" – 3:27
"King of Suede" – 4:12
US 7" Picture Disc Single
1. "Like a Surgeon" 3:27
2. "Like a Surgeon" 3:27
Mexico 12" vinyl single
"Like a Surgeon" – 3:27
"Girls Just Wanna Have Lunch" – 4:21
German 12" single
"Like a Surgeon" – 3:27
"Slime Creatures from Outer Space" – 4:23
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Dare to Be Stupid, Scotti Brothers.
Recording
Recorded at Santa Monica Sound Records, Santa Monica, California
Personnel
"Weird Al" Yankovic – lead vocals, songwriting
Madonna – songwriting
Rick Derringer – production
Tom Kelly – composition
Tony Papa – engineer
Billy Steinberg – composition
Charts
Release history
On June 4, 1985, "Like a Surgeon" was released as a 7" single by Scotti Brothers Records, while a 12" and picture disc would also be released in Mexico and Germany, respectively.
Legacy
The creation of the song was parodied in the show How I Met Your Mother. In one episode, lead character Ted Mosby gave "Weird Al" the idea to the song after sending him a fan letter when he was 8 years old.
The creation of "Like a Surgeon", partially from Madonna's suggestion, became part of several scenes in the 2010 satirical Funny or Die web short, "Weird: The Al Yankovic Story" in which Yankovic (played by Aaron Paul) ends up in a love affair with Madonna (played by Olivia Wilde). The short, including this love affair, was later expanded into a full film, Weird: The Al Yankovic Story for 2022, with Yankovic now played by Daniel Radcliffe, and Evan Rachel Wood as Madonna.
See also
List of singles by "Weird Al" Yankovic
List of songs by "Weird Al" Yankovic
References
1985 singles
1985 songs
"Weird Al" Yankovic songs
Cultural depictions of Madonna
Songs with lyrics by "Weird Al" Yankovic
Songs written by Billy Steinberg
Songs written by Tom Kelly (musician)
American pop songs
Hospitals in fiction
Scotti Brothers Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like%20a%20Surgeon |
MAD TV (also known as MAD) is a Greek television network that broadcasts music related programming including video clips, music news, and interviews as well as concert footage. It was the first music station in Greece, launched on June 6, 1996, and is run by Andreas Kouris.
History
In May 2000, MAD TV launched the first Greek music portal, which provides its users with the most up to date worldwide music information along with brand new Internet services.
MAD TV also offers a wide range of Retail and B2B services to the public: Go MAD (interactive service) and MAD Music (5 music-interactive audio channels) available on Nova (DTH satellite platform in Greece), MAD Shop (online CD shop) through their website, Nova and i-mode mobile telephony, MAD Scanner (mobile service for acoustic fingerprint) through Vodafone Greece, Real-time video streaming of MAD TV’s program for 2G and 3G mobile phones, mobile content (ring-tones, logos and MMS) to all the top mobile telephony companies in Greece, music content to internet sites and portals (news, events, artists’ CVs, charts, photos and wallpapers, audio and video streaming, polyphonic audio ring-tones, etc.), and many more.
Since June 26, 2004, MAD TV organizes each year the MAD Video Music Awards, a unique Greek music production and awards ceremony, which allows the public to vote for their favorite artists and video clip. On May 26 and 27 of 2005, MAD TV held the 1st conference for the music industry in Greece, Athens Music Forum, which focuses on bringing together representatives from all professional fields that are directly and indirectly related to the music industry. MAD also organizes Secret Concerts, a series of famous artist’s live appearances in front of a small audience in a private and secret place, which gives the opportunity to artists to present a special performance with a different repertoire.
From 2013-2015, MAD produced the Greek selection to the Eurovision Song Contest, called Eurosong – A MAD Show.
MAD TV’s target group ranges from 15 to 24 years old. 90% of its daily program includes all the latest pop, electronic, rock, hip hop, rhythm and blues releases and 30 live shows per week. All shows deal with different subjects, ranging from worldwide music news, artist news, Internet, video games, cinema, clubbing, concerts, interviews and documentaries, concerning the majority of the Greek and International artist community.
Programs
OK!
Loca Report
Cooler Lists
Insta News
30 Best Videos
All Hits Non-Stop
All New Mixer
Breakfast
Mixer
Zone M
MAD World and Blue
In December 2005, MAD established, in cooperation with UBI World TV, the first international Greek music channel MAD World which targets Greeks abroad. MAD World is on air 24 hours a day, broadcasting all genres of Greek Music with special daily shows, rockumentaries dedicated to famous Greek artists, and special shows that keep the audience informed about the events that take place in Greece. In July 2006, MAD partnered up with ANT1 to launch Blue, a channel similar to MAD World but available only to audiences in North America. The channel was available with select international packages from satellite providers Dish Network in North America. However, Blue was not available from any North American cable television providers.
MADWalk - The Fashion Music Project
MadWalk is a project by MAD TV that Famous and newcomers Greek fashion designers coexist with the greatest Greek performers in a unique event that combines dynamic Live Performances with subversive Fashion Shows.
Mistresses of the first Fashion Music Project, in 2011, was the fashion icons Vicky Kaya and Tamta. For the second year, Mad TV decided that the MAD presenter Mairi Synatsaki would be ideal for the Fashion Music Project, so Vicky Kaya and herself presented the event together for the two following years (2012-2013). In 2014, Mairi Synatsaki was the hostess for the show by herself.
See also
MAD TV Cyprus
MAD Greekz
MAD World
Music of Greece
External links
Official Site
Television channels in Greece
Music television channels
Greek-language television stations
Television channels and stations established in 1996
MAD TV (Greece)
Music organizations based in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAD%20TV%20%28TV%20channel%29 |
"In the Deep" is a 2003 song written by Michael Becker and Kathleen York, performed by York under her stage name Bird York. The song gained fame from its use in the 2004 critically acclaimed film Crash; it also appeared on York's album The Velvet Hour. In 2006, the song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. York performed the song at the 78th Academy Awards ceremony on March 5, 2006.
There was some controversy and question as to the song's eligibility, as it had appeared in the film The Civilization of Maxwell Bright as well as The Velvet Hour, both of which were released before Crash. However, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences determined that the song had been commissioned in 2001 or 2002 by Crash director Paul Haggis for use in the film, prior to its other uses; thus it was eligible.
In March 2003, Bird York managed to chart on in the U.S., with "In the Deep" peaking at number 64 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 29 on the digital downloads chart. The song fell from the chart in its second week of resurgence.
The song was featured in an episode of House, M.D., entitled “Autopsy”, in an episode of CSI: NY, entitled “Stealing Home”, and in an episode of Warehouse 13, entitled “No Pain, No Gain”.
The song was used as the background music in the trailer for the programme Ocean Giants, the first episode of which screened on BBC One in the UK on Sunday, August 14, 2011.
References
2003 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Deep |
The Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology (JAMC; formerly Journal of Applied Meteorology) is a scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society.
Applied research related to the physical meteorology, cloud physics, hydrology, weather modification, satellite meteorology, boundary layer processes, air pollution meteorology (including dispersion and chemical processes), agricultural and forest meteorology, and applied meteorological numerical models of all types.
See also
List of scientific journals
List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences
Atmospheric dispersion modeling
Academic journals established in 1962
English-language journals
American Meteorological Society academic journals
Climatology journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Applied%20Meteorology%20and%20Climatology |
Elena Carter Richardson (26 December 1948 – 4 February 2006) was an American ballerina and dance instructor.
Born and raised in Mexico City, Mexico, she trained at the Academia de Ballet de Coyoacán, going on to be a principal dancer at Compania Nacional de Danza, and with Ballet Classico 70.
Richardson later joined Dance Theatre of Harlem and toured the world as a principal before taking time off to have children in 1982. She moved to Portland, Oregon and became a principal in Pacific Ballet Theatre and Oregon Ballet Theatre as well as a faculty member in the Performing Arts Program at Jefferson High School and at Da Vinci Arts Middle School. L
Richardson was diagnosed with cancer in 2000 and succumbed to the disease in 2006.
References
Elena Carter Richardson obituary
1948 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Oregon
American ballerinas
Mexican ballerinas
Dancers from Oregon
20th-century American women
20th-century American people
21st-century American women
20th-century American ballet dancers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena%20Carter%20Richardson |
DAV may refer to:
DAV, a type of pulsating white dwarf
Dav (journal) (1924-1937), a defunct leftist journal
IATA code "DAV" for Enrique Malek International Airport, Chiriquí, Panama
D.A.V. College Managing Committee, governing body of the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College Trust and Management Society, an Indian educational society
DAV University, the flagship school of the DAV system, in Jalandhar, Punjab, India
Democratic Association of Victoria, an Australian socialist organisation
(German Actuarial Society), German professional society
(German Alpine Club), a sports union in Germany
Disabled American Veterans, an American veterans organization
WebDAV (Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning), an extension of HTTP
Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam
People with the name
Dav Pilkey (born 1966), American author and illustrator of children's literature
Dav Whatmore (born 1954), Sri Lankan-born Australian cricketer and coach | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAV |
"Don't Leave Me Behind/Silent Stream" is the sixth single released by Japanese singer Ami Suzuki in March 1999. It was also the first double A-side single of the artist. The single reached number three in Japan.
Information
For promoting the single and increase sales, the song "Don't leave me behind" was used on a TV commercial for the Japanese extension of Kodak on the Spring Campaign, and another song of the single, "Silent Stream" was used on a TV commercial for the juice drink, Bireley's.
After Suzuki was blacklisted from the music industry in September 2000, production and distribution of the single stopped in its entirety.
Track listing
Don't Leave Me Behind
Written by Marc & Ami
Composed by Tetsuya Komuro
Arranged by Cozy Kubo & TK
Silent Stream
Written by Marc
Composed & Arranged by Cozy Cubo
Don't Leave Me Behind (TV mix)
Silent Stream (TV mix)
Ami Suzuki songs
1999 singles
Songs written by Tetsuya Komuro
Songs written by Ami Suzuki
1999 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t%20Leave%20Me%20Behind%20/%20Silent%20Stream |
Weather and Forecasting is a scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society.
Articles on forecasting and analysis techniques, forecast verification studies, and case studies useful to forecasters. In addition, submissions that report on changes to the suite of operational numerical models and statistical post-processing techniques, and articles that demonstrate the transfer of research results to the forecasting community.
See also
List of scientific journals
List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences
External links
AMS publication site
Meteorology journals
Academic journals established in 1986
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
American Meteorological Society academic journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather%20and%20Forecasting |
A wilderness study area (WSA) contains undeveloped United States federal land retaining its primeval character and influence, without permanent improvements or human habitation, and managed to preserve its natural conditions. In spite of this, WSAs are not included in the National Wilderness Preservation System.
On Bureau of Land Management lands, a WSA is a roadless area that has been inventoried (but not designated by Congress) and found to have wilderness characteristics as described in Section 603 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 and Section 2(c) of the Wilderness Act of 1964. Wilderness Study Area characteristics:
Size – roadless areas of at least of public lands or of a manageable size;
Naturalness – generally appears to have been affected primarily by the forces of nature rather than human activity;
Opportunities – provides outstanding opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined types of recreation.
BLM manages wilderness study areas under the National Landscape Conservation System to protect their value as wilderness until Congress decides whether to designate them as wilderness. Wilderness bills often include so-called "release language" that eliminates WSAs not selected for wilderness designation.
Some WSAs are managed in exactly the same manner as "wilderness areas", a specific government designation and not synonymous with the natural state of "wilderness. Some areas permit activities that are generally excluded from wildernesses, such as mountain biking and off-roading.
There are 545 BLM wilderness study areas with a total area of .
See also
Landscape
List of wilderness study areas
National Wilderness Preservation System
Natural landscape
Protected areas of the United States
United States National Forest
Wilderness
Notes
External links
Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976
Wilderness Area information page, Bureau of Land Management website.
Protected areas of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness%20study%20area |
Hubert Michael Meingast (June 28, 1911 – August 29, 1961) was an engineer and scientist who worked for the Borgward group, based in Bremen.
Meingast was born in Ebelsberg, Austria in 1911. After intensive training to become an engineer, he went to work in Bremen for Carl F. W. Borgward.
During and after WWII, Meingast, in association with mentor Dr. Paul Riebensahm of the Technical University of Berlin, was involved in founding two research organizations concerning the heat treatment of metals: Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wärmebehandlung und Werkstofftechnik e. V. - AWT (Association for Heat Treatment and Material Science) and Institut für Härterei-Technik (Institute for Material Science).
He taught at the Institute and wrote research papers. One research paper Meingast authored was described as containing ideas that were being referenced by engineers 20 years later upon his death in 1961 ("Ein Vortrag, der ein aussergewohnliches Interesse fand und dessen Abdruck auch heute noch, fast 20 Jahre spater, fur viele Leser wichtige Hinweise enthalt."). His ideas have been described as being very advanced for their time ("Seine Ideen, seine Vorschlage waren oft erheblich ihrer Zeit vor-aus, seine Arbeiten – besonders aus den Jahren 1942 bis 1950 – zum Teil bahnbrechend."), especially between 1942 and 1950
.
In 1952 Meingast emigrated to Canada. After working as an engineer for the Cockshutt Farm Equipment Company in Brantford, Ontario, Canada, he joined the Harold Jones Machine Company in Thornbury, Ontario in 1957 as vice-president. In this position he was responsible for the design work of manufactured products. During this time he did consulting work for mining companies in South Africa. In 1958, he became an owning partner in the business and the company was renamed JMG (Jones, Meingast, Gardiner). It was later called Teledyne. This company manufactured specialized mining equipment. It is still existent in Thornbury under new ownership and is called BTI - Breaker Technology Inc.
Late in 1959, Meingast founded a business in Owen Sound, Ontario, manufacturing hydraulic cylinders (hydraulic machinery). It was named H.M. Meingast & Sons Ltd
.
This business was purchased by Parker Hannifin Corporation in 1965 and was operating in Owen Sound until 2006, when it was closed.
Meingast died of lung cancer on August 29, 1961 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
His eldest sister was the actress Erika Meingast.
His eldest brother was the writer Fritz Meingast, who received the prestigious Bayerische Poetentaler award in 1984.
Notes
References
"Meingast Industry Is Officially Welcomed, Open House Is Held," Owen Sound Sun Times, 13 October 1960, Front page.
"Hubert M. Meingast."
HTM (Härterei-Technische Mitteilungen)16 (1961) S. 176.
Meingast, H. M.:
"Probleme der Anlage von Härtereien im Fahrzeugbau."
HTM 3 (1944) S. 13.
Meingast, H. M.:
"Neue Verfahrenstechnik zur Kohlung verzugsgefährdeter Werkstücke."
HTM 4 (1949) S. 77.
Meingast, H. M.:
"Probleme der Abschreckhärtung."
HTM 3 (1944) S. 123.
Meingast, H. M.:
"Stähle im Fahrzeugbau."
HTM 2 (1943) S. 63-90.
Meingast, H. M.; Glaubitz, H.:
"Einfluß von Wärmebehandlung, Werkstoff- und Chargeneigenart auf die Festigkeitseigenschaften eines Zahnrades."
HTM 4 (1949) S. 99.
Glaubitz, H.; Meingast, H. M.:
"Das Problem der Härteprüfung und Festigkeitsuntersuchung von Zahnrädern."
HTM 4 (1949) S. 125.
Meingast, H. M.:
"Über die isotherme Umwandlung des Austenit in der Perlitstufe aus dem Kohlungsprozeß heraus und über die Warmbadhärtung legierter Einsatzstähle."
Durferrit Hausmitteilungen, Heft 25 (1952) S. 5/43
External links
Borgward Interessengemeinschaft Essen
Dipl. Ing. Hubert M. Meingast (Borgward Engineer and Research Scientist)
IWT - Stiftung Institut für Werkstofftechnik
Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wärmebehandlung und Werkstofftechnik e. V. - AWT
Cockshutt Tractor Club
Cockshutt Website
Mining Feed Leg Patent for device invented by H.M. Meingast
Breaker Technology, Inc. in Thornbury, Ontario
Parker Hannifin Corporation
Die Stiftung Institut für Werkstofftechnik (IWT) (in German)
Schwerpunkt 2000: 50 Jahre IWT. Ein Rück- und Ausblick. History of the IWT. PDF Article.(in German with an English summary)
1911 births
1961 deaths
Austrian automotive engineers
Deaths from lung cancer
Borgward | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert%20M.%20Meingast |
The Journal of Physical Oceanography is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society. It was established in January 1971 and is available on the web since 1996. Online articles older than one year are available as open access. The editor-in-chief is Jerome Smith (Scripps Institution of Oceanography).
Abstracting and indexing
This journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.373.
References
External links
Oceanography journals
Academic journals established in 1971
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Delayed open access journals
American Meteorological Society academic journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Physical%20Oceanography |
Thomson Joseph Skinner (May 24, 1752 – January 20, 1809) was an American politician from Williamstown, Massachusetts. In addition to service as a militia officer during the American Revolution, he served as a county judge and sheriff, member of both houses of the Massachusetts legislature, U.S. Marshal, and member of the United States House of Representatives. He served for two years as Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts, and after his death an audit showed his accounts to be deficient for more than the value of his estate, which led to those who had posted bonds on his behalf having to pay the debt.
Early life
Thomson J. Skinner was born in Colchester in the Connecticut Colony on May 24, 1752, the son of Reverend Thomas Skinner and Mary Thomson, the second wife of Thomas Skinner. (His name is sometimes spelled Thompson, Tompson, Tomson, or even Thomas.) Skinner was educated in Colchester, his father died when he was 10 years old, and Thomson Skinner and his brother Benjamin were apprenticed to a carpenter and homebuilder. At age 21 Skinner moved to Williamstown, Massachusetts with his brother, where they went into the construction business as partners in a firm they named "T. J. and B. Skinner". The Skinner brothers were also involved in other ventures, including a successful tavern.
Military career
Thomson Skinner was a member of the militia, including service during and after the American Revolution. In the summer of 1776 he carried messages between units in Berkshire County and General Horatio Gates, commander of the Continental Army's Northern Department in upstate New York. He also served as adjutant of Berkshire County's 2nd Regiment, adjutant of the Berkshire County 3rd Regiment (Simonds'), and a company commander in the Berkshire County regiment commanded by Asa Barnes. Skinner remained in the militia after the war, and rose to the rank of major general. During the Revolution he served as a member of the court-martial which acquitted Paul Revere's conduct during the unsuccessful Penobscot Expedition.
Political career
He served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1781, 1785, 1789, and 1800. He was a member of the Massachusetts State Senate from 1786 to 1788, 1790 to 1797, and 1801 to 1803.
From 1788 to 1807 he was a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for Berkshire County, and he was chief judge from 1795 to 1807. In 1788 he was a delegate to the state convention that ratified the United States Constitution, and voted in favor of ratification.
From 1791 to 1792 he served as Berkshire County Sheriff. In 1792 Skinner, recognized as a Federalist, was a presidential elector, and supported the reelection of George Washington and John Adams. Skinner was a founding trustee of Williams College, served on the board of trustees from 1793 to 1809, and was treasurer from 1793 to 1798.
Skinner represented Massachusetts's 1st congressional district (Berkshire County) in the U.S. House for part of one term and all of another, January 1797 to March 1799. He was again elected to the U.S. House in 1802, this time from the renumbered 12th District, and served from March 1803 until resigning in August 1804. Skinner, by now identified with the Jeffersonian or Democratic-Republican Party, lost to John Quincy Adams, the Federalist candidate, in an 1803 election for U.S. Senator.
From 1804 to 1807 Skinner served as U.S. Marshal for Massachusetts. From 1806 to 1808 he was Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts.
Death
Skinner died in Boston on January 20, 1809.
Accounts as Massachusetts Treasurer
After Skinner's death, an 1809 audit revealed that his accounts as state treasurer were in arrears for $60,000 (about $935,000 in 2017), while his estate was valued at only $20,000. Several of the individuals who had posted surety bonds to guarantee his performance as treasurer paid portions of the remaining $40,000 obligation in order to satisfy Skinner's debt.
Family
In 1773 Skinner married Ann Foote (April 11, 1754 – December 15, 1808). Their children included Thomson Joseph, Mary, Thomas, Ann, Eliza, and George Denison. Skinner and his wife had known each other as children because Skinner's mother had married Ann Foote's father following the deaths of Skinner's father and Foote's mother.
References
External links
1752 births
1809 deaths
Massachusetts militiamen in the American Revolution
American militia generals
Massachusetts state senators
Massachusetts state court judges
Massachusetts sheriffs
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
State treasurers of Massachusetts
Massachusetts Federalists
People from Colchester, Connecticut
People from Williamstown, Massachusetts
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson%20J.%20Skinner |
Fu Chong (; died 394) was an emperor of the Di-led Former Qin dynasty of China. He assumed the throne in 394 after the death of his father, Fu Deng (Emperor Gao). He later died in battle against the Western Qin, thus marking the collapse of the Former Qin.
During Fu Deng's reign
Fu Chong was first mentioned in history in 386, when his father assumed imperial title of Former Qin after the death of Fu Pi (Emperor Aiping). In 387, Fu Deng created Fu Pi's son Fu Yi (苻懿) crown prince and created Fu Chong the Prince of Dongping and made him one of the key officials. After Fu Yi died in 388, Fu Chong was created crown prince. His involvements in his father's campaigns against the rival Later Qin's emperor Yao Chang are not completely clear.
In 394, after Yao Chang's death, Fu Deng launched a major attack against Later Qin; he had his brother Fu Guang (苻廣) defend the base of Yongcheng (雍城, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi) and Fu Chong defend the base of Hu Kong Castle (胡空堡, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi) and, in his anxiety, did not make sure that his army had sufficient water supply. Yao Xing set up his army at Mawei (馬嵬, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi) to prevent Former Qin forces from reaching the river near Mawei, and Former Qin forces collapsed in thirst. Upon hearing the defeat, Fu Guang and Fu Chong abandoned the two bases that they were holding, and Fu Deng was unable to recapture them. He instead fled to Pingliang and then into the mountains. He sent his son Fu Zong the Prince of Ruyin to the ruler of Western Qin, Qifu Gangui and married his sister to Qifu Gangui as his princess, seeking aid from Qifu Gangui. Qifu Gangui sent his general Qifu Yizhou (乞伏益州) to aid Fu Deng, but as Fu Deng came out of the mountains to join Qifu Yizhou's forces, Yao Xing ambushed and captured him, and then executed him.
Brief reign
Upon hearing his father's death, Fu Chong fled to Huangzhong (湟中, in modern Xining, Qinghai), under Qifu Gangui's control, and declared himself emperor. He created his son Fu Xuan (苻宣) crown prince. However, in winter 394, Qifu Gangui expelled him, and he fled to one of his father's last remaining generals, Yang Ding the Prince of Longxi. Yang led his forces to join Fu Chong's to attack Qifu Gangui. Qifu Gangui sent Qifu Yizhou and two other generals, Qifu Ketan (乞伏軻彈) and Yuezhi Jiegui (越質詰歸) against Yang and Fu Chong, and Yang was initially successful against Qifu Yizhou. However, the three Western Qin generals then counterattacked and killed Yang and Fu Chong in battle. This ended Former Qin, as while Fu Chong's crown prince Fu Xuan then fled to and allied with Yang Ding's cousin and successor Yang Sheng (楊盛), he did not seek to reestablish Former Qin's governmental structure. Fu Xuan was later mentioned in history in 397, when both he and Yang Sheng were given general titles by Jin, in 407, when he led Yang Sheng's army against Later Qin, and in 413, when he was forced by Jin to return to Yang's domain of Chouchi.
Personal information
Father
Fu Deng (Emperor Gao)
Children
Fu Xuan (苻宣), the Crown Prince (created 394)
References
Former Qin emperors
Former Qin generals
394 deaths
Year of birth unknown
4th-century births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%20Chong |
Wayne Gary Hammond (born 5 September 1948) is an Australian former field hockey player who played 88 matches for Australia and represented Australia at the 1972 and 1976 Olympic Games, winning a silver medal in 1976. He also played in the 1975 and 1978 World Cups, winning a bronze medal in 1978, and played in the 1980 Champions Trophy, winning a bronze medal.
Early life
Hammond was born in Brisbane, Queensland. Hammond was conscripted into the Australian Army in 1969, as a result of the Vietnam War. He then moved to Singleton and later Puckapunyal to receive training. In 1970, he moved to the Canungra Army Base where he began to train more seriously in a pursuit of a hockey career. The Army supported Hammond with his hockey ambitions, allowing him to regularly travel to Brisbane for training.
Career
In 1971, Hammond was selected to tour New Zealand with the Queensland hockey team. A year later, Hammond, who had left the Army and was working for a bank in Coolangatta, made his debut for the Australian national team, playing all three matches in a test series against New Zealand. That same year, Hammond, at the age of 23, played in the 1972 Olympic Games. Hammond played two matches as Australia went on to finish fifth. He continued to play for Australia after 1972, cementing his place in the side as a fullback. In 1975, he played for Australia at the World Cup in Kuala Lumpur, where Australia finished fifth.
The highest point of Hammond's career came when he played at the 1976 Olympic Games. He played all eight of the matches that Australia played in and the Australians reached the final, only to lose to New Zealand and receive a silver medal. He also played for Australia in the 1978 World Cup in Buenos Aires, where he and the Australian team won a bronze medal. In the lead up to the 1980 Olympics, Hammond played for Australia at the Champions Trophy tournament in Karachi, where the Australians won bronze. Hammond was selected to play for Australia at the Olympics in 1980, but due to the Games being held in Moscow, the Australian Hockey Federation decided to boycott the Olympics, despite the Australians being one of the favourites for the gold medal. The Australians instead toured Europe and Hammond retired from international hockey at the end of 1980. Hammond continued to play with Queensland for three more years, until he retired in 1983.
Hammond played for Australia at the Pacific Rim Masters Tournament in 1992 and 1993. He was captain of the team in 1993.
Honours
Hammond was inducted into the Gold Coast Sporting Hall of Fame on 20 May 1999. In 2003, Hammond was inducted into the Hockey Queensland Hall of Fame. In 2008, Hammond was retrospectively awarded Hockey Queensland's Distinguished Player Award, which is awarded to people who have represented Queensland for seven years or more at Open level, and who have been retired for at least two years. Hockey Queensland announced their Team of the Century in 2000 and Hammond was named at fullback, alongside Don McWatters.
Personal life
Hammond has two children. His daughter, Leanne, played for the Australia under-18 team from 1998 to 2000, and his son, Steven, played for Queensland's reserves team.
References
External links
1948 births
Living people
Australian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Sportsmen from Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%20Hammond%20%28field%20hockey%29 |
Try for the Sun: The Journey of Donovan is the second CD boxed set from Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released on 13 September 2005 (Epic/Legacy E2K 46986).
History
Thirteen years after the release of Troubadour: The Definitive Collection 1964-1976, Donovan released a second CD box set titled Try for the Sun: The Journey of Donovan after one of Donovan's early songs "To Try for the Sun". The box set consists of four discs, three compact discs and one DVD.
The compact discs cover highlights of Donovan's career from his 1964 recording of "Co'dine" (released on Sixty Four in 2004) to a re-recording of "Happiness Runs" from 2005. The DVD contains a 1970 film titled "There Is an Ocean" from Donovan's band Open Road, that had been previously unreleased. In addition to the film, many of the songs from Try for the Sun: The Journey of Donovan were previously unreleased on any Donovan album.
Track listing
All tracks by Donovan Leitch, except where noted.
Disc one
"Catch the Wind" – 2:17
"Josie" – 3:27
"Codine" (Buffy Sainte-Marie) – 4:47
"Colours" – 2:45
"Universal Soldier" (Buffy Sainte-Marie) – 2:12
"Sunny Goodge Street" – 2:55
"Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)" – 3:10
"Sunshine Superman" – 4:33
"The Trip" – 4:34
"Legend of a Girl-Child Linda" – 6:53
"Three King Fishers" – 3:17
"Season of the Witch" – 4:56
"Guinevere" – 3:41
"The Fat Angel" – 4:12
"Mellow Yellow" – 3:43
"Sand and Foam" – 3:17
"Young Girl Blues" – 3:46
"Museum" – 2:56
"Hampstead Incident" – 4:42
"Sunny South Kensington" – 3:49
Disc two
"Epistle to Dippy" – 3:10
"Preachin' Love" – 2:39
"There is a Mountain" – 2:35
"Wear Your Love Like Heaven" – 2:25
"Oh Gosh" – 1:48
"Isle of Islay" – 2:22
"Epistle to Derroll" [live] – 5:43
"To Try for the Sun" [live] – 3:20
"Someone's Singing" [live] – 3:55
"The Tinker and the Crab" [live] – 3:06
"Jennifer Juniper" – 2:42
"Poor Cow" – 2:57
"Hurdy Gurdy Man" – 3:20
"Get Thy Bearings" – 2:53
"Laléna" – 2:56
"Barabajagal (Love Is Hot)" – 3:24
"Lord of the Reedy River" – 3:04
"Moon in Capricorn" – 2:03
"To Susan on the West Coast Waiting" – 3:13
"Atlantis" – 5:08
Disc three
"Celia of the Seals" – 3:00
"The Song of the Wandering Aengus" – 3:55
"The Ferryman's Daughter" – 1:49
"She Moved Through the Fair" – 2:52
"The Traveling People" – 1:50
"Riki Tiki Tavi" – 2:55
"Clara Clairvoyant" – 2:52
"Young But Growing" [live] (traditional; arranged by Donovan Leitch) – 4:33
"Keep on Truckin'" [live] (traditional; arranged by Donovan Leitch) – 2:53
"Stealin'" [live] – 4:09
"I Like You" – 5:17
"Maria Magenta" – 2:12
"A Working Man" [live] – 3:09
"Tinker Tune" [live] – 2:50
"Sailing Homeward" – 2:57
"Your Broken Heart" – 3:33
"Dark-Eyed Blue Jean Angel" – 3:52
"Please Don't Bend" – 4:12
"Love Floats" – 4:20
"Happiness Runs" – 3:43
DVD
There is an Ocean film – 38:00
References
External links
'Try For The Sun: The Journey Of Donovan – Donovan Unofficial Site
Albums produced by Mickie Most
2005 compilation albums
Donovan compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Try%20for%20the%20Sun%3A%20The%20Journey%20of%20Donovan |
What the Ancients Did for Us is a 2005 BBC documentary series presented by Adam Hart-Davis that examines the impact of ancient civilizations on modern society.
Production
The series was produced in conjunction with the Open University and is a departure from the previous series not only in that each episode is an hour long rather than half an hour (though heavily edited half-hour versions have also been shown), but also in that it does not concentrate on a single period of history but rather one ancient civilization per episode including the Chinese, the Indians and the Greeks.
Episodes
Episode one: The Islamic World
This episode features reports from Zain in Egypt, Spain and France elaborated by demonstrations from Adam Hart-Davis, Marty Jopson and expert guests that examine the ideas and inventions that emerged from the Islamic Golden Age.
The Astrolabe, demonstrated to Hart-Davis, was used by Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi and Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi to develop Islamic astronomy and Islamic geography.
Optical science was developed using a camera obscura, demonstrated by Hart-Davis, created by Ibn al-Haytham, an Iraqi physicist, while under house arrest.
The windmill, demonstrated by Jopsom, originated in Afghanistan and was brought back to the West by the Crusaders.
The House of Wisdom founded by al-Ma'mun translated and preserved the science and philosophy of the ancient Greeks.
The grab, demonstrated by Jopsom, was designed by the Banū Mūsā brothers to pick things up from the seabed.
The Elephant clock and Multiculturalism by the Kurdish engineer al-Jazari.
The Alhambra, visited by Zain, features magnificent gravity-driven fountains in the finest example of early Islamic architecture.
Etiquette, fashion and fine-dining were introduced in Andalusia, visited by Zain, by a freed slave Ziryab.
Lusterware, demonstrated to Hart-Davis, was developed by early Muslim alchemists to create beautiful porcelain.
Distillation, demonstrated by Jopsom, was developed by ibn Hayyan using the alembic to make perfume, petrol and alcohol.
Soap making, demonstrated by Hart-Davis, introduced hard soap to the bathhouses of the Islamic World.
The reciprocating piston suction pump, incorporating a crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism, invented by Al-Jazari, is demonstrated.
The torpedo by the Syrian inventor Hasan al-Rammah is demonstrated.
Episode two: The Chinese
This episode features reports from Darling in China and demonstrations from Hart-Davis and Jopsom that examine the ideas and inventions that emerged from Ancient China.
Canals linked the Yellow River and the Yangzi River in the 3rd century BC for transport and communication across the vast empire.
The segmented arch bridge demonstrated by Hart-Davis in a potted history of bridge design was developed in the 7th century AD.
Silk developed in China from the cocoons of silkworms is demonstrated to be weight-for-weight stronger than steel in a tug-of-war.
The seismograph recreated by Jopsom based on the pendulum principal of its modern equivalent was developed in the 2nd century AD.
Noodles developed as early as 5000 BC were taken back to Italy by Marco Polo in the 13th century.
Tuned bells developed around 600 AD and are demonstrated by Hart-Davis to be the basis of a standardised system of measurement.
The double acting piston bellows used in the early iron industry and in the development of the first flamethrower is recreated by Jopsom.
Kite making goes back a thousand years and demonstrates a basic understanding of aerodynamics.
Paper first made around 100 AD was used in the art of calligraphy demonstrated to Darling and as toilet paper demonstrated by Hart-Davis.
Block printing was used by Monks for the distribution of the Buddhist sutras with the earliest known printed book dated to 868 AD.
Paper money originally developed by private businessmen to confound highwaymen was taken up by the state in the 11th century.
Gunpowder accidentally discovered by alchemists over 1,000 years ago was used in fireworks and bombs as demonstrated by Davis.
Episode three: The Aztecs, Maya and Incas
This episode examines the ideas and inventions that emerged from the Aztec, Mayan and Incan peoples of Pre-columbian America.
Episode four: The Romans
This episode examines the ideas and inventions that emerged from Ancient Rome.
Episode five: The Indians
This episode features reports from Darling in India and demonstrations from Hart-Davis, Jopson and other experts that examine the ideas and inventions that emerged from Ancient India.
Water clocks to regulate Buddhist meditations are discovered by Darling and recreated by Jopson for demonstration.
Observatories, like the 18th century Jantar Mantar visited by Darling, precisely monitored the sun for more accurate measurements of time.
Harappan cities, like the 4,000-year-old Dholavira visited by Darling, were built to a grid-plan and boasted the world's first sewage system.
Indian numerals, including the number zero discovered by Darling in a 9th-century temple, revolutionised modern mathematics.
Cotton cultivated, woven and coloured with traditional techniques taught to Darling by local workers for export all over the world.
Metalworking resulted in wonders like the iron pillar visited by Darling and Wootz steel.
Yoga as demonstrated by Darling developed 4,000 years ago to unite the spiritual and the physical.
Herbal remedies, using ingredients such as cocoa butter, ginseng and ginger, have been adopted into Western medicine.
Surgery, including early plastic surgery, developed some 2,500 years ago.
Inoculation against smallpox, as demonstrated by Davis on Jompson, emerged centuries before Edward Jenner.
Chess is a simplified version of the ancient Indian game of military strategy chaturanga.
Rockets demonstrated at the Royal Artillery Museum were first deployed against the British Army by the Tipu Sultan in 1780.
Episode six: The Mesopotamians
This episode features reports from Cockburn in Syria and Bahrain elaborated by demonstrations from Hart-Davis, Jopson and a variety of experts that examine ideas and inventions of the Mesopotamians.
Wooden frames demonstrated by Cockburn for the mass production of mud bricks used in building the first cities.
Irrigation devices, including the Archimedes' screw demonstrated by Jopson, improved agricultural yield and protected against flooding.
Liver omens demonstrated to Davies used systemically recorded observations to understand the world in a primitive science.
The Zodiac and horoscopes gave priests the astronomical know-how to accurately predict the coming of the seasons.
Farming developed around 10,000 years ago with inventions such as the plough, the sickle, demonstrated by Cockburn.
Yeast used in recipes for bread and beer, demonstrated by Cockburn and Davies, first recorded around 4,000 years ago.
Cuneiform characters impressed into soft clay tablets with a stylus as demonstrated by Cockburn was the first writing system.
Literature such as the Epic of Gilgamesh related by Davies was first written down some 4,000 years ago.
Diving and Sailing, demonstrated by Cockburn and Davies, are first recorded in the Epic.
Organised warfare with uniformed soldiers carrying standardised weapons is first recorded 4,500 years ago on the Standard of Ur.
Buoyancy aids made from inflatable goatskins, demonstrated by Cockburn, allowed armies to cross rivers.
The wheel used on war chariots and siege engines recreated by Cockburn and Jopsom was developed over 4,000 years ago.
Episode seven: The Egyptians
This episode features reports from Zain in Egypt elaborated by demonstrations from Adam Hart-Davis, Marty Jopson and expert guests that examine developments of the Ancient Egyptians.
Boat building, like the sewn-plank vessel reconstructed by Jopsom, allowed trade along the Nile and beyond.
Mass-production, using the foot-bellows reconstructed by Jopsom, supplied the tools used to construct the great monuments.
Early dam building, like the Dam of the Pagans reconstructed by Jopsom, failed to control flooding and was abandoned.
Mummification techniques, demonstrated by Hart-Davis, indicate an advanced understanding of human anatomy.
Propaganda, like that visited by Zain at Luxor Temple, was carved to demonstrate the power of the Pharaohs.
Hieroglyphs, decoded from the Rosetta Stone explained to Hart-Davis, were used to record the civilisation.
Glass making, using core-forming demonstrated to Hart-Davis, provided a material now taken for granted.
Craftsmanship, demonstrated by the treasures of Tutankhamun visited, is still greatly admired.
Furniture making, using techniques and tools demonstrated by Jopsom, are little changed today.
Recreational fishing, demonstrated by Hart-Davis, originated with the Ancient Egyptian nobility.
Astronomical observations, demonstrated by Hart-Davis, allowed for the perfect alignment of the pyramids.
Wooden sledges, reconstructed by Jopsom, transported the blocks used to construct the Pyramids.
Episode eight: The Greeks
This episode features reports from Cockburn in Greece and Italy elaborated by demonstrations from Hart-Davis, Jopson and expert guests that examine the ideas and inventions that emerged from Ancient Greece.
Geometry allowed for advances in engineering such as the Tunnel of Eupalinos visited by Cockburn on Samos.
Musical scales were invented by Pythagoras in a process explained by Hart-Davis that he applied to the universe.
The water organ was invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria using a device reconstructed by Jopsom that was the first to use compressed air.
Mirrors were used by Archimedes in a process demonstrated by Jopsom to set fire to an enemy ship at Syracuse.
Belly bow, demonstrated to Hart-Davis, was the first mechanical weapon and more powerful than a standard bow.
Communication devices, such as those reconstructed by Jopsom, allowed the secure transmission of messages.
Democracy was originally developed in the city of Athens visited by Cockburn.
The kleroterion, reconstructed by Jopsom, secured the fair and democratic selection of juries.
The high-tech stagecraft of Heron of Alexandria, reconstructed by Jopsom, included the first robot, steam engine and automatic doors.
Ethylene was inhaled by the Oracle at Delphi, visited by Cockburn, prior to her predictions.
Advanced astronomical theories, explained by Hart-Davis, were put forward by Pythagoras, Aristarchus of Samos and Eratosthenes.
The antikythera mechanism, demonstrated to Hart-Davis, was the world's first computer.
Episode nine: The Britons
This episode features reports from around the British Isles by Hart-Davis and Darling elaborated by demonstrations from Jopson and a variety of experts that examine the ideas and inventions of the Ancient Britons.
Flint tools, like the 700,000-year-old flint hand-axe found on the Norfolk coast, are the earliest man-made tools.
Settlements, like the 5,000-year-old Skara Brae visited by Hart-Davis, are the earliest known in Europe.
Henges, like Woodhenge visited by Darling, indicate a rich spiritual life connected to the seasons.
Solar observations, demonstrated by Hart-Davis, allowed the accurate charting of the passing seasons for agriculture.
Bronze making, introduced by the beaker people and demonstrated by Hart-Davis, was the first man-made alloy.
Roundhouses, demonstrated to Darling at the Peak Moors Centre, Sommerset Levels, were unique in Europe.
Gold artefacts, like those at the National Museum of Ireland visited by Darling, are amongst the finest in Europe.
Sewn plank boats, such as the Dover Bronze Age Boat visited by Darling, could carry large cargos.
Navigational techniques, using tools such as the Lead and Line demonstrated to Darling, allowed trade with Europe.
Iron working, demonstrated to Darling, allowed the construction of weapons used in the first organised warfare.
Coin making, introduced from Europe and demonstrated by Jopsom, records the earliest samples of writing in Britain.
Chariot making, demonstrated to Darling by Robert Herford, provided a powerful weapon against the invading Romans.
See also
List of Islamic films
External links
Open University page on What the Ancients Did for Us
"Ancient art of invention," an article about some of the featured inventions, from The Scotsman
2005 British television series debuts
2005 British television series endings
BBC television documentaries about prehistoric and ancient history
BBC television documentaries about medieval history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20the%20Ancients%20Did%20for%20Us |
Charles Altamont Doyle (25 March 1832 – 10 October 1893) was an illustrator, watercolourist and civil servant. A member of an artistic family, he is remembered today primarily for being the father of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes.
Family background
Doyle was the son of artist John Doyle, the political cartoonist known as H.B., and Marianna Conan Doyle. Three of his older brothers in the family of seven children were artists: James William Edmund Doyle, Richard "Dickie" Doyle, and Henry Edward Doyle.
The family was of Irish background but Doyle was born and raised in England. Similarly to his elder brother Richard, he had no formal training, apart from lessons in his father's studio.
Life and career
In 1849 he moved to Edinburgh, to take up a post at the Scottish Office of Works where he was employed as an assistant surveyor. On 31 July 1855, he married Mary Foley (1837–1920), his landlady's daughter. Together they became parents to several children (sources debate whether it was nine or ten), seven of whom survived childhood, including Arthur Conan Doyle, John Francis Innes Hay (known as Innes or Duff), and Jane Adelaide Rose (known as Ida).
To support his growing family, in addition to full-time employment he continued to produce illustrations for at least 23 books, as well as several designs for journals. These included editions of The Pilgrim's Progress (1860) and Robinson Crusoe (1861), Beauty and the Beast (late 1860s), The Queens of Society (1872), and Our Trip to Blunderland (1877) a parody of Lewis Carroll.
Although he exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy, Doyle was not as successful an artist as he wanted, and had depression and alcoholism. His paintings, which were generally of fairies, such as In the shade or A Dance Around The Moon, or similar fantasy scenes, reflected his mood, becoming more macabre over time.
In 1876 he was dismissed from his job and given a pension; in 1881 Doyle's family sent him to Blairerno House, a "home for Intemperate Gentlemen". After several escapades, in 1885 he was sectioned after managing to "procure drink", and becoming aggressively excited, remaining confused and incoherent for several days afterwards, and was sent to Sunnyside, Montrose Royal Lunatic Asylum. While there, his depression grew worse, and he began experiencing epileptic seizures and problems with short-term memory loss due to the effects of long term drinking, although he continued to paint. He completed illustrations for the July 1888 edition of the first Sherlock Holmes novel A Study in Scarlet by his son. During his period at the asylum he continued to work, producing volumes of drawings and watercolours in sketchbooks with fantasy themes such as elves, faerie folk, and scenes of death and heavenly redemption, with accompanying notes featuring wordplay and visual puns, described as a "sort of bucolic phantasmagoria: mammoth lilypads and leafy branches, giant birds and mammals, sinister blossoms sheltering demons and damsels alike". Doyle created these illustrations to both protest his confinement and provide evidence of his sanity, sending the drawings to his family as proof that he had been wrongfully committed, writing "Keep steadily in view that this Book is ascribed wholly to the produce of a MADMAN. Whereabouts would you say was the deficiency of intellect? Or depraved taste?" At other times he was more contented, contributing drawings and articles to the asylum's newsletter and sketching the staff. On the 23rd of January 1892 he was admitted as a patient to the Royal Edinburgh Hospital, and remained there until the 26th of May 1892.
In May 1892 he was moved to the Crichton Royal Institution, Dumfries where he died from "a fit during the night" on 10 October 1893.
He was buried in the High Cemetery in Dumfries.
Re-evaluation
His son, Arthur Conan Doyle, remembered him with affection, describing him in his autobiography as "...full of the tragedy of unfulfilled powers and of underdeveloped gifts. He had his weaknesses, as all of us have ours, but he had also some very remarkable and outstanding virtues". In the Sherlock Holmes story "His Last Bow", from 1917 Holmes uses the name Altamont as an alias. In 1924 he mounted an exhibition of his father's works at the Brook Galleries in London, where they were praised by George Bernard Shaw.
The Doyle Diary, containing a facsimile of works from a sketchbook he created from March to July 1889 while at Montrose, was published in 1978, bringing his work to wider attention and appreciation.
References
General reference
External links
"The spirits of the prisoners" watercolour at National Gallery of NSW
1832 births
1893 deaths
Charles Altamont Doyle
English people of Irish descent
History of mental health in the United Kingdom
19th-century English painters
English male painters
People with epilepsy
People with mental disorders
Charles Altamont | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Altamont%20Doyle |
Arnold Corns was a band, formed by David Bowie in 1971, the name of which was inspired by the Pink Floyd song "Arnold Layne".
History
This was one of Bowie’s side projects and something of a dry run for Ziggy Stardust. The band was formed in Dulwich College and Bowie agreed to write for them. At the same time he also agreed to write for the 19-year-old designer Freddie Burretti (born: Frederick Burrett, aka Rudi Valentino). Bowie came up with the idea of combining Burretti and Arnold Corns, and with the help of the trio of Mick Ronson, Mick Woodmansey and Trevor Bolder, a revised version of Arnold Corns was created during the spring of 1971. Bowie was writing material that later became Hunky Dory, as well as songs earmarked for Burretti, and Oliver Abraham was briefly given credit for helping with the majority of the songs. Burretti as the frontman was a total fabrication.
The first session by the band, on 10 March 1971, which included "Lady Stardust", "Right on Mother" and "Moonage Daydream" was recorded at the Radio Luxembourg Studios. This was followed by a session, recorded at the Trident Studios on 4 June 1971, which included "Man in the Middle" and "Looking for a Friend".
The band’s first single, "Moonage Daydream" (with a spoken intro "whenever you're ready") / "Hang On to Yourself", was released on B&C Records on 7 May 1971 and was a flop. Both these songs later reappeared on Ziggy Stardust in new versions with updated lyrics. The Arnold Corns versions appeared as bonus tracks on the Rykodisc CD re-release of The Man Who Sold the World (minus the spoken intro on "Moonage Daydream").
A second single, "Looking for a Friend" / "Man in the Middle" (vocals by Valentino), was planned but scrapped (it was released in 1985 by Krazy Kat Records). In August 1972, B&C Records issued "Hang on to Yourself" / "Man in the Middle" as the second single.
Burretti designed a number of suits with Bowie, now displayed at the Victoria and Albert Museum.
Band members
David Bowie – vocals, guitar, piano
Freddie Burretti – vocals
Mick Ronson – guitar
Mark Carr-Pritchard – guitar, vocals
Trevor Bolder – bass guitar
Mick Woodmansey – drums
The core band members were Bowie, Carr-Pritchard (real name Mark Pritchett), bassist Peter 'Polak' DeSomogyi, and drummer Tim 'St Laurent' Broadbent.
Burretti never sang on any of their recordings. The above personnel appear on the "Moonage Daydream" / "Hang Onto Yourself" session. Ronson, Bolder and Woodmansey participated in later recording sessions.
Carr-Pritchard is the lead-vocalist on "Man in the Middle", which he reportedly wrote (though the song is attributed to Bowie).
A third vocalist heard with Bowie and Carr-Pritchard on "Looking For a Friend" is assumed to be Micky King (who recorded the Bowie composition "Rupert the Riley").
References
David Bowie
Musical groups established in 1971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Corns |
The vestibulospinal tract is a neural tract in the central nervous system. Specifically, it is a component of the extrapyramidal system and is classified as a component of the medial pathway. Like other descending motor pathways, the vestibulospinal fibers of the tract relay information from nuclei to motor neurons. The vestibular nuclei receive information through the vestibulocochlear nerve about changes in the orientation of the head. The nuclei relay motor commands through the vestibulospinal tract. The function of these motor commands is to alter muscle tone, extend, and change the position of the limbs and head with the goal of supporting posture and maintaining balance of the body and head.
Classification
The vestibulospinal tract is part of the "extrapyramidal system" of the central nervous system. In human anatomy, the extrapyramidal system is a neural network located in the brain that is part of the motor system involved in the coordination of movement. The system is called "extrapyramidal" to distinguish it from the tracts of the motor cortex that reach their targets by traveling through the "pyramids" of the medulla. The pyramidal pathways, such as corticospinal and some corticobulbar tracts, may directly innervate motor neurons of the spinal cord or brainstem. This is seen in anterior (ventral) horn cells or certain cranial nerve nuclei. Whereas the extrapyramidal system centers around the modulation and regulation through indirect control of anterior (ventral) horn cells. The extrapyramidal subcortical nuclei include the substantia nigra, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, red nucleus and subthalamic nucleus.
The traditional thought was that the extrapyramidal system operated entirely independently of the pyramidal system. However, more recent research has provided a greater understanding of the integration of motor control. Motor control from both the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems have extensive feedback loops and are heavily interconnected with each other. A more appropriate classification of motor nuclei and tracts would be by their functions. When broken down by function there are two major pathways: medial and lateral. The medial pathway helps control gross movements of the proximal limbs and trunk. The lateral pathway helps control precise movement of the distal portion of limbs. The vestibulospinal tract, as well as tectospinal and reticulospinal tracts are examples of components of the medial pathway.
Function
The vestibulospinal tract is part of the vestibular system in the CNS. The primary role of the vestibular system is to maintain head and eye coordination, upright posture and balance, and conscious realization of spatial orientation and motion. The vestibular system is able to respond correctly by recording sensory information from hairs cells in the labyrinth of the inner ear. Then the nuclei receiving these signals project out to the extraocular muscles, spinal cord, and cerebral cortex to execute these functions.
One of these projections, the vestibulospinal tract, is responsible for upright posture and head stabilization. When the vestibular sensory neurons detect small movements of the body, the vestibulospinal tract commands motor signals to specific muscles to counteract these movements and re-stabilize the body.
The vestibulospinal tract is an upper motor neuron tract consisting of two sub-pathways:
The medial vestibulospinal tract projects bilaterally from the medial vestibular nucleus within the medial longitudinal fasciculus to the ventral horns in the upper cervical cord (C6 vertebra). It promotes stabilization of head position by innervating the neck muscles, which helps with head coordination and eye movement. Its function is similar to that of the tectospinal tract.
The lateral vestibulospinal tract provides excitatory signals to interneurons, which relay the signal to the motor neurons in antigravity muscles. These antigravity muscles are extensor muscles in the legs that help maintain upright and balanced posture.
Anatomy
Lateral vestibulospinal tract
The lateral vestibulospinal tract is a group of descending extrapyramidal motor neurons, or efferent nerve fibers. This tract is found in the lateral funiculus, a bundle of nerve roots in the spinal cord. The lateral vestibulospinal tract originates in the lateral vestibular nucleus or Deiters’ nucleus in the pons. The Deiters' nucleus extends from pontomedullary junction to the level of abducens nerve nucleus in the pons.
Lateral vestibulospinal fibers descend uncrossed, or ipsilateral, in the anterior portion of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord. Fibers run down the total length of the spinal cord and terminate at the interneurons of laminae VII and VIII. Additionally, some neurons terminate directly on the dendrites of alpha motor neurons in the same laminae.
Medial vestibulospinal tract
The medial vestibulospinal tract is a group of descending extrapyramidal motor neurons, or efferent fibers found in the anterior funiculus, a bundle of nerve roots in the spinal cord. The medial vestibulospinal tract originates in the medial vestibular nucleus or Schwalbe's nucleus. The Schwalbe's nucleus extends from the rostral end of the inferior olivary nucleus of the medulla oblongata to the caudal portion of the pons.
Medial vestibulospinal fibers join with the ipsilateral and contralateral medial longitudinal fasciculus, and descend in the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord. Fibers run down to the anterior funiculus to the cervical spinal cord segments and terminate on neurons of laminae VII and VIII. Unlike the lateral vestibulospinal tract, the medial vestibulospinal tract innervates muscles that support the head. As a result, medial vestibulospinal fibers run down only to the cervical segments of the cord.
Reflexes
The vestibulospinal reflex uses the vestibular organs as well as skeletal muscle in order to maintain balance, posture, and stability in an environment with gravity. These reflexes can be further broken down by timing into a dynamic reflex, static reflex or tonic reflex. It can also be categorized by the sensory input as either canals, otolith, or both. The term vestibulospinal reflex, is most commonly used when the sensory input evokes a response from the muscular system below the neck. These reflexes are important in the maintenance of homeostasis.
Example of vestibulospinal reflex
The head is tilted to one side which stimulates both the canals and the otoliths.
This movement stimulates the vestibular nerve as well as the vestibular nucleus.
These impulses are transmitted down both the lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts to the spinal cord.
The spinal cord induces extensor effects in the muscle on the side of the neck to which the head is bent, and flexor effects in the muscle in the side of the neck away from the direction of the displaced head.
Tonic labyrinthine reflex
The tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR) is a reflex that is present in newborn babies directly after birth and should be fully inhibited by 3.5 years. This reflex helps the baby master head and neck movements outside of the womb as well as the concept of gravity. Increased muscle tone, development of the proprioceptive and vestibular senses and opportunities to practice with balance are all consequences of this reflex. During early childhood, the TLR matures into more developed vestibulospinal reflexes to help with posture, head alignment and balance.
The tonic labyrinthine reflex is found in two forms.
Forward: When the head bends forward, the whole body, arms, legs and torso curl together to form the fetal position.
Backwards: When the head is bent backward, the whole body, arms, legs and torso straighten and extend.
Righting reflex
The righting reflex is another type of reflex. This reflex positions the head or body back into its "normal" position, in response to a change in head or body position. A common example of this reflex is the cat righting reflex, which allows them to orient themselves in order to land on their feet. This reflex is initiated by sensory information from the vestibular, visual, and the somatosensory systems and is therefore not only a vestibulospinal reflex.
Damage
A typical person sways from side to side when the eyes are closed. This is the result of the vestibulospinal reflex working correctly. When an individual sways to the left side, the left lateral vestibulospinal tract is activated to bring the body back to midline. Generally damage to the vestibulospinal system results in ataxia and postural instability. For example, if unilateral damage occurs to the vestibulocochlear nerve, lateral vestibular nucleus, semicircular canals or lateral vestibulospinal tract, the person will likely sway to that side and fall when walking. This occurs because the healthy side "over powers" the weak side in a way that will cause the person to veer and fall towards the injured side. Potential early onset of damage can be witnessed through a positive Romberg's test. Patients with bilateral or unilateral vestibular system damage will likely regain postural stability over weeks and months through a process called vestibular compensation. This process is likely related to a greater reliance on other sensory information.
Current and future research
Recent research has shown that damage to the medial vestibulospinal tract alters vestibular evoked myogenic potential in the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM), which are involved in head rotation. The vestibular evoked myogenic potential is an assessment of the sacculo-collic reflex and a test of function in otolithic organs. Also, lesions to the tract impair ascending efferent fiber signaling, which led to nystagmus.
There has also been recent research to determine if there is a difference in vestibulospinal function when there is damage to the superior vestibular nerve as opposed to the inferior vestibular nerve and vice versa. They defined vestibulospinal function by ability to have proper posture, as well as by self reported dizziness. The results were determined by using the Sensory Organization Test (SOT) of the computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) as well as the dizziness handicap inventory (DHI). It was determined that subjects with damaged inferior spinal nerve performed worse on the posture test than the control group, but performed better than patients with superior vestibulo nerve damage. With this they determined that the superior vestibular nerve plays a larger role in balance than the inferior vestibulo nerve but that they both play a role. In terms of the DHI it was concluded that there was no difference between the patients with the two different impairments.
Vestibular compensation after unilateral or bilateral vestibular system damage can be accomplished by sensory addition and sensory substitution. Sensory substitution occurs when any remaining vestibular function, vision, or light touch of a stable surface substitute for the lost function. Postural sway and gait ataxia can be reduced by augmenting sensory information for balance control. Recent research has shown that as little as 100 grams of light touch of a fingertip can provide enough sensory reference to reduce sway and ataxia during gait.
See also
Gait abnormality
Spinal cord injury
Upper motor neuron
References
External links
Spinal cord tracts
Motor system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibulospinal%20tract |
BGN/PCGN romanization system for Russian is a method for romanization of Cyrillic Russian texts, that is, their transliteration into the Latin alphabet as used in the English language.
There are a number of systems for romanization of Russian, but the BGN/PCGN system is relatively intuitive for anglophones to pronounce. It is part of the larger set of BGN/PCGN romanizations, which includes methods for 29 different languages. It was developed by the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) and by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use (PCGN). The portion of the system pertaining to the Russian language was adopted by BGN in 1944, and by PCGN in 1947.
This romanization of Russian can be rendered by using only the basic letters and punctuation found on English-language keyboards. No diacritics or unusual letters are required, but the interpunct character (·) is optionally used to avoid some ambiguity.
In many publications, a simplified form of the system is used to render English versions of Russian names, which typically converts ë to yo, simplifies -iy and -yy endings to -y and omits apostrophes for ъ and ь.
The following table describes the system and provides examples.
See also
ISO 9
GOST 16876-71
Wikipedia:Romanization of Russian
Notes
References
External links
GEOnet Names Server
BGN/PCGN transliteration online, also supports the ISO 9, ALA-LC, GOST / UN, and Scholarly systems
Russian
Russian
Russian language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGN/PCGN%20romanization%20of%20Russian |
Gregory Thomas Waddle (born February 20, 1967) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). Waddle is currently a co-host of "Waddle and Silvy" on ESPN 1000, and a football analyst for WLS-TV in Chicago. He also appears on Pro Football Weekly and NFL Network. He spent his entire six-year career with the Chicago Bears. He attended Boston College.
College career
Waddle was a receiver for the Boston College Eagles. He is sixth all-time in career receptions with 139, and amassed 1,956 yards and six touchdowns. Waddle finished his collegiate career first on the school’s all-time list for receptions in a season with 70 in 1988, and is tied for first in all-time receptions in a single game with 13 against TCU in 1988. Waddle was a first-team All-East selection in 1988 and made appearance in the Japan Bowl. His achievements at BC resulted in his induction into the Boston College Varsity Club Athletic Hall of Fame in 1998. He also played alongside Doug Flutie's younger brother, Darren Flutie.
1985: 8 catches for 122 yards.
1986: 18 catches for 160 yards and 1 touchdown.
1987: 43 catches for 781 yards.
1988: 70 catches for 902 yards and 5 touchdowns.
Professional career
In 1989, the Chicago Bears signed Waddle as an undrafted free agent. During his first two years with the Bears, he struggled to make an impact as a receiver. Waddle lacked the size and speed to distinguish himself from other Bears wide receivers and remained on the lower rungs of the team's depth chart. He received a chance to start in 1991 after the Bears lost starters due to injuries. In a nationally televised Monday night game against the Jets, he made eight catches for 102 yards in an overtime win. In Chicago's wild card playoff loss to Dallas (17-13), Waddle was the Bears' sole standout performer on the offensive side of the ball, catching nine passes for 104 yards and a touchdown. His performance established him as a mainstay in the Bears lineup and clinched him a spot on the famed All-Madden team.
In 1992, Waddle began the season as a starting wide receiver and became a fan favorite. In the opener against the Detroit Lions, he caught a last second game-winning touchdown pass from Jim Harbaugh. Later in a week 4 victory over the Falcons, he managed to outrun Deion Sanders into the endzone for a score. Waddle missed the final four games of the season because of injury.
After finishing the 1992 season with a record of 5–11, coach Mike Ditka was fired and Dallas Cowboys defensive coordinator Dave Wannstedt was brought in to replace him. After leading the Bears in receiving yards and receptions in 1993, Wannstedt demoted Waddle in favor of faster receivers. Later that year, he suffered a concussion and a partially torn knee ligament from an illegal hit by Tampa Bay Buccaneers defensive back Thomas Everett. The following off-season, the Bears offered Waddle a choice between a guaranteed contract at the league minimum salary, and a more lucrative deal that would be dissolved if he were cut. He instead attended the Cincinnati Bengals' training camp, but elected to retire, as he felt that his lingering leg injuries no longer allowed him to compete at the professional level.
Broadcasting career
Television
After retiring from football, Waddle began working on WFLD FOX 32 as the host of weekend football-oriented programs. Waddle covered previews and post-game shows for Bears games. During this time, he also began to work as a weekend and fill-in sports anchor. He later worked with Corey McPherrin to host and the Chicago Bears Gameday Live, Fox Kickoff Sunday and The Final Word.
Waddle's joined WLS ABC 7 in August 2013 after his contract expired with WFLD. Waddle is a regular contributor on the station's morning show, and continues to provide analysis on Bears-themed programming.
Waddle also began working with the NFL Network in Los Angeles as a gameday analyst in 2007. In 2013, he began working as a guest analyst for Colin Cowherd's "Colin's New Football Show.
Radio
In 1997, Waddle began co-hosting Sports Central with David Kaplan on weeknights. This partnership ended in 2007 with his move to WMVP ESPN Radio 1000.
Waddle was paired with Marc "Silvy" Silverman and their show was expanded to four hours to include weekly, one-hour in-studio segments with WLS-TV sports anchor Mark Giangreco. During football season, Waddle and Silverman hosted "The Jay Cutler Show" with Chicago Bears quarterback Jay Cutler on Mondays or Tuesdays following each Bears game until Cutler's departure from Chicago.
On several occasions in 2008 and 2009, Waddle appeared as a fill-in host, alongside Mike Greenberg, on Mike and Mike in the Morning on ESPN Radio. He and Silverman have also hosted The Scott Van Pelt Show''.
Other media
Waddle appears weekly during the football season on Pro Football Weekly. He writes a weekly article about the Bears for the Northwest Herald of McHenry County, Illinois.
He is also a color commentator during CSN Chicago broadcasts of Northern Illinois Huskies football games and for a limited number of Chicago Rush games aired on the NFL Network.
Personal life
Waddle lives in Lake Forest with his wife, Cara and 4 daughters. Waddle's wife Cara is the daughter of former Boston Patriots wide receiver and AFL Hall of Famer Gino Cappelletti. His oldest daughter Georgia was a member of the Northwestern Wildcats soccer team.
References
1967 births
Living people
American football wide receivers
Arena football announcers
College football announcers
Boston College Eagles football players
Chicago Bears players
Players of American football from Cincinnati
Brian Piccolo Award winners
NFL Network people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Waddle |
Robert Richard Warren PC, QC (3 June 1817 – 24 September 1897) was an Irish Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom Parliament and subsequently a Judge.
Warren was the son of Captain Henry Warren, the eighth son of Sir Robert Warren, 1st Baronet (see Warren baronets), and his wife Catherine Stewart, daughter of the Reverend William Stewart. He attended Trinity College Dublin, and entered the Middle Temple before being called to the Irish Bar in 1839. He became a Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1858. Warren was Solicitor-General for Ireland from March 1867 and Attorney-General for Ireland from October 1867 to 1868. He was made a member of the Privy Council of Ireland on 12 October 1867.
He was MP for Dublin University 27 August 1867 – 1868.
Warren retired from the House of Commons when Parliament was dissolved in 1868. Soon afterwards he was appointed the Irish Probate Judge on the retirement of Richard Keatinge. On the creation of the High Court of Justice in Ireland in 1878, he was appointed the judge of the Probate Division and held office until his death in 1897.
He married Mary Perry, daughter of Charles Perry of Cork in 1846 and they had a son and three daughters.
Arms
References
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Vol. I 1832-1885, edited by Michael Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976)
External links
1817 births
1897 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dublin University
Irish Conservative Party MPs
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Solicitors-General for Ireland
UK MPs 1865–1868
Judges of the High Court of Justice in Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Warren%20%28Irish%20politician%29 |
Ḥuqúqu'lláh (, "Right of God") is a voluntary wealth tax paid by adherents of the Baháʼí Faith to support the work of the religion. Individuals following the practice calculate 19% of their discretionary income (after-tax income minus essential expenses) and send it to the head of the religion, which since 1963 has been the Universal House of Justice.
Ḥuqúqu'lláh is a Baháʼí law established by Baháʼu'lláh in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas in 1873. It is separate and distinct from the general Baháʼí funds. It provides for the financial security of the community by funding promotional activities and the upkeep of properties, and it is a basis for a future welfare program.
The Ḥuqúqu'lláh payment is considered a way to purify one's possessions. It is an individual obligation; nobody in the general community should know who has or has not contributed, nor should anyone be solicited individually for funds. Along with several other practices, it was initially only applicable to Baháʼís of the Middle East until 1992, when the authoritative English translation of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas was published and the Universal House of Justice made Ḥuqúqu'lláh universally applicable. A central office to receive payments was established at the Baháʼí World Centre in 1991, and payments are made to trustees appointed by the Universal House of Justice in every country or region.
The obligation is similar to the Shia practice of Khums: a 20% wealth tax payable to the Imams.
History
Gradual implementation
Baháʼu'lláh wrote down the law of Huqúqu'lláh in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas in 1873, but he did not accept any payments initially. He delayed the release of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas because of apprehension that the law of Huqúq might be difficult to implement, or that some would assume that the money was for his personal use. When copies were sent to Iran, they came with instructions that Huqúqu'lláh was not to be implemented, and it remained thus for about 5 years, during which time Baháʼu'lláh returned money to donors. In 1878 he appointed the first trustee of Huqúqu'lláh, who had the responsibility of receiving the Huqúq, as it is known, from the Baháʼís in Iran. The majority of these donations were spent caring for the poor and needy of the community, or for teaching efforts. Baháʼu'lláh and his family led an austere life.
According to Baháʼí author Adib Taherzadeh,
Later the practice of Huqúqu'lláh was expanded to the Baháʼís of the Middle East.
In 1985 information about the Huqúq was distributed worldwide and in 1992 the law was made universally applicable. As the number of payments increased, deputies and representatives to receive the payments have been appointed. In 1991 the central office of Huqúqu'lláh was established at the Baháʼí World Centre in Haifa, Israel.
Timeline
The following is a basic timeline related to Ḥuqúqu'lláh, including trustees.
Revelation of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas (1873)
Amínu'l-Bayán (1878-1881)
Hájí Amín, Amín-i-Iláhi (1881-1928)
Hájí Ghulám-Ridá; Amín-i-Amín (1928-1938)
Valíyu'lláh Varqá (1938-1955)
ʻAlí-Muhammad Varqá (1955-2007)
Compilation Ḥuqúqu'lláh (1985)
Central office of Ḥuqúqu'lláh (1991)
Kitáb-i-Aqdas in English, Law of Ḥuqúqu'lláh universally applicable (1992–present)
Purpose
The Ḥuquq'ullah is not meant to be a donation, but is rather meant to be a claim by God for support of the interests of all people. It is partly used to equalize wealth across different parts of the world. The payment of the Ḥuquq'ullah is also meant to increase the spiritual link between the religion's central institutions and the individual. This offering is to be considered separate from giving to the various Baháʼí funds and takes precedence over them. Furthermore, the Ḥuquq'ullah should not be solicited by anyone, and no payments of it can be accepted unless the individual was doing so "with the utmost joy".
Calculation
The payment of Ḥuqúqu'lláh is based on the calculation of the value of the individual's possessions, which includes one's merchandise, property and income, after all necessary expenses have been paid. If a person has possessions or wealth in excess of what is necessary equal in value to at least nineteen mithqáls of gold (2.2246 ounces or 69 grams) it is a spiritual obligation to pay nineteen percent of the total amount, once only, as Ḥuqúqu'lláh. Thereafter, whenever an individual acquires more possessions or wealth from income by the amount of at least nineteen mithqáls of gold, one is to pay nineteen percent of this increase, and so on for each further increase.
Certain categories of possessions are exempt from the payment of the Ḥuqúqu'lláh, such as one's residence, necessary household furnishings, business or professional equipment and furnishings, and others. Baháʼu'lláh has left it to the individual to decide which items are considered necessary and which are not. Specific provisions are outlined to cover cases of financial loss, the failure of investments to yield a profit and for the payment of the Ḥuqúqu'lláh in the event of the person's death.
Role in succession of authority
During the lifetime of Baháʼu'lláh, the Ḥuqúqu'lláh offerings were made directly to him, and following his death, to ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. In his Will and Testament, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá indicated that payments should go to the appointed Guardian and named Shoghi Effendi as the first of potentially many Guardians, following primogeniture. After Shoghi Effendi died without appointing a successor, the custodial Hands of the Cause headed the Faith until the first election of the Universal House of Justice.
See also
Baháʼí laws
Socio-economic development (Baháʼí)
Notes
References
Baháʼí sources
External links
Kitáb-i-Aqdas Project: Comprehensive Indices - Huqúqu'lláh
Redistribution of Wealth - a compilation by the Baha'i World Centre
Sixteen Questions about Huququ'llah - by the Universal House of Justice (1991)
Examples of Huququ'llah Transactions - by the Universal House of Justice (1991)
Bahá'í practices
Bahá'í terminology
Philanthropy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huq%C3%BAqu%27ll%C3%A1h |
The Monthly Weather Review is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society. It covers research related to analysis and prediction of observed and modeled circulations of the atmosphere, including technique development, data assimilation, model validation, and relevant case studies. This includes papers on numerical techniques and data assimilation techniques that apply to the atmosphere and/or ocean environment. The editor-in-chief is David M. Schultz (University of Manchester).
History
The journal was established in July 1872 by the United States Army Signal Corps. It was issued by the Office of the Chief Signal Officer from 1872 until 1891. In 1891, the Signal Office's meteorological responsibilities were transferred to the Weather Bureau under the United States Department of Agriculture. The Weather Bureau published the journal until 1970 when the Bureau became part of the newly formed National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which published it until the end of 1973. Since 1974, it has been published by the American Meteorological Society.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences and the Science Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.735.
References
External links
NOAA Central Library - Free access to articles prior to 1974
Meteorology journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Delayed open access journals
Publications established in 1872
1872 establishments in the United States
American Meteorological Society academic journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly%20Weather%20Review |
Rod Jones (born 5 February 1953) is an Australian novelist. He was writer in residence at La Trobe University for four years, and has also been the Australia Council's writer in residence in Paris. He studied English and History at the University of Melbourne.
Writing
Rod Jones’ first novel, Julia Paradise, won the Fiction Award in the South Australian Premier's Awards in 1988, was shortlisted for the Miles Franklin Literary Award and was runner-up for the Femina Etranger Prize in Paris. It has been translated into ten languages and published throughout the world, most recently as a 2013 Text Classic, with an introduction by Emily Maguire. Julia Paradise was described by the New York Times as "... utterly original ... a remarkable accomplishment".
His second novel, Prince of the Lilies, interweaves Minoan archaeology and life in contemporary Greece.
Billy Sunday, Jones's third novel, was winner of the 1995 Age Book of the Year Award for Fiction and the 1996 National Book Council Banjo Award for Fiction. The Boston Globe called Billy Sunday, 'The Great American Novel'.
His fourth novel, Nightpictures, was shortlisted for the 1998 Miles Franklin Award and published in France under the title Images de la Nuit(Albin Michel).
Jones's fifth novel, Swan Bay (Actes Sud), is published in France under the title La Baie des Cygnes.
Rod Jones' most recent work is the semi-autobiographical novel The Mothers, released by Text Publishing in 2015. Alex Miller observed, "Rod Jones' The Mothers is beautifully written and deeply poignant. One of the most satisfying Australian novels I’ve read in years", and Toni Jordan said "I was captivated by the humanity and heart of the characters. Rod Jones has created a vivid and compelling world and I cared about everyone in it."
Works
Julia Paradise (1986)
Prince of the Lilies (1991)
Billy Sunday (1995)
Nightpictures (1997)
Swan Bay: A novel of destiny, desire and death (2003)
The Mothers (2015)
Notes
References
Sullivan, Jane (2003) "An act of devotion" in theage.com.au Accessed: 2007-09-02
1953 births
20th-century Australian novelists
21st-century Australian novelists
Australian male novelists
Living people
University of Melbourne alumni
20th-century Australian male writers
21st-century Australian male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%20Jones%20%28author%29 |
The Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology is a scientific publication by the American Meteorological Society.
The journal includes papers describing the instrumentation and methodology used in atmospheric and oceanic research including computational techniques, methods for data acquisition, processing, and interpretation, and information systems and algorithms.
See also
List of scientific journals
List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences
External links
AMS publication site
Oceanography journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1984
Monthly journals
American Meteorological Society academic journals
Meteorology journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Atmospheric%20and%20Oceanic%20Technology |
The Journal of Climate is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published semi-monthly by the American Meteorological Society. It covers research that advances basic understanding of the dynamics and physics of the climate system on large spatial scales, including variability of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and cryosphere; past, present, and projected future changes in the climate system; and climate simulation and prediction.
See also
List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences
External links
Climatology journals
Academic journals established in 1988
English-language journals
American Meteorological Society academic journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Climate |
Anne Holm, born Else Anne Jørgensen (10 September 1922 – 27 December 1998) was a Danish journalist and children's writer. She also wrote under the pseudonym Adrien de Chandelle.
Career
Her best-known fiction book is I Am David (1963), adapted for a 2003 film; (also published as North to Freedom), which tells the story of a 12-year-old boy who escapes from a concentration camp and travels through Europe. It won the ALA Notable Book award in 1965, the 1963 Best Scandinavian Children's Book award and the Boys Club of America Junior Book Award Gold Medal.
Holm also authored Peter (1966), which tells the story of a teenage boy who travels in time to Ancient Greece and Medieval England.
Personal life
She married Johan C. Holm in 1949. They had a son and two grandchildren at the time of her death.
Bibliography
I Am David (1963)
Peter (1966)
Adam og de voksne (1967)
The Hostage (1980)
Grew Red (1992)
References
Gale Children's Literature Review, vol. 75, 136–141
Gale Contemporary Authors, vol. 17
Kraks Blaa Bog (Danish Who's Who)
1922 births
1998 deaths
Danish children's writers
Danish women children's writers
Danish women journalists
20th-century Danish journalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Holm |
Meteorological Monographs is a peer-reviewed monograph series published by the American Meteorological Society. The series has two parts, historical and meteorological.
See also
List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences
External links
Meteorology journals
English-language journals
Publications with year of establishment missing
American Meteorological Society academic journals
Monographic series
Irregular journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorological%20Monographs |
Ten Worlds may refer to:
The ten spiritual realms of Mahāyāna Buddhism
Tales of Ten Worlds, a story collection by Arthur C. Clarke
Ten Worlds Productions, a television production company
Ten Worlds, Ten Directions, an art exhibit by Lindy Lee shown in 2002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten%20Worlds |
Earth Interactions (EI) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society, American Geophysical Union, and Association of American Geographers. EI publishes research on the interactions among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, and lithosphere, including, but not limited to, research on human impacts, such as land cover change, irrigation, dams/reservoirs, urbanization, pollution, and landslides.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed by Compendex, GEOBASE, GeoRef, Scopus, Current Contents, and EBSCO, and ProQuest databases.
See also
List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences
References
Earth and atmospheric sciences journals
Academic journals established in 1997
English-language journals
American Geophysical Union academic journals
Geology journals
American Meteorological Society academic journals
American Association of Geographers
Online-only journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%20Interactions |
The Journal of Hydrometeorology is a scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society. It covers the modeling, observing, and forecasting of processes related to water and energy fluxes and storage terms, including interactions with the boundary layer and lower atmosphere, and including processes related to precipitation, radiation, and other meteorological inputs.
See also
List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences
External links
Academic journals established in 2000
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
American Meteorological Society academic journals
Meteorology journals
Hydrology journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Hydrometeorology |
Chloroplatinic acid (also known as hexachloroplatinic acid) is an inorganic compound with the formula [H3O]2[PtCl6](H2O)x (0 ≤ x ≤ 6). A red solid, it is an important commercial source of platinum, usually as an aqueous solution. Although often written in shorthand as H2PtCl6, it is the hydronium (H3O+) salt of the hexachloroplatinate anion (). Hexachloroplatinic acid is highly hygroscopic.
Production
Hexachloroplatinic acid may be produced via a variety of methods. The most common of these methods involves dissolution of platinum in aqua regia. Other methods include exposing an aqueous suspension of platinum particles to chlorine gas, or via electrolysis.
When produced by the aqua regia route, hexachloroplatinic acid is thought to arise by the following equation:
The resulting orange/red solution can be evaporated to produce brownish red crystals. Some authors suggest that hexachloroplatinic acid produced using this method is contaminated with nitrosonium hexachloroplatinate. Newer literature indicates that this is not the case, and that once the nitric acid has been driven off, samples prepared via this method contain no detectable nitrogen.
Alternative methods have been investigated and described, often motivated by the avoidance of nitrogen contamination.
Reactions
When heated, hexachloroplatinic acid decomposes to platinum(IV) chloride.
Applications
Potassium determination
Chloroplatinic acid was popularized for the quantitative analysis of potassium. The potassium is selectively precipitated from solution as potassium hexachloroplatinate. Determinations were done in 85% (v/v) alcohol solutions with excess platinate ions, and the precipitated product was weighed. Potassium could be detected for solutions as dilute as 0.02 to 0.2% (m/v).
This method for determination of potassium was advantageous compared to the sodium cobaltinitrite method used previously, since it required a single precipitation reaction. Gravimetric analysis of precipitated products has been supplanted by modern instrumental analysis methods such as ion selective electrodes, flame photometry, ICP-AES or ICP-MS.
Purification of platinum
Upon treatment with an ammonium salt, such as ammonium chloride, chloroplatinic acid converts to ammonium hexachloroplatinate, which precipitates as a solid. Upon heating in an atmosphere of hydrogen, the ammonium salt converts to elemental platinum. Platinum is often isolated from ores or recycled from residues using this method.
Catalysis
Like many platinum compounds, chloroplatinic acid is a catalyst (or precatalyst) for hydrogenation and related reactions. As first reported by John Speier and colleagues from Dow Corning, it catalyzes the addition of hydrosilanes to olefins, i.e. hydrosilylation. Early demonstration reactions used isopropanol solutions of trichlorosilane (SiHCl3) with pentenes. Prior work on the addition of silanes to alkenes required radical reactions that were inefficient. As well as with Karstedt's catalyst, Speier's catalyst enjoys widespread use for hydrosilylation, the main drawback is the deliquescent properties of the catalyst.
It is generally agreed that chloroplatinic acid is a precursor to the actual catalyst. A possible role for colloidal platinum or zero-valent complexes has also been considered.
Related compounds
Chloroplatinic acid prepared from aqua regia is proposed to contain nitrosonium hexachloroplatinate, (NO)2PtCl6. Nitrosonium hexachloroplatinate is obtained by the reaction of nitrosyl chloride (NOCl) and platinum metal. Nitrosonium hexachloroplatinate has been found to react vigorously with water and hydrochloric acid, making contamination of chloroplatinic acid prepared with aqua regia with nitrosonium hexachloroplatinate unlikely.
References
Hydrogen compounds
Coordination complexes
Platinum(IV) compounds
Chlorides
Inorganic compounds
Chloro complexes
Hexachloroplatinates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplatinic%20acid |
Reuven Frank (December 7, 1920 – February 5, 2006) was an American broadcast news executive.
Life and career
Born Israel Reuven Frank (he later dropped his first name) to a Jewish family in Montreal, Quebec, he earned a bachelor's degree in social science at City College of New York. He served four years in the United States Army during World War II, rising to the rank of sergeant. After completing his studies at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, he worked for three years at the Newark Evening News as a reporter, rewrite man and night city editor. At the insistence of Gerald Green, he joined NBC News as a writer for the Camel News Caravan in 1950.
Frank was a key figure in bringing television news out of the shadow of radio news by emphasizing the importance of visuals in telling stories. He paired Chet Huntley and David Brinkley for the first time to co-anchor NBC's coverage of the 1956 Democratic and Republican National Conventions. Later that same year, he created the groundbreaking Huntley-Brinkley Report, and was its producer until 1964. The national catchphrase "Good night, David" "Good night, Chet" was credited to Frank.
Frank's documentaries included Emmy Award-winning report The Tunnel (1962) about the escape of 59 Germans through a passage under the Berlin Wall. It received the Emmy Award for program of the year, the only documentary ever so honored. In the 1970s, he created and was executive producer of Weekend, a news magazine hosted by Lloyd Dobyns that originally aired one Saturday a month from 11:30 p.m. to 1:00 a.m. The program received a Peabody award. Linda Ellerbee later joined as co-host.
Frank served two tenures as president of NBC News, from 1968 to 1974 and from 1982 to 1984, and mentored such journalists as Tom Brokaw, John Chancellor, Linda Ellerbee, and Andrea Mitchell. His memoir, Out of Thin Air: The Brief Wonderful Life of Network News, was published in 1991.
Frank was a resident of Tenafly, New Jersey. He died of pneumonia on February 5, 2006, at the age of 85. He was a member of Temple Sinai of Bergen County.
Personal life
In 1946, he married Bernice Kaplow; they had two sons: notable art critic Peter Solomon Frank and James Aaron Frank.
Quotes
"Sunshine is a weather report, a flood is news." Frank to Floyd Abrams.
"The highest power of television journalism is not in the transmission of information but in the transmission of experience."
References
Other references
External links
1920 births
2006 deaths
Jewish American journalists
American television journalists
Canadian emigrants to the United States
City College of New York alumni
Deaths from pneumonia in New Jersey
NBCUniversal people
NBC executives
Journalists from Montreal
People from Tenafly, New Jersey
Presidents of NBC News
American male journalists
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuven%20Frank |
Michael Albert Hartenstine (born July 27, 1953) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Chicago Bears from 1975 to 1986 and the Minnesota Vikings in 1987.
Early life and education
Hartenstine was born on July 27, 1953, in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania, where he played high school football at Liberty High School in Bethlehem. He played college football at Pennsylvania State University, where he was a collegiate All-American.
National Football League
Hartenstine entered the 1975 NFL Draft and was selected by the Chicago Bears in the second round with the 31st overall selection. In his 1975 rookie season with the Bears, he was named to the Pro Football Writers of America NFL All-Rookie Team.
Hartenstine was the oldest player on the Super Bowl XX-winning Bears team in 1985. In his career with the Bears, he played in 184 games and had 85 career tackles.
In 2019, Hartenstine was named to the Bears' "100 Greatest Bears of All-Time".
References
1953 births
Living people
American football defensive ends
Chicago Bears players
Minnesota Vikings players
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
All-American college football players
Liberty High School (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) alumni
Players of American football from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Hartenstine |
Las Rosas is a city in the southwest of the , located from the provincial capital. It has about 13,689 inhabitants as per the , and it is the head town of the Belgrano Department, which also comprises the municipalities of Armstrong, Bouquet, Las Parejas, Montes de Oca, and Tortugas.
Las Rosas was founded in 1889 by Guillermo Kemmis & Dickinson bros, and was officially recognized on January 1, 1882, becoming a city on August 20, 1967.
Summers there are warm, humid, wet, and mostly clear and the winters are short, cold, dry, and partly cloudy. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 41 °F to 87 °F and is rarely below 30 °F or above 95 °F.
Notable people
Leonardo Ponzio (b. 1982), former football player. Captained River Plate through multiple seasons, capped for Argentina's national team.
Alfredo Pián (1912 - 1990), race car driver.
Ramiro Sordo
Sister cities
Matelica, Italy
References
Municipality of Las Rosas - Official website.
Populated places in Santa Fe Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las%20Rosas%2C%20Santa%20Fe |
MV Hythe Scene (formerly MV Great Expectations) is a catamaran ferry operating on the Hythe ferry service. This service connects the town of Hythe and the city of Southampton, across Southampton Water in England.
Great Expectations was originally introduced in 1992 and was used on the Gravesend to Tilbury ferry service across the River Thames between Kent and Essex, which was at that time operated by White Horse Ferries Ltd. She was named after the Charles Dickens novel, Great Expectations, in which the countryside of Kent and the marshes on the lower regions of the Thames feature heavily.
In 1995, White Horse moved Great Expectations from the Thames to be the front-line vessel on their Hythe service.
In 2008, White Horse Ferries spent £50,000 on upgrading the then 16-year-old Great Expectations, including improvements to her main drive shafts.
In 2012, Great Expectations received a new green and white with a black hull livery.
On 21 April 2017, Great Expectations was purchased by the Blue Funnel Group as part of a takeover of Hythe ferry service. Following a refit and repainting in blue, she returned to service on 26 May 2017 under the new name, Hythe Scene.
In March 2023 the ferry was used in a training exercise conducted by the home office and the Nigerian National Drug Law Enforcement Agency.
References
External links
Hythe Ferry website
Ferries of England
1992 ships
Great Expectations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20Hythe%20Scene |
Malcolm Poole (born 6 November 1949) is a retired field hockey player from Australia, who was a member of the team that won the silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
References
External links
1949 births
Living people
Australian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Field hockey players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Place of birth missing (living people)
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20Poole |
Lau Taveuni Rotuma Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. The electorate covered the Lau Islands, Taveuni and some of its outliers including Rabi Island and Kioa, and the remote dependency of Rotuma.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lau%20Taveuni%20Rotuma%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Alfred Martin Madsen (10 April 1888 – 8 May 1962) was a Norwegian engineer, newspaper editor, trade unionist and politician for the Norwegian Labour Party. He began as deputy chairman of their youth wing, while also working as an engineer. In the 1910s he rose in the hierarchy of the party press, and eventually in the Labour Party and the Confederation of Trade Unions as well. He was an important party and trade union strategist in the 1920s. He served six terms in the Norwegian Parliament, and was the parliamentary leader of his party for many years. He was twice a member of the national cabinet, as Minister of Social Affairs in 1928 and Minister of Trade from 1935 to 1939.
Early life
Madsen was born in 1888 in Bergen as the son of carpenter Simon Madsen (1857–1928) and Hansine Christensen Skiftesvig (1857–1890). He graduated from middle school in 1904, and took an education as a lithographer and engineer between 1904 and 1910. He worked as an engineer in Montreal and New York City between 1910 and 1912, and in Germany between 1913 and 1914. In 1912, during an intermittent stay in Norway, he had become active in Norges Socialdemokratiske Ungdomsforbund, and became acquainted to Martin Tranmæl. Madsen was soon elected chairman of the Norges Socialdemokratiske Ungdomsforbund. While staying in Germany, he had written articles for the newspaper Ny Tid, where Tranmæl was the editor-in-chief. In 1914 he married Anna Fagerhaug.
Political career
Upon his return to Norway in 1914, Madsen became editor-in-chief of Tidens Krav in Kristiansund. At the national Labour Party convention in 1915, Madsen was a candidate for the position as party secretary, but long-time party secretary Magnus Nilssen won the vote. The radical wing of Madsen, Tranmæl and others later assumed control over the party at the national convention in 1918. Having worked in Rjukan from 1917 to 1918, Madsen was hired as subeditor of the newspaper Arbeidet in 1919. In 1920 he was promoted within the system, becoming editor-in-chief of Ny Tid. He was a member of the Labour Party national board from 1919 to 1920, and of the central committee from 1920 to 1935. He was also a secretary in the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions, and was known as a supporting figure of chairman Ole O. Lian. He was also known as a splendid public speaker and political writer. He published several pamphlets in the years around 1920, including 1917's Taylor-systemet: videnskabelig ledelse av industriene, an exploration of scientific management.
In the election of 1921 Madsen was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from the constituency Akershus. In 1923, the Labour Party suffered a split due to disagreements over their membership in the Comintern as well as the Twenty-one Conditions. When the Labour Party left the Comintern, the Communist Party broke away, but Madsen remained with Labour. Leaving the Comintern allowed the Labour Party to reconcile with the Social Democratic Labour Party, which had broken away in 1921. Madsen helped orchestrate the reunification between these parties in 1927. He also led the committee that wrote the 1927 election manifesto. He had been re-elected in 1924 and 1927, and chaired the parliamentary group of the Labour Party during this period. In 1928 he was selected as Minister of Social Affairs in the short-lived cabinet Hornsrud.
In 1931 he left the position as parliamentary leader as he was elected deputy chairman as well as treasurer of the Confederation of Trade Unions. He held this position until 1934. However, he did continue in the Norwegian Parliament, being elected in 1930, 1933 and 1936. He represented Oslo for the last four terms in Parliament. On 20 March 1935, when the cabinet Nygaardsvold assumed office, Madsen was appointed Norwegian Minister of Trade, Shipping, Industry, Craft and Fisheries. At the same time he left the central committee. Unlike the cabinet Hornsrud, the cabinet Nygaardsvold survived for a long period. Madsen resigned in the summer of 1939; his last day as Minister was on 30 June. He found a new job as an administrator of stamped paper.
He was still a member of Parliament, and returned as parliamentary leader in 1939. However, only months before the next election was scheduled, Norway was invaded and subsequently occupied by Germany as a part of World War II, effectively suspending the Parliament. In December 1940 Madsen was arrested by the Gestapo. He was imprisoned at Møllergata 19 until 15 May 1941. In August 1942 he lost his job as stamped paper administrator, and between 16 November 1942 and 16 May 1943 he was imprisoned for the second time, serving time at Bredtveit concentration camp and Åkebergveien. He did not recover his civil job until 8 May 1945, the day of the liberation. He had also been a member of the board of the Bank of Norway since 1930, but this was suspended during the German occupation.
He left politics after World War II. He died in 1962 in Bærum.
References
1888 births
1962 deaths
20th-century Norwegian engineers
Norwegian trade unionists
Norwegian newspaper editors
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
Akershus politicians
Politicians from Oslo
Bredtveit concentration camp survivors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Madsen |
Ian Cooke (born 6 March 1952) is a retired field hockey player from Australia, who was a member of the team that won the silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
References
External links
1952 births
Living people
Australian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Field hockey players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Place of birth missing (living people)
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Cooke%20%28field%20hockey%29 |
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