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Kevin James Shine (born 22 February 1969) is a former first-class cricketer and former coach of Somerset County Cricket Club, and was the fast-bowling coach for the England cricket team from 2006 until 2019. In November 2019 he joined Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club as an Assistant Coach.
His first-class career ran from 1989 to 1998, during which he played for Hampshire, Middlesex and Somerset. He took 249 first-class wickets at an average of 36.09, including 55 in the 1997 season. His best innings figures were 8 for 47 for Hampshire against Lancashire in 1992.
Coaching career
After retiring as a player due to injury, he served as coach of Somerset from 2001 to 2004. The team won the C&G Trophy in his first year in charge. He subsequently served as the director of the Somerset academy, and was appointed England's fast-bowling coach from March 2006 in succession to Troy Cooley. In 2019 he left the ECB and became assistant head coach at Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club.
References
Shine appointed as England bowling coach from Cricinfo
Shine gets England coaching role from BBC News Online
External links
English cricketers
Hampshire cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
Somerset cricketers
English cricket coaches
1969 births
Living people
Berkshire cricketers
People from Bracknell
Cricketers from Berkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Shine |
Chicora was a legendary Native American kingdom or tribe sought during the 16th century by various European explorers in present-day South Carolina. The legend originated after Spanish slave traders captured an Indian they called Francisco de Chicora in 1521; afterward, they came to treat Francisco's home country as a land of abundant wealth and natural resources. The "Chicora Legend" influenced both the Spanish and the French in their attempts to colonize North America for the next 60 years.
History
In 1521, Spanish slavers Pedro de Quexo and Francisco Gordillo embarked on an expedition from the Caribbean to the little-explored mainland of what is now the Southeastern United States. On June 24, they sighted what is thought to be the area around the mouth of the Santee River; they named their discovery the Land of St. John the Baptist. For the next 22 days they explored the river and nearby Winyah Bay and made contact with the locals, including, they claimed, a town or people called Chicora. Ultimately, the slavers compelled around 60 Indians to board their ships and then sailed off without warning, intending to sell the captives into slavery in Hispaniola. Among the captives was an Indian who the Spanish eventually named Francisco de Chicora.
Upon their return, Gordillo's backer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón petitioned the Spanish Real Audiencia for the right to conquer and settle the land. The next year he took his case to the crown in Spain, promoting his claim with evidently exaggerated tales about the bounty that awaited in Chicora. By this time Francisco de Chicora (or Francisco Chicorano) had been baptized and learned Spanish, and started working as Ayllón's personal servant. He joined Ayllón in Spain, and contributed to his master's accounts of the wealth of his homeland. Ayllón moved the coordinates of the land from the 33.5 degrees north recorded by Gordillo to 35–37 degrees. Evidently, this was an effort to sell Chicora as a "new Andalusia" by giving it parallel coordinates to the famously fertile area of Spain. The Crown granted Ayllón's request. Peter Martyr d'Anghiera also met with Ayllón and Francisco and recorded notes about "Chicora", which spread awareness of the territory, particularly after they were published in Martyr's chronicle Decade in 1530.
See also
Francisco de Chicora
Cape Fear Indians
Waccamaw
Notes
References
French colonization of the Americas
Mythological kingdoms, empires, and countries
Native American tribes in South Carolina
Spanish colonization of the Americas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicora |
UMLet is an open-source Java-based UML tool designed for teaching the Unified Modeling Language and for quickly creating UML diagrams. It is a drawing tool rather than a modelling tool as there is no underlying dictionary or directory of reusable design objects. UMLet is distributed under the GNU General Public License.
UMLet has a simple user interface that uses text-formatting codes to modify the basic shapes with decorations and annotations, so there is no forest of icons or parameter list dialogs in the user's way. This does require the user to learn yet another text markup language, but the effort is small and the markup obvious to the experienced UML designer.
UMLet can export diagrams to pictures (eps, jpg), drawing formats (SVG), document formats (PDF). The clipboard can be used to copy-paste diagrams as pictures into other applications. It is possible to create custom UML elements.
The basic drawing objects can be modified and used as templates which allows users to customize the app to their needs. This requires programming of the elements in Java.
The most important UML diagram types are supported: class, use case, sequence, state, deployment, activity.
Support for UML 2.0 features is not yet available, though the customization feature could be used to do this. It supports concepts like Martin Fowler's UmlAsSketch. Its design goals are described in the paper "Flyweight UML Modelling Tool for Software Development". Another paper compares UMLet to Rational Rose.
The app's native file format is UXF, an extension of XML intended for exchanging UML models.
UMLet runs stand-alone or as Eclipse plug-in on Windows, OS X and Linux.
Releases
version 15.0: Web: zoom, lasso, export, dark mode; hi-res export; startup
version 14.3: Improved OS integration, improved Eclipse integration, XML security fix, many additional fixes
version 14.1.1: New custom elements, new sequence all-in-one, bug fixes
version 13.3: opaque elements, bug fixes
version 13.2: improved relations
version 13.1: bug fixes
version 13.0: internal refactoring, context-sensitive-help
version 11.3: modified security manager behaviour, new options, batch mode improved, new relation types
version 11.2: word wrap for custom elements, improved anti-aliasing, better Eclipse support
version 11.1: stability fixes
version 11.0: list of recently opened files, drag and drop of uxf-files, updated file format
version 10.4: palette drag and drop, enhanced clipboard and improved keyboard support
version 10.3: updates to the user interface
Limitations
No direct support for templates (parameterised classes) nor design patterns, though both can be shown with workarounds
No code generation - this is a design choice to keep the drawing tool fast and light.
See also
List of UML tools
UXF UML eXchange Format for exchanging UML designs as files.
References
External links
UMLet website
UMLet on Eclipse Marketplace
Free UML tools | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMLet |
Amy Records was a record label formed in 1960 as a subsidiary of Bell Records. Artists who had success on Amy included Al Brown's Tunetoppers with "The Madison" (Amy 804 charted #23), a dance tune in 1960, Joey Powers with "Midnight Mary" (Amy 892 charted #10 in 1964), Del Shannon's 1964 recordings of "Handy Man" (Amy 905 charted #22) and "Keep Searchin'" (Amy 915 charted #9). Lee Dorsey hit with "Ride Your Pony" in 1965 (Amy 927 charted #28) and "Working in the Coal Mine" in 1966 (Amy 958 charted #8). Paul Simon, (pre-dating Simon & Garfunkel), together with the children's music producer and songwriter Bobby Susser, released records in 1961 and 1962 under the names Tico and the Triumphs with "Motorcycle" (Amy 835 charted #97) and Jerry Landis with "Lone Teen Ranger" (Amy 875 charted #99") with little success as did garage band Kinetic Energy with their version of Dale Hawkins' 1957 hit "Susie Q" (Amy 11,028) in 1969. Beginning in 1967, albums by Amy recording artists were issued on the Bell label, and in 1969, Amy was folded into Bell.
In 1961, some of the assets from Madison Records were given to Amy Records. Shortly aafterward the label released "Play Me a Sad Song", and "It Means a Lot to Them", which were sung by Paul Simon.
See also
List of record labels
References
External links
The Amy Records story and album discography from Both Sides Now Publications
Discography of Amy label singles.
American record labels
Record labels established in 1960
Record labels disestablished in 1969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy%20Records |
Joe Gittleman (born April 6, 1968 in Cambridge, Massachusetts) is an American musician, best known as the bass guitar player for The Mighty Mighty Bosstones. His proficiency on bass earned him the nickname "the Bass Fiddleman."
Career
Gittleman originally played guitar in The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, but he switched roles with former member Nate Albert when he realized he had a better bass than guitar. He has also played bass in Gang Green and sang in and produced records for his band Avoid One Thing.
He provided background vocals for the Street Dogs' 2005 album Back to the World as well as the more recent Fading American Dream. In addition, Gittleman produced The Briggs' new album Back to Higher Ground as well as the Flogging Molly album Whiskey on a Sunday, Big D and the Kids Table's albums Strictly Rude and Fluent In Stroll and Chuck Ragan's CD "Los Feliz". Gittleman has also written songs for bands such as MxPx ("Heard That Sound") and has seen Avoid One Thing covered by The Bouncing Souls ("Lean on Sheena").
Since 2005, Gittleman has been a full-time staff producer and A+R for the Los-Angeles-based independent label Side One Dummy Records. While in Italy in 1993 with The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Gittleman was stabbed in the chest by an Albanian bootlegger. This was documented in the song "The Pirate Ship" on the vinyl release of Question the Answers.
Gittleman began working as an instructor at Northern Vermont University in Lyndonville, Vermont. On May 16, 2012, he was promoted to Assistant Professor. On July 1, 2023, Northern Vermont University became Vermont State University, for which Gittleman teaches seven different classes, primarily about the music industry.
Artistry
Composing
Gittleman has been credited as the composer for at least 122 songs/albums. The list is as follows:
Undated
Most undated credits involve a song being repurposed for another piece of work.
Snow Day, music from the motion picture, Various Artists
Rrrrrock, ???
Right Here Where You Left Me, Avoid One Thing
Rascal King, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
Drew's Famous Instrumental Modern Rock Collection Vol. 6, Various Artists
Digimon: The Movie, Original Soundtrack
CAPS: Campus and Pub Songs, Various artists
1989-1999
Older..., Gang Green, 1989
More Noise and Other Disturbances, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 1992
Simmer Down, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 1993
Alternation, Various Artists, 1994
Ska-Core, The Devil and More, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 1994
Safe and Sound: A Benefit in Response to the Brookline Clinic Violence,Various Artists, 1996
Let's Face It, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 1997
Pop Hits Vol. 63, Various Artists, 1997
Pop/Rock Picks Oct. 1997 Vol. 1, Various Artists, 1997
100% Hits Vol. 26, Various Artists, 1998
A Compilation of Warped Music, Various Artists, 1998
Live From the Middle East, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 1998
Meet the Deedles, Original Soundtrack, 1998
Next Generation of Swing, Various Artists, 1998
Shine Vol. 10, Various Artists, 1998
Ska Trax: New Generation, Various Artists, 1998
X-Games Vol. 3, Various Artists, 1998
Ka-Boom!, Various Artists, 1999
Ska Party '99, Various Artists, 1999
Total Hits Vol. 2, Various Artists, 1999
2000-2010
City Rocks: Boston, Various Artists, 2000
Digimon [Warner Bros.], Original Soundtrack, 2000
Naked-4-Play, Various Artists, 2000
Pay Attention, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 2000
Royal, The Amazing Crowns, 2000
Snow Day, Original Soundtrack, 2000
Stop Handgun Violence, Various Artists, 2000
World Warped Vol. 3: Live, Various Artists, 2000
Awfully Quiet, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 2001
Warped Tour: 2001 Compilation, Various Artistis, 2001
A Jackknife to a Swan, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 2002
Atticus: Dragging the Lake, Various Artists, 2002
Avoid One Thing, Avoid One Thing, 2002
Mighty Mighty Bosstones/Madcap [Split CD], The Mighty Mighty Bosstones/Madcap, 2002
Total Rock, Various Artists, 2002
Atticus: Dragging the Lake Vol. 2, Various Artists, 2003
Balls, Various Artists, 2003
Outlaw Volleyball:Xbox, Original Soundtrack, 2003
Warped Tour 2003, Various Artists, 2003
You Got It/Older... (Budweiser), Gang Green, 2003
Chopstick Bridge, Avoid One Thing, 2004
Warped Tour 2004, Various Artists, 2004
Panic, MxPx, 2005
The Gold Record, The Bouncing Souls, 2006
90's Rock Number 1's, Various Artists, 2007
Country-Rebel, Dave Smith, 2007
2011-Current
Don't Forget Your Roots, H20/H20, 2011
The Magic of Youth, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 2011
100 Hits: Driving Rock [2013], Various Artists, 2013
Icon, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, 2014
20 No. 1's: Alternative Rock, 2015
References
http://www.angelfire.com/wi/kkimska2/joegbio.html
1968 births
Living people
Guitarists from Massachusetts
American male bass guitarists
20th-century American bass guitarists
The Mighty Mighty Bosstones members
20th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Gittleman |
A flight dispatcher (also known as an airline dispatcher or flight operations officer) assists in planning flight paths, taking into account aircraft performance and loading, enroute winds, thunderstorm and turbulence forecasts, airspace restrictions, and airport conditions. Dispatchers also provide a flight following service and advise pilots if conditions change. They usually work in the operations center of the airline. In the United States and Canada, the flight dispatcher shares legal responsibility with the commander of the aircraft (joint responsibility dispatch system).
Operational control
Dispatchers usually share responsibility for the exercise of operational control, which gives them authority to divert, delay or cancel a flight. Legal requirements known as "14 CFR part 121" govern dispatch release in the United States. After the release of a flight (in a joint responsibility environment) the dispatcher uses sophisticated software tools to monitor the flight's progress and advises the flight crew of any circumstances that might affect flight safety. They are in constant communication with the air crew and could be contacted through phone, radio, and ACARS (aircraft communications and reporting system). Shared responsibility adds a layer of checks and balances to aircraft operation and greatly improves safety.
Joint Aviation Authorities (JAR) OPS 1 did mandate the use of an operational control system with flight dispatchers/joint responsibility/flight watch. The pan-European European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has issued a requirement mandating the use of such an operational control system It is expected that EASA OPS and EASA FCL will be published in 2006 which will outline EASA's position on the issue as well as any requirements imposed on European airline operators.
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), headquartered in Montreal, is the civil aviation branch of the UN (United Nations). ICAO states that the operator (the airline), is responsible for the operational control of its flights and only recognizes dispatch systems using flight dispatchers/flight operations officers as the means to control and supervise flights in Annex 6, Part 1, Chapter 3. Chapter 4 of Annex 6 describes the duties of flight dispatchers/flight operations officers while Chapter 10 of Annex 6 describes the training and qualification requirements for flight dispatchers/flight operations officers. Chapter 10 also recognizes ICAO Document 7192 D3, The Flight Dispatcher/Flight Operations Officer Training Manual as the standard training resource for member States to develop their own flight dispatcher/flight operations officer training regulations.
The terms "flight dispatcher", "aircraft dispatcher" and "flight operations officer" are largely interchangeable depending on the area of the world in which they are used. The term "Aircraft dispatcher" is used in the United States, while "flight operations officer" is more common in Europe and Africa, and "flight dispatcher" is typically used in Asia and the Middle East.
Licensing and certification
A dispatcher must be certified by the aviation authority of the country in which they operate or have a base of operations, such as the DGCA in India and the FAA/DOT (Federal Aviation Administration/Department of Transportation) in the United States. In order to obtain a certificate, a candidate must demonstrate extensive knowledge of meteorology and of aviation in general, to a level comparable to the holder of an Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) certificate.
The FAA ATP and the FAA Dispatcher (ADX) written exams are similar. For airlines operating under 14 CFR PART 135, dispatching duties and responsibilities are actually designated to "flight followers." The main difference between a flight dispatcher and a flight follower is that the latter does not share legal responsibility for the operation of a flight. In addition, a flight follower is not required to obtain a dispatcher's certificate, although he or she is usually encouraged to do so by the airline for which they work and will probably not be employed as a flight follower if they do not have the dispatcher certificate.
Many countries issue licenses or certificates which are based on ICAO Annex 1 and 6 as well as ICAO DOC 7192 D3. Unfortunately not all countries have adopted a mandatory license/certification and joint responsibility/flight watch operational control systems. The FAA has mandated the use of flight dispatchers/joint responsibility/flight watch since the "Civil Aeronautic Act" was passed in 1938. Canada has adopted a similar approach in the wake of the Air Ontario Flight 1363 plane crash in Dryden, Ontario, in 1989. Due to several more accidents, the FAA is lobbying the ICAO for tighter regulations.
Legal responsibility
Flight dispatchers are legally 50% responsible for the safety of every flight they dispatch. The pilot in command of the flight holds responsibility for the other 50%. A flight dispatcher has the legal authority to refuse to dispatch a flight if safety is in any way in question, as does the pilot in command. This is known as 'Co-Authority Dispatch'. Because commercial decision making in an airline can conflict with the safety of a flight, a flight dispatcher's responsibilities are kept separate from the commercial aspects of an airline's operation, and as such the profession is primarily focused on the safety of a flight; all other duties are secondary.
Flight dispatchers in a typical airline are generally responsible for overseeing anywhere from 10 to 25 flights simultaneously, depending on the daily ops tempo/operation as some flights are much more strenuous than others as an ETOPS Air charter requires much more attention than those of a regular scheduled flight. All the while dispatchers are also constantly planning new flights while monitoring current ones. Flight dispatchers are expected to have a big picture view of weather conditions, aircraft status, fuel planning, and other operational aspects of maintaining smooth airline operations. Because of the constantly changing nature of airline operations, flight dispatchers experience a high level of stress in the workplace, as they balance operational constraints and pressures with the overriding safety mandate of the job.
Load planner
Often (especially in larger airlines) a dispatcher will be assisted by a load planner. They must carefully plan the loading of the aircraft and do the weight and balance calculations for the aircraft. In some cargo aircraft, they have to visually inspect the loading, making sure it has been done in accordance with their instructions. When a load planner is on board the airplane as a member of the crew, he or she will be in charge of planning, loading and offloading the cargo for the duration of the flight, and is known as loadmaster.
Flight follower
In some jurisdictions of the US, similar duties and responsibilities are designated to flight followers. The main difference between the aircraft dispatcher and the flight follower is that the latter does not share legal responsibility for the operation of a flight. During the flight, the dispatcher is required to monitor and advise the crew of changes affecting safety of flight. In flight following, ultimate responsibility and operational control of the flight rests with the Pilot in command and Director of Operations (DO). Flight followers work for the Director of Operations and are tasked with carrying out operational control functions. Flight followers are not required to attain a flight dispatcher's certificate, although they are usually encouraged to do so.
References
External links
International Federation of Air Line Dispatchers’ Associations
European Federation of Air Line Dispatchers’ Associations
Airline Dispatchers Federation
Air traffic control
Occupations in aviation
ja:ディスパッチャー
zh:飞行签派员 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20dispatcher |
Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly, also referred to as Factory Zero and GM Poletown, is a General Motors automobile assembly plant straddling the border between Detroit and Hamtramck, Michigan. It is located about three miles (five km) from GM's corporate headquarters.
The planning and construction of the facility led to the nearly complete demolition of Detroit's Poletown neighborhood that "had been a destination for Polish immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th century, but it was also home to African Americans and more recent immigrants from Albania, Yugoslavia, Yemen, and the Philippines." The City of Detroit's use of eminent domain to displace thousands of residents on behalf of a private corporation led to the Michigan Supreme Court case, Poletown Neighborhood Council v. Detroit permitting the practice to continue in the state until 2004, when, in Wayne v. Hathcock, the court reversed the decision. The site also included "Dodge Main," originally built in 1911, which had closed in 1980 and was demolished in 1981.
It replaced GM's Detroit Assembly on Clark Avenue, south of Michigan Avenue (U.S. Route 12) in Detroit, which was the primary facility for all Cadillacs starting in 1921. The first of GM's "BOC" (Buick/Oldsmobile/Cadillac) Group vehicles to roll off the assembly line on February 4, 1985, was a Cadillac Eldorado.
The plant builds vehicles for GM's Chevrolet, GMC and Cadillac divisions and had approximately 1,800 hourly and salaried employees in early 2017, and 924 in late 2022. Since opening in 1985, more than 4 million vehicles have been built at the plant.
As of May 2020, the plant is being retooled to produce electric vehicles, including the all-new GMC Hummer EV.
History
Dodge (1911–1980)
The Dodge Factory, or "Dodge Main" as it became known, occupied on the edge of the village of Hamtramck, which is surrounded by the city of Detroit. Plant 4, on Conant Avenue, was separated only from the main plant structures by a railroad right-of-way, which was also the boundary line between the two cities. The plant started off as just a few buildings but it grew rapidly as needed, where it ended up as 35 separate buildings, to include a foundry, before it was demolished. The original plant was designed by noted industrial designer and architect Albert Kahn Associates but were replaced in 1912 by the architectural firm of Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, due to a disagreement with the Dodge brothers. Reflecting an engineering philosophy the brothers shared, the plant was vastly overbuilt.
There were two railroads crossing the area, and plenty of open land at the time. One of the railroad lines went north to the nearby Highland Park Ford Plant which had just opened earlier. The original intent was to continue providing parts and subassemblies, and ship them to Ford. It also included the first time a car manufacturer used a vehicle test track, including a portion where newly manufactured cars would drive up a ramp, to test the powertrain durability and the brakes on the way down.
John and Horace had grown up on factory floors and machine shops, and they made sure their employees were well cared for. The Dodge facility had a complete medical facility, with doctors and nurses on duty at all times, an efficient plant security department, and a well-equipped firefighting department with direct contact with the local Hamtramck Fire Department.
The plant included a "welfare department" that looked after workers’ social needs and, reflecting the innovative nature of the Dodge brothers, a machine shop they called "the Playpen," where employees who wanted to fix or invent things could indulge in their ideas after hours. The facility had an executive dining room for senior plant and corporate officials and a cafeteria for office and plant employees, complete with a fully equipped kitchen; a smaller facility in Plant 4 prepared hot food for distribution directly to the factory areas via small trolleys. The factory was approximately two miles south of Lynch Road Assembly, which built Plymouth products exclusively until 1962. When the Chrysler C platform was introduced in 1965, the factory manufactured Dodge and Plymouth products that shared the platform.
By the 1970s, manufacturing and assembly needs began to diminish. A few small buildings around the facility were demolished, and others were repurposed to uses like research and record storage. By 1979, only 5,200 hourly employees remained at the plant, a sliver of the 36,000 employees that worked there during the peak in the 1940s. Dodge was struggling financially, and in an effort to cut costs it announced in spring 1979 that the plant would be closing. The plant subsequently closed on January 4, 1980.
General Motors (1981–present)
The facility remained dormant until 1981, when General Motors moved to purchase the plant for $1 to build a new factory. The acquired also was home to a large Polish community that was part of an area that is sometimes referred to as Poletown. The proposed GM facility included land that was home to 4,200 residents, 1,400 homes, several churches (including Immaculate Conception Church) and 140 businesses, plus the old Dodge factory. The residential area had been north of the Dodge facility. GM's acquisition of part of the property through eminent domain, and the subsequent clearing of this section of the neighborhood, was the subject of various protests and court battles. Eventually, the case went to the Michigan Supreme Court, which ruled in favor of General Motors, stating that economic development is a legitimate use of eminent domain. Detroit Mayor Coleman Young sided with GM, seeking new jobs and investments for the struggling area.
The site is near (south) of another GM facility at the time, called Chevrolet Gear & Axle Division, which itself was the combination of two former factories, called Detroit Gear and Axle and Detroit Forge, which had occupied the location at Holbrook Avenue to the south, Lumpkin Street to the east, Poland Avenue to the north and I-75 to the west. (That factory was demolished in 2014, having occupied its location since 1917.)
While some residents protested the GM's sweeping development plans, others supported the efforts to build the new plant. Gary Campbell, a Poletown resident and bar owner, accused those opposing the new plant of presenting the opinions of a small minority as if they represented the entire neighborhood. The controversy led to national news attention and the involvement of Ralph Nader and the Gray Panthers. Protests centered around the Immaculate Conception Roman Catholic Church. The Detroit Archdiocese supported the relocations and had already agreed to sell the two Catholic churches that were in the area. However, Joseph Karasiewicz, the priest at one of the parishes, defied his local Cardinal and fought to keep his building from being sold. The Archdiocese stood firm in its support of the sale. A 29-day sit-in at the Immaculate Conception Church came to an end on July 14, 1981, when police forcibly evicted 20 people from the church. Twelve people were arrested; only three of the twelve arrested were from Poletown. Shortly afterward, the site targeted for the plant was razed and construction began on the new $500 million auto assembly plant. The controversy inspired at least one short film: "Poletown Lives!"
A small Jewish cemetery, Beth Olem, occupies part of the grounds of the GM Assembly at the extreme northwest corner of the property, next to the water treatment facility. The older pre-existing auto plant parking lot engulfed the small cemetery long before General Motors built the new assembly plant. Visitation is currently limited to twice a year on the Sundays preceding Rosh Hashana and Passover.
The plans went forward and GM's Detroit-Hamtramck plant was opened in February 1985. Cadillac K-body production was consolidated there in the 1990s. The Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly later received the contract for the production of Chevrolet Volt, which uses the Delta II/Voltec body. On April 21, 2010, GM announced it would invest $121 million into the Detroit/Hamtramck factory to ensure GM could keep up with the demand for the next generation Chevrolet Malibu. In May 2011, GM announced it would invest $69 million in the plant for the Chevrolet Impala. In 2013, production of the Cadillac ELR (a Cadillac equivalent of the Chevrolet Volt) began, followed two years later by production of the Cadillac CT6 and then the third-generation Buick LaCrosse.
In December 2016, GM announced they would soon eliminate the second shift and 1,300 jobs at the plant, less than twelve months after the second shift was added. Then in October 2017, GM indicated there would be an additional reduction in production at the plant, citing falling sales and excess inventory of sedans (which were made there), resulting in about 200 additional jobs lost. In 2018 the utilization rate at the plant was only 28 percent of the 230,000 unit production capability. Subsequently, on November 26, 2018, GM announced that the plant would be "unallocated" in 2019.
In February, 2019, General Motors (GM) announced that production of the Chevrolet Impala and Cadillac CT6 would continue at Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly until early 2020. Coincident with the discontinuation of the CT6 and Impala in 2020, the factory began a retooling to build electric vehicles, starting with the GMC Hummer EV.
The first GMC Hummer EV Pickup rolled off the assembly line at the rebranded Factory Zero on December 17, 2021.
Vehicles produced
Current
Chevrolet Silverado EV (2023-present)
GMC Hummer EV (2021–present)
Cadillac Escalade IQ (2024, to commence)
Cruise Origin (2024, to commence)
Previous
Chrysler Corp.
Dodge 30-35 First Dodge engineered vehicle
Dodge Series D5/Dodge Series D8 1937,1938
M1918 light repair truck
Dodge Aspen / Plymouth Volare 1976–1979
Dodge Demon 1971–1972
Dodge Challenger / Plymouth Barracuda 1970–1974
Dodge Charger 1966–1978
Dodge Monaco 1964–1978
Dodge Custom 880 1962–1965
Dodge 330 1962–1964
Dodge Dart 1962–1976
Dodge Polara 1959–1973
Dodge Matador 1959–1960
Dodge Lancer 1955–1962
Dodge Royal 1954–1959
Dodge Coronet 1949–1976
Dodge Meadowbrook 1949–1954
Dodge Wayfarer 1949–1952
Dodge Custom 1946–1949
Dodge Deluxe 1946–1949
General Motors
Cadillac CT6 2016–2020
Chevrolet Impala 2014–2020
Buick LaCrosse 2017–2019
Cadillac ELR 2014 and 2016
Chevrolet Malibu 2013–2015
Holden Volt 2013–2015
Opel/Vauxhall Ampera 2012–2015
Chevrolet Volt 2011–2019
Buick Lucerne 2006–2011
Cadillac DTS 2006–2011
Pontiac Bonneville 2004–2005
Buick LeSabre 2000–2005
Buick Park Avenue 1997–2005
Cadillac DeVille 1994–2005
Buick Riviera 1986–1993
Oldsmobile Toronado 1986–1992
Cadillac Allanté 1987–1993
Cadillac Seville 1986–2004
Cadillac Eldorado 1986–2000
See also
List of Chrysler factories
Further reading
References
External links
Library of Congress archived photos of the Dodge plant
Chrysler factories
General Motors factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Michigan
Hamtramck, Michigan
Industrial buildings and structures in Detroit
Buildings and structures in Wayne County, Michigan
Historic American Engineering Record in Michigan
1911 establishments in Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit/Hamtramck%20Assembly |
"I Belong to You (Il Ritmo della Passione)" () is a duet by Italian singer Eros Ramazzotti and American singer Anastacia, released as the second single from Ramazzotti's eleventh studio album, Calma apparente (2005), and the third from Anastacia's first greatest hits album, Pieces of a Dream (2005). It was met with commercial success in mainland Europe, particularly Germany, peaking at number one and becoming the ninth-biggest-selling song of 2006. It also topped the singles charts in Italy and Switzerland and peaked within the top five in several other countries.
The song is a ballad in which Anastacia sings in English and Ramazzotti in Italian or Spanish. As Ramazzotti records his songs in both Italian and Spanish, there are two versions of this song as well: the original one with Italian lyrics and the other with Spanish lyrics, entitled "I Belong to You (El ritmo de la pasión)", which is available on the Spanish versions of both Ramazzotti's and Anastacia's albums.
Critical reception
While reviewing Anastacia's Pieces of a Dream compilation, Lisa Haines of BBC Music referred to the song as "a gorgeous duet with Eros Ramazzotti which reveals a silkier side to the hard edge normally so distinctive in her voice, and ends with the kind of lung excess that would put Celine Dion to shame."
Music video
The music video was directed by Don Allan and was filmed in Rome, Italy, on 21–22 November 2005. In the video, Ramazzotti and Anastacia play a romantic couple.
Track listings
European CD single
"I Belong to You (Il Ritmo della Passione)"
"I Belong to You (El Ritmo de la Pasión)"
European maxi-CD single
"I Belong to You (Il Ritmo della Passione)"
"I Belong to You (El Ritmo de la Pasión)"
"I Belong to You (Il Ritmo della Passione)" (video)
"I Belong to You (El Ritmo de la Pasión)" (video)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
2000s ballads
2005 songs
2006 singles
Anastacia songs
Eros Ramazzotti songs
Macaronic songs
Male–female vocal duets
Number-one singles in Germany
Number-one singles in Italy
Number-one singles in Switzerland
Songs written by Anastacia
Songs written by Claudio Guidetti
Songs written by Eros Ramazzotti
Songs written by Kara DioGuardi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Belong%20to%20You%20%28Il%20Ritmo%20della%20Passione%29 |
Médée is a dramatic tragedy in five acts written in alexandrine verse by Pierre Corneille in 1635.
Summary
The heroine of the play is the sorceress Médée. After Médée gives Jason twin boys, Jason leaves her for Creusa. Médée exacts her revenge on her husband by burning his new spouse and slitting the throats of her two children. The final act of the play ends with Médée's escape in a chariot pulled by two dragons, and Jason's suicide.
Médée (1635) in Pierre Corneille's career
Médée was Corneille's first tragedy. This tragedy was performed for the first time in 1635 by the Marais troupe, the rival of the hôtel de Bourgogne. During its installation at the Théâtre du Marais, the play's reception was lukewarm. Furthermore, the performances of Médée followed Corneille's expulsion from the prestigious group of five authors. The playwright no longer had the protection of Richelieu, who, resentful, greeted Corneille's first tragedy with disapproval. Médée was published in 1639, four years after it was first performed.
Seneca : both example and source of inspiration for Corneille
Corneille, inspired by the play by Seneca and by the play by Euripides, also brought numerous personal modifications to his interpretations.
1635 plays
Adaptations of works by Seneca the Younger
Plays based on ancient Greek and Roman plays
Plays based on Medea (Euripides play)
Plays by Pierre Corneille
Tragedy plays | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9e |
The Ministry of Justice () is the government department entrusted with the supervision of the legal and judicial system of Greece. The incumbent minister is Giorgos Floridis independent, formely member of PASOK and Prefector of Kilkis.
It was founded as the State Secretariat for Justice () on 25 January 1833, and later known as the Ministry of Justice (Katharevousa: , Demotic: ). It was renamed the Ministry of Justice, Transparency and Human Rights () in October 2009 under George Papandreou, but was restored to its previous name in July 2019 by Kyriakos Mitsotakis.
List of ministers
Justice (1974–2009)
Justice, transparency and human rights (2009–2019)
Justice (since July 2019)
External links
Government ministries of Greece
Lists of government ministers of Greece
Greece
1833 establishments in Greece
Ministries established in 1833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Justice%20%28Greece%29 |
Raymond Roger Miller (April 30, 1945May 4, 2021) was an American pitching coach and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB). A highly regarded pitching coach, he was known for bringing improvement to the pitchers he coached at many stops over his career. His successes as a pitching coach twice led him to be promoted to manager, where he was much less successful. He managed the Minnesota Twins (1985–86) and the Baltimore Orioles (1998–99), each for less than two seasons and with a losing record each time, compiling an overall managerial record of 266–297 (.472).
Early life
Miller was born in Takoma Park, Maryland, on April 30, 1945. He was raised in nearby Forestville and attended Suitland High School, where he was selected as an all-state player in baseball. He signed with the San Francisco Giants in 1963.
Professional career
Playing
Miller made his minor league debut with the Lexington Giants of the Western Carolinas League in 1964. He split time evenly as starting pitcher and reliever in his rookie year, starting 18 of the 36 games he pitched that season. He was subsequently acquired by the Cleveland Indians the following season. Despite winning 16 games with the Reno Silver Sox of the Class A California League in 1968, Miller never reached the Major Leagues as a player. The highest level he attained was Class AAA, with Portland of the Pacific Coast League, Wichita of the American Association and Rochester of the International League from 1969–73. He became a full-time relief pitcher from 1970 season onwards. He finished his minor league career with a 60–65 win–loss record, a 3.50 earned run average (ERA), and 992 strikeouts over 1,012 innings pitched.
Coaching
In his final season at Rochester, he was a player-coach, and then became minor league pitching instructor for the Red Wings' parent club, the Orioles, from 1974–77.
At the close of the 1977 season, Miller agreed to join the coaching staff of the Texas Rangers, whose manager was former Baltimore third-base coach Billy Hunter. But in January 1978, the Orioles' pitching coach position opened unexpectedly when George Bamberger was named skipper of the Milwaukee Brewers. Miller was let out of his Ranger contract and succeeded Bamberger as mound tutor of the pennant-contending Orioles. He worked under managers Earl Weaver and Joe Altobelli and coached for O's teams that won the 1979 American League championship and the 1983 world title. Miller tutored 20-game-winning pitchers such as Jim Palmer, Mike Boddicker, Mike Flanagan, Steve Stone, and Scott McGregor during that period. It was with the Orioles where he began famously instructing his pitchers to "work fast, change speeds, throw strikes."
The success of the Orioles' pitching staff made Miller a sought-after managerial candidate and on June 21, 1985, he received his first opportunity. Billy Gardner, who had led the Twins to a disappointing 27–35 record, was fired and Miller took control of the young Minnesota ballclub. Although the Twins improved to 50–50 over the remainder of the season, they performed so poorly (59–80, .424) in 1986, Miller was replaced as skipper by Tom Kelly on September 12.
Miller subsequently returned to the coaching ranks, spending ten seasons as pitching mentor of the Pittsburgh Pirates (1987–96) working for Jim Leyland and one (1997) back in Baltimore under Davey Johnson. When Johnson resigned at the close of the Orioles’ AL East Division championship season, Miller replaced him as manager. However, over the next two seasons (1998–99), the Orioles played ten games under .500, and he was fired in favor of Mike Hargrove in November 1999.
Miller returned as pitching coach of the Orioles in 2004–05, and the Baltimore mound staff showed improvement under his tutelage. However, he was forced to the sidelines by successful surgery to repair an aneurysm, and was succeeded in that role by Leo Mazzone in 2006.
Managerial record
Later life
Miller retired from coaching in 2005. He was inducted into the Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame five years later on August 7, 2010.
Miller died on the evening of May 4, 2021, at the age of 76.
Sources
Howard M. Balzer, ed. The Baseball Register, 1980 edition. St. Louis: The Sporting News.
Montague, John, ed., The 1985 Baltimore Orioles Organization Book. St. Petersburg, Florida: The Baseball Library, 1985.
References
External links
1945 births
2021 deaths
Baltimore Orioles managers
Baltimore Orioles coaches
Baseball coaches from Maryland
Baseball players from Maryland
Dubuque Packers players
Lexington Giants players
Major League Baseball pitching coaches
Minnesota Twins managers
Pawtucket Indians players
People from Takoma Park, Maryland
Pittsburgh Pirates coaches
Portland Beavers players
Reno Silver Sox players
Rochester Red Wings players
Salinas Indians players
Wichita Aeros players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20Miller%20%28baseball%20manager%29 |
Willie O Winsbury is Child Ballad 100 (Roud 64). The song, of which there are many variants, is a traditional Scottish ballad that dates from at least 1775, and is known under several other names, including "Johnnie Barbour" and "Lord Thomas of Winesberry".
Synopsis
A king is away for some time. His daughter becomes pregnant by the hero, William or Thomas. The king threatens to hang him, but is struck by his beauty and offers him his daughter's hand, gold, and land. The hero agrees to marry the king's daughter but declares the gold and the land to be hers, not his own.
Historical Basis
This ballad closely parallels Child ballad 99, "Johnie Scot".
In one variant, the lands are specifically described: he will be king when he returns to Scotland.
It may, in fact, be based on James V's courtship of and marriage to Madeleine de Valois of France; James came to see the woman he was betrothed to in disguise, and went on to meet the princess, who fell in love with him.
Thomas and his brother or possibly son William, both of Winsbury in Shropshire, were given protection for being in Scotland in November 1336 [see 'Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland'; Vol.5, no.3538, p.505(Supplementary; Public Records Office, Ed. Grant Simpson & James Galbraith; available online]. Winsbury is a small township of 1 square mile just to the west of Chirbury. It was the base of the Winsbury family in the 13th and 14th centuries.[See R W Eyton 'Antiquities of Shropshire'; Vol. XI. pp. 167-172. Available online.] Thomas was a mid-level official in the service of Shropshire and the English central authorities. [For an example see Calendar of Fine Rolls 1331 p.290 & 1333, p.374]. There seem to be only one place named Winsbury. Thomas and William of Winsbury were in Scotland when these popular ballads were being composed. If there is a connection the exiled king would have been David II who was in France from 1333 to 1341, however he had no children at all.
The song is often sung to the tune of "Fause Foodrage."
Recordings
Andy Irvine sang "Willy O'Winsbury" on Sweeney's Men's eponymous debut album in 1968, accompanying himself on guitar. The recording featured the tune of "Fause Foodrage" (Child 89), which is now commonly used for "Willie O' Winsbury". On the album's sleeve notes, band member Johnny Moynihan wrote, "A ballad for which Andy is renowned. He got the text from Child's 'English and Scottish Ballads'; looking up the tune he got his numbers confused and emerged with the wrong air. By chance it suited the song very well". In 2010, Irvine re-recorded the song with a fuller arrangement of the same tune for his album Abocurragh, adding: "This is Child 100. I collected the words from different versions and as the story goes, on looking up the tune, I lighted on the tune to number 101. I'm not sure if this is true but it's a good story".
The song "Farewell, Farewell", recorded by Fairport Convention on their album Liege and Lief in 1969, is an adaptation featuring new lyrics by Richard Thompson. A recording of "Willie O' Winsbury" played and sung by Thompson was included in the 2006 boxset RT - The Life and Music of Richard Thompson.
Following is a list of notable recordings of the ballad including, for each entry, the year of release, artist, song title, and album title:
See also
List of the Child Ballads
Johnie Scot
References
Scottish folk songs
Child Ballads
Traditional ballads
1770s songs
18th-century ballads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%20o%20Winsbury |
Dr. David N. Sundwall is a primary care physician and served as the executive director of the Utah Department of Health from January 2005 to January 2011.
Background
He was born and raised in Murray, Utah, and followed several family members into the medical profession, including his father, Dr. Val Sundwall, great uncles Dr. Olaf Sundwall and Dr. John Sundwall, and brother, Dr. Peter Sundwall.
Government service
After 23 years of working in various government and private sector health positions in Washington, D.C., he returned to Utah to lead the Utah Department of Health (UDOH). His nomination to serve as the Executive Director of the UDOH by Governor Jon Huntsman, Jr., was confirmed by the Utah State Senate on January 17, 2005. Sundwall had been called to Washington earlier to work as director of the health staff of the U.S. Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee when Orrin Hatch assumed the chairmanship, after 1981. Hatch assembled an expert and powerful staff to work on health issues that included Sundwall, future FDA Commissioner David Aaron Kessler, future Surgeon General Antonia Novello, and lobbyist Nancy Taylor. Even during the Reagan administration, the group was a hotbed of activity on organ transplantation, orphan drugs, food safety, tobacco safety and regulation, health professional training, cancer research and a variety of other issues. With the assistance of Dr. Ronald Preston, who would later be Massachusetts Secretary of Health and Human Services under Gov. [Mitt Romney], the group pushed the science of health effects of ionizing radiation, in a series of hearings and bills working to repair or compensate Americans, chiefly in Utah, who were injured from fallout from atomic bomb tests conducted at the Nevada Test Site, and during uranium mining and refining operations.
Sundwall continued to serve as UDOH under Gov. Gary Herbert, who succeeded Huntsman when Huntsman was appointed Ambassador to China in 2009. Sundwall resigned as director in January 2011.
Medical and Public Health career
Dr. Sundwall earned his medical degree at the University of Utah College of Medicine and completed further training at the Harvard Family Medicine Residency Program. He remains on the faculty of the University of Utah School of Medicine as Associate Professor in the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine. Through his career he has maintained his clinical connection to patients. For the past 17 years he volunteered a half day each week at the HealthCare for Homeless Project, a public clinic near the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.
Dr. Sundwall has been recognized for his professional achievements and contributions to healthcare policy and advocacy. Dr. Sundwall was most recently President of the American Clinical Laboratory Association (from 1994 to 2003) and subsequently Senior Medical and Scientific Officer. He holds three medical school faculty appointments, including Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Georgetown University College of Medicine, Washington, D.C.
He has held numerous positions in the public health sector: from 1988 to 1994, he was Vice President and Medical Director of American Healthcare Systems, an alliance of not-for-profit multi-hospital systems. Prior to that appointment, he was Administrator in the Health Resources and Services Administration.
Dr. Sundwall has served as an advisor, task force member and chairman of numerous committees involved with public health policy and quality including those connected with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration. In addition, his federal experience included serving as the Assistant Surgeon General in the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service. During this period, he had adjunct responsibilities at the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) including: Co-Chairman of the HHS Secretary's Task Force on Medical Liability and Malpractice, and was the HHS Secretary's Designee to the National Commission to Prevent Infant Mortality.
Dr. Sundwall is an author or coauthor of numerous publications in peer-reviewed medical literature. He has also contributed chapters to many books covering a broad spectrum of healthcare issues. He is licensed to practice medicine in the District of Columbia and Utah, and is a member of the American Medical Association (AMA) and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). He is on the board of Trustees at Spelman College in Atlanta, GA.
References
https://web.archive.org/web/20110217222427/https://health.utah.gov/uthealthnews/2011/20110104-Sundwall.html
Living people
University of Utah alumni
People from Murray, Utah
University of Utah School of Medicine alumni
University of Utah faculty
Georgetown University Medical Center faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Physicians from Utah
Harvard Medical School people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20N.%20Sundwall |
The deputy minister for Macedonia and Thrace () is the government minister in charge of Greece's Sub-Ministry of Macedonia and Thrace, part of the Ministry of the Interior.
The department originated in the old Ministry of Northern Greece, which was renamed the Ministry of Macedonia and Thrace on 19 August 1988.
The ministry was abolished on 7 October 2009 and downgraded to a general secretariat within the Ministry of the Interior, but was re-established on 21 June 2012. On 27 January 2015, it was again demoted to a sub-ministry within the Ministry of the Interior.
List of ministers
Northern Greece (1974–1988)
Macedonia and Thrace (1988–2009)
Macedonia and Thrace (2012–2015)
List of deputy ministers for Macedonia and Thrace (since 2015)
References
External links
Webpage of the Ministry (in Greek)
Government of Greece
Lists of government ministers of Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy%20Minister%20for%20Macedonia%20and%20Thrace |
The Black River and St. Lawrence Railway was a historic railroad in New York.
History
Its history can be traced to 1866 when George Gilbert of Carthage, New York received a charter to build a railroad from Carthage in Jefferson County to the Oswegatchie River, at or near Harrisville, in Lewis County. Preliminary surveys began in the fall of 1866. It was incorporated on June 30, 1868.
The company was organized as the Black River and St. Lawrence Railway.
Construction was contracted to the Row, Fields & Co., of Brockville, Ontario.
Construction began on April 29, 1869 and continued through October, and resumed in 1870.
Iron was quite expensive at the time, and the railroad was constructed with wooden rails.
In 1882, The New York state Railway Commission report noted that the railway was not in operation, and that the original wooden rails had been removed.
Its locomotive was a 16-ton 0-4-0 w/4 wheel tender built September 1869 by the Smith & Porter Locomotive Works in Pittsburgh, Penna. c/n 50.
It burned wood and had fancy (possibly gold & white) striping around the red tender tank which carried the name "PIONEER" on its sides.
"B.R.& St.L.R.R." was lettered in the fancy elongated oval panel under the cab window.
The stack was of a funnel shape.
The tender had a 120" frame with a 112" tank and 33" wheels for wood rails, and arrived in August 1869.
There is a builder photo in the Harold K. Vollrath Collection.
The company was reorganized as the Carthage and Adirondack Railway in the spring of 1883 after a mine owner in Jayville acquired the Black River and St. Lawrence Railway.
He planned to extend the rails from Little River in St. Lawrence County to Jayville.
Construction of the extension was completed in 1889.
References
External links
train.spottingworld.com Train Wiki
Defunct New York (state) railroads
Predecessors of the New York Central Railroad
Railway companies established in 1868
Railway companies disestablished in 1872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20River%20and%20St.%20Lawrence%20Railway |
Rani Mangammal (Mangamma)(died 1705) was a queen regent of the Madurai Nayak kingdom (in present-day Madurai, India) during the minority of her grandson Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha in 1689—1704. She was a popular administrator and is still widely remembered as a maker of roads and avenues, and a builder of temples, tanks and choultries with many of her public works still in use. She is also known for her diplomatic and political skills and successful military campaigns. The capital of Madurai Kingdom during her times was Tiruchy.
Life
Mangammal was the daughter of Tupakula Lingama Nayaka,and was the wife of a general of Madurai ruler Chokkanatha Nayak (1659–1682). She married Chokkanatha Nayak and became the mother of Rangakrishna Muthu Virappa Nayak (1682—1689).
When her husband died in 1682, he was succeeded by her son Rangakrishna Muthu Virappa Nayak. Upon the death of her son in 1689, her son's widow was pregnant. Her son was succeeded by her grandson in 1689. Her daughter-in-law committed sati, and Mangammal became regent during the minority of her grandson Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha.
Regency
During Mangammal's regency, many irrigation channels were repaired, new roads were constructed, avenue trees were planted, and several municipal buildings were completed, including temples and her "Spring Palace" at TumKum. The "Spring Palace" now houses the Gandhi Memorial Museum in Madurai. The highway from Cape Comorin was originally built during the time of Mangammal and it was known as Rani Mangammal Salai.
She played a key role in assisting the Mughal Army during the Siege of Jinji (Gingee). Queen Mangammal had realized that the renegade Rajaram had entrenched himself within Jinji and had been bent upon attacking Thanjavur and Madurai if the Mughal Army were to withdraw. Mangammal soon recognized Aurangzeb as her suzerain and began to assist Zulfiqar Khan in attacking the Jinji fort. When the fort was captured by both Zulfiqar Khan and Mangammal after 8 years, she and her family had control over the fort under the leadership of the Mughals.
When her grandson, Vijayaranga Chokkanatha Nayaka, came of age in 1704, she and her prime minister, Achayya, refused to relinquish power. They were seized by the army commander and executed.
Rani Mangammal first celebrated the Unjal festival in Meenakshi temple during the Tamil month of Ani. During the festivities, all the royal families visit the temple and pay tribute to Meenakshi Amman. Even today, we can see her contemporary portrait in the Unjal Mandapam.
Gallery
References
External links
Madurai
Meenakshi Temple
Madurai.com - Rani Mangammal
Tamukkam Palace at Madurai, Now Gandhi Memorial Museum
17th-century women rulers
Queens consort of India
1706 deaths
Telugu people
Regents of India
Madurai Nayak dynasty
17th-century births
18th-century women rulers
17th-century Indian women
17th-century Indian people
18th-century Indian women
18th-century Indian people
Female regents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangammal |
David Mauricio Mier y Terán Cuevas (born 7 August 1978) is a windsurfer from Mexico.
Mier was born in Mérida, Yucatán. He began practicing windsurfing at the age of 14, and participated in his first competition at age 15. He has participated at the 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics.
Mier finished 17th in the men's sailboard event at the 2008 Olympics. In his previous Olympic appearances, he finished 25th in 2000 and 16th in 2004. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he finished in 32nd place.
Besides participating in the Olympics four times, he has also won bronze medals at the world raceboard championships in 2003 and the 2007 and 2011 Pan American Games. He won gold medals at the Central American championships in 2002, 2006 and 2011, and was the North American champion in 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2011. He has also been
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
Mexican windsurfers
Mexican male sailors (sport)
Olympic sailors for Mexico
Sailors at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Mistral One Design
Sailors at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Mistral One Design
Sailors at the 2008 Summer Olympics – RS:X
Sailors at the 2012 Summer Olympics – RS:X
Sailors at the 2016 Summer Olympics – RS:X
Pan American Games silver medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games medalists in sailing
Sailors at the 1999 Pan American Games
Sailors at the 2003 Pan American Games
Sailors at the 2007 Pan American Games
Sailors at the 2011 Pan American Games
Sailors at the 2015 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Mexican people of Spanish descent
Sportspeople from Mérida, Yucatán | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Mier |
Glensheen, the Historic Congdon Estate is a 20,000 square foot mansion in Duluth, Minnesota, United States, operated by the University of Minnesota Duluth as a historic house museum. Glensheen sits on 12 acres of waterfront property on Lake Superior, has 39 rooms and is built in the Jacobean architectural tradition, inspired by the Beaux-Arts styles of the era. The mansion was constructed as the family home of Chester Adgate Congdon. The building was designed by Minnesota architect Clarence H. Johnston Sr., with interiors designed by William A. French Co. and the formal terraced garden and English style landscape designed by the Charles Wellford Leavitt firm out of New York. Construction began in 1905 and was completed in 1908. The home cost a total of $854,000, equivalent to more than $22 million in 2017. The home is a crowning example of design and craftmanship of the Midwestern United States in the early 20th century.
Description
William French's interior exhibits Late Victorian, Arts and Crafts, Federal Style, and Art Nouveau styles. French also designed the furniture for the house to coordinate with the style in each room. The rooms are trimmed or paneled in Circassian walnut, mahogany, cypress, fumed oak, enameled birch, and American walnut, with the furniture in each room made of the same wood used in the woodwork. The original furniture brought into the house in 1908 and '09 remains in virtually the same place it has been for 110 years. Some of the wall coverings and upholstery are also original. The hallways exhibit original stenciling in the Arts and Crafts style as well as wood carving. Wall and ceiling coverings are made of wool, silk, filled burlap, and gold leaf. The doors throughout the home are made of two kinds of wood, with oak on the hallway side and the variety of wood used in the room on the other side. The furniture in the eldest son's room, for example, is decorated with ebony inlaid motifs that are repeated in the oak paneled walls. Chester Congdon's art collection hangs in the home as it did when the Congdons lived there. The collection includes works by American artists Charles Warren Eaton, Henry Farrer, Childe Hassam, Albert Lorey Groll, Hamilton King, Lawrence Mazzanovich, Henry Ward Ranger, Peter Alfred Gross, David Ericson, C. F. Daubigny, Henri Harpignies, and many more. The house also contains a silk embroidery done by Japanese artist Watunabe. In addition to the main mansion, the estate has its own Carriage House, Gardener's Cottage, and Boathouse on Lake Superior.
History
In 1968 the estate was given to the University of Minnesota Duluth to own and operate. At the time, Elisabeth Congdon (Chester Congdon's youngest daughter) was given a life estate, allowing her to occupy Glensheen until her death.
Roger Caldwell, the second husband of Elisabeth Congdon's adopted daughter, Marjorie Congdon LeRoy Caldwell Hagen, was convicted of two counts of first-degree murder and received two life sentences for the murders of Elisabeth Congdon and her nurse, Velma Pietila, on June 27, 1977. Marjorie was charged with aiding and abetting and conspiracy to commit murder but was acquitted on all charges. In 1982 Caldwell's conviction was overturned by the Minnesota Supreme Court. He was set to be retried but pleaded guilty and submitted a full confession. He was later released from prison, and in 1988 he committed suicide. In the intervening years, Marjorie Congdon Caldwell Hagen was twice convicted of arson, for which she served 12 years in prison, and was once wanted for bigamy in North Dakota.
In 1979, two years after Congdon's murder, the mansion opened to the public. For years, the third floor and attic were closed to the public due to safety concerns over limited access, but both areas were opened to small group tours in 1992. The estate is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
In popular culture
The movie You'll Like My Mother was filmed at the Glensheen mansion. The movie starred Patty Duke and Richard Thomas, released on October 13, 1972.
The American/Australian documentary television series Behind Mansion Walls, on Investigation Discovery, dedicated half of episode seven, in its debut season, to the murders of Elisabeth Congdon and her nurse.
The American television show Mansions and Murders featured the story of the murders of Elisabeth Congdon and her nurse Velma Pietila. The show also spoke of some of the crimes that Elisabeth's adopted daughter Marjorie committed, such as arson and forgery as well as her acquittal of the murders. The title of the episode is "Goodnight Nurse". It is the 3rd episode of the 1st season and aired on May 6, 2015.
In 2015, a musical based on the murders titled Glensheen was created by Jeffrey Hatcher and Chan Poling.
The movie Girl Missing, starring Francesca Eastwood, was partially filmed at Glensheen, featuring the grounds, the shore of Lake Superior, and the exterior of the house.
References
External links
Glensheen Historic Estate, University of Minnesota Duluth
A castle in Minnesota: UMNnews
Historic house museums in Minnesota
Houses completed in 1905
Houses in St. Louis County, Minnesota
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Museums in Duluth, Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis County, Minnesota
University museums in Minnesota
University of Minnesota Duluth
1905 establishments in Minnesota
Duluth, Minnesota
Gilded Age mansions
Jacobean architecture in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glensheen%20Historic%20Estate |
The Struggling People's Organization (, ), called until 1996 Lavalas Political Organization (, OPL), is a Haitian political party originating from the Lavalas political movement. Formed in 1995, the pro-Aristide Lavalas split from the party in 1996 forming their own Fanmi Lavalas party, at this time the OPL's name was changed from Organisation Politique Lavalas to its present appellation. This split meant that few of the intelligentsia that had previously supported Jean-Bertrand Aristide ended up in the new Lavalas (or Fanmi Lavalas).
The OPL formed a majority of the Haitian Parliament from 1995 to 1997, and named Rosny Smarth as Prime Minister. The OPL was an important supporter of privatization and economic austerity measures, looking to lay off thousands of public sector workers to please international financial institutions. After being declared the losers of the 1997 legislative elections, the OPL denounced the results as fraudulent. OPL has been heavily financed by foreign governmental agencies and took part in the destabilization campaign against Haiti's constitutional government (2001–2004). In the presidential elections of 7 February2006, its candidate Paul Denis won 2.62% of the popular vote. The party won in the 7 February 2006 Senate elections 6.0% of the popular vote and 3 out of 31 Senators. In the 7 February and 21 April 2006 Chamber of Deputies elections, the party won 10 out of 102 seats. It then formed part of the governing coalition under Jacques-Édouard Alexis.
References
External links
Party website
Political parties in Haiti
São Paulo Forum
Socialism in Haiti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struggling%20People%27s%20Organization |
ICL Group Ltd. (Hebrew: איי.סי. אל. גרופ בע"מ) (formerly Israel Chemicals Ltd., ICL) is a multi-national manufacturing concern that develops, produces and markets fertilizers, metals and other special-purpose chemical products. ICL serves primarily three markets: agriculture, food and engineered materials. ICL produces approximately a third of the world's bromine, and is the world's sixth-largest potash producer. It is a manufacturer of specialty fertilizers and specialty phosphates, flame retardants and water treatment solutions.
ICL is majority controlled by the Israel Corporation, one of the largest Israeli conglomerates. In addition to the Dead Sea Works, Israel Chemicals mines phosphates in the Negev desert.
ICL Group serves customers in Asia.
Operations and business
90% of ICL's sales are exports. Through its subsidiaries, ICL produces 35% of world's bromine, 13% of the world's potash (excluding US-Canada cross-border trade), 9% of the western world's magnesium and 3% of the world's phosphate rock, (excluding US-Canada cross-border trade).
ICL exports fertilizers to Europe and to numerous specialty chemical market segments. In Israel, ICL is the largest supplier of fertilizers and chemicals, as well as one of Israel's largest companies.
60% of ICL's raw products (minerals) are excavated in Israel. ICL also owns and operates underground mines in Spain, United Kingdom (North Yorkshire), China, the United States and South America. Also, in Ethiopia at Danakil mine, Afar Regional State, purchased from Allana Potash Corporation.
Polysulphate
Polysulphate is a brand name for a variety of polyhalite-based fertilizer products, used in farming. Polysulphate is derived from a polyhalite seam that lies beneath the potash seam at Boulby Mine, England.
Food business
ICL is active in the market for plant-based meat alternatives and invested $20 million in October 2019 to expand its manufacturing capacity and R&D base.
In December 2021, ICL announced the grand opening of a 10,000 square foot alternative protein production facility in St. Louis, Missouri.
Financials
In April 2009, the company was said to be considering a bond offering to raise 500 million shekels ($122 million).
ICL announced in September 2018 that it was launching a tender to buy back $800 million worth of 4.5 percent debt due in 2024 sold to bondholders in 2014. The bonds of the new offer are running for 20 to 30 years.
References
External links
Israel Chemicals acquires Allana Potash for $150m
Fertilizer companies of Israel
Companies listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
Chemical companies of Israel
Ofer family
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Manufacturing companies based in Tel Aviv
Formerly government-owned companies of Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICL%20Group%20Ltd. |
Mordam Records ("More Damn Records") was a California record distribution company for independent record labels. It was founded in San Francisco in 1983 as an independent punk distribution company by Ruth Schwartz (one of the original co-editors of Maximum RocknRoll). Mordam was the exclusive distributor for dozens of punk rock and independent record labels throughout the 1980s and 90s, gaining a reputation as one of the few "distros" that paid their labels on time.
Following the departure of Lookout! Records and Man's Ruin from its distribution network in 2000, Schwartz moved the company to Sacramento. She subsequently sold Mordam outright to Lumberjack Distribution in 2005. It continued as a part of the Lumberjack Mordam Music Group. With record sales in decline throughout the industry, the company went out of business in 2009.
History
Background
Independent record companies are frequently started by music fans, for many of whom commerce is secondary and financial skills are minimal. Customarily such record labels send their finished products to intermediaries known as "distributors" on consignment, with these middlemen adding an additional markup and selling these goods in bulk to retail outlets. The label is thus placed in a position of making a loan of its products to its distributors, hoping that sales will be made and money returned in compensation.
Prior to 2005 the bulk of the recorded music purchased in the United States happened through major retail chains such as Borders, Barnes & Noble and Walmart, and the like. The only way for an independent record label to gain access to these channels was through well-connected distributors. With many retail chains and large, corporate distributors slow to pay and demand for new and fresh products driving the market, it was frequently only the fear of being denied the expeditious delivery of new releases that motivated payment — a coercive mechanism difficult for a small label to generate. Explains independent record industry veteran Todd Taylor:
"The ideal label works on making and releasing quality music it believes in. The ideal independent distributor works toward creating a safe umbrella for smaller labels to survive under and uses their strength in numbers. Distributors then use that collective strength to send the music out and collect the money that comes back in. They take a fee or percentage of sales for their services and cut the labels a check at regular intervals. In turn, the labels are supposed to pay royalties to their artists from those music sales."
Mordam Records was one such independent record distributor, concentrating on the wholesale sale of punk rock records, compact discs, and magazines.
Establishment
Mordam Records (the name a play on "More Damn Records") was established in 1983 in San Francisco, California, by Ruth Schwartz, an original co-editor of Maximum RocknRoll (MRR). The company's survival and growth was fueled by its exclusive distribution agreements with MRR and Alternative Tentacles, the record label owned by Dead Kennedys frontman Jello Biafra.
The label quickly gained a reputation with its associate labels for fair-dealing and timeliness, with Lee Joseph of Dionysus Records recalling that "checks arrived the same time every month with a statement" from the beginning of his association with Mordam in 1985 until its termination — a situation which Joseph categorized as "fabulous."
Structure
The company depicted itself as a wholesale producers' cooperative — or in its own words, "a group of record labels and publishers who sell their products together." Labels associating themselves with Mordam granted the company exclusive distribution rights, with the company selling products to other wholesale distributors around the world as well as dealing directly with hundreds of record stores. The company produced monthly photocopied flyers detailing "new releases" of associated labels as well as semi-annual catalogs depicting and describing all available titles each fall and spring.
Building its business upon the lucrative Dead Kennedys catalog of San Francisco's Alternative Tentacles records and monthly sales of the popular Maximum Rocknroll magazine, Mordam initially concentrated on labels hailing from the Pacific coast, including California labels Allied Recordings, Lookout Records, Flipside Records, Dr. Strange Records, and Sympathy for the Record Industry as well as Empty Records and Kill Rock Stars from the state of Washington. Mordam Records also manufactured and distributed a small number of titles under its own name, featuring such punk-noise bands as Victims Family and Rhythm Pigs.
Through 2000 Mordam maintained a warehouse and sales office located at 2020 Cesar Chavez Blvd. in San Francisco.
Move to Sacramento
Late in 2000, with sales declining throughout the music industry, Mordam moved from costly San Francisco to a lower cost location in Sacramento. Sales for the company, which had peaked at approximately $10 million per year steadily atrophied due to a lessening demand for physical products across the music industry. The departure earlier that year of Lookout Records with its highly marketable catalog, featuring such bands as Green Day, Screeching Weasel, The Queers, and Mr. T Experience, was an important contributing factor in the faltering financial fortunes of the company which necessitated a change of location.
The new Mordam site was 731 N Market Blvd., Unit R in Sacramento from the end of 2000 onwards.
In a further effort to economize, catalog production shifted from a semi-annual to an annual basis beginning in 2001.
Sale to Lumberjack
After about 20 years in the record business, Mordam owner Ruth Schwartz began to feel alienated from her job and the record industry as a whole. Moreover, digital music distribution had begun to entrench itself, shifting the form of the production-distribution business model. In a 2009 interview Schwartz recalled:
"I was tired and pissed off.... I did not have a good attitude any more. 'I hate my job. I hate the industry. I gotta get out of here'.... [There was] also a generational divide with a lot of younger people coming into the music scene. People born after 1980 are jumpy. They move fast. When businesses were going down 20 percent, people started to bail."
Schwartz recognized that the future of Mordam, if it was to survive, would be as a service company — a digital aggregator and distributor. Exhausted and unwilling to adapt to the changing business environment, Schwartz began to seek a purchaser for Mordam Records. She found it difficult to sell the firm, however, since affiliated labels contractually retained the right to walk away from the exclusive distribution agreement with the Mordam at will.
A suitor was found in the form of Lumberjack Distribution, a somewhat younger wholesale distribution operation built around Doghouse Records which CEO Dirk Hemsath declared had been built "in what we perceived as Mordam's image." Price of the sale was said to be in the range of $200,000 to $300,000. The new combined entity adopted the name Lumberjack Mordam Music Group (LMMG), with Hemsath taking on the role of CEO and President.
The purchase meant a change of business terms for the Mordam-affiliated labels, with Mordam's former voluntary "at will" affiliation agreements to be replaced by contractual exclusivity agreements. A handful of labels including Dirtnap Records and Adeline Records exited as a result of the merger. At least some existing labels were allowed to keep their former "at will" exclusive distribution contracts.
Lumberjack Mordam Music Group
With the comparatively small Lumberjack Distribution (owned by Dirk Hemsath of Doghouse Records) absorbing the powerful and established Mordam to form LMMG, a revamped and expanded system of sales and shipping was needed. A contract was signed with WEA, the distribution arm of major label Warner Brothers Music calling for WEA to directly pick, pack, and ship music to certain national chain store accounts via a WEA-affiliated entity called Cinram. In accordance with this agreement, affiliated labels (including those formerly under the Mordam umbrella) were to ship physical goods directly to Cinram warehouse. LMMG hoped for first year sales in the $15 to 20 million range, thereby growing business and income of its affiliated labels.
LMMG found itself hamstrung by plummeting CD sales and a shift to digital music sales and by a difficult financial relationship with Warner Brothers, which in exchange for money loaned to LMMG had negotiated a favorable compensation agreement for itself, ultimately to the detriment of affiliated labels.
As 2007 progressed LMMG began to find its financial situation untenable as the retail record industry contracted wildly, and the unfavorable financial situation with respect to WEA became ever more tangled. CEO Hemsath retreated from the wholesale operation to dedicate attention to his successful label, which had since moved to New York City.
By 2008 payments to labels had fallen well behind schedule. As payments were missed and contracts expired, labels would leave the distributor, further contracting revenue. New labels were added in an attempt to fill the gap, with a total of 116 independent labels ultimately attached to LMMG by the time of its termination in May 2009.
LMMG was notified by the Ohio Secretary of State on April 20, 2009 that its articles of incorporation had been canceled by the state and that it was "not in good standing." The company's operations were abruptly halted shortly thereafter with the company remaining in arrears to many of its affiliated labels.
Mordam Records releases
MDR-1 Faith No More We Care a Lot, 1985
MDR-2 Rhythm Pigs self-titled, 1986
MDR-3 Victim's Family Voltage and Violets, 1986
MDR-4 Rhythm Pigs Choke on this, 1987
MDR-5 The Ex Too Many Cowboys, 1987
MDR-6 Mannequin Beach Don't Laugh,You're Next, 1988
MDR-7 Victim's Family Things I Hate to Admit, 1988
MDR-8 Victim's Family White Bread Blues, 1990
MDR-9 Victim's Family Son of a Church Card/Quivering Lip 7"
Exclusive labels (1987-2005)
5 Rue Christine (1998- )
A-F Records (2002- )
Ace Fu Records (2003- )
Acute Records (2004- )
Adeline Records (2000- )
Alive Records (2002- )
Allied Recordings ( -1999)
Alternative Tentacles (1983- )
American Pop Project (1998-2001)
Amity Records ( -1994)
Amphetamine Reptile Records (1993-1995)
Archive International Productions (2003- )
Asian Man Records (1997- )
Au-Go-Go Records (1997-2002)
Bacchus Archives
Bomp! Records (2003- )
Broken Rekids
Carpark Records (2004- )
Chunksaah Records (2003- )
Coalition Records (2004- )
Crypt Records (2000- )
Desolation Row Records ( -1993)
Dionysus Records
Dirtnap Records (2002- )
Disaster Records (2002- )
Dr. Strange Records
Eccentric Pop Records (1996- )
Empty Records
Estrus Records (1996-1998)
File 13 Records (2001- )
Flipside Records ( -1996)
Frontier Records (2003- )
Gearhead Records (2000-2001)
Gern Blansten Records (2000- )
Gold Standard Laboratories (2001- )
Gravity Records (1996- )
Hell Yeah
Initial Records (2003- )
Jade Tree (1990- )
Johann's Face Records (1997- )
Kill Rock Stars ( -2001)
Kirbdog Records ( -1996)
Level Plane Records (2003- )
Load Records (2003- )
Lookout Records (1988-2000)
Man's Ruin Records (1996- )
Maximum Rockroll (1983- )
Mordam Records
Mr. Lady Records (1999-2004)
New Day Rising (2004- )
New Red Archives (2001- )
Orange Sky Records (2001- )
Other People's Music (1997- )
Polyvinyl Record Company (1999- )
Prank Records (1996- )
Punk In My Vitamins Records (1999- )
Punkcore Records (2001- )
Rip Off Records (1996- )
Second Nature Recordings (2004- )
Scooch Pooch Records (2001- )
Seeland Records
Shredder Records ( -2001)
Six Weeks (1999- )
Slowdance Records (2004- )
Sound Pollution Records (1997- )
Substandard Records (2002- )
Suicide Squeeze Records (2001- )
Swami Records (2003- )
Sympathy for the Record Industry
TKO Records (2000-2003)
The Committee to Keep Music Evil (2002- )
Three-One-G (2001- )
Total Energy Records (2002- )
Troubleman Unlimited (1999- )
Vengeance Records (2002- )
Vermiform Records (1993- )
Vinyl Communications ( -2002)
Voxx Records (2003- )
Wrong Stuff Records (1992- )
See also
List of record labels
Footnotes
Further reading
Lumberjack Distribution, "Attention Stores, Distributors, and Kids of All Ages!!!" Maximum Rocknroll, whole no. 137 (Oct. 1994), pg. 44.
Todd Martens, Lumberjack aims for front line with Mordam, Billboard (February 12, 2005). Retrieved July 17, 2016.
"LA Labels Recovering from Lumberjack Mordam's Closure; Where Do They Go Next?", LA Weekly (July 15, 2009). Retrieved July 17, 2016.
External links
Record labels established in 1983
American record labels
Punk record labels
Alternative rock record labels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordam%20Records |
Lila Rajiva is an American writer. She has undergraduate degrees in economics and English as well as a master's degree from Johns Hopkins University, where she did doctoral work in international relations and political philosophy. She has taught at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.
In 2005, Rajiva authored The Language of Empire: Abu Ghraib and the American Media, a study of propaganda which examines the place of Iraqi prisoner torture in U.S. culture and politics. Rajiva co-authored Mobs, Messiahs, and Markets with Bill Bonner, which details mass delusions in the markets and politics and explains why they continually arise. The book was awarded the GetAbstract International Book Award for 2008.
References
External links
Schema-root.org archive
American women journalists
American libertarians
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Writers from Baltimore
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lila%20Rajiva |
Neil Munro (3 June 1863 – 22 December 1930) was a Scottish journalist, newspaper editor, author and literary critic. He was basically a serious writer, but is now mainly known for his humorous short stories, originally written under the pen name Hugh Foulis. The best known of these stories are about the fictional Clyde puffer the Vital Spark and her captain Para Handy, but they also include stories about the waiter and kirk beadle Erchie MacPherson and the travelling drapery salesman Jimmy Swan. They were originally published in the Glasgow Evening News, but collections were published as books. A key figure in Scottish literary circles, Munro was a friend of the writers J. M. Barrie, John Buchan, Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham and Joseph Conrad, and the artists Edward A. Hornel, George Houston, Pittendrigh MacGillivray and Robert Macaulay Stevenson. He was an early promoter of the works of both Conrad and Rudyard Kipling.
Life
Munro was born in Inveraray, the illegitimate son of Ann Munro, a kitchen maid. His death certificate gives his father's name as James Thompson Munro. He was brought up by his maternal grandparents and an aunt. He attended Glencaddie Primary School and Church Square Public School, leaving at 14. For five years he worked in the office of the Sheriff Clerk of Argyll, a fairly prestigious post that has led to speculation that he may have had undisclosed family connections.
He then moved to Glasgow and worked briefly in the cashier's office in an ironmonger's shop in the Trongate before working as a journalist on the Greenock Advertiser, the Glasgow News, the Falkirk Herald and the Glasgow Evening News. He semi-retired from journalism in 1902 to concentrate on other writing. His play Macpherson, deploying his popular comic character, Erchie MacPherson, was staged by the Glasgow Repertory Theatre in 1909, and was well received. In 1914 he returned to journalism, becoming editor of the Glasgow Evening News in 1918.
Munro published several novels under his own name. Initially he had some success writing historical novels, most of them set in the Highlands and exploring the coming of change in the comparatively recent past. His best-known novels from this phase of his writing career are John Splendid, set around Montrose's campaign in the First Civil War and his attack on Inveraray, and Doom Castle, set around the Jacobite rising of 1745, which was dramatised by the BBC in 1980. Later he attempted to expand his range, with more mixed success, writing novels with contemporary settings, including The Daft Days. In 1914 he returned to a Highland historical setting with the last and best-known of his novels, The New Road, dramatised by the BBC in 1973.
He then concentrated on journalism again, but his work was affected by his poor health and the death of his son Hugh in the First World War. In October 1930 he received an honorary degree from the University of Edinburgh. He died in Craigendoran, Helensburgh, on 22 December 1930 at age 67. A private funeral was held in Inverary and a memorial service held at Glasgow Cathedral.
John Buchan subsequently edited The Poetry of Neil Munro, published in 1931.
Obituaries for Munro commonly described him as the successor of Robert Louis Stevenson, and at his memorial service in Glasgow Cathedral the critic Lauchlan MacLean Watt described Munro as "the greatest Scottish novelist since Sir Walter Scott". After his death his serious novels faded from view, with the partial exception of The New Road, and he came to be remembered primarily as the creator of Para Handy. This change in Munro's reputation was accelerated by Hugh MacDiarmid, who became a detractor of Munro's style. There was a minor revival of interest in him around the turn of the 21st century, including the publication of annotated versions of the Para Handy stories with some stories not previously published in book form.
References
External links
BBC - Writing Scotland - Tartan Myths - Neil Munro
article on him and his historical fiction
1863 births
1930 deaths
People from Inveraray
Scottish novelists
Scottish historical novelists
Writers of historical fiction set in the early modern period
Scottish short story writers
Scottish journalists
Scottish newspaper editors
Scottish columnists
Scots-language writers
20th-century Scottish dramatists and playwrights
Theatre in Scotland
Scottish Renaissance
Scottish businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Munro%20%28writer%29 |
Pole Position is an animated series produced by DIC Enterprises and MK Company. The series is loosely based on the arcade racing video game series Pole Position, the name of which was licensed from Namco to capitalize on its popularity. The game and the show have very little in common, other than Wheels being red as in Pole Position and Roadie being blue as in Pole Position II.
Production
This show was produced by DIC Audiovisuel's American branch DIC Enterprises in association with Japanese studio MK Company. The animation services were provided by Artmic, Mushi Production, and K.K. DIC Asia. The character designs were provided by Filipino cartoonist Jesse Santos, and the mechanical designs were provided by Artmic's co-founder Shinji Aramaki.
Broadcast
Pole Position ran for 13 episodes on CBS in 1984 as part of its Saturday morning children's programming line-up. The show had reruns for a few months on Showtime Family-Time Presentation in 1986, followed by a run on The Family Channel (now Freeform) from the late 1980s through the early 1990s.
It was also shown in the United Kingdom during the 1980s, at first on Saturday Superstore in 1986 and in the CBBC strand, then was repeated in the early 1990s on Saturday mornings as part of Going Live on BBC1.
Plot
The show features the Darretts, a family of stunt-driving crime fighters, who investigated and thwarted wrongdoing while operating under the front of a traveling show known as the "Pole Position Stunt Show", which was sponsored by the United States government in order to give cover for their investigative activity and provide maintenance for the high-demand vehicles. The Darretts had two adult children and a third child who was much younger in age. A road accident ended the life of the parents, and the father's younger brother, known as Uncle Zack, took charge of the stunt show. He said that now that the patriarch and his wife were dead, it was incumbent upon the two adult children, Tess and Dan, to continue their parents' dangerous and proud work.
The vehicles feature numerous hidden gadgets like water skis and hover jets. The vehicles' computers themselves are portable and can be removed from the dashboards and carried around using handles—thus they are often referred to as "the modules". The modules are characters appearing as talking computer-drawn faces displayed on video screens.
Characters
Tess Darrett – Tess is the older sister of Dan and Daisy and the de facto leader of the group who drives Wheels. Tess is voiced by Lisa Lindgren.
Dan Darrett – Tess's hot-headed younger brother who drives Roadie. Dan is voiced by David Coburn.
Daisy Darrett – The younger pre-teen sister of Dan and Tess. Daisy is voiced by Kaleena Kiff.
Dr. Zachary Darrett – A wheelchair-using engineer and uncle of the Darrett kids. He runs the Pole Position operation and vehicle development. He is voiced by Jack Angel.
Kuma – Daisy's pet, Kuma is a strange genetic hybrid between a raccoon and a monkey. Kuma is voiced by Marilyn Schreffler.
Wheels – a red and black 1965 Ford Mustang driven by Tess. Wheels's AI computer is more careful than Roadie. Wheels is voiced by Melvin Franklin, who was a member of The Temptations.
Roadie – a more futuristic-looking light-blue coupe driven by Dan. Roadie's AI computer is very smart and keeps Dan out of trouble. Roadie is voiced by Darryl Hickman.
Crew
Story editors: Michael Reaves and Jean Chalopin
Writers: Marc Scott Zicree, Chuck Lorre, Ted Pedersen, Rowby Goren, Michael Reaves
Director: Bernard Deyriès
Episodes
Principal cast
Lisa Lindgren – Tess Darrett
Kaleena Kiff – Daisy Darrett
David Coburn – Dan Darrett
Jack Angel – Dr. Zachary Darrett
Marilyn Scheffler – Kuma
Mel Franklin – Wheels
Darryl Hickman – Roadie
Additional voices
Neilson Ross
Paul Kirby
Phillip Clark
Jered Barclay
Brian Cummings
Irv Immerman
Steve Schatzberg
Barry Gordon
Derek McGrath
Tony Pope
Hal Smith
Bob Towers
DVD release
Brightspark Productions released a 4-disc box set containing all 13 complete episodes of the series on DVD in the UK on April 21, 2008.
Mill Creek Entertainment released 10 of the 13 episodes of the series in a combo pack with 10 episodes of C.O.P.S. and 10 episodes of Jayce and the Wheeled Warriors on January 10, 2012. Later in October 2016, Mill Creek released TV Toons To Go, a 10-disc compilation of various cartoons owned by Cookie Jar, now by DHX Media, and the 10th disc of that set contains the remaining 3 episodes of Pole Position that weren't included on the combo pack DVD set.
References
External links
80scartoons.co.uk
1984 American television series debuts
1984 American television series endings
1984 French television series debuts
1984 French television series endings
1984 Japanese television series debuts
Animated series based on video games
CBS original programming
1980s American animated television series
1980s French animated television series
American children's animated science fiction television series
French children's animated science fiction television series
Japanese children's animated science fiction television series
Animated television series about families
Television series by DIC Entertainment
Television series by DHX Media
English-language television shows
Works based on Bandai Namco video games
Television series created by Jean Chalopin
Everglades in fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole%20Position%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Torres (sometimes Torrez) is a surname in the Catalan, Portuguese, and Spanish languages, meaning "towers".
History
A surname derived from any of several towns called Torres, plural of torre (tower), from Latin "turris." Torres is the 50th most common surname in the United States and the 11th most common Spanish surname. It is a common surname in Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Spain, Portugal, Colombia, Peru, Cuba, Mexico, Venezuela and the Philippines, among others. In Italy, among other countries, it is found as a Sephardic surname.
People with the surname
Athletes
Abraham Torres, Venezuelan boxer
Albert Torres, Spanish racing cyclist
Andrés Torres, Puerto Rican baseball player
Arturo Torres (soccer), American soccer player
Aureliano Torres, Paraguayan footballer
Carlos Alberto Torres, Brazilian footballer
Carolina Torres, Chilean pole vaulter
Dara Torres, American swimmer
Dilson Torres, Venezuelan baseball player
Erick Torres, Peruvian footballer
Eve Torres (born 1984), American professional wrestler
Facundo Torres, Uruguayan footballer
Félix Ricardo Torres, Paraguayan footballer
Fernando Torres (born 1984), Spanish footballer
Ferran Torres, Spanish footballer
Francisco Javier Torres, Mexican footballer
Georgie Torres, Puerto Rican basketball player
Gleyber Torres, Venezuelan baseball player
Héctor Torres, Mexican baseball player
Leonardo Torres Quevedo, Spanish engineer
Joe Torres (baseball) (born 1982), American baseball coach
Johnny Torres, American soccer player
José Torres (1936–2009), Puerto Rican boxer
José Torres (1938–2010), Portuguese footballer and coach
José Francisco Torres, American soccer player
Juan Francisco Torres, Spanish footballer
Macnelly Torres, Colombian footballer
Marco Torrès, French gymnast
Mariano Torres, Argentine footballer
Matthew Torres (born 2001), American Paralympic swimmer
Miguel Angel Torres (born 1981), American MMA fighter
Miguel Torres Gómez, Spanish footballer
Mike Torres, Dominican basketball player
Norbert Torres (born 1990), Filipino-Canadian basketball player
Óscar Torres (basketball), Venezuelan basketball player
Pau Torres (born 1997), Spanish footballer
Raffi Torres, Canadian ice hockey player
Raymundo Torres (boxer), Mexican boxer
Raymundo Torres (footballer), Mexican footballer
Roger Torres, Colombian footballer
Salomón Torres, Dominican baseball player
Sandra Torres, Argentine marathon runner
Sergio Torres (born 1981), Argentine footballer
Tecia Torres, American mixed martial artist
Todd Torres, Puerto Rican swimmer
Xavi Torres, Spanish footballer
Richard Torrez (born 1999), American professional boxer
Performers and media figures
Albert Torres, Puerto Rican American salsa dancer and promoter
Antonio Torres Jurado, Spanish guitarist and guitar maker
Bartolomé de Torres Naharro, Spanish dramatist
Coraima Torres, Venezuelan actress
Dayanara Torres, Puerto Rican actress
Diego Torres, Argentinian pop singer
Eddie Torres, Puerto Rican American salsa dance instructor
Eugenio Torres Villarreal, Mexican professional wrestler, television host and rapper
Fernanda Torres, Brazilian actress
Fernando Torres, Brazilian actor
Gina Torres, Cuban American actress
Guillermo José Torres, Puerto Rican American TV reporter
Joe Torres, American TV actor
José Torres, Cuban-Polish musician and percussionist
Judy Torres, Puerto Rican American pop musician and dancer
Liz Torres, American actress, singer and comedian
Néstor Torres, Puerto Rican jazz flautist
Rawy Torres, Puerto Rican musician
Roberto Torres, Cuban musician
Samantha Torres, Spanish model
Tico Torres, Cuban American musician and Bon Jovi drummer
Tommy Torres, Puerto Rican musician
Torres, stagename of American musician Mackenzie Scott
Eduardo Serrano Torres, Venezuelan composer
Xavier Enrique Torres, Puerto Rican actor
Artists and writers
Alberto Torres, Brazilian social thinker
Andrés Torres Queiruga, Galician theologian, writer and translator
Angelo Torres, American cartoonist
Ben Fong-Torres, American rock journalist
Diego de Torres Vargas, Puerto Rican historian
Diego de Torres Villarroel, Spanish writer
Edwin Torres, American/Puerto Rican poet
Félix González-Torres, Cuban artist
Joaquín Torres García, Uruguayan artist
Julio Romero de Torres, Spanish painter
Raymunda Torres y Quiroga, Argentine writer and women's rights activist
Tanya Torres, Puerto Rican artist, author, and poet
Tereska Torrès, French novelist
Politicians and public figures
Abdelkhalek Torres, journalist and nationalist leader in Morocco
Art Torres, American politician
Camilo Torres Restrepo, Colombian Roman Catholic priest
Camilo Torres Tenorio, Colombian politician
Edwin Torres, American state supreme court judge
Esteban Edward Torres, Californian politician
Guillermo Torrez, Bolivian politician
Henri Torrès, French trial lawyer, politician, and writer
Hugo Torres Jiménez, Nicaraguan activist
Jaime Torres Bodet, Mexican politician
Juan José Torres, Bolivian President
Lucy Torres, Filipino politician
Manuel Torres, first Colombian ambassador to the United States
Manuel Montt Torres, Chilean statesman and scholar
Raul Torres, American politician
Ritchie Torres, American politician
Ruben Torres, Filipino politician
Sandra Torres, Guatemalan politician and former First Lady.
Scientists and explorers
Belindo Adolfo Torres, Argentinian entomologist
Carlos Torres, Chilean astronomer
Leonardo Torres y Quevedo, Spanish engineer and mathematician
Luis Vaz de Torres, Spanish explorer of the Pacific
Criminals
Raúl Meza Torres (1991–2010), Mexican suspected assassin
Manuel Torres Félix (1958–2010), Mexican suspected drug lord
Javier Torres Félix (1960), Mexican convicted drug lord
Other
Chumel Torres, Mexican comedian
Fernando Torres de Portugal y Mesía, the 16th-century viceroy
Jacques Torres, French pastry chef
Susan Torres, American woman who gave birth while brain dead
Tomás de Torres, Portuguese astrologer
Fictional characters
Adam Torres, a character in Degrassi: The Next Generation
B'Elanna Torres, a character in Star Trek: Voyager
Callie Torres, a character in Grey's Anatomy
Diego Torres, a character in the Netflix series 13 Reasons Why
Drew Torres, a character in Degrassi: The Next Generation
Eva "Papi" Torres, a character in The L Word
Eddie Torres, a character in New York Undercover
Izzie Torres, a character in Doctors
Lisa Torres, a character in Doctors
Pépé Torres, the young killer in John Steinbeck's 1938 short story Flight (Steinbeck story)
Nick Torres, a special agent from NCIS
Fabiola Torres, a character from Never Have I Ever
Drea Torres, a character in Netflix Original Do Revenge
See also
Luis Torres (disambiguation), several people
References
Portuguese-language surnames
Surnames of Sephardic origin
Spanish-language surnames
Surnames of Spanish origin
Surnames of Colombian origin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres%20%28surname%29 |
Teterboro is a commuter railroad station for NJ Transit in the borough of Hasbrouck Heights, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. The station is located on the Pascack Valley Line near U.S. Route 46 (US 46) and Teterboro Airport between Wood-Ridge and Essex Street. Teterboro station consists of one low-level platform with a shelter accessible at the Catherine Street and US 46 ramps.
History
The station opened on the Erie Railroad's New Jersey and New York Railroad Division on May 29, 1904, as Williams Avenue, named after the street in Hasbrouck Heights that used to cross at the station. The station was one of two in Hasbrouck Heights, with the other station at Malcolm Avenue. The namesake street, Williams Avenue, was cut off at the railroad tracks in August 1934. In 1967, as part of consolidation efforts, the railroad closed the Hasbrouck Heights station and demolished it due to construction of Route 17. Under NJ Transit, Teterboro had no weekend service, and with the exception for one late-night outbound local train from Hoboken. However, on November 8, 2020, NJ Transit introduced full weekend service.
Station layout
The station has one track and one low-level side platform four cars long to its east. Although it was formerly named Williams Avenue, that street dead-ends on the line on the opposite side of the platform (since August 17, 1934) which can only be accessed by Green Street that runs alongside it. Since there is no way to reach the station from its west side, customers from there often illegally crossed the tracks from the Williams Avenue dead-end to reach the platform. In February 2013, New Jersey Transit built a barbed-wire fence on this dead-end, forcing riders from the west side to loop around the station through Route 46 and Route 17, neither of which have sidewalks, to reach it.
The platform has a wide painted yellow line below track level and a silver highway guard rail (with gaps to enter it) separating it from the 27-space parking lot that is in between it and Green Street. The southern end of the platform in the tiny area south of the parking lot's end has a bike rack for two behind a single wooden bench. There is a tiny silver shelter that has another bench next to the station's only ticket vending machine.
References
External links
Station from Google Maps Street View
NJ Transit Rail Operations stations
Railway stations in Bergen County, New Jersey
Former Erie Railroad stations
Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey
Teterboro, New Jersey
Demolished railway stations in the United States
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1904
1904 establishments in New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teterboro%20station |
Petroleum production in Canada is a major industry which is important to the economy of North America. Canada has the third largest oil reserves in the world and is the world's fourth largest oil producer and fourth largest oil exporter. In 2019 it produced an average of of crude oil and equivalent. Of that amount, 64% was upgraded from unconventional oil sands, and the remainder light crude oil, heavy crude oil and natural-gas condensate. Most of the Canadian petroleum production is exported, approximately in 2019, with 98% of the exports going to the United States. Canada is by far the largest single source of oil imports to the United States, providing 43% of US crude oil imports in 2015.
The petroleum industry in Canada is also referred to as the "Canadian Oil Patch"; the term refers especially to upstream operations (exploration and production of oil and gas), and to a lesser degree to downstream operations (refining, distribution, and selling of oil and gas products). In 2005, almost 25,000 new oil wells were spudded (drilled) in Canada. Daily, over 100 new wells are spudded in the province of Alberta alone. Although Canada is one of the largest oil producers and exporters in the world, it also imports significant amounts of oil into its eastern provinces since its oil pipelines do not extend all the way across the country and many of its oil refineries cannot handle the types of oil its oil fields produce. In 2017 Canada imported 405,700 bbl/day (barrels per day) and exported 1,115,000 bbl/day of refined petroleum products.
History
The Canadian petroleum industry developed in parallel with that of the United States. The first oil well in Canada was dug by hand (rather than drilled) in 1858 by James Miller Williams near his asphalt plant at Oil Springs, Ontario. At a depth of he struck oil, one year before "Colonel" Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well in the United States. Williams later went on to found "The Canadian Oil Company" which qualified as the world’s first integrated oil company.
Petroleum production in Ontario expanded rapidly, and practically every significant producer became his own refiner. By 1864, 20 refineries were operating in Oil Springs and seven in Petrolia, Ontario. However, Ontario's status as an important oil producer did not last long. By 1880 Canada was a net importer of oil from the United States.
Canada's unique geography, geology, resources and patterns of settlement have been key factors in the history of Canada. The development of the petroleum sector helps illustrate how they have helped make the nation quite distinct from the United States. Unlike the United States, which has a number of different major oil producing regions, the vast majority of Canada's petroleum resources are concentrated in the enormous Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB), one of the largest petroleum-containing formations in the world. It underlies of Western Canada including most or part of four western provinces and one northern territory. Consisting of a massive wedge of sedimentary rock up to thick extending from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Canadian Shield in the east, it is far distant from Canada's east and west coast ports as well as its historical industrial centres. It is also far from American industrial centres. Because of its geographic isolation, the area was settled relatively late in the history of Canada, and its true resource potential was not discovered until after World War II. As a result, Canada built its major manufacturing centres near its historic hydroelectric power sources in Ontario and Quebec, rather than its petroleum resources in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Not knowing about its own potential, Canada began to import the vast majority of its petroleum from other countries as it developed into a modern industrial economy.
The province of Alberta lies at the centre of the WCSB and the formation underlies most of the province. The potential of Alberta as an oil-producing province long went unrecognized because it was geologically quite different from American oil producing regions. The first oil well in western Canada was drilled in southern Alberta in 1902, but did not produce for long and served to mislead geologists about the true nature of Alberta's subsurface geology. The Turner Valley oil field was discovered in 1914, and for a time was the biggest oil field in the British Empire, but again it misled geologists about the nature of Alberta's geology. In Turner Valley, the mistakes oil companies made led to billions of dollars in damage to the oil field by gas flaring which not only burned billions of dollars worth of gas with no immediate market, but destroyed the field's gas drive that enabled the oil to be produced. The gas flares in Turner Valley were visible in the sky from Calgary, away. As a result of the highly visible wastage, the Alberta government launched vigorous political and legal attacks on the Canadian Government and the oil companies that continued until 1938 when the province set up the Alberta Petroleum and Natural Gas Conservation Board and imposed strict conservation legislation.
The status of Canada as an oil importer from the US suddenly changed in 1947 when the Leduc No. 1 well was drilled a short distance south of Edmonton. Geologists realized that they had completely misunderstood the geology of Alberta, and the highly prolific Leduc oil field, which has since produced over of oil was not a unique formation. There were hundreds more Devonian reef formations like it underneath Alberta, many of them full of oil. There was no surface indication of their presence, so they had to be found using reflection seismology. The main problem for oil companies became how to sell all the oil they had found rather than buying oil for their refineries. Pipelines were built from Alberta through the Midwestern United States to Ontario and to the west coast of British Columbia. Exports to the U.S. increased dramatically.
Most of the oil companies exploring for oil in Alberta were of U.S. origin, and at its peak in 1973, over 78 per cent of Canadian oil and gas production was under foreign ownership and over 90 per cent of oil and gas production companies were under foreign control, mostly American. This foreign ownership spurred the National Energy Program under the Trudeau government.
Major players
Although around a dozen companies operate oil refineries in Canada, only three companies – Imperial Oil, Shell Canada and Suncor Energy – operate more than one refinery and market products nationally. Other refiners generally operate a single refinery and market products in a particular region. Regional refiners include North Atlantic Refining in Newfoundland, Irving Oil in New Brunswick, Valero Energy in Quebec, Federated Co-operatives in Saskatchewan, Parkland in British Columbia, and Cenovus Energy in Alberta, BC, and Saskatchewan. While Petro Canada was once owned by the Canadian government, it is now owned by Suncor Energy, which continues to use the Petro Canada label for marketing purposes. In 2007 Canada's three biggest oil companies brought in record profits of $11.75 billion, up 10 percent from $10.72 billion in 2006. Revenues for the Big Three climbed to $80 billion from about $72 billion in 2006. The numbers exclude Shell Canada and ConocoPhillips Canada, two private subsidiaries that produced almost 500,000 barrels per day in 2006.
Canadian Natural Resources Limited
Imperial Oil
Suncor Energy
Cenovus Energy
Divisions
Approximately 96% of Canadian oil production occurs in three provinces: Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Newfoundland and Labrador. In 2015 Alberta produced 79.2% of Canada's oil, Saskatchewan 13.5%, and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador 4.4%. British Columbia and Manitoba produced about 1% apiece. The four Western Canada provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Manitoba all produce their oil from the vast and oil rich Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, which is centered on Alberta but extends into the other three Western provinces and into the Northwest Territories. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador produces its oil from offshore drilling on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland in the western Atlantic Ocean.
Alberta
Alberta is Canada's largest oil producing province, providing 79.2% of Canadian oil production in 2015. This included light crude oil, heavy crude oil, crude bitumen, synthetic crude oil, and natural-gas condensate. In 2015 Alberta produced an average of of Canada's of oil and equivalent production. Most of its oil production came from its enormous oil sands deposits, whose production has been steadily rising in recent years. These unconventional deposits give Canada the world's third largest oil reserves, which are rivaled only by similar but even larger oil reserves in Venezuela, and conventional oil reserves in Saudi Arabia. Although Alberta has already produced over 90% of its conventional crude oil reserves, it has produced only 5% of its oil sands, and its remaining oil sands reserves represent 98% of Canada's established oil reserves.
In addition to being the world's largest producer of oil sands bitumen in the world, Alberta is the largest producer of conventional crude oil, synthetic crude, natural gas and natural gas liquids products in Canada.
Oil sands
Alberta's oil sands underlie of land in the Athabasca, Cold Lake and Peace River areas in northern Alberta - a vast area of boreal forest which is larger than England. The Athabasca oil sands is the only large oil field in the world suitable for surface mining, while the Cold Lake oil sands and the Peace River oil sands must be produced by drilling. With the advancement of extraction methods, bitumen and economical synthetic crude are produced at costs nearing that of conventional crude. This technology grew and developed in Alberta. Many companies employ both conventional strip mining and non-conventional methods to extract the bitumen from the Athabasca deposit. About of the remaining oil sands are considered recoverable at current prices with current technology. The city of Fort McMurray developed nearby to service the oil sands operations, but its remote location in the otherwise uncleared boreal forest became a problem when the entire population of 80,000 had to be evacuated on short notice because of the 2016 Fort McMurray Wildfire which enveloped the city and destroyed over 2,400 homes.
Oil fields
Major oil fields are found in southeast Alberta (Brooks, Medicine Hat, Lethbridge), northwest (Grande Prairie, High Level, Rainbow Lake, Zama), central (Caroline, Red Deer), and northeast (heavy crude oil found adjacent to the oil sands.)
Structural regions include: Foothills, Greater Arch, Deep Basin.
Oil upgraders
There are five oil sands upgraders in Alberta which convert crude bitumen to synthetic crude oil, some of which also produce refined products such as diesel fuel. These have a combined capacity of of crude bitumen.
The Shell Canada Scotford Upgrader at Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta has a capacity of of crude bitumen.
The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray, Alberta has a capacity of of crude bitumen.
The Syncrude Mildred Lake upgrader near Fort McMurray has a capacity of
The China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) Long Lake upgrader near Fort McMurray has a capacity of
The Canadian Natural Resources Ltd (CNRL) Horizon upgrader near Fort McMurray has a capacity of
Oil pipelines
Since it is Canada's largest oil producing province, Alberta is the hub of Canadian crude oil pipeline systems. About of Canada’s oil and gas pipelines operate solely within Alberta’s boundaries and fall under the jurisdiction of the Alberta Energy Regulator. Pipelines that cross provincial or international borders are regulated by the National Energy Board.
Major pipelines carrying oil from Alberta to markets in other provinces and US states include:
The Interprovincial Pipeline System (now called the Enbridge Pipeline System) was built in 1950 to transport crude oil from Edmonton, Alberta to Superior, Wisconsin where it supplies the Midwestern United States. In 1953 it was extended to Sarnia, Ontario to supply the Ontario market, and in 1976 to Montreal, Quebec.
The Trans Mountain Pipeline System was built in 1953 to transport crude oil and refined products from Edmonton to Vancouver, BC. It also supplies feedstock to large US oil refineries in the state of Washington. Only crude oil and condensate are shipped to the United States.
The Norman Wells Pipeline (now owned by Enbridge) was built in 1985 to carry crude oil from Norman Wells, NWT to Zama City, Alberta, where it connects with the Alberta pipeline network.
The Express Pipeline was built in 1997 to carry oil from the Alberta pipeline hub at Hardisty, Alberta to the US states of Montana, Utah, Wyoming and Colorado.
The Keystone Pipeline was built in 2011 to carry oil from Hardisty, Alberta to the major US pipeline hub at Cushing, Oklahoma, where it connects to pipelines to Texas, Louisiana, and many of the Eastern United States.
Oil refineries
There are four oil refineries in Alberta with a combined capacity of over of crude oil. Most of these are located on what is known as Refinery Row in Strathcona County near Edmonton, Alberta, which supplies products to most of Western Canada. In addition to refined products such as gasoline and diesel fuel, the refineries and upgraders also produce off-gases, which are used as feedstock by nearby petrochemical plants.
The Suncor Energy (Petro Canada) refinery near Edmonton has a capacity of of crude oil.
The Imperial Oil Strathcona Refinery near Edmonton has a capacity of .
The Shell Canada Scotford Refinery near Edmonton has a capacity of . It is located adjacent to the Shell Scotford Upgrader, which provides it with feedstock.
The Husky Lloydminster Refinery at Lloydminster, in eastern Alberta has a capacity of . It is located across the provincial border from the Husky Lloydminster Heavy Oil Upgrader at Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, which provides it with feedstock. (Lloydminster is not a twin city but is chartered by both provinces as a single city that crosses the border.)
Other oil-related activities
Two of the largest producers of petrochemicals in North America are located in central and north central Alberta. In both Red Deer and Edmonton, world class polyethylene and vinyl manufacturers produce products shipped all over the world, and Edmonton's oil refineries provide the raw materials for a large petrochemical industry to the east of Edmonton. There are hundreds of small companies in Alberta dedicated to providing various services to this industry—from drilling to well maintenance, pipeline maintenance to seismic exploration.
While Edmonton (population 972,223 thousand in 2019) is the provincial capital and is considered the pipeline, manufacturing, chemical processing, research and refining centre of the Canadian oil industry, its rival city Calgary (population 1.26 million) is the main oil company head office and financial centre, with more than 960 senior and junior oil company offices. Calgary also has regional offices of all six major Canadian banks, some 4,300 petroleum, energy and related service companies, and 1,300 financial service companies, helping make it the second largest head office city in Canada after Toronto.
Oil and gas activity is regulated by the Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) (Formerly the Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB)and the Energy and Utility Board (EUB)).
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan is Canada's second-largest oil-producing province after Alberta, producing about 13.5% of Canada's petroleum in 2015. This included light crude oil, heavy crude oil, and natural-gas condensate. Most of its production is heavy oil but, unlike Alberta, none of Saskatchewan's heavy oil deposits are officially classified as bituminous sands. In 2015 Saskatchewan produced an average of oil and equivalent production.
Oil fields
All of Saskatchewan's oil is produced from the vast Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, about 25% of which underlies the province. Lying toward the shallower eastern end of the later the sedimentary basin, Saskatchewan tends to produce more oil and less natural gas than other parts. It has four major oil-producing regions:
The Lloydminster area in west-central Saskatchewan has very large reserves of very heavy crude oil. (The oil field crosses the Alberta/Saskatchewan border, as do the production facilities.)
The Kindersley area in south-central Saskatchewan produces light crude oil using hydraulic fracturing from Saskatchewan's portion of the Bakken Formation, which also produces most of North Dakota's oil.
The Swift Current area in southwest Saskatchewan produces mostly conventional oil.
The Weyburn area in southeast Saskatchewan produces oil using carbon dioxide flooding in the Weyburn-Midale Carbon Dioxide Project, the world's largest carbon capture and storage project.
Oil upgraders
There are two heavy oil upgraders in Saskatchewan.
The NewGrade Energy Upgrader, part of the CCRL Refinery Complex in Regina, processes of heavy oil from the Lloydminster area into synthetic crude oil.
The Husky Energy Bi-Provincial Upgrader on the Saskatchewan side of Lloydminster processes of heavy oil from Alberta and Saskatchewan to lighter crude oil. In addition to selling synthetic crude oil to other refineries, it supplies feedstock to the Husky Lloydminster Refinery on the Alberta side of the border. (Lloydminster is not twin cities but is a single bi-provincial city that straddles the Alberta/Saskatchewan border.)
Oil refineries
The majority of the province's refining capacity is in a single complex in the provincial capital of Regina:
The CCRL Refinery Complex operated by Federated Co-operatives in Regina processes into conventional refinery products. It receives much of its feedstock from the NewGrade upgrader.
Moose Jaw Asphalt Inc. operates a asphalt plant in Moose Jaw.
Oil and gas activity is regulated by the Saskatchewan Industry and Resources (SIR).
Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador is Canada's third largest oil producing province, producing about 4.4% of Canada's petroleum in 2015. This consisted almost exclusively of light crude oil produced by offshore oil facilities on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. In 2015 these offshore fields produced an average of of light crude oil.
Oil fields
The Hibernia oil field is located approximately east-southeast of St. John's, Newfoundland. The field was discovered in 1979 and has been producing since 1997. The Hibernia Gravity Base Structure is the world's largest oil platform by weight since it has to withstand collisions by icebergs.
The Terra Nova oil field is located off the east coast of Newfoundland. The field was discovered in 1984 and has been producing since 2002. It uses a Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessel rather than a fixed platform to produce oil.
The White Rose oil field is located off the east coast of Newfoundland. The field was discovered in 1984 and has been producing since 2005. It uses a FPSO vessel to produce oil.
Oil refinery
Newfoundland has one oil refinery, the Come By Chance Refinery, which has a capacity of . The refinery was built before the discovery of oil offshore Newfoundland to process cheap imported oil and sell the products mainly in the United States. Unfortunately the startup of the refinery in 1973 coincided with the 1973 oil crisis which quadrupled the price of the refinery's crude oil supply. This and technical problems caused the refinery to go bankrupt in 1976. It was restarted under new owners in 1986 and has gone through a series of owners until now, when it is operated by North Atlantic Refining Limited. However, despite the fact that major oil fields were subsequently discovered offshore of Newfoundland, the refinery was not designed to process the type of oil they produced, and it did not process any Newfoundland oil at all until 2014. Until then all of Newfoundland's production went to refineries in the United States and elsewhere in Canada, while the refinery imported all its oil from other countries.
British Columbia
British Columbia produced an average of oil and equivalent in 2015, or about 1.4% of Canada's petroleum. About 38% of this liquids production was light crude oil, but most of it (62%) was natural-gas condensate.
British Columbia's oil fields lie at the gas-prone northwest end of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, and its oil industry is secondary to the larger natural gas industry. Drilling for gas and oil takes place in Peace Country of north-eastern British Columbia, around Fort Nelson (Greater Sierra oil field), Fort St. John (Pink Mountain, Ring Border) and Dawson Creek
Oil and gas activity in BC is regulated by the Oil and Gas Commission (OGC).
Oil refineries
BC has only two remaining oil refineries.
The Husky Energy Prince George Refinery in Prince George, BC processes of light oil produced locally in northeastern BC.
The Chevron Canada Burnaby Refinery in the Vancouver suburb of Burnaby processes of light oil received from Alberta via the Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain Pipeline System.
There once were four oil refineries in the Vancouver area, but Imperial Oil, Shell Canada, and Petro Canada converted their refineries to product terminals in the 1990s and now supply the BC market from their large refineries near Edmonton, Alberta, which are closer to Canada's oil sands and largest oil fields. Chevron's refinery is at risk of closure due to difficulties in getting oil supply from Alberta via the capacity-limited Trans Mountain Pipeline, its only pipeline link to the rest of Canada.
In June 2016 Chevron put its oil refinery in Burnaby, BC up for sale, along with its fuel distribution network in British Columbia and Alberta. “The company acknowledges these are challenging times and we need to be open to changing market conditions and opportunities as they arise,” a company representative said. The refinery, which started production in 1935, has 430 employees. Chevron's offer to sell follows Imperial Oil's sale of 497 Esso gas stations in B.C. and Alberta. It is unclear what will happen if Chevron fails to sell its BC assets.
Manitoba
Manitoba produced an average of of light crude oil in 2015, or about 1.2% of Canada's petroleum production.
Manitoba's oil production is in southwest Manitoba along the northeast flank of the Williston Basin, a large geological structural basin which also underlies parts of southern Saskatchewan, North Dakota, South Dakota and Montana. Unlike in Saskatchewan, very little of Manitoba's oil is heavy crude oil.
A few rigs drilling for oil in South western Manitoba
There are no oil refineries in Manitoba.
Northern Canada (onshore)
The Northwest Territories produced an average of of light crude oil in 2015, or about 0.2% of Canada's petroleum production. There is an historic large oil field at Norman Wells, which has produced most of its oil since it started producing 1937, and is continuing to produce at low rates. There used to be an oil refinery at Norman Wells, but it was closed in 1996 and all of the oil is now pipelined out to refineries in Alberta.
Drilling for tight oil in the Canol shale play near Norman Wells by Husky Energy and others.
Northern Canada (offshore)
Extensive drilling was done in the Canadian Arctic during the 1970s and 1980s by such companies as Panarctic Oils Ltd., Petro Canada and Dome Petroleum. After 176 wells were drilled at a cost of billions of dollars, a modest of oil were found. None of the finds were big enough to pay for the multibillion-dollar production and transportation schemes required to bring the oil out, so all the wells which had been drilled were plugged and abandoned. In addition, after the Deepwater Horizon explosion in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, new rules were introduced which discouraged companies from drilling in the Canadian Arctic offshore.
There is currently no offshore oil production in northern Canada
There is currently no offshore drilling in northern Canada
Eastern Canada (onshore)
Ontario produced an average of of light crude oil in 2015, or less than 0.03% of Canada's petroleum production. Onshore production in other provinces east of Ontario was even more insignificant.
Oil fields
Ontario was the centre of the Canadian oil industry in the 19th century. It had the oldest commercial oil well in North America (dug by hand in 1858 at Oil Springs, Ontario, a year before the Drake Well was drilled in Pennsylvania), and having the oldest producing oil field in North America (producing crude oil continuously since 1861). However, it reached its production peak and started to decline more than 100 years ago.
Sporadic drilling in southern Ontario
Sporadic drilling in western Newfoundland
Sporadic drilling in northern Nova Scotia and western Cape Breton Island
Sporadic drilling in northern and eastern Prince Edward Island
Oil pipelines
Canada had one of the world’s first oil pipelines in 1862 when a pipeline was built to deliver oil from Petrolia, Ontario to refineries at Sarnia, Ontario. However, Ontario's oil fields began to decline toward the end of the 19th century, and by World War II Canada was importing 90% of its oil. By 1947, only three Canadian crude oil pipelines existed. One was built to handle only Alberta production. A second moved imported crude from coastal Maine to Montreal, while the third brought American oil into Ontario. However, in 1947 the first big oil discovery was made in Alberta when Leduc No. 1 struck oil southwest of central Edmonton, Alberta. It was followed by many even larger discoveries in Alberta, so pipelines were built to take the newly discovered oil to refineries in the American Midwest and from there to refineries in Ontario.
The Interprovincial Pipeline (now known as Enbridge) was built in 1950 to take Alberta oil to US refineries. In 1953 it was extended through the US to Sarnia, Ontario and in 1956 to Toronto. This made it the longest crude oil pipeline in the world.
The Interprovincial Pipeline was extended to Montreal in 1976 after the 1973 oil crisis interrupted foreign oil supplies to Eastern Canada.
The Portland–Montreal Pipe Line was built during World War II to bring imported oil from the marine terminal at South Portland, Maine through the United States to Montreal. As of 2016, the pipeline is no longer operational since the only remaining Montreal Refinery, is now owned by Suncor Energy, which produces enough oil to meet its needs from the Canadian oil sands.
Oil refineries
Despite having very little oil production, Eastern Canada has a large number of oil refineries. The ones in Ontario were built close to the historic oil fields of southern Ontario; the ones in provinces to the east were built to process oil imported from other countries. After Leduc No. 1 was discovered in 1947, the much larger oil fields in Alberta began to supply Ontario refineries. After the 1973 oil crisis drastically increased the price of imported oil, the economics of refineries became unfavorable, and many of them closed. In particular, Montreal, which had six oil refineries in 1973, now has only one.
Ontario
Nanticoke Refinery - (Imperial Oil),
Sarnia - (Imperial Oil),
Sarnia - (Suncor Energy),
Corunna - (Shell Canada),
Mississauga - (Suncor Energy),
Quebec
Montreal Refinery - (Suncor Energy), .
Lévis - (Valero Energy Corporation)),
New Brunswick
Irving Oil Refinery, Saint John (Irving Oil),
Newfoundland and Labrador
North Atlantic Refinery, Come By Chance - (North Atlantic Refining),
Eastern Canada (offshore)
The province of Newfoundland and Labrador is Canada's third largest oil producer with of light crude oil from its Grand Banks offshore oil fields in 2015, about 4.4% of Canada's petroleum. See the Newfoundland and Labrador section above for details. Most of the other offshore production was in the province of Nova Scotia, which produced of natural gas condensate from its Sable Island offshore natural gas fields in 2015, or about 0.07% of Canada's petroleum.
Offshore oil drilling and production at Hibernia, Terra Nova, and White Rose fields off the coast of Newfoundland
Offshore gas drilling and production on Sable Island fields off the coast of Nova Scotia
Sporadic drilling along continental shelf off Nova Scotia (e.g. Shelburne Basin)
Sporadic drilling in Laurentian fan at southern end of Cabot Strait
Sporadic drilling in eastern Northumberland Strait
Long-term outlook
Broadly speaking Canadian conventional oil production (via standard deep drilling) peaked in the mid-1970s, but East Coast offshore basins being exploited in Atlantic Canada did not peak until 2007 and are still producing at relatively high rates.
Production from the Alberta oil sands is still in its early stages and the province's established bitumen resources will last for generations into the future. The Alberta Energy Regulator estimates that the province has of ultimately recoverable bitumen resources. At the 2014 production rate of , they would last for about 375 years. The AER projects that bitumen production will increase to by 2024, but at that rate they would still last for about 213 years. Because of the enormous size of the known oil sands deposits, economic, labor, environmental, and government policy considerations are the constraints on production rather than finding new deposits.
In addition, the Alberta Energy Regulator has recently identified over of unconventional shale oil resources in the province. This volume is larger than the province's oil sands resources, and if developed would give Canada the largest crude oil reserves in the world. However, due to the recent nature of the discoveries there are not yet any plans to develop them.
Oil fields of Canada
These oil fields are or were economically important to the Canadian economy:
Oil Springs, Ontario
Turner Valley oil field, Alberta
Leduc oil field, Alberta
Pembina oil field, Alberta
Athabasca oil sands, Alberta
Peace River oil sands, Alberta
Cold Lake oil sands, Alberta
Duvernay Formation, Alberta (shale oil and gas)
Montney Formation, Alberta, BC (shale oil and gas)
Hibernia oil field, offshore Newfoundland
Terra Nova oil field, offshore Newfoundland
White Rose oil field, offshore Newfoundland
Upstream, midstream and downstream components of Canadian petroleum industry
There are three components of the Canadian petroleum industry: upstream, midstream and downstream.
Upstream
The upstream oil sector is also commonly known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector.
The upstream sector includes the searching for potential underground or underwater crude oil and natural gas fields, drilling of exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface. With the development of methods for extracting methane from coal seams, there has been a significant shift toward including unconventional gas as a part of the upstream sector, and corresponding developments in liquified natural gas (LNG) processing and transport. The upstream sector of the petroleum industry includes Extraction of petroleum, Oil production plant, Oil refinery and Oil well.
Midstream
The midstream sector involves the transportation, storage, and wholesale marketing of crude or refined petroleum products. Canada has a large network of pipelines - over 840,000 km - that transport crude oil and natural gas across the country. There are four main pipeline groups: gathering, feeder, transmission, and distribution pipelines. Gathering pipelines transport crude oil and natural gas from wells drilled in the subsurface to oil batteries or natural gas processing facilities. The majority of these pipelines are found in petroleum producing areas in Western Canada. Feeder pipelines move crude oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids (NGLs) from the batteries, processing facilities, and storage tanks to the long-distance portion of the transportation system: transmission pipelines. These are the major carriers of crude oil, natural gas, and NGLs within provinces and across provincial or international borders, where the products are either sent to refineries or exported to other markets. Finally, distribution pipelines are the conduit for delivering natural gas to downstream customers, such as local utilities, and then further distributed to homes and businesses. If pipelines are near capacity or non-existent in certain areas, crude oil is then transported over land by rail or truck, or over water by marine vessels.
The midstream operations are often taken to include some elements of the upstream and downstream sectors. For example, the midstream sector may include natural gas processing plants which purify the raw natural gas as well as removing and producing elemental sulfur and natural gas liquids (NGL) as finished end-products. Midstream service providers in Canada refer to Barge companies, Railroad companies, Trucking and hauling companies, Pipeline transport companies, Logistics and technology companies, Transloading companies and Terminal developers and operators. Development of the massive oil sand reserves in Alberta would be facilitated by enhancing the North American pipeline network which would transport dilbit to refineries or export facilities.
Downstream
The downstream sector commonly refers to the refining of petroleum crude oil and the processing and purifying of raw natural gas, as well as the marketing and distribution of products derived from crude oil and natural gas. The downstream sector touches consumers through products such as gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil, heating oil, fuel oils, lubricants, waxes, asphalt, natural gas, and liquified petroleum gas (LPG) as well as hundreds of petrochemicals. Midstream operations are often included in the downstream category and considered to be a part of the downstream sector.
Crude oil
Crude oil, for example, Western Canadian Select (WCS) is a mixture of many varieties of hydrocarbons and most usually has many sulfur-containing compounds. The refining process converts most of that sulfur into gaseous hydrogen sulfide. Raw natural gas also may contain gaseous hydrogen sulfide and sulfur-containing mercaptans, which are removed in natural gas processing plants before the gas is distributed to consumers. The hydrogen sulfide removed in the refining and processing of crude oil and natural gas is subsequently converted into byproduct elemental sulfur. In fact, the vast majority of the 64,000,000 metric tons of sulfur produced worldwide in 2005 was byproduct sulfur from refineries and natural gas processing plants.
Export capacity
Total Canadian crude oil production, most of which is coming from the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB), is forecast to increase from 3.85 million barrels per day (b/d) in 2016 to 5.12 million b/d by 2030. Supply from the Alberta oil sands accounts for most of the growth and is expected to increase from 1.3 million b/d in 2016 to 3.7 million b/d in 2030. Bitumen from the oil sands requires blending with a diluent in order to decrease its viscosity and density so that it can easily flow through pipelines. The addition of diluent will add an estimated 200,000 b/d to the total volumes of crude oil in Canada, for a total of 1.5 million extra barrels per day requiring the creation of additional transport capacity to markets. The current takeaway capacity in Western Canada is tight, as oil producers are beginning to outpace the movement of their products.
Pipeline capacity measurements are complex and subject to variability. They depend on a number of factors, such as the type of product being transported, the products it is mixed with, pressure reductions, maintenance, and pipeline configurations. The major oil pipelines exiting Western Canada have a design transport capacity of 4.0 million b/d. In 2016, however, the pipeline capacity was estimated at 3.9 million b/d, and in 2017 the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) estimated the pipeline capacity to be 3.3 million b/d. The lack of available pipeline capacity for petroleum forces oil producers to look to alternative transport methods, such as rail.
Crude-by-rail shipments are expected to increase as existing pipelines reach capacity and proposed pipelines experience approval delays. The rail loading capacity for crude in Western Canada is close to 1.2 million b/d, although this varies depending on several factors including the length of the unit trains, size and type of railcars used, and the types of crude oil loaded. Other studies, however, estimate the current rail loading capacity in Western Canada to be 754,000 b/d. The International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts that crude-by-rail exports will increase from 150,000 b/d in late 2017 to 390,000 b/d in 2019, which is much greater than the record high of 179,000 b/d in 2014. The IEA also warns that rail shipments could reach as high as 590,000 b/d in 2019 unless producers store their produced crude during peak months. The oil industry in the WCSB may need to continue to rely on rail in the forecastable future, as no major new pipeline capacity is expected to be available before 2019. The capacity - to a certain extent - is there, but producers must be willing to pay a premium to move crude by rail.
Getting to tidewater
Canada has had access to western tide water since 1953, with a capacity of roughly 200,000 - 300,000 bpd via the Kinder Morgan Pipeline. There is a myth perpetuated in Canadian media that Canadian WCS oil producers will have better access to “international prices” with greater access to tidewater, however, this claim does not take into account existing access. Shipments to Asia reached their peak in 2012 when the equivalent of nine fully loaded tankers of oil left Vancouver for China. Since then, oil exports to Asia have completely dropped off to the point at which China imported only 600 barrels of oil in 2017 . With regard to the claim that Canada does not have access to “international prices”, many economists decry the concept that Canada does have access to the globalized economy as ridiculous and attribute the price differential to the costs of shipping heavy, sour crude thousands of kilometres, compounded by over supply in the destinations able to process aforementioned oil. Due to a doubling of a “production and export” model bet on by the biggest players in the tar sands, producers have recently (2018) encountered an over supply problem, and have sought further government subsidies to lessen the blow of their financial miscalculations earlier this decade.
Preferred access ports include the US Gulf ports via the Keystone XL pipeline to the south, the British Columbia Pacific coast in Kitimat via the Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, and the Trans Mountain line to Vancouver, BC. Frustrated by delays in getting approval for Keystone XL, the Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, and the expansion of the existing Trans Mountain line to Vancouver, Alberta has intensified exploration of northern projects, such as building a pipeline to the northern hamlet of Tuktoyatuk near the Beaufort Sea, "to help the province get its oil to tidewater, making it available for export to overseas markets". Under Prime Minister Stephen Harper, the Canadian government spent $9 million by May 2012, and $16.5 million by May 2013, to promote Keystone XL. In the United States, Democrats are concerned that Keystone XL would simply facilitate getting Alberta oil sands products to tidewater for export to China and other countries via the American Gulf Coast of Mexico.
In 2013, Generating for Seven Generations (G7G) and AECOM received $1.8 million in funding from Alberta Energy to study the feasibility of building a railway from northern Alberta to the Port of Valdez, Alaska. The proposed 2,440-km railway would be capable of transporting 1 million to 1.5 million b/d of bitumen and petroleum products, as well as other commodities, to tidewater (avoiding the tanker ban along British Columbia's northern coast). The last leg of the route - Delta Junction through the coastal mountain range to Valdez - was not deemed economically feasible by rail; an alternative, however, may be the transfer of products to the underutilized Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) to Valdez.
Port Metro Vancouver has a number of petroleum terminals, including Suncor Burrard Terminal in Port Moody, Imperial Oil Ioco Terminal in Burrard Inlet East, and Kinder Morgan Westridge, Shell Canada Shellburn, and Chevron Canada Stanovan terminals in Burnaby.
Pipeline versus rail debate
The public debate surrounding the trade-offs between pipeline and rail transportation has been developing over the past decade as the amount of crude oil transported by rail has increased. It was invigorated in 2013 after the deadly Lac-Mégantic disaster in Quebec when a freight train derailed and spilled 5.56 million litres of crude oil, which resulted in explosions and fires that destroyed much of the town's core. That same year, a train carrying propane and crude derailed near Gainford, Alberta, resulting in two explosions but no injuries or fatalities. These rail accidents, among other examples, have raised concerns that the regulation of rail transport is inadequate for large-scale crude oil shipments. Pipeline failures also occur, for instance, in 2015 a Nexen pipeline ruptured and leaked 5 million litres of crude oil over approximately 16,000 m2 at the company's Long Lake oilsands facility south of Fort McMurray. Although both pipeline and rail transportation are generally quite safe, neither mode is without risk. Numerous studies, however, indicate that pipelines are safer, based on the number of occurrences (accidents and incidents) weighed against the quantity of product transported. Between 2004 and 2015, the likelihood of rail accidents in Canada was 2.6 times greater than for pipelines per thousand barrels of oil equivalents (Mboe). Natural gas products were 4.8 times more likely to have a rail occurrence when compared to similar commodities transported by pipelines. Critics question if pipelines carrying diluted bitumen from Alberta's oil sands are more likely to corrode and cause incidents, but evidence shows the risk of corrosion being no different from that of other crude oils.
Costs
A 2017 study by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that contrary to popular belief, the sum of air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions costs is substantially larger than accidents and spill costs for both pipelines and rail. For crude oil transported from the North Dakota Bakken Formation, air pollution and greenhouse gas emission costs are substantially larger for rail compared to pipeline. For pipelines and rail, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration's (PHMSA) central estimate of spill and accident costs is US$62 and US$381 per million-barrel miles transported, respectively. Total GHG and air pollution costs are 8 times higher than accident and spills costs for pipelines (US$531 vs US$62) and 3 times higher for rail (US$1015 vs US$381).
Finally, transporting oil and gas by rail is generally more expensive for producers than transporting it by pipeline. On average, it costs between US$10-$15 per barrel to transport oil and gas by rail compared to $5 a barrel for pipeline. In 2012,16 million barrels of oil were exported to USA by rail. By 2014, that number increased to 59 million barrels. Although quantities decreased to 48 million in 2017, the competitive advantages offered by rail, particularly its access to remote regions as well as lack of regulatory and social challenges compared with building new pipelines, will likely make it a viable transportation method for years to come. Both forms of transportation play a role in moving oil efficiently, but each has its unique trade-offs in terms of the benefits it offers.
Regulatory agencies in Canada
The jurisdiction over the petroleum industry in Canada, which includes energy policies regulating the petroleum industry, is shared between the federal and provincial and territorial governments. Provincial governments have jurisdiction over the exploration, development, conservation, and management of non-renewable resources such as petroleum products. Federal jurisdiction in energy is primarily concerned with regulation of inter-provincial and international trade (which included pipelines) and commerce, and the management of non-renewable resources such as petroleum products on federal lands.
Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)
Oil and Gas Policy and Regulatory Affairs Division (Oil and Gas Division) of Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) provides an annual review of and summaries of trending of crude oil, natural gas and petroleum product industry in Canada and the United States (US)
National Energy Board
Until February 2018, the petroleum industry was also regulated by the National Energy Board (NEB), an independent federal regulatory agency. The NEB regulated inter-provincial and international oil and gas pipeline transport and power lines; the export and import of natural gas under long-term licenses and short-term orders, oil exports under long-term licenses and short-term orders (no applications for long-term exports have been filed in recent years), and frontier lands and offshore areas not covered by provincial/federal management agreements.
In 1985, the federal government and the provincial governments in Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan agreed to deregulate the prices of crude oil and natural gas. Offshore oil Atlantic Canada is administered under joint federal and provincial responsibility in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador.
Provincial regulatory agencies
There were few regulations in the early years of the petroleum industry. In Turner Valley, Alberta for example, where the first significant field of petroleum was found in 1914, it was common to extract a small amount of petroleum liquids by flaring off about 90% of the natural gas. According to a 2001 report that amount of gas that would have been worth billions. In 1938 the Alberta provincial government responded to the conspicuous and wasteful burning of natural gas. By the time crude oil was discovered in the Turner Valley field, in 1930, most of the free gas cap had been flared off. The Alberta Petroleum and Natural Gas Conservation Board (today known as the Energy Resources Conservation Board) was established in 1931 to initiate conservation measures but by that time the Depression caused a waning of interest in petroleum production in Turner Valley which was revived from 1939 to 1945.
See also
The Petroleum Papers, 2022 book by Geoff Dembicki
Climate change in Canada
Coal in Canada
Petroleum technician
Renewable energy in Canada
References
Further reading
External links
CBC Digital Archives - Striking Oil in Alberta
Canadian Fuels Association
The Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP)
Canadian Petroleum Hall of Fame
Alberta Government Oil Sands Information Portal Interactive Map and Data Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum%20industry%20in%20Canada |
Wood-Ridge is an active commuter railroad train station in the borough of Wood-Ridge, Bergen County, New Jersey. Located next to the interchange of Route 17 and Moonachie (County Route 36), the single low-level side platform station services trains of New Jersey Transit's Pascack Valley Line between Hoboken Terminal and Spring Valley. The next station to the north is Teterboro and to the south is Secaucus Junction. Wood-Ridge station is not accessible to handicapped persons and contains parking along Park Place East.
Service through the Wood-Ridge section of Bergen Township began with the opening of the Hackensack and New York Railroad on January 21, 1861 as Woodridge–Moonachie. The station contained a two-story wooden passenger station with dimensions of with two freight houses, a wooden structure and an old railroad car body serving as a secondary facility. With the reconstruction of Route 17 in 1967, the railroad received approval to demolish the depot at Woodridge–Moonachie, which would be used by new right-of-way. As a result, a new concrete block depot would replace the wooden structure. This would also result in the elimination of stations at Hasbrouck Heights and Carlstadt.
New Jersey Transit eliminated the station agent on July 1, 1981, closing the station depot in 1987 due to vandalism. They reversed the decision in September 1997.
History
On March 20, 1967, the Erie Lackawanna Railroad and the Bergen County Board of Freeholders attended a meeting of the Board of Public Utility Commissioners. Due to upcoming roadwork in the area, the railroad wanted to abandon the two stations at Hasbrouck Heights and one at Carlstadt. A fourth station, the Woodridge–Moonachie stop would be moved to the south. The upcoming roadwork involved the widening of Route 17, which results in the construction of multiple overpasses in the stretch: Paterson Plank Road, Moonachie Avenue (County Route 36), along with Williams Avenue and Franklin Avenues in Hasbrouck Heights.
The Public Utility Commissioners approved the decision to demolish the depots. As part of the station consolidation, Hasbrouck Heights and Carlstadt stops would be abandoned. Woodridge–Moonachie would be moved south and a new station depot would be built. Williams Avenue station in Hasbrouck Heights would be rebuilt with a new shelter and bus stop.
In June 1967, the New Jersey Department of Transportation announced they would open bids on reconstruction of Route 17, including the construction of the Moonachie Avenue overpass to help eliminate the high accident rate at the Route 17/Moonachie Avenue intersection. As part of the construction, Route 17 would be a highway of six wide lanes and shoulders from the original pair of lanes with shoulders. The six lanes would be separated by a concrete Jersey barrier. Moonachie Avenue would be moved northward from its location to accommodate a new interchange. Anderson Avenue would go from a through street to a dead end and Bergen Street would be re-aligned to meet with the new Moonachie Avenue. Demolition of the Woodridge–Moonachie station and construction of its replacement. The Department of Transportation budgeted $7.25 million for the project.
In early July 1967, the Department of Transportation announced they would begin accepting construction bids on the project on July 27. They also announced that the reconstruction of the Woodridge–Moonachie station depot would be done entirely on state funding. The low-bid came in from George Brewster Construction and Equipment Company of Bogota at $2.5 million for the first stage of construction. The new station depot would be a concrete block depot with ticket and freight offices, storage, waiting and boiler rooms, along with toilet facilities. The removal of the Woodridge–Moonachie, Carlstadt and Hasbrouck Heights stations would be under other contracts. Four other bids were received, ranging between $2,726,748.57 and $3,203,980.95.
On September 6, 1967, construction of the Route 17 widening began. Demolition of buildings in the right-of-way began as well in September. A woodcraft building formerly known as Adelung's Hotel, near the station depot, would be a victim of the widening as well, much to the dismany of local residents. Demolition was underway by September 25.
On April 20, 1981, the borough of Wood-Ridge announced that the station agent at Wood-Ridge would be eliminated on July 1. New Jersey Transit told the municipality that the decision was made to help the agency reduce a $80 million deficit they were facing. The elimination would be tied with a 50 percent raise in railroad and bus fares.
In September 1997, New Jersey Transit received $185,000 to upgrade and rehabilitate the station depot at Wood-Ridge. As part of the funding, the station would get a newly-heated waiting room with fresh benches and restrooms. The single side platform would be repaved entirely and the parking lot would receive new lighting. NJ Transit noted that the station depot had fallen into massive disrepair for the ten years it had sat unused. The roof was leaking for at least several years, the tiles were grimed over and a graffiti artist had made themselves present. A lot of stenches from water and broken toilets were present in the building. New Jersey Transit noted that Wood-Ridge station saw a drop in ridership, believed to be partly due to the closed station building. The rehabilitated station depot opened to commuters on November 14, 1997, with local politicians on site to greet commuters.
Until 2016, the Wood-Ridge station was the only one to serve the town. This changed when the Wesmont station serving the Bergen County Line opened near Wood-Ridge's border with Wallington.
Station layout
The station has one track and one low-level side platform.
Bibliography
References
External links
Station from Moonachie Avenue from Google Maps Street View
NJ Transit Rail Operations stations
Former Erie Railroad stations
Railway stations in Bergen County, New Jersey
Wood-Ridge, New Jersey
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1861
1861 establishments in New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood-Ridge%20station |
David Melville, later Leslie, 3rd Earl of Leven and de jure 2nd Earl of Melville (5 May 16606 June 1728) was a Scottish aristocrat, politician, and soldier.
The third son of George Melville, 1st Earl of Melville and his second wife Catherine, he shared the Whig political and the Presbyterian religious sympathies of his father. In 1681, with the death of the rival claimant, John Leslie, 1st Duke of Rothes, he was permitted to enter into the Earldom of Leven.
In 1683, Leven and his father were suspected of complicity in the Rye House Plot, a Whig conspiracy to assassinate Charles II and his brother James, Duke of York. To escape arrest they fled to the Netherlands where they joined the band of British Protestant exiles at the court of Prince William of Orange.
Here Leven was used by William to obtain the support of German princes for his invasion of England in 1688, Leven himself having raised a regiment for that invasion, in the course of which he received the surrender of the town of Plymouth in south Devonshire. He became a Privy Councillor of Scotland in 1689, and fought at the Battle of Killiecrankie that year. He also served as Keeper of Edinburgh Castle between 1689 and 1702, and again between 1704 and 1712. Leven was also a Commissioner for the Pacification of the Highlands from 1689.
Leven served as Governor of the Bank of Scotland between 1697 and 1728, and in 1702 was promoted to brigadier-general, followed by major-general in 1704. He became Master of the Scottish Ordnance in 1705, and Commander-in-Chief, Scotland in 1706. Also in 1706 he was elected one of the representative peers to sit in the House of Lords after the Acts of Union in 1707 abolished the Parliament of Scotland. He became a lieutenant-general in 1707. He became a Commissioner for the Union in 1707 and was one of the original Representative Peers for Scotland from 1707 until 1710. He was dismissed from all offices in 1712.
He succeeded his father as Earl of Melville on 20 May 1707, but did not use the title.
References
External links
Leven's Regiment plaque, Edinburgh Castle
1660 births
1728 deaths
Earls of Leven
Governors of the Bank of Scotland
Scottish generals
Scottish soldiers
Whig (British political party) politicians
Scottish Presbyterians
Members of the pre-1707 Parliament of Scotland
Scottish representative peers
People of the Rye House Plot
17th-century Scottish peers
Members of the Convention of the Estates of Scotland 1689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Leslie%2C%203rd%20Earl%20of%20Leven |
Zuppa inglese (, ; Italian for "English soup") is an Italian dessert layering custard and sponge cake, perhaps derived from trifle.
Description
To make zuppa inglese, either sponge cake or ladyfingers are dipped in Alchermes, a bright red, extremely aromatic Italian herb liqueur. They are then alternated with layers of crema pasticciera, a thick egg custard cooked with a large piece of lemon zest (removed afterwards). Often, a layer of crema al cioccolato is created by dissolving dark chocolate in a plain crema pasticciera. In Italy it is occasionally topped with cream, meringue or almonds.
Gelato
Zuppa inglese is also a popular gelato flavor.
History
The origins of zuppa inglese are uncertain. One theory states that it originated in the sixteenth-century kitchens of the Dukes of Este, the rulers of Ferrara. According to this story, they asked their cooks to recreate the sumptuous "English trifle" they had enjoyed in England at the Elizabethan court, where they were frequent visitors. However, no recipes for the dish are recorded before the late nineteenth century, when it appears in cookbooks from Emilia-Romagna, Latium, Marches and Umbria.
Name
The word zuppa ("soup") in Italian cuisine refers to both sweet and savory dishes. It has a derivative in the verb inzuppare which means "to dunk"; as the sponge cake or ladyfingers are dipped in liqueur, the dish is called zuppa. Similarly, thick bean with vegetable stews, and fish or shellfish stews are properly described as zuppa di verdure and zuppa di pesce, respectively.
There are other theories as to the origin of the name:
The name translates literally in Italian as English soup and may in fact connote its similarity to English trifle. Others believe it is a dialectical corruption of the verb inzuppare, meaning to sop.
A dessert invented by Neapolitan pastrycooks of Europe during the 19th century. Inspired by English puddings that were fashionable at the time, ...
This rich dessert was among the many tributes bestowed on Lord Nelson by the grateful Neapolitans after his victory over Napoleon in the Nile in 1798. "English Soup", as it was called, was the creation of an anonymous pastry cook smitten with the admiral, the English, and their spirit-soaked Trifles.
See also
Supangle
References
Italian desserts
Custard desserts
Cakes
Italian cuisine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuppa%20inglese |
New Holland is a global full-line agricultural machinery manufacturer. New Holland's products include tractors, combine harvesters, balers, forage harvesters, self-propelled sprayers, haying tools, seeding equipment, hobby tractors, utility vehicles and implements, and grape harvesters. Founded in the United States, New Holland is based in Turin, Italy.
The original New Holland Machine Company was founded in 1895 in New Holland, Pennsylvania; it was acquired by Sperry Corporation in 1947, then by Ford Motor Company in 1986, and then by FiatAgri in 1991, becoming a full-line producer. In 1999, New Holland became a brand of CNH Global (NYSE: CNH), which was majority-owned by Fiat Industrial. On 29 September 2013, CNH Global N.V. and Fiat Industrial S.p.A. were merged into CNH Industrial N.V., a company incorporated in the Netherlands. CNH Industrial N.V. was subsequently listed on both the NYSE and the Milan stock exchange (Mercato Telematico Azionario).
New Holland equipment is manufactured at 18 plants globally (as well as six joint ventures in the Americas, Asia in the Middle East). The current administrative headquarters are in Turin, Italy, with New Holland, Pennsylvania serving as the brand's North American headquarters.
New Holland also owns trademarks for specific innovations on its products such as the ABS Super Steer system, Opti Fan System, Intellifill system, and others.
The brand was the main Juventus F.C. sponsor from 2007 to 2010.
History
New Holland history is the sum and integration of four agricultural brands that merged: Ford, Fiat Trattori, Claeys, and New Holland.
Founding
New Holland Machine Company was founded in a horse barn in 1895 by Abe Zimmerman[2] in New Holland, Pennsylvania and began producing agricultural products, including a feed mill, to help the local farming community. The company was incorporated in 1903.
In 1947, the company changed its name to Sperry New Holland, due to a takeover by the Sperry Rand Corporation. The same year, it made a major breakthrough in hay harvesting technology with the introduction of the haybine mower conditioner (which remained in production until 2023). In 1964, Sperry New Holland bought a major interest in Claeys.
Claeys was founded in 1906 by Leon Claeys, a Belgian mechanic. This firm started to build threshing machines, and in 1909, built a factory in Zedelgem, Belgium, where one of New Holland's plants is still producing harvesting products. By the 1960s, Claeys was one of the biggest combine manufacturers in Europe.[3]
In 1975, Sperry New Holland introduced the world's first twin-rotor combine, a successful technology that is still used today.
Ford
In 1986, Ford bought Sperry New Holland and formed Ford New Holland Inc.
Before this acquisition, Ford had a long history in agricultural machinery production. In 1907, Ford came out with the prototype for the world's first mass-produced, gasoline-powered tractor, named an "automobile plow". Ten years later, this tractor went into actual production.
It was renamed the Fordson Model F, and produced by a new business, Henry Ford & Son Company.
In 1939, Ford introduced the three-point hitch (three-point linkage) on the 'N' tractor series, a very successful tractor family. In the 1980s, Ford was one of the major players, and its tractor division had been responsible for a number of industry innovations, including the use of power hydraulics, rubber pneumatic tires, diesel engines, and the three-point hitch. This hitch was originally developed by Harry Ferguson, but was widely used on Ford tractor.
Fiat
In 1991, Fiat purchased an 80% interest in Ford New Holland. Also, Fiat was present in the agriculture machinery industry since the beginning of the 20th century. In 1918, the Fiat Model 702 tractor was launched and went into full production a year later at the car and truck plant in Turin, and won the International Ploughing Contest in Senlis (France). Model 702 was the first Fiat agricultural tractor, as well as the first Italian tractor to be built on an industrial scale. In the 1930s, Fiat's founder, Senator Giovanni Agnelli, wanted his tractor to become an integral part of Italy's agriculture, so he began an association with the Italian agricultural co-operatives. The company kept on growing, and by the end of the 1970s, Fiat Trattori had built over a million tractors.
In the 1980s, Fiat acquired Braud, a French company founded in 1870, which introduced the stationary threshers to farmers in Western France in 1895. In 1975, Braud launched his first grape harvester, model 1020. This was further improved with Braud 1014, the best-selling grape harvester in the history of the vineyard, with over 2000 units sold in less than four years.
With the purchase of Ford New Holland, New Holland became a global full-line producer and the integration process was completed at the official launch of the brand at the worldwide convention in Orlando, Florida, in 1996.
CNH
Under the ownership of Fiat, New Holland N.V. and Case Corporation merged in 1999, giving birth to CNH. Due to antitrust policies, New Holland had to divest Laverda and the Versatile tractor plant in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Following the 1993 purchase, the joint venture signed between the Ford Motor Company and the Mexican Quimmco Group in 1990 was transferred to the New Holland company. In 1999, the name of the company was changed to CNH de México.
New Holland Fiat India Pvt. Ltd., previously New Holland Tractors India (Pvt.) Ltd., was established as a 100% subsidiary of CNH Global NV in 1996. The factory is situated in the Greater Noida area, near New Delhi.
Acquisitions and partnerships
In 1998, New Holland acquired Bizon, a combine harvester manufacturer based in Płock, Poland. It designed machines for harvesting cereals, rape seed, maize, sunflower seed, and other crops. Bizon held about 60% of the Polish combined harvester market and had begun sales expansion in Latin America, Pakistan, Belarus, and Ukraine.
In 1998, New Holland signed a joint venture with Türk Traktör, a company belonging to the Koç Group, Turkey's largest industrial conglomerate. The factory based in Ankara had already been producing Fiat tractors since the previous joint venture with the Fiat Group in 1967. In 2011, the factory celebrated the production of its 600 thousandth tractor.
Shanghai New Holland Agricultural Machinery Corporation Ltd. was established on January 1, 2002, as a joint venture bringing together CNH, Shanghai Tractor, and Internal Combustion Engine Corporation, an industry leader in the Chinese market. Today, it is one of the China's largest joint ventures for agricultural machinery.
Milestones
Also in 2002, the New Holland TG tractor series was introduced, featuring the "Cat'sEye" lighting as dubbed by then Fiat chairman Paolo Cantarella. The free-form halogen lighting was a first, not only in tractor design, but also actually preceded the use of this type of lighting in automotive design. The TG was the first styling effort by New Holland's newly named consulting designers and stylists (Montgomery Design International), which had been the long-time firm of record for IH and CaseIH. A single sketch penned by owner and principal designer Gregg Montgomery set New Holland's styling direction, which continues today in the complete range of New Holland tractors.
From 2007 to 2010, New Holland was the sponsor of Juventus F.C. In Paraná State, Brazil, the first machines are delivered to the Programa Trator Solidário (Solidary Tractor). A white T7050 tractor was presented to Pope Benedictus XVI.
In 2009, New Holland Agricultural presented the world's first hydrogen-powered tractor, the NH2 at the SIMA machinery show in Paris, France. Modeled after the company's T6000 tractor, the diesel combustion engine was replaced by two electric motors.
In 2010, following the finalization of the industrial agreement between CNH and OJSC KAMAZ, the newly formed industrial joint venture had started the assembly of the New Holland new tractor models T9060, T9040, and T8050 and the CSX7080 and CSX7060 combine harvesters at its Naberezhnye Chelny plant in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. In 2012, two new products were added, the T8.330 tractor and the CX8080 combine.
New Holland is a Gold Sponsor of the Climate Action Networking Reception, hosted by Climate Action in partnership with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the South African government in Durban.
In 2012, New Holland sponsored the Rio+20 Summit United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.
In 2022, New Holland released the T7 Methane Power LNG prototype, the world’s first 100% methane-fueled tractor.
Environmental initiatives and innovation projects
NH2 hydrogen-powered tractor and energy-independent farm
New Holland has developed the Energy Independent Farm, a new approach, where farmers are meant to be able to generate their own energy to run their farm and agricultural equipment. The basis of this is the use of hydrogen generated from renewable sources, which farmers have at their disposal: wind, solar, and waste or biomass, according to its availability in each particular farming area. The electricity is then converted into hydrogen using an electrolyser; this technology is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Basically, it needs water and electricity as inputs; the hydrogen is then stored at the farm in high-pressure tanks and is ready to be used as a free and clean fuel, which can be used directly in farm machinery or in generators to provide electrical power and heat for buildings and numerous applications. Hydrogen was chosen because it is an efficient energy carrier, it works like a battery, accumulating energy, and it is more advantageous and cleaner than a conventional battery.
The hydrogen-powered NH2 tractor is based on the T6.140 production model. The tractor is able to all operate all the implements required for different seasonal operations: soil preparation, seeding, baling, transport, and front loader applications, while operating virtually silently and emitting only heat, vapour and water Its internal combustion engine has been replaced with fuel cells that generate electricity. The compressed hydrogen stored in a special tank, and reacts with the oxygen in the air inside the cell to generate water and electricity. This powers the electric motors that drive the main transmission and the auxiliary systems of the tractor. The fuel cell generates less heat than an internal-combustion engine, offers a consistent output of power, and does not produce polluting nitrogen oxides, soot particles, or carbon dioxide. It is quicker to refuel, 5 minutes to fill a tank compared to hours required by batteries.
NH2 Hydrogen Powered Tractor was awarded a Gold Medal for technical innovation at SIMA in 2009.
The hydrogen powered NH2 tractor will be tested at La Bellotta, Turin, Italy, as a pilot to realize the first Energy Independent farm.
100% Biodiesel equipment
In 2006, New Holland approved the use of Biodiesel in its products with the use of 20% Biodiesel (B20) in all of its equipment containing New Holland engines. In 2007, New Holland offered 100% Biodiesel (B100) compatibility with New Holland Tier 3 engines. All Tier 4A ECOBlue SCR engines are compatible with 20% Biodiesel (B20) blends, as long as the biodiesel blend complies with fuel specification EN14214:2009.
Biomass
New Holland is supporting different projects based on energy production from biomass made from agricultural, industrial and domestic residue and energetic crops:
A willow wood near Lockerbie, United Kingdom, where the forage harvester FR9090 has been tested and is actually in action to harvest crops without the further need of rework before being taken to the power station
In Gurgaon, near Delhi, Punjab region, India, the A2Z Maintenance & Engineering is producing energy from what were previously considered to be waste products, straw from paddy fields and from cotton, maize and oilseed rape. Over 45 megawatts of electricity are delivered to the national grid. This new usage of agricultural residue also reduces the negative environmental impact of large-scale stubble burning. New Holland is currently operating a fleet of 105 tractors, 45 conventional balers, 15 rakes and 2 mowers.
In Brazil, New Holland has started a partnership with the Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira (Sugar Cane Technology Centre – CTC) for the production of energy from sugar cane, in the traditional form of ethanol and by transforming sugar cane straw into energy. Two Brazilian test farms use a range of New Holland large square balers, tractors, wind-rowers and bale accumulators.
In Makeni, Sierra Leone, New Holland has started a partnership with Addax Bioenergy. The first portion of the plan, the Makeni Ethanol and Power Project (MEP), entails the establishment of sugarcane estates, an ethanol refinery, a cogeneration plant and the related infrastructure. 9 New Holland medium HP tractors are operated to prepare the land for planting.
Trademarks
New Holland introduced several patents on its products.
ABS SuperSteer system & Intelligent Trailer Braking System
ABS SuperSteer is an application of ABS technology to tractors, which offers an increased safety, especially when operating on steep hills, and increased tractor manoeuvrability. ABS SuperSteer uses ABS technology to manage each wheel's brake individually. Using a single foot pedal, the ABS SuperSteer allows the tractor to be steered by the brakes. Two orange pedal extensions either side of a single pedal replace the conventional, independent two-pedal arrangement. At low speed, this provides the driver with the same single-wheel steering as a conventional tractor, but automatically disables at higher speeds to prevent accidental application. The ABS SuperSteer function includes tyre slip control and automatic coupling with the steering angle. This allows the tractor to perform tight turning manoeuvres without driver intervention on brakes by pivoting on a braked rear wheel, reducing the turning circle to that of a tractor fitted with a SuperSteer front axle. A driver-selectable amount of slip on the pivoting wheel is allowed to prevent soil damage. The hill holder function improves tractor control on slopes, automatically engaging the brakes to prevent the machine rolling back during hill starts and easing clutch engagement.
The Intelligent Trailer Braking system manages and equalises the braking force exerted on the trailer. When slowing with the transmission or the exhaust brake the trailer brakes are modulated so that the trailer deceleration matches that of the tractor.
The ABS system is assembled at Basildon plant using a dynamic standard operating procedure, this enables any operator to assemble the highly complex assembly made up of around 80 processes and 25 different assembly tools, and this also incorporates a test station to ensure the ABS unit is in perfect working order before fitting to a tractor. This is a ground breaking system using new technologies and 3D Assembly instructions the Project leader is process engineer Howard Turnnidge.
Opti-Fan system
The Opti-Fan system compensates automatically for continuous uphill or downhill gradients in combines. When driving downhill, material moves against gravity and therefore more slowly over the grainpan and top sieve, causing it to remain longer in the cleaning shoe and the layer thickness to increase. More ‘material other than grain' (MOG) remains in the cleaning shoe as the set cleaning fan speed is insufficient to clear the crop. Driving uphill causes the material layer to decrease as it moves more quickly out of the shoe under gravity. The air flow from the fan is too high for the thin layer of material which results in the material travelling too quickly over the top causing increased grain losses. The fan speed control system senses the combine's angle of ascent or descent and automatically adjusts the cleaning fan speed to compensate. The operator sets the level-field fan speed and the system reduces the speed when travelling uphill and increases it downhill to optimise the material layer thickness on the cleaning shoe.
The Opti-Fan system was awarded with a Silver Medal at Agritechnica in 2009.
IntelliFill system
The FR9000's IntelliFill system allows the operator to fill a trailer accurately and with minimal losses, even when visibility is limited. Following a front-to-rear or rear-to-front pattern, the automatic trailer tracking system uses a specialised 3D camera mounted under the spout to guide the crop flow into the trailer. The system ensures a uniform fill whether the trailer is alongside the forage harvester, or following, in the case of starting new fields. The system can accurately control the crop flow trajectory even when operating at night. The spout-mounted sensor creates a distance image of the trailer and its surroundings, based on NIR (near infra red) technology. Unlike conventional mono or stereo camera systems, which have poor depth perception, the New Holland tracking system can accurately position the crop flow to a distance of 20 metres.
IntelliFill system was awarded with a Gold Medal at Agritechnica in 2009.
Super Steer system
The SuperSteer front axle reduces the turn radius of the tractor. The front axle beam turns with the wheels to give an effective turn angle of 65°. The tractor turns tighter and faster so it spends less time turning and more time working. The SuperSteer front axle also increases the wheelbase, with the weight of the front ballast resting directly on the front axle beam. Traction is enhanced in certain conditions without need for extra ballast.
Moistur system
Two star wheels penetrate the bale and provide an accurate measurement of the moisture content; the information about the condition of the crop being baled prevents processing a crop which is not really ready and allows precise application of additives.
Sensitrak 4WD management
The optional Sensitrak traction management allows the tractor to automatically switch in and out of 4-wheel drive.
On the move bale weighting system
The weight data is transmitted instantaneously to the monitor in the tractor cab, enabling the operator to keep a constant and accurate check on the progress of baling operations and optimizes the performance of the baler to suit harvesting conditions. This automatic system bale weighing system has an accuracy of +/- 2% and can easily handle different bale size in any kind of crop condition. It is available as a dealer installed accessory.
Edgewrap system
With the New Holland EdgeWrap system, net is brought to the bale by a duckbill net applicator. The system penetrates in the bale chamber for positive wrapping material delivery. The duckbill net applicator is wider than the bale chamber, providing coverage of the bale edge. The use of wide net provides over the edge coverage.
Grain Cam system
A camera recognises the concentration of chaff and broken grain in the sample as it is transferred through the grain elevator to the grain tank; this information is shown on the IntelliView III monitor in the form of a graph, allowing the operator to fine tune adjustments, further boosting grain purity.
Grain Cam was awarded by the Gold Medal for innovation at Agritechnica in 2007.
Opti-Clean cleaning shoe
The Opti-Clean system optimizes the strike and the throwing angles of each of the main components in CR9000 Elevation models. The grain pan is not coupled with the pre-sieve and top sieve so that each element can operate as its optimum efficiency. The cascade distance between the grain pan and the pre-sieve is increased for greater capacity, while a long sieve stroke and a steep throwing angle keep more material airborne, for even a higher cleaning efficiency. The opposing motion of the grain pan and bottom sieve to the pre-sieve reduces overall machine vibrations and increases operator comfort.
Sidewinder
The SideWinder II armrest is a new command control for T6, T7, T8 and T9 tractor ranges. The most frequently used controls have been placed in this armrest to improve ergonomics and productivity.
Synchroknife
The SynchroKnife drive technology includes a single, centrally mounted gearbox with double knife drive which ensures lateral weight distribution for more uniform stubble height, as well as significantly reducing knife stress and vibration. Located under the header floor, the edge of the uncut crop is protected from potential snagging caused by bulky side-mounted knife drive gearboxes.
Awards and recognition
In 2014, New Holland released its first ever Class 10 combine, the CR10.90. With 653 hp, it is the largest and most powerful combine on the market. On August 15, 2014 a CR10.90 set a new world record for combine harvesting, recognized by Guinness World Records, with 797.7 tonnes of wheat harvested in eight hours.
On April 5, 2017 a CR8.90 set a new world record for soybean combine harvesting, recognized by the Guinness World Records, with 439.73 tonnes of soybeans harvested in eight hours.
New Holland products received many awards and recognitions during the years. The most recent ones are:
See also
New Holland Construction
Notes
References
Stuart Gibbard: The Ford Tractor Story: Basildon to New Holland, 1964 to 1999 (2000)
William Dozza, Massimo Misley: Fiat Trattori. Dal 1918 ad oggi, Giorgio Nada Editore (2008)
William Dozza, Massimo Misley: Fiat Tractors from 1919 to the present (2011)
Micro De Cet: Tractors (Complete Encyclopedia Series) (2009)
C. Otero: Creating the future of the countryside. The European Estate (2009)
Homer K. Luttinger: The Innovators: The New Holland Story, Hoster Bindery Inc.: Lancaster, Penn. (1990)
Robert N. Pripps, Andrew Morland: Ford Tractors (Farm Tractor Color History), MBI Publishing Company (2004)
Chester Peterson, Rod Breemer: Ford N Series Tractor, MBI Publishing Company (1997)
Andrew Morland: Farm Tractors, MBI Publishing Company (1993)
Nick Baldwin: Farm Tractors, Board Book (1983)
Andrew Morland, Robert N. Pripps: Vintage Ford Tractors: The ultimate tribute to Ford, Fordson, Ferguson and New Holland tractors (2004)
External links
CNH Global Corporate Website
New Holland European Press Kit
New Holland North America Press Kit
New Holland NH2 - Hydrogen-powered tractor in an Energy Independent Farm
Ricambi New Holland
Manufacturing companies established in 1895
1895 establishments in Pennsylvania
CNH Industrial
Lawn and garden tractors
Tractor manufacturers of the United States
Tractor manufacturers of Italy
Turin motor companies
Manufacturing companies based in Turin
Agricultural machinery manufacturers of the United States
Agricultural machinery manufacturers of Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Holland%20Agriculture |
SN 2006X was a Type Ia supernova about 65 million light-years away in Messier 100, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices. The supernova was independently discovered in early February 2006 by Shoji Suzuki of Japan and Marco Migliardi of Italy.
SN 2006X is particularly significant because it is a Type Ia supernova. These supernovae are used for measuring distances, so observations of these supernovae in nearby galaxies are needed for calibration. SN 2006X is located in a well-studied galaxy, and it was discovered two weeks before its peak brightness, so it may be extraordinarily useful for understanding supernovae and for calibrating supernovae for distance measurements. It may even be possible to identify the progenitor of this supernova.
References
External links
Light curves and spectra on the Open Supernova Catalog
Supernova 2006X in M100
Brightness measures for SN 2006X
NASA page with images of SN 2006X
Large collection of SN 2006X images
Messier 100
Supernovae
Coma Berenices
20060204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN%202006X |
Joseph Francis Smith (January 24, 1920 – May 14, 1999), was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district from 1981 to 1983. He served as Chairman of the Philadelphia Democratic City Committee from 1983 to 1986 and as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 4th district from 1971 to 1981.
Early life and education
Smith was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and attended St. Anne's Parochial School. He graduated from Northeast Catholic High School in Philadelphia in 1939. He attended St. Joseph's College in Philadelphia from 1940 to 1942. Smith was a sergeant and Purple Heart recipient in the United States Army during World War II from 1942 to 1945.
Career
After leaving the military, Smith became active in local politics, serving first as Ward Chair for James A. Byrne between 1965 and 1970. He became Byrne's Administrative Assistant during that time. He then served in the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1971 until 1981, and eventually became Chairman of the Committee on Appropriations.
He won election in 1981 as a Democrat to the 97th Congress through a special election to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of United States Representative Raymond Lederer due to the ABSCAM sting. Smith lost the Democratic primary in the special election to David B. Glancey, but then ran as a Republican, with the blessing of the GOP, in the general election and won. He promised during his campaign that he would caucus with the Democrats if elected.
After redistricting in 1982, Smith narrowly lost the Democratic primary against fellow congressman Tom Foglietta. He went on to become Democratic City Chairman in Philadelphia between 1983 and 1986. Smith also served as the 31st Ward Leader for more than three decades.
Legacy
In honor of Smith's years of service to his community, the United States Postal Service facility located at 1602 Frankford Avenue in Philadelphia ("Kensington Station") was renamed as the Joseph F. Smith Post Office Building.
Personal life
He was married to Regina Bukowski-Smith, also of the Port Richmond section in Philadelphia. They had one daughter, Regina.
References
H.R.4554: To redesignate the facility of the United States Postal Service located at 1602 Frankford Avenue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as the "Joseph F. Smith Post Office Building". Sponsor: Rep Robert A. Borski. Introduced May 25, 2000; July 18, 2000, considered and passed House; October 6, 2000, considered and passed U.S. Senate.
1920 births
1999 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers
Democratic Party Pennsylvania state senators
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Politicians from Philadelphia
Military personnel from Philadelphia
20th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20F.%20Smith%20%28Pennsylvania%20politician%29 |
K.A (Köhntarkösz Anteria) is the ninth studio album by French rock band Magma, released on 8 November 2004. The album was Magma's first full-length studio release in just under 20 years. The material was largely composed by drummer Christian Vander in 1973–74, and fragments of it can be heard on Magma's 1977 live album Inédits.
K.A is sung almost entirely in Magma's constructed language Kobaïan, apart from a short passage in French ("Les Musiciens du Bord du Monde").
Track listing
Legacy
This album is part of the Köhntarkösz cycle of albums. It is the prequel to Köhntarkösz (1974). The sequel and final installment in the trilogy is Ëmëhntëhtt-Rê, released in November 2009.
The Köhntarkösz trilogy describes the spiritual quest of two men to understand the intimate workings of the forces of the universe and achieve immortality. The quest was begun by Ëmëhntëhtt-Rê, an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who devoted his life to spiritual efforts, but who was murdered shortly before he could reach the final attainment.
Köhntarkösz tells the story of a modern archaeologist who discovers the location of Ëmëhntëhtt-Rê's tomb. He enters, and as he crosses slowly along the dark passages to the burial chamber, he hears a celestial voice and has visions of Ëmëhntëhtt-Rê's life. When he reaches the burial chamber and touches the tomb, the ancient dust seeps into his pores, and he has a momentary and devastating flash of understanding of the complete attainment of the ancient pharaoh. Waking, his flash of understanding lost in his normative consciousness, he then devotes his own life to recovering the achievements of Ëmëhntëhtt-Rê and carrying them to the final stage (his efforts and teachings, incidentally, may be the link to the remainder of Magma's mythology, the forming of a group of spiritualists who ultimately flee the decrepit Earth for a higher life on the planet Kobaïa).
The story of Köhntarkösz Anteria isn't told literally. Using the unofficial Kobaïan-French dictionary, Timothy Hannem wrote his own vision on the story of the album: “Köhntarkösz Anteria, an intermediate work between these narratives, begins with the celestial appraisal of the archaeologist figure. The voices announce that he will be a future prophet (Köhntarkösz) but at the moment is 'sleeping', i.e. unaware of his future path and place in the spiritual history of the human race. The final section, a merging of two pieces originally known as 'Om Zanka' and 'Gamma Anteria', deals with a youthful vision of the future Köhntarkösz, in which he journeys to a strange village where he is greeted with joyous cries of 'halleluja!' and taken to the entrance of Ëmëhntëhtt-Rê’s tomb, at which a mysterious male voice bids him welcome and entreats him to enter. At this point, the album Köhntarkösz begins…”
Personnel
Stella Vander – vocals, percussion
Antoine Paganotti – vocals
Himiko Paganotti – vocals
Isabelle Feuillebois – vocals
James Mac Gaw – guitars
Emmanuel Borghi – piano, Fender Rhodes
Frédéric d'Oelsnitz – Fender Rhodes
Philippe Bussonnet – bass guitar
Christian Vander – drums, vocals, percussion
Literature
External links
Timothy Hannem's vision of KA
Köhntarkösz Anteria at AllMusic
Köhntarkösz Anteria at Discogs
References
2004 albums
Jazz albums by French artists
Magma (band) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.A%20%28K%C3%B6hntark%C3%B6sz%20Anteria%29 |
Psychological astrology, or astropsychology, is the result of the cross-fertilisation of the fields of astrology with depth psychology, humanistic psychology and transpersonal psychology. There are several methods of analyzing the horoscope in the contemporary psychological astrology: the horoscope can be analysed through the archetypes within astrology (as is characteristic for Jungian approach in astrology) or the analyses can be rooted in the psychological need and motivational theories. There might exist other astrological methods and approaches rooted in psychology. Astrologer and psychotherapist Glenn Perry characterises psychological astrology as "both a personality theory and a diagnostic tool".
No methodologically sound scientific studies exist that show a benefit or detriment in using psychological astrology. Psychological astrology, or astropsychology is a pseudoscience.
Origins
In the twentieth century, the western esoteric tradition inspired the Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology, Carl Jung to formulate his archetypal hypothesis, influenced by Plato's theory of ideas or forms. In his research into the symbolic meaning of his patient's dreams, conversations and paintings, Jung observed recurring mythical themes or archetypes. He proposed that these universal and timeless archetypes channel experiences and emotions, resulting in recognizable and typical patterns of behavior with certain probable outcomes. Jung claimed to observe a correlation between these archetypal images and the astrological themes or traditional 'gods' associated with the planets and signs of the zodiac. He concluded that the symbolic heavenly figures described by the constellations were originally inspired by projections of images created by the collective unconscious. Jung wrote "Astrology represents the sum of all the psychological knowledge of antiquity".
In collaboration with pioneer theoretical physicist (and Nobel laureate) Wolfgang Pauli, Jung developed the theory of synchronicity. This theory, which Jung compared to Aristotle's formal causation, poses that "whatever is born or done at this particular moment of time, has the quality of this moment of time". Accordingly, astrological claims of correlations between the position of heavenly bodies at the time of birth and an individual's development were defined by Jung as being acausal and not directly caused by the planets.
Jungian legacy
Several astrologers as well as psychologists pursued Jung's theories in their writings, teachings and practice. One of the first astrologers to combine Jungian psychology with astrology was Dane Rudhyar and his protégé, Alexander Ruperti. Rudhyar termed it "humanistic astrology," the subject of his monumental volume, The Astrology of Personality, published in 1936. Psychological astrology, however became firmly established in the late 20th century with the books and lectures of Liz Greene and Stephen Arroyo who were both strongly influenced by the Jungian model. In 1983, Liz Greene and Howard Sasportas, a psychosynthesis psychotherapist, founded the Centre for Psychological Astrology in London.
Meanwhile, in Switzerland, Bruno and Louise Huber also developed their own method of astrological psychology, referred to as the Huber Method which was influenced by Roberto Assagioli's work with psychosynthesis. In 1962, the Hubers founded the Huber School of Astrology and their work is now taught at the Astrological Psychology Association.
Possibly the most widespread application of Jung's theories is through the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment developed during the Second World War. CPP Inc., the publisher of the MBTI instrument, calls it "the world’s most widely used personality assessment", with as many as two million assessments administered annually. This psychometric questionnaire is designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. These preferences were extrapolated from the typological theories proposed by Jung and first published in his 1921 book Psychological Types. So the authors, Briggs and Myers adapted Jung's four psychological types, which were based on the four elements of classical cosmology on which the zodiac, with its corresponding human character traits, was structured. Nicholas Campion comments that this is "a fascinating example of 'disguised astrology', masquerading as science in order to claim respectability."
Other psychological approaches
Back in the 1970s, in the twelve-volume series, The Principles and Practice of Astrology (Llewellyn 1975), Noel Tyl has allied the psychological need theory with astrological symbolism. This analytical blend is developed fully in his book Holistic Astrology - The Analysis of Inner and Outer Environment (1980). In the light of the psychological need theory, he interprets the horoscope "as a process of lifelong conditioning, where individuals are predisposed to present individualized needs to the environment. .... This process identifies how we act, who we are, and how we fit into the world. Fulfilling destiny, in modern terms, is fulfilling needs."
Philosophy
While psychological astrology brings a transpersonal dimension and spiritual notions to psychology by linking the psyche to the Cosmos, psychological astrology is "decidedly not deterministic". Nor is an individual's everyday life ruled by malefic or benefic planets as the horoscope is considered a mere tool to help identify an individual's nature and potential for psycho-spiritual growth.
Criticism
Psychological astrology has been criticized for confirmation bias and astrology is widely considered a pseudoscience by the scientific community. In psychology and cognitive science, confirmation bias is a tendency to search for or interpret new information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions and avoids information and interpretations that contradict prior beliefs.
Research
The largest and most recognized study of the claims of astrology was published by Shawn Carlson in Nature. Twenty-eight professional astrologers agreed to participate, including several who were strongly influenced by the Jungian model. Carlson concluded that the astrologers were unable to match horoscopes with profiles compiled using the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) in blind tests any better than chance.
See also
Astrological symbols
Astrology and alchemy
Astrology and astronomy
Astrology and computers
Planets in astrology
Season of birth
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Self-actualization
References
External links
The Centre for Psychological Astrology
The Journal of Psychological Astrology
Association for Psychological Astrology
Official website of Noel Tyl
Noel Tyl at Astro Wiki
Astrology by type
Analytical psychology
Western astrology
Carl Jung | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological%20astrology |
Cieszyn County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland, on the Czech and Slovak border. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998.
The county's administrative seat and largest town is Cieszyn, which lies on the Czech border south-west of the regional capital Katowice. The county also contains four other towns: Ustroń, east of Cieszyn, Skoczów, north-east of Cieszyn, Wisła, south-east of Cieszyn, and Strumień, north-east of Cieszyn.
The county covers an area of . As of 2019 its total population is 178,145, out of which the population of Cieszyn is 34,513, that of Ustroń is 16,073, that of Skoczów is 14,385, that of Wisła is 11,132, that of Strumień is 3,718, and the rural population is 98,324.
History
The county was first created after Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire in 1850 as Politischer Bezirk Teschen, one of the seven counties in Austrian Silesia. After World War I, fall of Austria-Hungary, Polish–Czechoslovak War and the division of Cieszyn Silesia in 1920, the territory of the county was divided between Czechoslovakia and Poland. The bigger part of the Austrian county found in Czechoslovakia was superseded by Český Těšín District and smaller part found in Poland, was enlarged by four municipalities of the Austrian Bezirk Freistadt and more than a dozen from Bezirk Bielitz and was admitted to Silesian Voivodeship. Following the Munich Agreement, in October 1938 the Trans-Olza region was annexed by Poland and on 27 September Český Těšín was joined with Cieszyn and 53 municipalities were also adjoined to Cieszyn County. It was then annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II with the county known as Landkreis Teschen. After the war pre-1938 borders were restored. In 1975 the county-level division of Poland was replaced with 49 voivodeships, with the territory of Cieszyn County being encompassed by Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship. It was recreated on January 1, 1999, within Silesian Voivodeship, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998.
Neighbouring counties
Cieszyn County is bordered by the city of Jastrzębie-Zdrój and Pszczyna County to the north, and the city of Bielsko-Biała, Bielsko County and Żywiec County to the east. It also borders the Czech Republic to the west and Slovakia to the south.
Administrative division
The county is subdivided into 12 gminas (three urban, two urban-rural and seven rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
See also
Cieszyn Silesia
Euroregion Cieszyn Silesia
Olza (river)
References
Cieszyn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieszyn%20County |
Walter Edward Whitehead (20 May 1908 – 16 April 1978), also known as Commander Whitehead, was an iconic advertisement representative of Schweppes Tonic Water, playing himself as a suave and cosmopolitan man of taste and distinction in a widely-distributed advertising campaign of the 1950s and 1960s. He was also a successful executive, being head of Schweppes' American operations.
Life and career
Whitehead was born on 20 May 1908 in Aldershot, England. He served with the Royal Navy in World War II, attaining the rank of Commander.
In 1947, Whitehead was an economic advisor to Sir Stafford Cripps (then Chancellor of the Exchequer), working on training and productivity in British industry. He joined Schweppes in 1950, being responsible for foreign expansion. In 1953, he was made president of Schweppe's American operations, in the same year catching the eye of adman David Ogilvy, who was creating advertising for Schweppes. Schweppes had until 1952 been imported from Britain, and was thus an expensive niche product. In 1952 an agreement was signed with Pepsi to bottle Schweppes in America, allowing the price to be cut in half. Ogilvy's remit was to convince Americans that the lowering of price was not accompanied by a lowering of quality. Ogilvy had just recently created the "Hathaway Man" character for C.F. Hathaway Company, featuring Baron George Wrangell as a sophisticated and talented figure with a mysterious eyepatch and convinced Whitehead (who was at first reluctant) to become an icon with similar snob appeal for Schweppes.
Based on Whitehead's mature good looks and world-class beard, the "Commander Whitehead" character radiated a cultured sophistication and projected a comfortable and understated aura of confident savoir-faire and elegant taste coupled with worldly accomplishment and the aura of old money. The campaign was in heavy rotation for almost 20 years, from the mid 1950s through the 1960s. The term "schweppervescence" (a portmanteau of "Schweppes" and "effervescence") was used in the campaign. (Whitehead actually was a well-rounded and accomplished man, combining his military, executive, and public service achievements with pursuits such as fox hunting, sailing, skiing, and culinary expertise.)
Whithead eventually became a director of Cadbury Schweppes Ltd., Schweppes's British parent company. He also served as chairman of the British Export Marketing Advisory Committee, as a trustee of the International Marketing Institute at Harvard, and on the board of General Cigar Company and Cunard Lines.
In 1961 Queen Elizabeth awarded Whitehead the rank of CBE (Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire) for his achievements in exporting British products.
Whitehead was married to Adinah Whitehead; they had two children. He died on 16 April 1978, in Petersfield.
Works
See also
The Most Interesting Man in the World, a later and somewhat similar advertising character
References
Notes
1908 births
1978 deaths
Royal Navy officers of World War II
British advertising executives
Businesspeople from Aldershot
20th-century English businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Whitehead |
Freescha is the musical collaboration of Nick Huntington and Mike McGroarty, based in the San Fernando Valley, California. Huntington and McGroarty have been friends and partners since they met in high school. The duo has released most of their music on Attacknine Records, which is co-run by Huntington and McGroarty.
AllMusic compared the duo's sound to the "nostalgic electronica" of Boards of Canada. Freescha was chosen for URB magazine's "Next 100" artists to watch for in their 2004 year-end special issue.
Freescha co-wrote with Sia the song "Buttons" for Sia's 2008 album, Some People Have Real Problems, and co-wrote with Nicole Morier the song "Heaven On Earth" for Britney Spears's 2007 studio album, Blackout.
Discography
Albums
2001 - Kids Fill the Floor - (Attacknine)
2002 - Slower Than Church Music - (Attacknine)
2003 - What's Come Inside of You - (Attacknine)
2006 - Head Warlock Double Stare - (Attacknine)
2007 - Freeschaland - (Attacknine)
Singles & EPs
1999 - Bulb - Single - (Attacknine)
2000 - Freescha - EP - (Attacknine)
2000 - Pequod - Single - (Attacknine)
2004 - Split EP with Casino Versus Japan - EP - (Wobblyhead)
2011 - Babies In Your Body - (Attacknine)
See also
List of ambient music artists
References
External links
AttackNine Records – Official site and record label
Wobblyhead Records
Freescha merchandise
Freescha on MySpace
Freescha on Last.fm
Intelligent dance musicians
Musical groups from Los Angeles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescha |
ArcInfo (formerly ARC/INFO) is a full-featured geographic information system produced by Esri, and is the highest level of licensing (and therefore functionality) in the ArcGIS Desktop product line. It was originally a command-line based system. The command-line processing abilities are now available through the GUI of the ArcGIS Desktop product.
History
ARC/INFO
ESRI launched the first version of ARC/INFO - which it claims as "the very first modern GIS" - in 1982 on minicomputers. The name refers to its architecture as a geographic information system composed of:
geographic input, processing, and output tools ("ARC") with
a complementary, but separate database ("INFO")
The early releases of ARC/INFO comprised a set of FORTRAN programs linked together and accessed through a command-line interface built with the scripting language of the minicomputer (CPL on PRIMOS, DCL on VMS, etc.). The software was built under a paradigm of tools that could be used together within a command-line interface to perform GIS database development, geoprocessing, and output functions.
ESRI added subsystems for surface processing ("TIN") network analysis ("Network"), and survey data processing ("Cogo").
The release of ARC/INFO 4.0 included the advent of an "Arc executive" which processed commands with a new command-interpreter developed in FORTRAN and compiled for each platform, for performance and stability. The Arc Executive allowed the support of a command language specific to ARC/INFO: the ARC Macro Language (AML). This allows users automate input to the command line, and supports simple graphical user interfaces (menus and forms) for application-specific tools and applications. AML was largely based on CPL, the system scripting language of the original ARC/INFO development platform, PRIMOS. AML applications could be written to execute unmodified on all platforms supported by ARC/INFO.
As computing shifted towards Unix and Windows, ESRI followed by launching ARC/INFO on both platforms. The development platform for ARC/INFO moved to Sun Solaris at version 5.0, and to Windows at version 7.1.
ESRI released a subset of ARC/INFO functionality as PC ARC/INFO for MS-DOS in 1987 and later a version for Windows using a dBase tables (instead of INFO) for tabular data and a 'Simple Macro Language' (SML).
GRID
ARC/INFO 6.0 added a major subsystem (GRID) for raster processing. The underlying raster processing software framework (and "ESRI GRID" raster data format) later provided the code base for ArcView 3.x Spatial Analyst and ArcGIS Spatial Analyst.
ArcInfo
ESRI underwent a major change in its GIS product family when it released ArcGIS 8.0 late in 1999. With this release, ARC/INFO was discontinued and its code base largely frozen. ArcGIS was a multi-scale architecture, with the Desktop product released at three licensing levels: ArcView; ArcEditor; and ArcInfo.
The ArcInfo license is billed by ESRI as "Professional GIS", allowing users the most flexibility and control in "all aspects of data building, modeling, analysis, and map display".
ArcInfo Desktop continued to be shipped with the older command-line software, now named "ArcInfo Workstation"—with access to coverage processing tools provided through the ArcGIS Coverage toolbox. Most ArcInfo Workstation functionality missing from ArcInfo Desktop at the 8.0 release was gradually implemented within the ArcGIS geoprocessing framework, and was finally completed with the release of ArcGIS 10.0 in 2011.
Final release and deprecation
ESRI released ArcInfo Workstation 10.0 (along with ArcGIS 10.0) in late 2010. This final release supported Windows (XP, Vista, Win 7, Server 2003 and 2008) and Solaris 10 (SPARC).
In 2012, Esri deprecated the use of the term ArcInfo as a licensing option for ArcGIS. The most advanced license for ArcGIS Desktop is now known as "ArcGIS Advanced".
References
External links
ArcGIS for Desktop (Esri website)
ArcInfo (wiki.gis.com)
Esri software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArcInfo |
The Changes is a British children's science fiction television serial filmed in 1974 and first broadcast in 1975 by the BBC. It was directed by John Prowse and is based on the trilogy written by Peter Dickinson: The Weathermonger (1968), Heartsease (1969), and The Devil's Children (1970) (the books were written in reverse order: the events of The Devil's Children happen first, Heartsease second, and The Weathermonger third).
Background
The Changes posits a Britain where a sudden enveloping noise emanating from all machinery and technology causes the population to destroy them. The resulting upheaval displaces many people and reverts society to a pre-industrial age where there is a deep suspicion of anyone who may be harbouring machinery. Even the words for technology are taboo. The remnants of modern technology that escape destruction (such as electricity pylons) produce a physical and sometimes violent repulsion among those left in Britain.
The Changes are seen through the eyes of teenage schoolgirl Nicky Gore (Victoria Williams), and the 10-part series, originally broadcast every Monday from 6 January to 10 March 1975, traces Nicky's quest to reunite with her parents and solve the mystery.
Regular cast
Vicky Williams as Nicky Gore (all episodes)
Keith Ashton as Jonathon (episodes 5–10)
David Garfield as Davy Gordon (episodes 5–8)
Rafiq Anwar as Chacha (episodes 2–5)
Zuleika Robson as Margaret (episodes 5–8)
Raghbir Brar as Gopal (episodes 2–5)
Sahab Qizilbash as Grandmother (episodes 2–5)
Marc Zuber as Kewal (episodes 2–5)
Rebecca Mascarenhas as Ajeet (episodes 2–5)
Jack Watson as Peter (episodes 5–8)
Production notes
Despite its modest budget, The Changes had extensive location filming. This included:
Bristol: Clifton; Hotwells; Totterdown
Weston-super-Mare: Anchor Head
Berkshire: Stanford Dingley; Bothampstead; Winterbourne
Gloucestershire: Miserden; Gloucester and Sharpness Canal (incl. Splatt swing bridge and Purton Locks); Sapperton (Daneway Inn); Forest of Dean (Bixslade Valley and Clearwell Caves).
The theme and incidental music, composed by Paddy Kingsland, combines the sound of an EMS Synthi 100 synthesiser with a small live band (horn, sitar and percussion). Kingsland went on to score both the radio and TV adaptations of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and incidental music for a number of Doctor Who stories in the early 1980s.
Described by BBC continuity as "a serial for older children", the TV series was freely adapted by Anna Home from a trilogy of novels by Peter Dickinson. The series took most of its material from The Weathermonger which, together with Heartsease and The Devil's Children has recently been reissued in a single volume in the UK. In the original books, however, the lead character of Nicky Gore appears only in The Devil's Children – the books have entirely separate characters, and Nicky is introduced into scenarios in which she does not appear in the books, mixing with characters from the other two books. In addition, the timespan of The Changes is considerably reduced from that of the original trilogy.
The series was shown overseas, repeated by the BBC in 1976 and on UK Gold in 1994. It was released on DVD by the BFI in August 2014.
Episode guide
Note: Episode titles were given in Radio Times, but were not shown on-screen.
Soundtrack
A selection of music from this serial was released as a single by BBC Records (RESL 33) in 1976.
The complete soundtrack by Paddy Kingsland was released on double white vinyl LP on 21 April 2018 for Record Store Day 2018.
It was reissued as a bonus disc in the Record Store Day exclusive 6-CD box set Four Albums 1968 – 1978 29 August 2020.
Track listing
Critical Reception
Science fiction historian Brian Stableford lauded The Changes, writing that "Home's adaption of Dickinson's well-written novels is sensitive and artful."
Reviewing the DVD release of The Changes, writer Rob Young praised the show. Young stated "Episode one, entitled ‘The Noise’, is as good as anything the BBC children’s department ever produced." Young said The Changes had "occasionally stilted script and dialogue", but praised the performances of Victoria Williams, David Garfield and Oscar Quitak. Young concluded: "Home was committed to creating a canon of youth television to compare with the great works of children’s literature, and The Changes deserves that comparison".
Stewart Lee has remarked during an interview on the BBC4 programme Charlie Brooker's Screenwipe that he feels lucky for having been a teenager watching TV for teenagers in the 1970s as "there was something really comforting for nerds and weirdos about programmes like Children of the Stones and The Changes.".
References
External links
Issue 22 of Skonnos, a TV fanzine special issue on the series from 1996, with interviews (via archive.org).
Little Gems minisite with screencaps episode-by-episode
1975 British television series debuts
1975 British television series endings
1970s British children's television series
BBC children's television shows
British science fiction television shows
Post-apocalyptic television series
English-language television shows
1970s British science fiction television series
Witch hunting in fiction
Sikhism in fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Changes%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Driveblind formed in Aberdeen in Scotland in 2001. Originally a two-piece singer-songwriter partnership comprising Nick Tyler and Terry McDermott, they recorded a few songs on cassette, later recruiting other band members to complete the band.
After quickly establishing themselves on their local music scene, they played several well-attended shows in Aberdeen before then heading across the Atlantic Ocean to perform shows in New York City and Los Angeles. A weekend of gigs at the Viper Room in Hollywood, California led to them being noticed by music industry representatives.
They released their debut album on 24 October 2006, via Geffen Records. This band is no longer active since 2008/2009.
Discography
2006: Driveblind
2008: The Future You Were Promised EP
After Driveblind
After Driveblind, Terry McDermott left to the United States where he resided and married continuing his musical career in the States. He went on to form Lotus Crush with Candlebox members Peter Klett and Scott Mercado and MIGGS member John Luzzi in 2009. Lotus Crush released its debut record Half Light Morning on 3 March 2011.
On 1 August 2012, it was announced that Terry McDermott had auditioned for Season 3 of the NBC television show The Voice becoming part of Team Blake.
On 18 December 2012 Terry was named runner-up on The Voice. He was beat by Cassadee Pope.
External links
Driveblind's official website
Driveblind's official MySpace page
Driveblind Official RSS Feed
Driveblind at rehearsals.com
Musical groups established in 2000
Scottish rock music groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driveblind |
Left realism emerged in criminology from critical criminology as a reaction against what was perceived to be the left's failure to take a practical interest in everyday crime, allowing right realism to monopolize the political agenda on law and order. Left realism argues that crime disproportionately affects working-class people, but that solutions that only increase repression serve to make the crime problem worse. Instead they argue that the root causes of crime lie in relative deprivation, although preventive measures and policing are necessary, but these should be democratically controlled.
Pat Carlen (1992) suggests that the main tenets of left realism are theoretical and political:
Theoretical
'The basic triangle of relations which is the proper subject-matter of criminology [is] - the offender, the state and the victim' (Young, 1986) (since altered to include society at large, see The Square of Crime)
Theoretical explanations must be symmetrical - there must be the same explanation for social action and reaction.
'Man is a creator of human nature' (Young, 1987), and therefore explanations of crime should not be deterministic and people should be seen as being responsible for their actions.
Political
Crime is a real problem and especially to working-class people who suffer disproportionately from personal crime, such as robbery, assault, burglary and rape.
The 'left' should attempt to develop a credible (populist?) approach to crime control in order to prevent the 'right' from having a monopoly of the 'crime problem'.
The purpose of theorizing should be to make practical interventions into law and order issues.
In order to reduce crime there is a need to achieve a higher level of cooperation between police and public, and this will be best achieved by a democratization of local control of the police."
Break with left idealism
Left realism emerged from critical criminology taking issue with "the two major socialist currents in criminology since the war: reformism and left idealism", criticising 'the moral panics of the mass media or the blatant denial of left idealism'
Critique of establishment criminology
Writing years later, Jock Young summed up critical criminology's criticism of establishment criminology by saying
The essential flaw of establishment criminology is, of course, the attempt to explain crime without touching upon reality, constantly to distance explanation from basic social and economic problems of a divided society.
Establishment of left realism
Left Realism set down a marker in the United Kingdom with the work of Lea and Young (1984) as representative of a group of academics: Richard Kinsey, John Lea, Roger Matthews, Geoff Pearson, and Jock Young. The group saw themselves as facing up to the challenge thrown down by Ian Taylor in Law and Order: Arguments for Socialism for the left to take crime seriously.
In What is to be Done About Law and Order? (1986), Young and Lea set out three main policies of left realism:
Demarginalisation
"Realists would argue for alternatives to prison", they would advocate "measures such as community service orders, victim restitution schemes, and widespread release from prison" which would stop "the severance of the moral bond with the community. The institutions that are involved in controlling crime and criminals must epitomise justice"
Pre-emptive deterrence
"Environmental and public precautions against crime are always dismissed by left idealists and reformers as not relating to the heart of the matter. Environmental and public precautions against crime distract us from the real concerns... On the contrary, the organisation of communities in an attempt to pre-empt crime is of the utmost importance"
Minimal use of prison
"Prisons should only be used in those circumstances where there is extreme danger to the community... Life inside should be as free and as 'normal' as possible. Such a demand is not humanitarian idealism - it is based on the simple fact that the result of prison experience is to produce pitiful inadequates or hardened criminals"
Left realism however, did not isolate itself completely from Critical Criminology. John Lea, for example, took issue with Stan Cohen's characterisation of retreating from previous theoretical gains.
Theoretical contributions
Crime statistics and local victimization surveys
According to Young, "For Left Realism, the social survey is a democratic instrument: it gives a picture of consumer demand and satisfaction."
Left realists argue that the national victimization research, such as the British Crime Survey, can be used to give an average risk rate that ignores the variations in crime between areas. Such studies can be used to view people's fear of crime as 'irrational'. According to Young, "The (local) victimization survey accurately provides a map of the problems of an area. Although based on public input, it delivers what any individual member of the public is ignorant of: that is how private problems are publicly distributed."
Further more "at certain parts of the social structure, we have a compounding of social problems. If we were to draw up a map of the city outlining areas of high infant mortality, bad housing, unemployment, poor nutrition, etc., we would find that these maps would coincide and that further, the outline traced would correspond to those areas of high criminal victimization... Further, this compounding of social problems occurs against those who are more or less vulnerable because of their position in the social structure. That is, people who have the least power socially suffer most from crime."
Left realists conducted local victimisation surveys in Islington, Hammersmith and Fulham, Broadwater Farm and Merseyside.
Square of crime
One of left realism's most substantial contributions to criminology is the square of crime. Expanding on "The basic triangle of relations which is the proper subject-matter of criminology [is] - the offender, the state and the victim" (Young, 1986), Young proceeded to add the public (civil society) to this to create the four corners of a square, with the offender and victim at one side (the actors) and the state and civil society at the other (the reactors).
According to Young, "Any changes in one of these factors will affect the crime rate... The point here is that crime cannot be simply explained in terms of crime control agencies, and that the agencies involved in crime control are much wider than in the criminal justice system."
Young continues, "The police-public relationship is central the interaction between all the parts is also important. For example, the police and agency response to victims greatly affects the actual impact of victimisation and in certain instances, such as rape and sexual assault, can even involve what has been termed 'secondary victimisation'. That is where the victim herself becomes further stigmatised by police and courts. All of this, particularly in terms of willingness (and wariness) to report to the police, affects the official crime rate and the possibilities of clear-up."
Relative deprivation
Young (1994) argues that there is an aetiological crisis, i.e. there is a lack of explanation for the fact that reported crime rises during both economic good times and bad times. Aetiology assumes fundamental importance. If the cause of crime is injustice, then its solution must lie in this direction. If poor conditions cause crime, it must be impossible to prevent crime without changing these circumstances. Furthermore, it follows that it must be wrong to punish the offender for conditions beyond his or her control. This would be punishing the criminal and
blaming the victim. The social democratic brand of positivism, although sensing that injustice was the root cause of crime, either deflected its attentions to purely individual deprivation (e.g. maternal deprivation, broken homes, etc.) or made the fundamental mistake of believing that
ameliorating deprivation quantitatively in an absolute sense (e.g. raising standards of education, housing, etc.) would solve the problem of relative deprivation. Young distinguishes the structural approach of other Left-wing theorists, and posits that most crime is minor, amateurish, sporadic, and intra-class, i.e. committed by working class offenders on working class victims. He rejects the positivist view that unemployment or poverty causes crime, but prefers Merton's theory of anomie and Subcultural Theory which focus on the lack of opportunity to achieve social status and economic expectations: a lack most commonly felt by the most disadvantaged sections of the community. He believes that the majority of criminals hold conventional social values, reflecting the need to achieve material success or social status in a competitive society where sexism, racism, machismo and other ideological forms affect outcomes. Indeed, criminal behaviour could be characterised as the operation of capitalist principles, i.e. the investment of labour for a return, but in an illegitimate form.
For left realism, "Discontent is a product of relative, not absolute, deprivation... Sheer poverty, for example, does not necessarily lead to a subculture of discontent; it may, just as easily, lead to quiescence and fatalism. Discontent occurs when comparisons between comparable groups are made which suggest that unnecessary injustices are occurring... Exploitative cultures have existed for generations without extinction: it is the perception of injustice - relative deprivation - which counts."
Young argues that relative deprivation is the most probable cause of criminality because people whose progress towards fulfilling expectations has stalled grow more aware of the injustice and unfairness in a society that allows inequality to arise, and this in turn breeds political disenchantment. At a societal level, this disenchantment may lead to rioting. At an individual level, theft and burglary may seem an appropriate means to redress the balance. This may be seen as an appropriate means of furthering the "just cause" to throw off oppression. Realists tend to not see crime as some form of revolutionary challenge to the ruling class. Rather, they say, crime is a reactionary form of behaviour which demonstrates the absence of real political solutions to the experience of degradation and exploitation suffered by the working class, thus making individual crime devoid of political agenda. The majority fear crime regardless of social class and wish to find ways of eliminating it so as to create a secure environment. This creates a "problem of order" for a government which has the political responsibility to maintain an orderly society, and is accountable to an electorate likely to find disorder and chaos high on their political agenda.
After the 1997 Labour Party victory
Criminologists such as Roger Hopkins Burke see left realism as 'very influential with the 'New' Labour Government elected in 1997' suggesting that acts such as the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act which combined measures that ensured offenders had to take responsibility for their actions and policies to tackle social and economic exclusion. However, whilst noting that social exclusion was "...a key term in the policies of New Labour", Jock Young commented that they used the 'weak thesis' of social exclusion where such exclusion is self-imposed by a lazy and idle underclass, a value shared with the previous Conservative administration.
External links
John Lea's website.
Jock Young's articles.
Key articles
Kinsey, Richard; Lea, John & Young, Jock. (1986). Losing the Fight Against Crime. London: Blackwell.
Lea, John. (1987). Left Realism: A Defence. Contemporary Crises.
Lea, John & Young, Jock. (1984). What Is To Be Done About Law and Order — Crisis in the Eighties. Harmondsworth: Penguin. (Pluto Press revised edition: 1993).
Matthews, Roger & Young, Jock. (2003). The New Politics of Crime and Punishment. Willan Publishing.
Matthews, Roger & Young, Jock. (eds.). (1992) Rethinking Criminology: The Realist Debate. (Sage Contemporary Criminology). London: Sage.
Matthews, Roger & Young, Jock (eds.). (1992) Issues in Realist Criminology. Sage Contemporary Criminology Series. London: Sage.
Taylor, Ian. (1982). Law and Order: Arguments for Socialism.
Young, Jock. (ed.). (1994). The Exclusive Society: Social Exclusion, Crime and Difference in Late Modernity. London: Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Young, Jock. (2007). The Vertigo of Late Modernity. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
References
DeKeseredy, W; MacLean, B & Schwartz, M. (1997). "Thinking Critically About Left Realism" in Thinking Critically About Crime. MacLean, B & Milovanovic, D. (eds.). Vancouver: Collective Press.
Lea. John. (1993). Criminology and Postmodernity.
Lea, John. (2002). Crime and Modernity: Continuities in Left Realist Criminology. London: Sage.
Lowman, J & MacLean, J (eds.). (1992). Realist Criminology: Crime Control and Policing in the 1990s. Toronto: University of Toronto.
Merton, Robert K. (1938). "Social Structure and Anomie". American Sociological Review 3, 672–682.
Taylor, Ian. (1999). Crime in Context. A Critical Criminology of Market Societies.
Young, Jock. (1987). The increase in crime in England and Wales during the present government 1979–1986 with comparisons with the 1975–1978. Middlesex Polytechnic Centre for Criminology.
Young, Jock. (1997), "Left Realism: The Basics" in Thinking Critically About Crime. MacLean, B & Milovanovic, D. (eds.). Vancouver: Collective Press.
Criminology
Political realism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left%20realism |
Nouveau Riche (NR) was a musical group which included Ulrich Bermsjö and Dominika Peczynski, who was later replaced by Camilla Brink. The group was created by Bermsjö and Peczynski, an ex-member of Army Of Lovers, in 2005.
Their debut single "Oh Lord", written by Bermsjö and Mattias Lindblom together with Anders Wollbeck from Vacuum, was released in November 2005. It was followed by the single "Hardcore Life", after which Peczynski decided to leave the band.
While for a short period the future of Nouveau Riche seemed uncertain, Pick Up Music announced the group would continue with Camilla Brink replacing Peczynski.
The first single with Camilla in the group was "Angels", and the debut album "Pink Trash" was subsequently released.
Their website and Myspace page make no mention of Peczynski or the fact that there have been two previous singles before "Angels" and when Camilla joined the group. Pick Up Music have not issued any statements regarding this.
There has been no news or new material issued by the group since the single "Stay", for which there was no physical release, in 2007, but in December 2008, American label ISV Entertainment released the "Stay E.P.", a collection of remixes for the song and previously released and unreleased mixes for other album songs.
Members
Dominika Peczynski (2005–2006)
Ulrich Bermsjö
Camilla Brink (2006–present)
Discography
Albums
Pink Trash (2007)
Singles
Oh Lord (2005)
Hardcore Life (2006)
Angels (2007)
Stay (2007)
Stay E.P. (2008)
Promotional videos
Oh Lord (2005)
Angels (2007)
Stay (2007)
Related artists
Army of Lovers
Vacuum
BWO
See also
List of Swedes in music
External links
Official website
Band's official Myspace
Semi-official website with early information and press info about the band, including sound clips
Dominika's official website
Swedish pop music groups
Swedish dance music groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau%20Riche%20%28Swedish%20band%29 |
The Changes is a Chicago rock band formed in March 2002.
Their music has been described as filtering in the new wave end of rock, with its dreamy jangle and jazzy rhythms. The band's members are Darren Spitzer (vocals/guitar/keys), Rob Kallick (bass guitar/keys), David Rothblatt (lead guitar/keys/vocals) and Jonny Basofin (drums and bells/keys). Their debut album Today Is Tonight was released on September 26, 2006, on Drama Club Records in the United States and Kitchenware Records in Europe. They released a 7" double A-side single of "Her You and I" and "Such A Scene" in the UK on Kitchenware Records on May 28, 2007. After performing as the only unsigned band at Lollapalooza tour in 2005, The Changes officially signed with an independent record label soon after.
The Changes have also played with The Futureheads, Ted Leo and the Pharmacists, Stephen Malkmus, Metric, The Walkmen, Office, Elefant, Kaiser Chiefs, The 1900s, The Thrills, The Cinematics, The Spinto Band and Tally Hall.
Discography
Singles & EPs
First of May, 2003
The Changes, 2005
Florida, 2007
Her You and I / Such a Scene, 7", Kitchenware Records, 2007
When I Wake / No One Needs To Know, 7", Kitchenware Records, 2007
Albums
Today Is Tonight, Drama Club Records, 2006. Today Is Tonight is the debut album from American rock band The Changes.
Track listing
"When I Wake" – 3:15
"On a String" – 3:41
"Water of the Gods" – 2:22
"Sisters" – 4:06
"House of Style" – 3:24
"Modern Love" – 3:31
"Twilight" – 4:15
"The Machine" – 3:37
"Such a Scene" – 2:45
"In the Dark" – 3:38
"Her, You and I" – 6:15
"When I Sleep" – 3:25
American Master, 2013
"A Mystery"
"Bones"
"No One Wants to Be Alone"
"Mask"
"Logan Square"
"I Woke Up"
"Gas Station Girl"
"It Was Saturday"
"In My Mind"
"Stays In Your Heart"
"Never Blue"
References
The Changes are done with day jobs in Chicago-and ready to rock the Super Bowl - Chicago Tribune
The Changes: Today Is Tonight | Album Reviews | Pitchfork
The Changes: Adventurous and Well-Crafted : World Cafe : NPR
The Changes | SPIN | Profiles | Spotlight
External links
The Changes MySpace
American new wave musical groups
Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups from Chicago
2002 establishments in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Changes%20%28band%29 |
The Hunger is the fifth studio album by American recording artist Michael Bolton. It was released in 1987 by Columbia Records, his third for the label. It became Bolton's breakthrough album, producing his first two Top 40 hits in the United States, the ballad "That's What Love Is All About" and the Otis Redding cover "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay".
Zelma Redding, the widow of Otis Redding, said Bolton's performance of "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" moved her so much "that it brought tears to my eyes. It reminded me so much of my husband that I know if he heard it, he would feel the same." In a framed letter that hangs on the wall of Bolton's office, she called the record "my all-time favorite version of my husband's classic."
The album marks a transition from the hard rock and arena rock stylings of his previous work into a softer more pop oriented direction, a transition which would be continued and furthered on his subsequent studio albums.
Several songs from this album feature Journey members Jonathan Cain on keyboards, Neal Schon on guitar, and previous member from their Raised on Radio 1986-87 tour Randy Jackson (of American Idol fame) on bass, with Cain also producing several tracks. During this time, there were rumors that Bolton might have been in the running as Journey's new lead singer after Steve Perry's initial departure from the band in early 1987. Also featured on certain tracks is Bolton's former band-mate and then-current Kiss guitarist Bruce Kulick.
Despite only reaching No. 46 on the US Billboard 200, the album achieved stability in the charts. After two years, it was certified Gold in the US (Bolton's first certification of his career), and would subsequently be certified Double Platinum there. In 1990, three years after its initial release, the album entered the UK Albums Chart for the first time and reached its peak of No. 44, following the success of the album Soul Provider.
Track listing
Personnel
Michael Bolton – lead vocals, backing vocals (1, 4-8)
Keith Diamond – keyboards (1, 4, 5, 8), Fairlight CMI (1, 5, 8), bass (1, 4, 5, 8), drums (1, 4, 5, 8), Linn 9000 programming (4)
Jeff Neiblum – programming (1, 8)
Jonathan Cain – keyboards (2, 3, 6, 7)
Jeff Bova – additional keyboards (4, 8)
Bobby Khozouri – programming (4)
Steve Rimland – Fairlight programming (4)
Skip Anderson – additional keyboards (5)
Kenn Fink – Fairlight CMI programming (5)
Ned Liben – Fairlight CMI Series III programming (5, 8)
Rob Mounsey – keyboards (9), string arrangements (9)
Bruce Kulick – guitars (1, 8), second guitar solo (1)
Paul Pesco – guitars (1, 5, 8), first guitar solo (1)
Ira Siegel – guitars (1, 4, 5), acoustic guitar (5), electric guitar (9)
Neal Schon – guitars (2, 3, 7)
Bob Halligan Jr. – guitars (4), backing vocals (4)
Danny Merlin – guitars (6)
Timmy Allen – bass (1)
Randy Jackson – bass (2, 3, 6, 7)
Doug Wimbish – bass (4)
Will Lee – bass (9)
Mike Baird – drums (2, 3, 7)
Mugs Cain – drums (6), percussion (7), drum programming (7)
Chris Parker – drums (9)
Danny Hull – saxophone (2)
Jerry Jumonville – saxophone (3)
Bobby Martin – saxophone (3)
Tom Peterson – saxophone (3)
V. Jeffrey Smith – saxophone (8)
Alex Foster – alto flute (5)
Lenny Pickett – reeds (5)
Steve Madaio – trumpet (3)
Vicki Genfan – music contractor (1, 4, 5, 8)
Tara Shanahan – music contractor (5)
Leon Pendarvis – horn arrangements, string arrangements and conductor (5)
Barbara Markay – music copyist (5)
Jesse Levy and Fredrick Zlotkin – cello (5)
Karen Dreyfus, Katsuko Esaki, Richard Hendrickson, Harold Kohon, Anthony Posk and Rebecca Young – violin (5)
Joe Cerisano – backing vocals (1)
Dennis Feldman – backing vocals (1, 4)
Curtis King Jr. – backing vocals (1)
Joe Lynn Turner – backing vocals (1, 4)
David Glen Eisley – backing vocals (2, 3, 7)
Lynette Hawkins Stephens – backing vocals (2, 6)
Walter Hawkins – backing vocals (2, 6)
James Ingram – backing vocals (2, 3)
Shaun Murphy – backing vocals (2, 3, 6)
Jeanie Tracy – backing vocals (2, 6)
Eric Martin – backing vocals (7)
Production
Producers – Keith Diamond (Tracks 1, 4, 5 & 8); Jonathan Cain (Tracks 2, 3, 6 & 7); Susan Hamilton (Track 9).
Engineers – Acar S. Key (Tracks 1, 4 & 5), Peter Robbins (Tracks 1 & 5), Bob Rosa (Track 1, 4 & 8); Wally Buck, Jonathan Cain, Bob Missbach, Paul Lani, Jeffey Norman, Larry Hines, Tom Anderson, Jamie Bridges and Michael Rosen (Tracks 2, 3, 6 & 7); J.C. Convertino and Don Peterkofsky (Track 5); Ron St. Germain, Scott James, Jon Smith, Jon Wolfson and Jackie Brown (Track 9).
Additional engineering – Dave Dachinger (Tracks 1 & 8); Mark Cobrin (Track 8).
Assistant engineers – Barbara Milne (Track 1); Bob Broockman (Tracks 1 & 8); (Ken) K.C. Collins (Tracks 1, 4 & 5); Ed Bruder (Tracks 1, 5 & 8); George Karras (Tracks 1, 4 & 5); Tom Vercillo (Tracks 1 & 8); Jay Healy (Track 8).
Second engineers on Tracks 2, 3, 6 & 7 – Rob Beaton and Jim Champagne.
Additional engineering and pre-production – Dave Dale
Mixing – Keith Diamond and Bob Rosa (Tracks 1, 4, 5 & 8); Ron St. Germain (Tracks 2 & 9); Kevin Elson (Tracks 3, 6 & 7).
Mix assistant on Track 9 – Debi Cornish
Mixed at Soundtrack Studios, Right Track Recording and Unique Recording Studios (New York, NY); Fantasy Studios (Berkeley, CA).
Mastered by Bob Ludwig at Masterdisk (New York, NY).
Art direction – Christopher Austopchuk
Front photo – Harris Savides
Back photo – Hans Neleman
Management – Contemporary Communications Corp.
Direction – Louis Levin
Chart positions
Singles
Certifications
Cover versions
Marc Anthony would later cover "Walk Away" with Little Louie Vega for their 1991 album When the Night is Over.
Sunstorm, who are fronted by Joe Lynn Turner (who sang backing vocals on "Hot Love" and "Gina"), covered "Gina" for their 2012 album Emotional Fire.
Dutch singer Gordon recorded "Walk Away" for his 1994 album Now Is the Time.
Venezuelan rock band Gillman covered "You're All That I Need" under the name "Necesito de ti" for their 1990 album El Regreso del Guerrero.
References
1987 albums
Albums produced by Jonathan Cain
Albums recorded at Unique Recording Studios
Columbia Records albums
Michael Bolton albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hunger%20%28Michael%20Bolton%20album%29 |
The causes of autism are environmental or genetic factors that predispose an individual to develop autism, also known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Many causes of autism have been proposed, but understanding of the theory of causation of autism is incomplete. Attempts have been made to incorporate the known genetic and environmental causes into a comprehensive causative framework. ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by impairments in communicative ability and social interaction and restricted/repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities not suitable for the individual's developmental stage. The severity of symptoms and functional impairment vary between individuals.
There are many known environmental, genetic, and biological causes of autism. Research indicates that genetic factors are predominate in the appearance of autism; however, the heritability of autism is complex, and many of the genetic interactions involved are unknown. In rare cases, autism has been associated with agents that cause birth defects. Many other causes have been proposed.
Different underlying brain dysfunctions have been hypothesized to result in the common symptoms of autism, just as completely different brain types result in intellectual disability. In recent years, the prevalence and number of people diagnosed with the disorder have increased dramatically. There are many potential reasons for this occurrence, particularly the changes in the diagnostic criteria for autism.
Environmental factors that have been claimed to contribute to autism or exacerbate its symptoms, or that may be important to consider in future research, include certain foods, infectious disease, heavy metals, solvents, diesel exhaust, PCBs, phthalates and phenols used in plastic products, pesticides, brominated flame retardants, alcohol, smoking, and illicit drugs. Among these factors, vaccines have attracted much attention, as parents may first become aware of autistic symptoms in their child around the time of a routine vaccination, and parental concern about vaccines has led to a decreasing uptake of childhood immunizations and an increasing likelihood of measles outbreaks. However, there is overwhelming scientific evidence showing that there is no causal association between the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism. Although there is no definitive evidence that the vaccine preservative thimerosal causes autism, studies have indicated a possible link between thimerosal and autism in individuals with a hereditary predisposition for autoimmune disorders.
Genetics
Genetic factors may be the most significant cause of autism. Early studies of twins had estimated heritability to be over 90%, meaning that genetics explains over 90% of whether a child will develop autism.< This may be an overestimation, as later twin studies estimate the heritability at between 60 and 90%. Evidence so far still suggests a strong genetic component, with one of the largest and most recent studies estimating the heritability at 83%. Many of the non-autistic co-twins had learning or social disabilities. For adult siblings the risk for having one or more features of the broader autism phenotype might be as high as 30%.
In spite of the strong heritability, most cases of autism occur sporadically with no recent evidence of family history. It has been hypothesized that spontaneous de novo mutations in the father's sperm or mother's egg contribute to the likelihood of developing autism. There are two lines of evidence that support this hypothesis. First, individuals with autism have significantly reduced fecundity, they are 20 times less likely to have children than average, thus curtailing the persistence of mutations in ASD genes over multiple generations in a family. Second, the likelihood of having a child develop autism increases with advancing parental age, and mutations in sperm gradually accumulate throughout a man's life.
The first genes to be definitively shown to contribute to risk for autism were found in the early 1990s by researchers looking at gender-specific forms of autism caused by mutations on the X chromosome. An expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeat in the promoter of the gene FMR1 in boys causes fragile X syndrome, and at least 20% of boys with this mutation have behaviors consistent with autism spectrum disorder. Mutations that inactivate the gene MECP2 cause Rett syndrome, which is associated with autistic behaviors in girls, and in boys the mutation is embryonic lethal.
Besides these early examples, the role of de novo mutations in autism first became evident when DNA microarray technologies reached sufficient resolution to allow the detection of copy number variation (CNV) in the human genome. CNVs are the most common type of structural variation in the genome, consisting of deletions and duplications of DNA that range in size from a kilobase to a few megabases. Microarray analysis has shown that de novo CNVs occur at a significantly higher rate in sporadic cases of autism as compared to the rate in their typically developing siblings and unrelated controls. A series of studies have shown that gene disrupting de novo CNVs occur approximately four times more frequently in autism than in controls and contribute to approximately 5–10% of cases. Based on these studies, there are predicted to be 130–234 autism-related CNV loci. The first whole genome sequencing study to comprehensively catalog de novo structural variation at a much higher resolution than DNA microarray studies has shown that the mutation rate is approximately 20% and not elevated in autism compared to sibling controls. However, structural variants in individuals with autism are much larger and four times more likely to disrupt genes, mirroring findings from CNV studies.
CNV studies were closely followed by exome sequencing studies, which sequence the 1–2% of the genome that codes for proteins (the "exome"). These studies found that de novo gene inactivating mutations were observed in approximately 20% of individuals with autism, compared to 10% of unaffected siblings, suggesting the etiology of autism is driven by these mutations in around 10% of cases. There are predicted to be 350-450 genes that significantly increase susceptibility to autism when impacted by inactivating de novo mutations. A further 12% of cases are predicted to be caused by protein altering missense mutations that change an amino acid but do not inactivate a gene. Therefore, approximately 30% of individuals with autism have a spontaneous de novo large CNV that deletes or duplicates genes, or mutation that changes the amino acid code of an individual gene. A further 5–10% of cases have inherited structural variation at loci known to be associated with autism, and these known structural variants may arise de novo in the parents of affected children.
Tens of genes and CNVs have been definitively identified based on the observation of recurrent mutations in different individuals, and suggestive evidence has been found for over 100 others. The Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI) details the evidence for each genetic locus associated with autism.
These early gene and CNV findings have shown that the cognitive and behavioral features associated with each of the underlying mutations is variable. Each mutation is itself associated with a variety of clinical diagnoses, and can also be found in a small percentage of individuals with no clinical diagnosis. Thus the genetic disorders that comprise autism are not autism-specific. The mutations themselves are characterized by considerable variability in clinical outcome and typically only a subset of mutation carriers meet criteria for autism. This variable expressivity results in different individuals with the same mutation varying considerably in the severity of their observed particular trait.
The conclusion of these recent studies of de novo mutation is that the spectrum of autism is breaking up into quanta of individual disorders defined by genetics.
One gene that has been linked to autism is SHANK2. Mutations in this gene act in a dominant fashion. Mutations in this gene appear to cause hyperconnectivity between the neurons.
A study conducted on 42,607 autism cases has identified 60 new genes, five of which had a more moderate impact on autistic symptoms. The related gene variants were often inherited from the participant's parents.
Metabolic disorders
Selected metabolic conditions which may (rarely) be associated with an ASD appearance are:
Disorders of amino acid metabolism
Phenylketonuria (untreated)
Homocystinuria
Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency
Disorders of γ-aminobutyric acid metabolism
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency
Disorders of cholesterol metabolism
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome
Disorders associated with cerebral folate deficiency
Folate receptor 1 gene mutations
Dihydrofolate reductase deficiency
Disorders of creatine transport or metabolism
Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency
Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency
X-linked creatine transporter defect
Disorders of carnitine biosynthesis
6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase deficiency
Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency
Adenosine deaminase deficiency
Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase superactivity
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase superactivity
Lysosomal storage disorders
Sanfilippo syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type III)
Mitochondrial disorders
Mitochondrial DNA Mutations
Nuclear DNA mutations
Others
Biotinidase deficiency
Urea cycle defects
Epigenetics
Epigenetic mechanisms may increase the risk of autism. Epigenetic changes occur as a result not of DNA sequence changes but of chromosomal histone modification or modification of the DNA bases. Such modifications are known to be affected by environmental factors, including nutrition, drugs, and mental stress. Interest has been expressed in imprinted regions on chromosomes 15q and 7q.
Most data supports a polygenic, epistatic model, meaning that the disorder is caused by two or more genes and that those genes are interacting in a complex manner. Several genes, between two and fifteen in number, have been identified and could potentially contribute to disease susceptibility. However, an exact determination of the cause of ASD has yet to be discovered and there probably is not one single genetic cause of any particular set of disorders, leading many researchers to believe that epigenetic mechanisms, such as genomic imprinting or epimutations, may play a major role.
Epigenetic mechanisms can contribute to disease phenotypes. Epigenetic modifications include DNA cytosine methylation and post-translational modifications to histones. These mechanisms contribute to regulating gene expression without changing the sequence of the DNA and may be influenced by exposure to environmental factors and may be heritable from parents. Rett syndrome and Fragile X syndrome (FXS) are single gene disorders related to autism with overlapping symptoms that include deficient neurological development, impaired language and communication, difficulties in social interactions, and stereotyped hand gestures. It is not uncommon for a patient to be diagnosed with both autism and Rett syndrome and/or FXS. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms play the central role in pathogenesis of these two disorders.
Genomic imprinting may also contribute to the development of autism. Genomic imprinting is another example of epigenetic regulation of gene expression. In this instance, the epigenetic modification(s) causes the offspring to express the maternal copy of a gene or the paternal copy of a gene, but not both. The imprinted gene is silenced through epigenetic mechanisms. Candidate genes and susceptibility alleles for autism are identified using a combination of techniques, including genome-wide and targeted analyses of allele sharing in sib-pairs, using association studies and transmission disequilibrium testing (TDT) of functional and/or positional candidate genes and examination of novel and recurrent cytogenetic aberrations. Results from numerous studies have identified several genomic regions known to be subject to imprinting, candidate genes, and gene-environment interactions. Particularly, chromosomes 15q and 7q appear to be epigenetic hotspots in contributing to autism. Also, genes on the X chromosome may play an important role, as in Rett Syndrome.
An important basis for autism causation is also the over- or underproduction of brain permanent cells (neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes) by the neural precursor cells during fetal development.
Prenatal environment
The development of autism is associated with several prenatal risk factors, including advanced age in either parent, diabetes, bleeding, and maternal use of antibiotics and psychiatric drugs during pregnancy. Autism has been linked to birth defect agents acting during the first eight weeks from conception, though these cases are rare. If the mother of the child is dealing with autoimmune conditions or disorders while pregnant, it may have an effect on the child's development of autism. All of these factors can cause inflammation or impair immune signaling in one way or another.
Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy
Sleep apnea can result in intermittent hypoxia and has been increasing in prevalence due in part to the obesity epidemic. The known maternal risk factors for autism diagnosis in her offspring are similar to the risk factors for sleep apnea. For example, advanced maternal age, maternal obesity, maternal type 2 diabetes and maternal hypertension all increase the risk of autism in her offspring. Likewise, these are all known risk factors for sleep apnea.
One study found that gestational sleep apnea was associated with low reading test scores in children and that this effect may be mediated by an increased risk of the child having sleep apnea themselves. Another study reported low social development scores in 64% of infants born to mothers with sleep apnea compared to 25% of infants born to controls, suggesting sleep apnea in pregnancy may have an effect on offspring neurodevelopment. There was also an increase in the amount of snoring the mothers with sleep apnea reported in their infants when compared to controls. Children with sleep apnea have "hyperactivity, attention problems, aggressivity, lower social competency, poorer communication, and/or diminished adaptive skills". One study found significant improvements in ADHD-like symptoms, aggression, social problems and thought problems in autistic children who underwent adenotonsillectomy for sleep apnea. Sleep problems in autism have been linked in a study to brain changes, particularly in the hippocampus, though this study does not prove causation. A common presentation of sleep apnea in children with autism is insomnia.
Infectious processes
Prenatal viral infection has been called the principal non-genetic cause of autism. Prenatal exposure to rubella or cytomegalovirus activates the mother's immune response and may greatly increase the risk for autism in mice. Congenital rubella syndrome is the most convincing environmental cause of autism. Infection-associated immunological events in early pregnancy may affect neural development more than infections in late pregnancy, not only for autism, but also for psychiatric disorders of presumed neurodevelopmental origin, notably schizophrenia.
Environmental agents
Teratogens are environmental agents that cause birth defects. Some agents that are theorized to cause birth defects have also been suggested as potential autism risk factors, although there is little to no scientific evidence to back such claims. These include exposure of the embryo to valproic acid, paracetamol, thalidomide or misoprostol. These cases are rare. Questions have also been raised whether ethanol (grain alcohol) increases autism risk, as part of fetal alcohol syndrome or alcohol-related birth defects. All known teratogens appear to act during the first eight weeks from conception, and though this does not exclude the possibility that autism can be initiated or affected later, it is strong evidence that autism arises very early in development.
A small but significant link has been shown to exist between prenatal exposure to airborne pollutants and autism risk. However, this finding was not consistent across studies, and exposure to pollutants was measured indirectly.
Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases
Maternal inflammatory and autoimmune diseases can damage embryonic and fetal tissues, aggravating a genetic problem or damaging the nervous system.
Other maternal conditions
Thyroid problems that lead to thyroxine deficiency in the mother in weeks 8–12 of pregnancy have been postulated to produce changes in the fetal brain leading to autism. Thyroxine deficiencies can be caused by inadequate iodine in the diet, and by environmental agents that interfere with iodine uptake or act against thyroid hormones. Possible environmental agents include flavonoids in food, tobacco smoke, and most herbicides. This hypothesis has not been tested.
Diabetes in the mother during pregnancy is a significant risk factor for autism; a 2009 meta-analysis found that gestational diabetes was associated with a twofold increased risk. A 2014 review also found that maternal diabetes was significantly associated with an increased risk of autism. Although diabetes causes metabolic and hormonal abnormalities and oxidative stress, no biological mechanism is known for the association between gestational diabetes and autism risk.
Maternal diagnoses of polycystic ovary syndrome was found to associated with higher risk of autism.
Maternal obesity during pregnancy may also increase the risk of autism, although further study is needed.
Maternal malnutrition during preconception and pregnancy influences fetal neurodevelopment. Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with autism, in both term and preterm infants.
Other in utero
It has been hypothesized that folic acid taken during pregnancy could play a role in reducing cases of autism by modulating gene expression through an epigenetic mechanism. This hypothesis is supported by multiple studies.
Prenatal stress, consisting of exposure to life events or environmental factors that distress an expectant mother, has been hypothesized to contribute to autism, possibly as part of a gene-environment interaction. Autism has been reported to be associated with prenatal stress both with retrospective studies that examined stressors such as job loss and family discord, and with natural experiments involving prenatal exposure to storms; animal studies have reported that prenatal stress can disrupt brain development and produce behaviors resembling symptoms of autism. However, other studies have cast doubts on this association, notably population based studies in England and Sweden finding no link between stressful life events and autism.
The fetal testosterone theory hypothesizes that higher levels of testosterone in the amniotic fluid of mothers pushes brain development towards improved ability to see patterns and analyze complex systems while diminishing communication and empathy, emphasizing "male" traits over "female", or in E-S theory terminology, emphasizing "systemizing" over "empathizing". One project has published several reports suggesting that high levels of fetal testosterone could produce behaviors relevant to those seen in autism.
Based in part on animal studies, diagnostic ultrasounds administered during pregnancy have been hypothesized to increase the child's risk of autism. This hypothesis is not supported by independently published research, and examination of children whose mothers received an ultrasound has failed to find evidence of harmful effects.
Some research suggests that maternal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of autism, but it remains unclear whether there is a causal link between the two. There is evidence, for example, that this association may be an artifact of confounding by maternal mental illness.
Perinatal environment
Autism is associated with some perinatal and obstetric conditions. Infants that are born pre-term have a often have various neurodevelopmental impairments related to motor skills, cognition, receptive and expressive language, and socio-emotional capabilities. Pre-term infants are also at a higher risk of having various neurodevelopmental disorders such as cerebral palsy and autism, as well as psychiatric disorders related to attention, anxiety, and impaired social communication. It has also been proposed that the functions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and brain connectivity in pre-term infants may be affected by NICU-related stress resulting in deficits in emotional regulation and socio-emotional capabilities. A 2019 analysis of perinatal and neonatal risk factors found that autism was associated with abnormal fetal positioning, umbilical cord complications, low 5-minute Apgar score, low birth weight and gestation duration, fetal distress, meconium aspiration syndrome, trauma or injury during birth, maternal hemorrhaging, multiple birth, feeding disorders, neonatal anemia, birth defects/malformation, incompatibility with maternal blood type, and jaundice/hyperbilirubinemia. These associations do not denote a causal relationship for any individual factor. There is growing evidence that perinatal exposure to air pollution may be a risk factor for autism, although this evidence has methodological limitations, including a small number of studies and failure to control for potential confounding factors. A few studies have found an association between autism and frequent use of acetaminophen (e.g. Tylenol, Paracetamol) by the mother during pregnancy. This association does not necessarily demonstrate a causal relationship.
Postnatal environment
A wide variety of postnatal contributors to autism have been proposed, including gastrointestinal or immune system abnormalities, allergies, and exposure of children to drugs, infection, certain foods, or heavy metals. The evidence for these risk factors is anecdotal and has not been confirmed by reliable studies.
Paracetamol
Paracetamol has been suggested as a possible risk factor for autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. A study has found that male children exposed to Paracetamol before the age of 2 years old are associated with being at risk for being diagnosed with autism.
Amygdala neurons
This theory hypothesizes that an early developmental failure involving the amygdala cascades on the development of cortical areas that mediate social perception in the visual domain. The fusiform face area of the ventral stream is implicated. The idea is that it is involved in social knowledge and social cognition, and that the deficits in this network are instrumental in causing autism.
Autoimmune disease
This theory hypothesizes that autoantibodies that target the brain or elements of brain metabolism may cause or exacerbate autism. It is related to the maternal infection theory, except that it postulates that the effect is caused by the individual's own antibodies, possibly due to an environmental trigger after birth. It is also related to several other hypothesized causes; for example, viral infection has been hypothesized to cause autism via an autoimmune mechanism.
Interactions between the immune system and the nervous system begin early during embryogenesis, and successful neurodevelopment depends on a balanced immune response. It is possible that aberrant immune activity during critical periods of neurodevelopment is part of the mechanism of some forms of autism. A small percentage of autism cases are associated with infection, usually before birth. Results from immune studies have been contradictory. Some abnormalities have been found in specific subgroups, and some of these have been replicated. It is not known whether these abnormalities are relevant to the pathology of autism, for example, by infection or autoimmunity, or whether they are secondary to the disease processes. As autoantibodies are found in diseases other than autism, and are not always present in autism, the relationship between immune disturbances and autism remains unclear and controversial. A 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis found that children with a family history of autoimmune diseases were at a greater risk of autism compared to children without such a history.
When an underlying maternal autoimmune disease is present, antibodies circulating to the fetus could contribute to the development of autism spectrum disorders.
Gastrointestinal connection
Gastrointestinal problems are one of the most commonly associated medical disorders in people with autism. These are linked to greater social impairment, irritability, behavior and sleep problems, language impairments and mood changes, so the theory that they are an overlap syndrome has been postulated. Studies indicate that gastrointestinal inflammation, food allergies, gluten-related disorders (celiac disease, wheat allergy, non-celiac gluten sensitivity), visceral hypersensitivity, dysautonomia and gastroesophageal reflux are the mechanisms that possibly link both.
A 2016 review concludes that enteric nervous system abnormalities might play a role in several neurological disorders, including autism. Neural connections and the immune system are a pathway that may allow diseases originated in the intestine to spread to the brain. A 2018 review suggests that the frequent association of gastrointestinal disorders and autism is due to abnormalities of the gut–brain axis.
The "leaky gut syndrome" hypothesis developed by Andrew Wakefield, known for his fraudulent study on another cause of autism, is popular among parents of children with autism. It is based on the idea that defects in the intestinal barrier produce an excessive increase in intestinal permeability, allowing substances present in the intestine (including bacteria, environmental toxins, and food antigens) to pass into the blood. The data supporting this theory are limited and contradictory, since both increased intestinal permeability and normal permeability have been documented in people with autism. Studies with mice provide some support to this theory and suggest the importance of intestinal flora, demonstrating that the normalization of the intestinal barrier was associated with an improvement in some of the autism-like behaviors. Studies on subgroups of people with autism showed the presence of high plasma levels of zonulin, a protein that regulates permeability opening the "pores" of the intestinal wall, as well as intestinal dysbiosis (reduced levels of Bifidobacteria and increased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, Escherichia coli, Clostridia and Candida fungi that promote the production of proinflammatory cytokines, all of which produces excessive intestinal permeability. This allows passage of bacterial endotoxins from the gut into the bloodstream, stimulating liver cells to secrete tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), which modulates blood–brain barrier permeability. Studies on ASD people showed that TNFα cascades produce proinflammatory cytokines, leading to peripheral inflammation and activation of microglia in the brain, which indicates neuroinflammation. In addition, neuroactive opioid peptides from digested foods have been shown to leak into the bloodstream and permeate the blood–brain barrier, influencing neural cells and causing autistic symptoms. (See Endogenous opiate precursor theory)
After a preliminary 1998 study of three children with autism treated with secretin infusion reported improved GI function and dramatic improvement in behavior, many parents sought secretin treatment and a black market for the hormone developed quickly. Later studies found secretin clearly ineffective in treating autism.
Endogenous opiate precursor theory
In 1979, a possible association between autism and opiate was proposed, it was noted that injecting small amounts of opiates into young laboratory animals resulted in symptoms similar to those seen in autistic children. The possibility of a relationship between autism and the consumption of gluten and casein was first articulated by Kalle Reichelt in 1991.
Opiate theory hypothesizes that autism is the result of a metabolic disorder in which opioid peptides gliadorphin (aka gluteomorphin) and Casomorphin, produced through metabolism of gluten (present in wheat and related cereals) and casein (present in dairy products), pass through an abnormally permeable intestinal wall and then proceed to exert an effect on neurotransmission through binding with opioid receptors. It has been postulated that the resulting excess of opioids affects brain maturation and causes autistic symptoms including: behavioral difficulties, attention problems, and alterations in communicative capacity and social and cognitive functioning.
Although high levels of these opioids are eliminated in the urine, it has been suggested that a small part of them cross into the brain causing interference of signal transmission and disruption of normal activity. Three studies have reported that urine samples of people with autism show an increased 24-hour peptide excretion. A study with a control group found no appreciable differences in opioid levels in urine samples of people with autism compared to controls. Two studies showed an increased opioid levels in cerebrospinal fluid of people with autism.
The theory further states that removing opiate precursors from a child's diet may allow time for these behaviors to cease, and neurological development in very young children to resume normally. As of 2021, reliable studies have not demonstrated the benefit of gluten-free diets in the treatment of autism. In the subset of people who have gluten sensitivity there is limited evidence that suggests that a gluten-free diet may improve some autistic behaviors.
Nutrition-related Factors
There have been multiple attempts to uncover a link between various nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin D and folate and autism risk. Although there have been many studies on the role of vitamin D in the development of autism, the majority of them are limited by their inability to assess the deficiency prior to an autism diagnosis. A meta-analysis on the association between vitamin D and autism found that individuals with autism had significantly low levels of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D than those without autism. Another analysis showed significant differences in levels of zinc between individuals with and without autism. Although studies showed significant differences protein intake and calcium in individuals with autism, the results were limited by their imprecision, inconsistency, and indirect nature. Additionally, low levels of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) in the brain can result in cerebral folate deficiency (CFD) which has been shown to be associated with autism.
Toxic Exposure
Multiple studies have made attempts to study the relationship between toxic exposure and autism. However, these studies often met with limitations related to the measurement of toxic exposure the methods for which were often indirect and cross-sectional. Systematic reviews have been conducted for numerous toxins including air pollution, thimerosal, inorganic mercury, and levels of heavy metals in hair, nails, and bodily fluids.
Although no link was found to exist between the vaccine additive thiomersal and autism risk, this association may hold true for individuals with a hereditary predisposition for autoimmune disorders.
Environmental exposure to inorganic mercury may be associated with higher autism risk, with high levels of mercury in the body being a valid disease-causing agent for autism.
Significant evidence has not been found of an association between autism and the concentration of mercury, copper, cadmium, selenium, and chromium in the hair, nails, and bodily fluids. Levels of lead were found to be significantly higher in individuals with autism. The precision and consistency of results were not maintained across studies and were influenced by an outlier study. The atypical eating behaviors of autistic children, along with habitual mouthing and pica, make it hard to determine whether increased lead levels are a cause or a consequence of autism.
Locus coeruleus–noradrenergic system
This theory hypothesizes that autistic behaviors depend at least in part on a developmental dysregulation that results in impaired function of the locus coeruleus–noradrenergic (LC-NA) system. The LC-NA system is heavily involved in arousal and attention; for example, it is related to the brain's acquisition and use of environmental cues.
Oxidative stress
Oxidative stress, oxidative DNA damage and disruptions of DNA repair have been postulated to play a role in the etiopathology of both ASD and schizophrenia. Physiological factors and mechanisms influence by oxidative stress are believed to be highly influential to autism risk. Interactions between environmental and genetic factors may increase oxidative stress in children with autism. This theory hypothesizes that toxicity and oxidative stress may cause autism in some cases. Evidence includes genetic effects on metabolic pathways, reduced antioxidant capacity, enzyme changes, and enhanced biomarkers for oxidative stress. One theory is that stress damages Purkinje cells in the cerebellum after birth, and it is possible that glutathione is involved. Polymorphism of genes involved metabolization of glutathione is evidenced by lower levels of total glutathione, and higher levels of oxidized glutathione in autistic children. Based on this theory, antioxidants may be a useful treatment for autism. Environmental factors can influence oxidative stress pre, peri, and postnatally and include heavy metals, infection, certain drugs, and toxic exposure from various sources including cigarette smoke, air pollutants, and organophosphate pesticides.
Social construct
Beyond the genetic, epigenetic, and biological factors that can contribute to an autism diagnosis are theories related to the "autistic identity." It has been theorized that perceptions towards the characteristics of autistic individuals have been heavily influenced by neurotypical ideologies and social norms.
The social construct theory says that the boundary between normal and abnormal is subjective and arbitrary, so autism does not exist as an objective entity, but only as a social construct. It further argues that autistic individuals themselves have a way of being that is partly socially constructed.
Mild and moderate variations of autism are particular targets of the theory that social factors determine what it means to be autistic. The theory hypothesizes that individuals with these diagnoses inhabit the identities that have been ascribed to them, and promote their sense of well-being by resisting or appropriating autistic ascriptions.
Lynn Waterhouse suggests that autism has been reified, in that social processes have endowed it with more reality than is justified by the scientific evidence.
Although social construction of the autistic identity can have a positive impact on the well-being and treatment of autistic individuals. That is not always the case when the individuals in question belong to historically marginalized populations.
When it comes to social constructs, people are often marginalized on the basis of race, sex, and LGBTQ+ identities. Autism and autistic traits are typically associated with the masculine identity. This association severely limits autistic women's ability to benefit from the freedom men might attain through the appropriation of the social constructed autistic identity. Autism-related neurological and social impairments have also been used to disregard the identities and healthcare needs of non-heterosexual and gender non-conforming individuals with autism on the basis that their impairments had caused their perceptions toward gender and sexual identity to deviate from social norms. Autism diagnoses are typically associated with individuals who identify as 'White.' Because of this, individual from other racial and ethnic backgrounds are often overlooked, misdiagnosed, and underrepresented in relevant studies.
Viral infection
Many studies have presented evidence for and against association of autism with viral infection after birth. Laboratory rats infected with Borna disease virus show some symptoms similar to those of autism but blood studies of autistic children show no evidence of infection by this virus. Members of the herpes virus family may have a role in autism, but the evidence so far is anecdotal. Viruses have long been suspected as triggers for immune-mediated diseases such as multiple sclerosis but showing a direct role for viral causation is difficult in those diseases, and mechanisms, whereby viral infections could lead to autism, are speculative.
Evolutionary explanations
Research exploring the evolutionary benefits of autism and associated genes suggests that people with autistic traits may have made facilitated crucial advancements in technology and knowledge of natural systems in the course of human development. It has been suggested that these trait advantages may have resulted from the exchange of socially beneficial traits with ones that promote technological skills and systematic thought processes. In future studies, autism may the shown to be similar to diseases such as sickle cell anemia that demonstrate balanced polymorphism.
A 2011 study proposed the "Solitary Forager Hypothesis" in which autistic traits, including increased abilities for spatial intelligence, concentration and memory, could have been naturally selected to enable self-sufficient foraging in a more solitary environment. However, the author notes that such individuals likely foraged by themselves while occasionally interacting with intimate people or groups. A study conducted by Spikins et al. (2016) examined the role of Asperger syndrome as "an alternative pro-social adaptive strategy" which may have developed as a result of the emergence of "collaborative morality" in the context of small-scale hunter-gathering. The authors further suggest that "mutual interdependence of different social strategies" may have "contributed to the rise of innovation and large scale social networks".
Discredited theories
Refrigerator mother
Psychologist Bruno Bettelheim believed that autism was linked to early childhood trauma, and his work was highly influential for decades both in the medical and popular spheres. In his discredited theory, he blamed the mothers of individuals with autism for having caused their child's condition through the withholding of affection. Leo Kanner, who first described autism, suggested that parental coldness might contribute to autism. Although Kanner eventually renounced the theory, Bettelheim put an almost exclusive emphasis on it in both his medical and his popular books. Treatments based on these theories failed to help children with autism, and after Bettelheim's death, his reported rates of cure (around 85%) were found to be fraudulent.
Vaccines
The most recent scientific research has determined that changes to brain structures correlated with the development of autism can already be detected while the child is still in the womb, well before any vaccines are administered. Furthermore, scientific studies have consistently refuted a causal relationship between vaccinations and autism.
Despite this, some parents believe that vaccinations cause autism; they therefore delay or avoid immunizing their children (for example, under the "vaccine overload" hypothesis that giving many vaccines at once may overwhelm a child's immune system and lead to autism, even though this hypothesis has no scientific evidence and is biologically implausible). Diseases such as measles can cause severe disabilities and even death, so the risk of death or disability for an unvaccinated child is higher than the risk for a child who has been vaccinated. Despite medical evidence, antivaccine activism continues. A developing tactic is the "promotion of irrelevant research to justify the science underlying a questionable claim."
MMR vaccine
The MMR vaccine as a cause of autism is one of the most extensively debated hypotheses regarding the origins of autism. Andrew Wakefield et al. reported a study of 12 children who had autism and bowel symptoms, in some cases reportedly with onset after MMR. Although the paper, which was later retracted by the journal, concluded that there was no association between the MMR vaccine and autism, Wakefield nevertheless suggested a false notion during a 1998 press conference that giving children the vaccines in three separate doses would be safer than a single dose. Administering the vaccines in three separate doses does not reduce the chance of adverse effects, and it increases the opportunity for infection by the two diseases not immunized against first.
In 2004, the interpretation of a causal link between MMR vaccine and autism was formally retracted by ten of Wakefield's twelve co-authors. The retraction followed an investigation by The Sunday Times, which stated that Wakefield "acted dishonestly and irresponsibly". The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, and the U.K. National Health Service have all concluded that there is no evidence of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism.
In February 2010, The Lancet, which published Wakefield's study, fully retracted it after an independent auditor found the study to be flawed. In January 2011, an investigation published in the journal BMJ described the Wakefield study as the result of deliberate fraud and manipulation of data.
Thiomersal (thimerosal)
Perhaps the best-known hypothesis involving mercury and autism involves the use of the mercury-based compound thiomersal, a preservative that has been phased out from most childhood vaccinations in developed countries including US and the EU. There is no scientific evidence for a causal connection between thiomersal and autism, but parental concern about a relationship between thiomersal and vaccines has led to decreasing rates of childhood immunizations and increasing likelihood of disease outbreaks. In 1999, due to concern about the dose of mercury infants were being exposed to, the U.S. Public Health Service recommended that thiomersal be removed from childhood vaccines, and by 2002 the flu vaccine was the only childhood vaccine containing more than trace amounts of thimerosal. Despite this, autism rates did not decrease after the removal of thimerosal, in the US or other countries that also removed thimerosal from their childhood vaccines.
A causal link between thimerosal and autism has been rejected by international scientific and medical professional bodies including the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American College of Medical Toxicology, the Canadian Paediatric Society, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the Food and Drug Administration, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization, the Public Health Agency of Canada, and the European Medicines Agency.
See also
List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
Sex differences in autism
References
Social constructionism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes%20of%20autism |
Ehden (, Syriac-Aramaic: ܐܗܕ ܢ ) is a mountainous city in the heart of the northern mountains of Lebanon and on the southwestern slopes of Mount Makmal in the Mount Lebanon Range. Its residents are the people of Zgharta, as it is within the Zgharta District.
Geography
The mountain town is located above sea level, and is from Zgharta, from Beirut (the country’s capital) and from Tripoli, Lebanon.
Ehden is a famous summer resort and touristic center, often called "The Bride of Summer Resorts in the North of Lebanon."
Gastronomy is one of the most prominent tourist attractions in Ehden, especially in summer. Kebbeh Meshwyeh (krass) and the Kebbeh Nayeh, both traditional cuisines, and particularly notable in this town.
Etymology
Ehden is derived from Aramaic, meaning "the mountain’s base and slope". The location of Ehden at the base of Mar Sarkis Mountain supports this explanation. This view is supported by Anis Frayha who writes:The name of Ehden comes from Adon, Adonis meaning "power, stability and tranquillity". It is corroborated by the Arabic root Hdn meaning "steadiness, calm and fertility". Adon means also "the base and the mountaintop" translating into "top of the mountain and its base".
Patriarch Estephan El Douaihy, along with Father Martens the Jesuit, lean toward the conclusion that Ehden’s name is derived from Eden where Adam and Eve lived following their exit from paradise. Douaihy left a booklet in Latin regarding his point of view. It is kept in the Vatican library. Orientalists Hawiet, Rose Goaler and Orkwart supported Douaihy and Martens’ viewpoint. It was contested by Ernest Renan in his book Mission en Phenicie and by Father Henri Lammens.
Location, climate and nature
Ehden is located in the central northern side of Mount Lebanon, with a 1500-metre (at Midan square) elevation from sea level. It is from Beirut, from Tripoli and from Zgharta. Ehden used to be the sole residence for Zghartians prior to the establishment of Zgharta. It is known for its dry climate, water and forest. It is a renowned summer location, famous for its setting on the Mar Sarkis (Saint Sarkis) Mountain overlooking coastal towns and villages as far as Akkar to Shikka. A large number of local and overseas tourists visit Ehden annually.
History
Ehden’s history dates back into the BCE period. Its indigenous people transformed rocky hills into land suitable for crops, irrigated by water from mountain streams. The people of Ehden have contributed to the fields of thought, literature, patriotism, and religion in Lebanon.
Ehden was the original homeland for Zghartians who later established Zgharta on the Lebanese coast in the 16th century. It was/is a warmer winter season home below the mountains' snow. Four centuries later it has become primarily a summer resort.
Despite the changes that have taken place over the centuries, Ehden's people have maintained their strong ties to their cultural heritage and history. The town continues to be a vibrant hub of creativity, thought, and spirituality, making it an important destination for anyone interested in Lebanon's rich cultural heritage.
BCE Ehden
Some early texts mention that the people of Ehden are descendants of the tribe of Shem, the son of Noah.
- 850 BCE: the Aramean king Hadadezer came to Ehden and rebuilt it, hoisting a statue of its god known then as “Baal Loubnan” or “The God of Snow”
- 700 BCE: Sennacherib, the Assyrian king through his leading assistant Rabshakeh, occupied Ehden and destroyed it by setting it alight and overturning its statue.
- 300 BCE: Seleucus I, leader of an army that was a part of Alexander the Great's Macedonian army, rebuilt Ehden. Seleucus I also built a large pagan temple on the eastern side where he erected a statue of the Sun-god Helios.
- 64 BCE: Pompey blockaded Ehden. He conquered and destroyed it. It was not until the rise of Christianity that the Lebanese rebuilt it.
CE Ehden
An Ancient Greek inscription was found on the exterior of Mar Mama church with the equivalent date 282 CE and also Greek numerals near the church.
Also a Syriac inscription was found which has been translated as saying “In the name of God who is capable of resurrecting the dead. In the year one of Alexander … Marcos had lived and died.”
At the end of the 6th century Ehdenians converted to Christianity. Maronite priests of Saint Maroun and St. Simeon Stylites helped convert them into Maronites. They built five churches all at once on top of the ruined idolatrous temple, using its stones for building Mar Mama, Mar Boutros, Mar Youhana, Mar Ghaleb and Mar Istfan. In addition, they raised huge stone crosses on top of the mountain.
A brief account of Ehden's history has been found written by one of its inhabitants who fled from the Mamluk invasion in 1283, tying the manuscript to his chest for safekeeping.
Manuscript
Father George Yammine found the manuscript, which was written on an old piece of leather, at the start of the 19th century in a priest's home in Bsharri. He copied it and, following his death, his son Sheikh Roumanos Yammine kept it. It was then passed onto Monsignor Hanna Dib Saydet. In 1930, Historian Semaan el Khazan discovered a copy of that document with another historian, Father Youhana Maroun Farah el Seb'ali, who had copied it from Monsignor Saade in 1904. It says:
"Ehden is a very old village located in the north of Mount Lebanon. It used to be known as 'Patchilassar' a Persian pronunciation meaning 'the paradise of the area'. It is enriched with fresh water, trees and a breathtaking water stream called Mar Sarkis bursts off its eastern mountain. A tribe related to Sam, son of Noah settled in Ehden, which later became a famous site."
In 1264 the people of Ehden supported the Crusades in their battle for the town of Tripoli.
In 1283 the army of the Mamluk Sultan Qalawun invaded Mount Lebanon and burnt Ehden.
In 1586, Ehden was burnt again according to a found manuscript but it does not mention by whom, all it says that "Ehden was burnt in the year 1897 of the Greek calendar" which means the year 1586 CE.
In 1610 the first printing press in the Middle East was set up St Anthony of Khozaya Abbey near Ehden. Early publishing was mostly of religious works in Syriac (Karchouni) characters. The printing press is still on display there.
Ehden's ancient ruins
Ehden used to be a significant site for idolatrous beliefs where numerous temples and enormous statues were located such as “Baal Loubnan”, “God of Snow” and “God of the Sun”.
Due to major destruction that engulfed Ehden throughout its history, most of those statues and temples were destroyed. Huge rocks that have remained scattered on mountaintops, as well as large stones used in building some of its churches, still leave indication of that era.
Father La Monse the Jesuit stated that there are three scriptures in Mar Mama church, two are written in Greek and another in Syriac.
The Greek writing is sited on its exterior garden wall where most of it has been erased through the passing of time. Two lines are still visible in the lower section. A date is also visible of the Alexander year 584, which is equivalent to 282 AD. The second writing is in the shape of Greek numbers written on a gravesite next to the church, but could hardly be recognized. As for the Syriac writing, “Rinan” translated the remainder of its meaning in his book titled “Phoenician Mission” as follows:
“In the name of God who is capable of resurrecting the dead. In the year one of Alexander …. Marcos had lived and died.”
There is also a historical writing, which was transferred to France and is preserved in its Paris museum in the Orient section, numbered 4524 and dated 272 AD.
Dr. Philip Hitti in his book Lebanon in History affirms that “Ruins dating back to the era of the Roman Empire are widely spread over the mountains. Statues carved on rocks, in addition to Greek and Roman sculptures, graves, temple ruins and buried columns were found in branched and distant villages like Chouslan, Kartaba, Akoura, Tanourin and Ehden.”
Ehden’s most famous Christian site is “Dayr al-Salib” (Convent of the Cross), which is a symbol of an era of transformation for Ehdenians who had turned away from idolatry and converted to Christianity, according to a historical document written by Father Kozma. This convent is situated between Ehden and Bkoufa in the versant of Mar Sarkis’ mountain. It is a large grotto containing an altar and was identified by large stones forming a cross that was placed on top of its entrance, but vanished in 1935. Nevertheless, Al-Semaani wrote in his book The Eastern Library that he witnessed those cross-engraved stones in Hassroun, Bsharri, Ehden and Aytou.
Mar Mama church, which was built in 748, is considered as one of the oldest Maronite churches in Lebanon. Father La Monse described it as “an eighth-century church built over a destroyed Byzantine church (sixth century) which was in turn built over an old Canaanite temple.” Mar Youhana church was built in 779 but was ruined. Some of its huge stones were still around until the start of the 20th century. Two churches belonging to Mar Sarkis convent were built, the first in the 8th century and the other in the 12th.
Names of some areas hold a historical meaning such as “Al-Baoul area” named after (Baal the God), “Bab al-Bowayb” meaning (The Door of Doors) for it leads to the kingdom of “Afka” in Ehden’s forest. Afka is the first holy city in history according to Father Dr. Youssef Yammine al-Ehdeni who is trying to prove this theory by embarking on historical research he has not as yet completed.
Present day
Nowadays the people reside in their Ehden homes during the summer months for cooler days and in their Zgharta homes for warmer winters. A popular saying based on this moving between homes is “We cross ourselves and then move down and we celebrate and then move up.” This annual migration coincides with the Raising of the Cross Day, 15 September, and around Easter time.
Ehden is a beautiful city renowned for its healthy environment, moderate dry climate and natural fresh water. It is one of the main summer locations of Lebanon.
Visitors reach Ehden travelling from Beirut through Tripoli, Zgharta, Arjes then Ehden, or from Beirut through Seika, Al-Koura, Seraal, then Ehden, or from Beirut through Baalbak, Al-Arz-Becharri, Kfersghab, then Ehden. There are many restaurants in Ehden. Most restaurants are located near Mar Sarkis water stream, Al-Dawalib, Horsh Ehden and Al-Middan. Al-Middan is well known for its cafés, sweet shops and entertainment. Annual folkloric festivals are held on Al-Middan. Many tourists and visitors who attend Al-Middan ultimately visit Mar Gerges Cathedral, the coffin of Youssef Bey Karam and his statue on “Al-Ketla”, and the statue of Al-Sahyouni and Sheikh Asaad Boulos Gravesite.
Many cafés can be found in “Al-Moghtaribin” (Immigrants) Street and “Al-Mattal” area, creating an atmosphere of celebration lasting all over Ehden summer attracting tourists and visitors from Lebanon and the world.
Concerts featuring stars of Lebanese and Arab singing are held almost nightly. First-class hotels and resorts are available for tourists. In addition to modern motels, bars and clubs.
Ehden has experienced a building boom in recent times extending beyond its traditional precincts where modern villas and apartments were built. New roads have been developed and old ones were widened to cope with increasing traffic.
Convenience and tourism services for comfortable living are widely available in Ehden. There are various shopping centres, speciality shops, health services provided in a public hospital operating throughout the year, plus medical surgeries, chemists, official centres, post and phone centre, summer schools.
Ehden is a site for art events such as hosting cultural and art galleries, stage theatre, open air plays, lectures and forums held by Zghartians and Lebanese thinkers and intellectuals.
Places of worship
The early churches
The earliest churches in Ehden are those built over the site of a pagan temple.
A large pagan temple was built by Seleucus a commander in Alexander the Great’s army and raised a statue of "The god of Sun" nearby. The temple and statue were destroyed in 60 BC by the Roman Commander Pompey. Following their conversion to Christianity the people of Ehden built from the stones of the destroyed temple five churches over the temple precincts as a symbol of Christianity’s victory over paganism.
The churches from North to South are:
St Peter's.
St John’s. The church no longer exists but was located near the statue of Patriarch Stephane Doueihi.
St Ghaleb's. Originally called St Zakhia's meaning in Syriac "Victor". This church was near the corner above St Mama's. The building no longer exists.
Mar Mama church. The oldest Maronite church in Lebanon.
St Estephan's. Named after the first Christian martyr. This church, which no longer exists, was located a few metres where the present Mar Mama church stands.
The area surrounding St Peter's church was originally the large public square of the pagan temple where the ancient Ehdenians used to meet during feasts and religious ceremonies. They used to sacrifice their eldest sons to their then pagan god for the wellbeing of their families and people. Of course, this was forbidden by God's word: Lev. 18:21 says, "Neither shall you give any of your offspring to offer them to Molech, nor shall you profane the name of your God; I am the Lord." (See also Lev. 18:21; 20:2-5; 2 Kings. 23:10; Jer. 32:35). The blood of those sacrificed used to accumulate in the temple square and then streamed through a stone canal to where the five churches were built. There was a well, which collected the blood near where St Ghaleb’s church stood.
Churches today
There are 23 places of Christian worship in Ehden, including churches, monasteries, convents and shrines, such as:
Cathedrals
Cathedral of Saint George
Churches
Church of Our Lady of Al-Hara
Church of Our Lady of Jou’it
Church of Our Lady of the Fort, built over the remains of a Crusader castle at the highest point of Ehden
Church of Saint Abda
Church of Saint Anthony
Church of Saint Stephen
Church of Saint Ghaleb
Church of Saint George
Church of Saint John
Church of Saint Mary and Saint Ibhay the Syriac
Church of Saint Mamas Church, which was built in 749 A.D. and is one of the oldest Maronite churches in Lebanon;
Church of Saint Michael
Church of Saint Simon
Church of Saint Charbel inaugurated in 2023, it is the newest and biggest church in Ehden, located at the town's entrance.
Convents
Convent of Saint Cyprianus
Convent of Saint Jacob
Convent of Saint Moura hus
Convent of Saint Paul
Monastery of Mar Sarkis, Ras Al Nahr, Ehden
Convent of the Holy Cross
Environment
The town is also home to the Ehden Forest, with a variety of trees, plants, flowers, and rare animals. The forest was declared a protected nature reserve by the Lebanese government in 1992.
Ehden’s forest is on the northeast side of Ehden and is an area of 3000 hectares, with a 1300- to 2000-metre elevation from sea level. The approximate elevation is 1893 metres at Al-Jafieh, 1550 metres at Ayn Naasah and 1440 metres at Ayn al-Baq valley. The forest embraces a vital natural forestry reserve with a variety of 40 different types of native plants such as cedars, fir, pine, elm and many others. In addition, 400 different distinctive plants have been identified, of which 66 grow only in Lebanon, and 11 are endemic to Ehden.
Some of Ehden’s distinctive plants are:
Stripirtps libanotica, discovered by botanist and scientist La Plader in 1758
Dianthus karami, discovered in 1870 by botanist Le Blanche who named it in honour of Youssef Bey Karam.
“Flower of Ehden’s forest” (Zahret Horsh Ehden)
Cotsina libanotica, a thorny plant.
“The tooth of the Lebanese tiger” (Sin al-Asad al-Loubnani)
Distinctive trees include:
Wild apple trees
“Al-Derdar”, an elm tree with only four trees of its type left in Lebanon.
Abies cilicica: Ehden’s forest is the southernmost site for this fir, as noted in the World Natural Plantation demographic maps.
Hotels in Ehden
Ehden Country Club - Ehden
Hotel Ehden
Belmont Hotel
Master's Hotel
Le Serail Hotel
Hotel Zakhia
Hotel Bet El Wared
Hotel Abchi
Mist By Warwick
Kroum Ehden Boutique Resort
La Mairie Hotel
Twinz Hotel
Maison Heritage guesthouse
Beit Mirna Guesthouse
See also
Zgharta
Ehden massacre
Youssef Bey Karam
Youssef Salim Karam
Salim Bey Karam
Karam Family
Youssef Bey Karam Foundation
References
External links
Ehden On Google Maps Street View By Paul Saad
Ehden Zgharta Parish
Youssef Bey Karam Foundation
Ehden Family Tree
Zgharta District
Populated places in the North Governorate
Tourist attractions in Lebanon
Maronite Christian communities in Lebanon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehden |
"Emergence" is an episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation. It is the 175th episode of the series, and the 23rd episode of the seventh season. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. The crew has a bizarre experience on the holodeck and trouble with the Enterprise. The episode explores the relationship between technology and its creators.
Plot
Lieutenant Commander Data, while practicing acting in an Enterprise holodeck, is surprised when the Orient Express train drives through his set of Shakespeare's The Tempest. Later, the Enterprise suddenly jumps into warp on its own; subsequent investigation shows that the ship had been undergoing a deadly theta flux distortion, and only by jumping into warp was the ship saved from destruction. Data postulates that this may be a previously unknown safety feature of the Enterprise, and he and Chief Engineer La Forge investigate the ship, soon discovering one of several small nodes connecting the various ship systems within the ship, all protected by their own force fields. The bulk of the nodes connect to the holodeck, and the crew go to investigate.
Inside, they find themselves on the currently-running Orient Express simulation, where several random characters are interacting in strange manners. Data attempts to shut the program down to no avail. As they watch, a gangster character shoots and kills the train's engineer, and the conductor pulls on a cord; the Enterprise is suddenly sent into warp again. On leaving the holodeck, the crew finds many more of the nodes about the ship, connecting all the major systems save the main computer; Data believes the formation of the nodes are similar to the human brain's structure, and posits that the Enterprise is developing its own intelligence.
Data, Worf and Counselor Troi return to the holodeck to learn more. The gangster character takes a brick from the engineer and gets off at the next stop - Keystone City - which the three follow. The gangster places the brick in a wall, completing it; at the same time, La Forge detects a power surge in a cargo bay and finds a strange object being constructed atom by atom. Data attempts to access the holodeck circuits, but this causes the ship to shake violently. Troi believes that the characters are trying to act out various roles in the creation of a new entity, and Captain Picard agrees with letting the simulation run its course and the object in the cargo bay, considered to be a new lifeform, to develop.
On the holodeck, Data, Worf, and Troi return to the train, and find it is heading for Vertiform City, its final destination; meanwhile, the Enterprise has arrived at a white dwarf star and has started the collection of vertion particles from it, feeding them into the new object in the cargo bay. However, the supply of particles from the star is limited, and the object's glow starts to wane; on the holodeck, the simulated characters have a shocked response, and the conductor pulls the emergency brake, which causes not only the train to stop but cause power to drop all around the Enterprise. La Forge determines without new vertion particles, the lifeform will die out.
Suddenly, the Enterprise re-enters warp, diverting power from all other ship's systems, including life support, to maintain its top speed; the conductor on the holodeck simulation states they are now heading for New Vertiform City. With time short for the crew, Data suggests to the conductor that he knows a shorter route, and gains access to the train's engine, from which he can control the Enterprises course. With La Forge's help, Data directs the ship to a nearby nebula, and subsequently fires a modified torpedo at it, causing the generation of numerous vertion particles. The ship collects these and completes the lifeform, while the simulated passengers on the train celebrate their arrival. The completed lifeform rises on its own and leaves the cargo bay; the Enterprise returns to normal operation. After verifying their systems have returned to their control and returning to their previous mission, the crew speculate on the nature of this new lifeform.
Video releases
This was released in Japan on LaserDisc on October 9, 1998 as part of the half-season collection Log.14: Seventh Season Part.2. This set included episodes from "Lower Decks" to Part II of "All Good Things", with English and Japanese audio tracks.
Reception
In 2014, Ars Technica said this was one of the worst episodes of the seventh season, calling it "ludicrously terrible."
References
External links
Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 7) episodes
1994 American television episodes
Holography in television
Television episodes written by Brannon Braga
Television episodes directed by Cliff Bole | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence%20%28Star%20Trek%3A%20The%20Next%20Generation%29 |
The Ministry of Shipping and Insular Policy () is a government department of Greece responsible for managing the nation's maritime and shipping sectors, as well as developing policies concerning the country's numerous islands. This ministry also oversees the enforcement of maritime laws and regulations, and the safety of Greek waters and coasts.
History
It was founded as the Mercantile Marine Ministry () in 1936. On 19 September 2007, it was merged with the Ministry for the Aegean and Island Policy () to form the Mercantile Marine, Aegean and Island Policy Ministry (). The latter was abolished on 7 October 2009 and the shipping portfolio fell under the new Ministry of the Economy, Competitiveness and Shipping. It was re-established as the Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Islands and Fisheries () on 30 September 2010, but was again abolished on 27 June 2011 and merged with the Ministry of Regional Development and Competitiveness to form the Ministry of Development, Competitiveness and Shipping. It was re-established as the Ministry of Shipping and the Aegean ) on 21 June 2012, but was again abolished on 26 January 2015 and merged into the Ministry of the Economy, Infrastructure, Shipping and Tourism. On 23 September 2015, it was re-established as the Μinistry of Shipping and Island Policy in the Second Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras. The incumbent minister is Ioannis Plakiotakis in the Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis.
Functions
The Ministry of Shipping and Island Policy is responsible for a range of issues related to Greece's maritime and shipping industries, and the development of policies for its islands. Some functions:
Managing and promoting the Greek merchant navy and commercial shipping operations, including personnel training, ship safety, and industry regulation.
Overseeing the development and implementation of policies concerning Greece's islands, addressing issues like transportation, infrastructure, and local economies.
Coordinating maritime security efforts and responding to maritime emergencies.
Managing Greece's ports and harbors, including infrastructure development and maintenance.
List of ministers
Mercantile marine
Mercantile marine, the Aegean and island policy (2007–2009)
Maritime affairs, islands and fisheries (2010–2011)
Shipping and the Aegean (2012–2015)
Shipping and the Aegean (alternates, January–September 2015)
Shipping and insular policy (since September 2015)
See also
Ministry for Naval Affairs (Greece)
External links
Official website, in Greek
References
Shipping
Shipping
Greek Merchant Marine
Greece
Transport organizations based in Greece
Shipping in Greece
Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Shipping%20and%20Island%20Policy%20%28Greece%29 |
Liesegang rings () are a phenomenon seen in many, if not most, chemical systems undergoing a precipitation reaction under certain conditions of concentration and in the absence of convection. Rings are formed when weakly soluble salts are produced from reaction of two soluble substances, one of which is dissolved in a gel medium. The phenomenon is most commonly seen as rings in a Petri dish or bands in a test tube; however, more complex patterns have been observed, such as dislocations of the ring structure in a Petri dish, helices, and "Saturn rings" in a test tube. Despite continuous investigation since rediscovery of the rings in 1896, the mechanism for the formation of Liesegang rings is still unclear.
History
The phenomenon was first noticed in 1855 by the German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge. He observed them in the course of experiments on the precipitation of reagents in blotting paper. In 1896 the German chemist Raphael E. Liesegang noted the phenomenon when he dropped a solution of silver nitrate onto a thin layer of gel containing potassium dichromate. After a few hours, sharp concentric rings of insoluble silver dichromate formed. It has aroused the curiosity of chemists for many years. When formed in a test tube by diffusing one component from the top, layers or bands of precipitate form, rather than rings.
Silver nitrate–potassium dichromate reaction
The reactions are most usually carried out in test tubes into which a gel is formed that contains a dilute solution of one of the reactants.
If a hot solution of agar gel also containing a dilute solution of potassium dichromate is poured in a test tube, and after the gel solidifies a more concentrated solution of silver nitrate is poured on top of the gel, the silver nitrate will begin to diffuse into the gel. It will then encounter the potassium dichromate and will form a continuous region of precipitate at the top of the tube.
After some hours, the continuous region of precipitation is followed by a clear region with no sensible precipitate, followed by a short region of precipitate further down the tube. This process continues down the tube forming several, up to perhaps a couple dozen, alternating regions of clear gel and precipitate rings.
Some general observations
Over the decades huge number of precipitation reactions have been used to study the phenomenon, and it seems quite general. Chromates, metal hydroxides, carbonates, and sulfides, formed with lead, copper, silver, mercury and cobalt salts are sometimes favored by investigators, perhaps because of the pretty, colored precipitates formed.
The gels used are usually gelatin, agar or silicic acid gel.
The concentration ranges over which the rings form in a given gel for a precipitating system can usually be found for any system by a little systematic empirical experimentation in a few hours. Often the concentration of the component in the agar gel should be substantially less concentrated (perhaps an order of magnitude or more) than the one placed on top of the gel.
The first feature usually noted is that the bands which form farther away from the liquid-gel interface are generally farther apart. Some investigators measure this distance and report in some systems, at least, a systematic formula for the distance that they form at. The most frequent observation is that the distance apart that the rings form is proportional to the distance from the liquid-gel interface. This is by no means universal, however, and sometimes they form at essentially random, irreproducible distances.
Another feature often noted is that the bands themselves do not move with time, but rather form in place and stay there.
For very many systems the precipitate that forms is not the fine coagulant or flocs seen on mixing the two solutions in the absence of the gel, but rather coarse, crystalline dispersions. Sometimes the crystals are well separated from one another, and only a few form in each band.
The precipitate that forms a band is not always a binary insoluble compound, but may be even a pure metal. Water glass of density 1.06 made acidic by sufficient acetic acid to make it gel, with 0.05 N copper sulfate in it, covered by a 1 percent solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride produces large tetrahedrons of metallic copper in the bands.
It is not possible to make any general statement of the effect of the composition of the gel. A system that forms nicely for one set of components, might fail altogether and require a different set of conditions if the gel is switched, say, from agar to gelatin. The essential feature of the gel required is that thermal convection in the tube be prevented altogether.
Most systems will form rings in the absence of the gelling system if the experiment is carried out in a capillary, where convection does not disturb their formation. In fact, the system does not have to even be liquid. A tube plugged with cotton with a little ammonium hydroxide at one end, and a solution of hydrochloric acid at the other will show rings of deposited ammonium chloride where the two gases meet, if the conditions are chosen correctly. Ring formation has also been observed in solid glasses containing a reducible species. For example, bands of silver have been generated by immersing silicate glass in molten AgNO3 for extended periods of time (Pask and Parmelee, 1943).
Theories
Several different theories have been proposed to explain the formation of Liesegang rings. The chemist Wilhelm Ostwald in 1897 proposed a theory based on the idea that a precipitate is not formed immediately upon the concentration of the ions exceeding a solubility product, but a region of supersaturation occurs first. When the limit of stability of the supersaturation is reached, the precipitate forms, and a clear region forms ahead of the diffusion front because the precipitate that is below the solubility limit diffuses into the precipitate. This was argued to be a critically flawed theory when it was shown that seeding the gel with a colloidal dispersion of the precipitate (which would arguably prevent any significant region of supersaturation) did not prevent the formation of the rings.
Another theory focuses on the adsorption of one or the other of the precipitating ions onto the colloidal particles of the precipitate which forms. If the particles are small, the absorption is large, diffusion is "hindered" and this somehow results in the formation of the rings.
Still another proposal, the "coagulation theory" states that the precipitate first forms as a fine colloidal dispersion, which then undergoes coagulation by an excess of the diffusing electrolyte and this somehow results in the formation of the rings.
Some more recent theories invoke an auto-catalytic step in the reaction that results in the formation of the precipitate. This would seem to contradict the notion that auto-catalytic reactions are, actually, quite rare in nature.
The solution of the diffusion equation with proper boundary conditions, and a set of good assumptions on supersaturation, adsorption, auto-catalysis, and coagulation alone, or in some combination, has not been done yet, it appears, at least in a way that makes a quantitative comparison with experiment possible. However, a theoretical approach for the Matalon-Packter law predicting the position of the precipitate bands when the experiments are performed in a test tube, has been provided
A general theory based on Ostwald's 1897 theory has recently been proposed. It can account for several important features sometimes seen, such as revert and helical banding.
References
Liesegang, R. E.,"Ueber einige Eigenschaften von Gallerten", Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift, Vol. 11, Nr. 30, 353-362 (1896).
J.A. Pask and C.W. Parmelee, "Study of Diffusion in Glass," Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 26, Nr. 8, 267-277 (1943).
K. H. Stern, The Liesegang Phenomenon Chem. Rev. 54, 79-99 (1954).
Ernest S. Hedges, Liesegang Rings and other Periodic Structures Chapman and Hall (1932).
External links
Liesegang rings
Tout ce que la nature ne peut pas faire VI : Liesegang Rings
A Thesis having a summary on reaction-diffusion processes and Liesegang banding (pp. 1-36)
Chemical reactions
Diffusion
Petrology
Physical chemistry
Thermodynamics
Articles containing video clips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liesegang%20rings |
The Awesome Android (also briefly known as Awesome Andy) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Fantastic Four #15 (June 1963) and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Jack Kirby.
Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books, the character has made appearances in Marvel titles for over four decades, and also appeared in Marvel-related products including animated television series and trading cards.
Publication history
The Awesome Android debuted in Fantastic Four #15 (June 1963) as the creation of the Mad Thinker. "Since then, [the Mad Thinker] and his artificial being ... have had run-ins with most of Marvel's major superheroes.
The pair reappeared in Fantastic Four #28 (July 1964) to battle both the titular superhero team and the mutant superheroes the X-Men. The Android continued in the role of antagonist, appearing in Tales of Suspense #72 (Dec. 1965) as an opponent for Iron Man; Rom #14 (January 1981) against the Parker Brothers-licensed hero Rom; and in Captain America #311 (Nov. 1985). The Android reappeared as part of a supervillain team in The Avengers #286-289 (Feb.-May 1988); featured in the Acts of Vengeance storyline in Avengers Spotlight #27 (Mid-Dec. 1989); battled several Marvel heroes in Thunderbolts #2 (June 1997) and Heroes for Hire #1 (July 1997) and had two further encounters with the Fantastic Four in Fantastic Four vol. 3, #23 (Nov. 1999) and #43-44 (July-Aug. 2001). The Android was reclaimed and upgraded by the Thinker in a humorous storyline in the 2004–2005 series She-Hulk; and made a brief appearance in Exiles vol. 2 #4 (Sept. 2009).
Fictional character biography
The villain Mad Thinker creates an artificial lifeform based on the research notes of Fantastic Four leader Mister Fantastic. A synthesis of ape DNA and unstable molecules incorporated into an almost indestructible body with a microcomputer and a solar-power source, the newly christened Awesome Android is directed against the Fantastic Four, although the superhero team defeats both the Android and the Thinker. The Awesome Android, still as a pawn of the Thinker, returns to battle the combined efforts of the Fantastic Four and the mutant team the X-Men before being deactivated by X-Men leader Professor X.
The Thinker directs the Android to kidnap industrialist Tony Stark, which eventually leads to a battle with Stark's alter ego Iron Man. After an appearance during the "War of the Super Villains" storyline the Android is absent from Marvel continuity until directed by the Thinker to capture the Galadorian spaceknight Rom for further study. After a brief battle, Rom successfully deactivates the Android. The Android battles Captain America, having been repaired by then abandoned by the Thinker. Fellow artificial creation the Super Adaptoid, posing as villain the Fixer, reprograms the Android and uses it as part of an assault team of advanced robots called Heavy Metal, consisting of the Awesome Android; Machine Man; the Sentry 459, and TESS-One. The group is eventually defeated by the Avengers with Namor the Sub-Mariner deactivating the Android by ripping off its head while in the water, causing his torso to flood and sink.
The Android reappears during the "Acts of Vengeance" storyline, being repaired by the robot Machinesmith and used to distract the Avengers while several villains escape confinement in the prison facility the Vault. The Android is neutralized by Captain Marvel. After battles with the superhero teams the Thunderbolts, and the Heroes for Hire, and two more encounters with the Fantastic Four, the Android is reclaimed by the Thinker.
The Thinker upgrades the Android to absorb additional abilities, such as musical talent and animal traits. Acquiring sentience, the Android rebels against the Thinker and seeks legal aid from law firm Goodman, Lieber, Kurtzberg & Holliway (the firm that employs Jennifer Walters, the alter ego of heroine She-Hulk). The Android is legally emancipated from the Thinker, with a court recognizing the being as a male with a new name, "Awesome Andy." Andy becomes a general office worker for the firm; lacking speech, he communicates via hand-gestures, body language, and a message board around his neck. The board, originally depicted as a chalk board, was retconned into a digital display screen with a Wi-Fi connection to his CPU.
After a brief fight with a member of the Eternals, Starfox, Andy inadvertently absorbs Starfox's pheromone-like abilities, causing Andy to gain the affections of his coworker Mallory Book. Upon realizing she does not actually reciprocate these feelings, the character deactivates his powers, and, after being rejected by her, leaves the law firm. Andy reappears as the Awesome Android in the employ of the Thinker, having reset its system with no trace of the previous personality.
The Android also encounters the parallel universe team the Exiles.
Awesome Android was with Mad Thinker when it was revealed that Mad Thinker was a member of Intelligencia.
Awesome Android was with Mad Thinker when he is invited to join the Future Foundation's seminar on how to defeat Reed Richards with the Reed Richards in mind being the Council of Reeds.
Awesome Android was present with Intelligencia when they are attacked by the Sinister Six. He was shot into space by the Zero Cannon.
MODOK Superior was able to revive Awesome Android and the other Intelligencia members.
Awesome Android later appears attacking the Museum of American History and battles Steve Rogers, the original Captain America.
During the "Iron Man 2020" event, Awesome Android appears as a member of the A.I. Army. He crashes a stability test at Brevoort Dynamics in Cambridge, Massachusetts and makes off with a robot that was being tested. During the raid, Arno Stark sent out a signal to keep the A.I. Army from escaping to the Thirteenth Floor. Machinesmith is entangled in wires that work to place the submission code in him as he begs for Awesome Android to help him. H.E.R.B.I.E. reports to the rest of the A.I. Army that Quasimodo is deactivated and Mark One is facing off against Iron Man. He runs into Awesome Android who is carrying a tablet that Machinesmith transferred his consciousness into as they flee the Baintronics guards. After the three of them go through a wall, Awesome Android activates his retractable thrusters to slow the descent. When Mark One crashes to the ground, Awesome Android then picks up Mark One's body as the A.I. Army and other robots are left devastated at what happened. As Awesome Android is carrying Mark One's body, H.E.R.B.I.E. states to Machinesmith that they have to flee. The three of them are contacted by Ghost in the Machine who states that they have not yet won the war and to get Mark One's body away from the battle. When Iron Man begins to descend on them, Machinesmith has Awesome Android mimic Iron Man's appearance and provide them with an escape underground. In New Jersey, Machinesmith, H.E.R.B.I.E., and Awesome Android have made use of a temporary lair as Machinesmith places his conscious into another body. Machine Man, Jocasta, and Dr. Bhang contact them stating that they found a way to block the obedience code. H.E.R.B.I.E., Awesome Android, and Machinesmith accompany Rescue in the raid on Baintronics as Awesome Android carry in Mark One's body to one of the remaining bio-tubes that Dr. Andrew Bheng uses to restore Tony. On the Stark Space Station, Awesome Android is among those that confront Arno until the Extinction Entity arrives. As everyone partakes in the fight against the Extinction Entity, Awesome Android flies Machinesmith into battle where they are both taken out by one of the Extinction Entity's tentacles. It turns out that the Extinction Entity was just a simulation and was the result of the disease that Arno thought he cured himself of.
Powers and abilities
The Awesome Android is created when the Mad Thinker steals and uses a technique invented by Mister Fantastic, involving splicing unstable molecules into the DNA patterns of an ape. It has limited artificial intelligence and no capacity for self-motivated activity, and is totally dependent on its programming or the programmer's spoken commands, and usually deactivates itself when not active.
The Android has inhuman physical attributes and can mimic an ability (one at a time) after touching an opponent, such as the Thing's rock-like epidermis or Iceman's frost coating. It can also emit close-range blasts of gale-force wind from its mouth. The Android is given one weakness by the Thinker: a collection of nerve ganglia underneath the left armpit that if struck will cause the Android to shut down.
Reception
Accolades
In 2017, Screen Rant ranked the Awesome Android 10th in their "15 Best Thors In Marvel Comics" list.
In 2018, CBR.com ranked the Awesome Android 12th in their "20 Most Powerful Androids Of The Marvel Universe" list.
In 2021, CBR.com ranked the Awesome Android 6th in their "10 Strongest Robots In The Marvel Universe" list.
Other versions
Ultimate Marvel
In the Ultimate Marvel imprint, a version of the character named Bobby Burchill appears in Ultimate Fantastic Four. The character is the younger brother and slave of Rhona Burchill (the Ultimate Marvel version of Mad Thinker).
JLA/Avengers
In the last issue of JLA/Avengers, the Awesome Android is among the enthralled villains defending Krona's stronghold, and is defeated by Superman.
In other media
Television
The Awesome Android appears in the "Namor" segment of The Marvel Super Heroes.
The Ultimate Marvel incarnation of the Awesome Android appears in Iron Man: Armored Adventures. This version, renamed Andy Erwin, is an android that Rhona Burchill designed to resemble a goth and act as her "brother". In their most notable appearance in the episode "All the Best People are Mad", Burchill and Andy trap Tony Stark's friends in various death traps and force him to save them as part of her Deadly Aptitude Tests (D.A.T.s). After Tony succeeds in doing so, Rhona sends Andy to eliminate them, but contends with Iron Man instead. During their fight, the latter discovers Andy is an android and damages him, causing Andy to shut down in Rhona's arms.
Awesome Android "Andy" appears in Ultimate Spider-Man, with vocal effects provided by Kevin Michael Richardson. This version is an experiment kept in Dr. Curt Connors' lab on the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier in brick form. Additionally, it is an artificial intelligence that eats inorganic matter, but is vulnerable to cold temperatures.
Miscellaneous
Awesome Android appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes tie-in comic.
References
External links
Awesome Andy at Marvel.com
Characters created by Jack Kirby
Characters created by Stan Lee
Comics characters introduced in 1963
Fictional androids
Marvel Comics characters who are shapeshifters
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics robots
Marvel Comics supervillains | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awesome%20Android |
George Melville, 1st Earl of Melville (163620 May 1707) was a Scottish peer and politician who was active during the reign of William III and Mary II. In 1643, he succeeded his father as Lord Melville.
Career
After the Stuart Restoration, Melville was a moderate Whig and Presbyterian who whilst serving under the Duke of Monmouth in his suppression of the Covenanters in 1679 had tried to persuade the insurgents (Whig extremists) to lay down their arms peacefully.
Exile
The turning point in his career came in 1683 when Melville and his son David Leslie-Melville, the Earl of Leven, were accused of complicity in the Rye House Plot. a Whig conspiracy to assassinate King Charles II and his brother the Duke of York (the future James VII).
To escape arrest Melville, together with his son, fled to the Netherlands where they joined the band of British Protestant exiles at the court of Prince William of Orange. Here Melville became one of the chief Scots supporters of William of Orange.
Return
After the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 Melville played a prominent part in Scots and English politics, most notably in the Convention Parliament which offered the crown of Scotland to William of Orange and his wife, Mary, daughter of the deposed James VII. In 1689 William made him sole Secretary of State for Scotland and in 1690 he was created Earl of Melville, Viscount Kirkaldie, and Lord Raith, Monymaill and Balwearie (all in the Peerage of Scotland).
Although Melville's appointment as Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland in 1693 was a political demotion he enjoyed substantial emoluments, the more so after 1696 when he became President of the Privy Council of Scotland at an annual salary of £1,000 sterling. He was however deprived of his offices when Anne became queen in 1702.
In fiction
It is possible that details of Melville and his son's lives were used by Sir Walter Scott in this novel Old Mortality to lend authentic sounding biographical detail to the hero Henry Morton.
In the novel Morton – like Melville a moderate Whig who desires peace and religious tolerance whilst supporting the Stuart monarchy – is reluctantly involved in the Covenanter uprising of 1689 (albeit on the Rebel side) and attempts to negotiate a peaceful end to the conflict between his brother Calvinists and the Anglican Royalists.
Later Morton is forced to flee to the Netherlands where (living under his mother's name of Melville) he becomes one of William of Orange's supporters, before returning to Britain in the wake of the Glorious Revolution.
References
An Historical Account of Melville House, John Gifford
1636 births
1707 deaths
Scottish politicians
Earls in the Peerage of Scotland
Scottish Presbyterians
Whig (British political party) politicians
Scottish soldiers
Members of the Privy Council of Scotland
People of the Rye House Plot
17th-century Scottish peers
17th-century Scottish politicians
Lords High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland
Members of the Convention of the Estates of Scotland 1689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Melville%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Melville |
The Ministry of Rural Development and Food () is the government department that oversees agriculture in Greece. The incumbent minister is of New Democracy.
History
The ministry was established in 2004 upon the inauguration of the First Cabinet of Kostas Karamanlis, replacing the older Ministry of Agriculture.
It was demoted to the level of a sub-ministry within the Ministry of Productive Reconstruction, the Environment and Energy in the First Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras, before being restored as a full ministry in his second cabinet a few months later.
List of ministers
Rural development and food (2004–2015)
Rural development and food (alternates, January–September 2015)
Rural development and food (since September 2015)
Agencies
Plant Health Inspection Service
The Benaki Phytopathological Institute conducts research in plant protection and plant health. It was founded with a donation by Emmanouil Benakis and is named after him.
References
External links
Official website
Government ministries of Greece
Lists of government ministers of Greece
Greece
Agricultural organizations based in Greece
2004 establishments in Greece
Ministries established in 2004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Rural%20Development%20and%20Food%20%28Greece%29 |
Newington Butts is a former hamlet, now an area of the London Borough of Southwark, London, England, that gives its name to a segment of the A3 road running south-west from the Elephant and Castle junction. The road continues as Kennington Park Road leading to Kennington; a fork right is Kennington Lane, leading to Vauxhall Bridge. Michael Faraday was born in Newington Butts.
It is believed to take its name from an archery butts, or practice field. The area gave its name to an Elizabethan theatre which saw the earliest recorded performances of some Shakespearean plays.
The famous scientist Michael Faraday was born in Newington Butts in 1791.
Toponymy
The Middle English word "butt" referred to an abutting strip of land, and is often associated with medieval field systems. The 1955 Survey of London published by London County Council could find no historical reference to archery butts in Newington although the connection is mentioned elsewhere (e.g., in 1792). The name may have alternatively derived from the triangle of land between the roads, as the word "butts" is used elsewhere in Surrey to refer to odd corners or ends of land.
History
Newington was a rural village that grew up on the Walworth Road at its junction with the Portsmouth Road, about a mile south of London Bridge. Being outside the jurisdiction of the City of London it became home to activities such as plays that were banned near London during hot weather, for fear of spreading infection.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the triangle of ground between the roads was known as the Three Falcons and was copyhold of the manor of Walworth. In 1791 the leading scientist Michael Faraday was born at Newington Butts. In 1802, Thomas Hardwick reported that the estate consisted of a number of small tenements in bad condition.
In the spring of 2008, St Mary's Churchyard, the green open space on the northern border of Newington Butts, was given a face lift. The largely grassy area now contains a children's playground. Dotted about within the playground and on the grass elsewhere are concrete mounds with rubber (safety) surfaces which were designed to add interest and topography to the developed area. These mounds might recall archery butts but this has been denied by the Elephant and Castle Regeneration Team.
In Cockney rhyming slang, 'Newington Butts' means 'guts'.
Theatre
The Newington Butts Theatre was one of the earliest Elizabethan theatres, possibly predating even The Theatre of 1576 and the Curtain Theatre, which are usually regarded as the first dedicated playhouses in London.
See also
English Renaissance theatre
Newington, London
Newington Causeway
Notes and references
Further reading
transcribes the original manuscripts relating to Newington Butts playhouse.
Shakespearean Playhouses, by Joseph Quincy Adams, Jr. from Project Gutenberg
External links
Newington Butts, Kennington photograph, c. 1870.
Streets in the London Borough of Southwark
Archery venues
Archery in the United Kingdom
Medieval archery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newington%20Butts |
"Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under?" is a song by Canadian country music singer Shania Twain. It was issued to radio January 2, 1995, in the US, as the first single released from her second studio album The Woman in Me (1995). The song was the first single that Twain co-wrote with her then-husband Robert John "Mutt" Lange. The song became Twain's first hit on country radio, peaking at number 11. Radio stations began putting the song into high rotation after they noticed high amounts of the album selling. The commercial single of the song was released in June 1995 in the US as a double A-side single alongside "Any Man of Mine". In August 1995, the single was certified Gold for 500,000 sales, making it Twain's first Gold single. The song won the SOCAN Song of the Year award at the Canadian Country Music Awards in 1995.
Music video
The music video for "Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under?" was shot in Santa Ynez, California and directed by John Derek. It was filmed on December 19, 20 and 21, 1994 and released on January 2, 1995, on CMT. The video features Twain wearing a red dress, walking around in a smoky restaurant in the country. She interacts with various men in the restaurant, but she is invisible to them. These scenes are intercut with shots of her singing and playing guitar outside the restaurant. The video is available on Twain's DVD The Platinum Collection.
Critical reception
Billboard magazine praised Twain's "velvety vocals" and the "neat production twists" on the song. Music & Media wrote, "Ways to be jealous get new elan from lyrics only cowgirls can sing with so much rivalry in their voice. Dance remixer Brian Tankersly puts the forceful kick into the boots."
Chart performance
"Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under?" debuted on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart the week of January 14, 1995 at number 71. It spent 20 weeks on the chart and climbed to a peak position of number 11 on April 29, 1995, where it remained for two weeks. At the time, it was Twain's biggest single. The song ranked No. 40 on CMT's 40 Greatest Done-Me-Wrong Songs in 2004. It peaked at number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 with her next single "Any Man of Mine".
Official versions
Album Version (4:25)
Radio Edit (3:59)
Dance Mix (4:50)
Live from Still the One: Live from Vegas (4:46)
Track listing
Released as "Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under? / Any Man Of Mine"
US Cassette Single (Mercury 856-448-4)
Side 1
Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under? (Edit)
Side 2
Any Man Of Mine
US CD Single (Limited Edition) (Mercury 856 449–2)
Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under? (Edit)
Any Man Of Mine
Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under? (Dance Mix)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
1995 singles
1995 songs
Shania Twain songs
Songs written by Robert John "Mutt" Lange
Song recordings produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange
Songs written by Shania Twain
Mercury Records singles
Mercury Nashville singles
Canadian Country Music Association Song of the Year songs
Songs about infidelity
Music videos directed by John Derek | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whose%20Bed%20Have%20Your%20Boots%20Been%20Under%3F |
John Griffith Vaughan (5 May 1926 – 17 May 2005) was a Welsh food scientist. He was an expert in seed science, whose work linked the fields of botany and nutrition.
During nearly 40 years at the University of London, Vaughan pioneered new techniques for the study of seed proteins, became the leading expert on the structure and composition of oilseeds such as oilseed rape, and was widely consulted by industry. His expertise in identifying plant parts in animal and human foods was much sought after by flour millers and other food processors.
Career
Born into modest circumstances in the industrial town of Merthyr Tydfil, Vaughan came to love plants as a boy, while walking in the Brecon Beacons. After grammar school, he entered the Victoria University of Manchester at the age of 17, to take a degree in botany. His first post was at a schoolteacher at Hele's School, Plympton, during which he published his first paper, and resolved on a career in research. After completing a Ph.D. thesis and lecturing, both at the then Chelsea Polytechnic, in 1958 Vaughan moved to Queen Elizabeth College, a college of the University of London situated in a leafy corner of Kensington. Initially in the College’s Department of Biology, he later moved to the Food Science department. The College merged with King's College London, in 1985, and in 1986 Vaughan was appointed as Professor of Food Microscopy.
Teaching and research
During the 1970s and 1980s, when botany was increasingly displaced by more fashionable subjects, Vaughan did much to sustain research and teaching of plant science in London University, including the use of plant anatomy for identifying ancient seed remains at the Institute of Archaeology. He was an excellent teacher, meticulous and lucid, and kindly, and much in demand as an examiner of doctoral theses.
Much of Vaughan’s research was concerned with the genus Brassica, which includes many important crops, such as oilseed rape, cabbage, and mustard. Although very different in appearance, these crops are closely related and notoriously difficult to classify. In the 1960s Vaughan’s research team used the newly developed technique of electrophoresis to study the proteins of Brassica seeds, using similarities in their properties to clarify their taxonomic relationships. This pioneering interest in chemotaxonomy – the use of plant chemicals to study the classification of plants – led Vaughan to edit several books, including Seed Proteins and The Biology and Chemistry of the Cruciferae. These studies of seed composition were combined with work on seed structure, particularly of oilseeds. This led to the publication in 1970 of The Structure and Utilization of Oil Seeds, still the standard work on the subject.
Retirement
After his retirement in 1991, Vaughan’s penchant for teaching and for multi-disciplinary work found a natural outlet in two books written for both popular and scientific audiences, the New Oxford Book of Food Plants (1997, with Catherine Geissler), and the Oxford Book of Health Foods (2003, with Pat Judd). The research for these was carried out in the library of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, not far from his home in Petersham. As well as providing a congenial home from home, Kew provided many of the plants painted specially for the New Oxford Book of Food Plants, and was the source of the historic illustrations used for the Oxford Book of Health Foods. These books achieved a rare synthesis of up-to-date and accessible scientific content, combined with beautiful illustrations of plants. As awareness increases of the role of plant foods in health, these books are timely works which have established themselves as standard texts.
He died in Petersham, Surrey, on 17 May 2005.
Key publications
J. G. Vaughan. 1970. The structure and utilization of oil seeds. London: Chapman & Hall.
J.G. Vaughan, A.J. MacLeod and B.M.G. Jones (eds). 1976. The biology and chemistry of the Cruciferae. London: Academic Press.
J. G. Vaughan (ed.). 1979. Food microscopy. London: Academic Press.
F.A. Bisby, J.G. Vaughan, C.A. Wright (eds). 1980. Chemosystematics: principles and practice. London: Published for the Systematics Association by Academic Press.
J. Daussant, J. Mossé, J. Vaughan (eds). 1983. Seed proteins. London: Academic Press.
J.G. Vaughan and C. Geissler. 1997. The New Oxford book of food plants : a guide to the fruit, vegetables, herbs and spices of the world. London: Oxford University Press.
J.G. Vaughan and P.A. Judd. 2003. The Oxford book of health foods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
References
webpage accessed 20 October 2016
1926 births
2005 deaths
Welsh botanists
British nutritionists
Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester
Alumni of King's College London
Academics of King's College London
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
People from Merthyr Tydfil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Vaughan%20%28plant%20scientist%29 |
Health and Social Care (often abbreviated to HSC or H&SC) is a term that relates to services that are available from health and social care providers in the UK. This is a generic term used to refer to the whole of the healthcare provision infrastructure, and private sector. The English national provider of information about health and social care is the Health and Social Care Information Centre HSCIC. NHS Scotland has a Health and Social Care Management Board which meets fortnightly.
The term can also refer to a range of vocational and academic courses which can be taken at various academic and vocational levels from GNVQ, A-Level, S/NVQ, to degrees. In Canada and the United-States, health and social care is frequently referred to as "Human Services"
As a subject discipline, Health and Social Care (H&SC) combines elements of sociology, biology, nutrition, law, and ethics. Typically, students of Health and Social Care will have a work placement alongside their academic studies; such a placement may take place in a nursery, residential home, hospital, or other caring establishment. Others may take a health and social care course as a route to further qualifications hoping that it will lead to employment within the sector.
Depending on their qualification, students may start off as care assistants and develop care pathways to become doctors, nurses, social workers, physiotherapists, counsellors, psychotherapists, paramedics or a range of other related occupations.
H&SC can be studied in schools and colleges from Key Stage 4/GCSE Level (age 14–16), colleges and can also be studied in some universities.
Subject content
The subject content of H&SC is vast, and will vary depending upon the level at which it is being studied, and the individual qualification. Most students of H&SC will cover areas such as:
Biology
The biological aspect of H&SC is vital: with many careers it will form the most important area of their knowledge. Students need to be aware of how people grow and develop physically, and they may also be required to study a range of illnesses and treatments.
This may include the study of public health, and public health campaigns such as the effects of smoking, poor diet and lack of exercise.
Nutrition
Nutrition may form an integral part of some H&SC courses, especially in situations where carers will be primarily responsible for creating and implementing diets for care service users.
Law and social policy
Students require a good grounding in the legal aspects of what is required of care practitioners, and will need to have up-to-date knowledge of developments in social policy, as well as knowledge of the various laws regarding rights, discrimination, abuse, welfare and so on.
Ethics
Ethics as applied to the medical and social care fields is a broad and important field of the study of Health and Social Care.
In the workplace, professional caregivers need to be able to support individuals who feel that they have been or are being treated unfairly, or who do not have access to appropriate care services for some reason. Questions of confidentiality, privacy, risk taking and generally the exercise of personal choice are all ethical dilemmas encountered and processed on a daily basis in the context of social care.
Ethics is also the process that health services follow in order to explore, justify and effect change - for instance if a new procedure, drug or surgical technique is being developed it must at some point be used with patients. The examination of potential positive and negative effects or outcomes, and the provision of appropriate, accessible information about these to the patient to enable informed consent, is an example of applied ethics.
Social and educational activities
Ideally, care workers need to make care environments not merely "tolerable", but enjoyable and fulfilling for the clients; this might involve carrying out social and educational activities with those in care. Students of H&SC will need to learn about how to run games, activities, reading groups, excursions and so on, so that the people receiving care get the most out of it as they possibly can.
See also
Nursing
Health care
Primary health care
National Health Service
Health care system
References
Further reading
Medical education in the United Kingdom
Nursing in the United Kingdom
Educational qualifications in the United Kingdom
Social care in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20and%20social%20care |
Tom Tango and "TangoTiger" are aliases used online by a baseball sabermetrics and ice hockey statistics analyst. He runs the Tango on Baseball sabermetrics website and is also a contributor to ESPN's baseball blog TMI (The Max Info). Tango is currently the Senior Database Architect of Stats for MLB Advanced Media.
Born in Canada in 1968, he resides in New Jersey with his family and has insisted on keeping his true name secret.
In 2006, Tango's book The Book: Playing the Percentages in Baseball, which was co-written with Mitchel Lichtman and Andrew Dolphin, was published featuring a foreword by Pete Palmer. In The Book he and his coauthors analyzed many advanced baseball questions, such as how to optimize a lineup or when to issue an intentional base on balls. They also introduced the wOBA metric to measure overall offensive contributions.
Tango maintains the "Marcel the Monkey Forecasting System," a player projection system which uses three years of weighted player statistics with statistical regression and player age adjustment.
He is best known for developing the FIP (Fielding Independent Pitching) statistic, which attempts to more accurately assess the quality of a pitcher's performance than other statistics, such as ERA. 2009 American League Cy Young Award winner Zack Greinke specifically mentioned FIP as his favorite statistic. "That's pretty much how I pitch, to try to keep my FIP as low as possible".
Tango works as a consultant for several National Hockey League teams, and has worked for Major League Baseball. Tango has worked for the Seattle Mariners and Toronto Blue Jays as a statistical analysis consultant. He worked exclusively for the Chicago Cubs in a similar role.
In 2020, he was awarded by the Society for American Baseball Research the Henry Chadwick Award. The award is given "to honor those researchers, historians, analysts, and statisticians whose work has most contributed to our understanding of the game and its history."
Books
Tom Tango, Mitchel Lichtman, and Andrew Dolphin. The Book: Playing the Percentages in Baseball. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2007. .
References
Citations
Justin Sopp, "Q&A with SaberWizard Tom Tango", Beyond the Box Score, 24 August 2011
External links
Tangotiger (official)
The Book—Playing The Percentages In Baseball (official)
Interview at Baseball Digest Daily - Part I
Interview at Baseball Digest Daily - Part II
Living people
Canadian statisticians
Baseball statisticians
Baseball people from Quebec
People from Montreal
Anglophone Quebec people
1968 births
Unidentified people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Tango |
Pigeon Post is an English children's adventure novel by Arthur Ransome, published by Jonathan Cape in 1936. It was the sixth of twelve books Ransome completed in the Swallows and Amazons series (1930 to 1947). He won the inaugural Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising it as the year's best children's book by a British subject.
This book is the only one of the Swallows and Amazons books which does not feature sailing-related plots: boats appear only in passing, as a mode of transport. All the action takes place on and under the fells surrounding the Lake, as the characters attempt to discover gold in the Lake District hills.
Plot summary
The Swallows, Amazons and Ds are camping in the Blackett family's garden at Beckfoot. The Swallow is not available for sailing. James Turner (Captain Flint) has sent word that he is returning from an expedition to South America prospecting for gold, and has sent "Timothy" ahead. As he can be let loose in the study, the Amazons and D's have already deduced that Timothy is an armadillo, and Titty, Dick and Peggy make a box for him, but he does not arrive. Slater Bob, an old slate miner, tells them a story about a lost gold vein in the fells. As Captain Flint has been unsuccessful in his prospecting trip, the children plan to prospect for gold on High Topps instead, as a surprise for Flint.
When Mrs. Blackett shows doubts, the children prove they can stay in touch with Beckfoot using the homing pigeons that give the book its name, and earn permission to move camp to Tyson's Farm, up near the fells, to be closer to the prospecting grounds. They are disappointed in that Mrs Tyson does not permit them to cook over a campfire, owing to drought conditions and her fear of fires, meaning that they have to keep in time with her meal-schedules. Titty eventually finds a spring by dowsing, and they move closer to the Topps. They send daily messages home by pigeon.
While exploring the ground, they notice a rival prospector whom they call "Squashy Hat". After days of prospecting, Roger finds a seam of gold-coloured mineral in an old mining excavation, and crush enough of it in order to produce a golden ingot in a charcoal furnace. Unfortunately, it disappears when the crucible breaks, and Dick, the expedition's professor, has only a small amount to test. Meanwhile, Squashy Hat is consulting the old slate miner, entering through beneath the fell via an old mine working. Seeing him, the younger three children walk inside the fell, resulting in Titty having to follow them in to look for them, with very nearly fatal results. Christina Hardyment writes that venturing into the Old Level was probably the most idiotic thing that any of Ransome's characters ever did.
Captain Flint returns home, and finds Dick doing chemical tests on the putative gold in his study. Dick has read that gold dissolves in aqua regia, but Captain Flint explains "Aqua regia will dissolve almost anything. The point about gold is it won't dissolve in anything else…". He shows Dick by other tests that they have found copper pyrites, a rich copper ore.
A pigeon named Sappho, whom they had previously labeled as "undependable", suddenly arrives with an urgent message from Titty, FIRE HELP QUICK. Captain Flint rings Colonel Jolys, who musters his volunteer fire fighters, and they all rush to help save the Topps. After the fire on the fells is extinguished, Squashy Hat is revealed to be Captain Flint's friend Timothy, who has been too shy to introduce himself to the children. Captain Flint is pleased to find copper, as he had talked with Timothy above Pernambuco in South America about new ways of prospecting for copper on the fells, and planned to look for copper using new methods not known to the "old miners". Indeed, when the search for gold in South America was unsuccessful, their second plan was to look for the copper in the Topps.
Whilst the mining project is briefly mentioned in Secret Water, the project itself recurs in the later book The Picts and the Martyrs, with Slater Bob turning back to mining for metal instead of slate.
Critical reception
The British Library Association presented Ransome with the inaugural Carnegie Medal at its annual conference in June 1936. Notices in The New York Times recognised that as comparable to the American Newbery Medal. The following month Lippincott of Philadelphia published the first U.S. edition, which Ellen Lewis Buell reviewed for the newspaper in August. She noted the children's "vivid collective imagination which turned play into serious business" and observed, "It is the portrayal of this spirit which makes play a matter of desperate yet enjoyable earnestness which gives their distinctive stamp to Mr. Ransome's books. ... Because he understands the whole-heartedness of youth he can invest a momentary experiment, such as young Roger's Indian scout work, with real suspense."
Dedication
Ransome made use of the mining and prospecting knowledge of his friend Oscar Gnosspelius, who appears in the book as "Squashy Hat" and to whom the work is dedicated.
See also
References
External links
—immediately, first US edition
1936 British novels
Swallows and Amazons series
Novels set in the Lake District
Carnegie Medal in Literature winning works
1936 children's books
Jonathan Cape books
Children's books set in Cumbria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon%20Post |
(English: The Dungeon of Naheulbeuk) is a French-language online audio series following a party of adventurers in a parody of heroic fantasy role-playing games. Created in 2001, the series was one of the first of its kind to be freely available online, prompting a wave of similar "MP3 sagas" to be published on the french-speaking web.
The series was created by John Lang, also known as Pen of Chaos, who, as well as having written and produced the series, also performed most of the character voices.
Following its success, the story was adapted into a comic series, a set of novels, and a video game.
World
Earth of Fangh
The Earth of Fangh is the only known part of the world of Naheulbeuk. It contains various landmasses, such as the Schlipak Forest in the middle, high mountains in the north, or the plains known as the Wild Lands of Kwzprt, home of the Barbarians. Geography is pretty chaotical, as many things in Naheulbeuk are.
There are two major cities and multiple villages in the Earth of Fangh:
In the middle lies Glargh, the greatest city the world has ever seen. Its inhabitants are known for their hatred of magic and their ability to recover from the various disasters that may happen. The city is ruled by a brotherhood of Brewers-Monks, and was once the country's capital.
South-east is the current capital, Waldorg, the city of magic. It is ruled by a Council of Wizards who spend much of their time in endless meetings and plots to gain more power.
The west of Fangh has many villages such as Valtordu (which may translate intro "Bentvalley") or Mliuej, city of beer, where half of the houses are breweries and the other half are taverns.
Chronology
Animal Era ()(several millions of years)
Era of Chaos ()(more than 2000 years)
Godless Era ()(~500 years)
First Age ()(~1500 years)
Second Age ()
Characters
Heroes
All the characters are stereotypical depictions of Dungeons & Dragons characters. In this story, not only are they rather inept and unskilled, they also swear profusely and are unable to cooperate. None of the characters have names; they are only referred to by their professions.
the Ranger: a not-so-heroic adventurer who acts as the team leader, despite heavy resistance from the other team members. He tries to keep some cohesion amongst the group, but he finds it difficult, especially with the Elf and the Dwarf constantly nagging each other and the Barbarian always trying to run ahead. He mentions completing a quest entailing that he chase chickens for his grandfather. There is also an inane scene in which villagers mention "a boy who was incredibly skilled at making furniture" and that they "regret that he took it to his head to go adventuring," suggesting that his front of being a skilled ranger hides more humble beginnings.
the Dwarf: grumpy and greedy, the dwarf enjoys annoying the other members of the group, especially the Elf. He is also proficient in drinking beer and fighting monsters. He constantly argues with the Elf. The two are always mocking each other, although the dwarf usually instigates the fights. He fights with an axe, and can speak the goblin language (despite his people's declared hatred of goblins). He is fond of "chiantos candies" and bear meat with an ale-flavored sauce.
the Elf: an archer, though she is actually more likely to hurt her own allies rather than her enemies. Naive and comically girly, she likes nature, animals and she takes great care of her appearance (actually nearly everything the Dwarf dislikes). She constantly argues with the Dwarf. In addition to her bow, she can see in the dark and has some surgery skills.
the Thief (season 1): a cowardly thief armed with a dagger, though he never uses it as he would rather hide behind his comrades than fight. He can deactivate traps and open doors but there are doubts about his abilities. He is eventually killed by a fire trap he was unable to see.
the Ogre: a large glutenous ogre who enjoys music and poetry. Unlike the others, he speaks in his own language. The Enchantress is the only one to understands him, forcing her to act as a translator between him and the rest of the team.
the Enchantress: a female wizard who serves as the translator between the Ogre and the rest of the team. A living library, she literally keeps shelves of books with her (that is, in the Ogre's backpack). She reads profusely, sometimes in the most inopportune of moments, such as when under attack. She is widely knowledgeable, but her knowledge is rarely useful. She is incredibly unskilled with magic (for instance, she once detected her own group with a spell to see enemies coming), but slowly starts getting better powers in season 2. In the second season she also meets her cousin, and they recollect their misadventures in magic school, including setting the dorms on fire and summoning a monster in the swimming pool.
the Barbarian: a rude, rather stupid barbarian who is only interested in fighting, usually yelling "Baston" ("Battle" in French slang) each time an enemy appears. He also mentions what appears to be his deity, Crom, whenever he is awed. Though quite a good fighter, he usually attacks without thinking ahead, even against more powerful enemies than him. Comically, he seems to have a sixth sense for solving riddles.
the Minstrel (seasons 1, 2): a minstrel met by the group in the Donjon, and taken hostage by the Ogre during a fight. After the Thief's death, he joins the group and stays with them until his death in season 2, killed by a giant Troll he was trying to calm down with his music. He often sings, but his music is appreciated only by the Elf and the Ogre.
the Paladin of Dlul, Deity of Sleep and Drowsiness (season 2): a paladin apprentice who shortly joined the group during season 2, before leaving them to find the Elf queen, who he has fallen in love with. Lazy, he has a lot of powerful magic items, but never uses them. He also says that he prays to Dlul when he sleeps, but the other characters are less than charitable to his religious views, merely believing that he is lazy.
Enemies
Reivax: Zangdar's adviser and favorite minion. He is a coward, stammering while speaking to "the Maaaster". He owns a huge collection of taps, and usually gets whipped by the Dungeon's torturer whenever he tells Zangdar that his plans to stop the adventurers have failed.
Tarken: a bandit encountered by the adventurers during season 2. He is quite similar to Robin Hood: he has dozens of companions and "robs the travelers who are careless enough to go through the Shalwood Grove".
the Lich: a living dead creature. This creature slays the dwarf when he gets separated from the group after the raid on the tavern in the dungeon. Attempting to steal away with the cash box from the dungeon shop, the dwarf meets the creature and shortly thereafter, finds himself in Dwarf heaven.
Zangdar: he is the master of the titular dungeon. He is allergic to bad music, which helps the adventurers to defeat him at the end of season 1. After his store of statuettes is stolen by the adventurers, he attempts to pursue them, but his incapable subordinates ruin his plans.
Gontrand Théogal, level-12 Wizard, Ordonator of Zwimmaf's Beatitude: he is the adventurers' employer. He hired them to bring a statuette to him. He does not show up for the first meeting and instead instructs the adventurers to meet him in another town, leading to the second season.
The Leek-people: this strange tribe of vegetable-human hybrids attempts to sacrifice the company. The company is rescued by a level-8 Warrior who demands an exorbitant sum in payment for her services.
Others
Aztoona: She is the cousin of the Enchantress. The adventurers meet her when they are lost in the Schlipak Forest in the second season, and buy the Crown of Pronfyo from her in exchange of some of the weird items given to them by the elf queen
Archein Von Drekkenov, aka the Haemophiliac Vampire. He is a nice undead, only feeding on coyote blood. But the adventurers, not knowing his true identity, kill him violently and as cruelly as possible...
Garry Topper: a character who is a poorly disguised jab at "Harry Potter" of the selfsame books by J.K. Rowling. This character is an apprentice wizard and runs afoul of the dwarf, who cruelly breaks his wand. Upon being sold a "rune staff of curse" by the Enchantress, Topper accidentally transforms himself into a goat.
Gildas: an old hermit the adventurers meet in the second season. He is violently killed by the Barbarian, who thought he was a wizard
the lizard man
Norelenilia of Nilnerolinor: the queen of the Lunelbar elves the adventurers meet in the Schlipak Forest. She "traps" the characters into having to answer a riddle, which is solved by the Dwarf, but she mistakenly gives credit to the Elf, as "an elf is most likely better at solving riddles". As a reward, she gives a bunch of magical but useless items to the group, along with a beautiful bow which the Elf cannot use because her level is too low, and a purse containing 12 gemstones.
Roger
Song-fu: an old sage the characters meet on their way. He answers questions the adventurers ask him. Upon hearing about the prophecy the characters have set in motion from the Enchantress, he commits suicide without any explanation.
The Golbarg, a demon of the old world, is a huge creature with a red and blue skin, four arms and a sharp tail, according to the Ranger's description. He was trapped in the Deserted Floor thirty years ago, when Zangdar cast a spell which forbids him to use staircases...
Greenny Tommy, an orc playing banjo with his music group, in the Tavern of Naheulbeuk.
Plot synopsis
In the first season, the characters find their way through the dungeon to steal the statuette. (The last of the 12 statuettes of the prophecy).
In the second season, they must cross the dangerous Earth of Fangh to meet with their employer, Gontran Teogal, in an inn of the lost city of Boulgourville.
In the third season, they must steal the statuette again to save the world of the eternal sleep due to the return
of the last god of chaos: Dlul the god of sleep and bore who is being summoned by the former employer of the adventurers. (This season, and the next, are not available in details on the site, but two audio episodes sum up the story of the first and second books).
The fourth season begins shortly after the end of the third season, with the adventurers running into the hills to escape from a hill giant. After the death of the Elf, they travel to Waldorg to ask a wizard to resurrect her. Then they are hired by the Council of Waldorg to steal an object in the tower of the Mistress of the Slanoush Cult. But they don't know that they are being used in a vicious plot against the city of Glargh...
The fifth season begins right after the end of the fourth, when the Elf learns that she has been proclaimed queen of her people. The adventurers must then follow her and prevent a war between all races from happening.
The sixth and final season of this first cycle follow the group to the northern edge of the Land of Fangh. Allied against the oldest enemy of the Land of Fangh, the leaders of a newly-formed army have tasked them to retrieve a powerful artifact that could tip the scale of the war in their favor.
Derivative works
The Naheulband
Naheulbeuk graphic novel
Graphic novels have been published by editions, written by John Lang and illustrated by Marion Poinsot. There are 25 volumes adapting season 1 to 6. Additionally, several spin-off have been released, written and illustrated by various authors and artists.
Novels
All the seasons (from the last to the first) have adaptated into novels written by John Lang himself. It could have been just a mere transposition from the audio and comic seasons into text, but the author added a fair amount of "cut scenes", as well a "prequel" part in the ironically last written book that relates the first seasons. Ironically because according to John Lang "Naheulbeuk could not go translated and sold in foreign languages unless the (book) series was completed".
Main series
À l'aventure, compagnons (June 2013) , the novel adaptation of the first two seasons, originally created as an audio fiction.
La Couette de l'Oubli (June 2008) , an original novel, as well as the sequel to the audio series and its novel adaptation, making it the third season of first cycle.
L'Orbe de Xaraz (November 2009) , fourth season of the first cycle
Le Conseil de Suak (June 2011) , fifth season of the first cycle
Chaos sous la montagne (November 2014) , sixth and final season of the first cycle
Spin-off
Les Veilleurs de Glargh , a one-shot novel focusing on a group of watchmen and women in the great city of Glargh, chronologically set during seasons 4 to 6.
Role-playing game
A role-playing game has been developed by the author John Lang, who is still adding new content. The game takes place on the Land of Fangh, the same one the main characters of the series evolve in. The rules are adapted from the German role-playing game The Dark Eye. The author publishes all the game rules and content, as well as updates on his personal blog.
Two Choose Your Own Adventure books entitled La Geste de Gurdil Tome 1: Prospection and Tome 2: Rétribution have been written by John Lang, illustrated by Guillaume Albin and published by Le Grimoire editions. The rules are the same as the Naheulbeuk role-playing game, and the reader plays as Gurdil, a famous dwarf mentioned several times in the main series and hero of the song Mon ancêtre Gurdil by the Naheulband.
Videogame
A video game adaptation called The Dungeon of Naheulbeuk: The Amulet of Chaos () was released on September 17, 2020 for Microsoft Windows and macOS. It was developed by Artefacts Studio and published by Dear Villagers. A console port (subtitled Chicken Edition) is set to be released for Playstation 4, Nintendo Switch and Xbox One (with physical copies available for the first two) on Summer 2021.
A DLC entitled The Ruins of Limis is set to be released for PC and MacOS on May 25, 2021, and included in the Chicken Edition on June 24, 2021.
References
External links
- website
Map of the Earth of Fangh
Comedy podcasts
Comedy role-playing games
Year of introduction missing
French podcasts
Audio podcasts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20donjon%20de%20Naheulbeuk |
Here Are The Sonics (stylized as !!!Here Are The Sonics!!!) is the debut album by American garage rock band the Sonics, released in March 1965. The album features the original songs "The Witch" (a minor regional hit), "Psycho", "Boss Hoss" and "Strychnine", along with an assortment of rock and roll and R&B covers.
Release
!!!Here Are The Sonics!!! was released in 1965 by record label Etiquette. It was re-released in 1999 in mono by Norton Records.
Reception
Cub Koda of AllMusic wrote that the album "show[s] a live band at the peak of its power, ready to mow down the competition without even blinking twice", calling it "Another important chunk of Seattle rock and roll history."
The album was included in Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.
Track listing
Personnel
The Sonics
Gerry Roslie – organ, piano, lead vocals
Andy Parypa – bass guitar
Larry Parypa – lead guitar, vocals
Rob Lind – saxophone, vocals, harmonica
Bob Bennett – drums
Technical
Buck Ornsby – production
Kent Morrill – production
Kearney Barton – engineering
John L. Vlahovich – sleeve design
Pete Ciccone/Immaculate Concepts – sleeve layout
Jini Dellaccio – cover photography
References
External links
Here Are The Sonics (Adobe Flash) at Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed)
1965 debut albums
The Sonics albums
Norton Records albums
Protopunk albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here%20Are%20The%20Sonics |
is the lead anime character designer for the Pokémon anime series, although she has worked on other animation titles. Her work closely follows Ken Sugimori to transfer Pokémon and Ken's characters into the anime. Sayuri also designs characters exclusive to the anime.
Works
Pokémon (TV) : Character design
Pokémon: The First Movie : Character design
Pokémon: The Movie 2000 : Character design
Pokémon 3: The Movie : Character design
Pokémon 4Ever : Character design
Pokémon Heroes : Character design
Pokémon: Jirachi Wish Maker : Character design
Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys : Character design
Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew : Character design
Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea : Character design
Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple : Character design
Ushio & Tora: Comically Deformed Theater : Character design
References
External links
Sayuri Ichiishi anime at Media Arts Database
Japanese animators
Japanese women animators
Anime character designers
Living people
1964 births
Pokémon
Nintendo people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayuri%20Ichiishi |
Anna Viktorovna Pyatykh () (born April 4, 1981, in Moscow) is a professional Russian triple jumper. She has won the SPAR European Cup four consecutive times, won bronze medals at the 2005 World Championships in Helsinki and 2009 World Championships in Berlin. She has also competed at the 2004 Athens Olympics.
In 2006, she finished second at the 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships behind countrywoman Tatyana Lebedeva.
She received a retrospective ban for doping after retest of her samples, resulting in the disqualification of her results at the IAAF World Championships in Osaka, Japan on 31 August 2007, and from 6 July 2013 to 15 December 2016.
International competitions
See also
List of doping cases in athletics
List of World Athletics Championships medalists (women)
List of European Athletics Championships medalists (women)
List of IAAF World Indoor Championships medalists (women)
Doping in Russia
Doping at the World Athletics Championships
Doping at the Olympic Games
References
1981 births
Living people
Athletes from Moscow
Russian female triple jumpers
Olympic female triple jumpers
Olympic athletes for Russia
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for Russia
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Russian Athletics Championships winners
Doping cases in athletics
Russian sportspeople in doping cases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Pyatykh |
David McWilliams (born April 18, 1942) is a former American football player and coach. He served as the head coach at Texas Tech University in 1986 and at the University of Texas at Austin from 1987 to 1991, compiling a career college football record of 38–30.
Early life and playing career
Raised in Cleburne, Texas, McWilliams' long tenure with the Longhorn football program started as a player from 1961 to 1963, when he helped the team compile a record of 30–2–1. During that time, the squad won a national championship, three Southwest Conference championships, and finished the year ranked among the nation's top four each year. He served as a tri-captain during the 1963 season, and was also a member of the Texas Cowboys.
Coaching career
After graduating, McWilliams served two years as an assistant coach at Abilene High School in Texas, and in 1966, became one of the state's youngest head coaches, carving out a record of 21–17–2 in four years before Darrell Royal hired him in 1970.
For the next 16 years, he was an assistant under both Royal and Fred Akers, working on defense with ends and linebackers for Royal and Akers, then serving as defensive coordinator for Akers from 1982 to 1985. McWilliams then spent the 1986 season as head coach at Texas Tech, leading the Red Raiders to a win over Texas and a bowl bid, before returning as head coach of the Longhorns the following year.
McWilliams finished 7–5 in his first season at the helm for the Longhorns that included a dramatic last-play victory over the Arkansas Razorbacks and a bowl win over Pittsburgh. However, a 4–7 season the next year, which included a 66–15 loss to Houston, followed by a 5–6 year in 1989, put McWilliams' job status in question. In 1990, the Longhorns bounced back with a 10–1 regular-season record. Fueled by what became known as the "Shock the Nation" tour, Texas won the SWC championship—the only loss coming at the hands of eventual national champion, Colorado. Texas entered the New Year's Day Cotton Bowl Classic ranked number three in the nation, but was defeated by Miami, 46–3. The resurgence gave rise to talk of a national title in 1991, but when Texas disappointed with a 5–6 record, McWilliams resigned. His final record with the Longhorns stands at 31–26.
Later life and honors
McWilliams remained in the Texas athletics department, serving as associate athletics director for development before becoming head of the T-Association, an athletic alumni group. He was inducted into the Longhorn Hall of Honor in 1993 and the Texas High School Football Hall of Fame in 1998.
Head coaching record
College
*Dykes coached bowl game after McWilliams left for Texas.
References
1942 births
Living people
American football centers
American football defensive tackles
Texas Longhorns football coaches
Texas Longhorns football players
Texas Tech Red Raiders football coaches
High school football coaches in Texas
People from Cleburne, Texas
Players of American football from Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20McWilliams%20%28American%20football%29 |
Rogerson is an unincorporated community in Twin Falls County, Idaho, United States. It is located approximately 18 miles (30 kilometers) north of the Nevada border on U.S. Route 93, about seven miles east of Salmon Falls Dam. Rogerson had a post office 1910-1961.
Rogerson is part of the Twin Falls, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area.
See also
References
External links
Unincorporated communities in Idaho
Unincorporated communities in Twin Falls County, Idaho | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogerson%2C%20Idaho |
Rosie and Jim (sometimes written as Rosie & Jim) is a British children's television programme which was produced by Ragdoll Productions and aired on the Children's ITV block on ITV from 3 September 1990 to 16 May 2000. The programme was then repeated periodically on CITV until 23 July 2004.
Story
Rosie and Jim are two rag dolls who live aboard a narrowboat called the Ragdoll, which is from Birmingham. There, they sit with a concertina on their lap and come alive when no one is looking to explore the world that they pass by on rivers and canals across England. They learn to experience things by following the Ragdolls owner on his or her adventures, and secretly joining in with them. Usually, they end up causing trouble, but they are never detected because no one ever sees them.
Characters
Rosie
Rosie (puppeteered and voiced by Rebecca Nagan) is the female rag doll. During their adventures, she carries a bag that has her name written on it. She wears a yellow dress and has long shaggy black hair. She and Jim often refer to the boat driver as "fizzgog" (John Cunliffe), "loopy lobes" (or just "loopy"; Pat Hutchins) and "tootle" (Neil Brewer). She sometimes calls Jim "Noggin". Her skin colour became a bit darker from series 2.
Jim
Jim (puppeteered and voiced by Robin Stevens) is the male rag doll. In their adventures, he can be seen carrying a notebook, in which he sometimes draws things that he has seen. He has short red hair and wears light brown trousers, a shirt with a red scarf, a white-with-red-stripes sock, brown boots and a brown waistcoat. The shade of his skin has changed slightly throughout the series.
Duck
Duck (also voiced by Robin Stevens) is an animatronic wooden model of a duck, who sits on top of the Ragdoll boat. He does not talk but can be heard quacking and flapping his wings when there are no humans around to let both Rosie and Jim know that the coast is clear. In some episodes, either Rosie or Jim give him a kiss. He is the only character to directly interact with all three presenters (as only Cunliffe directly addressed Rosie and Jim).
Narrowboat owners
Rosie and Jim's home is the narrowboat Ragdoll. Throughout its run the boat was acquired by three owners, each one playing a role according to their real-life profession.
John "Fizzgog" Cunliffe: 1990–1992, 50 episodes
An author who writes stories about Rosie and Jim based upon his own everyday outings. Cunliffe is the only presenter to break the fourth wall, delivering pieces to the camera and narration throughout every episode, which ended with a self-penned short cutout animated story done by Alan Rogers and Peter Lang (creators of Pigeon Street). He is the only presenter to directly address Rosie and Jim on-screen.
Pat "Loopy Lobes" Hutchins: 1995–1996, 45 episodes
An illustrator who creates pictures, gathering ideas from her adventures. Each episode would start with Pat finishing a drawing of Rosie and Jim and end with an illustration, again by Pat, based upon the episode. At the end of each episode, Duck would be hidden in the picture, with Rosie and Jim trying to find him. Pat also illustrated the books and artwork for the video releases between 1995 and 1996. Hutchins is the only female presenter of the series.
Neil "Tootle" Brewer: 1997–2000, 80 episodes
A singer and musician who plays the harmonica and the concertina. Neil would begin each episode looking for his harmonica followed by Rosie and Jim talking about and introducing him. Brewer would often end each episode with a song played on his concertina; prompted by Rosie and Jim who would leave the instrument for him to play, next to Duck. At the end of each episode, the rag dolls would often join in with the song, unknown to Neil. Brewer became the longest-serving owner of the boat and was the only one to star in a live theatre tour of the show in 1999 and 2000. Brewer is the only presenter to have starred in more than 2 series. He is also the last surviving presenter, following the death of Pat Hutchins in November 2017, and that of John Cunliffe in September 2018.
Following the boat's redundancy from Ragdoll Productions, it is no longer on display to the public.
Episodes
Series 1 (1990–1991) – John Cunliffe
1. Locks – 3 September 1990 – John plans to take the Ragdoll up the canal to Dudley, but in order to do so he has to navigate a series of locks
2. Painting – 10 September 1990 – Tree branches scrape against the Ragdoll, scratching off its smart paint. So John goes out to the shops to buy some paint to make his boat look nice and shiny again. Rosie and Jim do some painting of their own, and they learn about mixing colours together to make even more colours.
3. Supermarket – 17 September 1990 – John is out of groceries, so he makes a trip to Sainsbury's to purchase what he needs. The two rag dolls have something different on their minds...
4. Tunnel – 24 September 1990 – Whilst John is on his travels, he goes inside a tunnel leaving the two rag dolls to believe that pure darkness can be frightening to travel through.
5. Horse Towing – 1 October 1990 – Whilst attempting to travel to Dudley, the Ragdoll’s tiller comes apart in John’s hand, meaning he has to walk to a nearby stable so a horse can tow the boat to somewhere he can get it fixed
6. Glass – 8 October 1990 – John is very curious as to know how glass is made, so he goes to a factory to see what ingredients are put together to make glass, sand being the main one. Rosie and Jim follow him there, and play in the sandpit making their own boat out of sand with marble glass windows.
7. Boat Building – 15 October 1990
8. Washing – 22 October 1990 – It's a rainy day on the Ragdoll, and John's in need of washing his clothes, so he sets out to a local launderette to get them clean once again. Rosie and Jim have some dirty washing too, but they have something else in mind...
9. Coal – 29 October 1990 - It is quite cold on the Ragdoll, and John is running out of coal for his furnace to keep him and Rosie and Jim warm, so he and Rosie and Jim set out to a coal mine to see where exactly coal comes from.
10. Clipping – 5 November 1990 - As John sails down the canal, he notices lots of different things being cut, so he takes a walk and goes to a farm to see some sheep having their wool sheared off. Later on, John does some trimming of his own by giving his beard a snip. Rosie and Jim join in by taking some sheep wool and begin pretending to shear it off themselves.
11. Falcons – 12 November 1990 - John is looking for an idea for a story, so he sails down the canal to a falcon country park to see all kinds of different birds. Rosie and Jim follow him, and watch the demonstrations of the falcons.
12. Woollen Mill – 19 November 1990 - John's woolly jumper is beginning to wear out, so he sets off to a mill to retrieve some wool to knit a new jumper. Meanwhile, Jim mistakes a sheep for a dragon, and is frightened... but soon learns that sheep are harmless. Then Rosie and Jim finally get some coloured wool of their own to snuggle with.
13. Bread – 26 November 1990 - John sets out to a wheat field to find out how bread is made. He then sees a windmill, and is shown how wheat is turned into bread. Rosie and Jim get up to their old tricks and fool around with John when he isn't looking.
14. Shopping – 3 December 1990 – John sets out to the shops to buy some food and drink for a picnic. Rosie and Jim are hungry and want to have a picnic too, so they add their own items to John's shopping list without him knowing. Bearing in mind that John doesn't even like the items that Rosie and Jim added, they're afraid that John is going to be cross.
15. Weaving – 10 December 1990 – John thinks his bed blanket is starting to wear out on him, so he decides to go and get a new one. Rosie and Jim play with his blanket, but they play too rough, and put large holes in it. So John pays a visit to the weavers workshop to see how blankets are made from scratch.
16. Ferry – 17 December 1990 – John goes off to Hampton to see a ferry, when Rosie and Jim see a boat that's going to the same place as the Ragdoll, they fear that it's going to cause a crash, but of course, it didn't. John hops aboard a ferry to be transported from one path to another that has the river as a collision.
17. Milking (AKA "Milk") – 7 January 1991 – John travels to a farm to see how the milk we drink every day is made
18. Sailing – 14 January 1991 – John travels to Tewkesbury Marina to see some sailing boats and get some ideas for a story about Rosie and Jim
19. Steam – 21 January 1991
20. Abbey – 28 January 1991 – John gives Tewkesbury a visit so he can go into the Abbey and explore the inside of the church.
21. Breakdown – 4 February 1991 – It’s about time for John to take out the rubbish from the boat, so he attempts to catch up with the bin-man and take the rubbish to the tip so some of it can be broken down and recycled
22. Pottery – 11 February 1991 – John travels to Pershore to visit a pottery
23. Fairground – 18 February 1991 – John travels along the River Severn through Worcester to Stourport
24. Letters – 25 February 1991 – John travels to Worcester to visit the Worcester Post and Sorting Office
25. Finding the Way – 4 March 1991 – John travels along the River Severn through Worcester then he goes to Ragley Hall in Alcester to a maze
Series 2 (1991–1992) – John Cunliffe
26. Automata – 30 September 1991 – John visits Ashorne Hall to see some musical instruments
27. Butterflies – 7 October 1991 – John visits Stratford Butterfly Farm in Stratford-upon-Avon
28. Houses – 14 October 1991 – John Visits Charlecote House In Charlecote
29. Hair – 21 October 1991 – John visits Renoir Hair Salon in Birmingham
30. School – 28 October 1991 – John visits Reaside Nursery School in Birmingham
31. Bricks – 4 November 1991 – John visits Northcot Brick Ltd in Blockley
32. Small Animals – 11 November 1991 – John visits Evesham from Stratford-upon-Avon to see some small animals at Twyford Country Centre
33. Hats – 18 November 1991 – John visits The Rag Market in Birmingham
34. Hospital – 25 November 1991 – John visits Birmingham Children's Hospital in Birmingham
35. Boat Painting – 2 December 1991 – John visits The National Waterways Museum in Gloucester
36. Sheepdog – 9 December 1991 – John visits Netherly Farm in Mathon to see a sheepdog
37. Waterworks – 16 December 1991 – John visits Severn Trent Water
38. Blacksmith – 6 January 1992 – John visits The National Waterways Museum in Gloucester
39. Library – 13 January 1992 – John visits The Children's Library in Sutton Coldfield
40. Dredging – 20 January 1992
41. Rope – 27 January 1992 – John visits Bewdley to get a new rope for The Ragdoll Boat
42. Trees – 3 February 1992 – John accidentally breaks his plank of wood and decides to get a new one and finds a timber yard to see how trees get turned into planks of wood.
43. Shoes – 10 February 1992 – John visits Worcester to buy some shoes from Blunts Shoes
44. Brass – 17 February 1992
45. Flying – 24 February 1992 – John visits Bidford-on-Avon to learn to fly in a plane at Avon Soaring Centre
46. Coracle – 2 March 1992
47. Puppet Show – 9 March 1992 – John visits the Swan Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon to see a puppet show performed by Major Mustard
48. Shire Horses – 16 March 1992 – John visits Stratford-upon-Avon to visit the Stratford Shire Horse Centre
49. Eggs – 23 March 1992 – John visits A E Beckett and Sons at Heath Farm in Wythall to see where eggs come from
50. Boat Festival – 30 March 1992 – John visits a boat festival on his last day of owning the Ragdoll before being replaced by Pat Hutchins.
Series 3 (1995) – Pat Hutchins
51. Radio Station – 6 January 1995 – Pat Hutchins visits BBC CWR radio studios in Coventry
52. Babies – 13 January 1995 – Pat visits Hillfields Nursery Centre
53. Steam Train – 20 January 1995 – Pat visits the Battlefield Line Railway
54. Barn Owl – 27 January 1995
55. Gingerbread Man – 3 February 1995 – Pat visits Coggans Bakery in Nuneaton to see how gingerbread men are made
56. Musical Instruments – 10 February 1995 – Pat visits Leicester to meet Unity Brass
57. Flower Baskets – 17 February 1995 – Pat visits Mill Lane Nurseries in Evesham
58. Duck Gets Lost – 24 February 1995
59. Ten Pin Bowling – 3 March 1995 – Pat visits a bowling alley in Coventry
60. Sneezes – 10 March 1995 – Pat visits The Uppingham Road Health Centre in Leicester
61. Digging For Potatoes – 17 March 1995
62. Pony Riding – 24 March 1995
63. Lovely Bananas – 31 March 1995
64. Splish Splash Splosh – 7 April 1995
65. Down on the Farm – 21 April 1995
66. The Hat Factory – 28 April 1995 - Pat visits the Hat Factory and sees how hats are made, Rosie wanted a red hat and with some help from Jim they decorated a beautiful red hat for Rosie.
67. The Disappearing Sausages – 5 May 1995 - Pat's friends are going on a boating holiday, but Rosie and Jim wanted to go on a boating holiday too once they start packing up Jim wants to pack some sausages but Rosie refused and after they finished packing up they accidentally throw their suitcase on another boat and then got mixed up someone else suitcase.
68. Soapy Duck – 12 May 1995
69. Bouncy Castles – 19 May 1995
70. A Special Dance – 26 May 1995
71. Flood on the Boat – 9 June 1995 - Pat had a glass of water then it run out so Rosie gives her another glass of water, but she had forgotten to turn the tap off at the sink while the water keeps going on the whole room was flooded with water. When Pat saw what happened, she asks a man with a tractor to take the Ragdoll boat out of the water and Rosie and Jim sees what was underneath the boat. When Rosie suddenly realised what she has done and with help from Jim, they managed to clean up and get the water off the boat and turn the tap off.
72. The Shoemaker – 16 June 1995
73. Scarecrow – 23 June 1995
74. Roller Skating – 30 June 1995
75. Stars at Night – 7 July 1995
Series 4 (1996) – Pat Hutchins
76. Acrobats – 5 January 1996 – Pat Visits a Circus in Stratford Upon Avon
77. Earrings – 12 January 1996
78. The Best Boat in the World – 19 January 1996 – Pat visits Stratford Upon Avon to have a ride in a Gondola
79. Mouse on the Boat – 26 January 1996
80. Floating Restaurant – 2 February 1996 - Pat visits a mobile restaurant on a boat with a beautiful dress and had dinner there. Pat ordered ice cream for pudding but Jim was so hungry and Rosie was serving the customers by giving them their ice-creams when Jim starts to eat Pat's special ice cream Rosie tries to take it away but Jim wants it and then they throw the ice cream right onto Pat's face.
81. On Safari – 9 February 1996 – Pat visits Woburn Safari Park in Woburn
82. Exercise – 16 February 1996 – Pat visits The Metropolitan Club to do some exercise
83. Little Lost Kitten – 23 February 1996 – Pat finds a lost kitten and takes it back to a Family at Barton Dovecote Leisure
84. Stripes – 1 March 1996 – Pat visits Woburn Safari Park in Woburn to see some Stripes
85. Magical Lights – 8 March 1996 – Pat has been invited by the Lord Mayor of the town to help turn on the Christmas lights in Stratford Upon Avon
86. Making Pizza – 28 June 1996 – Pat visits Gourmet Pizza Company in Oxford
87. Shop Window – 5 July 1996 – Pat visits Oxford to help with a mannequin dummy
88. Visiting the Vet – 12 July 1996
89. Bus Ride – 19 July 1996
90. Dog Training – 26 July 1996
91. Winning the Race – 2 August 1996
92. The Milkman – 9 August 1996 - Pat visits the milkman to buy milk
93. Ballroom Dancing – 16 August 1996
94. The Umbrella Factory – 23 August 1996
95. Sleepy Baby – 30 August 1996 – Pat looks after a baby on her last day of owning the Ragdoll before being replaced by Neil Brewer.
Series 5 (1997) – Neil Brewer
96. Harmonica – 10 January 1997 - When Neil Brewer's harmonica slips out of his hand and fell into the children's water bowl and when he got it back it lost its toot, he went to a shop that sells musical instruments he tried out the violin, the electric guitar and then the drums. At last, he tried out the new harmonica and he thinks it's perfect.
97. Spring Cleaning – 17 January 1997
98. Water Skiing – 24 January 1997
99. Cake – 31 January 1997
100. Sing Song – 7 February 1997
101. Pony And Trap – 14 February 1997
102. Ducks – 21 February 1997
103. Football – 28 February 1997 – Neil visits Bristol City Football Club to watch the 1996 Gloucestershire Cup match versus Bristol Rovers.
104. Chimney Sweep – 7 March 1997
105. Windy Day – 14 March 1997
106. A New Chair – 21 March 1997 - Rosie and Jim accidentally broke one of their chairs, it was in pieces so they followed Neil to the Woodland Workshop to learn how to make a chair.
107. Kites – 4 April 1997
108. A Jacket For Neil – 11 April 1997 - Neil visits a tailor shop to get a new jacket, but with help from Rosie and Jim, the tailor-made a jacket for Neil.
109. Hot Air Balloon – 18 April 1997 - Neil visits the 1996 Bristol International Balloon Festival
110. Bike Ride – 25 April 1997 – Neil visits The Lock Inn Bike Hire Centre to ride on a tricycle
111. Molly The Parrot – 9 May 1997
112. Beach – 16 May 1997
113. Roundabout – 23 May 1997 – Neil visits Brean Leisure Park to ride on a merry-go-round
114. Mattress – 30 May 1997
115. Theatre – 6 June 1997 – Neil visits the Bristol Old Vic Theatre Royal
Series 6 (1998) – Neil Brewer
116. Oodles Of Noodles – 5 January 1998
117. Pigeons – 9 January 1998 – Neil visits Trafalgar Square in London to meet some pigeons
118. Camping – 12 January 1998
119. Big Ben Boing – 16 January 1998 – Neil visits Big Ben in Westminster, London
120. Golf – 19 January 1998 – Neil plays golf with Neil Jordan at Sudbury Golf Course.
121. Tower of London – 23 January 1998 – Neil visits the Tower of London
122. Newspaper – 26 January 1998
123. Waterslide – 30 January 1998
124. Fish Face – 2 February 1998 – Neil visits London Aquarium to meet some fish
125. Stilts – 6 February 1998
126. Do It Yourself – 9 February 1998
127. Tomato Ketchup – 13 February 1998 – Neil visits a tomato ketchup factory to see how ketchup is made
128. Lullaby – 16 February 1998
129. Driftwood – 20 February 1998 - Duck finds himself floating away on some driftwood when Rosie and Jim accidentally push him off the boat.
130. Tower Bridge – 23 February 1998 – Neil visits Tower Bridge to see how it works
131. Music Boat – 27 February 1998
132. Recording Studio – 2 March 1998 - Neil performs a new song with composer Andrew McCrorie-Shand
133. One Man Band – 6 March 1998
134. Chinese Lion Dance – 9 March 1998
135. Music Party – 13 March 1998
(Newspaper and Lullaby have not been readily available in any format since their initial broadcasts in 1998 and have been presumed missing)
Series 7 (1999) – Neil Brewer
136. Sticky Honey – 5 January 1999 – Neil visits a honey farm to see how it is made
137. Chainmaking – 12 January 1999 – Neil has to replace the Ragdoll boat's anchor and chain after it sinks into the water.
138. Shining Armour – 19 January 1999 – Neil sees a knight in shining armour riding along the canal bank, who suddenly drops his plume. He meets up with the knight at Belvoir Castle and hands is plume back, but is blissfully unaware that Rosie and Jim have sneaked in...
139. Naughty Little Frog – 26 January 1999 – A frog suddenly appears inside one of Neil's shoes, and Neil removes it from the boat, only for the frog to find itself inside Neil's hat, and later in his biscuit box.
140 Thatching 2 February 1999
141 Sailing Boat February 9 February 1999
142. Drawing – 23 February 1999 – An artist is drawing the Ragdoll boat, but runs into several mishaps along the way, most notably Rosie and Jim continuously moving Duck around the boat.
143. Disco Boat – 2 March 1999
144. Radio Control – 9 March 1999 - Neil takes part in a remote control boat race in Daventry.
145. Keep Fit – 16 March 1999 – Neil decides to keep fit, but is startled when he sees what appears to be a ghost under a sheet, but turns out to be Rosie and Jim!
146. Dry Stone Walling – 23 March 1999
147. Baby Elephant – 30 March 1999
148. Washing Day – 6 April 1999
149. Lifeboat Rescue – 13 April 1999 – Neil calls the lifeboat rescue crew in Caister-on-Sea after Rosie and Jim untie the mooring ropes at the wrong end, sending the Ragdoll adrift.
150. Knitting Factory – 20 April 1999
151. Road Boat – 27 April 1999
152. Line Dancing – 4 May 1999 – Neil joins in a country western dance party at Lynroy's club in Loughborough.
153. Wallpaper – 11 May 1999
154. High Bar – 18 May 1999 – Neil visits the City of Birmingham Gymnastics Club.
155. Riding Lesson - 25 May 1999 - Neil learns to ride a horse at Bourne Vale Riding Stables in Birmingham, but is in for a surprise when Rosie accidentally jumps onto the back of his horse.
(A separate video made in association with British Waterways was also made in 1999, called Stay Safe Near Water with Rosie and Jim and Duck. In addition, Sailing Boat, Knitting Factory, Road Boat and Wallpaper have not been readily available since series 7 was repeated in 2004, and have been presumed missing.)
Series 8 (2000) – Neil Brewer
156. Disappearing Dog – 4 January 2000
157. Upside Down – 11 January 2000 – Neil is trying to find a bottle of glue to secure a loose floor tile, and vows to find it if he has to turn the Ragdoll boat upside down.
158. Where's My Wedding Ring – 18 January 2000
159. Mother's Day – 25 January 2000
160. Steel Band – 1 February 2000
161. Disappearing Trousers – 8 February 2000
162. Jumble Duck – 15 February 2000
163. Flour Trail – 22 February 2000
164. Birthday Party – 29 February 2000
165. Lots of Knots – 7 March 2000 - Neil has to replace the Ragdoll's front fender after it's caught in the wall of a lock.
166. Flashing Fire Engine – 14 March 2000 - Neil volunteers to be rescued by the Royal Berkshire Fire and Rescue Service as part of a fire safety demonstration.
167. Amazing Teddy – 21 March 2000
168. Rescue The Rubbish – 28 March 2000
169. Water, Water Everywhere – 4 April 2000
170. Hop to the Hospital – 11 April 2000 - Neil checks into the Royal Berkshire Hospital after spraining his ankle while mooring up the Ragdoll.
171. Lazy Day – 18 April 2000 – Neil decides he's had enough cruising for one day and decides to relax, but his day isn't as relaxing as he may have hoped.
172. The Window Cleaner – 25 April 2000
173. Little Ducklings – 2 May 2000
174. Runaway Roller Blades – 9 May 2000
175. The Magic Show – 16 May 2000 (Series finale)
Home media releases
Video Collection International released VHS tapes of the series. From 1991 until 1994, the tapes were released through the Central Video imprint, which then transitioned off to Carlton Home Entertainment's CTE Video imprint for a short time in the mid-'90s, before reverting to Video Collection International.
The Bumper Pack DVD was released by Platform Entertainment.
UK VHS releases
Australian VHS releases
Roadshow Entertainment (1999-2003)
DVD
Rosie and Jim – Sticky Honey and Other Stories (released 4 March 2002)
Rosie and Jim – Flashing Fire Engine and Other Urgent Adventures (released 2004)
Rosie and Jim – Up, Up And Away and Other stories (release 2005)
Rosie and Jim – Bumper Pack 1 (released 28 March 2016)
Rosie and Jim – Bumper Pack 2 (released 3 October 2016)
References
External links
Rosie and Jim website
Ragdoll Productions website
1990 British television series debuts
2000 British television series endings
1990s British children's television series
2000s British children's television series
1990s preschool education television series
2000s preschool education television series
British preschool education television series
ITV children's television shows
Television series by DHX Media
Television series by ITV Studios
Television series by Ragdoll Productions
Sentient toys in fiction
British children's musical television series
British children's comedy television series
Television shows set in the West Midlands (county)
Television shows set in Bristol
Television shows set in London
Television shows set in Berkshire
Television shows set in Somerset
Television shows set in Gloucestershire
Television shows set in Oxfordshire
Television shows set in Warwickshire
Television shows set in Northamptonshire
English-language television shows
British television shows featuring puppetry
British television series with live action and animation
Television shows produced by Central Independent Television
Television duos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosie%20and%20Jim |
High Road is a major road running through Lynwood, Parkwood, Ferndale, Riverton, and Willetton in the south-east of Perth, Western Australia. It connects the major roads Leach Highway, and Albany Highway via Nicholson Road, originally built to provide the Gosnells area with direct access to the port city of Fremantle.
It is allocated State Route 27.
See also
References
Roads in Perth, Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Road%2C%20Perth |
Arsamosata (Middle Persian *Aršāmšād; Old Persian *Ṛšāma-šiyāti-, , ) was an ancient and medieval city situated on the bank of the Murat River, near the present-day city of Elâzığ. It was founded in by Arsames I, the Orontid king of Sophene, Commagene and possibly Armenia. The city served as a central center and royal residence of the Orontids of Sophene. The origin of its name was Persian, meaning "Joy of Arsames". Naming cities such the "joy of" or "happiness of" was a Orontid (and later Artaxiad) practice that recalled the Achaemenid royal discourse.
It was left and destroyed in the 1st century BC. In the Middle Ages it was called Ashmushat. In Roman and Byzantine times, it bore the names Armosota (Ἀρμόσοτα) and Arsamosota (Ἀρσαμόσοτα). It was also known in Byzantine times as Asmosaton. It was called Shimshāṭ in Arabic. A prominent native of Arsamosata was the 10th-century poet Abu'l-Hasan Ali al-Shimshati.
Arsamosata has been identified with the abandoned settlement site known as Haraba, located by the Murat Su, near the east end of the Altınova plain, some 60 km east of Elazig,. Much of the site now lies submerged under the waters of the Keban Dam. The hill that served as the former city's citadel now juts out toward the northeast into a shallow lake created by the dam. The city itself appears to have been just below the hill on the southeast, although this is not entirely certain.
History
Limited archaeological evidence, consisting of a few pottery finds that strongly resemble Urartian ceramics, point to the existence of a settlement at Arsamosata in ancient times - perhaps between the 10th and 7th centuries BCE. However, any settlement here was probably not very significant. The main Urartian settlement in the region was at Harput, which seems to have served as a fortified administrative center. Another large settlement existed at Norşuntepe, although it was unfortified during this period. The local population was at least partly Urartian; there may have also been members of the Mushki people present.
The ancient towns at Harput and Norşuntepe dispersed around the Achaemenid period. From then until the foundation of Arsamosata in the mid-3rd century BCE, the Altınova plain had no large towns. Arsamosata may have been founded as a display of prestige. Its original population was probably mostly drawn from the surrounding villages. Its location was probably chosen because its distance from the region's main route, which came through the Ergani pass to Tomisa further west, made it relatively safe from attack. However, being off the main trade route also meant that Arsamosata was not a major commercial center during this period. Its economy was mostly based on agriculture instead.
In late antiquity, Arsamosata formed one of the main settlements in the district of Anzitene. The nearby city of Dadima appears to have grown due to commerce from Ergani and Tomisa by the late 6th century, probably absorbing some of Arsamosata's population. However, Arsamosata remained a major city with a mixed population of Armenians and Assyrians.
Later, in the period after the Arab conquest, Dadima shrank to a small town, probably because it was close to the Arab-Byzantine border and therefore prone to attack. Many of its residents moved to Arsamosata, which was in a safer position further east. Some of Melitene's population probably moved to Arsamosata at this point as well. With Dadima's decline, Arsamosata was now the lone major city in the region.
However, despite its more secure position, Arsamosata still lay in a contested region, and it changed hands several times during this period. A Byzantine offensive in 837, led by the emperor Theophilos, captured Arsamosata along with Melitene. By autumn 938, the city was back under Arab control - the Hamdanid amir Sayf al-Dawla retreated toward Arsamosata that autumn while being pursued by Byzantine forces. In 939, according to James Howard-Johnston, Arsamosata fell to the Byzantines again.
After the Byzantine conquest, Arsamosata was made the capital of a small theme. This theme probably only covered the immediately surrounding plains to the north and east; i.e. the easternmost part of Anzitene. In the 970s, the theme of Arsamosata was broken up. Arsamosata shrank to a medium-sized town and some of its population probably migrated to Harput, the new main capital of the region. A garrison was still kept at Arsamosata's citadel, but the town walls were probably now too big for the dwindling settlement within and must have fallen into disuse.
Arsamosata still existed under the Artukid principality of Harput, but it was no longer a major city. It survived until at least 1199, when its bishopric is last attested, and probably continued into the early 13th century as well. When Yaqut al-Hamawi visited Arsamosata in the early 13th century, he found it "in ruins, with only a tiny population". The citadel garrison was eventually withdrawn at some point, possibly after the Seljuk conquest of Anzitene in 1234, and Arsamosata was finally abandoned. Its population dispersed to villages on the surrounding plain and in the hills beyond.
The name "Arsamosata" continued to be used until modern times, to denote a group of several villages near where the old city had once stood. As of the 20th century, there were seven of them, collectively known as "Arşimşat" (from the Arabic form of the city's name). The closest one to the old city was Haraba (from Arabic "kharaba", meaning "ruin"), about half a kilometer to the southwest of the ruins. A local tradition recorded around the turn of the 20th century held that there had once been a large city here, divided into two parts called "Samusat" and "Ashmushat".
Even before the construction of the Keban Dam, the city ruins (below the citadel) were already underwater due to meandering of the Murat Su, and by the mid-20th century not much of them remained visible, although one traveler reported seeing some khachkars here. Archaeologists conducted excavations at the citadel before the dam was built, in 1969, 1970, and 1973. They dug six trenches, mostly on the southeast side of the hill where walls were already visible.
Bishopric
Arsamosata was historically the seat of a Syriac Orthodox bishop which was responsible for the entire surrounding district of Anzitene. Its last mention is in 1199.
No longer a residential bishopric, Arsamosata is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.
Notes
References
Sources
Populated places in ancient Sophene
Roman towns and cities in Turkey
Former populated places in Turkey
Catholic titular sees in Asia
Submerged places
Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
History of Elazığ Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsamosata |
Al Brown's Tunetoppers was a band led by Al Caca, born May 22, 1934, who had success in 1960 with a dance tune "The Madison" on Amy Records. The dance calls were by Cookie Brown. Although they were successful in record sales, it had to fight off a competing version by Ray Bryant on Columbia Records who titled his, "Madison Time" with calls by Eddie Morrison. As a result, Al Brown's version could only peak at #23 on the Billboard Charts. Dickey Doo & The Don'ts also released version of "The Madison" on a United Artists album. Dickey Doo was fronted by Gerry Granahan who had a hit with "No Chemise Please" in 1958.
References
American pop music groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Brown%27s%20Tunetoppers |
Naomi Awards was an award ceremony dedicated to the year's worst music acts. It was a parody of the BRIT Awards, and was run by the music channel Music Choice. They were named after supermodel Naomi Campbell, whose own 1994 single "Love and Tears" was seen by Music Choice as a supremely awful example of the genre. They were voted for by selected music industry figures.
2005 winners
Worst British Group - Blue
Worst British Male - Jamie Cullum
Worst British Female - Rachel Stevens
Worst British Single - "I Believe My Heart" by Duncan James and Keedie Babb
Worst British Album - The Meaning of Love by Michelle McManus
Worst International Male - Brian McFadden
Worst International Female - Nadia Almada
Worst International Group - Westlife
Worst International Album - The Long Road Back by Peter Andre
Worst International Breakthrough - DJ Casper
Worst British Breakthrough Act - McFly
Worst British Attempt at Rock - Busted
Worst Pop Act - Sam & Mark
Worst Live Act - Pete Doherty
Least Convincing 'Urban' Act - Blazin' Squad
Outstandingly Bad Contribution to Music - Louis Walsh
2006 winners
Worst British Male Solo Artist - Lee Ryan
Worst British Female Solo Artist - Lisa Scott-Lee
Worst British Album - Heart and Soul by Steve Brookstein
Worst British Single - "Electric" by Lisa Scott-Lee
Worst Attempt at Rock - Son of Dork
Worst Urban Act - Ms. Dynamite
Worst Live Act - Babyshambles
Worst Pop Act - Lisa Scott-Lee
Worst International Male Solo Artist - Jack Johnson
Worst International Female Solo Artist - Jessica Simpson
Worst International Album - Face to Face by Westlife
Worst International Group - Westlife
Worst International Breakthrough Artist - The Pussycat Dolls
Outstandingly Bad Contribution to Music - Westlife
See also
Golden Raspberry Awards
References
British music awards
Ironic and humorous awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi%20Awards |
Children of Mini-Japan (Kutty Japanin Kuzhandaigal) is a Tamil-language documentary film directed by Chalam Bennurkar and released in 1990.
Synopsis
The film focuses on the plight of young poverty-stricken children working in Sivakasi in the late 1980s, and the Government's neglect of them.
The children worked in factories famed for producing fireworks and matches. The film takes its name from the nickname of Sivakasi, Mini-Japan, a name given to the town for its high technology and business standards.
Awards
The film has won the following awards since its release:
1991 International Leipzig Festival for Documentary and Animated Film (Germany)
Won - Golden Dove - Children of Mini-Japan - Chalam Bennurkar
1991 Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival (Japan)
Won - Citizens' Prize - Children of Mini-Japan - Chalam Bennurkar
Won - Prize for Encouragement - Children of Mini-Japan - Chalam Bennurkar
References
External links
1990 films
Documentary films about poverty
Poverty in India
Child labour in India
Documentary films about children
1990 documentary films
Indian documentary films
Films shot in Tamil Nadu
1990s Tamil-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%20of%20Mini-Japan |
The 2007-08 season in Danish football, starting July 2007 and ending June 2008.
Club results
Domestic honours
European participation
For the first time since the 2002-03 season, the Danish clubs had obtained enough UEFA coefficient points to qualify the third-place finisher of the Danish Superliga 2006-07 for the UEFA Cup. Prior to this, only the second-place finisher would qualify, alongside the Danish Cup winner and the occasional Intertoto qualifier.
National team
Players
The following players appeared for Denmark during the 2007-08 season. All caps and goals are tallied for the 2007-08 season only.
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Friendly matches
The home team is on the left column; the away team is on the right column.
European Championship qualifiers
Denmark competed in the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying Group F.
Notes
References
Danish football
Seasons in Danish football | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308%20in%20Danish%20football |
Bou Saada (, bu s‘adah, meaning "place of happiness") is a town and municipality in M'Sila Province, Algeria, situated 245 km south of Algiers. As Arena it was the site of a city and bishopric in Roman Africa, now a Catholic titular see. The municipal population was estimated at 134,000 in 2008.
Geography
Bou-Saada is located in the southwest of the Hodna region in the Hauts Plateaux, at the feet of the Ouled Naïl Range of the Saharan Atlas.
Bou-Saada has traditionally been an important market place producing and selling jewelry, metalwork, carpets and bousaadi knives. There is also a textile mill in town. Even in modern times, Bou-Saada is an important trading post for nomads. There is also some national tourism during winter.
Bou-Saada is well-connected with other urban centres by road. M'Sila is 70 km northeast, Biskra is 175 km east, Bordj Bou Arreridj 130 km northeast and Djelfa 120 km southwest.
Bou-Saada has two quarters, the old medina (ksar) within the city walls with arched alleyways, and the French town to the south. Surrounding the town are extensive date groves.
Climate
Bou Saada has a cold desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWk). Rainfall is higher in winter than in summer. The average annual temperature in Bou Saada is . About of precipitation falls annually.
Ecclesiastical history
Arena was important enough in the Late Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis to be one of the many suffragans of its capital Caesarea Mauretaniae's Metropolitan Archbishopric; discontinued as a consequence of the Arab conquest of North Africa.
Titular see
The diocese was nominally restored in 1933 as Latin Catholic titular bishopric.
It has had the following incumbents, of the fitting episcopal (lowest) rank :
Luís António de Almeida (1935.10.04 – 1941.04.19)
Joseph-Conrad Chaumont (1941.06.28 – 1966.10.08)
György Zemplén (1969.01.10 – 1973.03.29)
Roger-Émile Aubry, Redemptorists (C.SS.R.) (1973.06.14 – 2010.02.17)
Mário Antônio da Silva (2010.06.09 – ...), Auxiliary Bishop of Manaus (Brazil)
Rock art
In the municipality, located not far from the village of Ben Srour, are several petroglyph sites of archaeological interest.
See also
A Bou Saâda local football (soccer) club Amel
References
Sources and external links
GCatholic with titular incumbent links
Communes of M'Sila Province
Cities in Algeria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bou%20Sa%C3%A2da |
Deutz-Allis was formed when Deutz-Fahr of Germany, part of KHD, purchased the agricultural assets of the Allis-Chalmers corporation in 1985.
Deutz-Allis was eventually sold to the Allis-Gleaner Corporation, or AGCO), in 1990. Deutz-Allis tractors and equipment were renamed in North America to be AGCO-Allis, but continued in South America until 2001, when the South American operations were renamed AGCO-Allis.
In Argentina, was made the Deutz-Allis 5.125 L and the Deutz-Allis 5.190.
In North America, Deutz-Allis tractors carried both the traditional Deutz-green color, and Allis-orange color. In South America they were Deutz-green.
References
External links
http://www.tractordata.com/farm-tractors/tractor-brands/deutzallis/deutzallis-tractors.html
AGCO
Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company
SAME Deutz-Fahr
Agriculture companies of Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutz-Allis |
In Great Britain and Ireland, especially in the 18th and 19th centuries, assembly rooms were gathering places for members of the higher social classes open to members of both sexes. At that time most entertaining was done at home and there were few public places of entertainment open to both sexes besides theatres (and there were few of those outside London). Upper class men had more options, including coffee houses and later gentlemen's clubs.
Major sets of assembly rooms in London, in spa towns such as Bath, and in important provincial cities such as York, were able to accommodate hundreds, or in some cases over a thousand people for events such as masquerade balls (masked balls), assembly balls (conventional balls), public concerts and assemblies (simply gatherings for conversation, perhaps with incidental music and entertainments) or Salons. By later standards these were formal events: the attendees were usually screened to make sure no one of insufficient rank gained admittance; admission might be subscription only; and unmarried women were chaperoned. Nonetheless, assemblies played an important part in the marriage market of the day.
A major set of assembly rooms consisted of a main room and several smaller subsidiary rooms such as card rooms, tea rooms and supper rooms. On the other hand, in smaller towns a single large room attached to the best inn might serve for the occasional assembly for the local landed gentry.
Formal assemblies and the associated assembly rooms faded away in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as the range of places of public entertainment increased (for example public dance halls and nightclubs) and attitudes became more accepting of women from the higher social classes attending them. Also to some extent they were supplanted by the ballrooms of major hotels as British hotels became larger from the railway age onwards.
Examples
England
London
Almack's - London's most exclusive assembly rooms.
The Pantheon - an architecturally grander but more briefly fashionable set of assembly rooms in London.
Bath Assembly Rooms - the assembly rooms in England's most fashionable spa.
The Lower Assembly Rooms, Bath, demolished in 1933.
Assembly Rooms, Boston, Lincolnshire
Victoria Rooms (Bristol).
Athenaeum, Bury St Edmunds.
Buxton Crescent, the centre of the crescent contains the town's assembly rooms.
Shire Hall, Hertford.
Wellington Rooms, Liverpool.
Assembly Rooms, Ludlow.
Assembly Rooms, Newcastle - built in 1776 in Newcastle upon Tyne, one of the finest examples of Georgian architecture in Newcastle's Grainger Town.
Newark Town Hall, the 18th century town hall included the assembly rooms within the building.
Assembly House, Norwich.
Lion Hotel, Shrewsbury contained the town's assembly rooms.
Assembly Rooms, Surbiton in Surbiton, Surrey.
York Assembly Rooms - a notable building designed by Lord Burlington.
Assembly Rooms, Leeds
Scotland
Music Hall Aberdeen
Dumfries Assembly rooms, c. 1825 - elegant building by Walter Newall, Architect, of Dumfries
Assembly Rooms (Edinburgh)
New Assembly and Concert Rooms, 1796, Glasgow, later the home of the Athenaeum (demolished by new owners, the General Post Office, in 1892)
Wales
Cardiff City Hall, which includes the Assembly Rooms on the first floor.
Public gardens
London also had a number of outdoor "public gardens" where similar entertainments took place. They were more commercial establishments and tended to have less exclusive rules on admission. Each had at least one major indoor space for balls and the like. See: Marylebone Gardens, Vauxhall Gardens, Ranelagh Gardens and Cremorne Gardens.
See also
Assembly hall
Leeds Blue Plaques | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly%20rooms |
Berria (Basque: News) is the only daily newspaper published wholly in the Basque language and which can be read in the entirety of the Basque country. It was created after the closure of the previous Basque language newspaper, Egunkaria, by the Spanish government, after being accused of having ties with ETA.
Berria is published daily, with the exception of Monday. The first issue was released on 21 June 2003. The newspaper's headquarters is in Andoain, Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous Basque region, Euskadi, in northern Spain. It also has offices in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Pamplona, Bilbao and Bayonne.
References
External links
, with an English version
Daily newspapers published in Spain
Basque-language newspapers
Basque companies
2003 establishments in Spain
Gipuzkoa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berria |
Seventy-two amphibian species are found in the American state of Texas, including forty-four species of frog and twenty-eight species of salamander. Four species are categorized as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature: the Barton Springs salamander, the Texas blind salamander, the black-spotted newt, and the Houston toad. Furthermore, Texas law protects several native amphibians, designating eleven species as threatened within the state and four others as endangered.
The varying geography of Texas, the second-largest state, provides a variety of habitats for amphibians, including swamps and the Piney Woods in the east, rocky hills and limestone karst in the central Hill Country of the Edwards Plateau, desert in the south and west, mountains in the far west (the Trans-Pecos), and grassland prairie in the north, also known as the Panhandle. This vast contrast in biomes makes Texas home to a wide variety of herpetofauna. The state's many rivers, including the Rio Grande, the Colorado River, and the Trinity River, also provide diverse aquatic habitats. Its central position in the United States means that species found primarily in either the western or eastern reaches of the country often have their ranges meeting in the state. Additionally, its proximity to Mexico is such that many species found there and into Central America also range as far north as Texas. Moreover, the karst topography of central Texas has created spring and cave ecosystems inhabited by several endemic species, such as the cave-dwelling Texas blind salamander.
List of species
Order Anura
Family Bufonidae
Bufonidae is a family of toads, often called the "true toads". Although a widely varied family, Bufonidae includes the stereotypical toad: dry warty skin and shortened forelimbs and hindlimbs. Bufonids also carry potent skin toxins, sometimes concentrated in the parotoid gland.
Family Hylidae
Hylidae is a family of frogs which are commonly found in the New World. They may be better known as tree frogs.
Family Leptodactylidae
Leptodactylidae is a family of frogs found only in the New World. Texas encompasses part of their northern-most distribution. Medium to large frogs, they have robust hindlimbs that make them strong jumpers.
Family Microhylidae
Microhylidae is a family of frogs. They can often be identified by their tear-dropped shape, hence the common name "narrow-mouthed frogs".
Family Ranidae
Ranidae, true frogs, are the largest family of frogs. Members of this family, called Ranids, typically have robust hindlimbs, toe webbing, and an aquatic tadpole stage.
Family Rhinophrynidae
Rhinophrynidae are a family of frogs containing only one extant genus, the monotypic Rhinophrynus. Rhinophrynus is a burrowing ant and termite eater, hence the common name "burrowing frog".
Family Scaphiopodidae
Scaphiopodidae are a family of frogs. Commonly called spadefoot frogs, they are often inconspicuously coloured. Members of this family are predominantly fossorial, living underground until rain arrives. To aid in digging, they have keratinized protrusions on their feet.
Order Urodela
Family Amphiumidae
Amphiumidae are a family of salamanders. Members of the family are known as amphiumas. These large salamanders are often mistaken for eels, hence the colloquial name "conger eels". Completely aquatic, these long salamanders can survive droughts by forming a mucous cocoon underground. They can live without food for up to three years and may live for almost 30 years.
Family Salamandridae
Salamandridae are a family of salamanders. Most members, called salamandrids, produce a potent toxin in their skin. Salamandrids typically have patterns of bright and contrasting colors, usually to warn potential predators of their toxicity. They have four well-developed limbs.
Family Ambystomatidae
Ambystomatidae is a family of mostly terrestrial salamanders. Commonly called "mole salamanders", most members of this family live in rodent burrows, only emerging on rainy nights to mate and feed. These relatively large salamanders also typically have mass migrations to mating ponds.
Family Plethodontidae
Plethodontidae are a family of salamanders found mostly in the Western Hemisphere; however, some species are found in Southern Europe and South Korea. They are the largest group of salamanders. Several species of salamanders are endemic to specific cave systems in Texas. Due to their small habitat and specified role, many are threatened or endangered. In 2019, researchers associated with the University of Texas Austin and Texas Parks and Wildlife announced the discovery of an additional three species of spring and cave dwelling salamanders in the Eurycea genus that are yet to be named.
Family Sirenidae
Sirenidae are a family of aquatic salamanders only found in northern Mexico and the Southeastern United States. Family members, called sirens, have very small forelimbs and lack hind limbs altogether. Sirens are generally regarded as the most primitive extant salamanders.
Family Proteidae
Proteidae are a family of aquatic salamanders only found in North America and Europe. Some members are called mudpuppies, waterdogs, or olms. They are paedomorphic and exhibit laterally compressed tail fins and the red, filamentous external gills. Only one species of Proteidae is found in Texas.
See also
Geography of Texas
List of birds of Texas
List of mammals of Texas
List of reptiles of Texas
Notes and references
Notes
References
External links
Endangered and Threatened Species found in Texas
References for Amphibian Identification provided by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
Amphibians
Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20amphibians%20of%20Texas |
Torngat is a Canadian indie band and instrumental music trio based in Montreal, Quebec. The members are horn player Pietro Amato, keyboardist Mathieu Charbonneau and percussionist Julien Poissant.
History
Torngat was established in 2001. The band named themselves for the rugged Torngat Mountains to reflect the band's open and improvisational style of their music. The group released its first self-titled album the next year. They developed a stage show in which they frequently exchange instruments during performances.
Torngat in 2005 released an EP, La Rouge. During the spring of 2006, Torngat toured Eastern Canada. Torngat signed a two-album deal with Montreal experimental label Alien8 Recordings. The band recorded a full-length album You Could Be, which was released in September, 2007 and received positive reviews. That year the band performed at the Hillside Festival in Guelph.
Band members
Pietro Amato - french horn (and electronics, percussion, melodeon)
Mathieu Charbonneau - Wurlitzer (and Analog Synth, Hammond, percussion, melodeon).
Julien Poissant - percussion (and Wurlitzer, trumpet, melodeon)
Discography
Torngat (2002)
Live at The Bread Factory (2004)
La Rouge (2005)
You Could Be (2007)
La Petite Nicole (2009)
References
Citations
External links
Torngat Official site
Torngat on MySpace
National Post
Musical groups established in 2001
Musical groups from Montreal
Canadian post-rock groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torngat%20%28band%29 |
The Methana volcano peninsula is situated approximately southwest of Athens in Greece.
Geological history
The Methana (Μέθανα) peninsula contains some 32 volcanoes, including the Methana volcano, that are mostly andesitic and dacitic lava domes. The volcanic activity in the peninsula began 1 million years ago and continued sporadically until 300 years ago. The last eruptions took place in 1700 at a submarine volcano north of Kameni Chora. On land there is also the historic lava dome of Kameni Chora that erupted in 230 BC. In August 1922 there were numerous reports of a possible eruption in the Kaimeno Vouno crater, however, this still remains unconfirmed. Methana is in the northwestern part of the group of Cycladic volcanoes that are considered active (Milos, Santorini and Nisyros). The rocks are mostly dacites and andesites. On Methana there are thermal springs and mofettes (gas exhalations). Methana is cut by many tectonic faults, and so it is an area in high danger of earthquakes. The major fault cuts the town of Methana from west to east.
Archaeological history
The Methana peninsula has been inhabited since about 10,000 BC. The first settlements were founded about 6,000 BC. Excavations have brought to light a village and sanctuary from Mycenaean times near the town of Methana at the chapel of Sts. Constantine & Helen. Items dating from about 1500–1200 BC are preserved in the museums of Poros island and in Piraeus Archaeological museum in Athens. There were ancient sanctuaries in Geometric times, about 800–700 BC, such as the Geometric temple near Kounoupitsa village. There are also two ancient acropoleis (Paliocastro acropolis and Oga acropolis) and many ancient farm sites. The ancient writers Ovid, Strabo and Pausanias described the historic eruption of the volcano dome near the village of Kameni Chora in the northwestern part of the Methana peninsula. Pausanias also described hot springs after the eruption. Later there were many new buildings and sanctuaries founded near the village Vathy, at the Paliocastro hill and around it. Methana was also the site of a Phoenician base called Arsinoe.
References
External links
Volcanoes of Greece
Pleistocene lava domes
Landforms of Islands (regional unit)
Landforms of Attica
Holocene lava domes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methana%20Volcano |
Newington Gardens is located on Harper Road in Southwark, London, England. To the north-west is the Inner London Sessions House, a Crown Court. Its area is . The park occupies part of the site of an old prison that was closed in 1878. The park was opened by Catherine Gladstone, wife of the then prime minister, on 5 May 1884.
The park occupies the site where Horsemonger Lane Gaol was located for almost a century from 1791. Designed by George Gwilt the Elder, architect surveyor to the county of Surrey, this was once the largest prison in the county.
The MUGA (Multi-Use Games Area) courts in the park are regularly used by the London Hardcourt Bicycle Polo Association for casual games and tournaments.
See also
Newington, London
Newington Causeway
External links
Newington, Southwark – Hidden London
LondonTown.com information
London Gardens Online information
References
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Southwark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newington%20Gardens |
Juan de Quintana (c.1482–1534) was an imperial theologian and Confessor to the Habsburg emperor Charles V.
First years
Though it is unclear if he was born in Vic (Catalonia) or Sariñena (Huesca), Juan de Quintana was the son of Pedro de Quintana alias Navarro, a merchant who descended from the Quintanas, a family of butchers from the town of Vic, in the Principality of Catalonia. This family had apparently taken the name from a square called , where butchers used to work in the same town. Pedro Quintana moved to the village of Sariñena in the last quarter of the 15th century, and Juan had at least two brothers, Sebastián and Pedro Quintana.
Education and first royal assignments
By 1495 Juan Quintana was already a student, most likely in the Studium Generale of Arts in Zaragoza, and he later continued his education at the Sorbonne. During his studies in Paris Juan Quintana interceded in favor of Llulism, along with professors Antonio and Luis Coronel. He later obtained his doctorate in Theology at this university in May 1520. At some point afterwards, and before 1522, Quintana became the Chaplain in King Charles V's retinue, and he started participating as a theologian in special royal assignments, such as the trials against the Protestant Probst and Grapheus. Quintana kept traveling with the royal retinue, and during the 1630s he kept being assigned to take part in additional royal religious decisions, clearly aimed at containing (and also repressing) theological ideas that would not be in agreement with the Catholic faith, which King Charles wanted to be preeminent: in 1525 he participated in the Edict against the Alumbrados, in 1526 in the Edict against the moriscos from Granada, and in 1527 was one of the experts who attended the Conference of Valladolid, in order to judge Erasmus's theological ideas.
Contact with Michael Servetus
Some authors think that Dr. Juan de Quintana was an Erasmian, but others think otherwise, especially due to how extensively Quintana attacked Erasmus and his ideas during the Conference of Valladolid, saying that his ideas were false, heretical, deceiving, erroneous, or incredibly dangerous. One of the reasons for some authors to consider him a follower of Erasmus was that the famous polymath Michael Servetus claimed that he had been working in the service of Juan de Quintana, and as Servetus was an Erasmian, it was taken for granted that he learned those ideas from the royal chaplain, while they were in the royal retinue, in which there were some Erasmians. It seems clear that Quintana knew Servetus's family in Villanueva de Sigena, for his family was neighbor of the Conesas, the maternal family. And it also seems Quintana could have known the young Servetus while he was a studying in the Latin Grammar Studium of Sariñena near 1520, whose head was mosén Domingo Manobel. But it also seems that Servetus—whose name was not known in the royal retinue—learned Erasmus's ideas from the Studium Generale of Arts in Zaragoza, in which several of Erasmus's works were read to the students, and in which Servetus had been living from 1520 to 1527, first as a student and then as one of the four "Masters of Arts" (professors of Arts), while Quintana was traveling with the retinue.
Last years
In 1530, shortly after Pope Clement VII crowned Charles V in Bologna, Dr. Juan de Quintana became the Emperor's Confessor and participated in the Diet of Augsburg, where he met and discussed theological issues with Philip Melanchthon. In 1532, from Regensburg, the emperor appointed him Abbot of Montearagon (with an income of 64,000 ), which his nephews from Vic took possession of. Juan de Quintana was also named Lord of the village of Sipán (Huesca), and came back to Spain with the emperor in 1533, for the celebration of the Corts of Monzón. He then visited the Castle of Montearagón, where he made several appointments. He remained with the imperial court until his death in Segovia at the end of 1534.
References
Spanish Franciscans
University of Paris alumni
Academic staff of the University of Zaragoza
1534 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of birth uncertain
1480s births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20de%20Quintana |
White Farm Equipment is a manufacturer of agricultural machinery, now discontinued and owned by AGCO.
History
In 1960, the White Motor Company entered the agriculture market with the purchase of the Oliver Farm Equipment Company. In 1962, White acquired the Cockshutt Farm Equipment Company of Canada. White increased its agricultural interests in 1963 with the acquisition of Minneapolis-Moline.
In 1969, Oliver, Minneapolis-Moline and Cockshutt were merged to form White Farm Equipment with headquarters in Oak Brook, Illinois; White Motor Corporation's headquarters remained in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1975, Oliver, Minneapolis-Moline and Cockshutt were folded into the White brand. The green of Oliver, red of Cockshutt and yellow of Minneapolis-Moline tractors was replaced by the silver tractors of White's Field Boss line.
The Field Boss models in approximate order of introduction are as follows:
4-150 (The 4 indicates four wheel drive and the 150 is the power take-off horsepower) 2-105, 2-150 4-180, 2-50, 2-60, 2-70, 2-85, 2-135, 2-155, 2-180, 4-210, 4-180.
White produced tractors, combines, outdoor equipment such as lawn tractors, corn planters, tillage equipment such as plows, disks and field cultivators 4 wheel Drive. Some of the products were made by outside companies to White specifications.
In 1979 White Motors spun off its agriculture division to a Texas firm called TIC. The White line was branded WFE (White Farm Equipment). The White Outdoor Equipment portion that offered Lawn & Garden equipment was sold to MTD in 1981.
The agriculture market hit a severe recession in the early 1980s, and TIC sold WFE to Allied Products. Allied owned the New Idea farm equipment brand and formed a new division called White-New Idea. The White combine line was sold to Massey Ferguson in the late 1980s.
As it happened, Massey Ferguson later spun off the combine division into Massey Combines, then later re-absorbed the company after various lawsuits. After White and White-New Idea were sold to AGCO, AGCO also purchased Massey Ferguson, in effect, re-uniting the former White combine line with the former White tractor company.
Today White is an AGCO brand. AGCO was formed in 1990 by former Deutz-Allis executives. The executives took over Deutz-Allis and then purchased the White tractor line and Hesston Corporation brands in 1991. The remaining White-New Idea Company was purchased by AGCO in 1993 from Allied.
The White tractor line was produced by AGCO from 1991 through 2001 when the White line was merged with AGCO-Allis to create the AGCO brand.
The White name continued on under AGCO with the White Planter division until 2021 at which point, the planter line was absorbed into the Massey Ferguson brand of AGCO products. Though the branded White Planters are no longer produced, their legacy and innovations carry on within the planter industry.
References
White history on the Big Tractor Power web site
External links
AGCO Corporation
AGCO
White Consolidated Industries
Agriculture companies of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Farm%20Equipment |
The Northern Branch Corridor Project is a proposed extension of the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (HBLR) from its northern terminus into eastern Bergen County, New Jersey, initially proposed in 2001. If built, the new service would use the right-of-way of the Northern Branch on which the Erie Lackawanna Railroad ran passenger service until October 3, 1966, and is currently a lightly used, stub-ended freight rail line owned by CSX Transportation. The Northern Branch Corridor is at the foot of the west side of the Hudson Palisades in the Hackensack River valley, running for much of its length parallel to Overpeck Creek. After mixed reactions and extensive community input to a draft environmental impact statement (EIS), it was decided in 2013 to terminate the line at the Englewood Hospital and Medical Center. In March 2017 the Supplementary Draft Environmental Impact Statement was approved by the Federal Transit Administration allowing for a period of public reaction. A separately-conceived and funded bridge at 69th St. in North Bergen, necessary for operation of the system, has been completed. In 2017 NJ Transit estimated that the line would open in 2029.
Hudson-Bergen Light Rail
Original proposals for the HBLR called for a terminus at the New Jersey Turnpike Vince Lombardi Park-and-Ride in Ridgefield, in Bergen County. Despite its name, it currently operates only in Hudson County. Service began its initial operating segment in April 2000, expanded in phases during the next decade and was completed with the opening of its southern terminus on January 31, 2011. The line generally runs parallel to the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay, while its western branch and northern end travel through the lower Hudson Palisades. HBLR has twenty-four stations along a total trackage length of just over and serves over 40,000 weekday passengers. From its southern terminus at 8th Street in Bayonne the HBLR travels through Jersey City, Hoboken and North Hudson to its current northern terminus at Tonnelle Avenue. The balloon loop allowing for reversal of direction is immediately adjacent to the proposed right-of-way at North Bergen Yard.
Passenger and freight service
The region along the corridor was known as the English Neighborhood during the post-colonial era and was largely developed after the introduction of rail service in the mid-19th century. Until the 1960s, the area and neighboring communities in the valley were served by regular passenger rail service to intermodal terminals on the Hudson River, where passengers were able to transfer to ferries to a variety of slips on the West Side of Manhattan. The West Shore Line to Weehawken Terminal was discontinued in 1959. Service on the Northern Branch to Pavonia Terminal, and in the 1960s to Hoboken Terminal, ended in 1966.
The stub-ended line is still used to serve industrial facilities along the route. Since Federal Railroad Administration regulations prohibit freight and light rail systems from operating concurrently, the new passenger service would be restricted to running between 5:30 a.m. and 10:30 p.m.
A Major Investment Study and environmental impact statement for the corridor project were first authorized by the Federal Transit Administration and New Jersey Transit in 2001 to examine the possibility of extending Hudson-Bergen Light Rail along the right of way of the Northern Branch. Transportation advocates supported the idea, since it would provide single-seat access between Bergen and Hudson municipalities along the Hudson River. Because light rail cannot operate concurrently with freight service, these plans would have required installation of additional track or scheduling freight traffic late at night or on weekends. Light rail would also require installation of catenary above the tracks and require substations to feed those wires.
The construction, operational conflicts and cost considerations led NJT to consider using FRA-compliant diesel multiple unit (DMU) vehicles, which would have used the existing trackage and minimized interference with freight service on the line. On February 13, 2006, the agency received $3.6 million in federal funding to conduct engineering and environmental studies. Had it been built, it would have essentially been a separate service, with trains traveling south from Tenafly terminating in North Bergen, at a station providing connecting service to the separate electric-powered HBLR. The DMU alternative was criticized by rail transit advocates, who argued that a system which required an additional transfer for Bergen commuters would be inefficient and that the original light-rail plan be implemented instead. The proposal was dropped when the manufacturer of DMUs, Colorado Railcar, went bankrupt.
Terminal station
The proposal included two possible options for the northern end of the line. One build option would include stations in North Bergen at the county line near Fairview, Ridgefield, Palisades Park, Leonia and Englewood, where a terminal would be built at a park and ride adjacent to New Jersey Route 4. A second build option and the "preferred alternative" put forth by NJT was for an extension through Englewood, with additional stations, and Tenafly to two stations, the last of which would be a terminus at the Cresskill town line.
Response to the proposal was met with mixed reactions, with those communities at its southern end generally favorable and those at its northern end much less so. In Englewood, Fairview and Ridgefield, officials see the new stations as a positive addition to their public transportation system. In an extensive survey conducted in 2009, Leonia residents questioned the benefit for the borough and expressed concerns about traffic and the location of the station at Fort Lee Road, believing it could be better-situated to avoid the congestion it might cause. In Tenafly, residents and officials believe that quality of life in the towns will be negatively affected without much additional benefit. While lending support for the new system in their written responses to the DEIS, the governments of Ridgefield, Leonia and Englewood all expressed the concerns about station locations and their parking facilities, suggesting that they would cause congestion.
Opposition had been most vehement in Tenafly, where voters had already rejected the plan to re-establish rail service to the town in a non-binding referendum in November 2010. Residents and officials rejected plan as described in the DEIS at public hearings in January 2012.
Despite local opposition, officials in Bergen County asked the North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority to support the proposal to extend light rail service as NJT's "preferred alternative". The New Jersey Association of Railroad Passengers also endorsed the longer route. The Record regional newspaper, in an editorial, stated that a terminus in the commercial center of Englewood would be sufficient, since the need to begin building the new line is of utmost importance. According to the town's historic preservation commission, the DEIS does not sufficiently address impact to historic structures along the route.
It was decided in 2013 to terminate the line at the Englewood Hospital and Medical Center after another DEIS was performed.
A Supplemental DEIS was released in March 2017, with a public hearing scheduled for April 24 in Englewood.
EIS, estimated costs, and funding
The estimated cost of the project is approaching $1 billion. Approximately $40 million has been allocated to the project, which was expected to begin in 2012 and be completed in 2015 and projected to have an estimated 24,000 passengers daily. Nearly three years after its submission, the Federal Transit Administration authorized the release of a draft environmental impact statement (DEIS) in December 2011.
A February 2012 review of the DEIS by the Environmental Protection Agency found a "lack of objections" but questioned the implementation of wetlands mitigation banking proposal and the grade separation outline within the document.
In a meeting held in September 2012 with NJT and 13 mayors from the region, NJT said that it had yet to complete review of responses to the DEIS and that no funding for the project had been identified.
With the compromise to build the northern terminus between those originally proposed, the project can be advanced with the completion of a final environmental impact statement. Initially, it was undecided whether or not a supplemental draft environmental impact statement (SDEIS) would be required for the Englewood Hospital terminus. State legislators petitioned the Federal Transit Administration to proceed with the existing impact statement to avoid additional delays to the project.
In February 2014, NJ Transit was directed by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) to prepare a SDEIS Supplementary Draft Environmental Impact Statement, to be complete in the fall. The FTA approved the SDEIS in March 2017 and it was released on March 17, 2017.
The state can apply for federal funding but would have to provide matching state funds, according to Rep. Bill Pascrell's office. It was expected that, with a new gasoline tax passed in 2016, the state's Transportation Trust Fund would provide funding for the line. New Jersey Transit capital improvements budgets included $95 million in funding for environmental remediation for the project during 2018 through 2020.
In August 2023 the FTA announced that it would not act on the 2018 supplement to the EIS, citing “all-encompassing changes” since then and requested more information about the extension. An NJ Transit spokesman estimated the this additional work will delay the project by two years.
69th Street
While not officially part of the HBLR Northern Branch extension project, the 69th Street Bridge in North Bergen was seen as a significant component in success of its operations. It was funded by NJ Transit. The bridge replaced the earlier grade crossing near the CSX North Bergen Yard and NYSW siding between Tonnelle Avenue and West Side Avenue. Significant delays were caused by long trains-created traffic congestion for those working and shopping in the area. Estimated to cost $67 million in 2005, ground was broken in October, 2008, but construction was delayed for years due to the first construction company's inadequacies and the subsequent cancellation of its contract. It finally opened in February 2019.
Located midway between the current terminus near 49th Street and the first proposed station at 91st Street, the site was at one time planned to be a stop along the route, though current Northern Branch plans do not include one.
The Passaic–Bergen–Hudson Transit Project is a project by NJ Transit to reintroduce passenger service on a portion of the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway (NYSW) right-of-way in Passaic, Bergen and Hudson counties, using newly-built FRA-compliant diesel multiple unit rail cars. Plans call for a potential station at 69th Street.
Project status
In March 2014, the mayors of Jersey City, North Hudson and the towns of Bergen County along the route created a commission to promote the construction of the line. In July 2014, Englewood hired an engineering consulting firm to review environmental impact statements and exchanges between the municipality and NJT.
In October 2016, state legislators passed a resolution to make the project a top transportation project for the state. In 2020 NJ Transit projected the extension to cost $1.18B USD As of December 2022, the project is still in its design phase, and NJT was given a $600K federal grant to study transit-oriented development along the proposed extension. However the FTA's refusal to review the 2018 EIS supplement is estimated to delay the project into 2025.
References
Further reading
NJ Spotlight March 2015
External links
Northern Branch Corridor Project, New Jersey Transit
Final Scoping Document Northern Branch Corridor Project by USDOT, FTA, NJT in 2008
Northern Branch & Proposals on Google Maps
Association of Rail Passengers history of Northern Branch Corridor Project
Transportation in Bergen County, New Jersey
Transportation in Hudson County, New Jersey
NJ Transit Rail Operations
New Jersey streetcar lines
Proposed railway lines in New Jersey
Ridgefield, New Jersey
Palisades Park, New Jersey
Leonia, New Jersey
Englewood, New Jersey
North Bergen, New Jersey
Fairview, New Jersey
2029 in rail transport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Branch%20Corridor%20Project |
Fendt-Caravan GmbH is a German manufacturer of travel trailers (caravans) and recreational vehicles; its headquarters is located in Mertingen. Bought out January 1st., 1998 Fendt-Caravan since has been a 100% subsidiary of the Hobby-Wohnwagenwerk Ing. Harald Striewski GmbH.
The number of new Fendt caravan registrations in Europe in 2021 was 8,712, of which 3,948 were in the home market and strongest market of Germany. Together with the Hobby Group, the market share of new caravan registrations in Germany (2021/22) was 37.7%.
Products
In the 2023 season, Fendt-Caravan will offer 33 models in 5 ranges from entry-level to luxury caravans, as well as special family layouts. The manufacturer places its entire model range in the premium segment.
In addition, a separate model range of 4 series with 15 models is offered for the French market.
References
Recreational vehicle manufacturers
Caravan and travel trailer manufacturers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fendt%20Caravan |
This article features an extensive cast of characters from the Nickelodeon animated series The Fairly OddParents, created by Butch Hartman.
Main
Timmy Turner
Timothy Tiberius Turner is a 10-year-old boy who was given fairy godparents to grant his every wish as a result of his neglectful parents and abuse from Vicky. He wears a pink hat and shirt with blue pants. He also has a comically large malocclusion, which is usually mocked. His wishes often have unpredictable and problematic side effects, and are often reverted upon Timmy's request by the end of the episode. His interests include comic books, video games, cartoons, and sports. During a time travel trip, Timmy accidentally arrives the day his parents moved into their house; unseen, he learns that they were expecting a girl, hence his pink hat.
Originally, Timmy was going to be named Mike after Butch Hartman's older brother, but this led to an argument, so Hartman instead named the character after his youngest brother. Hartman also originally wanted to give him the last name Taylor, but that was close to Tim Allen's character name Tim Taylor in Home Improvement. Hartman has also stated that Timmy is his alter ego: "He's a wise guy. He's sarcastic. He's quick-tempered... He loves comic books. He loves video games. ... He's pretty much my alter ego, except I didn't have fairy godparents."
Timmy is voiced by Mary Kay Bergman in the original Oh Yeah! Cartoons shorts, and by Tara Strong in the main television series and related media. In the live-action films, he is portrayed by Drake Bell, but the animated portion in A Fairly Odd Summer is voiced by Strong. Alec Baldwin guest voiced adult Timmy in the "Channel Chasers" television special. In The Fairly OddParents: Fairly Odder, he is played by Caleb Pierce.
Cosmo and Wanda
Cosmo and Wanda are fairy godparents assigned to grant Timmy's, and later Chloe's, wishes. They were previously the godparents of Denzel Crocker, Billy Gates, Tina Turner, and other historical and modern day figures; such as Benjamin Franklin. To avoid being seen by humans other than Timmy, they often disguise themselves as animals or inanimate objects.
Cosmo
Cosmo Julius Fairywinkle-Cosma is Wanda's husband, Poof's father, and Timmy and Chloe's godfather. He is known for his dim-witted personality and has been responsible for inadvertently causing disasters since he was born. As explained in "Fairly Oddbaby", Cosmo's ability for destruction is such that when he was born, all fairies were henceforth no longer allowed to have children out of the fear that another potential fairy baby would be as bad as or worse than Cosmo. Although he is very laid back and dim, Cosmo is prone to fits of jealousy and becomes defensive when he sees others flirting with Wanda. He was the youngest fairy until Poof was born and, though he was considered an only child in earlier episodes, has a brother named Schnozmo that debuts later. His mother, Mama Cosma, is overprotective of Cosmo and thus despises Wanda. Cosmo has green hair and typically wears a white shirt, black pants, and a black necktie. He has shown to love pudding and a nickel named Philipp.
Cosmo is voiced by Daran Norris in the original Oh Yeah! Cartoons shorts, the main TV series and related media, including the 2022 live-action revival/reboot series Fairly Odder. In the live-action film A Fairly Odd Movie: Grow Up, Timmy Turner, the live-action Cosmo is portrayed by Jason Alexander, but the animated portions are still voiced by Norris.
Wanda
Wanda Venus Fairywinkle-Cosma is Cosmo's wife, Poof's mother, and Timmy and Chloe's godmother. She is depicted as being smart and caring. Unlike Cosmo, she tries to prevent Timmy from wishing for things which can be disastrous, though her attempts often fail. However, she is responsible for the extinction of dinosaurs, 65 million years ago. She has a sister, who is a popular actress, named Blonda whom she fights with a lot, as Wanda believes her sister's life as a Soap Star is easier than hers as a housewife. Wanda also has a father named Big Daddy, who also despised Cosmo similar to how Mama Cosma dislikes Wanda but to a much lesser extent. She has pink hair styled with a swirl in front and is usually shown wearing a yellow T-shirt and black pants. Wanda has an obsession with chocolate, and it is one of the only things that can distract her from her top priorities.
Wanda's design, especially the hair swirl, is based on Wilma from The Flintstones. In the original pitch for the show she was named Venus and had blue hair.
Wanda is voiced by Susanne Blakeslee in the original Oh Yeah! Cartoons shorts, the main TV series and related media, including the 2022 live-action revival/reboot series Fairly Odder. In the live-action film A Fairly Odd Movie: Grow Up, Timmy Turner, the live-action Wanda is portrayed by Cheryl Hines, but the animated portions are still voiced by Blakeslee.
Vicky
Vicky is Timmy's rude, selfish, greedy, sadistic, conniving, malicious, and tyrannical 16-year-old babysitter, and one of the main antagonists in the series. She has but a few friends and enjoys torturing children, watching television and making the world miserable, especially for Timmy. She lives with her mother, her father, and her younger sister Tootie. She has encountered Cosmo and Wanda on numerous occasions, but does not believe in them.
Also, she has encountered Mark Chang in his natural form, which she dismisses in early seasons as a Halloween costume, but recognizes as his true form during Season 6. A plot point in the episode "Frenemy Mine" involved her belonging to a dark society known as B.R.A.T. (Babysitters Raging Against Twerps). She has been shown to be accepting of her own cruelty, and that the only reason she is, is that she was mistreated as a child by her own babysitter.
Vicky is voiced by Grey (DeLisle) Griffin in the original Oh Yeah! Cartoons shorts, the main television series and related media. In the live-action films, she is portrayed by Devon Weigel. Vicky also appears as a recurring antagonist in The Fairly OddParents: Fairly Odder, where she is now a teacher at Dimmsdale Junior High, being portrayed by Mary Kate Wiles.
Mr. Crocker
Mr. Denzel Quincy Crocker, usually called Mr. Crocker, is a grayish-skinned, hunchbacked man and Timmy's fairy-obsessed teacher, and one of the main antagonists in the series. He correctly suspects that Timmy has fairy godparents of his own, and he is often able to tell what Timmy has wished for by the smallest, most irrelevant clues. His unshakable belief in fairy godparents leads to other adults perceiving him as mentally ill. A running gag has him spasm uncontrollably whenever he shouts, "Fairy godparents!".
Crocker has been shown to go to great extents to prove his theory that Timmy has fairy godparents, sinking vast quantities of money into expensive equipment and conducting elaborate experiments. He is also willing to do highly dangerous and immoral things to confirm the belief. For example, in his debut episode, "Transparents!", he attempts to test whether Cosmo and Wanda are fairies by trying to get them to sit in an electric chair. He states that, "If they survive, they're fairies!" but "If they don't, I have tenure!"
Surprisingly, Crocker is the previous godchild of Cosmo and Wanda. Though he lost them and the memories of their time with him, his belief in fairies remains. Timmy tries to alter this event via time travel in "The Secret Origin of Denzel Crocker!", but he paradoxically fails and becomes the reason Crocker lost Cosmo and Wanda and made him remember his belief in fairies.
Although being a middle-aged man, he still lives with his mother, Dolores Crocker. His father has never been seen or mentioned in the series.
In an ironic twist, Crocker served for many decades as the main power source for fairy magic; his belief is so strong that it was used to power the Big Wand, the source of all the magic in Fairy World. In the episode, "Crocker Shocker", this leads to the Big Wand losing all its power after he is hypnotized into believing fairies do not exist. To remedy this, Timmy, Cosmo, Wanda, Poof, and Jorgen make it so that everyone as equally crazy about fairies as Crocker is used as a source of power for the Big Wand.
Crocker is based on Eugene Levy's character in the 1984 film Splash. He was also designed to be in another cartoon that Hartman was pitching, but was placed in the show as the latter needed more villains.
Crocker is voiced by Carlos Alazraqui in the main television series and related media. In the live-action films, he is portrayed by David Lewis; he does not have an animated version of himself. Crocker returns in The Fairly OddParents: Fairly Odder, reprised by Alazraqui in both animation and live-action.
Poof
Poof Fairywinkle-Cosma is Cosmo and Wanda's son, introduced into the series in the 2008 special Fairly OddBaby. He was the first fairy baby born in over ten thousand years, with his own father being the second to last. His magical abilities are controlled by his emotions and channeled through his magic rattle.
In "Fairy Old Parent", Poof is assigned to his very first person as a fairy godparent as his own, for miserable old people; such as Mrs. Crocker. He grants her wishes but became overworked and exhausted, returning to Cosmo and Wanda.
In the Season 10 episode "Certifiable Super Sitter", Poof returned from Spellementary Boarding School for spring break. His voice has gotten deeper and more comical as part of his formal training to be a great fairy. Chloe goes completely crazy over him, as she loves babies. Due to avoiding difficulty by not having plots with too many main characters in each episode, Poof only appeared in one episode of Season 10.
Poof was originally going to be named Dusty.
Poof's baby vocalizations are done by Tara Strong in the main television series and related media. In the film A Fairly Odd Movie: Grow Up, Timmy Turner!, Poof's speaking voice is done by Randy Jackson, but the baby vocalizations are still done by Strong.
Sparky
Sparky is Timmy's talking fairy dog, who was a character in Season 9, but was dropped from the show before Season 10 due to negative reception. Sparky has orange fur, a wand for a tail, a blue nose, and fairy wings. He wears a fairy crown and a blue collar. Sparky's magic tail doesn't work when he is wet. He has magic fleas that will turn people into dogs if bitten. He is highly allergic to pasta, and is capable of performing human acts, such as driving. Unlike Timmy's fairy godparents, it is okay for other people to know about Sparky, but they cannot know that he can talk.
Sparky is voiced by Maddie Taylor in the main television series and related media.
Chloe Carmichael
Chloe Carmichael is Timmy's neighbor who debuts in the Season 10 premiere episode, "The Big Fairy Share Scare". Due to there not being enough fairies available for kids, overwhelming demand and fairies taking on better paying jobs in the fancy candle industry, she and Timmy are forced to share Cosmo and Wanda. Although in the beginning they do not get along, they end up becoming best friends. Chloe is seen by Timmy as an annoying, goody goody, and boastful, little girl and she has the tendency to cause chaos with her wishes.
Chloe is voiced by Kari Wahlgren in the main television series and related media.
Supporting
Timmy's parents
Mr. Turner, also known as "Dad", (voiced and portrayed by Daran Norris in the series and the live-action films respectively) and Mrs. Turner, also known as "Mom", (voiced by Susanne Blakeslee, portrayed by Teryl Rothery in the live-action films) are Timmy's parents. Mom is a real estate agent and home dealer; and Dad works as an employee of a pencil factory called Pencil Nexus and troop leader for Timmy's Squirrelly Scouts Troop, though both have had several other jobs, usually only for a single episode. When either of them mentions their first names, they're usually cut off or silenced in a comedic fashion, and were even referred to as "Mom" and "Dad" as children. Mom is shown to be a horrible gardener and cook, as anything she tries to grow dies and her meals usually come alive and try to attack her family. Dad is often shown hating the Dinklebergs, the next door neighbors, which can be compared to Homer Simpson's hatred for Ned Flanders in The Simpsons. Both are completely oblivious to the magic in their home, and despite their love for Timmy, tend to be somewhat neglectful. They leave Timmy with Vicky, his babysitter, and are oblivious to signs that she is evil; even going as far as believing that the song "Icky Vicky" was about pumpkins. Mr. Dinkleberg and Mrs. Turner used to be a couple during their teenage years.
Hartman originally designed Timmy's parents to only appear from the waist down in Oh Yeah! Cartoons.
Kids
Chester McBadbat (voiced by Frankie Muniz 2001–2003; Jason Marsden 2003–2017) is one of Timmy's best friends. He lives in a trailer with his father in an impoverished community with few amenities. He is generous and cares more for others than himself, as every time he has obtained magic, he has used his wishes to try to improve the lives of others, even though it usually leads to disaster. He becomes the only classmate of Timmy to know about his godparents' existence in "Fairy Idol", but it is not mentioned again in later episodes. He often wears worn-in, oversized clothes. He has freckles, green eyes, dental braces, and blonde shaggy hair and eyebrows. As shown in the episode "Emotion Commotion!", he seems to be allergic to girls. Chris Anderson portrays him in A Fairly Odd Movie: Grow Up, Timmy Turner!.
A.J. (voiced by Ibrahim Haneef Muhammad 2001–2003; Gary LeRoi Gray 2003–2017) is the resident genius in Timmy's class, and one of his best friends. He comes from an upper-middle-class family, and is a straight "A" student in school, a quality both his parents have achieved as well. He has constructed an older brother who defends him from bullies, fulfilling his need for a real one. He plays with video games and reads comic books like his other friends, in spite of his superior intellect. He has a secret laboratory that he conceals with a "cloak" button on his bedroom wall which, when pressed, converts his lab into a typical bedroom. Jesse Reid portrays him in A Fairly Odd Movie: Grow Up, Timmy Turner!.
(voiced by Grey DeLisle in the TV series, Amber Hood in the Oh Yeah! Cartoons episode "The Fairy Flu", portrayed in the live-action movies by Daniella Monet) is Vicky's younger sister. She is a bespectacled girl who has an obsessive crush on Timmy, often going to the extreme of spying on and stalking him. While Timmy rejects her regularly, he does have a soft spot for her and does nice things for her in several episodes, including sending Cosmo and Wanda out on loan for her birthday after Vicky ruins it. When Vicky isn't torturing the children she babysits, she regularly tortures Tootie at home in substitution. Tootie is one of the main characters in the three live-action films. The name originates from Hartman's nickname for his daughter Carly.
Elmer (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker, named for Butch Hartman's real name) is a nerdy kid and one of Timmy's friends. His most notable feature is the abnormally large boil on his face whom he named Bob (after series animator Bob Boyle). Unbeknownst to the rest of the world, Bob is sentient and evil. Elmer is the only one who can hear Bob speak and tries to keep his boil in check.
Sanjay (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) is a boy of Indian-American descent who is one of Timmy's friends. He speaks with a high pitched voice, which is accompanied by a strong accent. He often has to put up with his stepfather's military ways of life as if he were in boot camp. He also has a dream about Timmy and his white horse saving him.
(voiced by Dionne Quan) is the object of Timmy's affection and the most popular girl at Dimmsdale Elementary. Due to Timmy not being popular, Trixie rarely acknowledges his existence, except in secret. It is revealed that she likes action comic books, but keeps it a secret to maintain her popularity. At the end of "Channel Chasers", Timmy's future children have physical similarities to both Trixie and Tootie.
Veronica (voiced by Grey DeLisle) a popular girl at school, who is Trixie Tang's obsessive best friend who wants to be Trixie. She may also have a secret crush on Timmy.
Tad and Chad (voiced by Tara Strong and Grey DeLisle) are two of Timmy's wealthy, popular classmates. They often make fun of Timmy and other unpopular kids, and also frequently turn Trixie away from Timmy by embarrassing him or impressing her with their money.
Kevin Crocker (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) is the nephew of Mr. Crocker, being the son of his half-sister. He is physically identical to his uncle. Kevin debuts in "Chip off the Old Crock!", where his uncle tries to instruct him to follow in his footsteps to hunt fairies, but instead, he ends up befriending Chloe and Timmy. After it, he appears as a recurring character during the season 10.
Fairies
(voiced by Daran Norris, played by Mark Gibbon in the live-action movies) is the anti-hero of the show who appears to be the toughest fairy in the universe who speaks with an Austrian accent (a clear reference to Arnold Schwarzenegger) and is a high-ranking official in Fairy World. Unlike other fairies who "poof" from place to place, Jorgen appears and disappears in the form of an atomic explosion and has a jet pack instead of wings. In "The Zappies", he mentioned he has had only one godchild, Winston; the reason for this, as revealed in "Temporary Fairy", is that his extreme wish-granting and daredevil stunts unnecessarily endanger the lives of godchildren. He is sadistic and enjoys the idea of others cowering in fear of him, which affects his ability to have friends besides Cosmo and Wanda. Although Jorgen is known as the toughest fairy in Fairy World, he is seen multiple times crying in front of Cosmo and Wanda. In 'Teeth for Two', it is revealed that he dated the Tooth Fairy before breaking up over Timmy's teeth. He married her at the end of the episode, but the marriage was not mentioned since. It is revealed in "Cosmo Rules" that Cosmo is his distant cousin.
(voiced by Dee Baker) is a meek yet optimistic fairy whom Jorgen often abuses and berates.
(voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) is Remy Buxaplenty's fairy godparent who speaks with an overexaggerated Spanish accent. He is often a villain in the episodes in which he appears alongside his godchild, but is actually a kind fairy whom Timmy considers a friend. He is Wanda's ex-boyfriend and is still infatuated with her, much to Cosmo's chagrin. A running gag has him magically tearing off his white T-shirt to show off his muscles and then making it reappear shortly thereafter.
Cupid (voiced by Tom Kenny) is a fairy who promotes love across the universe, yet his arrogance contrasts his love-themed abilities.
The Tooth Fairy (voiced by Grey DeLisle) is one of the few adult-sized fairies, which is dedicated to changing the teeth that children leave under the pillows for coins, and the wife of Jorgen Von Strangle.
Mama Cosma (voiced by Jane Carr) is Cosmo and Schnozmo's mother. She loathes Wanda and repeatedly attempts to get rid of her because of the over-protective bond she has with her son.
Blonda Fairywinkle (voiced by Julia Louis-Dreyfus in her first appearance and Tara Strong in all subsequent appearances) is the twin sister of Wanda. She is far more self-centered and vain compared to Wanda. She is the star of the soap opera "All My Biceps" which is Jorgen's favorite show. In "Fairy Idol", she is seen to be in love with Juandissimo.
Dr. Rip Studwell (voiced by Jim Ward in the first appearance, Butch Hartman in later appearances) is a fairy doctor who insists on being referred to by his full name and usually plays golf and spends time with ladies rather than performing medical procedures.
Big Daddy Fairywinkle (voiced by Tony Sirico) is the father of Wanda and Blonda and the husband of Mama Cosma. He is the boss of a mafia that has even scared Jorgen before and also has a business that is responsible for cleaning up all of the garbage in Fairy World.
Santa Claus (voiced by Tom Arnold in his normal form and Kevin Michael Richardson in his other form, played by Donavon Stinson in A Fairly Odd Christmas) is the figure of holiday folklore. Outside of Christmas time he is a thin businessman that wears a suit and has neatly trimmed hair. Near Christmas, he is lent magic by all the fairies of the world which transforms him into the most commonly recognized form.
Baby New Year is the figure of holiday folklore. He is a giant baby that only speaks with a giant "goo" and always carries a rattle.
The Easter Bunny (voiced by Robert Costanzo) is the figure of holiday folklore. He talks with a Brooklyn mob accent.
The April Fool (voiced by Daran Norris) is the "embodiment of comedy" who is Fairy World's chief comedian and tells jokes very frequently at Uncle Knuckle's Chuckle Bunker. His voice and mannerisms are similar to Jerry Seinfeld.
Superheroes
(voiced by Jay Leno, Daran Norris in episodes "Super Humor" and "Fairy Fairy Quite Contrary") is a comic book superhero whose comics Timmy and many other children in the series enjoy reading. Though he has many standard superhero abilities such as flight, superior strength, and heat vision, his main weapon is his enormous chin: a reference to that of his voice actor, which he gained when a radioactive actor bit him on the chin. Sometimes, Timmy joins him in his comic book adventures as his sidekick "Cleft the Boy Chin Wonder," and at other times, the Chin comes to the real world via fairy magic. He lives in "Chincinnati", and his alter ego is Charles Hampton "Chuck" Indigo, news writer for the Daily Blabbity.
(voiced by Adam West in Season 4–6, Jeff Bennett in Season 9-10) is actor Adam West's alter ego, and a good friend of Timmy's. He is considered insane by most people since he thinks he is part cat because of a TV show he was part of 30 years ago. The character is a reference to West's role as Batman on the 1960s television show.
(Sprig Speevak) (voiced by Daran Norris, James Arnold Taylor in the "Crash Nebula" special) is a fictional space hero whose television show is watched by Timmy and his friends.
Dimmsdale Elementary School staff
(voiced by Grey DeLisle) is the Irish-accented principal at Dimmsdale Elementary School and was once in love with Denzel Crocker, but broke up with him when she realized about his obsession with fairies. She has a full-figured physique, and loves any kind of food, especially jelly donuts, but is unable to eat cake because, as she states, she's "frosting intolerant".
Mr. Bickles (voiced by Jim Ward) is Timmy's flamboyant drama teacher. A running gag is that he always has a "new dream" that is later "ruined", usually as the result of something Timmy has done.
Mr. Birkenbake (voiced by Rob Paulsen) is another teacher at Timmy's school and the chief editor of the school newspaper. He is a hippie that lives in a trailer and collects items made of "smoof" which he calls "the greatest natural occurring substance in the world". His name is a reference to Birkenstock sandals which are commonly associated with hippies.
Other
(voiced by Rob Paulsen) is an alien prince from the planet of Yugopotamia (located almost 10,760 astronomical units away from Earth) and one of Timmy's friends. Chang resembles a green squid-like creature with a brain contained in glass. He also features a "Fake-i-fier" on his waist, allowing him to shapeshift into objects and human forms. Introduced in "Spaced Out", Chang and the other aliens of Yugopotamia are horrified by things commonly considered cute and are attracted to disgusting objects (like manure) and people. As such, Chang has a crush on Vicky, who is unaware that he is a real alien. His parents, King Gripullon and Queen Jipjorrulac (voiced by Paulsen and Laraine Newman, respectively) eventually marry Chang to the vicious, homicidal Princess Mandie (pronounced "Man-DIE"). To escape her wrath, Chang relocates to the Dimmsdale Dump on Earth. He also celebrates F.L.A.R.G., a holiday celebrating revolting activities before blowing up the host's planet. Hartman said that he was supposed to have an evil alien voice, but when Paulsen used a surfer dude voice instead, they went with that.
The (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui, portrayed by Serge Houde in the first live action film) is the city's unnamed mayor for life who was first introduced in "Dream Goat!", where he is very protective (and somewhat jealous) of the city's famous mascot, Chompy the Goat (also voiced by Alazraqui), who in later episodes seems to become a very good friend of the Mayor, and is sometimes a literal "scapegoat" for when the Mayor needs to blame something on someone.
The are the Turners' next-door neighbors. Mr. Turner believes Sheldon Dinkleberg (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) to be his nemesis and blames him for numerous misfortunes. Nevertheless, Sheldon is a well-meaning and friendly neighbor and puts up with Mr. Turner's hatred of him, and he even humors the theories Mr. Turner makes about himself. He and his wife, Mrs. Dinkleberg, (voiced by Susanne Blakeslee) do not have any children and so can afford many luxuries that the Turners cannot. Sheldon having been in a relationship with Mrs. Turner only increased Mr. Turner's obsessive feelings of hatred towards him.
Bucky McBadbat (voiced by Rob Paulsen) is Chester's father and former baseball player who was kicked out of the MLB for being, per Timmy's words, "the worst baseball player ever". He wears a paper bag on his head because of the shame of being a failure as a baseball player.
Mrs. Dolores Crocker (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) is Mr. Crocker's mother, who lives with her son. Mr. Crocker does not support her.
(voiced by Jim Ward) is a vertically challenged newscaster, known for his trademark line "I'm Chet Ubetcha".
(voiced by Chris Kirkpatrick) is a widely popular and attractive teen singing sensation, and friend of Timmy Turner's. Timmy initially wishes that the worst possible non-lethal thing would happen to Chip, which turned out to be being stuck with Vicky. This inspired him to write the hit song "Icky Vicky".
(voiced by Tara Strong) is a widely popular and attractive female teen singing sensation, and the princess of pop in Dimmsdale. She was sent by Cosmo to Fairy World in the episode "Truth or Cosmoquences" after she was hypnotized to believe she was his wife. She is a parody of Britney Spears. Her major role time mainly occurred during the series' original run until her only appearance in "Momnipresent" in the revival before being written out from the show due to Spears' negative reputation since 2006.
Flappy Bob (voiced by S. Scott Bullock) is a clown that was separated from his parents as a baby and raised by the Pixies to be a boring businessman. He was the founder and original owner of Flappy Bob's Camp Learn-A-Torium.
Happy Peppy Gary and Happy Peppy Betty (voiced respectively by Rob Paulsen and Grey DeLisle) are two of the workers at Flappy Bob's Camp Learn-A-Torium who are very overprotective of the children in their care. Gary has a crush on Betty but she doesn't see him that way.
Doug Dimmadome (voiced by Jim Ward) is the owner of the Dimmsdale Dimmadome and several other buildings and companies in Dimmsdale, and the richest and most powerful man in the city. Based on his mannerisms and Western attire, he is most likely a parody of American businessman William Randolph Hearst.
King Gripullon and Queen Jipjorrulac (voiced respectively by Rob Paulsen and Laraine Newman) are Mark Chang's parents, and rulers of Yugopotamia.
Mr. Ed Leadly (voiced by Rob Paulsen, portrayed by Tony Alcantar in A Fairly Odd Summer) is the president and CEO of Pencil Nexus, and boss of Timmy's Dad. His design resembles a small #2 pencil.
Clark and Connie Carmichael (voiced respectively by Mick Wingert and Cheri Oteri) are Chloe's parents. He is a "Professional Hero", and she is an "Extreme Veterinarian".
Villains
Francis
Francis (voiced by Faith Abrahams) is the school bully and another of Timmy's enemies. He has gray skin and a low-pitched voice, and his clothes and underwear are ragged. In "It's a Wishful Life", it is revealed that, if Timmy did not exist, Francis would funnel all of the aggression he expends bullying into football. His final appearance was in season 7. He was not seen in season 8, 9 or 10.
Anti-Fairies
The Anti-Fairies, as their name suggests, are the evil opposite of fairies. The anti-fairies are responsible for all the bad luck on earth and, according to Cosmo, Friday the 13th is their "Christmas". Each fairy has an anti-fairy counterpart, who is their opposite in both personality and morality.
Anti-Cosmo (Daran Norris) is portrayed as a cynical, evil, sadistic, and intelligent anti-fairy with a British accent, and is hinted to be the leader of the Anti-Fairies, while Anti-Wanda (Susanne Blakeslee), is portrayed as a dumb, hillbilly fairy who eats with her feet.
The Anti-Fairies reside in Anti-Fairy World, an enclosed environment within Fairy World, first shown as a chamber with a gate guarded by Jorgen. After Timmy accidentally set them free on Earth, Anti-Fairy World was turned into a prison-styled containment facility, where residents live in cells and wear suits preventing them from using magic. The high levels of security were still deemed penetrable, due in part to a specific group effort to get Anti-Cosmo out of Anti-Fairy World to be used as a donor for an operation. The Anti-Fairies serve as the main villains of The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 2: When Nerds Collide, Fairly OddBaby, and Fairy Oddlympics. They are fairly important villains early in the series, but have made few appearances after Poof is introduced.
Anti Sparky is the evil version of Sparky who appeared in the episode "Man's Worst Friend". Unlike Sparky who is stupid yet very loyal and friendly, Anti Sparky is smart and takes advice from nobody.
Foop
Foop (voiced by Eric Bauza, portrayed by Scott Baio in A Fairly Odd Summer) is the evil counterpart of Poof and the son of Anti-Cosmo and Anti-Wanda. Because Poof is so nice and attracts so much positive attention, Foop is portrayed as evil and extremely jealous of his counterpart. Foop wants nothing but to destroy Poof, and he cares not for anyone who gets in his way. Unlike Poof, who causes bad things to happen when he cries, Foop's cry causes good things to happen.
Foop resembles Poof, but he is shaped like a cube rather than a ball. He also has a black mustache and goatee (a reference to the Star Trek episode "Mirror, Mirror" in which the evil counterpart of Spock wears the same). Foop has bat wings and a black crown, and his wand is a baby bottle with bat wings on the side. He also speaks with a stereotypical British gentleman accent.
Pixies
Pixies are similar to fairies but have a much more corporate attitude toward magic than fairies do. As such, they have square physical features, utilize mobile phones instead of wands, dress in predominantly greyscale suits with cone-shaped hats, speak in a monotone drone (provided by Ben Stein), require that wishes be submitted for approval by filling out multiple forms, and have a general disregard for anything fun or exciting that does not fit into the pixie mentality. Not only that, but they refer to their home world as a business called Pixies, Inc., and their leader is referred to as the Head Pixie, or H.P. (a caricature of Stein himself), with a pixie called Sanderson being his second-in-command. When they warp from place to place, Pixies use "ping" clouds instead of the fairies' traditional "poof" clouds. On numerous occasions, they have attempted to take over Fairy World and replace all fairies with pixies using elaborate business schemes.
Dr. Bender
Dr. Bender (voiced by Gilbert Gottfried in "The Same Game", "Scary GodParents", and "Shiny Teeth"; Butch Hartman onwards) is an evil dentist. He has an obsession with perfect teeth, wears dentures that keep his mouth in a perpetual smile, and is intolerant toward anyone who does not have quality teeth. His son, Wendell (also voiced by Gilbert Gottfried and later Butch Hartman), is almost identical to his father in appearance and is also tooth-hygienic, but hates it when his father scares off other kids. Dr. Bender enjoys performing pointless procedures on children's teeth and encourages children to eat refined sugar to boost his business.
Dark Laser
Dark Laser (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) is a science fiction villain character who is first seen as an image of a catalog toy before Timmy brings him to life in "Hard Copy". In "Escape from Unwish Island," Dark Laser is among the Unwished characters that work for Imaginary Gary. He becomes a recurring villain in season six, appearing in "Mission: Responsible", "The End of Universe-ity", "Dread 'n' Breakfast", "Please Don't Feed The Turners" and "Momnipresent". He is an obvious parody of Darth Vader from the Star Wars film series. He is often seen carrying his mechanical toy dog Flipsy, whom Timmy brings into the real world before him (although not alive) and whose backflipping function always makes him giggle.
Norm the Genie
Norm (voiced by Norm Macdonald in the series and by Robert Cait in "Fairy Idol") is a genie tired of being bound to his lava lamp, into which he must return after being released and granting three wishes to his releaser. While there are no rules as to what wishes he can grant, he is deceptive and can find clever ways to subvert his master's expectations. After Timmy outsmarts him in his first appearance, he colludes with Crocker in his second appearance to get revenge on Timmy. In the special episode "Fairy Idol", he formulates a scheme to become a fairy godparent so he can escape his lamp and sabotages a "Fairy Idol" contest (parodying American Idol) to reach this goal.
Princess Mandie
Princess Mandie a.k.a. Man-DIE (voiced by Tara Strong) is Mark Chang's terrifying though beautiful former fiancée, a barbaric extraterrestrial princess who can be described as psychotically violent. Antagonized by Mark's intimidation about her and his refusal to marry her, Mandie constantly plots revengeful, bloodthirsty murder against him. It was later revealed Mandie never loved Mark and only wanted to marry him as a way of seizing power. Mandie was eventually defeated by Vicky when Timmy and Mark tricked Vicky into attacking her.
Remy Buxaplenty
Remy Buxaplenty (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) is an archetypical privileged wealthy child, and one of Timmy's rivals. Despite being very rich, Remy is usually unhappy due to his neglectful, wealth-distracted parents, which is the reason why he has a fairy godparent, Wanda's ex-boyfriend Juandissimo. Both Remy and Timmy are aware of each other's fairy godparents, and Remy continuously tries to remove Timmy's fairies, primarily out of jealousy of not having both fairy and human parents who love him. Other than Timmy, and later, Chloe, he is the only named child in the series with a fairy godparent, though many episodes have featured a cameo of at least one unnamed child with their fairy godparent. His last name is a pun of "Bucks aplenty."
The Crimson Chin Villains
The enemies of the Crimson Chin that threaten Chincinnati.
The Bronze Kneecap (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) is the archenemy of the Crimson Chin and the founder of the Body of Evil. His origin story is explained in the episode "The Masked Magician": he was born Ron Hambone, a jai alai player famous for his numerous third-place wins. At one point, he was about to claim a first-place win for the first time, only to trip over the Crimson Chin's eponymous chin and break one of his knees. This led him to melt his trophies into a bronze cast suit of armor, inspiring his villain name. His particular ability involves shooting various weapons out of the kneecap pieces of his suit. He once tried to have his enemy pulverised by strapping him to a giant mechanical leg and have a giant doctor robot test the leg's reflex while simultaneously smashing the Chin, later revealed as part of a plan to destroy the City Hall via the leg's reflex kicking a giant soccer ball towards it.
The Nega Chin (voiced by Jay Leno) is the evil twin of the Crimson Chin, who possesses the same powers. He wears a dark gray costume instead of red, has pointed teeth and red eyes, and has a no symbol over the C logo on his chin.
(voiced by Susanne Blakeslee) is a water-based villain in the Crimson Chin comics, who becomes more powerful when she absorbs more water. She speaks with a Russian accent.
The Gilded Arches (voiced by Rob Paulsen) is a former child film actor who crushes theaters with his gigantic, golden legs and feet, his only body parts that grew during puberty. He is very fond of disco and has a golden tooth. He appears in both the Crimson Chin webcomics, in which he tried to destroy any and all theaters that no longer showed his films (including the Someguy Asian-American Theater due to them never allowing Arches to put his feet in their cement) and the video game Breakin' da Rules, in which he steals the Chin's speed.
The Titanium Toenail is a villain in the Crimson Chin comics. He has the ability to shoot from his helmet sharp projectiles shaped like toenail clippings, which can cut through metal.
The Iron Lung is a metal-based villain in the Crimson Chin comics. He is a robotic enemy that uses the power of wind, which he uses to blow heavy gusts at his enemies as well as vacuum anything in his path.
The Golden Gut is a villain in the Crimson Chin comics. His stomach is made of weighted metal, which extends from his body and rams into his adversaries.
The Copper Cranium is a villain in the Crimson Chin comics, who wears a helmet with a giant, spring-loaded extra skull that can punch through obstacles.
Brass Knuckles (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) a.k.a. Coslo Puncholowski, is a hand-to-hand combat villain who has attempted to defeat the Crimson Chin in battle. As his name indicates, he has thick brass knuckles which enable him to punch through walls.
Spatula Woman (voiced by Grey DeLisle) is a woman who uses a giant red spatula to squish her enemies. She made her first appearance in the segment "Chin Up!", where she first encounters Cleft. She returned in the video game Breakin' Da Rules as the villain who stole the Crimson Chin's charisma.
Short-Fuse is a short-statured, bomb-themed villain in the Crimson Chin comics. As his name suggests, he is distinguished by his short temper, which lights the fuse on the hat he wears; and he literally explodes when others call him "small", "short" and "tiny".
Country Boy is a villain in the Crimson Chin comics. He throws deadly pig grenades.
The Darkness
The Darkness (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) is an ancient entity that has existed for millennia and the main antagonist in the first two thirds of the "Wishology" trilogy. It was first encountered by the Ancient Fairy Warriors. Only when the fairies combined their powers to neutralize the Darkness by using its natural enemy, light, did they manage to stop the Darkness completely. In "Wishology", the Darkness returns, seeking out the Chosen One prophesied to stop it: Turbo Thunder (voiced by Brendan Fraser), a superhero who resembles Timmy. In "Wishology 3: The Final Ending", the Darkness' true intentions are revealed: it only wants to alleviate its lonely existence by making friends, but it frightens everyone on almost every planet it visits. Together, Timmy, Turbo Thunder, and their friends transform the Darkness into a light being called "The Kindness".
The Eliminators
The Eliminators are robots that serve as The Darkness's henchmen. They are a parody of the iconic action film character the Terminator. They have the power to absorb any weapons and gain its fire power, and after acquiring Fake-a-fires from Yugopotamia, can change their appearance to match anyone or anything. Throughout the "Wishology" trilogy the main Eliminator, characterized by his leather jacket and sunglasses, becomes obsessed with eliminating Timmy after many failed attempts. In "Wishology 3: The Final Ending", he spits from the Darkness after it orders him to keep Timmy alive, and absorbs first Jorgen's wand, then an arsenal of weapons to become "The Destructinator". The Destructinator then uses his magic to transform the Earth into his own, mechanical, planet with the inhabitants his servants. The Destructinator orders for the planet to be filled with explosives that will be launched at The Darkness by a small detonator in an attempt to destroy it himself. After Timmy frees the Fairies from the Darkness, he engages The Destructinator in combat, only to be beaten, but Timmy then tricks The Destructinator into absorbing all the explosives from the planet, which Timmy then detonates, obliterating The Destructinator for good. At the end of the episode, The Darkness (now reformed as The Kindness) releases a new Eliminator (now a friendly "Hug-inator") to free everyone that was trapped inside it.
References
The Fairly OddParents
Fairly Oddparents The
Fairly OddParents, The
Fairly OddParents
Television characters introduced in 1998
Animated characters introduced in 1998
Television characters introduced in 2001
Animated characters introduced in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20The%20Fairly%20OddParents%20characters |
Colonia Roma, also called La Roma or simply, Roma, is a district located in the Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City just west of the city's historic center, and in fact is no longer a single colonia (neighbourhood) but now two officially defined ones, Roma Norte and Roma Sur, divided by Coahuila street.
The colonia was planned as an upper-class Porfirian neighborhood in the early twentieth century. By the 1940s, it had become a middle-class neighborhood in slow decline, with the downswing being worsened by the 1985 Mexico City earthquake. Since the 2000s, the area has seen increasing gentrification.
Currently Roma and neighbouring Condesa are known for being the epicenter of hipster subculture in the city, and rivals Polanco as the center of the city's culinary scene. Besides residential buildings, the neighborhood streets are lined with restaurants, bars, clubs, shops, cultural centers, churches and galleries. Many are housed in former Art Nouveau and Neo-Classical buildings dating from the Porfiriato period at the beginning of the 20th century. Roma was designated as a "Barrio Mágico" ("magical neighborhood") by the city in 2011.
History
The area was a very shallow part of Lake Texcoco, dotted with tiny islands and one small island village of Aztacalco during the pre-Hispanic period. During the colonial period, the area dried up and became rural lands first owned by Hernán Cortés and then by the Counts of Miraville. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, this area west of what was Mexico City proper was being turned into “modern” colonias for the wealthy seeking to escape the deterioration of city center. The colonia's height as an “aristocratic” and “European” enclave was from its founding in the 1900s until about the 1940s. However, wealthy residents began to move to newer neighborhoods as early as the 1940s and problems associated with urbanization began to appear in the 1950s. Older mansions began to give way to modern commercial buildings in the 1960s and 1970s as the deterioration became more serious. The 1985 Mexico City earthquake caused widespread destruction in the colonia, especially to newer and more commercial and apartment buildings, even causing one major development to mostly disappear. Since then, there have been efforts to conserve the area's architectural heritage and regain some of its former prestige with some success.
Geography
Boundaries
Roma's borders are:
Avenida Chapultepec to the north, across which is the Zona Rosa, Colonia Juárez area
Avenida de los Insurgentes to the west, across which is the Condesa district
Eje 4 Sur Benjamin Franklin, Antonio M. Anza and Viaducto Miguel Alemán to the south, across which are Colonia del Valle and Colonia Narvarte
Avenidas Cuauhtémoc and Jalapa to the east, across which is Colonia Doctores
In addition, a section (Roma Norte I) lies west of Insurgentes, whose borders are Chapultepec (N), Av. Veracruz (W), Parque España/Avenida Álvaro Obregón (S)
Avenida Coahuila divides Roma into the officially recognized neighborhoods of Roma Norte and Roma Sur.
Sub-districts
Roma consists of several sub-areas:
Roma Norte II and III
Roma Norte II and III, east of Avenida de los Insurgentes and north of Av. Coahuila, bisected by Roma's signature boulevard, Avenida Álvaro Obregón, is where the vast majority of the hippest restaurants, bars, clubs, etc. are found. It is home to about 1,100 mansions and other architecturally and historically important structures, mostly built between 1906 and 1939. Most of these are no longer residences but rather offices, cultural centers and other businesses. Examples of these adaptations include the Casa Lamm Cultural Center, the Casa Universitaria del Libro, the main building of the Universidad de Londres and the various art galleries which are mostly found on Colima street. In the northeast corner of this area is the pre-Hispanic village of La Romita.
Roma Norte I – Cibeles area
Roma Norte I, west of Insurgentes, has fewer landmark buildings and is a mix of offices, restaurants, retail and residential. The Palacio de Hierro department store Durango branch occupies a city block here and the landmark Fuente de Cibeles fountain is at the center of a major cluster of restaurants, cafés and clubs.
La Romita
La Romita is a small section of Roma which used to be an independent village and colonia and whose streets are still significantly different from the rest of Roma. The territory of modern Colonia Roma in pre-Hispanic times consisted of the very shallow waters of Lake Texcoco and a number of very small islands of firm ground, on one of which stood the village of Aztacalco. It was an independent village until the very early 20th century, when it was made its own colonia in 1903 with the name of La Romita. When Colonia Roma was created, Romita was officially incorporated into it, but the local residents fought redevelopment. The area has since developed semi-independently from the rest of Colonia Roma, both in infrastructure and socially. Even today, the area is relatively difficult to access, with narrow streets leading to a very small plaza and church called Santa María de la Natividad de Aztacalco (established in 1550). The local residents were of a significantly lower social class than the rest of Roma, with the wealthy residents avoiding it for fear of thieves. The area still has a reputation for crime and is found at the extreme northeast of the colonia near Metro Cuauhtémoc.
Roma Sur
East of Insurgentes and south of Coahuila street, Roma Sur is much more traditional than hip Roma Norte. There are many Latin American immigrants here, plus restaurants and shops catering to them. The Mercado Medellín is located here and is famous for Latin American goods and food as well. It continues to be a predominantly residential neighborhood and has not experienced the same level of gentrification as Roma Norte. This area of the district gained international attention as a result of Alfonso Cuarón's 2018 film Roma; Cuarón lived on Tepeji Street as a child.
Centro Urbano Benito Juárez
In the far southeast corner of Roma stands the Centro Urbano Benito Juárez, or Multifamiliar Juárez, a very large apartment complex in the 1940s and early 1950s. It was one of several projects of this type by architect Mario Pani, designed to house city government workers and to be semi-autonomous with its own schools, administration, businesses etc. and incorporate as much outdoors space as possible. Carlos Mérida’s mural work here was the most important of his career and the largest mural project in Mexico in the 20th century. Most of the complex and murals were destroyed by, or demolished after the 1985 Mexico City earthquake. Most of the land where the demolished buildings stood has become the Jardín Ramón López Velarde park.
Cityscape
The colonia was an exclusive area for the wealthy on the edge of the city when it was built in the very early 20th century. Roma started to decline around the mid 20th century and was heavily affected by the 1985 earthquake. In the 21st century, it has revived somewhat as a Bohemian area with restaurants, art galleries, offices and more. Today, the area attracts younger generations of artists, writers and urban hipsters, with rents rising once again.
Most of the streets are quiet and lined with large, leafy trees, mostly how they were laid out when the colonia was built. The largest street is Avenida Álvaro Obregón, whose traffic islands have large trees, walking paths and metal benches. On weekends, these islands fill with vendors selling art, antiques and collectibles. However, this and other of the larger streets such as Oaxaca, Querétaro and San Luis Potosí, were designated as “ejes” or axis streets in the 1950s for through traffic.
Along with the tree lined streets, green spaces were also created with the addition of small parks called plazas. The old heart of the neighborhood is the Plaza Rio de Janeiro, originally called Plaza Roma. This plaza is surrounded by a number of old mansions as well as a couple a tall modern towers. In the center, there is a fountain and a replica of Michelangelo’s David. One mansion that faces this plaza is popularly called the La Casa de las Brujas (House of the Witches) although its official name is the Edificio Rio de Janeiro. The popular name of this red-brick castle-like structure, built in 1908, comes from the face that seems to be formed by the windows on the top of the corner tower and the Art Deco entrance, which was added in the 1930s. The Plaza Luis Cabrera is on the corner of Guanajuato and Orizaba Streets. It was the setting for part of a short story called “La batallas en el desierto” by José Emilio Pacheco.
While there have been efforts to restore the area's reputation as aristocratic and upscale, the area still has problems associated with deterioration. There are a number of cabarets and men's clubs, which have attracted and sustained prostitution in the area. There are still unmaintained and abandoned buildings in which live squatters and other very poor people. In the 1990s, there was a small, poor community of about 35 Otomi in the colonia, living in abject poverty. Most earned money and depend on community soup kitchens. Most lived as squatters in abandoned buildings.
Architecture
Roma is one of a number of “modern” colonias such as Colonia Juárez, Santa María la Ribera and Colonia San Rafael, which were built on what was the western edge of the city in the late 19th and early 20th centuries for wealthy residents looking to escape the city center. The streets and houses were designed and built based on European styles, which can still be seen today, especially on Orizaba, Alvaro Obregon, Colima and Tonalá Streets, where the older facades are best conserved. These were homes of bankers, factory owners, politicians, artists and businessmen who worked in the city center but lived here. Like its sister colonias, Roma has since lost many of its original mansion homes, but it has resisted this loss better. Today, there are an estimated 1,100 structures which date from the 1930s or earlier, compared to the 500 to 600 the remain in Santa María la Ribera and Colonia Juárez. Most of the area's historically and architecturally significant structures were built between 1906 and 1939. These earlier structures include examples of Neo-colonial (which imitate the styles built during Mexico's colonial period) and Art Deco, but most are “Porfirian,” meaning that they are a mix of French, Roman, Gothic and Moorish elements which were all fashionable in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. One of these old mansions was the home of television personality Paco Stanley, who says he bought the structure because of its “small friendly ghosts,” naming it “La Princesita” or The Little Princess. Stanley uses the property both as living space and office. These houses and streets have provided the backdrop for films such as Los Olvidados, filmed in La Romita by Luis Buñuel and literary works such as Batallas en el desierto by José Emilio Pacheco, Agua Quemada by Carlos Fuentes, Manifestacion de Silencios by Arturo Azuela and El Vampiro de la Colonia Roma by Luis Zapata.
However, the colonia now also has a large number of more modern structures, defined as having been built since the 1950s. These structures came to replace many of the original structures as the character of the colonia changed, along with the lack of urban planning, zoning and the destruction caused by the 1985 earthquake. Owners of many of the older structures have had or have wanted to demolish or radically change them for economic reasons, a process which still persists today. In cases where they have succeeded, modern office and apartment buildings have appeared. Not only are these structures taller and markedly different in design, they also weigh more, affecting the ground around them and causing damage to remaining earlier structures.
While the older mansions are no longer economically viable as residences, there has been efforts since the 1990s to save them, by converting them into offices, stores, restaurants and other businesses with restrictions aimed at conserving their facades and the colonia's overall character. Like neighboring Colonia Condesa, Roma has a number of cafes, restaurants and other eateries established in older structures (as well as newer ones), especially along Álvaro Obregón, Colima, and Orizaba streets, and on plazas Río de Janeiro and Luis Cabrera.
Demographics
The 2010 population of Roma Norte was 27,770 and of Roma Sur 17,406. The 2000 population of Roma Norte was 26,610 and of Roma Sur 17,406.
Since the 1990s, there was a small poor community of about 35 Otomi in the colonia, living in abject poverty. Most earned money and depend on community soup kitchens. Most live as squatters in abandoned buildings.
Jewish community in Roma and Condesa
In the 1930s and 40s many Jewish residents moved from downtown Mexico City to Roma and Condesa, where Yiddish was the unofficial language of Parque México, the local park. A few synagogues are still in operation on the Roma borough, like the Yehuda Halevi Synagogue. Today, in the Condesa borough, there are several more small orthodox synagogues hidden inside houses on Amsterdam Avenue, and another synagogue at the corner of Montes de Oca and Parral streets. In the 1950s, 60s, and 70s, Jews moved further west to Polanco, Lomas de Chapultepec, Interlomas, Bosques de las Lomas, and Tecamachalco, where the majority are now based.
Little Italy
Italians who had been living in the streets of La Merced since the late 1800s started to move to the area from the 1950's onward as they became economically stable. Many more started to move into the area from the 1990's to today. Most have origins in northern Italy but southern Italy is also represented. The "Barrio Italiano" or "Via Italia" is along Calle Orizaba from Plaza Luis Cabrera to Plaza Rio de Janeiro up to Calle Puebla. Many Italian restaurants and gelaterias have sprung up with La Bella Italia being the most popular and the statue of The David holding celebrations for the Italian community when the Italian Team wins in football games.
Colombia Chiquita
Little Colombia has been forming along Medellin Avenue, especially in front of the Mercado Medellin since the late 1980s. Strong Colombian immigration has brought about a vibrant Colombian community with many Colombian businesses, especially restaurants, catering to the Colombian community and the rest of the city.
Little Spain
Little Spain comes about from the Spanish community from La Merced and Calle Lopez by Chinatown moving into La Roma in the 1940s. Especially as they became an economic powerhouse. More Spaniards kept immigrating to Mexico and the community kept growing into what today is Villa Madrid and Parque España where a replica of the Cibeles Fountain has been erected by the large community as a gift to the city that welcomed them with open arms. The Spanish community is very active and many regional Spanish institutions like Centro Gallego are also in the area along with many Spanish restaurants and shops in the area.
Economy
Shopping
Roma is home to free-standing Palacio de Hierro and Woolworth department stores. Enclosed malls include the Plaza Insurgentes shopping center, anchored by Sears, located on the site of the first Sears in Mexico, opened in 1947, and prior to that, the American Embassy. On Cuauhtémoc street are the Plaza Centro Cultural and Pabellón Cuauhtémoc. The large Parque Delta shopping center borders Roma on the south.
Restaurant scene
Many top chef-driven restaurants are located in Roma including two in the "Latin America's 50 Best Restaurants" list by San Pellegrino: Máximo Bistrot (chef Eduardo "Lalo" García); and Rosetta by chef Elena Reygadas. Other celebrated restaurants are Fonda Fina by chef Jorge Vallejo of Quintonil); Delirio and Casa Virginia by chef Monica Patino; Huset by Maycoll Calderon; and Cocina Conchita and La Docena for seafood.
The Mercado Roma, not a traditional public market but rather an upscale food hall, unites some of the city's diverse, upscale culinary offerings under one roof and was the first of an ever-expanding number of food halls in the city; while converted mansions such as Casa Quimera, Purveyor, Colima 256, Durango 216, Blanco Colima and Roma Quince offer a variety of restaurants, quality fast food, art, hip artisanal products and services in different rooms of the mansions.
Public markets
Mercado Medellín is located in Roma Sur (southern Roma) and is well known for offering products from other Latin American countries, particularly Cuba, Colombia and Venezuela.
Arts and culture
Art
Colima Street is home to a number of art galleries which have worked since the 1990s to establish themselves as an international art market to compete with New York, Paris, London and Tokyo. These galleries include the Landucci Gallery. Artists such as Mexican photographer Victor Carresquedo and American Barry Wolfryd have set up shop in the area as well as the Centro Libre de Arte, Mexico City's newest fine arts school. The goal is to promote Mexican art from its current status as regionally relevant to one with broader appeal, by not only promoting native artists more effectively at home but also by sponsoring international tours, featuring established artists such as Francisco Toledo, Roberto Márquez and Alfredo Castaneda as well as newer talents such as Cisco Jimenez and Guillermo Kuitca. The area is also attracting South American and Central American artists looking to break into the U.S. and world art markets.
It stands out for being one of the main points in the city where street art is present. You can find different murals made by national and international artists such as D*Face, Interesni Kaski, Saner, Revost among others.
Stage and cinema
The Centro Cultural (formerly Telmex) theater complex is located in the northeast corner of Roma, while Cine Tonalá is a well-known indie/art-house cinema in Roma Sur with a sister venue in Bogotá, Colombia. Cinemex multiplex cinemas are located in three enclosed shopping centers around Roma.
The district is the namesake for the 2018 film Roma, written and directed by Alfonso Cuarón, which takes place in the neighborhood during the 1970s.
Museums and libraries
Casa Lamm
The best known landmark in the district is the Casa Lamm. La Casa Lamm was a project to rehabilitate one of the old mansions which was supported by local authorities. Today, it is a cultural center and restaurant located in a restored mansion that dates to 1911 on Alvaro Obregon street. The institute consists of art exhibition space and management, some graduate level programs in the fine arts and a restaurant and bookstore, which are open to the public. Since it opened, it has hosted numerous art exhibitions. In 1994, Casa Lamm, along with art galleries OMR and Nina Menocal have worked to make Roma a center for the visual arts in Mexico, attracting more galleries, artists and others to set up shop here.
The institute offers studies in poetry, novel writing and theater of the 20th century. It also offers a master's degree in Literary Appreciation and Creation, which combines both classes on criticism as well as workshops for writers mostly focusing on Latin American and European works. On the ground floor of the building, facing the street are the bookstore and restaurant. The restaurant, called "Nueve Nueve" is centered on an open-air patio accented by a black fountain.
Casa Universitaria del Libro
The Casa Universitaria del Libro (University House of Books) is located on Puebla and Orizaba Streets. The building dates from 1920, when it was built by Joaquin Barando for the McGregor family. During the Second World War it was used as the Brazilian embassy. The Centro Asturiano took possession in the 1930s. When this institution moved to Polanco in 1986, it began to lease the building free to the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Although unproven, it is still rumored that the house was used for prostitution at one point and there is also local legend which states that a ghosts wanders through its halls, rooms and especially in the terrace. The bookstore specializes in the promotion of mostly written works produced by those associated with UNAM in the center of the city away from the Ciudad Universitaria. It sponsors approximately 250 activities per year such as book readings and signings, conferences, seminars and round tables. There is no other bookstore in Mexico dedicated solely to the promotion of a university's academic and literary production.
Museo Objeto del Objeto
Museo Objeto del Objeto (Object of the Object Museum or MODO) was inaugurated in 2010, following Mexico City's tradition of collectors founding or expanding museums with their personal collections. This museum is based on the collection of ordinary objects such as commercial packaging (especially beverage containers), advertisements, household appliances and more for a total of over 30,000 items collected by Bruno Newman over more than forty years. The museum is dedicated to communication and design, using the collection as a starting point for collaboration and research.
Casa del Poeta Museo Ramón López Velarde
Located on Alvaro Obregon and Córdoba streets, the Casa del Poeta is a museum and hosts libraries 'Salvador Novo' and 'Efraín Huerta'.
Churches
The Sagrada Familia Church is located on the corner of Puebla and Orizaba Streets. Its architecture is classified as Romanesque Revival and Gothic Revival, it was designed by Mexican architect Manuel Gorozpe. The first stone was laid in 1906, but most of structure was built between 1910 and 1912, of reinforced concrete. At the time, the church was criticized as “mediocre, ostentatious and of decadent taste”. In the 1920s, painter and Jesuit priest Gonzalez Carrasco decorated the interior with murals, with two smaller paintings realized by Hermano Tapia. The interior also contains the remains of Miguel Agustín Pro, a Jesuit priest executed by Plutarco Elias Calles in 1927 during the Cristero War and considered to be a martyr. The church is fronted by a small atrium bordered by a wrought-iron fence constructed by the Gábelich workshop, which was in neighboring Colonia Doctores. It is one of the few wrought iron works to survive from the early 20th century.
On Avenida Cuauhtémoc between Querétaro and Zacatecas streets is the Nuestra Señora del Rosario Church, which was built by Mexican architects Angel and Manuel Torres Torija. This church is Gothic Revival begun in 1920 and concluded in 1930. While built after the Porfirio Díaz era of the late 19th and early 20th century, the church shares many of the features as churches from that time. Records indicate that the project was probably planned around 1911 but was delayed due to the Mexican Revolution. The facade contains a decorative rose window, common to Gothic styles with ojival doors and windows. The interior is spacious with three naves with notable stained glass windows with orient themselves vertically.
Parks and recreation
The neighborhood contains small public squares at Plaza Luis Cabrera, Plaza Río de Janeiro, Plaza Villa de Madrid (more commonly known as "Cibeles" as it contains the Fuente de Cibeles fountain, a replica of the one in Madrid), and tiny Plaza Juan Rulfo. Two full-size parks are Jardín Pushkin and Jardín Ramón López Velarde, while there are pocket parks at Jardín Edith Sánchez Ramírez and at the corner of Querétaro and Tonalá streets. Avenida Alvaro Obregon has a pedestrian median (camellón) lined with gardens and fountains with characters from Roman and Greek mythology.
Education
In addition to the educational programs at the Casa Lamm and the Casa Universitaria del Libro, Roma has a number of private educational institutions from primary school to university. Some, such as the Instituto Pedagogico Anglo Espanol, the Instituto Renacimiento and the Colegio Mexico have been established since the first half of the 20th century.
There are two universities based in Roma. The Universidad de Londres is a mostly business college. Its main campus is in Colonia Roma, but it also has eight other facilities in other parts of Mexico City and three in other parts of Mexico. The Roma campus is housed in one of the palatial mansions from the Porfirian era on Orizaba street. It offers twenty bachelor's degrees, eight master's and eight certificate programs.
The Universidad de las Américas de la Ciudad de México (UDLA) was founded in 1940 as the Mexico City Junior College (MCC). In the 1960s, its name changed to the University of the Americas and shortly thereafter to the current one. It was founded in Colonia Roma but moved to a facility on the Mexico City-Toluca highway. When the institution split in the 1980s, one campus moved to Puebla and the other moved to the current location back in Colonia Roma in newly built facilities. UDLA offers seven bachelor's degrees, four graduate degrees and various certificate programs. It is located in a modern facility on Puebla Street.
Colegio Amado Nervo is a private school in Colonia Roma Sur.
The Colegio Liceo Mexicano, a private elementary school, is in Colonia Roma. Several other small public and private school and universities exist in the area.
Transportation
The neighborhood has public bus, Metrobus bus rapid transit, pesero (minibus), trolleybus and metro (subway/underground) service, as well as EcoBici bikeshare stands. Metro stations are all at the edges of the neighborhood and include Sevilla, Insurgentes, Cuauhtémoc, Centro Médico, and Chilpancingo.
Roma is bordered or crossed by several ejes viales (main crosstown arteries, mostly one-way): 1 Sur (two-way, Chapultepec), 2 Sur (eastbound, Yucatán/Querétaro/San Luis Potosí), 1 Poniente (two-way, Cuauhtémoc), 2 Poniente (northbound, Monterrey), and 3 Poniente (southbound, Yucatán/Medellín). The southern boundary of the neighborhood is the Viaducto Miguel Alemán freeway.
References
External links
Brief history in Spanish
Images of Colonia Roma
Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City
Roma
Jewish communities in Mexico
Restaurant districts and streets in Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia%20Roma |
Saul Kent (July 18, 1939 – May 26, 2023) was a life extension activist, and co-founder of the Life Extension Foundation, a dietary supplement vendor and promoter of anti-aging research. He was also a pioneer in the practice of cryonics, and was a board member of the cryonics organization Alcor Life Extension Foundation.
Career
Cryonics
Kent became a cryonics activist while a college student, upon hearing Robert Ettinger on a radio show appearance and subsequently reading Ettinger's book The Prospect of Immortality shortly after it was published in 1964.
Kent was cryopreserved by Alcor in May 2023.
Cryopreservation of mother
In 1988, Saul Kent made national headlines, because he brought his mother, Dora Kent, to the Alcor Life Extension Foundation, a California cryopreservation facility, where she died and her head was cryopreserved. The authorities were unable to locate her head for autopsy.
Life Extension Foundation
In 1977 he established the Florida Cryonics Association as a public charity with the stated purpose of promoting cryobiology research.
In 1980, Kent started the Life Extension Foundation along with William Faloon, a membership organization that claims to inform people about the latest advances in the life extension sciences, sell dietary supplements, and fund life extension research by offering grants to scientists in universities and by supporting startup biotech companies.
Timeship
Kent and Faloon were involved in a project called Timeship, which involves building a facility designed by an architect Stephen Valentine (starting from 1997) to house companies conducting research in the life extension and reanimation sciences and provide long-term care for cryopreserved humans. The Timeship Project, when built, will be located at the Stasis Foundation Biotechnology Research Park, in Comfort, Texas, on a 646-acre property formerly known as the Bildarth Estate.
References
External links
Alcor's Dora Kent Crisis and Legal Aftermath (source documents)
Profile at Alcor
1939 births
2023 deaths
American chief executives
Life extensionists
Cryonically preserved people
Place of birth missing
Date of death missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul%20Kent |
Waist Deep is a 2006 American action drama film directed by Vondie Curtis-Hall and starring Tyrese Gibson and Meagan Good.
Plot
Ex-con Otis Samuel Sr. or "O2" on account of his ability to vanish from a crime scene like oxygen, has done his time and is determined to stay out of trouble and never leave his young son, Otis, Jr.
When O2 arrives late to pick up Junior from school, he pledges that he will always return for Junior. That promise is put to the test just moments later when O2's vintage 1966 Chevrolet Impala SS Lowrider convertible is stolen from him at gunpoint in the middle of a crowded Southland intersection with Junior in the back seat, kidnapping him in the process. O2 chases the car and gets into a nasty gun battle with the carjackers, but to no avail.
O2 catches up with Coco, a woman who sells stolen suits for P Money. O2 knows she is the one who marked him for the carjacking, and he forces her to help him retrieve Junior. The two steal a car (a 1996 Impala SS sedan) and Coco's boyfriend savagely beats her. Seeing this, O2 pistol whips him with his gun before the two retreat to Lucky's home. Lucky, Otis' unreliable cousin who works for Big Meat, the leader of the Outlaw Syndicate, offers to help.
After a few hours, Lucky comes back with some bad news: Meat has Junior and demands that O2 deliver $100,000 by midnight the next night, or Junior will die. Meat was once O2's partner and thinks O2 still has the $100,000 they made off their last job together.
O2 comes up with a plan: he and Coco will rob P Money's and Meat's own operations, staging it to look like one is stealing from the other, and triggering a gang war that will hopefully eliminate both and help O2 and Coco rescue Junior. After a successful robbery of one of the Big Meat's locations, O2 and Coco come across a set of safe deposit box keys belonging to numerous banks.
The next day, they stage a number of bank robberies and are able to retrieve expensive jewelry, which Lucky offers to get rid to prove his worth. When Lucky takes the jewelry to Big Meat unknowing that it belongs to Big Meat, Lucky is forced to set up a meeting between himself, O2, and Coco, with Big Meat along to end O2.
They take the car to an alley and give him the money. It is revealed that Big Meat never intended to let Junior live and signals one of his men to kill Junior. Lucky sees this and tackles him as the man shoots, one shot hit Lucky in the side of the chest. O2 kills Meat and his men and retrieves Junior.
They stop at a gas station to attend to Lucky's wound. O2 tells Lucky they will get him to a hospital, but Lucky dies from his wounds. Distress from O2’s discovery causes him to briefly lose control of the car, and alert the police. O2 hides in a parking lot and tells Coco to take Junior to the Mexican border while he outruns the cops. As Junior and Coco escape, O2 is tailed by the cops. They run him to a dead end where the lake is. O2, realizing he has no choice, drives into the water.
Later in Mexico, Coco and Junior are living in a house on a beach. They are walking on the beach when they see O2 in the distance and then reunite.
Cast
Tyrese Gibson as Otis (O2) Samuel Sr.
Meagan Good as Coco
Larenz Tate as Lucky
The Game as Big Meat
Henry Hunter Hall as Otis Samuel Junior
Kimora Lee Simmons as Fencing House Lady
Darris Love as Rock
Julius Denem as P Money
Thomas Abate as Gas Manager
Reception
Box office
The film debuted at #4 behind Click, Disney/Pixar's Cars, and Nacho Libre, grossing $9,404,180 from 1,004 theaters with a $9,366 average in its opening weekend. Altogether, the film grossed $21,353,303.
Critical response
Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes has the film at a approval rating based on reviews, with an average score of . The site's critical consensus reads: "A well-meaning B-movie that suffers from a cliche-ridden script and poorly drawn characters that fail to inspire much sympathy."
Steve Davis of The Austin Chronicle criticized Curtis-Hall's "cinema vérité" approach to the film, writing that it focuses less on the aspects of "parental instincts" found in Kramer vs. Kramer and Lorenzo's Oil for the violence-driven scenes of Bonnie and Clyde, saying that "In light of such sensationalism, the efforts [of Waist Deep] to make some meaningful social commentary about street gangs and the vicious circle in which African-American men often find themselves seem like an afterthought, rather than anything remotely sincere."
Wesley Morris, writing for The Boston Globe, said that the movie captures the 2003 Jay-Z and Beyoncé duet more than the 1967 Arthur Penn classic with its monotonous chases and middling supporting cast that make up Curtis-Hall's take on the hood film genre, saying "It's [also] as if the only way he could justify making another movie smitten with thug life is by having the characters commit their crimes amid a climate of civic activism."
The A.V. Clubs Nathan Rabin gave the film a "D" grade, saying "Waist Deep might have succeeded had Curtis-Hall pushed the outrageousness of his potboiler premise to the level of comic-book Grand Guignol, but the film lacks the energy and pizzazz to work as lurid pulp. Like the forgotten blaxploitation schlock it often resembles, the film aspires to nothing but cheap thrills, but while it's plenty cheap, it's far from thrilling."
Entertainment Weekly writer Gregory Kirschling gave the film a "B" grade, saying that Curtis-Hall infuses the B-level urban fantasy plot with some "surprising social and emotional flavorings rarely found in the genre." Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said that the movie manages to capture the "freewheeling spirit" of the tried and true formula it uses to go along with the stylish scenes and felt both Gibson and Good had solid chemistry and carried their roles with expertise, concluding that "Sure, there's probably no good reason to watch Waist Deep. But if you start watching it, Waist Deep gives you no good reason to stop. It doesn't even give you a moment to think about it."
IGN contributor Stax also praised the performances of Gibson and Good, calling the former "sensitive yet charismatic" and the latter "vivacious and scene-stealing", for elevating the material that Curtis-Hall peppers with tense action scenes, concluding that "[W]hile Waist Deep offers precious little that hasn't been seen in dozens of other "lovers on the lam" movies and urban crime pics, its energy, wit, effective lead performances and taut direction save this old-fashioned B-movie from being a Waist of time."
In 2011, Complex placed the film at number 25 on its list of the worst movies starring rappers. Complex staff writer Matt Barone said that it could have been an underwhelming yet tolerable hood version of Bonnie & Clyde, had it not been for the casting of Game as the main antagonist that devolves it into "ludicrousness and lack of dramatic resonance" territory, concluding that "Hate it or really hate it, his overacting kills Waist Deep, and not in the slang term sense."
Nominations
Film: Outstanding Hip-Hop Movie, (Nominated) BET Hip-Hop Movie Awards
Tyrese Gibson: Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor, (Nominated) Black Movie Awards
Meagan Good: Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress, (Nominated) Black Movie Awards, Choice Female Breakout Performance, (Nominated) Teen Choice Award
Soundtrack
See also
List of hood films
Bonnie and Clyde: A 1967 film that shares similar subplots including the two main characters on the road, trying to avoid police, and committing bank robberies.
References
External links
Waist Deep Production Notes
2006 films
2006 crime drama films
2006 romantic drama films
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
American crime drama films
American gang films
American romantic drama films
Films directed by Vondie Curtis-Hall
Films scored by Terence Blanchard
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Los Angeles
Hood films
Intrepid Pictures films
Relativity Media films
English-language crime drama films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waist%20Deep |
Holbæk Bold- & Idrætsforening is a Danish football club currently playing in Danish 3rd Division. They play at Holbæk Sportsby in Holbæk on Zealand.
From 2008 to 2014 their first team played under the name Nordvest FC.
History
The club was founded in 1931 by the merging of Holbæk Idrætsforening and Holbæk Boldklub, after a period where Holbæk Idrætsforening had some success in regional championships. The quality of the team had declined, however, since the year 1924 where some members broke out to found Holbæk Boldklub. The reason among others for that move being that cricket was still a part of the club's activities. But on 4 August 1931 the two clubs in the rather small town decided to become one – leaving cricket on the side line.
After a long period of mediocrity the club began to rise in the 1960s, where the best team was promoted several times and ended up the Danish premier division in 1974. The 1970s turned out to be the best decade for the club ever, in which the team was the runner-up in the league once going to the cup final twice; without winning. In spite of the fact that the club did not win a title, it gained huge local popularity and fostered a couple of players for the national team.
The 1980s and 1990s however saw a steady decline for the club and in 1993 it was to be found in what was then the 6th best league in the country. From there on, things started to improve and the club won some promotions during the next decade. It was for the last few seasons among the top teams in the third best league, but in the 2007–2008 season this run came to an abrupt end with a disastrous season ending in relegation from the 2nd division. On 1 July 2008, the club – in an attempt to attract better sponsors and achieve a higher degree of professionalism, was divided in a semi-professional wing called Nordvest FC and the amateur side retaining the Holbæk B&I name.
Following economic difficulties in the 2013–14 season the professional structure, Nordvest FC, was dissolved and the first team of the club in the Danish 2nd Division East went back to the name Holbæk B&I.
Players
Current squad
Honours
Danish Championship
Runner-up (1): 1975
Danish Cup
Runner-up (2): 1975, 1976
Zealand Series
Winner (3): 1936–37, 1974‡, 1998‡
Runners-up (3): 1947–48, 1961, 1995
‡: Won by reserve team
Achievements
4 seasons in the Highest Danish League
10 seasons in the Second Highest Danish League
24 seasons in the Third Highest Danish League
Notable players
Holbæk B&I have had 5 players selected for the Danish national team: Torben Hansen, Allan Hansen, Jørgen Jørgensen, Niels Tune-Hansen, and Benno Larsen. All of them played for the club in its 1970s heyday. Later on, the club has been the breeding ground for Kurt Jørgensen and Christian Poulsen, who also played for the national team. The latter has, in the first decade of the 2000s (decade), become the most successful former Holbæk player ever, with his transfers to F.C. Copenhagen, Schalke 04 in Germany, Sevilla in 2006, Juventus in 2008 and Liverpool in 2010.
References
External links
Official site (in Danish)
Årsbogen (in Danish)
Football clubs in Denmark
1931 establishments in Denmark
Association football clubs established in 1931
Holbæk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holb%C3%A6k%20B%26I |
A rolling hash (also known as recursive hashing or rolling checksum) is a hash function where the input is hashed in a window that moves through the input.
A few hash functions allow a rolling hash to be computed very quickly—the new hash value is rapidly calculated given only the old hash value, the old value removed from the window, and the new value added to the window—similar to the way a moving average function can be computed much more quickly than other low-pass filters; and similar to the way a Zobrist hash can be rapidly updated from the old hash value.
One of the main applications is the Rabin–Karp string search algorithm, which uses the rolling hash described below. Another popular application is the rsync program, which uses a checksum based on Mark Adler's adler-32 as its rolling hash. Low Bandwidth Network Filesystem (LBFS) uses a Rabin fingerprint as its rolling hash. FastCDC (Fast Content-Defined Chunking) uses a compute-efficient Gear fingerprint as its rolling hash.
At best, rolling hash values are pairwise independent or strongly universal. They cannot be 3-wise independent, for example.
Polynomial rolling hash
The Rabin–Karp string search algorithm is often explained using a rolling hash function that only uses multiplications and additions:
,
where is a constant, and are the input characters (but this function is not a Rabin fingerprint, see below).
In order to avoid manipulating huge values, all math is done modulo . The choice of and is critical to get good hashing; in particular, the modulus is typically a prime number. See linear congruential generator for more discussion.
Removing and adding characters simply involves adding or subtracting the first or last term. Shifting all characters by one position to the left requires multiplying the entire sum by . Shifting all characters by one position to the right requires dividing the entire sum by . Note that in modulo arithmetic, can be chosen to have a multiplicative inverse by which can be multiplied to get the result of the division without actually performing a division.
Rabin fingerprint
The Rabin fingerprint is another hash, which also interprets the input as a polynomial, but over the Galois field GF(2). Instead of seeing the input as a polynomial of bytes, it is seen as a polynomial of bits, and all arithmetic is done in GF(2) (similarly to CRC32). The hash is the result of the division of that polynomial by an irreducible polynomial over GF(2). It is possible to update a Rabin fingerprint using only the entering and the leaving byte, making it effectively a rolling hash.
Because it shares the same author as the Rabin–Karp string search algorithm, which is often explained with another, simpler rolling hash, and because this simpler rolling hash is also a polynomial, both rolling hashes are often mistaken for each other. The backup software restic uses a Rabin fingerprint for splitting files, with blob size varying between and .
Cyclic polynomial
Hashing by cyclic polynomial—sometimes called Buzhash—is also simple, but it has the benefit of avoiding multiplications, using barrel shifts instead. It is a form of tabulation hashing: it presumes that there is some hash function from characters to integers in the interval . This hash function might be simply an array or a hash table mapping characters to random integers. Let the function be a cyclic binary rotation (or circular shift): it rotates the bits by 1 to the left, pushing the latest bit in the first position. E.g., . Let be the bitwise exclusive or. The hash values are defined as
where the multiplications by powers of two can be implemented by binary shifts. The result is a number in .
Computing the hash values in a rolling fashion is done as follows. Let be the previous hash value. Rotate once: . If is the character to be removed, rotate it times: . Then simply set
where is the new character.
Hashing by cyclic polynomials is strongly universal or pairwise independent: simply keep the first bits. That is, take the result and dismiss any consecutive bits. In practice, this can be achieved by an integer division .
Content-based slicing using a rolling hash
One of the interesting use cases of the rolling hash function is that it can create dynamic, content-based chunks of a stream or file. This is especially useful when it is required to send only the changed chunks of a large file over a network: a simple byte addition at the front of the file would normally cause all fixed size windows to become updated, while in reality, only the first "chunk" has been modified.
A simple approach to making dynamic chunks is to calculate a rolling hash, and if the hash value matches an arbitrary pattern (e.g. all zeroes) in the lower N bits (with a probability of , given the hash has a uniform probability distribution) then it’s chosen to be a chunk boundary. Each chunk will thus have an average size of bytes. This approach ensures that unmodified data (more than a window size away from the changes) will have the same boundaries.
Once the boundaries are known, the chunks need to be compared by cryptographic hash value to detect changes. The backup software Borg uses the Buzhash algorithm with a customizable chunk size range for splitting file streams.
Such content-defined chunking is often used for data deduplication.
Content-based slicing using moving sum
Several programs, including gzip (with the --rsyncable option) and rsyncrypto, do content-based slicing based on this specific (unweighted) moving sum:
where
is the sum of 8196 consecutive bytes ending with byte (requires 21 bits of storage),
is byte of the file,
is a "hash value" consisting of the bottom 12 bits of .
Shifting the window by one byte simply involves adding the new character to the sum and subtracting the oldest character (no longer in the window) from the sum.
For every where , these programs cut the file between and .
This approach will ensure that any change in the file will only affect its current and possibly the next chunk, but no other chunk.
Gear fingerprint and content-based chunking algorithm FastCDC
Chunking is a technique to divide a data stream into a set of blocks, also called chunks. Content-defined chunking (CDC) is a chunking technique in which the division of the data stream is not based on fixed chunk size, as in fixed-size chunking, but on its content.
The Content-Defined Chunking algorithm needs to compute the hash value of a data stream byte by byte and split the data stream into chunks when the hash value meets a predefined value. However, comparing a string byte-by-byte will introduce the heavy computation overhead. FastCDC proposes a new and efficient Content-Defined Chunking approach. It uses a fast rolling Gear hash algorithm, skipping the minimum length, normalizing the chunk-size distribution, and last but not the least, rolling two bytes each time to speed up the CDC algorithm, which can achieve about 10X higher throughput than Rabin-based CDC approach.
The basic version pseudocode is provided as follows:
algorithm FastCDC
input: data buffer src,
data length n,
output: cut point i
// buffer size is less than minimum chunk size
if n ≤ MinSize then
return n
if n ≥ MaxSize then
n ← MaxSize
MinSize ← 2KB // split minimum chunk size is 2 KB
MaxSize ← 64KB // split maximum chunk size is 64 KB
Mask ← 0x0000d93003530000LL
fp ← 0
i ← 0
// Skip the first MinSize bytes, and kickstart the hash
while i < MinSize do
fp ← (fp << 1 ) + Gear[src[i]]
i ← i + 1
while i < n do
fp ← (fp << 1 ) + Gear[src[i]]
if !(fp & Mask) then
return i
i ← i + 1
return i
Where Gear array is a pre-calculated hashing array. Here FastCDC uses Gear hashing algorithm which can calculate the rolling hashing results quickly and keep the uniform distribution of the hashing results as Rabin. Compared with the traditional Rabin hashing algorithm, it achieves a much faster speed.
Experiments suggest that it can generate nearly the same chunk size distribution in the much shorter time (about 1/10 of rabin-based chunking ) when segmenting the data stream.
Computational complexity
All rolling hash functions can be computed in time linear in the number of characters and updated in constant time when characters are shifted by one position. In particular, computing the Rabin-Karp rolling hash of a string of length requires modular arithmetic operations, and hashing by cyclic polynomials requires bitwise exclusive ors and circular shifts.
See also
Footnotes
External links
MIT 6.006: Introduction to Algorithms 2011- Recitation 9 - Rolling Hash
Hash functions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling%20hash |
Captorhinidae (also known as cotylosaurs) is an extinct family of tetrapods, traditionally considered primitive reptiles, known from the late Carboniferous to the Late Permian. They had a cosmopolitan distribution across Pangea.
Description
Captorhinids are a clade of small to very large lizard-like reptiles that date from the late Carboniferous through the Permian. Their skulls were much stronger than those of their relatives, the Protorothyrididae, and had teeth that were better able to deal with tough plant material. The postcranial skeleton is very similar to that of advanced reptiliomorph amphibians, so much in fact that the amphibian Seymouriamorpha and Diadectomorpha were thought to be reptiles and grouped together in "Cotylosauria" as the first reptiles in the early 20th century. Captorhinids have broad, robust skulls that are generally triangular in shape when seen in dorsal view. The premaxillae are characteristically downturned. The largest captorhinid, the herbivorous Moradisaurus, could reach an estimated snout-vent length of 2 meters (6.5 feet). Early, smaller forms possessed single rows of teeth, and were likely carnivorous or omnivorous, while the larger, more derived captorhinids belonging to the subfamily Moradisaurinae were herbivorous and developed multiple (up to 11) rows of teeth in the jaws alongside propalinal (back and forth) jaw motion, which created an effective apparatus for grinding and shredding plant matter.
Histological and SEM analysis of captorhinid tail vertebrae concluded in a 2018 study that captorhinids were the first amniotes to develop caudal autotomy as a defensive function. In studied specimens a split line is present in certain caudal vertebrae that is similar to those found in modern reptiles that perform caudal autonomy. This behaviour represented significant evolutionary benefit for the animals, allowing for escape and distracting predators, as well as minimizing blood loss at an injury site.
Discovery and history
Until recently, Concordia cunninghami was thought to be the basalmost known member of Captorhinidae. A novel phylogenic study of primitive reptile relationships by Muller & Reisz in 2006 recovered Thuringothyris as a sister taxon of the Captorhinidae. The same results were obtained in later phylogenic analyses. Concordia is still the earliest known captorhinid as all other captorhinid taxa are known only from Permian deposits.
Captorhinidae contains a single subfamily, the Moradisaurinae. Moradisaurinae was named and assigned to the family Captorhinidae by A. D. Ricqlès and P. Taquet in 1982. Moradisaurinae was defined as "all captorhinids more closely related to Moradisaurus than to Captorhinus". The moradisaurines inhabited what is now China, Morocco, Niger, Russia, Texas and Oklahoma.
Captorhinids were once thought to be the ancestors of turtles. The Middle Permian reptile Eunotosaurus from South Africa was seen as the "missing link" between cotylosaurs and chelonians throughout much of the early 20th century. However, more recent fossil finds have shown that Eunotosaurus is a parareptile unrelated to either turtles or captorhinids.
Classification
Taxonomy
The following taxonomy follows Reisz et al., 2011 and Sumida et al., 2010 unless otherwise noted.
Family Captorhinidae
Captorhinoides?
Acrodenta
Baeotherates
Captorhinus
Euconcordia
Labidosauriscus
Opisthodontosaurus
Protocaptorhinus
Reiszorhinus
Rhiodenticulatus
Romeria
Saurorictus
Thuringothyris
Subfamily Moradisaurinae
Balearosaurus
Captorhinikos
Gansurhinus
Gecatogomphius
Kahneria
Labidosaurikos
Labidosaurus
Moradisaurus
Rothianiscus
Tramuntanasaurus
Dubious Captorhinids
Puercosaurus
Riabininus
Chamasaurus
Phylogeny
The cladogram below was recovered in a study by Sumida et al., 2010.
The cladogram below follows the topology from a 2011 analysis by paleontologists Robert R. Reisz, Jun Liu, Jin-Ling Li and Johannes Müller.
The majority of phylogenetic studies recover captorhinids as basal members of Eureptilia; however, Simões et al. (2022) recover them as stem-amniotes instead, as the sister group to Protorothyris archeri, while the clade including captorhinids and P. archeri is recovered as the sister group to Araeoscelidia.
References
Prehistoric reptile families
Carboniferous reptiles
Permian reptiles
Pennsylvanian first appearances
Lopingian extinctions
Taxa named by Ermine Cowles Case | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captorhinidae |
The splendid toadfish (Sanopus splendidus) also called the coral toadfish and the Cozumel splendid toadfish is a species of toadfish once believed to be entirely endemic to the island of Cozumel but have been found on the reefs of Honduras all the way up to Cancun.
Commonly found under coral outcroppings. Dens can be spotted by the sloping sand patch. They are very difficult to coax out in the open.
Unlike any other member of the toadfish family, the splendid toadfish is distinctive for its vibrant colors. It has bright yellow fins which also contain distinctive patterning, while its head contains dark and white stripes.
The species has a total of eight fins; two dorsal fins, two pectoral fins, two pelvic fins, a caudal fin and an anal fin. The midline of the upper body contains the two dorsal fins; a short fin with sharp spines in 3 spots and a long fin which extends over much of the upper body and is flowing. Two rounded pectoral fins are found behind the head, and they are larger than two smaller pointed pelvic fins positioned right in front of the undersurface. Also on the undersurface, towards the rear, along the tip of the tail, the splendid toadfish has a small and rounded caudal fin. With the exception of the pelvic fins, all the fins are bordered by a bright yellow coloring.
The structural features of the species however are similar to other members in the family, such as the flat and broadened head and barbells. Like most species that dwell close to the sand, the splendid toadfish has eyes located on the top of its head which look directly upwards as there is mostly no need for a horizontal vision. Small and sharp teeth also fill wide jaws.
The splendid toadfish generates a buzzing mating call that can be heard by divers.
References
Listed as Vulnerable (VU D2 v2.3)
External links
Batrachoididae
Fish described in 1974
Fish of Mexico
Fish of Honduras | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splendid%20toadfish |
Bath and North East Somerset Council is the local council for the district of Bath and North East Somerset in Somerset, England.
It is a unitary authority, with the powers and functions of a non-metropolitan county and district council combined. The council consists of 59 councillors: 28 from Bath, 8 from Midsomer Norton & Radstock, 6 from Keynsham, and 17 from other areas.
History
Historically part of the county of Somerset, Bath was made a county borough in 1889 and thus was independent of the newly created administrative Somerset county council. The area that would become Bath and North East Somerset became part of Avon when that non-metropolitan county was created in 1974. When Avon was abolished in 1996, its non-metropolitan districts of Wansdyke and Bath were combined into a new unitary authority named Bath and North East Somerset, with its principal offices at Bath.
Before the Reform Act of 1832, Bath elected two members to the unreformed House of Commons. Bath now has a single parliamentary constituency, with a Liberal Democrat, Wera Hobhouse, as Member of Parliament since 2017. The rest of the council's area falls within the North East Somerset constituency. Previously, most of the area was in the Wansdyke constituency.
In 1999 the council housing in the area was transferred to the charitable Somer Community Housing Trust, which was later to become Curo.
Following a successful petition, a referendum was held in 2016 proposing a directly elected mayor for the Bath and North East Somerset district. The proposal was rejected by 78.1% of voters.
Political control
From the creation of the authority in 1995, no political party had overall control of the council until 2015. The Liberal Democrats quickly became the dominant party until the 2007 elections when the Conservative Party won 31 seats to become the largest party, though they did not have a majority. In the 2015 elections, the Conservatives won 37 seats to gain overall control of the council, then in 2019 the Liberal Democrats took control after winning 37 seats.
A boundary change in 2018 meant that the number of councillors elected in 2019 was reduced from 65 to 59, and the number of electoral wards from 37 to 33. Most wards had their boundaries adjusted so that the number of electors per councillor is roughly similar.
The number of councillors by party was:
See also
Bath and North East Somerset Council elections
Healthcare in Somerset
West of England Combined Authority
Notes and references
Notes
References
External links
Unitary authority councils of England
Local authorities in Somerset
Bath and North East Somerset
Politics of Bath and North East Somerset
Local education authorities in England
Billing authorities in England
Leader and cabinet executives
1996 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath%20and%20North%20East%20Somerset%20Council |
Kansas Crew is the co-ed college rowing club for the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas. The club is located on a 5,000 meter stretch of the Kansas River. Kansas Crew was established in 1977.
The team is coached by Dan Jewett. Notable alumni of the team include national team rowers Rob Zechmann, David Gabel, and Jenn Jewett. The team shares facilities with the University of Kansas women's Division I rowing team at Burcham Park in Lawrence, Kansas.
References
External links
Rowing clubs in the United States
University of Kansas
1977 establishments in Kansas
Sports clubs and teams established in 1977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%20Crew |
James Keaveney (born 12 February 1945) is an Irish former Gaelic footballer. His league and championship career at senior level with the Dublin county team spanned sixteen seasons from 1964 to 1980. Keaveney is widely regarded as one of Dublin's greatest-ever players.
Born in Whitehall, Dublin, Keaveney's first sporting interest was in association football; however, he was later introduced to Gaelic games by his Belfast-born father. He was educated at St Joseph's Secondary School in Fairview where he favoured hurling over Gaelic football.
Keaveney first played competitive Gaelic games at underage levels with the St Vincent's club before later joining the club's senior team. Between 1964 and 1981 he won ten county football championship medals, and he won an All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship medal in 1976. Keaveney also won two Leinster medals and three county hurling championship medals.
Keaveney made his debut on the inter-county scene when he was selected for the Dublin minor and under-21 teams. He made his senior debut during the 1964-65 league. Over the course of the following sixteen seasons, Keaveney won three All-Ireland medals, beginning with a lone triumph in 1974, followed by back-to-back championships in 1976 and 1977. He also won seven Leinster medals, two National Football League medals and was named Footballer of the Year in 1976 and 1977. He played his last game for Dublin in February 1980.
Playing career
Club
Keaveney played his club football with the famous St Vincent's club in Dublin and had much success during a career that spanned two decades.
He first came to prominence on the club scene as a member of the senior team in the early 1960s. In 1964 Keaveney lined out in his first county championship decider. Nearby rivals O'Toole's provided the opposition, however, at the full-time whistle St Vincent's were the champions and Keaveney picked up his first county senior championship winners' medal.
After surrendering their title in 1965 St Vincent's were back in the county championship decider again in 1966. Seán McDermott's were the opponents; however, Keaveney's side were too strong and regained the title. Both sides met again in 1967, and the result was the same. A win for St. Vincent's gave Keaveney a third county winners' medal in four years.
St. Vincent's failed to make any impact over the next few years and, after losing the county final of 1969, Keaveney's side had a chance to atone in the championship decider of 1970. Raheny were the opponents on that occasion and a close game developed. At the end of the sixty minutes St Vincent's were the champions by 1-10 to 1-8 and Keaveney added a fourth county medal to his collection.
Keaveney's side dominated the county club championship again in 1971. A defeat of Croabh Chiaráin allowed St Vincent's to retain their county title for the second year in succession.
In 1972, St Vincent's set out to win a third county title in-a-row. College side UCD provided the opposition on that occasion and a close game developed. Goals at key moments by St Vincent's proved the difference as Keaveny's side won by 2-8 to 0-9. It was his sixth county winners' medal. St Vincent's subsequently represented the county in the provincial club series of games and even reached the final. Westmeath champions the Downs were the opponents. The game turned into a complete rout as Keaveney's side took complete control. A 6-10 to 2-5 score line gave St Vincent's a first Leinster club title. An All-Ireland final against Cork champions Nemo Rangers followed for the Dublin club. The sides were level six times in that game and a pointed free by Keaveney in the dying seconds secured a draw. The replay saw St. Vincent's being completely outclassed as Nemo won by 4-6 to 0-10.
St Vincent's lost out to UCD in the next two county finals, however, both sides met in the championship decider for a fourth consecutive year in 1975. Keaveney's side were awarded the title after the collegians gave them a walkover due to the final clashing with the university exams. A second provincial championship decider quickly followed for Keaveney. St Joseph's, the Laois county champions, were the opposition and were defeated by 3-9 to 1-8. It was Keaveney's second Leinster club winners' medal. A second All-Ireland club final appearance followed with Roscommon Gaels lining out in opposition. The game was a complete mismatch as St Vincent's secured a huge 4-10 to 0-5 victory. It was Keaveney's first All-Ireland club winners' medal.
Keaveney picked up a seventh county winners' medal in 1976 as St Vincent's retained their title after a narrow 3-12 to 1-15 victory over UCD. Their provincial run of success came to a halt in the early rounds of that series of games.
In 1977, St Vincent's made it three-in-a-row with another huge county final victory. In what was the club's ninth consecutive appearance in the county final, Keaveney collected a ninth winners' medal. In spite of some great displays in the county champions, St Vincent's were later defeated by Summerhill of Meath in the Leinster final.
St Vincent's went into decline over the next few years and Keaveney decided to retire from club football.
Inter-county
Keaveney first came to prominence on the inter-county scene with the Dublin senior inter-county team in the 1960s. After enjoying no success in the minor or under-21 grades, he lined out in the Leinster senior decider in 1965. Longford were the opponents on that occasion. A 3-6 to 0-9 score line gave Dublin the win and gave Keaveney a first Leinster winners' medal. Dublin, however, later defeated by eventual runners-up Kerry in the Al-Ireland semi-final.
While Keaveney enjoyed success at an early age it was a short-lived experience. Over the next eight seasons Dublin failed on each occasion to even reach the Leinster decider. It was a frustrating downturn that eventually led to Keaveney announcing his retirement from inter-county football in 1973. At the age of twenty eight it was a premature decision.
In 1974 former All-Ireland winning captain Kevin Heffernan took over as manager of Dublin in time for the championship. Keaveney's retirement was short-lived as the new manager persuaded him to return to the team. The St. Vincent's man agreed and was immediately vindicated when Dublin reached the Leinster final of 1974. Archrivals Meath set out to stop 'the Dubs' claiming a first provincial title since 1965. The new look Dublin made no mistake in securing a 1-14 to 1-9 victory. It was Keaveney's second Leinster winners' medal. Dublin later surprisingly defeated All-Ireland title-holders Cork in the semi-final, thus booking a place in the All-Ireland final against Galway. The men from the west, who had been beaten in two of the previous three championship deciders, took a 1-4 to 0-5 lead at half-time, however, the real turning point of the game came in the 52nd minute. Galway were awarded a penalty which Liam Sammon stepped up to take. Goalkeeper Paddy Cullen made no mistake and saved the shot. "The Dubs" later went on to take the lead as Galway collapsed. A 0-14 to 1-6 score line resulted in a first All-Ireland winners' medal for Kevaeney and a first for Dublin in eleven years. He capped off the year by collecting his first All-Star award.
Dublin proved that their success in 1974 was not a flash-in-the-pan by retaining the Leinster title in 1975 after an enormous 3-13 to 0-8 defeat of Kildare. Keaveney's side were the red-hot favourites going into the All-Ireland final against the youngest Kerry teams of all-time. On a rain-soaked day John Egan and substitute Ger O'Driscoll scored two goals for Kerry and 'the Dubs' were ambushed by 2-12 to 0-11.
Dublin continued their dominance in 1976. After securing the National League title 'the Dubs' dominated the provincial championship once again. A narrow 2-8 to 1-9 defeat of Meath gave Keaveney a third consecutive Leinster winners' medal, his fourth in total. Once again it was Kerry who provided the opposition in the All-Ireland final, as one of the great rivalries of football entered a new chapter. Both sides were hoping for success, however, new 'Dub' Kevin Moran was causing havoc with the Kerry defence. Immediately after the game started he careered through the Kerry half-back and full-back lines, however, his shot at goal went wide. This set the pace for the rest of the match. John McCarthy finished a five-man move to score Dublin's first goal of the day. A converted penalty by Keaveney was followed by a third goal from Brian Mullins. A 3-8 to 0-10 score line gave Dublin the title and gave Keaveney a second All-Ireland winners' medal. Keaveney was surprisingly omitted from the All-Star selection, however, he was later named Texaco Footballer of the Year.
The 1977 Leinster final was a replay of the previous year with the result being the same. Meath provided some stiff opposition but fell short, eventually losing the game by 1-9 to 0-8. It was Keaveney's fourth consecutive Leinster title. Dublin later took on Kerry for the third consecutive year, however, this time it was in the All-Ireland semi-final. In one of the greatest games of football ever-played 'the Dubs' triumphed and booked a final apot against Armagh. An eight-goal thriller ensued, with Keaveney scoring the first of the day after just ninety seconds. He ended the day with a record 2-6 from play. Bobby Doyle soon followed with the first of his two goals while John McCarthy got a fifth. Armagh were awarded two penalties, hbut did not take a number of other goal-scoring opportunities. A 5-12 to 3-6 victory gave Dublin a second consecutive title and gave Keaveney a third All-Ireland winners' medal in four years. He was later presented with a second All-Star award while he retained his status as Texaco Footballer of the Year.
1978 saw Keaveney add a second National League title to his collection. A fifth consecutive Leinster winners' medal soon followed as Dublin accounted for Kildare. It was his sixth provincial medal in total. The eleven-point victory in this game made Keaveney's side the favourites to secure a remarkable third All-Ireland title in-a-row. While the game should have been an historic occasion, a rout ensued. The game is chiefly remembered for Mikey Sheehy's sensational goal. A free was awarded and the Kerry forward lobbed the ball over the head of Paddy Cullen, who was caught off his line arguing with the referee. New Kerry full-forward Eoin Liston entered the record books as he scored a hat-trick of goals. Pat Spillane played all over the field, including goalkeeper after Charlie Nelligan was sent off. At the full-time whistle Kerry were the winners by 5-11 to 0-9. In spite of surrendering the All-Ireland title Keaveney was later presented with a third All-Star. He subsequently retired from inter-county football.
Career statistics
References
1945 births
Living people
Dublin inter-county Gaelic footballers
Gaelic football forwards
Leinster inter-provincial Gaelic footballers
St Vincents (Dublin) Gaelic footballers
Texaco Footballers of the Year
Winners of three All-Ireland medals (Gaelic football) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Keaveney |
Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłł (February 13, 1705, Chartorysk – May 23, 1753, Navahrudak), was a Polish writer and playwright, the first female writer on the territory of modern Poland and Belarus. She was a Princess, the last female representative of the Wiśniowiecki noble house and a wife of Michał Kazimierz "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł.
Biography
Franciszka Urszula (Polish: Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłł, Belarusian: Францішка Уршуля Радзівіл) was the only child of famous and wealthy parents. Her father Prince Janusz Antoni Wiśniowiecki (1678–1741) was the Castellan of Kraków, governor of Vilna and Kraków, mayor of Pinsk, while his wife Teofila (1680–1757) was a member of Leszczyński family and a daughter of the Royal epicalyx and cupbearer, governor of Podlasie, mayor of Kovel and Kamenetz.
Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłł received excellent education at home: spoke several European languages, knew the world literature, and wrote poetry. The Wiśniowiecki house was a creative atmosphere: Franciszka Urszula's father was a talented speaker and writer, he wrote religious tracts, eulogies and religious songs. At his Court in Czartorysk there was an active Chapel, also, the uncle of Princess Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki had the Court Theatre, and perhaps he wrote plays for it.
On April 23, 1725 Franciszka Urszula married Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł "Rybeńko", maecenas and head of the most wealthy family in the country. He was the IX ordinate of Nesvizh (later – the great Lithuanian hetman). In marriage they had four children: Karol Stanisław "Panie Kochanku" Radziwiłł (1734–1790), Janusz Tadeusz (1734–1750), Teofilia Konstancja Radziwiłłówna (1738–1818), and Katarzyna Karolina Radziwiłł (1740–1789).
It was impossible to imagine life in Nesvizh without the festivals, banquets, hunts, rallies, parades and games in those days. At the initiative of Franciszka Urszula there was theatre added to that – entertainment of royal level: in Warsaw the theatrical performances were initiated only by kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland.
Prince Michał was often away to participate in the parliament and tribunals as well as make regular detour of their other lands, so the young princess personally made decisions on majority questions in management and leadership in Nesvizh. She led the restoration of the Nesvizh castle after devastating wars with Sweden, protected Nesvizh from raids of Russian army in the 1730s, has streamlined and expanded the Library, restored the printing house.
Very rarely leaving Nesvizh, she unfolded a great cultural propaganda and Christian outreach. Talents in literature and fine arts allowed Franciszka Urszula to make Nesvizh one of the centres of cultural life in the kingdom in a very short period.
Theatrical passion of Michał Kazimierz and Franciszka Urszula began in 1740, when first time in Nesvizh Castle a foreign troupe staged a play called "The Example of Justice”. Then productions were organised by own strength. Among the plays were Molière's comedy, Voltaire’s "Zaire", plays of other European authors. Full life of Radziwill theatre started after 1746, when Franciszka Urszula became its manager. That time her first dramatic works appeared. Almost every year the Princess wrote a few new plays of narrative content: in some Franciszka Urszula made accents to the need for education, in others – condemned unfaithful husbands or admired female goodness, sincerity. However, the dominant theme of her drama was love, as evidenced by the eloquent names of the plays: "Love – a biased judge", "Love – a skilled master," "Ingenious Love" and others.
The work of Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłł can be divided into two periods. The first (1725–45) was bilingual, and genres – mainly poetic and epistolary. The most fruitful period of dramatic art and theatre activities in Nesvizh was during 1746–52, when the princess led the cultural life in the castle herself.
The last stage play in the Nesvizh Theatre, according to “The Diary" of Michał Kazimierz Radziwill, dates December 27, 1752: it was "operetta of Europe" (i.e. opera "Happy unhappiness"). Earlier in October, the princess was ill so badly that even wrote a farewell letter to her husband. She lived for another six months. The disease, which retreated in the first months of 1753, suddenly escalated on May 18 when the princess, heading to Grodno, was forced to stay in Putsevichy, a village near Navahrudak. On May 19, she was transported to Navahrudak, where she died on 23 May 1753 in the house of the mayor of Bobrujsk.
Writing
Poetry
Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłł is the author of 80 poetic (undramatic) works of various volume – from four to one hundred and fifty lines. Genre system and figurative art palette of her poetry was based on the classical literary heritage of antiquity (Cicero, Ovid, Seneca), formed under the influence of Western European (primarily French classical) poetic school of the 17th century (poetry of François de Malherbe, Jean de La Bruyère) but in close connection with the artistic achievements of the national culture of the Renaissance and Baroque.
The first (recorded in the manuscripts) poetic experiences of Princess originated within epistolary. Of the large amount (more than 1300) of Franciszka Urszula’s letters the most interesting are four poetic notes to her husband. The poetic works of this genre reflected conversation concept, which was formed back in the ancient epistolary theory and gained popularity in the French salon poetry of the 18th century. According to Cicero’s regulations, the author writes letters «cotidianis verbis» («in everyday words"). Traditional epistolary formula combined with the "information of the heart."
All four poetic letters to Prince Michał imbued with a sense of sadness of separation, bear the stamp of the hot subjective feelings. Nevertheless, Franciszka Urszula wrote her epistles, clearly hoping for a wider audience, as between the lines she articulates the main points of the Code of ideal love: eternal loyalty, recognition of the highest values of love, boundless sadness and loss of interest in life in separation from loved ones.
S. Wasilewski, characterizing poetic letters of Princess Radziwiłł, seen them as “riotous bloom of feelings without literary powder and hairstyles".
A number of poetic works of Franciszka Urszula imbued with expressive didacticism. Admonition is an ideological dominant in poetic work of Princess titled "Cautions of relieve alles life information", which was written after the birth of daughter Anna Maria in 1732 and was devoted to her, and shortly after the Princess's death, in 1753, was printed by Jesuits of Nesvizh. After the opening prayer, in fifteen paragraphs the author formulates the basic tenets of chaste life. Traditional Christian concepts are interwoven here with humanistic spiritual values that are rooted in the Seneca’s "Moral letters to Lucilius". For example, tips "to glorify the Trinity of the One God", to get rid of pride, to avoid corruption and laziness, respect parents connect with the glorification of wisdom, affirmation of the priority of spiritual values over beauty. If the advice to approach the ideal of holiness (infinite mercy and goodness) are interpreted in line with the Christian-humanist doctrine, the call for restraint corresponds with the views of the Stoics and Epicureans about the serenity of the soul, not burdened by envy and greed. Organizing principle of all that is good and positive is God, so in the last paragraph the advice "to keep the commandments diligently" is connected with the desire of God's blessing for the little daughter.
Only three of the seven children of Michał and Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłł survived and reached adulthood. The loss of each child was the cause of severe mental anguish to the mother, and she wrote memorial poems. So, on the occasion of the death of two-year first-born in 1729 "The gravestones inscription... to Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwill" was written, and the death of seventeen-years-old Janusz in 1750 gave "The regret over my son" ("Farewell to the son"). Both funeral works stood out with eloquence and were full of panegyric elements. Thus, the death of a young son Mikołaj is shown through the typical images of baroque elegiac poetry, most of which are concentrated around the motif of the "harvest of death." This choice allows to the author make a special poetic oxymoron: Mikołaj, who was born in May, and died in July, is likened to "a May flower", which is premature, still in the summer, mowed by death; or a young beast hunted in May (when hunting is permitted only in the autumn).
Lamentation of Mikołaj is not only the personal pain of the mother, but also awareness of irreparable loss for the magnate families – Radziwiłł and Wiśniowiecki – and for the kingdom. The death of young prince is shown through heraldic marks of the Radziwiłł’s emblem (an eagle and pipes) and Wiśniowiecki emblem (star, cross and month), through the dominant colours (yellow and blue) of these emblems, through a short digression into the glorious history of two noble families. Only occasionally, the voice of maternal grief breaks through submissive words of prayer to God, through the sublimely rhetorical passages.
The cycle of poetic portraits "Description of ladies of Her Highness Radziwill, Chancelloress of Great Lithuanian Kingdom" was written most likely in 1733, when Princess Franciszka Urszula was visiting her mother-in-law (the one mentioned in the title) Anna Katarzyna Sanguszko. This is a typical example of court poetry, created under the influence of the French salon culture of the 17th century. Poetic portraits are mainly complementary; they had a recreational function, and therefore were full of verbal sophistication, periphrasis.
Active in the social life the Princess used notable facts of her surroundings in the poetry. Thus, a number of poems on a particular occasion were written. These poems are varied in content and mood: greeting poems, farewells, etc. The reason for writing could be a wedding or the feeling of friendly affection, or even the prince's hunting or sending a letter from Leon Michał Radziwiłł to his wife Anna Luiza Mycielska.
A significant part of the poetic heritage of Princess is lyric poems in which the author tries to reflect the "tyranny of the soul." Nesvizh poet expresses her personal understanding of the nature of relationships between women and men ("I often do not understand those people..." "Phony fun of variable affects..."), from the height of her life experience analyses her era ("those who cannot read the personalities"), formulates her own strategy of inner life ("Complaint", "Verse with a murmur of marriage "). Self-presentation mostly covers the sphere of her intimate feelings.
Lyrical poetry sometimes comes in the form of religious poetry. However, the poems addressed to the God become poetic illustrations of various states of a Christian soul, which coincide with the three parts of the rosary (joyful, mourning and praise). This is the confession of faith and humble prayer ("God, you're the paradise defender ...") or mournful memories about the torments of Christ (freestyle interpretation of anthem «Stabat Mater» – «Your wounds bleed, Jesus"), or doxology affection with miracle of God's creation ("The call for creatures to praise their Creator"). Sometimes biblical topic can be an artistic background for the unfolding of moral concept of the author (the poem "Sweet memories on Paradise "). This lyrical poetry of Princess Radziwill is the most consistent in the development of baroque aesthetics and style.
Art techniques help the author to disclose her philosophy of life, first – the inner life. According educated aristocrat, her personal spiritual experience is worth to make it public; like other poets of the Baroque period, she felt to be the happy owner of the truth. This feeling led to the awareness of intellectual elitism.
An important fact is the "sloppy" attitude of to copyright. On one hand, Princess Franciszka Urszula considers it possible to personally rewrite a poem by French poet François de Malherbe and "forget" mark in the manuscript the author's name, on the other hand – she assigns her poems authorship to other persons (such as, "Gratitude of His Highness Prince Leon Radziwill" or "Verse on the memory of Her Highness Anna Luiza Mycielska... ").
Prose
Authorship of Princess remains unproven towards prose treatises in French, placed in the collection "Manuscript full of different poems I have collected and by the order of His Highness husband of mine of my own hand copied [...] in Nesvizh on March 29, 1732". In the works "On the mutual responsibilities of men and women...", "Relationship with others and secrecy of it" a variety of family life issues is analysed, as well as a logical reasoning to ensure happiness in marriage given: a wise prudence, piety of spouses, reciprocal enforcement of marital obligations, propriety and benevolence, politeness and virtuousness.
In her treatise "On Marriage" a spiritual (religious), and the social nature of the union of man and woman is revealed, goals of marriage are formulated, as well as advice is given on how to make the right choice and make the marriage a happy one. It is obvious that the issues reflected in francophone treatises were extremely interesting for the poet, whose work from the beginning thematically and figuratively had been clearly directed to the theme of love, at least in the marriage.
Drama
Since 1746 Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłł wrote two or three plays a year and put them on the stage in Nesvizh and Alba. After marriage, the princess rarely travelled outside the Radziwill residences. Frequent childbirth, poor health did not allow her to travel, so her "theater education" was carried out at home, in the library. From the poetic-dramatic specimens she moved to comedy, tragedy and the libretto.
A special feature of the Radziwill’s dramatic art is that she wrote directly for the stage: as soon as any tragedy or comedy has been prepared, any family celebration could be a convenient pretext for staging it. At the same time, there was not any internal connection between the respective views of celebration and genre of a play: a serious thing was performed when something serious was written, funny – when a comedy was in the presence.
There is reason to doubt that Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłł began writing drama only in the 1740s: the fragments of individual pieces were probably written before. Perhaps some of the draft could occur before 1732, when Princess actively mused upon the problems of love and marriage. However, because the evidence of the early dramatic experience doesn’t exist, the starting point of her dramaturgical and directorial activity is officially considered June 13, 1746, when in Nesvizh, in the summer residence Alba the comedy "Ingenious Love", dedicated to 44th anniversary of Prince Michał Kazimierz was staged. Due to the lack of facilities adapted for performances, the play was performed in the open air: arch decoration was built, sofas put for the nobles and clergy audience (petty nobles and officers of the Nesvizh garrison watched the play standing).
After the first play, encouraged with husband’s praise, Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłł started constant work on the repertoire for Nesvizh theater, and with the intensity of her work, dramatic skills of Francesca grew from year to year. In 1746, after the first comedy, the princess wrote another play called "It’s God's predetermination". This product, labelled by the author as "a tragedy", opens a number of plays, which in fact were a dramatic interpretation of fairy tales. Thus, the basis of the above-mentioned tragedy – well known in European folklore tale about Sleeping Beauty and Snow White. Because princesses Theophila and Karolina Radziwill were actors of this play, we can assume that it were children who prompted their mother to use famous fairy tales.
A comparison of the plot of the play "It's God's predetermination" with different interpretations of the original story in the folklore shows the Belarusian or Ukrainian roots of the story. Meanwhile, the naive tale of Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłł is filled with moralizing pathos. The play becomes an illustration of one of the central motifs of Francesca’s plays: everything that happens in the world – the matter of God's predetermination. The main role in the play belongs not to the talking mirror, but to the cruel godless mother who loses her beauty when becomes a moral monster.
The comedy "Love is a biased judge" recreates the story of the Trojan prince Paris from his birth to his arrival in Troy with the Helen. Greek myths about the Trojan War, since ancient times were very popular. However, despite the large number of predecessors who wrote about the Trojan myth, Princess Radziwiłł went her own way in creating a comedy. The writer changes events, the story builds, and the names of the characters. In her play, she showed a new, 'aristocratic' understanding of the essence of the Trojan myth, new accents. She entirely exonerates Paris and Priam, while all previous literary-dramatic tradition considered them as negative characters departed from the will of the gods.
Main character receives a fundamentally new interpretation: in the famous scene with the "Three Graces" Paris gives "the apple of discord" to Venus without hesitation (in contrast to the mythical hero). He believes that would have to be afraid of condemnation of the gods, if he gave the apple to acquire power or wisdom, but not for love. Travel of Paris to Greece also gets a new interpretation. According to the myth, the Trojan prince is going for the liberation of Priam’s sister Hesiona but with the hope to get Helena in Sparta. Radziwill’s Paris completely forgets about the gift of Venus: ashamed of his ignorance, he goes on a long journey to civilized countries to get an education. This plot has primarily a didactic purpose of teaching children, and in a broader sense reinterpretation of the myth can be seen as the result of the Enlightenment ideology, with its cult of science and education.
"The hare-brained judge" is the story of three Christian sisters-martyrs Agapa, Hiony and Irene who lived in times of Emperor Dioсletian. The drama is close to the genre of medieval morality play but creatively reworked so main characters were thus in the spotlight.
G. Baryshev pointed out "emphasis on the greatness and power of the spirit, that could not been broken with persuasion to change the religion or the torture and humiliation".
Describing the main characters, the author draws attention to the "internal", the spiritual aspect of their holiness. To this, we can add the talent of Princess Radziwill as the poetic interpreter of the Christian religion.
Comedy "Love is born in the eyes" opens the cycle of plays that Polish researcher Yuri Kzhyzhanovsky calls antic-eastern-pastoral. The comedy takes place in Cyprus in ancient times. The author’s focus is power of love over the person. In one of the episodes, Princess Radziwill acts as an amateur politician, offering a model of the ideal state.
In 1750, Franciszka Urszula writes a tragedy, "Gold in the fire." The plot of the play is known from the Boccaccio’s novels: a story of the Marquis of Saluzzo, who married a poor girl, and then brutally checked a new wife on loyalty and obedience to his will. One more comedy, "The Amusement of Fortune" is happening in Egypt and based on the legend about the king of Egypt Apries, who was overthrown by new proclaimed king Amadis. The legend was taken from Herodotus "History". Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłł succeeded in synthesizing ancient history, figurative and narrative features of the Hellenistic and heroic novels, adding magnificent Baroque vocal and decoration. For 1751 play "Trapped libertines”, Francesca processed famous Eastern fairy tale from “Thousand and one nights”. Danish expert A. Stender-Peterson noted liveliness of dialogues and wonderful characteristic differentiation. [3] It was an achievement of Francesca that in the era of pastoral drama she used live colloquial, created vivid real characters and successfully combined all the elements.
The comedy "Unreasonable Judge" was the second Eastern farce, "realistic samples of comic Orientalism" [4] Nesvizh poet united the eastern entourage with elements of farcical action.
The year 1752 was the last and most productive in the work of the Princess: she translated two Molière plays – "Les Précieuses ridicules" and "Doctor in spite of himself". She made her own dramatic adaptations and put them on stage in Nesvizh. In the same year, she made two operas based on classical antic mythology. The ancient myth embodies the dominant idea of Franciszka Urszula’s work: a sincere love – tests, but at the same time a reward for them. Unlike in ancient stories, Franciszka Urszula’s love is a gallant refined feeling; the desire for spiritual unity and not physical thirst. [5]
Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłł was the creator of Nesvizh Court Theatre repertoire, translator and processor of Molière's comedy heritage. She was the first Belarusian woman-playwright and created syncretic dramatic culture, developed under the significant influence of the Western European theater. Her style was created under the Baroque influence with its features: blurred genre boundaries, free composition, etc. At the same time, certain episodes confirm the impact of classic poetics, as well as the Enlightenment ideology. [6]
Transferring scene to exotic countries, the author used domestic, social and political realities of her own country.
The writer's credo can be outlined as "a praise of a woman" Her dramatic work absorb the ideas and concepts of modern times – the Enlightenment, reflects spiritual needs of aristocracy; it is an evidence of the high level of the refined poetic word in Polish-Belarusian literature of the 18th century. [7].
Heritage
After her death, one of the Nesvizh actors and stage directors Jakub Fryczyński published all her dramatic works, with engraved illustrations by Michał Żukowski based on drawings of Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłł ("Komedye y Tragedye", 1754). [8] Volumetric tome titled "Comedy and tragedy, composed by... Her Highness Princess Wiśniowiecki, Korybut, Radziwiłł" includes nine comedies, five tragedies and two operas (according to genre definitions, written in the book). There are several copies of the book printed without a date, on good paper, with differences both in the title page and in the text. A copy from the National Library of Belarus is likely to be a re-publication.
The legacy of Princess Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłł is a valuable historical and literary document. It consists of sixteen comedies and tragedies. The writer even tried her skills in opera librettos. Her plays staging carried out at various Radziwiłł estates, but after Michał Kazimierz's death in 1762, his wife’s work became theatrical relic and aroused the interest of only a narrow circle in Radziwiłł family. Then public forgot it. New rise of Nesvizh theater started in 1777, when Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłł’s son Karol Stanislaw Radziwill "Pan Kochanku" returned from exile.
For a long time the name of Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłł was unknown to the general reader. In Belarus, a book of selected plays was published only in 2003. Natalia Rusetskaya, Natalia Gordienko, Andrey Hadanovich, Zhanna Nekrashevich-Korotkaya, etc. made the translation into Belarusian language.
References
Footnotes
3. ↑ Stender-Petersen A. Die Dramen, insbesondere die Komödien, der Fürszin Radziwiłł // Zeitschrift für slawische Philologie. 1960. T. XXVIII. H 2. S. 381-281.
4. ↑ Kryżanowski J. talia i melpomena w Nieświeżu: Twórczość U. F. Radziwiłłowej // Pamiętnik teatralny. 1961. R. X. Z. 3 (39). S. 397.
5. ↑ Zh. Nekrashevіch-Karotkaya. Frantsishka Urshulia Radzіwіll... P. 872.
6. ↑ Zh. Nekrashevіch-Karotkaya. Frantsishka Urshulia Radzіwіll... p. 874.
7. ↑ Zh. Nekrashevіch-Karotkaya. Frantsishka Urshulia Radzіwіll... p. 875.
8. ↑ Widacka, Hanna. Księżna sawantka (Pol.). Muzeum Pałac w Wilanowie. Retrieved on March 15, 2012.
Bibliography
F.U. Radzіwіll. Selected work: Minsk, "Bel. knіgazbor ", 2003. – 445, [8].
F.U. Radzіwіll. Deliverance Precautions: [Poetry]. Reckless Judge: [Play] / Frantsishka Urshulia Radzіwill // Nasha vera. 2003. № 2 pp 52–60.
Further reading
Celia Hawkesworth, A History of Central European Women's Writing, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001,
Jadwiga Sokolowska and Krystyna Zukowska, Franciszka Urszula Radziwillowa, Poeci polskiego baroku. Warsaw 1965, vol.2
Judkowiak Barbara, Słowo inscenizowane. O Franciszce Urszuli Radziwiłłowej – poetce
The Great Lithuanian Kingdom: encyclopaedia. V.2. – Minsk, 2006.
Encyclopaedia of Belarusian literature and art. V.4. – Minsk, 1985.
Frantsishka Urshulia Radzіwill // Belarusian encyclopaedia. Minsk, 2001. V.6, book 1, p. 213.
Frantsishka Urshulia Radzіwill // Encyclopaedia of history of Belarus. Minsk, 2001. V.6, book 1, p. 62.
Frantsishka Urshulia Radzіwill // Enlighteners of Belarus. 10th – beginning of 20th century: Minsk, 2001, pp 345–346.
Baryshau G. Ursula Frantsishka Radzіwill (1705–1753) / Gury Baryshau // Slavutyia іmiony Batskaushchyny: Minsk, 2000. №1, p. 147–159.
Baryshev G.I. Nesvizh amateur theater and drama of Urszula Frantsishka Radziwill // Baryshev G.I. Theatre culture of Belarus in XVIII century / Minsk, 1992. pp 103–140.
Gorshkovoz-Bazhenova O.D. Thumbnails of Urshula Frantsishka Radziwill, engraved by M. Zhukovsky. Theatre in Nevsizh / Gorshkovoz-Bazhenova O.D .// Zdabytkі: dakumentalnye. pomnіkі na Belarusi. Minsk, 2002, vol. 5, pp. 48–57.
Nekrashevіch-Karotkaya Zh. Frantsishka Urshulya Radzіwіll // History of Belarusian literature in X-XIX centuries. Literature of the past: XI – XVIII centuries, in 2 volumes / V.A. Chamyarytskі. – Minsk, 2007.
Maslyanіtsyna, I. M. Radzіwіll Frantsishka Urshula // Myslіtselі i asvetnіkі Belarusi. Entsyklapedychny davednіk / edited by B. I. Sachanka. – Minsk: Belaruskaya entsyklapediya, 1995. – pp. 276–281. – 672. – .
Franciszka Urszula Radziwillowa
1705 births
1753 deaths
People from Volyn Oblast
Belarusian women writers
18th-century Polish–Lithuanian writers
18th-century Polish–Lithuanian women writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszka%20Urszula%20Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82owa |
WWF Road to WrestleMania is a video game released on the Game Boy Advance handheld console by THQ, based on the World Wrestling Federation's pay-per-view of the same name. It was the first WWF game to be released on the Game Boy Advance, and the only one released under the WWF name, as the promotion was renamed in 2002. The main part of the game is the season mode where players have to win matches to get a heavyweight championship title match.
The game was succeeded by WWE Road to WrestleMania X8.
Gameplay
The game features both single-player and multiplayer game modes, with multiplayer being available through the Game Boy Advance Gamelink cable. The single-player game modes have a variety of match types including Exhibition, Gauntlet, Season, King of the Ring, Royal Rumble, Iron Man, and Pay Per View. Due to memory and roster limit restrictions, the Royal Rumble game mode is limited only to a maximum of 24 participants, compared to the average of 30 in its real-life variant. The season mode is incredibly similar to career modes found in other sports and wrestling games alike, which involves the player choosing a wrestler and building their career with the end goal of reaching WrestleMania, WWE's premier event of the year. Every week the player is subjected to various matches against the other competing wrestlers on the roster.
Roster
Reception
The game received "mixed" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.
See also
List of licensed wrestling video games
List of fighting games
References
2001 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
Natsume (company) games
THQ games
Video games developed in Japan
WrestleMania video games
WWE video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Professional wrestling games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWF%20Road%20to%20WrestleMania |
Windsor is an unincorporated community in southern Casey County, Kentucky, United States. Their post office is active.
References
Unincorporated communities in Casey County, Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor%2C%20Kentucky |
DHEC may refer to:
DHEC, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control
Dihydroergocryptine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHEC |
Georgia crackers refer to the original American pioneer settlers of the Province of Georgia (later, the State of Georgia), and their descendants.
In the late 19th century and the early part of the 20th century, Georgia ranchers came to be known as "Georgia Crackers" by Floridians when they drove their cattle down into the grassy flatlands of Central Florida to graze in the winter, stopping where the citrus groves began. In order to get the cattle's attention they became very adept at cracking a bullwhip.
The term "cracker" was in use during Elizabethan times to describe braggarts. The original root of this is the Middle English word crack meaning "entertaining conversation" (One may be said to "crack" a joke; a witty remark is a "wisecrack"). This term and the Gaelic spelling "craic" are still in use in Ireland, Northern Ireland, and Scotland. It is documented in Shakespeare's King John (1595): "What cracker is this... that deafes our eares / With this abundance of superfluous breath?"
By the 1760s the ruling classes, both in Britain and in the American colonies, applied the term "Cracker" to Scotch-Irish and English settlers of the remote southern back country, as noted in a passage from a letter to the Earl of Dartmouth: "I should explain to your Lordship what is meant by Crackers; a name they have got from being great boasters; they are a lawless set of rascalls on the frontiers of Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia, who often change their places of abode." The word was later associated with the cowboys of Georgia and Florida, many of them descendants of those early frontiersmen.
Usage
Among some Georgians, the term is used as a proud or jocular self-description. Since the huge influx of new residents into Georgia from the northern parts of the United States in the late 20th century, "Georgia cracker" has become used informally by some white residents of Georgia of Scots-Irish and English stock, to indicate that their family has lived there for many generations.
However, other Georgians find the term highly offensive and insulting: "'Cracker' has a murky history but generally describes poor whites. The slur is widely considered an insult among white southerners. . . . . for plenty of rural, white southerners, "cracker" is a demeaning, bigoted term . . . the equivalent of redneck."
The "Cracker Party" was a Democratic Party political machine that dominated city politics in Augusta, Georgia, for over 25 years, and exerted considerable political influence for roughly four decades after its 1946 defeat.
For several years before baseball's "Braves" National League franchise moved to Atlanta from Milwaukee, that city was home to an International League team called "the Atlanta Crackers".
Notable Georgia Crackers
Bill Arp, Georgia's foremost 19th-century humorist
Roy V. Harris, a "Cracker Party" boss
Lauretta Hannon, Georgia's 'Cracker Queen' humorist
John B. "Big John" Kennedy, Augusta, Georgia Public Safety Commissioner (1942–1946) and another "Cracker Party" boss
Doyle Lawson, Musician known for his mandolin piece "Georgia Cracker"
See also
Atlanta Black Crackers, a Negro league baseball team (1919–1952)
Atlanta Crackers minor league teams (1901–1965)
Country (identity)
Cracker (term)
Florida cracker
Georgia (U.S. state)
References
Notes
Further reading
Georgia Backroads
External links
The Georgia Encyclopedia
Okefenokee Folk
Georgia (U.S. state) culture
Culture of the Southern United States
American regional nicknames
History of Georgia (U.S. state)
British-American culture in Georgia (U.S. state)
English-American culture in Georgia (U.S. state)
Scotch-Irish American culture in Georgia (U.S. state)
Cowboys | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20cracker |
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