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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%20granule
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In cellular biology, stress granules are biomolecular condensates in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that assemble into 0.1–2 μm membraneless organelles when the cell is under stress. The mRNA molecules found in stress granules are stalled translation pre-initiation complexes associated with 40S ribosomal subunits, translation initiation factors, poly(A)+ mRNAs and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). While they are membraneless organelles, stress granules have been proposed to be associated with the endoplasmatic reticulum. There are also nuclear stress granules. This article is about the cytosolic variety.
Proposed functions
The function of stress granules remains largely unknown. Stress granules have long been proposed to have a function to protect RNAs from harmful conditions, thus their appearance under stress. The accumulation of RNAs into dense globules could keep them from reacting with harmful chemicals and safeguard the information coded in their RNA sequence.
Stress granules might also function as a decision point for untranslated mRNAs. Molecules can go down one of three paths: further storage, degradation, or re-initiation of translation. Conversely, it has also been argued that stress granules are not important sites for mRNA storage nor do they serve as an intermediate location for mRNAs in transit between a state of storage and a state of degradation.
Efforts to identify all RNAs within stress granules (the stress granule transcriptome) in an unbiased w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjurs%C3%A5s
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Bjursås () is a locality situated in Falun Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden with 1,839 inhabitants in 2010.
Tourists, many of whom come from Stockholm, visit its ski resort every winter. A large part of the population commute to Falun or work within the local forest industry. Bjursås is nicknamed "The Switzerland of Dalarna", because of its broken ground. "Bjur" in the name is an old Norse word for beaver. A literal translation of the name to English means "Beaver Ridge".
References
Populated places in Dalarna County
Populated places in Falun Municipality
Ski areas and resorts in Sweden
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maker%20Faire
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Maker Faire is a convention of do it yourself (DIY) enthusiasts established by Make magazine in 2006. Participants come from a wide variety of interests, such as robotics, 3D printing, computers, arts and crafts, and hacker culture.
History
In 2005, Dale Dougherty founded Make: magazine as a quarterly publication with Tim O’Reilly. The first Make: magazine was published in 2005 and the first Maker Faire took place in 2006 in San Mateo, Over the next 13 years, this inaugural maker faire expanded to more than 200 licensed Maker Faires in more than 40 countries.
Dale Dougherty convened the first Maker Faire in 2006 in San Mateo, Calif., drawing a crowd of 20,000.
Maker Media Inc. went out of business in June 2019, and Dale Dougherty rebranded as Make Community.
Maker Faires in the US
Flagship Maker Faires
Flagship Maker Faires are held in San Mateo, California and New York City.
The last Bay Area Maker Faire was held in 2019. The Maker Faire Bay Area was not held in 2020. This was due to the potential impact of coronavirus as well as the 2019 transition of Maker Media to Make: Community.
A revived Bay Area Maker Faire was held in October 2023 at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in Vallejo, California.
The New York Maker Faire is also known as the "World Maker Faire". Maker Faire has most recently happened in New York in 2018.
However, the New York City Faire was cancelled in 2019 due to financial difficulties.
White House Maker Faire
On June 18, 2014, President Obama
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Comet%20%28Great%20Escape%29
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The Comet is a wooden roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Escape and Hurricane Harbor in Queensbury, New York, in the United States.
Built from parts of the Crystal Beach Cyclone in 1948 at Crystal Beach, The Comet was resurrected and reopened by the Great Escape in 1994. Often rated one of the top roller coasters in the world in the 1990s, The Comet features a 2-minute ride over several hills. The first and largest hill contains a drop of and brings riders to a maximum speed of . For the 2017 season, The Comet celebrated its 70th Anniversary.
History
The coaster started its existence at Crystal Beach Park (an amusement park in Fort Erie, Ontario) as a ride known as Cyclone in 1927. Cyclone was known as a fearsome coaster. Its metal support structure was torn down and rebuilt as The Comet in 1947. The ride was saved shortly after the park closed down forever after the 1989 season. Charlie Wood, the owner of The Great Escape in Queensbury, New York successfully bid for The Comet and it sat in storage for a few years in Fantasy Island before making its way to the park in Queensbury where it began service again. The ride was constructed by Martin & Vleminckx at Great Escape.
Ride experience
The roller coaster operates two trains, one red and one blue, each one capable of carrying twenty four riders in four cars in three rows, two across. Minimum height requirement is to ride.
Owing to its location at the back of the park and simple queue maze, wait time for The Com
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20least%20squares
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In statistics, generalized least squares (GLS) is a method used to estimate the unknown parameters in a linear regression model when there is a certain degree of correlation between the residuals in the regression model. GLS is employed to improve statistical efficiency and reduce the risk of drawing erroneous inferences compared to conventional least squares and weighted least squares methods. It was first described by Alexander Aitken in 1935.
Method outline
In standard linear regression models, one observes data on n statistical units.
The response values are placed in a vector,and the predictor values are placed in the design matrix,where each row is a vector of the predictor variables (including a constant) for the th data point.
The model assumes that the conditional mean of given to be a linear function of and that the conditional variance of the error term given is a known non-singular covariance matrix, . That is,where is a vector of unknown constants, called “regression coefficients”, which are estimated from the data.
If is a candidate estimate for , then the residual vector for is . The generalized least squares method estimates by minimizing the squared Mahalanobis length of this residual vector:which is equivalent to,which is a quadratic programming problem. The stationary point of the objective function occurs when,so,The quantity is known as the precision matrix (or dispersion matrix), a generalization of the diagonal weight matrix.
Propertie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelbeuern%20Abbey
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Michaelbeuern Abbey () is a Benedictine monastery in Dorfbeuern near Salzburg in Austria.
History
A monastic cell existed here as early as 736 or thereabouts, referred to in the Aachen Monastery Register("Klosterverzeichnis") in 817 as "Buria". After
the Hungarian wars, reconstruction began in 977 with an endowment from Emperor Otto II. More times of crisis came upon the abbey with the fire of 1346,
mismanagement of the prebendal income and the effects of the Reformation.
From the 17th century however Michaelbeuern began a long period of prosperity, which led to ambitious building works, for example the Baroque high altar of 1691 in the abbey church, by Meinrad Guggenbichler and Johann Michael Rottmayr. At this time more than twenty-five monks of Michaelbeuern gained their
doctorates at the Benedictine University of Salzburg. The community also took on many pastoral responsibilities in the surrounding parishes. During the National Socialist period the monks were expelled, but returned after World War II. The abbey church, re-romanised, was re-dedicated in 1950.
From 1641 the abbey was a member of the Salzburg Congregation, which in 1930 was merged into the present Austrian Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation.
The abbey today
The abbey today is a thriving Benedictine community, well known as an educational and cultural centre. The abbey runs a school and owns different business like a farm, a district heating plant, a biogas plant and a participation in a br
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedocromil
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Nedocromil sodium is a medication considered as mast cell stabilizer which acts to prevent wheezing, shortness of breath, and other breathing problems caused by asthma. It is administered by an inhaler under the brand name Tilade, and as an eye drop under the brand name Alocril. The effects of nedocromil versus asthma are gradual rather than fast-acting and it is not indicated for acute respiratory distress compared to fast acting bronchodilators like albuterol or other well-known inhaler medications. Liquid preparations of nedocromil are available in the UK under the name Rapitil for use for allergic eye reactions. Nedocromil sodium has been shown to be effective in alleviating symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis.
Nedocromil is classified as a benzopyrone. Nedocromil acts as a mast cell stabilizer, inhibits the degranulation of mast cells, prevents release of histamine and tryptase, so preventing the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. US Production of inhaled nedocromil ceased in April 2008 because it used CFCs as propellant.
See also
Cromolyn
References
Mast cell stabilizers
Ophthalmology drugs
Dicarboxylic acids
Nitrogen heterocycles
Oxygen heterocycles
Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings
Diketones
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebullism
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Ebullism is the formation of water vapour bubbles in bodily fluids due to reduced environmental pressure, usually at extreme high altitude. It occurs because a system of liquid and gas at equilibrium will see a net conversion of liquid to gas as pressure lowers; for example, liquids reach their boiling points at lower temperatures when the pressure on them is lowered. The injuries and disorder caused by ebullism is also known as ebullism syndrome. Ebullism will expand the volume of the tissues, but the vapour pressure of water at temperatures in which a human can survive is not sufficient to rupture skin or most other tissues encased in skin.
Ebullism produces predictable injuries, which may be survivable if treated soon enough, and is often accompanied by complications caused by rapid decompression, such as decompression sickness and a variety of barotrauma injuries. Persons at risk are astronauts and high altitude aviators, for whom it is an occupational hazard.
Symptoms
Symptoms of ebullism include bubbles in the membranes of the mouth and eyes, swelling of the soft tissues with possible bruising, and bubbles in the blood. Blood circulation and breathing may be impaired or stopped by cardiac vapourlock. The brain tissue may be starved of oxygen because of blockage of arteries resulting in rapid loss of consciousness, and the lungs may swell and hemorrhage. Death results unless recompression is rapid enough to restore oxygenation and reduce the bubbles before excessive ti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodna%2C%20Queensland
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Goodna is a suburb on the eastern edge of the City of Ipswich in Queensland, Australia. In the , Goodna had a population of 10,461 people.
Geography
Goodna is from the Brisbane central business district, being just outside the Brisbane City Council area. Located as a centre point between Brisbane and Ipswich, it was designated by the Queensland Government in the SEQ Plan as a major activity centre, a transport oriented development centre and as an economic activity centre.
The Brisbane River runs to the north of Goodna. Goodna Boat Ramp is one of the only boat ramps on the Brisbane River and is part of the Brisbane River Canoe Trail. There are extensive old Jacaranda, Poinciana, Hoop Pine and Mango trees throughout the area. Parks are widespread with over 14 individual parks to be found and free electric barbecue facilities at the major ones. Names of some of the major parks include: Evan Marginson Sportsground, Richardson Park, Leslie Park, Kippen Park, Norma Mulvihill Park, Baines Meaney and Seymour Park. Fifty percent of The Pan Pacific Peace Gardens is also situated within Goodna. Wildlife is restricted with ongoing development, however possums and on a rare occasion koalas have also been spotted and kangaroos are numerous, especially near the golf courses.
Goodna Shopping Centre (also known as St Ives) is a major shopping centre, an easy walk to the Goodna train station ( direct distance).
Many of the original central street names in Goodna originated from Englis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/FPS-35
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The AN/FPS-35 frequency diversity radar was a long range search radar used in the early 1960s. It was one of the largest air defense radars ever produced, with its antenna and supporting structure mounted on one of the largest rolling-element bearings in the world (with a ball pitch of 12 ft 7 inches in diameter.).
Overview
Sperry Corporation built 12 long range radars (picking up objects 200 miles away) in the 1960s to succeed existing Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) to provide enhanced electronic countermeasures (ECM). The systems operated at 420 to 450 MHz. The antennas weighed and had numerous problems. The concrete tower bases were high and square in side dimensions.
The prototype was developed at the Thomasville Aircraft Control and Warning Station in Thomasville, Alabama.
The enclosed radar towers that supported all 12 of the FPS-35 antennas were prominent landmarks. All these radar towers were of the same basic design with 10 made primarily from concrete and two based on a steel frame structure (Baker and Finley). Only the radar tower at Baker has been demolished.
The 23 radar towers used by the AN/FPS-24 and the AN/FPS-35 radar sets were of similar designs (concrete or steel frame) and were designed under the direction of the Rome Air Development Center (RADC). The radar tower at Thomasville has an RADC plaque next to the one from the Sperry Corporation. Only the AN/FPS-35 tower at Baker included a radome to protect the antenna. This radome wa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Sch%C3%B6pp
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Andrea Schöpp (born 27 February 1965) is a German curler from Garmisch-Partenkirchen. She lectures part-time in statistics at the University of Munich.
Career
Schöpp is a two-time World champion ( and ), seven-time European champion (, , , , , , ) and 1992 Winter Olympics champion (demonstration). Schöpp has skipped every team she has played for in international events - except when she plays at the European Mixed Curling Championships, where she usually plays third for her brother, Rainer.
Schöpp made her international debut in 1980, at the age of 15. She skipped the German team to a bronze medal at the European championships that year. She also won silver medals at the Worlds in 1986 and 1987 and a bronze in 1989. She continues to curl, although she has had less success in the last decade. Her fourth-place finish at the 2006 Ford World Women's Curling Championship was her highest placement since 1996 at the Worlds. She won the in Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada with an extra-end victory over Scotland's Eve Muirhead.
Schöpp won a gold medal at the 2008 European Mixed Curling Championship as a part of the team skipped by her brother Rainer.
Personal life
Schöpp studied statistics at the University of Munich and earned her diploma in 1991. She completed her doctorate in 1996, and has been employed by the University of Munich from 1991.
Schöpp's brother, Rainer Schöpp, is also a curler.
She was born hours before her longtime teammate, Monika Wagner, in the same hospi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiten
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Kiten may refer to:
Kiten, Burgas Province, a resort town on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
Kiten, Varna Province, a village in Varna Province, Bulgaria
Kiten (program), a Japanese Kanji learning tool
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyrol
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Argyrol is the trade name for an antiseptic for mucous membranes which consists of compounded solutions of mild silver protein. Argyrol is synonymous with the chemical Mild Silver Protein (MSP) which is pharmaceutical grade for use in medicine and sterile processes. MSP is a molecule produced in the chemical industry in Europe, consisting of elemental silver conjugated along the helix of a denatured protein molecule derived from caseinate of strictly regulated certified livestock. Argyrol 10% is 20,000 ppm with particle sizing molecular range from <8 nm to average <14.3 nm. Argyrol is a local anti-infective most familiar for both ophthalmic and upper respiratory disinfection. Widely publicized for its value to resolve gonorrhea infections, it was known to prevent gonorrheal blindness and other pathogenic bacterial and viral infections to the eyes of newborn infants. Albert C. Barnes developed and commercialized Argyrol as treatment and prevention technology.
History
Argyrol was first made commercially available in 1901 by the Barnes and Hille Chemists Company. It has remained a registered trademark since Barnes' USPTO registration was first issued in 1902. In 1903, Medical News reported that Barnes had read a paper at the Tri-State Medical Society, in which he said Argyrol could be used to treat conjunctivitis, ophthalmia neonatorum, gonorrheal ophthalmia, otitis media, genitourinary infections and inflammations and urethritis. In April 1907, Barnes bought out Hille and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor%20activated%20solely%20by%20a%20synthetic%20ligand
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A receptor activated solely by a synthetic ligand (RASSL) or designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD), is a class of artificially engineered protein receptors used in the field of chemogenetics which are selectively activated by certain ligands. They are used in biomedical research, in particular in neuroscience to manipulate the activity of neurons.
Originally differentiated by the approach used to engineer them, RASSLs and DREADDs are often used interchangeably now to represent an engineered receptor-ligand system. These systems typically utilize G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) engineered to respond exclusively to synthetic ligands, like clozapine N-oxide (CNO), and not to endogenous ligands. Several types of these receptors exists, derived from muscarinic or κ-opioid receptors.
Types of RASSLs / DREADDs
One of the first DREADDs was based on the human M3 muscarinic receptor (hM3). Only two point mutations of hM3 were required to achieve a mutant receptor with nanomolar potency for CNO, insensitivity to acetylcholine and low constitutive activity and this DREADD receptor was named hM3Dq. M1 and M5 muscarinic receptors have been mutated to create DREADDs hM1Dq and hM5Dq respectively.
The most commonly used inhibitory DREADD is hM4Di, derived from the M4 muscarinic receptor that couples with the Gi protein. Another Gi coupled human muscarinic receptor, M2, was also mutated to obtain the DREADD receptor hM2D. Another inhibitory Gi-DREADD is th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypovirus
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Cypovirus, short for cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae and subfamily Spinareovirinae. Cypoviruses have only been isolated from insects. Diseases associated with this genus include chronic diarrhoea and pale blue iridescence in the guts of larvae. Sixteen species are placed in this genus.
Cypoviruses structurally have much in common with the more widely studied nucleopolyhedroviruses, a genus of arthropod viruses in the family Baculoviridae. However, cypoviruses have an RNA genome and replicate in the cytoplasm of the infected cells, while nucleopolyhedroviruses have a DNA genome and replicate in the nucleus.
Structure
Viruses in the genus Cypovirus are nonenveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=2 symmetry. Cypoviruses have only a single capsid shell, which is similar to the orthoreovirus inner core. They exhibit striking capsid stability, which is fully capable of endogenous RNA transcription and processing. The capsid diameter is around 65 nm.
Genome
Genomes are linear and segmented. The genome codes for 10 to 12 proteins. Classification of cypoviruses is based on the electrophoretic migration profiles of their genome segments. The overall folds of cypovirus proteins are similar to those of other reoviruses, but they have insertional domains and unique structures that contribute to their extensive intermolecular interactions. The cypovirus turret protein contains two methylase domains with a highly
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve%20Cried%20the%20Blue%20Right%20Out%20of%20My%20Eyes
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I've Cried the Blue Right Out of My Eyes is the first compilation album by the American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released in February 1978, the album consists of her earliest recordings from Gayle's tenure on the Decca Records label from the early 1970s (Decca was assimilated into MCA Records during Gayle's contract). The album was produced by Owen Bradley, who had previously produced such country stars as Patsy Cline and Gayle's elder sister, Loretta Lynn (who wrote three of the songs featured on this compilation).
Four of the album's ten tracks were originally released as singles between 1970 and 1973, including Gayle's earliest hit, "I've Cried (The Blue Right Out of My Eyes)", which reached #23 on the Billboard Country Singles chart in August 1970 (the song was re-released in early 1978 to promote this album, this time reaching #40 on the Country Singles chart). "Everybody Oughta Cry" reached #70 in January 1972, and "I Hope You're Havin' Better Luck Than Me" peaked at #49 in May 1972. "Show Me How" was released as a single in 1973, but failed to chart.
Gayle was to have a short career with MCA, leaving for United Artists Records before an album had been released (although the aforementioned singles were). MCA released the album at the height of Gayle's popularity, sandwiched between two of her most successful UA albums, We Must Believe in Magic and When I Dream.
Track listing
Crystal Gayle albums
1978 albums
Albums produced by Owen Bradley
MCA Records albu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood%2C%20Tennessee
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Hollywood, Tennessee is the ninth studio album by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released in August 1981, it peaked at #5 on the Billboard Country Albums chart.
As the title intends to suggest, half of the album was produced in a pop music style, whilst the other half was produced in a "Tennessee" country music style. It includes four singles released in 1982 and 1983 which appeared on the Billboard Country charts: "The Woman in Me" (#3), "You Never Gave Up on Me" (#5), "Living in These Troubled Times" (#9), and "Keepin' Power" (#49).
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle - lead vocals
Chris Leuzinger, Jon Goin - guitar
Joe Allen, Tommy Cogbill - bass
Alan Steinberger - keyboards
Charles Cochran - keyboards, vibraphone, string arrangements
Bobby Wood - piano
Gene Chrisman, Kenny Malone - drums, percussion
Buddy Spicher - fiddle, mandolin
Wanda Vick - mandolin
Denis Solee - saxophone
Billy Puett, Sam Levine - flute
The Sheldon Kurland Strings - strings
Dennis Good - horn arrangements
Technical
Garth Fundis - recording, mixing
Virginia Team - art direction
Norman Seeff - photography
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
Crystal Gayle albums
1981 albums
Albums produced by Allen Reynolds
Columbia Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody%20Wants%20to%20Be%20Alone
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Nobody Wants to Be Alone is the twelfth studio album by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released in April 1985, it peaked at #17 on the Billboard Country albums chart.
In a front page New York Times article titled, "Country Music in Decline," this album was noted as one of many that were indicative of a trend, marking "the end of an era" for the genre: despite two top 5 hits, "Crystal Gayle's latest album sold fewer than 80,000 copies" six months after its release.
Two singles from the album also made the Country singles charts; the title track reached #3 in early 1985, and "A Long and Lasting Love" reached #5 later that year. Though the song wasn't released as a single to Country radio, a video was produced for "Touch and Go."
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle – lead vocals, harmony vocals (2)
Randy Kerber – acoustic piano (1), electric piano (1), Yamaha DX7 (1)
John Barlow Jarvis – keyboards (2, 4, 5, 7, 8)
Robbie Buchanan – electric piano (3, 6, 9), Yamaha DX7 (3, 6, 9), synthesizer string arrangements (9)
Alan Steinberger – keyboards (4, 7, 8)
John Hobbs – acoustic piano (6, 9)
Charles Cochran – acoustic piano (10)
Dann Huff – electric guitar (1, 3, 6, 9)
Dean Parks – electric guitar (1, 3, 6, 9), acoustic guitar (1, 3, 6, 9)
Chris Leuzinger – guitars (2, 7, 8)
Billy Joe Walker Jr. – guitars (2, 4, 5, 7, 8)
Reggie Young – guitars (2, 4, 5, 7, 8)
Billy Sanford – guitars (10)
Neil Stubenhaus – bass (1, 3, 6, 9)
David Hungate – bass (2, 4
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun%20drill
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Gun drills (through coolant drill) are straight fluted drills which allow cutting fluid (either compressed air or a suitable liquid) to be injected through the drill's hollow body to the cutting face. They are used for deep hole drilling—a depth-to-diameter ratio of 300:1 or more is possible. Gun barrels are the obvious example; hence the name. Other uses include moldmaking, diemaking, and the manufacture of combustion engine parts such as crankcase, cylinder head, and woodwind musical instruments, such as uilleann pipes, as gun drills can drill long straight holes in metal, wood, and some plastics. The coolant provides lubrication and cooling to the cutting edges and removes the swarf or chips from the hole. Modern gun drills use carbide tips to prolong life and reduce total cost when compared with steel tips. Speed of drilling depends on the material being drilled, rotational speed, and the drill diameter; a high speed drill can cut a hole in P20 steel at 30 inches per minute.
Gun drilling can be done on several kinds of machine tools. On lathes, it is generally practical with hole depths of less than 50 diameters. There are also purpose-built gun drilling machines, where longer aspect ratios can be drilled.
Requirement
With a standard twist drill, it is difficult to drill a straight and accurately sized hole of a depth more than about 5 times the diameter. This is a problem in many manufacturing processes, especially the firearms industry: the barrel of a gun must be ve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20town
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An urban town is a proposed classification for towns in the state of Wisconsin, similar to the urban townships of Minnesota and Ohio. The concept, originally proposed in 2001, as AB501, limited the classification to towns with over 7,500 people. The proposal has gained support from such organizations as the Wisconsin Towns Association. The impetus that originally spawned the concept of urban towns was an effort to stem annexation of urbanized areas in unincorporated area by cities and villages across county lines. Obtaining "urban town" status effectively freezes the town's boundaries. While urban towns would have substantially greater zoning and regulatory rights than "rural towns", the status would not confer "incorporated" status on the municipality, freeing them from several responsibilities incumbent upon incorporated municipal governments, thus distinguishing them from the incorporated towns of Illinois.
In the time since the idea was originally proposed, many of the towns that would have been affected have since incorporated, but 2004 population estimates indicate that a number of towns that would have been ineligible in 2001, now are. As of March 2007, the eligible include:
Delafield (town), Wisconsin (Waukesha County)
Genesee, Wisconsin (Waukesha County)
Grand Chute, Wisconsin (Outagamie County)
Grand Rapids, Wisconsin (Wood County)
Greenville, Wisconsin (Outagamie County)
Harrison, Calumet County, Wisconsin
Lisbon, Waukesha County, Wisconsin
Menasha (town), W
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise%20equation
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The sunrise equation or sunset equation can be used to derive the time of sunrise or sunset for any solar declination and latitude in terms of local solar time when sunrise and sunset actually occur.
Formulation
It is formulated as:
where:
is the solar hour angle at either sunrise (when negative value is taken) or sunset (when positive value is taken);
is the latitude of the observer on the Earth;
is the sun declination.
Principles
The Earth rotates at an angular velocity of 15°/hour. Therefore, the expression , where is in degree, gives the interval of time in hours from sunrise to local solar noon or from local solar noon to sunset.
The sign convention is typically that the observer latitude is 0 at the equator, positive for the Northern Hemisphere and negative for the Southern Hemisphere, and the solar declination is 0 at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes when the sun is exactly above the equator, positive during the Northern Hemisphere summer and negative during the Northern Hemisphere winter.
The expression above is always applicable for latitudes between the Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle. North of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle, there is at least one day of the year with no sunrise or sunset. Formally, there is a sunrise or sunset when during the Northern Hemisphere summer, and when during the Southern Hemisphere winter. For locations outside these latitudes, it is either 24-hour daytime or 24-hour nighttime.
Expressions for the s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20carotid%20plexus
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The internal carotid plexus is a nerve plexus situated upon the lateral side of the internal carotid artery. It is composed of post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres which have synapsed at (i.e. have their nerve cell bodies at) the superior cervical ganglion. The plexus gives rise to the deep petrosal nerve.
Anatomy
Postganglionic sympathetic fibres ascend from the superior cervical ganglion, along the walls of the internal carotid artery, to enter the internal carotid plexus. These fibres are then distributed to deep structures, including the superior tarsal muscle and pupillary dilator muscle. It includes fibres destined for the pupillary dilator muscle as part of a neural circuit regulating pupillary dilatation component of the pupillary reflex. Some fibres of the plexus converge to form the deep petrosal nerve.
The internal carotid plexus communicates with the trigeminal ganglion, the abducent nerve, and the pterygopalatine ganglion (also named sphenopalatine); it distributes filaments to the wall of the internal carotid artery, and also communicates with the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
The plexus there occasionally presents a small gangliform swelling - the carotid ganglion - on the under surface of the artery.
Additional images
References
Notes
Nerve plexus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA%20Division%20I%20college%20baseball%20team%20statistics
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The following is a list of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college baseball team statistics as of the conclusion of the 2017 season, including all-time number of wins, losses, and ties; number of seasons played; and percent of games won.
This list includes record as a senior college only, and only teams with 25 or more seasons in Division I included.
Winningest Baseball Programs as of Conclusion of 2017 Season
Source:
See also
Baseball statistics
NCAA Division I Baseball Championship
References
Statistics, team
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalyl%20fluoride
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Oxalyl fluoride is the organofluorine compound with the formula (COF)2. It is a fluorinated derivative of oxalic acid. This colorless liquid is prepared by reaction of sodium fluoride with oxalyl chloride.
Oxalyl fluoride is being investigated for use in etching as a replacement for compounds which have the liability of high global warming potential.
See also
Oxalyl chloride
Oxalyl bromide
Dioxane tetraketone
Oxalyl
References
Acyl fluorides
Inorganic carbon compounds
Carbon oxohalides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiprobability%20distribution
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A quasiprobability distribution is a mathematical object similar to a probability distribution but which relaxes some of Kolmogorov's axioms of probability theory. Quasiprobabilities share several of general features with ordinary probabilities, such as, crucially, the ability to yield expectation values with respect to the weights of the distribution. However, they can violate the σ-additivity axiom: integrating over them does not necessarily yield probabilities of mutually exclusive states. Indeed, quasiprobability distributions also have regions of negative probability density, counterintuitively, contradicting the first axiom. Quasiprobability distributions arise naturally in the study of quantum mechanics when treated in phase space formulation, commonly used in quantum optics, time-frequency analysis, and elsewhere.
Introduction
In the most general form, the dynamics of a quantum-mechanical system are determined by a master equation in Hilbert space: an equation of motion for the density operator (usually written ) of the system. The density operator is defined with respect to a complete orthonormal basis. Although it is possible to directly integrate this equation for very small systems (i.e., systems with few particles or degrees of freedom), this quickly becomes intractable for larger systems. However, it is possible to prove that the density operator can always be written in a diagonal form, provided that it is with respect to an overcomplete basis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender%20binary
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The gender binary (also known as gender binarism) is the classification of gender into two distinct forms of masculine and feminine, whether by social system, cultural belief, or both simultaneously. Most cultures use a gender binary, having two genders (boys/men and girls/women).
In this binary model, gender and sexuality may be assumed by default to align with one's sex assigned at birth. This may include certain expectations of how one dresses themselves, one's behavior, sexual orientation, names or pronouns, which restroom one uses, and other qualities. For example, when a male is born, gender binarism may assume that the male will be masculine in appearance, have masculine character traits and behaviors, as well as having a heterosexual attraction to females. These expectations may reinforce negative attitudes, biases, and discrimination towards people who display expressions of gender variance or nonconformity or those whose gender identity is incongruent with their birth sex. Discrimination against transgender or gender nonconforming people can take various forms, from physical or sexual assault, homicide, limited access to public spaces, in healthcare and more. The gender binary has been critiqued as a structure that maintains patriarchal and white supremacist norms.
General
The term gender binary describes the system in which a society allocates its members into one of two sets of gender roles and gender identities, which assign attributes based on their biologica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst%20phase
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Burst phase is the first ten cycles of colorburst in the "porch" of the synchronising pulse in the PAL (Phase Alternation Line) broadcast television systems format. The frequency of this burst is 4.43361875 MHz; it is precise to .5 Hz, and is used as the reference frequency to synchronise the local oscillators of the colour decoder in a PAL television set.
This colorburst is sometimes called a "swinging burst", since it swings plus or minus 45 degrees line by line (hence the expression "phase alternating line"). This swing is used to set the centre frequency of the colour reference oscillator in the decoder. The swing of the burst phase distinguishes PAL from non-PAL lines, and produces the IDENT signal at 7.8Khz half the line scan of 15625 khz.
As in the NTSC system, U and V are used to modulate the color subcarrier using two balanced modulators operating in phase quadrature: one modulator is driven by the subcarrier at sine phase; the other modulator is driven by the subcarrier at cosine phase. The outputs of the modulators are added together to form the modulated chrominance signal:
C=Usin ωt±Vω=2πFSC
FSC=4.43361875 MHz(±5 Hz) for(B, D, G, H, I, N) PALFSC=3.58205625 MHz(±5 Hz) for (NC)PALFSC=3.57561143 MHz(±10 Hz) for (M)PAL
In PAL, the phase of V is reversed every other line. V was chosen for the reversal process since it has a lower gain factor than U and therefore is less susceptible to a one-half FH switching rate imbalance. The result of alternating the V
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnenschein%E2%80%93Mantel%E2%80%93Debreu%20theorem
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The Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu theorem is an important result in general equilibrium economics, proved by Gérard Debreu, , and Hugo F. Sonnenschein in the 1970s. It states that the excess demand curve for an exchange economy populated with utility-maximizing rational agents can take the shape of any function that is continuous, has homogeneity degree zero, and is in accordance with Walras's law. This implies that the excess demand function does not take a well-behaved form even if each agent has a well-behaved utility function. Market processes will not necessarily reach a unique and stable equilibrium point.
More recently, Jordi Andreu, Pierre-André Chiappori, and Ivar Ekeland extended this result to market demand curves, both for individual commodities and for the aggregate demand of an economy as a whole. This means that demand curves may take on highly irregular shapes, even if all individual agents in the market are perfectly rational. In contrast with usual assumptions, the quantity demanded of a commodity may not decrease when the price increases. Frank Hahn regarded the theorem as a dangerous critique of mainstream neoclassical economics.
Formal statement
There are several possible versions of the theorem that differ in detailed bounds and assumptions.
The following version is formulated in the Arrow–Debreu model of economy. For the notation, see the Arrow–Debreu model page.Similarly, changing to a set-valued, closed graph function, we obtain another
History of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscilloquartz
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Oscilloquartz, a company of ADVA Optical Networking, is a manufacturer of frequency sources, such as GPS& GLONASS receivers or caesium clocks for telecommunications applications and has been producing similar products for about 60 years. It also providers synchronization solutions for turnkey synchronization projects in e.g. PDH, SDH, SONET and all kind of mobile telecom networks e.g. GSM, X-CDMA, TETRA, 2.xG, 3G, 4G, UMTS, WiMAX.
It also offers a wide range of technology, including its proprietary SyncView management software and including, as SyncView agents or embedded solutions, Q3, SNMP, TL1 interfaces.
It also manufactures a range of products including single oven and double oven oscillators, targeted at the synchronisation of mobile base stations and other telecommunication equipment.
The company headquarters is in Saint-Blaise, Switzerland.
History
Oscilloquartz began its operations as a department of Ebauches SA in 1949, during the pioneering days of time and frequency measurement.
In 1950, Oscilloquartz equipped the Observatory of Neuchâtel where the first quartz clocks were installed. Further quartz clocks were delivered to the Observatory of Paris in 1955.
In 1958, Oscilloquartz began their activity in atomic frequency standards. An ammoniac maser designed by the LSRH, was built and shown at the Universal Exhibition of Brussels. Subsequently a hydrogen maser was developed and, until 1988, nine units were manufactured and delivered to several observato
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy%20Farmers%20of%20America
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Dairy Farmers of America Inc. (DFA) is a national milk marketing cooperative in the United States. DFA markets members' raw milk and sells milk and derivative products (dairy products, food components, ingredients and shelf-stable dairy products) to wholesale buyers both domestically and abroad. Net sales in 2016 were $13.5 billion, representing about 22 percent of raw milk production in the United States.
History
DFA was formed in 1998 through the merger of four dairy cooperatives: the Southern region of Associated Milk Producers Inc.; Mid-America Dairymen Inc.; Milk Marketing Inc.; and Western Dairymen Cooperative Inc. Since then, five other cooperatives have become a part of DFA – Independent Cooperative Milk Producers Association, Valley of Virginia Milk Producers Association, California Cooperative Creamery, Black Hills Milk Producers and Dairylea Cooperative Inc. Its headquarters from 1998 until 2017 was near Kansas City International Airport in Kansas City, Missouri.
In 2011, DFA acquired Kemps of St. Paul, Minnesota, and its subsidiaries from HP Hood. In 2014, DFA acquired Oakhurst, and Dairylea Cooperative Inc. merged with the farmer-owned Cooperative. DFA became the sole owner of America Buys kemps in 2015, which was once a partnership between DFA and Fonterra Co-operative Group Unlimited. DFA also acquired Cumberland Dairy, a processor of ultra-pasteurized dairy products, in 2017.
In February 2020, DFA agreed to buy a "substantial" part of Dean Foods, the large
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcine%20circovirus
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Porcine circovirus (PCV) is a group of four single-stranded DNA viruses that are non-enveloped with an unsegmented circular genome. They are members of the genus Circovirus that can infect pigs. The viral capsid is icosahedral and approximately 17 nm in diameter.
PCVs are the smallest viruses replicating autonomously in eukaryotic cells. They replicate in the nucleus of infected cells, using the host polymerase for genome amplification.
PCV-2 causes Porcine circovirus associated disease or postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). An effective vaccination is now available. Fort Dodge Animal Health (Wyeth) launched the first USDA approved vaccine in 2006, containing an inactivated virus (ATCvet code: ).
Classification
Three strains of PCV are known as of 2018:
PCV-1 (first identified in 1974) readily infects, but is not known to cause disease in swine.
PCV-2 (first isolated in 1997) causes PMWS, which over time results in significant depletion of lymphocytes; postmortem examination of diseased animals reveals enlarged lymph nodes and abnormal lung tissue. However, viral infection by itself tends to cause only mild disease, and co-factors such as other infections or immunostimulation seem necessary for development of severe disease. For example, concurrent infection with porcine parvovirus or PRRS virus, or immunostimulation lead to increased replication of PCV-2 and more severe disease in PCV-2-infected pigs.
PCV-3 (first described in 2015) causes a wide rang
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20panels%20on%20spacecraft
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Spacecraft operating in the inner Solar System usually rely on the use of power electronics-managed photovoltaic solar panels to derive electricity from sunlight. Outside the orbit of Jupiter, solar radiation is too weak to produce sufficient power within current solar technology and spacecraft mass limitations, so radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) are instead used as a power source.
History
The first practical silicon-based solar cells were introduced by Russell Shoemaker Ohl, a researcher at Bell Labs in 1940. It was only 1% efficient. In April 25, 1954 in Murray Hill, New Jersey. They demonstrated their solar panel by using it to power a small toy Ferris wheel and a solar powered radio transmitter.
They were initially about 6% efficient, but improvements began to raise this number almost immediately. Bell had been interested in the idea as a system to provide power at remote telephone repeater stations, but the cost of the devices was far too high to be practical in this role. Aside from small experimental kits and uses, the cells remained largely unused.
This changed with the development of the first US spacecraft, the Vanguard 1 satellite in 1958. Calculations by Dr. Hans Ziegler demonstrated that a system using solar cells recharging a battery pack would provide the required power in a much lighter overall package than using just a battery. The satellite was powered by silicon solar cells with ≈10% conversion efficiency.
The success of the Vanguard sys
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coley%27s%20toxins
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Coley's toxins (also called Coley's toxin, Coley's vaccine, Coley vaccine, Coley's fluid or mixed bacterial vaccine) is a mixture containing toxins filtered from killed bacteria of species Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens, named after William Coley, a surgical oncologist at the Hospital for Special Surgery who developed the mixture in the late 19th century as a treatment for cancer.
Their use in the late nineteenth and early 20th centuries represented a precursor to modern immunotherapy, although at that time their mechanism of action was not completely understood. Many important aspects of the mechanisms of action, such as that involving T-cells and NK cells, have been more recently identified.
The FDA-approved BCG for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is a highly related strategy of Coley's Toxin.
History
Bacterial immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer has been utilized throughout history, with the earliest cases going back to . Egyptian physician Imhotep treated tumors by a poultice, followed by incision, to facilitate the development of infection in the desired location and cause regression of the tumors. In 13th century, St. Peregrine experienced spontaneous regression of tumor, after the tumor became infected. In the 18th and 19th centuries, deliberate infection of tumors was a standard treatment, whereby surgical wounds were left open to facilitate the development of infection. Throughout the time period, physicians reported successful treatmen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechol%20dioxygenase
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Catechol dioxygenases are metalloprotein enzymes that carry out the oxidative cleavage of catechols. This class of enzymes incorporate dioxygen into the substrate. Catechol dioxygenases belong to the class of oxidoreductases and have several different substrate specificities, including catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (), catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (), and protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (). The active site of catechol dioxygenases most frequently contains iron, but manganese-containing forms are also known.
The Pseudomonas putida xylE gene, which encodes catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, is often used as a reporter to quantitate gene expression.
An example of the reaction carried out by catechol 1,2-dioxygenase is the formation of cis,cis-muconic acid from catechol, shown below.
See also
Bioinorganic chemistry
Oxygenase
References
Stephen J. Lippard, Jeremy M. Berg, Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry, University Science Books, 1994,
J.J.R. Fraústo da Silva and R.J.P. Williams, The biological chemistry of the elements: The inorganic chemistry of life, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2001,
EC 1.13.11
Natural phenols metabolism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detector%20%28radio%29
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In radio, a detector is a device or circuit that extracts information from a modulated radio frequency current or voltage. The term dates from the first three decades of radio (1888-1918). Unlike modern radio stations which transmit sound (an audio signal) on an uninterrupted carrier wave, early radio stations transmitted information by radiotelegraphy. The transmitter was switched on and off to produce long or short periods of radio waves, spelling out text messages in Morse code. Therefore, early radio receivers did not have to demodulate the radio signal, but just distinguish between the presence or absence of a radio signal, to reproduce the Morse code "dots" and "dashes". The device that performed this function in the receiver circuit was called a detector. A variety of different detector devices, such as the coherer, electrolytic detector, magnetic detector and the crystal detector, were used during the wireless telegraphy era until superseded by vacuum tube technology.
After the invention of amplitude modulation (AM) enabled the development of AM radiotelephony, the transmission of sound (audio), during World War 1, the term evolved to mean a demodulator, (usually a vacuum tube) which extracted the audio signal from the radio frequency carrier wave. This is its current meaning, although modern detectors usually consist of semiconductor diodes, transistors, or integrated circuits.
In a superheterodyne receiver the term is also sometimes used to refer to the mixer, th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminate%20equation
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In mathematics, particularly in algebra, an indeterminate equation is an equation for which there is more than one solution. For example, the equation is a simple indeterminate equation, as is . Indeterminate equations cannot be solved uniquely. In fact, in some cases it might even have infinitely many solutions. Some of the prominent examples of indeterminate equations include:
Univariate polynomial equation:
which has multiple solutions for the variable in the complex plane—unless it can be rewritten in the form .
Non-degenerate conic equation:
where at least one of the given parameters , , and is non-zero, and and are real variables.
Pell's equation:
where is a given integer that is not a square number, and in which the variables and are required to be integers.
The equation of Pythagorean triples:
in which the variables , , and are required to be positive integers.
The equation of the Fermat–Catalan conjecture:
in which the variables , , are required to be coprime positive integers, and the variables , , and are required to be positive integers satisfying the following equation:
See also
Indeterminate form
Indeterminate system
Indeterminate (variable)
Linear algebra
References
Algebra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20Diversity%20Web
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Animal Diversity Web (ADW) is an online database that collects the natural history, classification, species characteristics, conservation biology, and distribution information on thousands of species of animals. The website includes thousands of photographs, hundreds of sound clips, and a virtual museum.
Overview
The ADW acts as an online encyclopedia, with each individual species account displaying basic information specific to that species. The website uses a local, relational database written by staff and student contributors from the University of Michigan. Each species account includes geographic range, habitat, physical description, development, ecosystem roles, reproduction, life span, communication and perception, behavior, food habits, predation, and conservation status. The organization of the site reinforces past biology knowledge by providing sharp images and showing common phyla on the home page.
The Animal Diversity Web has resources other than its database.
The website also offers a virtual museum and a cell phone app.
The virtual museum contains mostly mammals and has a large collection of skulls that can be virtually handled. The Animal Diversity Web is a non-profit site. It is written largely for college students, and also provides resources for K-12 instructors.
Background
The ADW was created in 1995 by Philip Myers, a former biology professor at the University of Michigan. The site contains over 2,150 accounts of animal species along with over 11,50
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked%20severe%20combined%20immunodeficiency
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X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) is an immunodeficiency disorder in which the body produces very few T cells and NK cells.
In the absence of T cell help, B cells become defective. It is an X-linked recessive inheritance trait, stemming from a mutated (abnormal) version of the IL2RG gene located on the X-chromosome. This gene encodes the interleukin receptor common gamma chain protein, which is a cytokine receptor sub-unit that is part of the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21.
Symptoms and signs
People with X-SCID often have infections very early in life, before three months of age. This occurs due to the decreased amount of immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in the infant during the three-month stage. This is followed by viral infections such as pneumonitis, an inflammation of the lung which produces common symptoms such as cough, fever, chills, and shortness of breath. A telltale sign of X-SCID is candidiasis, a type of fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. Candidiasis involves moist areas of the body such as skin, the mouth, respiratory tract, and vagina; symptoms of oral candidiasis include difficulty in swallowing, pain on swallowing and oral lesions. Recurrent eczema-like rashes are also a common symptom. Other common infections experienced by individuals with X-SCID include diarrhea, sepsis, and otitis media. Some other common symptoms that are experienced by X-SCID patients include failure to thrive, gut problems, skin probl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T7%20DNA%20helicase
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T7 DNA helicase (gp4) is a hexameric motor protein encoded by T7 phages that uses energy from dTTP hydrolysis to process unidirectionally along single stranded DNA, separating (helicase) the two strands as it progresses. It is also a primase, making short stretches of RNA that initiates DNA synthesis. It forms a complex with T7 DNA polymerase. Its homologs are found in mitochondria (as Twinkle) and chloroplasts.
Crystal structure
The crystal structure was solved to 3.0 Å resolution in 2000, as shown in the figure in the reference. In (A), notice that the separate subunits appear to be anchored through interactions between an alpha helix and an adjacent subunit. In (B), there are six sets of three loops. The red loop, known as loop II, contains three lysine residues and is thought to be involved in binding the ssDNA that is fed through the center of the enzyme.
Mechanism of sequential dTTP hydrolysis
Crampton et al. have proposed a mechanism for the ssDNA-dependent hydrolysis of dTTP by T7 DNA helicase as shown in the figure below. In their model, protein loops located on each hexameric subunit, each of which contain three lysine residues, sequentially interact with the negatively charged phosphate backbone of ssDNA. This interaction presumably causes a conformational change in the actively bound subunit, providing for the efficient release of dTDP from its dTTP binding site. In the process of dTDP release, the ssDNA is transferred to the neighboring subunit, which und
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic%20island
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A genomic island (GI) is part of a genome that has evidence of horizontal origins. The term is usually used in microbiology, especially with regard to bacteria. A GI can code for many functions, can be involved in symbiosis or pathogenesis, and may help an organism's adaptation. Many sub-classes of GIs exist that are based on the function that they confer. For example, a GI associated with pathogenesis is often called a pathogenicity island (PAIs), while GIs that contain many antibiotic resistant genes are referred to as antibiotic resistance islands. The same GI can occur in distantly related species as a result of various types of lateral gene transfer (transformation, conjugation, transduction). This can be determined by base composition analysis, as well as phylogeny estimations.
Computational prediction
Various genomic island predictions programs have been developed. These tools can be broadly grouped into sequence based methods and comparative genomics/phylogeny based methods.
Sequence based methods depend on the naturally occurring variation that exists between the genome sequence composition of different species. Genomic regions that show abnormal sequence composition (such as nucleotide bias or codon bias) suggests that these regions may have been horizontally transferred. Two major problems with these methods are that false predictions can occur due to natural variation in the genome (sometimes due to highly expressed genes) and that horizontally transferred DNA
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaudheya
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Yaudheya (Brahmi script: 𑀬𑁅𑀥𑁂𑀬) or Yoddheya Gana (Yoddheya Republic) was an ancient militant confederation based in the Eastern region of the Sapta Sindhu. The word Yaudheya is a derivative of the word from yodha meaning warriors and according to Pāṇini, the suffix '-ya', was significant of warrior tribes, which is supported by their resistance to invading empires such as the Kushan Empire and the Indo-Scythians. Rudradaman I of the Western Satraps notes in his Junagadh rock inscription that the Yaudheyas were 'heroes among all Kshatriya' and 'were loath to surrender'. They were noted as having a republic form of government, unique from other Janapadas which instead maintained monarchies.
Geography
According to Anant Sadashiv Altekar, numismatic evidence indicates that the territorial dominion of the Yaudheyas extended from Bahawalpur in the South-West to Ludhiana in the North-West, encompassing Delhi in the South-East and Saharanpur in the East. However, his research suggests that the Yaudheyas comprised not just one unified entity, but rather three separate republics. In addition to the aforementioned region, another republic was situated in Northern Rajasthan while a further one existed in Northern Pañcāla. He describes the capital as being situated in modern-day Rohtak.
The Bijayagarh pillar inscription of the Yaudheyas, discovered in the Bharatpur district, also serves as further evidence that reinforces the Yaudheyas establishing and maintaining territory within Nort
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkage%20%28linguistics%29
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In historical linguistics, a linkage is a network of related dialects or languages that formed from a gradual diffusion and differentiation of a proto-language.
The term was introduced by Malcolm Ross in his study of Western Oceanic languages . It is contrasted with a family, which arises when the proto-language speech community separates into groups that remain isolated from each other and do not form a network.
Principle
Linkages are formed when languages emerged historically from the diversification of an earlier dialect continuum. Its members may have diverged despite sharing subsequent innovations, or such dialects may have come into contact and so converged. In any dialect continuum, innovations are shared between neighbouring dialects in intersecting patterns. The patterns of intersecting innovations continue to be evident as the dialect continuum turns into a linkage.
According to the comparative method, a group of languages that exclusively shares a set of innovations constitutes a "(genealogical) subgroup". A linkage is thus usually characterised by the presence of intersecting subgroups. The tree model does not allow for the existence of intersecting subgroups and so is ill-suited to represent linkages, which are better approached using the wave model.
The cladistic approach underlying the tree model requires the common ancestor of each subgroup to be discontiguous from other related languages and unable to share any innovation with them after their "separation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-vertex%20theorem
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The four-vertex theorem of geometry states that the curvature along a simple, closed, smooth plane curve has at least four local extrema (specifically, at least two local maxima and at least two local minima). The name of the theorem derives from the convention of calling an extreme point of the curvature function a vertex. This theorem has many generalizations, including a version for space curves where a vertex is defined as a point of vanishing torsion.
Definition and examples
The curvature at any point of a smooth curve in the plane can be defined as the reciprocal of the radius of an osculating circle at that point, or as the norm of the second derivative of a parametric representation of the curve, parameterized consistently with the length along the curve. For the vertices of a curve to be well-defined, the curvature itself should vary continuously, as happens for curves of smoothness . A vertex is then a local maximum or local minimum of curvature. If the curvature is constant over an arc of the curve, all points of that arc are considered to be vertices. The four-vertex theorem states that a smooth closed curve always has at least four vertices.
An ellipse has exactly four vertices: two local maxima of curvature where it is crossed by the major axis of the ellipse, and two local minima of curvature where it is crossed by the minor axis. In a circle, every point is both a local maximum and a local minimum of curvature, so there are infinitely many vertices.
Every
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etheric%20force
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Etheric force is a term Thomas Edison coined to describe a phenomenon later understood as high frequency electromagnetic waves—effectively, radio. Edison believed it was the mysterious force that some believed pervaded the ether.
At the end of 1875, Edison and his assistants were experimenting with the Acoustic Telegraph when they noticed that a rapidly vibrating spark gap produced a spark in an adjacent relay. Subsequent investigation showed that the phenomenon could be made to occur at a distance of several feet without interconnecting cables. Edison, with this small amount of evidence, announced that it was "a true unknown force", since he believed that the spark transmitted electricity without carrying any charge. Edison concluded that this discovery had the potential to cheapen telegraphic communication and to allow transatlantic cables to be laid without insulation. He was also interested in finding new forces as a means for providing scientific explanations for spiritualist, occult and other allegedly supernatural phenomena following his disenchantment with Helena Blavatsky's Theosophy.
Edison's apparatus consisted of a spark gap vibrating at a high frequency powered by batteries and connected to tin foil sheet about 12 by 8 inches, effectively acting as an antenna. A similar tin foil sheet, connected to ground was located at about eight feet away with two more similar, un-grounded tin foil sheets between. Sparks could be seen at the "receiver" sheets. Effectively,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAUST%20%28programming%20language%29
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FAUST (Functional AUdio STream) is a domain-specific purely functional programming language for implementing signal processing algorithms in the form of libraries, audio plug-ins, or standalone applications. A FAUST program denotes a signal processor: a mathematical function that is applied to some input signal and then fed out.
Overview
The FAUST programming model combines a functional programming approach with a block diagram syntax:
The functional programming approach provides a natural framework for signal processing. Digital signals are modeled as discrete functions of time, signal processors as second order functions that operate on them, and FAUST's block diagram composition operators, used to combine signal processors together, as third order functions, etc.
Block diagrams, even if purely textual as in FAUST, promote a modular approach to signal processing that complies with sound engineers' and audio developers' habits.
A FAUST program doesn't describe a sound or a group of sounds, but a signal processor. The program source is organized as a set of definitions with at least the definition of the keyword process (the equivalent of main in C):
process = ...;
The FAUST compiler translates FAUST code into a C++ object, which may then interface with other C++ code to produce a full program.
The generated code works at the sample level. It is therefore suited to implement low-level DSP functions like recursive filters. The code may also be embedded. It is self-contain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSSP
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HSSP may refer to:
Homology-derived Secondary Structure of Proteins, a protein database
Port Sudan Military Airport, ICAO airport code HSSP, an airport in Sudan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric%20dimethylarginine
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Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a naturally occurring chemical found in blood plasma. It is a metabolic by-product of continual protein modification processes in the cytoplasm of all human cells. It is closely related to L-arginine, a conditionally essential amino acid. ADMA interferes with L-arginine in the production of nitric oxide (NO), a key chemical involved in normal endothelial function and, by extension, cardiovascular health.
Discovery
Patrick Vallance and his London co-workers first noted the interference role for asymmetric dimethylarginine in the early 1990s.
Today biochemical and clinical research continues into the role of ADMA in cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, erectile dysfunction and certain forms of kidney disease.
Synthesis and regulation in the body
Asymmetric dimethylarginine is created in protein methylation, a common mechanism of post-translational protein modification. This reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme set called protein arginine N-methyltransferases 1 and 2 (also known as S-adenosylmethionine protein N-methyltransferases I and II).
The methyl groups transferred to create ADMA are derived from the methyl group donor S-adenosylmethionine, an intermediate in the metabolism of homocysteine. (Homocysteine is an important blood chemical because it is also a marker of cardiovascular disease). After synthesis, ADMA migrates into the extracellular space and thence into blood plasma. Asymmetric dimethylarginine is measured using high
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaky%20integrator
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In mathematics, a leaky integrator equation is a specific differential equation, used to describe a component or system that takes the integral of an input, but gradually leaks a small amount of input over time. It appears commonly in hydraulics, electronics, and neuroscience where it can represent either a single neuron or a local population of neurons.
Equation
The equation is of the form
where C is the input and A is the rate of the 'leak'.
General solution
The equation is a nonhomogeneous first-order linear differential equation. For constant C its solution is
where is a constant encoding the initial condition.
References
Differential equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyersal
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Tyersal is a village east of Bradford and west of Leeds and has a population of 2,605 according to Bradford Community Statistics Project.
The district is split between both City of Bradford metropolitan borough and the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, with east Tyersal sitting in the Pudsey ward of Leeds City Council.
Tyersal joined Bradford in 1882 and part of it became part of the Leeds metropolitan district in 1974.
Shops
On Tyersal Road there are six shops, including a Newsagents, Pharmacy, Sandwich shop, mortgage brokers and a Takeaway.
Transport
Currently there is the 630 service, operated by First Bradford, which terminates at the top. Service 508 from Leeds to Halifax operated also by First Bradford, is every hour along Dick Lane at the bottom of Tyersal. Previously, service 66 (operated by First Leeds and then Centrebus) provided buses to Leeds and back (there were four services daily), although 2010 saw this service withdrawn, and now service 508 is the only remaining bus to Leeds.
New Pudsey railway station is around one and a half miles north-east of the village by road, where services are operated by Northern to Manchester Victoria, Blackpool North, Wakefield Westgate, York and Selby.
Pubs and clubs
Tyersal Residents Association Community Centre
The Quarry Gap public house (Now Quarry Cafe)
Tyersal Park Bowling Club
Crown Green bowling club plays in the Bradford Crown Green Bowling Association.
See also
Listed buildings in Pudsey
External lin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4F
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4F or 4-F may refer to:
4F (company), a Polish sportswear company
4-F classification in the U.S. Selective Service System, identifying a person as unfit for military service
4F correlator, in Fourier optics
The 4f electron shell
Section 4(f) of the United States DOT act of 1966, which regulates acquiring park and historic properties for transportation use.
4F case, a 4 February 2006 controversial criminal case in Barcelona
Flottille 4F a French naval aviation squadron
LMS Fowler Class 4F, a class of 0-6-0 steam locomotive
February 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt, known in Venezuela as "4F".
See also
F4 (disambiguation)
Four Fs (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossoepiglottic%20folds
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The anterior or lingual surface of the epiglottis is curved forward, and covered on its upper, free part by mucous membrane which is reflected on to the sides and root of the tongue, forming a median and two lateral glossoepiglottic folds; the lateral folds are partly attached to the wall of the pharynx.
Additional Images
References
Tongue
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus%20tubarius
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The torus tubarius (or torus of the auditory tube) is an elevation of the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx formed by the underlying base of the cartilaginous portion of the Eustachian tube (auditory tube). The torus tubarius is situated behind the pharyngeal orifice of the auditory tube.
The torus tubarius is very close to the tubal tonsil, which is sometimes also referred to as the tonsil of (the) torus tubarius. Two folds run anteriorly and posteriorly to the torus tubarius: the salpingopalatine fold (anteriorly), and the salpingopharyngeal fold (posteriorly).
See also
Tubarial salivary gland
References
External links
Ear
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QMR
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QMR may refer to:
QMR.fm, an internet radio station
A Krylov subspace algorithm
The QMR effect
Queen's Medical Review, a student-run publication for Queen's School of Medicine students
Quest Master's Realm - an exciting new Indie MMORPG
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonparametric%20regression
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Nonparametric regression is a category of regression analysis in which the predictor does not take a predetermined form but is constructed according to information derived from the data. That is, no parametric form is assumed for the relationship between predictors and dependent variable. Nonparametric regression requires larger sample sizes than regression based on parametric models because the data must supply the model structure as well as the model estimates.
Definition
In nonparametric regression, we have random variables and and assume the following relationship:
where is some deterministic function. Linear regression is a restricted case of nonparametric regression where is assumed to be affine.
Some authors use a slightly stronger assumption of additive noise:
where the random variable is the `noise term', with mean 0.
Without the assumption that belongs to a specific parametric family of functions it is impossible to get an unbiased estimate for , however most estimators are consistent under suitable conditions.
List of general-purpose nonparametric regression algorithms
This is a non-exhaustive list of non-parametric models for regression.
nearest neighbors, see nearest-neighbor interpolation and k-nearest neighbors algorithm
regression trees
kernel regression
local regression
multivariate adaptive regression splines
smoothing splines
neural networks
Examples
Gaussian process regression or Kriging
In Gaussian process regression, also known a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiparametric%20regression
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In statistics, semiparametric regression includes regression models that combine parametric and nonparametric models. They are often used in situations where the fully nonparametric model may not perform well or when the researcher wants to use a parametric model but the functional form with respect to a subset of the regressors or the density of the errors is not known. Semiparametric regression models are a particular type of semiparametric modelling and, since semiparametric models contain a parametric component, they rely on parametric assumptions and may be misspecified and inconsistent, just like a fully parametric model.
Methods
Many different semiparametric regression methods have been proposed and developed. The most popular methods are the partially linear, index and varying coefficient models.
Partially linear models
A partially linear model is given by
where is the dependent variable, is a vector of explanatory variables, is a vector of unknown parameters and . The parametric part of the partially linear model is given by the parameter vector while the nonparametric part is the unknown function . The data is assumed to be i.i.d. with and the model allows for a conditionally heteroskedastic error process of unknown form. This type of model was proposed by Robinson (1988) and extended to handle categorical covariates by Racine and Li (2007).
This method is implemented by obtaining a consistent estimator of and then deriving an estimator of from
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesis%20%28biology%29
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Kinesis, like a taxis or tropism, is a movement or activity of a cell or an organism in response to a stimulus (such as gas exposure, light intensity or ambient temperature).
Unlike taxis, the response to the stimulus provided is non-directional. The animal does not move toward or away from the stimulus but moves at either a slow or fast rate depending on its "comfort zone." In this case, a fast movement (non-random) means that the animal is searching for its comfort zone while a slow movement indicates that it has found it.
Types
There are two main types of kineses, both resulting in aggregations. However, the stimulus does not act to attract or repel individuals.
Orthokinesis: in which the speed of movement of the individual is dependent upon the stimulus intensity. For example, the locomotion of the collembola, Orchesella cincta, in relation to water. With increased water saturation in the soil there is an increase in the direction of its movement towards the aimed place.
Klinokinesis: in which the frequency or rate of turning is proportional to stimulus intensity. For example the behaviour of the flatworm (Dendrocoelum lacteum) which turns more frequently in response to increasing light thus ensuring that it spends more time in dark areas.
Basic model of kinesis
The kinesis strategy controlled by the locally and instantly evaluated well-being (fitness) can be described in simple words: Animals stay longer in good conditions and leave bad conditions more quickly. If
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarna%20D%C4%85br%C3%B3wka%20railway%20station
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Czarna Dąbrówka is a non-operational PKP railway station in Czarna Dąbrówka (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.
Lines crossing the station
References
Czarna Dąbrówka article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 27 March 2006
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Disused railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Bytów County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underactuation
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Underactuation is a technical term used in robotics and control theory to describe mechanical systems that cannot be commanded to follow arbitrary trajectories in configuration space. This condition can occur for a number of reasons, the simplest of which is when the system has a lower number of actuators than degrees of freedom. In this case, the system is said to be trivially underactuated.
The class of underactuated mechanical systems is very rich and includes such diverse members as automobiles, airplanes, and even animals.
Definition
To understand the mathematical conditions which lead to underactuation, one must examine the dynamics that govern the systems in question. Newton's laws of motion dictate that the dynamics of mechanical systems are inherently second order. In general, these dynamics can be described by a second order differential equation:
Where:
is the position state vector is the vector of control inputs is time.
Furthermore, in many cases the dynamics for these systems can be rewritten to be affine in the control inputs:
When expressed in this form, the system is said to be underactuated if:
When this condition is met, there are acceleration directions that can not be produced no matter what the control vector is.
Note that does not explicitly represent the number of actuators present in the system. Indeed, there may be more actuators than degrees of freedom and the system may still be underactuated. Also worth noting is the dependence
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20Lippincott
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Joan Lippincott (born December 25, 1935) is an American concert organist and former head of the organ department at Westminster Choir College in Princeton, New Jersey.
She was born Joan Edna Hult on December 25, 1935, the daughter of Edna and Frank Hult, in Kearny, New Jersey. Her early keyboard studies were with William Jancovius of Nutley, New Jersey. After attending Kearny High School, she entered Westminster Choir College, where she studied with the renowned Alexander McCurdy. Upon graduation from Westminster Choir College, she gained entrance to the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, where she was again the student of Alexander McCurdy as well as Vladimir Sokoloff. Following her Diploma from the Curtis Institute, she returned to Westminster Choir College to earn her master's degree. At the same time, she was hired by McCurdy to join the keyboard faculty at Westminster, starting what would become her 37-year tenure.
On June 18, 1960, she married Curtis Lippincott in Bristol Chapel on the campus of Westminster Choir College. At the age of 31 in 1967, she became the head of the Organ Department at Westminster Choir College, the largest organ department in the world at the time, where she would teach hundreds of student organists over the years. In 1993 she accepted a position as the Principal Organist at Princeton University Chapel, with its freshly rebuilt instrument, while retaining her position at Westminster. Soon after, she realized that the demands of the P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrialite
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Yttrialite or Yttrialite-(Y) is a rare yttrium thorium sorosilicate mineral with formula: (Y,Th)2Si2O7. It forms green to orange yellow masses with conchoidal fracture. It crystallizes in the monoclinic-prismatic crystal system. It has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 5.5 and a specific gravity of 4.58. It is highly radioactive due to the thorium content.
It is found associated with gadolinite. It was first described in 1889 for an occurrence in the Rode Ranch pegmatite on Baringer Hill, Llano County, Texas. It has also been reported from the Suishouyama pegmatite on Honshū, Japan, and from occurrences in Norway and Sweden.
References
Sorosilicates
Yttrium minerals
Thorium minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 11
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20Drive
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Fluid Drive is the trademarked name that Chrysler Corporation assigned to a transmission driveline combination which replaced the flywheel with a hydraulic coupling and performed the same function as a modern torque converter, only without torque multiplication. A conventional clutch and three- or four-speed manual transmission was installed behind the fluid coupling. Fluid drive was used in many military vehicles produced for the US Armed Forces during the Second World War. It was offered for civilian use from 1939 through 1953 in Chryslers, 1940 through 1953 in DeSotos, and from 1941 through 1954 in Dodge models; a semi-automatic system was optional from Chrysler and Desoto from 1941, and for Dodge from 1949.
History
The fluid coupling and torque converter was invented by the German engineer Foettinger in the early 1900s. For non-marine applications he licensed the development of the fluid coupling to the British engineer Harold Sinclair and his Fluidrive Engineering Co Ltd (now part of Voith AG). Following the development of the fluid coupling, Sinclair in turn licensed the fluid coupling, now also known as "Fluidrive Coupling" to many companies including the Chrysler Corporation.
Many automobile historians confuse Chrysler's Fluid Drive with the Corporation's so-called semi-automatic M5/M6 transmissions, which were marketed under various names as "Simplimatic" (Chrysler), "Tip-Toe Shift" (DeSoto), and "Gyro-Matic" (Dodge). Chrysler contributed to the confusion by ref
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaele%20Cadorna
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Raffaele Cadorna (9 February 1815 – 6 February 1897) was an Italian general who served as one of the major Piedmontese leaders responsible for the unification of Italy during the mid-19th century.
Born in Milan, Cadorna entered the Piedmontese military academy at Turin in 1832. Joining the engineer corps in 1840, he commanded a volunteer engineer battalion in Lombardy from March 1848 until August 1849 during the Italian War of Independence.
Serving with the Piedmontese forces in January 1855 during the Crimean War, Cadorna won distinction during the Second War of Independence at the Battle of San Martino and was awarded the rank of Colonel in 1859.
Cadorna was appointed Minister of War to the republican regime of Tuscany that same year, and served as a lieutenant general and corps commander during the Seven Weeks War, leading successful operations against the Austrians in the Friuli campaign from June to July 1866.
Later leading the invasion of the Papal States, Cadorna's capture of Rome on September 20, 1870, finally completed the unification of Italy, and for this service he was named a Senator the following year. Retiring from public life soon after, lived in Tuscany until his death in 1897.
His son Luigi Cadorna rose to the rank of Field Marshal and served as Italian chief of staff during part of World War I, while his grandson Raffaele Cadorna Jr. was a general and commander of the Italian resistance during World War II.
References
1815 births
1897 deaths
Military
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20tracking%20velocimetry
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Particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) is a velocimetry method i.e. a technique to measure velocities and trajectories of moving objects. In fluid mechanics research these objects are neutrally buoyant particles that are suspended in fluid flow. As the name suggests, individual particles are tracked, so this technique is a Lagrangian approach, in contrast to particle image velocimetry (PIV), which is an Eulerian method that measures the velocity of the fluid as it passes the observation point, that is fixed in space. There are two experimental PTV methods:
the two-dimensional (2-D) PTV. Measurements are made in a 2-D slice, illuminated by a thin laser sheet (a thin plane); a low density of seeded particles allows for tracking each of them individually for several frames.
the three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (3-D PTV) is a distinctive experimental technique originally developed to study fully turbulent flows. It is now being used widely in various disciplines, ranging from structural mechanics research to medicine and industrial environments. It is based on a multiple camera-system in a stereoscopic arrangement, three-dimensional illumination of an observation volume, recording of the time sequence of stereoscopic images of optical targets (flow tracers illuminated particles), determining their instantaneous 3-D position in space by use of photogrammetric techniques and tracking their movement in time, thus obtaining a set of 3-D trajectories of the optical tar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Gelfond
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Alexander Osipovich Gelfond (; 24 October 1906 – 7 November 1968) was a Soviet mathematician. Gelfond's theorem, also known as the Gelfond-Schneider theorem is named after him.
Biography
Alexander Gelfond was born in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, the son of a professional physician and amateur philosopher Osip Gelfond. He entered Moscow State University in 1924, started his postgraduate studies there in 1927, and obtained his Ph.D. in 1930. His advisors were Aleksandr Khinchin and Vyacheslav Stepanov.
In 1930, he stayed for five months in Germany (in Berlin and Göttingen) where he worked with Edmund Landau, Carl Ludwig Siegel , and David Hilbert. In 1931 he started teaching as a Professor at the Moscow State University and worked there until the last day of his life. Since 1933 he also worked at the Steklov Institute of Mathematics.
In 1939, he was elected a Corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union for his works in the field of Cryptography. According to Vladimir Arnold, during World War II Gelfond was the Chief Cryptographer of the Soviet Navy.
Results
Gelfond obtained important results in several mathematical domains including number theory, analytic functions, integral equations , and the history of mathematics, but his most famous result is his eponymous theorem:
If and are algebraic numbers (with and ), and if is not a real rational number, then any value of is a transcendental number.
This is the famous 7th Hilbert's problem. Ge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation%20station
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A unified reservation station, also known as unified scheduler, is a decentralized feature of the microarchitecture of a CPU that allows for register renaming, and is used by the Tomasulo algorithm for dynamic instruction scheduling.
Reservation stations permit the CPU to fetch and re-use a data value as soon as it has been computed, rather than waiting for it to be stored in a register and re-read. When instructions are issued, they can designate the reservation station from which they want their input to read. When multiple instructions need to write to the same register, all can proceed and only the (logically) last one need actually be written.
It checks if the operands are available (RAW) and if execution unit is free (Structural hazard) before starting execution.
Instructions are stored with available parameters, and executed when ready. Results are identified by the unit that will execute the corresponding instruction.
Implicitly register renaming solves WAR and WAW hazards. Since this is a fully associative structure, it has a very high cost in comparators (need to compare all results returned from processing units with all stored addresses).
In Tomasulo's algorithm, instructions are issued in sequence to Reservation Stations which buffer the instruction as well as the operands of the instruction. If the operand is not available, the Reservation Station listens on a Common Data Bus for the operand to become available. When the operand becomes available, the Res
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20Thracian
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The linguistic classification of the ancient Thracian language has long been a matter of contention and uncertainty, and there are widely varying hypotheses regarding its position among other Paleo-Balkan languages. It is not contested, however, that the Thracian languages were Indo-European languages which had acquired satem characteristics by the time they are attested.
Hypothesized links
Daco-Thracian
A Daco-Thracian (or Thraco-Dacian) grouping with Dacian as either the same language or different from Thracian was widely held until the 1950s, but is untenable (according to J. P. Mallory) in light of toponymic evidence: only a percent of place names north of the Danube betray "pan-Thracian" roots. The hypothesis of a Thraco-Dacian or Daco-Thracian branch of IE, indicating a close link between the Thracian and Dacian languages, has numerous adherents, including Russu 1967, Georg Solta 1980, Vraciu 1980, Crossland, Trask (2000), McHenry (1993), Mihailov (2008). Crossland (1982) considers that the divergence of a presumed original Thraco-Dacian language into northern and southern groups of dialects is not so significant as to rank them as separate languages. According to Georg Solta (1982), there is no significant difference between Dacian and Thracian. Rădulescu (1984) accepts that Daco-Moesian possesses a certain degree of dialectal individuality, but argues that there is no fundamental separation between Daco-Moesian and Thracian. Polomé (1982) considers that the evidence
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saputo%20Inc.
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Saputo Inc. is a Canadian dairy company based in Montreal, Quebec, founded in 1954 by the Saputo family. It produces, markets, and distributes a wide array of dairy products, including cheese, fluid milk, extended shelf-life milk and cream products, cultured products and dairy ingredients and is one of the top ten dairy processors in the world.
The company has expanded predominantly through mergers and acquisitions. Its products are sold in over 60 countries worldwide, operating in Canada, the United States, Argentina, Australia and the United Kingdom, with about half of its revenues coming from its US operations. It operated in Wales and Germany from 2006 to 2013. It used to own the Canadian rights to Hostess Brands products.
History
Master cheesemaker Giuseppe Saputo, his son Lino Saputo and family immigrated to Montreal from Montelepre, Italy, in the early 1950s. In September 1954, Lino convinced his father to start his own business. Using $500 to buy some basic equipment and a bicycle for deliveries, the Saputo family founded a cheesemaking company bearing its name. In 1957, Saputo's first sizable production facility was built in Montreal's Saint-Michel neighbourhood. Saputo went through considerable growth in the 1960s and 1970s as demand for its products increased. It became Canada's largest producer of mozzarella in the 1980s.
In 1988, Saputo expanded to the United States by acquiring two cheese plants. In the 1990s, the company made several acquisitions to divers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilei%20number
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In fluid dynamics, the Galilei number (Ga), sometimes also referred to as Galileo number (see discussion), is a dimensionless number named after Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (1564-1642).
It may be regarded as proportional to gravity forces divided by viscous forces. The Galilei number is used in viscous flow and thermal expansion calculations, for example to describe fluid film flow over walls. These flows apply to condensers or chemical columns.
g: gravitational acceleration, (SI units: m/s2)
L: characteristic length, (SI units: m)
ν: characteristic kinematic viscosity, (SI units: m2/s)
See also
Archimedes number
References
VDI-Wärmeatlas; 5., extended Edition; VDI Verlag Düsseldorf; 1988; page Bc 1 (German)
W. Wagner; Wärmeübertragung; 5., revised Edition; Vogel Fachbuch; 1998; page 119 (German)
External links
Website referring to the Galileo number with calculator
Table of dimensionless numbers (German)
Table of dimensionless numbers (German)
Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Fluid dynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipid%20scramblase
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Scramblase is a protein responsible for the translocation of phospholipids between the two monolayers of a lipid bilayer of a cell membrane. In humans, phospholipid scramblases (PLSCRs) constitute a family of five homologous proteins that are named as hPLSCR1–hPLSCR5. Scramblases are not members of the general family of transmembrane lipid transporters known as flippases. Scramblases are distinct from flippases and floppases. Scramblases, flippases, and floppases are three different types of enzymatic groups of phospholipid transportation enzymes. The inner-leaflet, facing the inside of the cell, contains negatively charged amino-phospholipids and phosphatidylethanolamine. The outer-leaflet, facing the outside environment, contains phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. Scramblase is an enzyme, present in the cell membrane, that can transport (scramble) the negatively charged phospholipids from the inner-leaflet to the outer-leaflet, and vice versa.
Expression
Whereas hPLSCR1, -3, and -4 are expressed in a variety of tissues with few exceptions, expression of hPLSCR2 is restricted only to the testis. hPLSCR4 is not expressed in peripheral blood lymphocytes, whereas hPLSCR1 and -3 were not detected in the brain. However, the functional significance of this differential gene expression is not yet understood. While the gene and the mRNA of hPLSCR5 provide evidence of its existence, the protein has yet to be described in the literature.
Structure
Scramblase proteins contain a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium%28III%29%20chloride
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Titanium(III) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula TiCl3. At least four distinct species have this formula; additionally hydrated derivatives are known. TiCl3 is one of the most common halides of titanium and is an important catalyst for the manufacture of polyolefins.
Structure and bonding
In TiCl3, each titanium atom has one d electron, rendering its derivatives paramagnetic, that is, the substance is attracted into a magnetic field. Solutions of titanium(III) chloride are violet, which arises from excitations of its d-electron. The colour is not very intense since the transition is forbidden by the Laporte selection rule.
Four solid forms or polymorphs of TiCl3 are known. All feature titanium in an octahedral coordination sphere. These forms can be distinguished by crystallography as well as by their magnetic properties, which probes exchange interactions. β-TiCl3 crystallizes as brown needles. Its structure consists of chains of TiCl6 octahedra that share opposite faces such that the closest Ti–Ti contact is 2.91 Å. This short distance indicates strong metal–metal interactions (see figure in upper right). The three violet "layered" forms, named for their color and their tendency to flake, are called alpha (α), gamma (γ), and delta (δ). In α-TiCl3, the chloride anions are hexagonal close-packed. In γ-TiCl3, the chlorides anions are cubic close-packed. Finally, disorder in shift successions, causes an intermediate between alpha and gamma structures, called
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetuin
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Fetuins are blood proteins that are made in the liver and secreted into the bloodstream. They belong to a large group of binding proteins mediating the transport and availability of a wide variety of cargo substances in the bloodstream. Fetuin-A is a major carrier protein of free fatty acids in the circulation. The best known representative of carrier proteins is serum albumin, the most abundant protein in the blood plasma of adult animals. Fetuin is more abundant in fetal blood, hence the name "fetuin" (from Latin, fetus). Fetal bovine serum contains more fetuin than albumin, while adult serum contains more albumin than fetuin.
Family members
Human fetuin is synonymous with α2-HS-glycoprotein (genetic symbol AHSG), α2-HS, A2HS, AHS, HSGA, and fetuin-A. Fetuin-A exists as a single-copy gene in the human and mouse genomes. A closely related gene, fetuin-B, also exists in the human, rat, and mouse genomes. Like fetuin-A, fetuin-B is made predominantly by the liver and to a lesser extent by a number of secretory tissues. Fetuins exist in all vertebrate genomes including fish and reptiles. Fetuins are members of a family of proteins that evolved from the protein cystatin by gene duplication and exchange of gene segments. Fetuins thus belong to the cystatin superfamily of proteins. Fetuin relatives within this superfamily are the histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) and kininogen (KNG).
Animal studies
The function of Fetuin-A in the body was determined by gene knockout techn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-Agile%20Solar%20Radiotelescope
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Frequency-Agile Solar Radiotelescope (FASR) is a next-generation radio telescope for solar observation in radio and microwave frequency range.
In contrast to other general-purpose radio telescopes, such as the Very Large Array, FASR is specifically designed for solar observations. Compared with other astronomical sources, radio emission from the sun is highly time variable and the range of emission is very high.
The construction site of FASR is not yet determined but it will be somewhere in the southwest United States,
as is its predecessor EOVSA
Radio telescopes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphole
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Phosphole is the organic compound with the chemical formula ; it is the phosphorus analog of pyrrole. The term phosphole also refers to substituted derivatives of the parent heterocycle. These compounds are of theoretical interest but also serve as ligands for transition metals and as precursors to more complex organophosphorus compounds.
Triphosphole, , is a heterocycle with 3 phosphorus atoms.
Pentaphosphole, , is a cyclic compound with 5 phosphorus atoms.
Structure and bonding
Unlike the related 5-membered heterocycles pyrrole, thiophene, and furan, the aromaticity of phospholes is diminished, reflecting the reluctance of phosphorus to delocalize its lone pair. The main indication of this difference is the pyramidalization of phosphorus. The absence of aromaticity is also indicated by the reactivity of phospholes. Phospholes undergo different cycloaddition reactions; coordination properties of phospholes are also well studied.
Preparation
The parent phosphole was first described in 1983. It was prepared by low-temperature protonation of lithium phospholide. Pentaphenylphosphole was reported in 1953. One route to phospholes is via the McCormack reaction, involving the addition of a 1,3-diene to a phosphonous chloride (RPCl2) followed by dehydrohalogenation. Phenylphospholes can be prepared via zirconacyclopentadienes by reaction with PhPCl2.
Reactivity
The behavior of the secondary phospholes, those with P−H bond, is dominated by the reactivity of this group. The pare
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace%20scheduling
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Trace scheduling is an optimization technique developed by Josh Fisher used in compilers for computer programs.
A compiler often can, by rearranging its generated machine instructions for faster execution, improve program performance. It increases ILP (Instruction Level Parallelism) along the important execution path by statically predicting frequent execution path. Trace scheduling is one of many known techniques for doing so.
A trace is a sequence of instructions, including branches but not including loops, that is executed for some input data. Trace scheduling uses a basic block scheduling method to schedule the instructions in each entire trace, beginning with the trace with the highest frequency. It then adds compensation code at the entry and exit of each trace to compensate for any effects that out-of-order execution may have had.
This can result in large increases in code sizes and poor or erratic performance if program's behavior varies significantly with the input.
Trace scheduling was originally developed for Very Long Instruction Word, or VLIW machines, and is a form of global code motion. It works by converting a loop to long straight-line code sequence using loop unrolling and static branch prediction. This process separates out "unlikely" code and adds handlers for exits from trace. The goal is to have the most common case executed as a sequential set of instructions without branches.
See also
Instruction scheduling
References
Compiler optimizations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20upconverter
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A block upconverter (BUC) is used in the transmission (uplink) of satellite signals. It converts a band of frequencies from a lower frequency to a higher frequency. Modern BUCs convert from the L band to Ku band, C band and Ka band. Older BUCs convert from a 70 MHz intermediate frequency (IF) to Ku band or C band.
Most BUCs use phase-locked loop local oscillators and require an external 10 MHz frequency reference to maintain the correct transmit frequency.
BUCs used in remote locations are often 2 or 4 W in the Ku band and 5 W in the C band. The 10 MHz reference frequency is usually sent on the same feedline as the main carrier. Many smaller BUCs also get their direct current (DC) over the feedline, using an internal DC block.
BUCs are generally used in conjunction with low-noise block converters (LNB). The BUC, being an up-converting device, makes up the "transmit" side of the system, while the LNB is the down-converting device and makes up the "receive" side. An example of a system utilizing both a BUC and an LNB is a VSAT system, used for bidirectional Internet access via satellite.
The block upconverter is a block shaped device assembled with the LNB in association with an OMT, orthogonal mode transducer to the feed-horn that faces the reflector parabolic dish. This is opposed to other types of frequency upconverter which may be rack mounted indoors or not co-located with the dish.
Radio technology
Satellite broadcasting
Telecommunications equipment
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum-frequency%20generation
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Sum-frequency generation (SFG) is a second order nonlinear optical process based on the mixing of two input photons at frequencies and to generate a third photon at frequency . As with any optical phenomenon in nonlinear optics, this can only occur under conditions where:
the light is interacting with matter, that lacks centrosymmetry (for example, surfaces and interfaces);
the light has a very high intensity (typically from a pulsed laser).
Sum-frequency generation is a "parametric process", meaning that the photons satisfy energy conservation, leaving the matter unchanged:
Second-harmonic generation
A special case of sum-frequency generation is second-harmonic generation, in which . In fact, in experimental physics, this is the most common type of sum-frequency generation. This is because in second-harmonic generation, only one input light beam is required, but if , two simultaneous beams are required, which can be more difficult to arrange. In practice, the term "sum-frequency generation" usually refers to the less common case in which .
Phase-matching
For sum-frequency generation to occur efficiently, phase-matching conditions must be satisfied:
where are the angular wavenumbers of the three waves as they travel through the medium. (Note that the equation resembles the equation for conservation of momentum.) As this condition is satisfied more and more accurately, the sum-frequency generation becomes more and more efficient.
Sum frequency generation spectroscopy
S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL5
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Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (also CCL5) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCL5 gene. The gene has been discovered in 1990 by in situ hybridisation and it is localised on 17q11.2-q12 chromosome. It is also known as RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted). RANTES was first described by Dr. Tom Schall who named the protein, the original source of the name Rantes was from the Argentine movie Man Facing Southeast about an alien who shows up in a mental ward who was named Rantés, the rather clunky acronym was only made to fit the name.
Function
CCL5 belongs to the CC subfamily of chemokines, due to its adjacent cysteines near N terminus. It is an 8kDa protein acting as a classical chemotactic cytokine or chemokine. It consists of 68 amino acids. CCL5 is proinflammatory chemokine, recruiting leukocytes to the site of inflammation. It is chemotactic for T cells, eosinophils, and basophils, but also for monocytes, natural-killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells and mastocytes. With the help of particular cytokines (i.e., IL-2 and IFN-γ) that are released by T cells, CCL5 also induces the proliferation and activation of certain NK cells to form CHAK (CC-Chemokine-activated killer) cells. It is also an HIV-suppressive factor released from CD8+ T cells
The chemokine CCL5 is mainly expressed by T-cells and monocytes, and it has not been shown to be expressed by B-cells. Moreover, it is abundantly expressed by epithelial cells, fibroblasts a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20chaos
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In the field of photonics, optical chaos is chaos generated by laser instabilities using different schemes in semiconductor and fiber lasers. Optical chaos is observed in many non-linear optical systems. One of the most common examples is an optical ring resonators.
Optical computing
Optical chaos was a field of research in the mid-1980s and was aimed at the production of all-optical devices including all-optical computers. Researchers realised later the inherent limitation of the optical systems due to the nonlocalised nature of photons compared to highly localised nature of electrons.
Communications
Research in optical chaos has seen a recent resurgence in the context of studying synchronization phenomena, and in developing techniques for secure optical communications.
References
Photonics
Chaos theory
Nonlinear optics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitecoat
|
A whitecoat is a newborn harp or grey seal with soft, white fur.
From newborn to whitecoat
Newborn seals have yellow fur because of amniotic fluid, and are still wet. When the pup dries, it is called a yellowcoat. The amniotic stain fades and the fur turns white within a few days, and it gets the name whitecoat. First it's called a thin whitecoat, and when it becomes visibly fatter it is a fat whitecoat.
Nursing lasts for about 12 days. Cows frequently return to their pups to suckle. While she is suckling, the mother does not eat—rather, she draws on her reserves of fatty blubber to produce the milk. Pups grow rapidly, at the end of nursing, most pups weigh 36 kg (80 lbs) or more. The mothers then leave their fully fed pups and join the bulls to mate. At this age of about 12 days, pups first become "greycoats", as grey juvenile coloring grows under their white fur, then "ragged-jackets" when white fur begins to fall out in patches.
Hunting of whitecoats
The United States banned the hunting and import of whitecoats in 1972, through the Marine Mammal Protection Act. The European Economic Community banned the import of whitecoat products in 1983. Canada banned the offshore commercial hunting of whitecoats and bluebacks on December 30, 1987.
See also
Grey seal
Harp seal
Seal hunting
References
True seals
Seal hunting
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LM317
|
The LM317 is a popular adjustable positive linear voltage regulator. It was designed by Bob Dobkin in 1976 while he worked at National Semiconductor.
The LM337 is the negative complement to the LM317, which regulates voltages below a reference. It was designed by Bob Pease, who also worked for National Semiconductor.
Specifications
Without a heat sink with an ambient temperature at 50 °C such as on a hot summer day inside a box, a maximum power dissipation of (TJ-TA)/RθJA = ((125-50)/80) = 0.98 W can be permitted. (A piece of shiny sheet metal of aluminium with the dimensions 6 x 6 cm and 1.5 mm thick, results in a thermal resistance that permits 4.7 W of heat dissipation).
In a constant voltage mode with an input voltage source at VIN at 34 V and a desired output voltage of 5 V, the maximum output current will be PMAX / (VIN-VO) = 0.98 / (34-5) = 32 mA.
For a constant current mode with an input voltage source at VIN at 12 V and a forward voltage drop of VF=3.6 V, the maximum output current will be PMAX / (VIN - VF) = 0.98 / (12-3.6) = 117 mA.
Operation
As linear regulators, the LM317 and LM337 are used in DC to DC converter applications.
Linear regulators inherently waste power; the power dissipated is the current passed multiplied by the voltage difference between input and output. A LM317 commonly requires a heat sink to prevent the operating temperature from rising too high. For large voltage differences, the power lost as heat can ultimately be greater than that
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional%20share%20scheduling
|
Proportional Share Scheduling is a type of scheduling that preallocates certain amount of CPU time to each of the processes. In a proportional share algorithm every job has a weight, and jobs receive a share of the available resources proportional to the weight of every job.
References
Processor scheduling algorithms
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theca%20interna
|
Theca interna cells express receptors for luteinizing hormone (LH) to produce androstenedione, which via a few steps, gives the granulosa the precursor for estrogen manufacturing.
After rupture of the mature ovarian follicle, the theca interna cells differentiate into the theca lutein cells of the corpus luteum. Theca lutein cells secrete androgens and progesterone. Theca lutein cells are also known as small luteal cells.
See also
theca folliculi
References
External links
- "Mammal, canine ovary (LM, High)"
- "Mammal, bovine ovary (LM, Medium)"
- interna
Slide at trinity.edu
Mammal female reproductive system
Steroid hormone secreting cells
Human female endocrine system
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20interstitial%20cells
|
Interstitial cell refers to any cell that lies in the spaces between the functional cells of a tissue.
Examples include:
Interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC)
Leydig cells, cells present in the male testes responsible for the production of androgen (male sex hormone)
A portion of the stroma of ovary
Certain cells in the pineal gland
Renal interstitial cells
neuroglial cells
See also
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
References
Sybil B Parker (ed). "Interstitial cell". McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. Fifth Edition. International Edition. 1994. Page 1041.
Cell biology
Biology-related lists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C9-Pyrazoloanthrone
|
1,9-Pyrazoloanthrone is a chemical compound that is a derivative of anthrone. It is used in biochemical studies as an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs).
Derivatives of 1,9-pyrazoloanthrone have a variety of biological activities. For example, 5-(aminoalkyl)amino derivatives have been investigated as anticancer agents.
Synthesis
1,9-Pyrazoloanthrone can be synthesized by the condensation of 2-chloroanthraquinone with anhydrous hydrazine in pyridine at 100 °C. Purification is achieved via conversion to the N-acetyl derivative which is crystallized from acetic acid, followed by hydrolysis of the acetyl group with ammonium hydroxide in methanol.
References
Aromatic ketones
Nitrogen heterocycles
Heterocyclic compounds with 4 rings
Tetracyclic compounds
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattsson
|
Mattsson is a Swedish surname.
Geographical distribution
As of 2014, 79.7% of all known bearers of the surname Mattsson were residents of Sweden (frequency 1:541), 12.0% of Finland (1:2,009), 2.3% of the United States (1:672,721), 1.9% of Denmark (1:12,887) and 1.2% of Norway (1:18,235).
In Sweden, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:541) in the following counties:
1. Blekinge County (1:181)
2. Uppsala County (1:244)
3. Jämtland County (1:268)
4. Dalarna County (1:382)
5. Västernorrland County (1:401)
6. Gävleborg County (1:422)
7. Gotland County (1:464)
8. Värmland County (1:466)
9. Västerbotten County (1:468)
10. Västra Götaland County (1:506)
In Finland, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:2,009) in the following regions:
1. Åland (1:41)
2. Southwest Finland (1:937)
3. Ostrobothnia (1:988)
4. Central Ostrobothnia (1:1,520)
5. Uusimaa (1:1,910)
People
André Mattsson, Swedish ice hockey player
Arne Mattsson, Swedish film director
Frank Mattsson, Finnish composer Oskar Merikanto
Helena Mattsson, a Swedish actress
Lars Eric Mattsson, Finnish musician
Magnus Mattsson, Danish footballer
Markus Mattsson, Finnish ice hockey player
Stein-Erik Mattsson (born 1959), Norwegian lawyer, journalist, and comedian
See also
Matson
Mattson
References
Swedish-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20Phase%20Equilibria
|
Fluid Phase Equilibria is a peer-reviewed scientific journal on physical chemistry and thermodynamics that is published by Elsevier. The articles deal with experimental, theoretical and applied research related to properties of pure components and mixtures, especially phase equilibria, caloric and transport properties of fluid and solid phases. It has an impact factor of 2.775 (2020).
Editors
The current editors are:
Clare McCabe - Editor in Chief. Vanderbilt University Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
Ioannis Economou - Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, PO Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
Yoshio Iwai - Kyushu University Faculty of Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering, 744, Motooka, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
Georgios Kontogeorgis - Technical University of Denmark Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DK-2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
Ana Soto - University of Santiago de Compostela School of Engineering, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Availability
Fluid Phase Equilibria can be obtained in print or in electronic form.
External links
Elsevier Publisher
Fluid Phase Equilibria Homepage
Chemistry journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20comb
|
In optics, a frequency comb is a laser source whose spectrum consists of a series of discrete, equally spaced frequency lines. Frequency combs can be generated by a number of mechanisms, including periodic modulation (in amplitude and/or phase) of a continuous-wave laser, four-wave mixing in nonlinear media, or stabilization of the pulse train generated by a mode-locked laser. Much work has been devoted to this last mechanism, which was developed around the turn of the 21st century and ultimately led to one half of the Nobel Prize in Physics being shared by John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch in 2005.
The frequency domain representation of a perfect frequency comb is a series of delta functions spaced according to
where is an integer, is the comb tooth spacing (equal to the mode-locked laser's repetition rate or, alternatively, the modulation frequency), and is the carrier offset frequency, which is less than .
Combs spanning an octave in frequency (i.e., a factor of two) can be used to directly measure (and correct for drifts in) . Thus, octave-spanning combs can be used to steer a piezoelectric mirror within a carrier–envelope phase-correcting feedback loop. Any mechanism by which the combs' two degrees of freedom ( and ) are stabilized generates a comb that is useful for mapping optical frequencies into the radio frequency for the direct measurement of optical frequency.
Generation
Using a mode-locked laser
The most popular way of generating a frequency comb is
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGD
|
IGD may stand for:
Internet Gateway Device Protocol as defined in UPnP
İlerici Gençler Derneği, Progressive Young Association of Turkey
Immunoglobulin D, an antibody protein involved in the maturation of B cells
Integrated Graphics Device, a graphics processing unit integrated directly into the motherboard of a PC
Islamic Community of Germany, a religious organization in Germany
It's Going Down (website), a media collective publishing from an anarchist perspective
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeuroNames
|
NeuroNames is an integrated nomenclature for structures in the brain and spinal cord of the four species most studied by neuroscientists: human, macaque, rat and mouse. It offers a standard, controlled vocabulary of common names for structures, which is suitable for unambiguous neuroanatomical indexing of information in digital databases. Terms in the standard vocabulary have been selected for ease of pronunciation, mnemonic value, and frequency of use in recent neuroscientific publications. Structures and their relations to each other are defined in terms of the standard vocabulary. Currently NeuroNames contains standard names, synonyms and definitions of some 2,500 neuroanatomical entities.
The nomenclature is maintained by the University of Washington and is the core component of a tool called "BrainInfo". BrainInfo helps one identify structures in the brain. One can either search by a structure name or locate the structure in a brain atlas and get information such as its location in the classical brain hierarchy, images of the structure, what cells it has, its connections and genes expressed there. Information can be accessed by any of some 16,000 synonyms in eight languages.
NeuroNames is a source vocabulary of the Metathesaurus of the Unified Medical Language System. It is described in depth in the following three scientific articles:
See also
NeuroLex
Neuroscience Information Framework
Talairach coordinates
External links
Overview of NeuroNames
BrainInfo
Ne
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default%20constructor
|
In computer programming languages, the term default constructor can refer to a constructor that is automatically generated by the compiler in the absence of any programmer-defined constructors (e.g. in Java), and is usually a nullary constructor. In other languages (e.g. in C++) it is a constructor that can be called without having to provide any arguments, irrespective of whether the constructor is auto-generated or user-defined. Note that a constructor with formal parameters can still be called without arguments if default arguments were provided in the constructor's definition.
C++
In C++, the standard describes the default constructor for a class as a constructor that can be called with no arguments (this includes a constructor whose parameters all have default arguments). For example:
class MyClass
{
public:
MyClass(); // constructor declared
private:
int x;
};
MyClass::MyClass() : x(100) // constructor defined
{
}
int main()
{
MyClass m; // at runtime, object m is created, and the default constructor is called
}
When allocating memory dynamically, the constructor may be called by adding parenthesis after the class name. In a sense, this is an explicit call to the constructor:
int main()
{
MyClass * pointer = new MyClass(); // at runtime, an object is created, and the
// default constructor is called
}
If the constructor does have one or more parameters, but they all have default values, then it is still
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikonal%20equation
|
An eikonal equation (from Greek εἰκών, image) is a non-linear first-order partial differential equation that is encountered in problems of wave propagation.
The classical eikonal equation in geometric optics is a differential equation of the form
where lies in an open subset of , is a
positive function, denotes the gradient, and is the Euclidean norm. The function is given and one seeks solutions .
In the context of geometric optics, the function is the refractive index of the medium.
More generally, an eikonal equation is an equation of the form
where is a function of variables.
Here the function is given, and is the solution.
If , then equation () becomes ().
Eikonal equations naturally arise in the WKB method
and the study of Maxwell's equations. Eikonal equations provide a link between physical (wave) optics and geometric (ray) optics.
One fast computational algorithm to approximate the solution to the eikonal equation is the fast marching method.
History
The term "eikonal" was first used in the context of geometric optics by Heinrich Bruns. However,
the actual equation appears earlier in the seminal work of William Rowan Hamilton on geometric optics.
Physical interpretation
Continuous shortest-path problems
Suppose that is an open set with suitably smooth boundary .
The solution to the eikonal equation
can be interpreted as the minimal amount of time required to travel from to , where is the speed of travel, and is an exit-time penalty. (
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth
|
In music, a fifteenth or double octave, abbreviated 15ma, is the interval between one musical note and another with one-quarter the wavelength or quadruple the frequency. It has also been referred to as the bisdiapason. The fourth harmonic, it is two octaves. It is referred to as a fifteenth because, in the diatonic scale, there are 15 notes between them if one counts both ends (as is customary). Two octaves (based on the Italian word for eighth) do not make a sixteenth, but a fifteenth. In other contexts, the term two octaves is likely to be used.
For example, if one note has a frequency of 400 Hz, the note a fifteenth above it is at 1600 Hz (15ma ), and the note a fifteenth below is at 100 Hz (15mb ). The ratio of frequencies of two notes a fifteenth apart is therefore 4:1.
As the fifteenth is a multiple of octaves, the human ear tends to hear both notes as being essentially "the same", as it does the octave. Like the octave, in the Western system of music notation notes a fifteenth apart are given the same name—the name of a note an octave above A is also A. However, because of the large frequency distance between the notes, it is less likely than an octave to be judged the same pitch by non-musicians. Passages in parallel fifteenths are much less common than parallel octaves. In particular, sometimes an organist will use two stops a fifteenth away (notated as 2′).
15ma notation
Like the notation 8va for octave (), 15ma () means "play two octaves higher than written." I
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMDB
|
WMDB is a Regional Mexican-format AM radio station broadcasting on a frequency of 880 kHz in Nashville, Tennessee. The station's power is 2,500 watts during the daytime hours. The station is currently owned by Mahan Janbakhsh, through licensee TBLC Media #2, LLC. Nighttime power is reduced to 2 watts to protect the signal of WCBS in New York, New York. WCBS is the dominant Class A signal on 880 AM.
History
WMDB signed on the air in 1983 under the original owner, Reverend Morgan Babb. It was a black-oriented station with urban gospel in the morning, transitioning to secular rhythm & blues in the afternoon. Morgan Babb came up with the station's popular moniker slogan "The Big Mouth", because of WMDB's large daytime signal. Morgan Babb also claimed his secular R&B format was the "rock lite" format, drawing not just black listeners, but many white listeners as well. By 2000, the music format also included Hip Hop.
In May of 2005, Reverend Morgan Babb sold WMDB to Peter Davison of Davidson Media Group, based out of Charlotte, North Carolina, according to FCC Records. The FCC granted the transfer of WMDB's license July 5th, 2005. During this time period, Davidson Media Group purchased AM 1240, (then WNSG) in the Nashville Market. Davidson Media Changed WNSG's call sign to WNVL on September 21, 2005. Shortly afterwards, Davidson Media Group would eventually flip both WMDB and WNVL to Spanish Language Formats.
References
External links
MDB
Radio stations established in 1960
196
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20De%20Coster
|
Roger De Coster (born 28 August 1944) is a Belgian former professional motocross racer and current Motorsport Director of KTM and Husqvarna North America. He competed in the Motocross World Championships from 1966 to 1980, most prominently as a member of the Suzuki factory racing team where he won five FIM 500cc Motocross World Championships.
De Coster scored a record 36 500cc Grand Prix victories during his racing career, making his name is almost synonymous with the sport of motocross during the 1970s. His stature in the sport of motocross is such that, he is often simply referred to as "The Man." In 1973, De Coster was named the recipient of the Belgian National Sports Merit Award.
As a team manager, he captained the first American team to win the Motocross des Nations in 1981. De Coster was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1999. The motorcycling publication Cycle News named him Motocrosser of the Century in 2000. In 2010, he was named an FIM Legend for his motorcycling achievements.
Motorcycling career
Early competition
De Coster was born in Uccle, Belgium as the son of a steel mill worker. With four brothers, his family couldn not afford to fund De Coster's motorcycle racing ambitions but, by working six days a week while still going to school, he was finally able to purchase a motorcycle when he was 17 years old. He began competing on a 50 cc Flandria motorcycle before replacing it with an Itom. After his first racing season, he started to compete in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Iron%20County%20Schools
|
The West Iron County School District is one of two school districts in Iron County, Michigan (the other is the Forest Park School District in Crystal Falls, Michigan). Their mascot is the Wykon. The schools include Stambaugh Elementary School and West Iron County Middle and High School.
External links
West Iron County Schools website
School districts in Michigan
Education in Iron County, Michigan
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LBM
|
LBM may refer to:
Laboratory of biomechanics of Arts et Métiers ParisTech
Interleaved Bitmap Format filename extension
Lattice Boltzmann methods in fluid dynamics
Pound (mass), lbm or lbm
Lean body mass
Location-based media
London Borough of Merton, UK
Laser beam machining
Logical Business Machines, a defunct computer company
Little Brown Mushroom, a publishing house founded by Alec Soth
Live bivalve mollusc
Lumber and Building Materials
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNRQ
|
WNRQ is an FM radio station in Nashville, Tennessee, broadcasting on a frequency of 105.9 MHz. Owned and operated by iHeartMedia, it serves counties in northern middle Tennessee and southern central Kentucky. The station's studios are located in Nashville's Music Row district and the transmitter site is located in Brentwood, Tennessee, a Nashville suburb.
History/ownership
WNRQ has previously been the adult contemporary "Star 106," WLAC-FM; the album oriented rock "Rock 106," WKQB; and "The Joy of Nashville," WJYN, the latter reflecting a former easy listening format. Since 1964 it has been the partner station of the historical AM station WLAC, through numerous ownership changes.
In 1998, Dick Broadcasting, owner of WGFX, and SFX Broadcasting, the then-owner of WLAC-FM, agreed to trade the intellectual property of the stations. The trade, to have taken place February 2, 1998, would have moved WLAC-FM to 104.5 FM, and moved WGFX's classic rock format to 105.9 under SFX ownership. However, when the agreement fell apart, SFX decided to go ahead with launching a classic rock format anyway, and flipped WLAC-FM to WNRQ on January 30.
Current format
The current format features a mixture of fairly hard classic rock deemed to be primarily male-oriented; most of the station's playlist first hit middle Tennessee airwaves on the now-country-formatted WKDF during the 1970s and 1980s, as well as WKQB, "Rock 106" (from 1978 to 1981). It was also Nashville's station for the syndicated Joh
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short%20hairpin%20RNA
|
A short hairpin RNA or small hairpin RNA (shRNA/Hairpin Vector) is an artificial RNA molecule with a tight hairpin turn that can be used to silence target gene expression via RNA interference (RNAi). Expression of shRNA in cells is typically accomplished by delivery of plasmids or through viral or bacterial vectors. shRNA is an advantageous mediator of RNAi in that it has a relatively low rate of degradation and turnover. However, it requires use of an expression vector, which has the potential to cause side effects in medicinal applications.
The promoter choice is essential to achieve robust shRNA expression. At first, polymerase III promoters such as U6 and H1 were used; however, these promoters lack spatial and temporal control. As such, there has been a shift to using polymerase II promoters, which are inducible, to regulate shRNA expression.
Delivery
Expression of shRNA in cells can be obtained by delivery of plasmids or through viral or bacterial vectors.
Delivery of plasmids to cells through transfection to obtain shRNA expression can be accomplished using commercially available reagents in vitro. However, this method is not applicable in vivo and thus has limited utility.
Use of a bacterial vector to obtain shRNA expression in cells is a relatively recent approach. It builds off research showing that recombinant Escherichia coli, containing a plasmid with shRNA, fed to mice can knock-down target gene expression in the intestinal epithelium. This approach was use
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipione%20del%20Ferro
|
Scipione del Ferro (6 February 1465 – 5 November 1526) was an Italian mathematician who first discovered a method to solve the depressed cubic equation.
Life
Scipione del Ferro was born in Bologna, in northern Italy, to Floriano and Filippa Ferro. His father, Floriano, worked in the paper industry, which owed its existence to the invention of the press in the 1450s and which probably allowed Scipione to access various works during the early stages of his life. He married and had a daughter, who was named Filippa after his mother.
He likely studied at the University of Bologna, where he was appointed a lecturer there in Arithmetic and Geometry in 1496. During his last years, he also undertook commercial work.
Diffusion of his work
There are no surviving scripts from del Ferro. This is in large part due to his resistance to communicating his works. Instead of publishing his ideas, he would only show them to a small, select group of friends and students.
It is suspected that this is due to the practice of mathematicians at the time of publicly challenging one another. When a mathematician accepted another's challenge, each mathematician needed to solve the other's problems. The loser in a challenge often lost funding or his university position. Del Ferro was fearful of being challenged and likely kept his greatest work secret so that he could use it to defend himself in the event of a challenge.
Despite this secrecy, he had a notebook where he recorded all his important di
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycolic%20acid
|
Mycolic acids are long fatty acids found in the cell walls of the Mycolata taxon, a group of bacteria that includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of the disease tuberculosis. They form the major component of the cell wall of mycolata species. Despite their name, mycolic acids have no biological link to fungi; the name arises from the filamentous appearance their presence gives mycolata under high magnification. The presence of mycolic acids in the cell wall also gives mycolata a distinct gross morphological trait known as "cording". Mycolic acids were first isolated by Stodola et al. in 1938 from an extract of M. tuberculosis.
Mycolic acids are composed of a longer beta-hydroxy chain with a shorter alpha-alkyl side chain. Each molecule contains between 60 and 90 carbon atoms. The exact number of carbons varies by species and can be used as an identification aid. Most mycolic acids also contain various functional groups.
Mycolic acids of M. tuberculosis
M. tuberculosis produces three main types of mycolic acids: alpha-, methoxy-, and keto-. Alpha-mycolic acids make up at least 70% of the mycolic acids of the organism and contain several cyclopropane rings. Methoxy-mycolic acids, which contain several methoxy groups, constitute between 10% and 15% of the mycolic acids in the organism. The remaining 10% to 15% of the mycolic acids are keto-mycolic acids, which contain several ketone groups.
Mycolic acids impart M. tuberculosis with unique properti
|
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