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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radian%20per%20second
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The radian per second (symbol: rad⋅s−1 or rad/s) is the unit of angular velocity in the International System of Units (SI). The radian per second is also the SI unit of angular frequency (symbol ω, omega). The radian per second is defined as the angular frequency that results in the angular displacement increasing by one radian every second.
Relation to other units
A frequency of one hertz (1 Hz), or one cycle per second (1 cps), corresponds to an angular frequency of 2 radians per second. This is because one cycle of rotation corresponds to an angular rotation of 2 radians.
Since the radian is a dimensionless unit in the SI, the radian per second is dimensionally equivalent to the hertz—both can be expressed as reciprocal seconds, s−1. So, context is necessary to specify which kind of quantity is being expressed, angular frequency or ordinary frequency.
One radian per second also corresponds to about 9.55 revolutions per minute. Degrees per second may also be defined, based on degree of arc.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Quantity correspondence
|-
! Angular frequency !! Frequency
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|| 2π rad/s ||1 Hz
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|| 1 rad/s || ≈ 0.159155 Hz
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|| 1 rad/s || ≈ 9.5493 rpm
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|| 0.1047 rad/s || ≈ 1 rpm
|-
|}
Coherent units
A use of the unit radian per second is in calculation of the power transmitted by a shaft. In the International System of Quantities (SI) and the International System of Units, widely used in physics and engineering, the power p is equal to the angular speed ω mul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartok%20%28compiler%29
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Bartok is an optimizing compiler and managed runtime system for Common Intermediate Language (which .NET languages compile to), being developed by Microsoft Research.
Overview
Bartok aims to be efficient enough to be usable for writing operating systems. It provides services such as automatic memory management and garbage collection, threading, and marshalling data to and from native code, as well as verification of CIL code. Bartok is written in C#, including the garbage collector. Bartok is being used by Microsoft Research for the implementation of Singularity, a highly-dependable operating system written almost entirely in managed code.
Bartok allows various implementations of the garbage collector, base class library and other components to be chosen at runtime on a per-application basis. This feature is being used to write the different components of Singularity – kernel, device drivers, and applications – each using a separate class library that exposes functionality required by (and optimized for) the specific usage.
See also
Roslyn (compiler)
List of compilers
References
Further reading
External links
Microsoft Research
Compilers
Microsoft initiatives
Microsoft Research
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby%20laser
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A ruby laser is a solid-state laser that uses a synthetic ruby crystal as its gain medium. The first working laser was a ruby laser made by Theodore H. "Ted" Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories on May 16, 1960.
Ruby lasers produce pulses of coherent visible light at a wavelength of 694.3 nm, which is a deep red color. Typical ruby laser pulse lengths are on the order of a millisecond.
Design
A ruby laser most often consists of a ruby rod that must be pumped with very high energy, usually from a flashtube, to achieve a population inversion. The rod is often placed between two mirrors, forming an optical cavity, which oscillate the light produced by the ruby's fluorescence, causing stimulated emission. Ruby is one of the few solid state lasers that produce light in the visible range of the spectrum, lasing at 694.3 nanometers, in a deep red color, with a very narrow linewidth of 0.53 nm.
The ruby laser is a three level solid state laser. The active laser medium (laser gain/amplification medium) is a synthetic ruby rod that is energized through optical pumping, typically by a xenon flashtube. Ruby has very broad and powerful absorption bands in the visual spectrum, at 400 and 550 nm, and a very long fluorescence lifetime of 3 milliseconds. This allows for very high energy pumping, since the pulse duration can be much longer than with other materials. While ruby has a very wide absorption profile, its conversion efficiency is much lower than other mediums.
In early examp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarase%20deficiency
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Fumarase deficiency (or fumaric aciduria) is an exceedingly rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder in the Krebs cycle, characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme fumarate hydratase, which causes a buildup of fumaric acid in the urine and a deficiency of malate. Only 13 cases were known worldwide in 1990, after which a cluster of 20 cases was documented in a community in Arizona that has practiced successive endogamy.
Presentation
Fumarase deficiency causes encephalopathy, severe intellectual disabilities, unusual facial features, brain malformation, and epileptic seizures due to an abnormally low amount of fumarase in cells. It can initially present with polyhydramnios on prenatal ultrasound. Affected neonates may demonstrate nonspecific signs of poor feeding and hypotonia. Laboratory findings in neonates may indicate polycythemia, leukopenia, or neutropenia. As they age, neurological deficits begin to manifest with seizures, dystonias, and severe developmental delay.
Pathophysiology
Fumarase deficiency is caused by a mutation in the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene in humans, which encodes the enzyme that converts fumarate to malate in the mitochondria. Other mutant alleles of the FH gene, located on human Chromosome 1 at position 1q42.1, cause multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomata, hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer. Fumarase deficiency is one of the few known deficiencies of the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, the main enzymatic pathway of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit%20%28cipher%29
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Rabbit is a high-speed stream cipher from 2003. The algorithm and source code was released in 2008 as public domain software.
History
Rabbit was first presented in February 2003 at the 10th FSE workshop. In May 2005, it was submitted to the eSTREAM project of the ECRYPT network.
Rabbit was designed by Martin Boesgaard, Mette Vesterager, Thomas Pedersen, Jesper Christiansen and Ove Scavenius.
The authors of the cipher have provided a full set of cryptanalytic white papers on the Cryptico home page. It is also described in RFC 4503. Cryptico had patents pending for the algorithm and for many years required a license fee for commercial use of the cipher which was waived for non-commercial uses. However, the algorithm was made free for any use on October 6, 2008. Also the website states that the algorithm and implementation is public domain software and offers the source code free for download.
Functionality
Rabbit uses a 128-bit key and a 64-bit initialization vector. The cipher was designed with high performance in software in mind, where fully optimized implementations achieve an encryption cost of up to 3.7 cpb on a Pentium 3, and of 9.7 cpb on an ARM7. However, the cipher also turns out to be very fast and compact in hardware.
The core component of the cipher is a bitstream generator which encrypts 128 message bits per iteration. The cipher's strength rests on a strong mixing of its inner state between two consecutive iterations. The mixing function is entirely based
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna%20Heilbron
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Lorna Heilbron (born 8 June 1948) is a Glasgow-born Scottish actress.
She appeared in television series such as Ace of Wands, Van der Valk, Blake's 7, Taggart, Lovejoy and Hazell.
She also starred in the horror films The Creeping Flesh (1973) and Symptoms (1974).
In the 1985 BBC TV play Queen of Hearts, she starred as a bored housewife who wore black underwear belonging to her teenaged daughter and then, fleetingly, experimented with prostitution. She also appeared in the 1988 supernatural thriller The Girl in a Swing, and the 1994 comedy drama Don't Get Me Started.
Personal life
In 1980 she married actor Nicholas Clay, remaining together until his death in 2000. They had two daughters in 1983 and 1986.
She is now a therapist under the name Lorna Clay. Her elder sister is actress Vivien Heilbron.
References
External links
1948 births
Living people
Scottish stage actresses
Scottish film actresses
Scottish television actresses
20th-century Scottish actresses
Actresses from Glasgow
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitch%20%28astronomy%29
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A glitch is a sudden increase (around 1 part in 106) in the rotational frequency of a pulsar, which usually decreases steadily due to braking provided by the emission of radiation and high-energy particles. It is unknown whether they are related to the timing noise which all pulsars exhibit. Following a glitch is a period of gradual recovery where the observed periodicity slows to a period close to that observed before the glitch. These gradual recovery periods have been observed to last from days to years. Currently, only multiple glitches of the Crab and Vela pulsars have been observed and studied extensively.
Cause
While the exact cause of glitches is unknown, they are thought to be caused by an internal process within the pulsar. This differs from the steady decrease in the star's rotational frequency which is caused by external processes. Although the details of the glitch process are unknown, it is thought that the resulting increase in the pulsar's rotational frequency is caused by a brief coupling of the pulsar's faster-spinning superfluid core to the crust, which are usually decoupled. This brief coupling transfers angular momentum from core to the surface, which causes a decrease in the measured period.
Implications
Assuming that the mechanism described above is correct, observed pulsar glitches set a limit on the moment of inertia of the pulsar being observed and, thus, the mass-radius relation possible in dense nuclear matter. From extrapolating from a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitance%E2%80%93voltage%20profiling
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Capacitance–voltage profiling (or C–V profiling, sometimes CV profiling) is a technique for characterizing semiconductor materials and devices. The applied voltage is varied, and the capacitance is measured and plotted as a function of voltage. The technique uses a metal–semiconductor junction (Schottky barrier) or a p–n junction or a MOSFET to create a depletion region, a region which is empty of conducting electrons and holes, but may contain ionized donors and electrically active defects or traps. The depletion region with its ionized charges inside behaves like a capacitor. By varying the voltage applied to the junction it is possible to vary the depletion width. The dependence of the depletion width upon the applied voltage provides information on the semiconductor's internal characteristics, such as its doping profile and electrically active defect densities.,
Measurements may be done at DC, or using both DC and a small-signal AC signal (the conductance method
, ), or using a large-signal transient voltage.
Application
Many researchers use capacitance–voltage (C–V) testing to determine semiconductor parameters, particularly in MOSCAP and MOSFET structures. However, C–V measurements are also widely used to characterize other types of semiconductor devices and technologies, including bipolar junction transistors, JFETs, III–V compound devices, photovoltaic cells, MEMS devices, organic thin-film transistor (TFT) displays, photodiodes, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
These
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming%20space
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In statistics and coding theory, a Hamming space (named after American mathematician Richard Hamming) is usually the set of all binary strings of length N. It is used in the theory of coding signals and transmission.
More generally, a Hamming space can be defined over any alphabet (set) Q as the set of words of a fixed length N with letters from Q. If Q is a finite field, then a Hamming space over Q is an N-dimensional vector space over Q. In the typical, binary case, the field is thus GF(2) (also denoted by Z2).
In coding theory, if Q has q elements, then any subset C (usually assumed of cardinality at least two) of the N-dimensional Hamming space over Q is called a q-ary code of length N; the elements of C are called codewords. In the case where C is a linear subspace of its Hamming space, it is called a linear code. A typical example of linear code is the Hamming code. Codes defined via a Hamming space necessarily have the same length for every codeword, so they are called block codes when it is necessary to distinguish them from variable-length codes that are defined by unique factorization on a monoid.
The Hamming distance endows a Hamming space with a metric, which is essential in defining basic notions of coding theory such as error detecting and error correcting codes.
Hamming spaces over non-field alphabets have also been considered, especially over finite rings (most notably over Z4) giving rise to modules instead of vector spaces and ring-linear codes (identif
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tameness%20theorem
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In mathematics, the tameness theorem states that every complete hyperbolic 3-manifold with finitely generated fundamental group is topologically tame, in other words homeomorphic to the interior of a compact 3-manifold.
The tameness theorem was conjectured by . It was proved by and, independently, by Danny Calegari and David Gabai. It is one of the fundamental properties of geometrically infinite hyperbolic 3-manifolds, together with the density theorem for Kleinian groups and the ending lamination theorem.
It also implies the Ahlfors measure conjecture.
History
Topological tameness may be viewed as a property of the ends of the manifold, namely, having a local product structure. An analogous statement is well known in two dimensions, that is, for surfaces. However, as the example of Alexander horned sphere shows, there are wild embeddings among 3-manifolds, so this property is not automatic.
The conjecture was raised in the form of a question by Albert Marden, who proved that any geometrically finite hyperbolic 3-manifold is topologically tame. The conjecture was also called the Marden conjecture or the tame ends conjecture.
There had been steady progress in understanding tameness before the conjecture was resolved. Partial results had been obtained by Thurston, Brock, Bromberg, Canary, Evans, Minsky, Ohshika. An important sufficient condition for tameness in terms of splittings of the fundamental group had been obtained by Bonahon.
The conjecture was proved in 2004
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe%20V%C3%A9ron
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Philippe Véron (2 March 1939 – 7 August 2014) was a French astronomer. He worked at Observatoire de Haute Provence, where he was director from 1985 to 1994.
He studied variability and statistics of quasars, as well as elliptical galaxies. He was married to French astronomer Marie-Paule Véron-Cetty, and together with her compiled and maintained the Veron-Cetty Catalog of Quasars and Active Galactic Nuclei, whose thirteenth edition was published in 2010.
At the time of his death, he was working on the Dictionnaire des Astronomes Français 1850–1950 (Dictionary of French astronomers 1850–1950), which is a biographical encyclopedia. It is unpublished but is available online in PDF form at http://www.obs-hp.fr/dictionnaire.
Asteroid 5260 Philvéron is named after him.
References
External links
Recent publications, form NASA Astrophysics Data System website
20th-century French astronomers
1939 births
2014 deaths
21st-century French astronomers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilpadjies
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Skilpadjies is a traditional South African food, also known by other names such as and .
The dish is lamb's liver wrapped in (caul fat), which is the fatty membrane that surrounds the kidneys. Most cooks mince the liver, add coriander, chopped onion, salt and Worcestershire sauce then wrap balls of this mixture with the and secure it with a toothpick. The balls, approximately in diameter, are normally barbecued (grilled over an open fire) and ready when the fat is crisp.
Dishes such as skilpadjies had already been made by the ancient Romans and the German recipe for calf's liver in caul fat appears in the book "Das Buoch von guoter Spise".
The names (little tortoise), (mice), (bats) and (puff adder) reflect its appearance. is the largest version, the size of a man's forearm. It is made from minced lamb's liver wrapped in a large piece of , and is usually served at parties where about 8 to 10 servings can be sliced from one when grilled.
It is a very rich, high cholesterol and fatty food; the consumers normally eat some starchy food in the form of mealie pap or toasted bread with the skilpadjies, so as not to attract some symptoms of over-indulgence.
See also
List of African dishes
List of lamb dishes
List of meatball dishes
Boerewors
Meat chop
Meat on the bone
Steak
Pork steak
References
South African cuisine
Offal
Lamb dishes
Meatballs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSG%2065CE02
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The CSG 65CE02 is an 8/16-bit microprocessor developed by Commodore Semiconductor Group in 1988. It is a member of the MOS Technology 6502 family, developed from the CMOS WDC 65C02 released by the Western Design Center in 1983.
Like the 65C02, the 65CE02 was built on a 2 µm CMOS process instead of the original 6502's 8 µm NMOS technology, making the chip smaller (and thus less expensive) as well as using much less power. In addition to changes made in the 65C02, the 65CE02 also included improvements to the processor pipeline to allow one-byte instructions to complete in 1 cycle, rather than the 6502's (and most variants) minimum of 2 cycles. It also removed 1 cycle delays when crossing page boundaries. These changes improved performance as much as 25% at the same clock speed.
Other changes included the addition of a third index register, Z, along with the addition and modification of a number of instructions to use this register. The zero-page, the first 256 bytes of memory that were used as pseudo-registers, could now be moved to any page in main memory using the B(ase page) register. The stack register was widened from 8 to 16-bits using a similar page register, SPH (stack pointer high), allowing the stack to be moved out of page one and to grow to larger sizes.
The 65CE02 was the basis for the system on a chip CSG 4510 that was developed for the unreleased Commodore 65. The 65CE02 was later used for the A2232 serial port card for the Amiga computer. It appears to have s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%20matrix
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In applied mathematics, the transfer matrix is a formulation in terms of a block-Toeplitz matrix of the two-scale equation, which characterizes refinable functions. Refinable functions play an important role in wavelet theory and finite element theory.
For the mask , which is a vector with component indexes from to ,
the transfer matrix of , we call it here, is defined as
More verbosely
The effect of can be expressed in terms of the downsampling operator "":
Properties
See also
Hurwitz determinant
References
(contains proofs of the above properties)
Wavelets
Numerical analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%27s%20rule
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Anderson's rule is used for the construction of energy band diagrams of the heterojunction between two semiconductor materials. Anderson's rule states that when constructing an energy band diagram, the vacuum levels of the two semiconductors on either side of the heterojunction should be aligned (at the same energy).
It is also referred to as the electron affinity rule, and is closely related to the Schottky–Mott rule for metal–semiconductor junctions.
Anderson's rule was first described by R. L. Anderson in 1960.
Constructing energy band diagrams
Once the vacuum levels are aligned it is possible to use the electron affinity and band gap values for each semiconductor to calculate the conduction band and valence band offsets. The electron affinity (usually given by the symbol in solid state physics) gives the energy difference between the lower edge of the conduction band and the vacuum level of the semiconductor. The band gap (usually given the symbol ) gives the energy difference between the lower edge of the conduction band and the upper edge of the valence band. Each semiconductor has different electron affinity and band gap values. For semiconductor alloys it may be necessary to use Vegard's law to calculate these values.
Once the relative positions of the conduction and valence bands for both semiconductors are known, Anderson's rule allows the calculation of the band offsets of both the valence band () and the conduction band ().
After applying Anderson's rule a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmagupta%27s%20problem
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This problem was given in India by the mathematician Brahmagupta in 628 AD in his treatise Brahma Sputa Siddhanta:
Solve the Pell's equation
for integers .
Brahmagupta gave the smallest solution as
.
See also
Brahmagupta
Indian mathematics
List of Indian mathematicians
Pell's equation
Indeterminate equation
Diophantine equation
External links
Brahmagupta
Diophantine equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic%20parsing
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In natural language processing, deterministic parsing refers to parsing algorithms that do not backtrack. LR-parsers are an example. (This meaning of the words "deterministic" and "non-deterministic" differs from that used to describe nondeterministic algorithms.)
The deterministic behavior is desired and expected in compiling programming languages. In natural language processing, it was thought for a long time that deterministic parsing is impossible due to ambiguity inherent in natural languages (many sentences have more than one plausible parse). Thus, non-deterministic approaches such as the chart parser had to be applied. However, Mitch Marcus proposed in 1978 the Parsifal parser that was able to deal with ambiguities while still keeping the deterministic behavior.
See also
Deterministic context-free grammar
References
Alfred V. Aho, Stephen C. Johnson, Jeffrey D. Ullman (1975): Deterministic parsing of ambiguous grammars. Comm. ACM 18:8:441-452.
Mitchell Marcus (1978): A Theory of Syntactic Recognition for Natural Language. PhD Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Parsing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room%20modes
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Room modes are the collection of resonances that exist in a room when the room is excited by an acoustic source such as a loudspeaker. Most rooms have their fundamental resonances in the 20 Hz to 200 Hz region, each frequency being related to one or more of the room's dimensions or a divisor thereof. These resonances affect the low-frequency low-mid-frequency response of a sound system in the room and are one of the biggest obstacles to accurate sound reproduction.
Mechanism of room resonances
The input of acoustic energy to the room at the modal frequencies and multiples thereof causes standing waves. The nodes and antinodes of these standing waves result in the loudness of the particular resonant frequency being different at different locations of the room. These standing waves can be considered a temporary storage of acoustic energy as they take a finite time to build up and a finite time to dissipate once the sound energy source has been removed.
Minimizing effect of room resonances
A room with generally hard surfaces will exhibit high-Q, sharply tuned resonances. Absorbent material can be added to the room to damp such resonances which work by more quickly dissipating the stored acoustic energy.
In order to be effective, a layer of porous, absorbent material has to be of the order of a quarter-wavelength thick if placed on a wall, which at low frequencies with their long wavelengths requires very thick absorbers. Absorption occurs through friction of the air motion
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular%20ganglion
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The vestibular ganglion (also called Scarpa's ganglion) is a ganglion situated within the internal auditory meatus that lodges cell bodies of first-order sensory neurons of the vestibular nerve. The superior division and inferior division of the vestibular nerve meet at the ganglion; henceforth, the fibres of second-order neurons of the vestibular nerve merge with those of the cochlear nerve (whose first-order neurons have already synapsed at the spiral ganglion) to proceed towards the CNS as a single unified vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII).
Anatomy
Structure
The ganglion contains the cell bodies of bipolar neurons whose peripheral processes form synaptic contact with hair cells of the vestibular sensory end organs. These include hair cells of the cristae ampullares of the semicircular duct, and the maculae of the utricle and saccule.
Development
At birth, it is already close to its final size.
Etymology
It is named for Antonio Scarpa.
References
External links
Diagram (in French)
Histology at wustl.edu
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Vestibular system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvage%20enzyme
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Salvage enzymes are enzymes, nucleoside kinases, required during cell division to "salvage" nucleotides, present in body fluids, for the manufacture of DNA. They catalyze the phosphorylation of nucleosides to nucleoside - 5'-phosphates, that are further phosphorylated to triphosphates, that can be built into the growing DNA chain. The salvage enzymes are synthesized during the G1 phase in anticipation of DNA synthesis. After the cell division has been completed, the salvage enzymes, no longer required, are degraded. During interphase the cell derives its requirement of nucleoside-5'-phosphates by de novo synthesis, that leads directly to the 5'-monophosphate nucleotides.
Cell cycle
Enzymes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20radio%20stations%20in%20Nuevo%20Le%C3%B3n
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This is a list of radio stations in the state of Nuevo León, in Amplitude Modulated and Frequency Modulated bands.
Ciudad Anáhuac
Cerralvo
Doctor Arroyo
Galeana
Lampazos de Naranjo
Linares
Frequency Modulation
Montemorelos
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Monterrey Metropolitan Area
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Sabinas Hidalgo
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
ND: No disponible
Defunct formats
Linares
Frequency Modulation
Monterrey
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Closed stations
Linares
Amplitude Modulation
Monterrey
Amplitude Modulation
Notes
All the amplitude modulated radio stations in Nuevo León that have acquired an FM frequency, means that they are going to change frequency.
References
Nuevo Leon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine
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18-Methoxycoronaridine (18-MC, or MM-110), also known as zolunicant, is a derivative of ibogaine invented in 1996 by the research team around the pharmacologist Stanley D. Glick from the Albany Medical College and the chemists Upul K. Bandarage and Martin E. Kuehne from the University of Vermont. In animal studies it has proved to be effective at reducing self-administration of morphine, cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine and sucrose. It has also been shown to produce anorectic effects in obese rats, most likely due to the same actions on the reward system which underlie its anti-addictive effects against drug addiction.
18-MC was in the early stages of human testing by the California-based drug development company Savant HWP before being acquired by MindMed, a Canadian pharmaceutical company newly listed on the NASDAQ in April 2021. In 2002 the research team began raising funds for human trials, but were unable to secure the estimated $5 million needed. In 2010, Obiter Research, a chemical manufacturer in Champaign, Illinois, signed a patent license with Albany Medical College and the University of Vermont, allowing them the right to synthesize and market 18-MC and other congeners. In 2012 the National Institute on Drug Abuse gave a $6.5 million grant to Savant HWP for human trials. In 2017 it went into Phase-II trials in Brazil for treatment of Leishmaniasis at the Evandro Chagas Institute, but not for approval for use as a treatment for drug addiction. A phase 2a study o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20cutoff%20frequency
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In optics, spatial cutoff frequency is a precise way to quantify the smallest object resolvable by an optical system. Due to diffraction at the image plane, all optical systems act as low pass filters with a finite ability to resolve detail. If it were not for the effects of diffraction, a 2" aperture telescope could theoretically be used to read newspapers on a planet circling Alpha Centauri, over four light-years distant. Unfortunately, the wave nature of light will never permit this to happen.
The spatial cutoff frequency for a perfectly corrected incoherent optical system is given by
where is the wavelength expressed in millimeters and is the lens' focal ratio. As an example, a telescope having an objective and imaging at 0.55 micrometers has a spatial cutoff frequency of 303 cycles/millimeter. High-resolution black-and-white film is capable of resolving details on the film as small as 3 micrometers or smaller, thus its cutoff frequency is about 150 cycles/millimeter. So, the telescope's optical resolution is about twice that of high-resolution film, and a crisp, sharp picture would result (provided focus is perfect and atmospheric turbulence is at a minimum).
This formula gives the best-case resolution performance and is valid only for perfect optical systems. The presence of aberrations reduces image contrast and can effectively reduce the system spatial cutoff frequency if the image contrast falls below the ability of the imaging device to discern.
The c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2A%20receptor
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:5-HT2A receptor}}
The 5-HT2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor that belongs to the serotonin receptor family and is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The 5-HT2A receptor is a cell surface receptor, but has several intracellular locations. 5-HT is short for 5-hydroxy-tryptamine or serotonin. This is the main excitatory receptor subtype among the GPCRs for serotonin, although 5-HT2A may also have an inhibitory effect on certain areas such as the visual cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex. This receptor was first noted for its importance as a target of serotonergic psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin mushrooms. Later it came back to prominence because it was also found to be mediating, at least partly, the action of many antipsychotic drugs, especially the atypical ones.
Downregulation of post-synaptic 5-HT2A receptor is an adaptive process provoked by chronic administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and atypical antipsychotics. Suicidal and otherwise depressed patients have had more 5-HT2A receptors than normal patients. These findings suggest that post-synaptic 5-HT2A overdensity is involved in the pathogenesis of depression.
Paradoxical down-regulation of 5-HT2A receptors can be observed with several 5-HT2A antagonists. Thus, instead of tolerance, reverse-tolerance would be expected from 5-HT2A antagonists. However, there is at least one antagonist at this site which has been shown to up-regulate 5-HT2A receptor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False%20discovery%20rate
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In statistics, the false discovery rate (FDR) is a method of conceptualizing the rate of type I errors in null hypothesis testing when conducting multiple comparisons. FDR-controlling procedures are designed to control the FDR, which is the expected proportion of "discoveries" (rejected null hypotheses) that are false (incorrect rejections of the null). Equivalently, the FDR is the expected ratio of the number of false positive classifications (false discoveries) to the total number of positive classifications (rejections of the null). The total number of rejections of the null include both the number of false positives (FP) and true positives (TP). Simply put, FDR = FP / (FP + TP). FDR-controlling procedures provide less stringent control of Type I errors compared to family-wise error rate (FWER) controlling procedures (such as the Bonferroni correction), which control the probability of at least one Type I error. Thus, FDR-controlling procedures have greater power, at the cost of increased numbers of Type I errors.
History
Technological motivations
The modern widespread use of the FDR is believed to stem from, and be motivated by, the development in technologies that allowed the collection and analysis of a large number of distinct variables in several individuals (e.g., the expression level of each of 10,000 different genes in 100 different persons). By the late 1980s and 1990s, the development of "high-throughput" sciences, such as genomics, allowed for rapid data acqu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams%20method
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Adams method may refer to:
A method for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations, also known as the linear multistep method
A method for apportionment of seats among states in the parliament, a kind of a highest-averages method
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20transporter
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In biology, a transporter is a transmembrane protein that moves ions (or other small molecules) across a biological membrane to accomplish many different biological functions including, cellular communication, maintaining homeostasis, energy production, etc. There are different types of transporters including, pumps, uniporters, antiporters, and symporters. Active transporters or ion pumps are transporters that convert energy from various sources—including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), sunlight, and other redox reactions—to potential energy by pumping an ion up its concentration gradient. This potential energy could then be used by secondary transporters, including ion carriers and ion channels, to drive vital cellular processes, such as ATP synthesis.
This page is focused mainly on ion transporters acting as pumps, but transporters can also function to move molecules through facilitated diffusion. Facilitated diffusion does not require ATP and allows molecules, that are unable to quickly diffuse across the membrane (passive diffusion), to diffuse down their concentration gradient through these protein transporters.
Ion transporters are essential for proper cell function and thus they are highly regulated by the cell and studied by researchers using a variety of methods. Some examples of cell regulations and research methods will be given.
Classification and disambiguation
Ion transporters are classified as a super family of transporters that contain 12 families of transp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantite
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Tantite is a rare tantalum oxide mineral with formula: Ta2O5. Tantite forms transparent microscopic colorless triclinic - pedial crystals with an adamantine luster. It has a Mohs hardness of 7 and a high specific gravity of 8.45. Chemical analyses show minor inclusion (1.3%) of niobium oxide.
It was first described in 1983 for an occurrence in a pegmatite in the Kola peninsula, Russia. It has also been reported from a pegmatite complex in Florence County, Wisconsin. Associated mineral species include elbaite, lepidolite, spodumene, columbite-tantalite, wodginite, and microlite.
References
Wisconsin minerals Accessed March 31, 2006.
American Mineralogist data sheet PDF Accessed March 31, 2006.
Tantalum minerals
Oxide minerals
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 1
Minerals described in 1983
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauer%27s%20theorem%20on%20forms
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There also is Brauer's theorem on induced characters.
In mathematics, Brauer's theorem, named for Richard Brauer, is a result on the representability of 0 by forms over certain fields in sufficiently many variables.
Statement of Brauer's theorem
Let K be a field such that for every integer r > 0 there exists an integer ψ(r) such that for n ≥ ψ(r) every equation
has a non-trivial (i.e. not all xi are equal to 0) solution in K.
Then, given homogeneous polynomials f1,...,fk of degrees r1,...,rk respectively with coefficients in K, for every set of positive integers r1,...,rk and every non-negative integer l, there exists a number ω(r1,...,rk,l) such that for n ≥ ω(r1,...,rk,l) there exists an l-dimensional affine subspace M of Kn (regarded as a vector space over K) satisfying
An application to the field of p-adic numbers
Letting K be the field of p-adic numbers in the theorem, the equation (*) is satisfied, since , b a natural number, is finite. Choosing k = 1, one obtains the following corollary:
A homogeneous equation f(x1,...,xn) = 0 of degree r in the field of p-adic numbers has a non-trivial solution if n is sufficiently large.
One can show that if n is sufficiently large according to the above corollary, then n is greater than r2. Indeed, Emil Artin conjectured that every homogeneous polynomial of degree r over Qp in more than r2 variables represents 0. This is obviously true for r = 1, and it is well known that the conjecture is true for r = 2 (see, for example, J.-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20theorem
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In mathematics, a classification theorem answers the classification problem "What are the objects of a given type, up to some equivalence?". It gives a non-redundant enumeration: each object is equivalent to exactly one class.
A few issues related to classification are the following.
The equivalence problem is "given two objects, determine if they are equivalent".
A complete set of invariants, together with which invariants are solves the classification problem, and is often a step in solving it.
A (together with which invariants are realizable) solves both the classification problem and the equivalence problem.
A canonical form solves the classification problem, and is more data: it not only classifies every class, but provides a distinguished (canonical) element of each class.
There exist many classification theorems in mathematics, as described below.
Geometry
Classification of Euclidean plane isometries
Classification theorems of surfaces
Classification of two-dimensional closed manifolds
Enriques–Kodaira classification of algebraic surfaces (complex dimension two, real dimension four)
Nielsen–Thurston classification which characterizes homeomorphisms of a compact surface
Thurston's eight model geometries, and the geometrization conjecture
Berger classification
Classification of Riemannian symmetric spaces
Classification of 3-dimensional lens spaces
Classification of manifolds
Algebra
Classification of finite simple groups
Classification of Abelian gro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodynorphin
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Prodynorphin, also known as proenkephalin B, is an opioid polypeptide hormone involved with chemical signal transduction and cell communication. The gene for prodynorphin is expressed in the endometrium and the striatum, and its gene map locus is 20pter-p12. Prodynorphin is a basic building-block of endorphins, the chemical messengers in the brain that appear most heavily involved in the anticipation and experience of pain and the formation of deep emotional bonds, and that are also critical in learning and memory.
The gene is thought to influence perception, as well as susceptibility to drug dependence, and is expressed more readily in human beings than in other primates.
Evolutionary implications
Most humans have multiple copies of the regulatory gene sequence for prodynorphin, which is virtually identical among all primates, whereas other primates have only a single copy. In addition, most Asian populations have two copies of the gene sequence for prodynorphin, whereas East Africas, Middle Easterners, and Europeans tend to have three repetitions.
The extent of regulatory gene disparities for prodynorphin, between human and primates, has gained the attention of scientists. There are very few genes known to be directly related to mankind's speciation from other great apes. According to computational biologist researcher Matthew W. Hahn of Indiana University, "this is the first documented instance of a neural gene that has had its regulation shaped by natural selection dur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20SMIC%20Private%20School
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The SMIC Private School () is a private, coeducational K-12 school located in the Zhangjiang Science City of Shanghai, China. The school was founded by Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC) in 2001 and by 2009 had over 1,450 students. 2017 marked its 16th anniversary. The School is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges and the East Asia Regional Council of Schools.
History
The school was initially founded to provide education for the families of employees of the SMIC company. Since 2004, the school has been open for public enrollment.
The school grew rapidly since its founding; the school had 75 students in the 1st year, and almost 700 students in its 4th year. The school had its first English track graduating class of 7 in 2006. In 2009, the school had over 1800 students from 22 different countries. The school is authorized and approved by The U.S. College Board as an official SAT and AP testing center.
The school provides two academic tracks: an international division that uses an American curriculum with a Chinese requirement and a Chinese track that is based on the local academic curriculum but with strong English emphasis. The SMIC Private School is accredited by the Pudong Board of Education and was awarded as an "Excellent Private Elementary School and Middle/High School in China" in December 2009.
In 2018, the school was at the center of a major food safety scandal in which its cafeteria contractor Eurest, a sub
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary%20divisors
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In algebra, the elementary divisors of a module over a principal ideal domain (PID) occur in one form of the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain.
If is a PID and a finitely generated -module, then M is isomorphic to a finite sum of the form
where the are nonzero primary ideals.
The list of primary ideals is unique up to order (but a given ideal may be present more than once, so the list represents a multiset of primary ideals); the elements are unique only up to associatedness, and are called the elementary divisors. Note that in a PID, the nonzero primary ideals are powers of prime ideals, so the elementary divisors can be written as powers of irreducible elements. The nonnegative integer is called the free rank or Betti number of the module .
The module is determined up to isomorphism by specifying its free rank , and for class of associated irreducible elements and each positive integer the number of times that occurs among the elementary divisors. The elementary divisors can be obtained from the list of invariant factors of the module by decomposing each of them as far as possible into pairwise relatively prime (non-unit) factors, which will be powers of irreducible elements. This decomposition corresponds to maximally decomposing each submodule corresponding to an invariant factor by using the Chinese remainder theorem for R. Conversely, knowing the multiset of elementary divisors, the invariant factors can be fou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20modeling
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Geometric modeling is a branch of applied mathematics and computational geometry that studies methods and algorithms for the mathematical description of shapes.
The shapes studied in geometric modeling are mostly two- or three-dimensional (solid figures), although many of its tools and principles can be applied to sets of any finite dimension. Today most geometric modeling is done with computers and for computer-based applications. Two-dimensional models are important in computer typography and technical drawing. Three-dimensional models are central to computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), and widely used in many applied technical fields such as civil and mechanical engineering, architecture, geology and medical image processing.
Geometric models are usually distinguished from procedural and object-oriented models, which define the shape implicitly by an opaque algorithm that generates its appearance. They are also contrasted with digital images and volumetric models which represent the shape as a subset of a fine regular partition of space; and with fractal models that give an infinitely recursive definition of the shape. However, these distinctions are often blurred: for instance, a digital image can be interpreted as a collection of colored squares; and geometric shapes such as circles are defined by implicit mathematical equations. Also, a fractal model yields a parametric or implicit model when its recursive definition is truncated to a finite depth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20theorem
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Hilbert's theorem may refer to:
Hilbert's theorem (differential geometry), stating there exists no complete regular surface of constant negative gaussian curvature immersed in
Hilbert's Theorem 90, an important result on cyclic extensions of fields that leads to Kummer theory
Hilbert's basis theorem, in commutative algebra, stating every ideal in the ring of multivariate polynomials over a Noetherian ring is finitely generated
Hilbert's finiteness theorem, in invariant theory, stating that the ring of invariants of a reductive group is finitely generated
Hilbert's irreducibility theorem, in number theory, concerning irreducible polynomials
Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, the basis of algebraic geometry, establishing a fundamental relationship between geometry and algebra
Hilbert's syzygy theorem, a result of commutative algebra in connection with the syzygy problem of invariant theory
See also
List of things named after David Hilbert
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonius%27s%20theorem
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In geometry, Apollonius's theorem is a theorem relating the length of a median of a triangle to the lengths of its sides.
It states that "the sum of the squares of any two sides of any triangle equals twice the square on half the third side, together with twice the square on the median bisecting the third side".
Specifically, in any triangle if is a median, then
It is a special case of Stewart's theorem. For an isosceles triangle with the median is perpendicular to and the theorem reduces to the Pythagorean theorem for triangle (or triangle ). From the fact that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other, the theorem is equivalent to the parallelogram law.
The theorem is named for the ancient Greek mathematician Apollonius of Perga.
Proof
The theorem can be proved as a special case of Stewart's theorem, or can be proved using vectors (see parallelogram law). The following is an independent proof using the law of cosines.
Let the triangle have sides with a median drawn to side Let be the length of the segments of formed by the median, so is half of Let the angles formed between and be and where includes and includes Then is the supplement of and The law of cosines for and states that
Add the first and third equations to obtain
as required.
See also
References
External links
David B. Surowski: Advanced High-School Mathematics. p. 27
Euclidean geometry
Articles containing proofs
Theorems about triangles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Grand%20Slam%20boys%27%20singles%20champions
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List of Boys' Singles Junior Grand Slam tournaments tennis champions.
Champions by year
Statistics
Most Grand Slam singles titles
Note: when a tie, the person to reach the mark first is listed first.
Grand Slam singles titles by country (since 1973)
Grand Slam achievements
Grand Slam
Players who held all four Grand Slam titles simultaneously (in a calendar year).
Career Grand Slam
Players who won all four Grand Slam titles over the course of their careers.
The event at which the Career Grand Slam was achieved is indicated in bold.
Multiple titles in a season
Three titles in a single season
Note: players who won 4 titles in a season are not included here.
Two titles in a single season
Note: players who won 3+ titles in a season are not included here.
Australian—French:
1952 Ken Rosewall
1961 John Newcombe
1962 John Newcombe (2)
1968 Phil Dent
1997 Daniel ElsnerAustralian—Wimbledon:
1989 Nicklas Kulti
1991 Thomas Enqvist
Australian—U.S.:
1995 Nicolas Kiefer
2000 Andy RoddickFrench—Wimbledon:
1958 Butch Buchholz
1963 Nicky Kalogeropoulos
1966 Vladimir Korotkov
1976 Heinz Günthardt
1978 Ivan Lendl
1979 Ramesh Krishnan
2018 Tseng Chun-hsin
French—U.S.:
1990 Andrea Gaudenzi
2002 Richard GasquetWimbledon—U.S.:
1973 Billy Martin
1974 Billy Martin (2)
1977 Van Winitsky
1982 Pat Cash
2008 Grigor Dimitrov
2012 Filip Peliwo
Surface Slam
Players who won Grand Slam titles on clay, grass and hard courts in a calendar year.
Channel Slam
Players who
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20module
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A power module or power electronic module provides the physical containment for several power components, usually power semiconductor devices. These power semiconductors (so-called dies) are typically soldered or sintered on a power electronic substrate that carries the power semiconductors, provides electrical and thermal contact and electrical insulation where needed. Compared to discrete power semiconductors in plastic housings as TO-247 or TO-220, power packages provide a higher power density and are in many cases more reliable.
Module Topologies
Besides modules that contain a single power electronic switch (as MOSFET, IGBT, BJT, Thyristor, GTO or JFET) or diode, classical power modules contain multiple semiconductor dies that are connected to form an electrical circuit of a certain structure, called topology. Modules also contain other components such as ceramic capacitors to minimize switching voltage overshoots and NTC thermistors to monitor the module's substrate temperature. Examples of broadly available topologies implemented in modules are:
switch (MOSFET, IGBT), with antiparallel Diode;
bridge rectifier containing four (1-phase) or six (3-phase) diodes
half bridge (inverter leg, with two switches and their corresponding antiparallel diodes)
H-Bridge (four switches and the corresponding antiparallel diodes)
boost or power factor correction (one (or two) switches with one (or two) high frequency rectifying diodes)
ANPFC (power factor correction leg with two
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless%20site%20survey
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A wireless site survey, sometimes called an RF (Radio Frequency) site survey or wireless survey, is the process of planning and designing a wireless network, to provide a wireless solution that will deliver the required wireless coverage, data rates, network capacity, roaming capability and quality of service (QoS). The survey usually involves a site visit to test for RF interference, and to identify optimum installation locations for access points. This requires analysis of building floor plans, inspection of the facility, and use of site survey tools. Interviews with IT management and the end users of the wireless network are also important to determine the design parameters for the wireless network.
As part of the wireless site survey, the effective range boundary is set, which defines the area over which signal levels needed support the intended application. This involves determining the minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) needed to support performance requirements.
Wireless site survey can also mean the walk-testing, auditing, analysis or diagnosis of an existing wireless network, particularly one which is not providing the level of service required.
Wireless site survey process
Wireless site surveys are typically conducted using computer software that collects and analyses WLAN metrics and/or RF spectrum characteristics. Before a survey, a floor plan or site map is imported into a site survey application and calibrated to set scale. During a survey, a surveyor walks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydioxanone
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Polydioxanone (PDO, PDS) or poly-p-dioxanone is a colorless, crystalline, biodegradable synthetic polymer.
Chemistry
Chemically, polydioxanone is a polymer of multiple repeating ether-ester units. It is obtained by ring-opening polymerization of the monomer p-dioxanone. The process requires heat and an organometallic catalyst like zirconium acetylacetone or zinc L-lactate. It is characterized by a glass transition temperature in the range of −10 and 0 °C and a crystallinity of about 55%. For the production of sutures, polydioxanone is generally extruded into fibers, however care should be taken to process the polymer to the lowest possible temperature, in order to avoid its spontaneous depolymerization back to the monomer. The ether oxygen group in the backbone of the polymer chain is responsible for its flexibility.
Medical use
Polydioxanone is used for biomedical applications, particularly in the preparation of surgical sutures. Other biomedical applications include orthopedics, maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, drug delivery, cardiovascular applications, and tissue engineering. For example, with the use of electrospinning, the flexible nature of PDS allows the control of its structure and can be used in applications such as tissue scaffolding.
It is degraded by hydrolysis, and the end products are mainly excreted in urine, the remainder being eliminated by the digestive system or exhaled as CO2. The biomaterial is completely reabsorbed in 6 months and can be seen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils%20Lid%20Hjort
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Nils Lid Hjort (born 12 January 1953) is a Norwegian statistician, who has been a professor of mathematical statistics at the University of Oslo since 1991. Hjort's research themes are varied, with particularly noteworthy contributions in the fields of Bayesian probability (Beta processes for use in non- and semi-parametric models, particularly within survival analysis and event history analysis, but also with links to Indian buffet processes in machine learning), density estimation and nonparametric regression (local likelihood methodology), model selection (focused information criteria and model averaging), confidence distributions, and change detection. He has also worked with spatial statistics, statistics of remote sensing, pattern recognition, etc.
An article on frequentist model averaging, with co-author Gerda Claeskens, was selected as Fast Breaking Paper in the field of mathematics by the Essential Science Indicators in 2005. This and a companion paper, both published in Journal of the American Statistical Association in 2003, introduced focused information criteria, along with a clear large-sample analysis of subset and post-selection estimators.
Hjort has been a core member of the Centre of Excellence Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, on the scientific advisory board of the Centre for Innovation Statistics for Innovation, and has also been involved with the Centre for Biostatistical Modelling in the Medical Sciences, all within the University of O
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon%20marker
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Retrotransposon markers are components of DNA which are used as cladistic markers. They assist in determining the common ancestry, or not, of related taxa. The "presence" of a given retrotransposon in related taxa suggests their orthologous integration, a derived condition acquired via a common ancestry, while the "absence" of particular elements indicates the plesiomorphic condition prior to integration in more distant taxa. The use of presence/absence analyses to reconstruct the systematic biology of mammals depends on the availability of retrotransposons that were actively integrating before the divergence of a particular species.
Details
The analysis of SINEs – Short INterspersed Elements – LINEs – Long INterspersed Elements – or truncated LTRs – Long Terminal Repeats – as molecular cladistic markers represents a particularly interesting complement to DNA sequence and morphological data.
The reason for this is that retrotransposons are assumed to represent powerful noise-poor synapomorphies. The target sites are relatively unspecific so that the chance of an independent integration of exactly the same element into one specific site in different taxa is not large and may even be negligible over evolutionary time scales. Retrotransposon integrations are currently assumed to be irreversible events; this might change since no eminent biological mechanisms have yet been described for the precise re-excision of class I transposons, but see van de Lagemaat et al. (2005). A cl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroplasm
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A viroplasm, sometimes called "virus factory" or "virus inclusion", is an inclusion body in a cell where viral replication and assembly occurs. They may be thought of as viral factories in the cell. There are many viroplasms in one infected cell, where they appear dense to electron microscopy. Very little is understood about the mechanism of viroplasm formation.
Definition
A viroplasm is a perinuclear or a cytoplasmic large compartment where viral replication and assembly occurs. The viroplasm formation is caused by the interactions between the virus and the infected cell, where viral products and cell elements are confined.
Groups of viruses that form viroplasms
Viroplasms have been reported in many unrelated groups of Eukaryotic viruses that replicate in cytoplasm, however, viroplasms from plant viruses have not been as studied as viroplasms from animal viruses. Viroplasms have been found in the cauliflower mosaic virus, rotavirus, vaccinia virus and the rice dwarf virus. These appear electron-dense under an electron microscope and are insoluble.
Structure and formation
Viroplasms are localized in the perinuclear area or in the cytoplasm of infected cells and are formed early in the infection cycle. The number and the size of viroplasms depend on the virus, the virus isolate, hosts species, and the stage of the infection. For example, viroplasms of mimivirus have a similar size to the nucleus of its host, the amoeba Acanthamoeba polyphaga.
A virus can induce cha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence%20%28penology%29
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Deterrence in relation to criminal offending is the idea or theory that the threat of punishment will deter people from committing crime and reduce the probability and/or level of offending in society. It is one of five objectives that punishment is thought to achieve; the other four objectives are denunciation, incapacitation (for the protection of society), retribution and rehabilitation.
Criminal deterrence theory has two possible applications: the first is that punishments imposed on individual offenders will deter or prevent that particular offender from committing further crimes; the second is that public knowledge that certain offences will be punished has a generalised deterrent effect which prevents others from committing crimes.
Two different aspects of punishment may have an impact on deterrence, the first being the certainty of punishment, by increasing the likelihood of apprehension and punishment, this may have a deterrent effect. The second relates to the severity of punishment; how severe the punishment is for a particular crime may influence behavior if the potential offender concludes that the punishment is so severe, it is not worth the risk of getting caught.
An underlying principle of deterrence is that it is utilitarian or forward-looking. As with rehabilitation, it is designed to change behaviour in the future rather than simply provide retribution or punishment for current or past behaviour.
Categories
There are two main goals of deterrence theory.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U33
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U33 may refer to:
, a sloop of the Royal Navy
Small dodecicosidodecahedron
Small nucleolar RNA Z195/SNORD33 family
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20A.%20Parker
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Richard A. Parker (born 29 January 1953, in Surrey) is a mathematician and freelance computer programmer in Cambridge, England. He invented many of the algorithms for computing the modular character tables of finite simple groups. He discovered the relation between Niemeier lattices and
deep holes of the Leech lattice, and constructed Parker's Moufang loop of order 213 (which was used by John Horton Conway in his construction of the monster group).
Books
Conway, J. H.; Sloane, N. J. A. (1999). Sphere packings, lattices and groups. (3rd ed.) With additional contributions by E. Bannai, R. E. Borcherds, John Leech, Simon P. Norton, A. M. Odlyzko, R. A. Parker, L. Queen and B. B. Venkov. Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 290. New York: Springer-Verlag. .
An Atlas of Brauer Characters (London Mathematical Society Monographs) by Christopher Jansen, Klaus Lux, Richard Parker, Robert Wilson. Oxford University Press, U.S. (October 1, 1995)
References
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
20th-century English mathematicians
21st-century English mathematicians
Group theorists
1953 births
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Hiding%20Place
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No Hiding Place is a British television series that was produced at Wembley Studios by Associated-Rediffusion for the ITV network between 16 September 1959 and 22 June 1967.
It was the sequel to the series Murder Bag (1957–1958) and Crime Sheet (1959), all starring Raymond Francis as Detective Superintendent, later Detective Chief Superintendent Tom Lockhart.
Production
No Hiding Place carried on from where the TV series Murder Bag and Crime Sheet left off. Murder Bag featured 55 episodes. 30 in Season One (16 September 1957 to 31 March 1958), all untitled (having case numbers, and were listed a Murder Bag - case One, etc) and 25 in Season Two (30 June 1958 to 1 April 1959), all titled, and all featuring the word "Lockhart" as the first word of their title. Half-hour detective series that introduced viewers to the snuff-taking as Detective Superintendent Lockhart, played by Raymond Francis. It was created by Glyn Davies, Produced by Barry Baker and written by Barry Baker and Peter Ling Backup sergeants and others changed regularly. The murder bag in the title carried 42 items which were needed in the investigation of a crime. The show was produced live in the studio. According to IMDb there were 29 episodes in series one and 40 in series two.
In Crime Sheet, Lockhart had now been promoted to Detective Chief Superintendent. The writers of the series revealed to the TV Times in 1962 that Lockhart could not be promoted above this rank, as he would no longer be expected to vi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Brush
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Paul Brush (born 22 February 1958) is an English former professional footballer and coach who played in the Football League for West Ham United, Crystal Palace and Southend United. He is best known for his time with West Ham United, for whom he played from 1976 until 1985.
Playing career
Brush came through West Ham United's academy to make his first-team debut as a 19-year-old, on 20 August 1977 in a 3–1 defeat against Norwich City in the First Division. He was an unused substitute for West Ham in the 1980 FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium, when the Hammers became the last team (as of 2023) from outside the top flight to win the trophy. He was able to appear at Wembley just a few months later in the starting eleven for West Ham in the Charity Shield against Liverpool. In all, he made 151 League appearances for the east London club and scored one goal (against Queens Park Rangers on 1 January 1985), before leaving the club in September 1985 for Crystal Palace. He spent three seasons with Palace, followed by another three with Southend United, then moved into non-league football with clubs including Enfield and Heybridge Swifts.
Coaching career
Brush joined Leyton Orient as youth coach in 1994, was appointed manager in October 2001, and was sacked after two years in charge with the club second bottom of the league. Steve Tilson, appointed manager of Southend United in late 2003, brought in Brush as his assistant, and the pair led the club to two successive promotions, from Leag
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSUA
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RSUA may refer to:
Royal Society of Ulster Architects
16S rRNA pseudouridine516 synthase, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcom
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Microcom, Inc., was a major modem vendor during the 1980s, although never as popular as the "big three", Hayes, U.S. Robotics (USR) and Telebit. Nevertheless, Microcom holds an important place in modem history for introducing the MNP error-correction and compression protocols, which were widely used under license by most modem manufacturers in the 1990s.
The company went public in 1987. Compaq purchased publicly outstanding shares of the company in 1997.
History and products
Microcom was founded in 1980 by James M. Dow from Data General.
In the mid-1980s several companies introduced new modems with various "high-speed" features in order to differentiate themselves from the growing legion of Hayes 1200 bit/s clones that were flooding into the market. Developing such a protocol was not all that easy, and generally required a fairly powerful and expensive microcontroller to handle the modulation. For companies with limited resources, entering this market was difficult.
Microcom took another approach, addressing the feature gap not through higher speeds, but through additional software capabilities. They developed a series of protocols, known collectively as Microcom Networking Protocol (MNP), that implemented simple packet-based file transfer protocols suitable for implementation on very simple microcontrollers. The differences were primarily in how difficult the protocol was to implement, with MNP 1 being extremely simple allowing it to be implemented on many existing mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker%20%28medicine%29
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In medicine, a biomarker is a measurable indicator of the severity or presence of some disease state. It may be defined as a "cellular, biochemical or molecular alteration in cells, tissues or fluids that can be measured and evaluated to indicate normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention." More generally a biomarker is anything that can be used as an indicator of a particular disease state or some other physiological state of an organism. According to the WHO, the indicator may be chemical, physical, or biological in nature - and the measurement may be functional, physiological, biochemical, cellular, or molecular.
A biomarker can be a substance that is introduced into an organism as a means to examine organ function or other aspects of health. For example, rubidium chloride is used in isotopic labeling to evaluate perfusion of heart muscle. It can also be a substance whose detection indicates a particular disease state, for example, the presence of an antibody may indicate an infection. More specifically, a biomarker indicates a change in expression or state of a protein that correlates with the risk or progression of a disease, or with the susceptibility of the disease to a given treatment. Biomarkers can be characteristic biological properties or molecules that can be detected and measured in parts of the body like the blood or tissue. They may indicate either normal or diseased processes in the body. Bi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adna%20Wright%20Leonard
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Bishop Adna Wright Leonard I (November 2, 1874 – May 3, 1943) was a Methodist bishop in Buffalo, New York, and the first chairman of the Methodist Commission on Chaplains. He was killed in 1943 in a plane crash on his way to Iceland to visit Methodist chaplains and their troops.
Biography
He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 2, 1874, to Adna Bradway Leonard (1837–1916) and Caroline (Kaiser) Leonard (1840–1899). He was elected bishop in 1916.
He married Mary Luella Day (1873–1956) on October 9, 1901, and had the following children: Adna Wright Leonard II (1904–1986); and Phyllis Day (Leonard) Budd (1907–2002).
He was elected to the episcopacy of the Methodist Episcopal Church at the 1916 General Conference. He served in San Francisco, Pittsburgh and Washington, D.C.
He was killed on May 3, 1943, in a plane crash on his way to Iceland to visit Methodist chaplains and their troops.
Thirteen other people were killed in the plane crash, including Lieutenant General Frank Maxwell Andrews.
Career
President of the New York Anti-Saloon League
Chairman The Methodist Commission on Chaplains
Headed trustees of the University of Southern California
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
References
1874 births
1943 deaths
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
Methodists from New York (state)
American chaplains
American temperance activists
American civilians killed in World War II
Burials in Iceland
American sermon writers
20th-century Methodist bisho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasemeal
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Peasemeal (also called pea flour) is a flour produced from yellow field peas that have been roasted. The roasting enables greater access to protein and starch, thus increasing nutritive value. Traditionally the peas would be ground three times using water-powered stone mills. The color of the flour is brownish yellow due to the caramelization achieved during roasting, while the texture ranges from fine to gritty. The uses of peasemeal are similar to maize meal in baking, porridge and quick breads. Peasemeal has had a long history in Great Britain and is still used in Scotland for dishes such as brose and bannocks. Brose is similar to farina in its consumption by the addition of boiling water or stock to the peasemeal then eaten immediately with butter, pepper, salt, sugar or raisins.
The production of peasemeal disappeared in the 1970s until Fergus Morrison took over a run-down water-powered mill in Golspie, Scotland and revived the mill and peasemeal due to popular demand.
Currently, the use of yellow pea flour is again gaining momentum due to the nutritional benefits and sustainability associated to this food crop. Pea flour can fully or partly replace wheat flour in bakery products, such as cakes, cookies and bread.
References
External links
Data
Info
Flour
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%27s%20matrix
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In mathematics, and in particular ordinary differential equations, a Green's matrix helps to determine a particular solution to a first-order inhomogeneous linear system of ODEs. The concept is named after George Green.
For instance, consider where is a vector and is an matrix function of , which is continuous for , where is some interval.
Now let be linearly independent solutions to the homogeneous equation and arrange them in columns to form a fundamental matrix:
Now is an matrix solution of .
This fundamental matrix will provide the homogeneous solution, and if added to a particular solution will give the general solution to the inhomogeneous equation.
Let be the general solution. Now,
This implies or where is an arbitrary constant vector.
Now the general solution is
The first term is the homogeneous solution and the second term is the particular solution.
Now define the Green's matrix
The particular solution can now be written
External links
An example of solving an inhomogeneous system of linear ODEs and finding a Green's matrix from www.exampleproblems.com.
Ordinary differential equations
Matrices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis%20Serna
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Alexis Serna (born February 8, 1985) is a former placekicker and punter who played in the Canadian Football League from 2008 to 2010 for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. He graduated from A. B. Miller High School in Fontana, California. He was the starting placekicker and punter for the Oregon State University football team, the Oregon State Beavers, from 2004 to 2007. He won the 2005 Lou Groza Award which recognized him as the best placekicker in the United States. On June 3, 2008, Serna signed a contract with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League and was the team's starting kicker, replacing Troy Westwood. On August 10, 2010, Serna was released by the Blue Bombers.
College career
2004 season
Serna leads what has been described as a storybook college career, one that did not start out on the best foot. His first game as the starting kicker for Oregon State was a trial by fire. The Beavers opened the 2004 season visiting the reigning 2003 BCS national champions LSU Tigers in their famously raucous Tiger Stadium. The Beavers gave the highly favored Tigers a very close game, however Serna, then a walk-on redshirt freshman, became the focal point when he missed three extra point (PAT) attempts in a game the Beavers lost by one point, 22–21. Complicating matters for Serna, the game ended in an exciting overtime period that hinged on him kicking a PAT to keep the Beavers in the game. When he missed, he immediately pulled off his own helmet and yelled in frustrati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20sperm%20protein
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Major sperm protein (MSP) is a nematode specific small protein of 126 amino acids with a molecular weight of 14 kDa. It is the key player in the motility machinery of nematodes that propels the crawling movement/motility of nematode sperm. It is the most abundant protein present in nematode sperm, comprising 15% of the total protein and more than 40% of the soluble protein. MSP is exclusively synthesized in spermatocytes of the nematodes. The MSP has two main functions in the reproduction of the helminthes: i) as cytosolic component it is responsible for the crawling movement of the mature sperm (without flagellum), and ii) once released, it acts as hormone on the female germ cells, where it triggers oocyte maturation and stimulates the oviduct wall to contract to bring the oocytes into position for fertilization. MSP has first been identified in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Structure
Molecular structures of MSP from Ascaris suum and Caenorhabditis elegans have been determined by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. MSP molecules from these species share 83% sequence identity and their structures are highly similar.
MSP does not harbor any known conserved domain. It is made of a seven-stranded β sandwich, having opposing three-stranded and four-stranded β sheets. Hydrophobic side-chains from adjacent faces in the sandwich form the interior of the protein. The overall structure of MSP resembles an immunoglobulin fold (Ig fold). MSP can be classified as an s-type of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic%20multiplier
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In mathematics, and particularly ordinary differential equations, a characteristic multiplier is an eigenvalue of a monodromy matrix. The logarithm of a characteristic multiplier is also known as characteristic exponent. They appear in Floquet theory of periodic differential operators and in the Frobenius method.
See also
Multiplier (disambiguation)
References
External links
Examples of finding characteristic multipliers of systems of ODEs from www.exampleproblems.com.
Ordinary differential equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monodromy%20matrix
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In mathematics, and particularly ordinary differential equations (ODEs), a monodromy matrix is the fundamental matrix of a system of ODEs evaluated at the period of the coefficients of the system. It is used for the analysis of periodic solutions of ODEs in Floquet theory.
See also
Floquet theory
Monodromy
Riemann–Hilbert problem
References
Ordinary differential equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin%27ichi%20Ishiwata
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is a Japanese scientist, a professor at Waseda University department of science and engineering physics course. His specialty is biophysics, particularly the mechanism of muscles and motor proteins.
Since spectroscopic techniques for studying proteins yielded only averaged characteristics of an ensemble of proteins, he constructed his own research method. He focused on his long-held interest in striated muscle— “how a beautiful structure is self-organized, and how it is related to force-generating function.”
Then he tackled the reconstitution of the structure and function of the thin (actin) filaments in striated muscle, especially cardiac muscle, then to defining the mechanism of Spontaneous Oscillatory Contraction (SPOC) of striated muscle that occurs at intermediate activation conditions between full activation and relaxation. It was an important breakthrough regarding a phenomenon that had been “almost completely ignored,” he says.
Ishiwata's research interests go beyond the mechanical and physiological import of SPOC to bio-motile systems focusing on the structural and functional hierarchy from single molecules (myosin, kinesin, actin) to macromolecular assemblies (myofibrils, meiotic spindle and cells (cardiac, HeLa, etc.). He expects that the multiplex network of Chemo-Mechanical Feedback (CMF) loops exist over various hierarchical levels. He proposes that the heart is a typical organ in which nano and macro, i.e., mechano-chemical functions of molecular motors and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C4%2C6-Tris%28trinitromethyl%29-1%2C3%2C5-triazine
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2,4,6-Tris(trinitromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine is a chemical compound that is a derivative of triazine first prepared in 1995. It is synthesized by destructive nitration of 2,4,6-tricarboxyl-1,3,5-triazine. It is noteworthy for having more nitro groups than it does carbon atoms, thus potentially being useful as an oxygen source, or added to oxygen-poor explosives to increase their power.
Derivatives have been prepared by nucleophilic displacement of the nitro groups with azide and hydrazine.
References
Triazines
Nitro compounds
Explosive chemicals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20marker
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A molecular marker is a molecule, sampled from some source, that gives information about its source. For example, DNA is a molecular marker that gives information about the organism from which it was taken. For another example, some proteins can be molecular markers of Alzheimer's disease in a person from which they are taken. Molecular markers may be non-biological. Non-biological markers are often used in environmental studies.
Genetic markers
In genetics, a molecular marker (identified as genetic marker) is a fragment of DNA that is associated with a certain location within the genome. Molecular markers are used in molecular biology and biotechnology to identify a particular sequence of DNA in a pool of unknown DNA.
Types of genetic markers
There are many types of genetic markers, each with particular limitations and strengths. Within genetic markers there are three different categories: "First Generation Markers", "Second Generation Markers", and "New Generation Markers". These types of markers may also identify dominance and co-dominance within the genome. Identifying dominance and co-dominance with a marker may help identify heterozygotes from homozygotes within the organism. Co-dominant markers are more beneficial because they identify more than one allele thus enabling someone to follow a particular trait through mapping techniques. These markers allow for the amplification of particular sequence within the genome for comparison and analysis.
Molecular markers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiacell
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Asiacell Telecom Company (, ) is an Iraqi telecommunications company that offers mobile phone services and Mobile Internet mainly in Iraq.
History
Asiacell, the first mobile telecommunications company in Iraq, was established in the city of Sulaymaniyah in the Kurdistan Region in 1999.
Asiacell began its first commercial operations in 2000.
In October 2003, Asiacell was granted a two-year GSM license for the six northern provinces of Iraq, catering in the process to a wider client base who collectively shared a need for a quality mobile network. The license was extended in 2005 to cover the entirety of the Iraqi Republic. Consequently, today it is the only telecom network to provide coverage nationwide.
In August 2007, Asiacell bid and won a 15-year national license, becoming the GSM telecom operator with the largest long-term network coverage in the country. The company's breakthrough successes have naturally led to its expansion and growth, thereby quickly reaching almost 2000 employees. The famous Kurdish singer Chopy Fatah became the cultural ambassador of the company in 2008. To handle new business operations, Asiacell also simultaneously established new executive offices in Baghdad, Mosul, and other major cities in Iraq,
Today, the company caters to more than 9.1 million subscribers around the country.
On February 2, 2013, Asiacell went public offering 25% of its equity, in an IPO that was considered the largest in the MEANA region since 2008.
In April 2015, t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic%20center
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In aerodynamics, the torques or moments acting on an airfoil moving through a fluid can be accounted for by the net lift and net drag applied at some point on the airfoil, and a separate net pitching moment about that point whose magnitude varies with the choice of where the lift is chosen to be applied. The aerodynamic center is the point at which the pitching moment coefficient for the airfoil does not vary with lift coefficient (i.e. angle of attack), making analysis simpler.
where is the aircraft lift coefficient.
The lift and drag forces can be applied at a single point, the center of pressure, about which they exert zero torque. However, the location of the center of pressure moves significantly with a change in angle of attack and is thus impractical for aerodynamic analysis. Instead the aerodynamic center is used and as a result the incremental lift and drag due to change in angle of attack acting at this point is sufficient to describe the aerodynamic forces acting on the given body.
Theory
Within the assumptions embodied in thin airfoil theory, the aerodynamic center is located at the quarter-chord (25% chord position) on a symmetric airfoil while it is close but not exactly equal to the quarter-chord point on a cambered airfoil.
From thin airfoil theory:
where is the section lift coefficient,
is the angle of attack in radian, measured relative to the chord line.
where is the moment taken at quarter-chord point and is a constant.
Differentiating wit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDE%20surface
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PDE surfaces are used in geometric modelling and computer graphics for creating smooth surfaces conforming to a given boundary configuration. PDE surfaces use partial differential equations to generate a surface which usually satisfy a mathematical boundary value problem.
PDE surfaces were first introduced into the area of geometric modelling and computer graphics by two British mathematicians, Malcolm Bloor and Michael Wilson.
Technical details
The PDE method involves generating a surface for some boundary by means of solving an elliptic partial differential equation of the form
Here is a function parameterised by the two parameters and such that where , and are the usual cartesian coordinate space. The boundary conditions on the function and its
normal derivatives
are imposed at the edges of the surface patch.
With the above formulation it is notable that the elliptic partial differential operator in the above PDE represents a smoothing process in which the value of the function at any point on the surface is, in some sense, a weighted average of the surrounding
values. In this way, a surface is obtained as a smooth transition between
the chosen set of boundary conditions. The parameter is a special design parameter which controls the relative smoothing of the surface in the and directions.
When , the PDE is the biharmonic equation: . The biharmonic equation is the equation produced by applying the Euler-Lagrange equation to the simplified thin plate ene
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPV6
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TRPV6 is a membrane calcium (Ca2+) channel protein which is particularly involved in the first step in Ca2+absorption in the intestine.
Classification
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid subfamily member 6 (TRPV6) is an epithelial Ca2+ channel that belongs to the transient receptor potential family (TRP) of proteins. The TRP family is a group of channel proteins critical for ionic homeostasis and the perception of various physical and chemical stimuli. TRP channels can detect temperature, osmotic pressure, olfaction, taste, and mechanical forces. The human genome encodes for 28 TRP channels, which include six TRPV channels. The high Ca2+-selectivity of TRPV5 and TRPV6 makes these channels distinct from the other four TRPV channels (TRPV1-TRPV4). TRPV5 and TRPV6 are involved in Ca2+ transport, whereas TRPV1 through TRPV3 are heat sensors with different temperature threshold for activation, and TRPV4 is involved in sensing osmolarity. Genetic defects in TRPV6 gene are linked to transient neonatal hyperparathyroidism and early-onset chronic pancreatitis. Dysregulation of TRPV6 is also involved in hypercalciuria, kidney stone formation, bone disorders, defects in keratinocyte differentiation, skeletal deformities, osteoarthritis, male sterility, Pendred syndrome, and certain sub-types of Cancer.
Identification
Peng et al identified TRPV6 in 1999 from rat duodenum in an effort to search for Ca2+ transporting proteins involved in Ca2+absorption. TRPV6 was also called calcium
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinin
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An agglutinin is a substance in the blood that causes particles to coagulate and aggregate; that is, to change from fluid-like state to a thickened-mass (solid) state.
Agglutinins can be antibodies that cause antigens to aggregate by binding to the antigen-binding sites of antibodies. Agglutinins can also be any substance other than antibodies, such as sugar-binding protein lectins.
When an agglutinin is added to a uniform suspension of particles, such as bacteria or blood, in a test tube (in vitro), agglutinin binds to the agglutinin-specific structure on the particle causing the particles to aggregate and fall to the bottom, leaving a clear suspension. This phenomenon known as agglutination is of great importance in medicine, as it serves as a diagnostic tool.
Medical relevance
Reaction of particles with agglutinin is used to indicate present or past host contact with a pathogen. A host infected with a pathogen produces antibodies to neutralize the pathogen. As a result, the blood of a host applied to a diagnostic kit causes the aggregation of the pathogenic particles due to the antigen-agglutinin interaction. Conversely, agglutination can also be used to identify new bacteria or cells with a specific antigen by exposing them to serum containing known agglutinins.
Agglutination, using blood agglutinins known as hemagglutinins, is used diagnostically to identify blood types of human beings based on the reaction between the erythrocyte (Red blood cell) antigens and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharmonic%20B%C3%A9zier%20surface
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A biharmonic Bézier surface is a smooth polynomial surface which conforms to the biharmonic equation and has the same formulations as a Bézier surface. This formulation for Bézier surfaces was developed by Juan Monterde and Hassan Ugail. In order to generate a biharmonic Bézier surface four boundary conditions defined by Bézier control points are usually required.
It has been shown that given four boundary conditions a unique solution to the chosen general fourth order elliptic partial differential equation can be formulated. Biharmonic Bézier surfaces are related to minimal surfaces.
i.e. surfaces that minimise the area among all the surfaces with
prescribed boundary data.
External links
Related publications
1. J. Monterde and H. Ugail, On Harmonic and Biharmonic Bézier Surfaces, Computer Aided Geometric Design, 21(7), 697–715, (2004).
2. J. Monterde and H. Ugail, A general 4th-order PDE method to generate Bézier surfaces from the boundary, Computer Aided Geometric Design, 23(2), 208–225, (2006).
Further reading
Related publications (Hassan Ugail's publications).
"Biharmonic Polynomial Surfaces for Boundary-Based Smooth Shape Design"
Surfaces
Elliptic partial differential equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20problem
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In theoretical computer science, a computational problem is a problem that may be solved by an algorithm. For example, the problem of factoring
"Given a positive integer n, find a nontrivial prime factor of n."
is a computational problem. A computational problem can be viewed as a set of instances or cases together with a, possibly empty, set of solutions for every instance/case. For example, in the factoring problem, the instances are the integers n, and solutions are prime numbers p that are the nontrivial prime factors of n.
Computational problems are one of the main objects of study in theoretical computer science. The field of computational complexity theory attempts to determine the amount of resources (computational complexity) solving a given problem will require and explain why some problems are intractable or undecidable. Computational problems belong to complexity classes that define broadly the resources (e.g. time, space/memory, energy, circuit depth) it takes to compute (solve) them with various abstract machines. For example, the complexity classes
P, problems that consume polynomial time for deterministic classical machines
BPP, problems that consume polynomial time for probabilistic classical machines (e.g. computers with random number generators)
BQP, problems that consume polynomial time for probabilistic quantum machines.
Both instances and solutions are represented by binary strings, namely elements of {0, 1}*. For example, natural numbers are usu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginzburg%E2%80%93Landau%20equation
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The Ginzburg–Landau equation, named after Vitaly Ginzburg and Lev Landau, describes the nonlinear evolution of small disturbances near a finite wavelength bifurcation from a stable to an unstable state of a system. At the onset of finite wavelength bifurcation, the system becomes unstable for a critical wavenumber which is non-zero. In the neighbourhood of this bifurcation, the evolution of disturbances is characterised by the particular Fourier mode for with slowly varying amplitude . The Ginzburg–Landau equation is the governing equation for . The unstable modes can either be non-oscillatory (stationary) or oscillatory.
For non-oscillatory bifurcation, satisfies the real Ginzburg–Landau equation
which was first derived by Alan C. Newell and John A. Whitehead and by Lee Segel in 1969. For oscillatory bifurcation, satisfies the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation
which was first derived by Keith Stewartson and John Trevor Stuart in 1971.
See also
Davey–Stewartson equation
Stuart–Landau equation
Gross–Pitaevskii equation
References
Fluid dynamics
Mechanics
Lev Landau
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//%3D
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/= may refer to:
Augmented assignment, an operator for division
Relational operator, a symbol meaning not equal to
Inequation, denoted by the character ≠
The currency sign for the Kenyan, Tanzanian and Ugandan shillings
See also
*= (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehr%20Victor%20Edman
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Pehr Victor Edman (14 April 1916 — 19 March 1977) was a Swedish biochemist. He developed a method for sequencing proteins; the Edman degradation.
Early life
Edman was born in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1935 he started studying medicine at Karolinska Institutet, where he became interested in basic research and received a bachelor in medicine in 1938. His research was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II, where he was drafted to serve in the Swedish army. He returned to the Karolinska Institutet where he earned his doctoral degree under advice from Professor Erik Jorpes in 1946.
Developing the Edman Degradation
At the time Edman started working on Angiotensin, it was just being recognized that proteins are distinct entities with a defined molecular mass, electric charge and structure. This inspired Edman to develop a method, that could be used to determine the sequence of amino acids in the protein. In 1947, he was awarded a travel stipend to go to Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research. When he returned to Sweden in 1950 to be an Assistant Professor at the University of Lund, he published his first paper using the method later known as Edman degradation, to determine the sequence of a protein. To his death, he continued to work to improve the method to be able to determine longer stretches with smaller amounts of sample.
Late career
In 1957, he moved to Australia to be the director of St. Vincent's School of Medical Research. In 1967, he successfully developed an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinean%20Forests%20of%20West%20Africa
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The Guinean forests of West Africa is a biodiversity hotspot designated by Conservation International, which includes the belt of tropical moist broadleaf forests along the coast of West Africa, running from Sierra Leone and Guinea in the west to the Sanaga River of Cameroon in the east. The Dahomey Gap, a region of savanna and dry forest in Togo and Benin, divides the Guinean forests into the Upper Guinean forests and Lower Guinean forests.
The Upper Guinean forests extend from Sierra Leone and Guinea in the west through Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, and Ghana to Togo in the east. The Lower Guinean forests extend east from Benin through Nigeria and Cameroon. The Lower Guinean forests also extend south past the Sanaga River, the southern boundary of the hotspot, into southern Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Cabinda, and Democratic Republic of the Congo.
According to some sources, deforestation has already wiped out roughly 90% of West Africa's original forests.
Ecoregions
The World Wide Fund for Nature divides the Upper and Lower Guinean forests into a number of distinct ecoregions:
Upper Guinean forests
Western Guinean lowland forests (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire)
Guinean montane forests (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire)
Eastern Guinean forests (Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin)
Lower Guinean forests
Nigerian lowland forests (Togo, Nigeria)
Niger Delta swamp forests (Nigeria)
Cross-Niger transition forests (Nigeria)
Cros
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvonic%20acid
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Carvonic acid, or α-methylene-4-methyl-5-oxo-3-cyclohexene-1-acetic acid, is a terpenoid formed by metabolism of carvone in humans.
References
Carboxylic acids
Monoterpenes
Enones
Cyclohexenes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20radio%20stations%20in%20Mumbai
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There are seventeen radio stations in Mumbai, twelve of which broadcast in the frequency modulation (FM) band. Three of these are broadcast by All India Radio (AIR) . Thane, Bhiwandi, Kalyan, Navi Mumbai is also covered by these stations. Three stations, all run by AIR, broadcast on the amplitude modulation (AM) medium wave (MW) band. One broadcasts on the AM short wave (SW) band, which is also an AIR station. There are also a few internet-based radio shows starting up in the city. These include Tiffin Talk, a show that describes itself as "a new radio project in Mumbai with the simple goal of delivering relevant discussion." It is a weekly show focusing on political, business, and cultural issues that distributes as a podcast. There is also TD Radio, a show created by Teen Diaries LLC, that focuses on teen issues in the city. It airs live via webcast. One of them is Hasya Katta Official an internet-based radio station by Smit Shetye which airs live via webcast. It's broadcast covers Thane, Mumbai.
AM
Mediumwave
ShortWave (SW)
FM
Internet Radio
References
10. iLovefm.in Live Radio Stationf from india
11. Onlineradiostations.in Mumbai Radio Stations
Radio Stations
Mumbai
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe%20Villers
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Philippe Villers founded the company Computervision with Marty Allen in 1969. In 1980 he co-founded Automatix, an early robotics company, which he led until 1986. He later served as president of Cognition Corporation for 3 years. He is currently (2013) president of GrainPro, Inc., and board member of a number of high-tech startups, as well as president of Families USA Foundation, which he endowed. GrainPro makes bags and storage cocoons out of polyvinyl chloride to protect grain in third world countries, where up to 25% of harvested crops are lost to insects and rodents.
Villers was born in France and came to the United States as a child. He earned a B.A. from Harvard University and an S.M. in mechanical engineering from MIT in 1960. He also holds an honorary doctorate from the University of Massachusetts Lowell.
References
External links
GrainPro, Inc.
Families USA Foundation
Cognition Corporation
American computer businesspeople
Businesspeople in computing
Harvard University alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digha
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Digha is a seaside resort town in the state of West Bengal, India. It lies in Purba Medinipur district and at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal. It has a low gradient with a shallow sand beach. It is a popular sea resort in West Bengal.
History
Originally, there was a place called Beerkul, where Digha lies today. This name was referred in Warren Hastings's letters (1780) as Brighton of the East.
An English businessman John Frank Snaith started living here in 1923 and his writings provided a good exposure to this place. He convinced West Bengal Chief Minister Bidhan Chandra Roy to develop this place to be a beach resort. An old church can be seen near the Old Digha Main gate. This place is also known as Alankarpur Digha. A new mission has been developed in New Digha which is known as Sindhur Tara which is beside Amrabati Park its a Church where it is possible to wish for the welfare of family and loved ones. The best way to visit is to book a local van rickshaw. There are so many place where one can travel which give mental refreshments, like Tajpur, Odisa Border, Science City etc.
Geography
Location
Digha is located at . It has an average elevation of .
It is located from Kolkata/Howrah via Mecheda and via Kharagpur, this proximity has probably helped this small hamlet to emerge as a weekend getaway with number of hotels and tourist lodges. Digha is connected to Kolkata/Howrah by a highway and a rail-link via Tamluk. Now many trains including Howrah-Digha Super AC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reveal%20system
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A 20th-century system of plant taxonomy, the Reveal system (see also the Thorne & Reveal system) of plant classification was drawn up by the American botanist James Reveal (1941-2015). The system was published online in 1997 in ten parts as lecture notes comparing the major systems in use at that time. Subsequently, Reveal became an author with the consensus Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) on the APG II 2003 and APG III 2009 processes. Although this largely supplanted the earlier and competing systems, he collaborated with Robert Thorne on his system (2007), and subsequently continued to develop his own system.
1997 system
division Magnoliophyta [= angiosperms]
class Magnoliopsida
subclass Magnoliidae
class Piperopsida
subclass Piperidae
subclass Nymphaeidae
subclass Nelumbonidae
class Liliopsida [= monocots]
subclass Triurididae
subclass Aridae
subclass Liliidae
subclass Arecidae
subclass Commelinidae
subclass Zingiberidae
class Ranunculopsida
subclass Ranunculidae
class Rosopsida
subclass Caryophyllidae
subclass Hamamelididae
subclass Dilleniidae
subclass Rosidae
subclass Cornidae
subclass Lamiidae
subclass Asteridae
In more detail:
division 6. Magnoliophyta
class 1. Magnoliopsida
subclass 1. Magnoliidae
superorder 1. Magnolianae
order 1. Winterales
family 1. Winteraceae
order 2. Canellales
family 1. Canellaceae
order 3. Illiciales
family 1. Illiciaceae
family 2. Schisandraceae
order 4. Magnoliales
family 1. Degeneriaceae
family 2.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20crystal%20thermometer
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A liquid crystal thermometer, temperature strip or plastic strip thermometer is a type of thermometer that contains heat-sensitive (thermochromic) liquid crystals in a plastic strip that change colour to indicate different temperatures.
Liquid crystals possess the mechanical properties of a liquid, but have the optical properties of a single crystal. Temperature changes can affect the colour of a liquid crystal, which makes them useful for temperature measurement. The resolution of liquid crystal sensors is in the range. Disposable liquid crystal thermometers have been developed for home and medical use. For example if the thermometer is black and it is put onto someone's forehead it will change colour depending on the temperature of the person.
There are two stages in the liquid crystals:
the hot nematic stage is the closest to the liquid phase where the molecules are freely moving around and only partly ordered.
the cold smectic stage is closest to a solid phase where the molecules align themselves into tightly wound chiral matrices.
Liquid crystal thermometers portray temperatures as colors and can be used to follow temperature changes caused by heat flow. They can be used to observe that heat flows by conduction, convection, and radiation.
In medical applications, liquid crystal thermometers may be used to read body temperature by placing them against the forehead. These are safer than a mercury-in-glass thermometer, and may be advantageous in some patients, but do no
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocorrelation%20technique
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The autocorrelation technique is a method for estimating the dominating frequency in a complex signal, as well as its variance. Specifically, it calculates the first two moments of the power spectrum, namely the mean and variance. It is also known as the pulse-pair algorithm in radar theory.
The algorithm is both computationally faster and significantly more accurate compared to the Fourier transform, since the resolution is not limited by the number of samples used.
Derivation
The autocorrelation of lag 1 can be expressed using the inverse Fourier transform of the power spectrum :
If we model the power spectrum as a single frequency , this becomes:
where it is apparent that the phase of equals the signal frequency.
Implementation
The mean frequency is calculated based on the autocorrelation with lag one, evaluated over a signal consisting of N samples:
The spectral variance is calculated as follows:
Applications
Estimation of blood velocity and turbulence in color flow imaging used in medical ultrasonography.
Estimation of target velocity in pulse-doppler radar
External links
A covariance approach to spectral moment estimation, Miller et al., IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.
Doppler Radar Meteorological Observations Doppler Radar Theory. Autocorrelation technique described on p.2-11
Real-Time Two-Dimensional Blood Flow Imaging Using an Autocorrelation Technique, by Chihiro Kasai, Koroku Namekawa, Akira Koyano, and Ryozo Omoto, IEEE Transactions on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20stress%E2%80%93energy%20tensor
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In relativistic physics, the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor is the contribution to the stress–energy tensor due to the electromagnetic field. The stress–energy tensor describes the flow of energy and momentum in spacetime. The electromagnetic stress–energy tensor contains the negative of the classical Maxwell stress tensor that governs the electromagnetic interactions.
Definition
SI units
In free space and flat space–time, the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor in SI units is
where is the electromagnetic tensor and where is the Minkowski metric tensor of metric signature . When using the metric with signature , the expression on the right of the equals sign will have opposite sign.
Explicitly in matrix form:
where
is the Poynting vector,
is the Maxwell stress tensor, and c is the speed of light. Thus, is expressed and measured in SI pressure units (pascals).
CGS unit conventions
The permittivity of free space and permeability of free space in cgs-Gaussian units are
then:
and in explicit matrix form:
where Poynting vector becomes:
The stress–energy tensor for an electromagnetic field in a dielectric medium is less well understood and is the subject of the unresolved Abraham–Minkowski controversy.
The element of the stress–energy tensor represents the flux of the μth-component of the four-momentum of the electromagnetic field, , going through a hyperplane ( is constant). It represents the contribution of electromagnetism to the source of the gra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRAK4
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IRAK-4 (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4), in the IRAK family, is a protein kinase involved in signaling innate immune responses from Toll-like receptors. It also supports signaling from T-cell receptors. IRAK4 contains domain structures which are similar to those of IRAK1, IRAK2, IRAKM and Pelle. IRAK4 is unique compared to IRAK1, IRAK2 and IRAKM in that it functions upstream of the other IRAKs, but is more similar to Pelle in this trait. IRAK4 has important clinical applications.
Animals without IRAK-4 are more susceptible to viruses and bacteria but completely resistant to LPS challenge.
History
The first IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) was observed in 1994 through experiments with murine T helper cell lines D10N and EL-4. Two years later the first experimental member of this family of kinases, IRAK1, was cloned. In 2002, through database searches at the National Center for Biotechnology Information in an attempt to recognize novel members of the IRAK family, a human cDNA sequence which encoded a peptide sharing significant homology with IRAK1 was identified. This cDNA sequence was found to have five amino acid substitutions compared to IRAK1 and was termed IRAK4.
IRAK4 was proposed to be the mammalian homolog of the Pelle gene found in Drosophila melanogaster and was proposed to require its kinase activity in order for it to function in activating NF-κB. It was also proposed by Li et al. that it might function upstream of other IRAKs and possibly caus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGSM
|
EGSM may refer to:
Beccles Airport, ICAO code.
E-GSM, an extension of the GSM-900 frequency range.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Fletcher
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Ryan Fletcher (born 1983) is a Scottish actor.
Early life
Fletcher grew up in Blantyre, Glasgow, born to Stevie and Lorna Fletcher.
Career
Fletcher appeared in the stage show Black Watch for the National Theatre of Scotland (2007-8), had a leading role in the show The Infamous Brothers Davenport, and has appeared on television in River City, Taggart, and Limmy's Show. He plays "Dave Boy" in the television production, Pennyworth, which premiered 28 July 2019, on Epix.
References
External links
Living people
People from Blantyre, South Lanarkshire
Scottish male soap opera actors
1982 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%28II%29%20iodide
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Nickel(II) iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula NiI2. This paramagnetic black solid dissolves readily in water to give bluish-green solutions, from which crystallizes the aquo complex [Ni(H2O)6]I2 (image above). This bluish-green colour is typical of hydrated nickel(II) compounds. Nickel iodides find some applications in homogeneous catalysis.
Structure and synthesis
The anhydrous material crystallizes in the CdCl2 motif, featuring octahedral coordination geometry at each Ni(II) center. NiI2 is prepared by dehydration of the pentahydrate.
NiI2 readily hydrates, and the hydrated form can be prepared by dissolution of nickel oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate in hydroiodic acid. The anhydrous form can be produced by treating powdered nickel with iodine.
Applications in catalysis
NiI2 has some industrial applications as a catalyst in carbonylation reactions. It is also has niche uses as a reagent in organic synthesis, especially in conjunction with samarium(II) iodide.
Like many nickel complexes, those derived from hydrated nickel iodide have been used in cross coupling.
References
Inorganic compounds
Iodides
Metal halides
Nickel compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe%20lemma
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In homological algebra, the horseshoe lemma, also called the simultaneous resolution theorem, is a statement relating resolutions of two objects and to resolutions of
extensions of by . It says that if an object is an extension of by , then a resolution of can be built up inductively with the nth item in the resolution equal to the coproduct of the nth items in the resolutions of and . The name of the lemma comes from the shape of the diagram illustrating the lemma's hypothesis.
Formal statement
Let be an abelian category with enough projectives. If
is a diagram in such that the column is exact and the
rows are projective resolutions of and respectively, then
it can be completed to a commutative diagram
where all columns are exact, the middle row is a projective resolution
of , and for all n. If is an
abelian category with enough injectives, the dual statement also holds.
The lemma can be proved inductively. At each stage of the induction, the properties of projective objects are used to define maps in a projective resolution of . Then the snake lemma is invoked to show that the simultaneous resolution constructed so far has exact rows.
See also
Nine lemma
References
Homological algebra
Lemmas in category theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Campinas%20Institute%20of%20Computing
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The Institute of Computing (), formerly the Department of Computer Science at the Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, is the main unit of education and research in computer science at the State University of Campinas (Unicamp). The institute is located at the Zeferino Vaz campus, in the district of Barão Geraldo in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
History
The origins of the Institute traces back to 1969 when Unicamp created a baccalaureate in Computer Science. The first one of its kind in Brazil, it served as a model for many computing courses in other universities in the country. In the same year, the Department of Computer Science (DCC) was established at the Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science (IMECC). In March 1996, the department was separated from IMECC and became a full institute, the 20th academic unit of Unicamp. The reorganization was completed formally when its first dean came to office in the next year (March 1997).
Courses
The institute offers two undergraduate courses: a baccalaureate in Computer Science (evening period) and another in Computer Engineering (in partnership with the School of Electric and Computer Engineering). The institute offers also graduate programs at the level of master's and doctorate in Computer Science. These courses have received top evaluations from the ministry of education, and attract students from many Latin America countries. The institute also offers many post-graduate specializatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariant%20formulation%20of%20classical%20electromagnetism
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The covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism refers to ways of writing the laws of classical electromagnetism (in particular, Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force) in a form that is manifestly invariant under Lorentz transformations, in the formalism of special relativity using rectilinear inertial coordinate systems. These expressions both make it simple to prove that the laws of classical electromagnetism take the same form in any inertial coordinate system, and also provide a way to translate the fields and forces from one frame to another. However, this is not as general as Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime or non-rectilinear coordinate systems.
This article uses the classical treatment of tensors and Einstein summation convention throughout and the Minkowski metric has the form . Where the equations are specified as holding in a vacuum, one could instead regard them as the formulation of Maxwell's equations in terms of total charge and current.
For a more general overview of the relationships between classical electromagnetism and special relativity, including various conceptual implications of this picture, see Classical electromagnetism and special relativity.
Covariant objects
Preliminary four-vectors
Lorentz tensors of the following kinds may be used in this article to describe bodies or particles:
four-displacement:
Four-velocity: where γ(u) is the Lorentz factor at the 3-velocity u.
Four-momentum: where is 3-momentum, is the total en
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s%20equations%20in%20curved%20spacetime
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In physics, Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime govern the dynamics of the electromagnetic field in curved spacetime (where the metric may not be the Minkowski metric) or where one uses an arbitrary (not necessarily Cartesian) coordinate system. These equations can be viewed as a generalization of the vacuum Maxwell's equations which are normally formulated in the local coordinates of flat spacetime. But because general relativity dictates that the presence of electromagnetic fields (or energy/matter in general) induce curvature in spacetime, Maxwell's equations in flat spacetime should be viewed as a convenient approximation.
When working in the presence of bulk matter, distinguishing between free and bound electric charges may facilitate analysis. When the distinction is made, they are called the macroscopic Maxwell's equations. Without this distinction, they are sometimes called the "microscopic" Maxwell's equations for contrast.
The electromagnetic field admits a coordinate-independent geometric description, and Maxwell's equations expressed in terms of these geometric objects are the same in any spacetime, curved or not. Also, the same modifications are made to the equations of flat Minkowski space when using local coordinates that are not rectilinear. For example, the equations in this article can be used to write Maxwell's equations in spherical coordinates. For these reasons, it may be useful to think of Maxwell's equations in Minkowski space as a special case
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhomogeneous%20electromagnetic%20wave%20equation
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In electromagnetism and applications, an inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation, or nonhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation, is one of a set of wave equations describing the propagation of electromagnetic waves generated by nonzero source charges and currents. The source terms in the wave equations make the partial differential equations inhomogeneous, if the source terms are zero the equations reduce to the homogeneous electromagnetic wave equations. The equations follow from Maxwell's equations.
Maxwell's equations
For reference, Maxwell's equations are summarized below in SI units and Gaussian units. They govern the electric field E and magnetic field B due to a source charge density ρ and current density J:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" | Name
! scope="col" | SI units
! scope="col" | Gaussian units
|-
! scope="row" | Gauss's law
|
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|-
! scope="row" | Gauss's law for magnetism
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|
|-
! scope="row" | Maxwell–Faraday equation (Faraday's law of induction)
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | Ampère's circuital law (with Maxwell's addition)
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|
|-
|}
where ε0 is the vacuum permittivity and μ0 is the vacuum permeability. Throughout, the relation
is also used.
SI units
E and B fields
Maxwell's equations can directly give inhomogeneous wave equations for the electric field E and magnetic field B. Substituting Gauss' law for electricity and Ampère's Law into the curl of Faraday's law of induction, and using the c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparuhov%20Bridge
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The Asparuhov most () or Asparuhov Bridge is a bridge in Varna on the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria. It connects the Asparuhovo district to the rest of the city over the canals between the Black Sea and Lake Varna.
The bridge is 2.05 km in length and 50 m in height, weighing 3,200 tons. It has 38 pairs of supports, each one capable of carrying 2,400 tons. The bridge experiences significant traffic, with 10,000 vehicles crossing it every day.
The bridge's construction began in 1973 when the need for a larger canal to link Lake Varna and the sea became necessary. The initial launch date was set for 30 September 1976, but construction was ahead of schedule and finished on 8 September, when the bridge was opened in a ceremony by Todor Zhivkov. Meanwhile, the new canal that the bridge crosses began operation on 1 September, with the first ship going through on 4 September of the same year.
After 20 years of neglect, reconstruction work began in 1996 with a planned completion in October 1998, but the installation was not reopened until 17 September 1999, long overdue from the initial plans of a 16-month reconstruction.
Today, the Asparuhov Most is not only an important transport installation, but also a place where extreme sports fans meet, as the bridge is a favourable location for bungee jumping. The bridge is also unfortunately a suicide bridge, with many deaths occurring over the past decades.
In September 2015, the municipality of Varna announced plans to fully renovate the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutation%20cell
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The commutation cell is the basic structure in power electronics. It is composed of two electronic switches (today, a high-power semiconductor, not a mechanical switch). It was traditionally referred to as a chopper, but since switching power supplies became a major form of power conversion, this new term has become more popular.
The purpose of the commutation cell is to "chop" DC power into square wave alternating current. This is done so that an inductor and a capacitor can be used in an LC circuit to change the voltage. This is, in theory, a lossless process; in practice, efficiencies above 80-90% are routinely achieved. The output is usually run through a filter to produce clean DC power. By controlling the on and off times (the duty cycle) of the switch in the commutation cell, the output voltage can be regulated.
This basic principle is the core of most modern power supplies, from tiny DC-DC converters in portable devices to massive switching stations for high voltage DC power transmission.
Connection of two power elements
A Commutation cell connects two power elements, often referred to as sources, although they can either produce or absorb power.
Some requirements to connect power sources exist. The impossible configurations are listed in figure 1. They are basically:
a voltage source cannot be shorted, as the short circuit would impose a zero voltage which would contradict the voltage generated by the source;
in an identical way, a current source cannot be pla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipkovo
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Lipkovo (, ) is a village in North Macedonia. It is the seat of Lipkovo Municipality.
History
According to the statistics of the Bulgarian ethnographer Vasil Kanchov from 1900, 490 inhabitants lived in Lipkovo, 250 Muslim Albanians and 240 Bulgarian Exarchists.
Lipkovo was a central strategic village during the 2001 armed conflict between the Albanian National Liberation Army and the Macedonian Army. Today, it has a dam which supplies water and electricity to the Kumanovo region.
Demographics
As of the 2021 census, Lipkovo had 2,138 residents with the following ethnic composition:
Albanians 2,104
Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources 32
Others 2
According to the 2002 census, the town had a total of 2644 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
Albanians 2631
Macedonians 2
Others 11
Sister Towns
Mustafakemalpaşa, the main town of Bursa Province in the Marmara region of Turkey.
References
External links
Municipal flag of Lipkovo
Villages in Lipkovo Municipality
Albanian communities in North Macedonia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOL%20Light
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HOL Light is a member of the HOL theorem prover family. Like the other members, it is a proof assistant for classical higher order logic. Compared with other HOL systems, HOL Light is intended to have relatively simple foundations. HOL Light is authored and maintained by the mathematician and computer scientist John Harrison. HOL Light is released under the simplified BSD license.
Logical foundations
HOL Light is based on a formulation of type theory with equality
as the only primitive notion. The primitive rules of inference
are the following:
This formulation of type theory is very close to the one described in
section II.2 of .
References
Further reading
External links
HOL Light
Free theorem provers
Proof assistants
OCaml software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caverna%2C%20Missouri
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Caverna is an unincorporated community in southern McDonald County, Missouri, United States. It is located on U.S. Route 71, immediately north of the Missouri-Arkansas state line, opposite Bella Vista. Several businesses are located there.
A post office called Caverna was established in 1876, and remained in operation until 1906. The community was named for caves near the original town site.
References
Unincorporated communities in McDonald County, Missouri
Northwest Arkansas
Unincorporated communities in Missouri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammock%20%28ecology%29
|
Hammock is a term used in the southeastern United States for stands of trees, usually hardwood, that form an ecological island in a contrasting ecosystem. Hammocks grow on elevated areas, often just a few inches high, surrounded by wetlands that are too wet to support them. The term hammock is also applied to stands of hardwood trees growing on slopes between wetlands and drier uplands supporting a mixed or coniferous forest. Types of hammocks found in the United States include tropical hardwood hammocks, temperate hardwood hammocks, and maritime or coastal hammocks. Hammocks are also often classified as hydric (wet soil), mesic (moist soil) or xeric (dry soil). The types are not exclusive, but often grade into each other.
Unlike many ecosystems of the coastal plain of the southeastern United States, hammocks are not tolerant of fire. Hammocks tend to occur in locations where fire is not common, or where there is some protection from fire in neighboring ecosystems. Hammocks have begun developing in historic times in areas where fire has been suppressed through human intervention, or where elevations above wetlands have been created by dredging, mining, road and causeway building, and other human activities. On the other hand, many hammocks have been destroyed by development, as they often occur on higher land in desirable locations, such as barrier islands and other waterfront locations.
The etymology of the term "hammock" is obscure. Dictionaries usually give it as an arch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon%20Pellix
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The Canon Pellix is a manual-focus single-lens reflex (SLR) camera released in 1965 that uses a stationary half-silvered mirror behind which a metering cell is raised during light level metering.
The First Canon with TTL
Canon suddenly switched from professionally oriented SLR cameras to advanced amateur cameras in March 1964, when they left the Canon Canonflex range and launched the Canon FX with the FL lens mount. It has a built in CdS exposure meter with a circular window on the right-hand camera front. The Canon FP without exposure meter was added later the same year. The cameras were well built, but the metering technology was several years behind the Minolta SR-7, which had pioneered that technology in 1962. Then, just half a year later in the spring of 1965, Canon surprised the camera community with the remarkable Pellix. The new camera featured the much-expected TTL exposure metering facility, albeit employing the stop-down metering method.
However, what makes the Pellix special, is that the TTL metering is accomplished using a stationary semitransparent pellicle reflex mirror instead of the usual moving SLR mirror, and placing a CdS meter cell behind it for the TTL exposure measurement. The cell is attached to an arm that swings up in front of the film gate when the stop-down lever on the right-hand camera front is pressed, making a match-needle reading of the light projected from the camera lens after passing through the semitransparent mirror. Very few alternati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20resonance%20force%20microscopy
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Magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) is an imaging technique that acquires magnetic resonance images (MRI) at nanometer scales, and possibly at atomic scales in the future. MRFM is potentially able to observe protein structures which cannot be seen using X-ray crystallography and protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Detection of the magnetic spin of a single electron has been demonstrated using this technique. The sensitivity of a current MRFM microscope is 10 billion times greater than a medical MRI used in hospitals.
Basic principle
The MRFM concept combines the ideas of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Conventional MRI employs an inductive coil as an antenna to sense resonant nuclear or electronic spins in a magnetic field gradient. MRFM uses a cantilever tipped with a ferromagnetic (iron cobalt) particle to directly detect a modulated spin gradient force between sample spins and the tip. The magnetic particle is characterized using the technique of cantilever magnetometry. As the ferromagnetic tip moves close to the sample, the atoms' nuclear spins become attracted to it and generate a small force on the cantilever. The spins are then repeatedly flipped, causing the cantilever to gently sway back and forth in a synchronous motion. That displacement is measured with an interferometer (laser beam) to create a series of 2-D images of the sample, which are combined to generate a 3-D image. The interferometer measures reson
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuroperitoneal
|
Pleuroperitoneal is a term denoting the pleural and peritoneal serous membranes or the cavities they line. It is divided from the pericardial cavity by the transverse septum. Congenital defect or traumatic injury of pleuroperitoneal membrane can lead to diaphragmatic hernia.
Membrane biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purcell%20%28architects%29
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Purcell is a British architectural design practice, founded in 1947 by Donovan Purcell. It has 11 regional studios in the UK and four studios in the Asia Pacific region.
History
In 1947, Donovan Purcell set up a small practice in Bury St Edmunds. Working on church and army buildings for many years, Purcell developed his expertise in conservation and in 1960 was appointed Surveyor to the Fabric of Ely Cathedral.
In 1965, Purcell partnered with architects Peter Miller and William “Bill” Tritton and the practice of Purcell, Miller and Tritton was established. Three years later, the partnership registered with offices in Bethel Street, Norwich and Sydney Street, London.
Over the years, the practice set up studios across the UK to provide strong regional coverage. The practice rebranded as Purcell in 2012 and expanded, opening studios in Cardiff, Manchester, Newcastle and Nottingham. Purcell acquired Worcester-based architect S T Walker and Duckham in 2015 and merged with Norfolk-based practice Reynolds Jury Architecture in 2016.
Internationally, the practice established its first studio in Hong Kong in 2009 and has developed its coverage in Asia Pacific with heritage consultancy teams in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia.
In May 2019, it became a limited company, transitioning to an employee ownership model in 2021.
As of 2022, Purcell has UK studios in Bristol, Cambridge, Canterbury, Cardiff, Colchester, Leeds, London, Manchester, Norwich, Oxford and York. The practice is th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wantirna%20South%20Football%20Club
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Wantirna South Football Club nicknamed the Devils, is an Australian rules football club located 26 km south east of Melbourne in the suburb of Wantirna. The teams wears a bottle-green playing jumper with two white stripes.
Established in 1952 and situated at Walker Reserve Tyner Road in Wantirna South.
Previously known as South Wantirna Football Club until 1997 when club merged with the Wantirna Junior Football Club.
The club competes in Eastern Football Netball League, currently in Division 1 (2023).
Timeline of the Wantirna South Football Club
1952-1956
Croydon-Ferntree Gully Football League B Grade.
Tragedy struck the Walker family in 1953 with the accidental drowning of Jim Walker and his daughter Lorraine at Phillip Island. The community got together and erected the entrance gates and plaque in their memory and from that day the three parcels of land are known as Walker Reserve. The club had minimal success in this league.
1957-1964 Mountain District Football League Division 2
1957 - Runners up in first season.
1958 - The Devils win club's first senior premiership defeating Silvan with promotion to First Division.
1959 - Struggled in the top Grade and eventually were wooden spooners (last) in 1960 and 1961.
1965-1966: Division 2 - Eastern Districts Football League
Invited to be foundation member club of new Eastern Districts Football league and competed in Division 2
Only one win for the first two seasons and demoted to Division 3 for 1967
1967-1985:
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