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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order%20modulation
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Higher-order modulation is a type of digital modulation usually with an order of 4 or higher. Examples: quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), and m-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (m-QAM).
See also
phase-shift keying
modulation order
Quantized radio modulation modes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-phase%20modulation
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Cross-phase modulation (XPM) is a nonlinear optical effect where one wavelength of light can affect the phase of another wavelength of light through the optical Kerr effect. When the optical power from a wavelength impacts the refractive index, the impact of the new refractive index on another wavelength is known as XPM.
Applications of XPM
Cross-phase modulation can be used as a technique for adding information to a light stream by modifying the phase of a coherent optical beam with another beam through interactions in an appropriate nonlinear medium. This technique is applied to fiber optic communications. If both beams have the same wavelength, then this type of cross-phase modulation is degenerate.
XPM is among the most commonly used techniques for quantum nondemolition measurements.
Other advantageous applications of XPM include:
Nonlinear optical Pulse Compression of ultrashort pulses
Passive mode-locking
Ultrafast optical switching
Demultiplexing of OTDM channels
Wavelength conversion of WDM channels
Measurement of nonlinear optical properties of the media (non-linear index n2 (Kerr nonlinearity) and nonlinear response relaxation time)
Disadvantages of XPM
XPM in DWDM applications
In dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) applications with intensity modulation and direct detection (IM-DD), the effect of XPM is a two step process:
First the signal is phase modulated by the copropagating second signal. In a second step dispersion leads to a transformation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%88%82
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The character ∂ (Unicode: U+2202) is a stylized cursive d mainly used as a mathematical symbol, usually to denote a partial derivative such as (read as "the partial derivative of z with respect to x"). It is also used for boundary of a set, the boundary operator in a chain complex, and the conjugate of the Dolbeault operator on smooth differential forms over a complex manifold. It should be distinguished from other similar-looking symbols such as lowercase Greek letter delta (δ) or the lowercase Latin letter eth (ð).
History
The symbol was originally introduced in 1770 by Nicolas de Condorcet, who used it for a partial differential, and adopted for the partial derivative by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1786.
It represents a specialized cursive type of the letter d, just as the integral sign originates as a specialized type of a long s (first used in print by Leibniz in 1686).
Use of the symbol was discontinued by Legendre, but it was taken up again by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi in 1841, whose usage became widely adopted.
Names and coding
The symbol is variously referred to as
"partial", "curly d", "funky d", "rounded d", "curved d", "dabba", "number 6 mirrored", or "Jacobi's delta", or as "del" (but this name is also used for the "nabla" symbol ∇).
It may also be pronounced simply "dee", "partial dee", "doh", or "die".
The Unicode character is accessed by HTML entities ∂ or ∂, and the equivalent LaTeX symbol (Computer Modern glyph: ) is accessed by \partial.
Uses
∂
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin%20Thomas
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Sir Quentin Jeremy Thomas (born 1 August 1944) is a retired British civil servant, and former president of the British Board of Film Classification.
He attended the Perse School in Cambridge and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He was a civil servant until 1999, serving in the Home Office, Northern Ireland Office and the Cabinet Office. His last civil service appointment was as Head of the Constitution Secretariat.
In the Northern Ireland Office from 1988 to 1998, he led the team which first met Sinn Féin following the 1994 cease fire. He led the team supporting Ministers in the 1996-98 roundtable talks, chaired by United States Senator George Mitchell, which culminated in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1994 and was knighted in 1999 for "services to peace in Northern Ireland".
In the Home Office he was Head of the Broadcasting Department (1984 to 1988), with responsibility for advising on the development of broadcasting policy, including cable and satellite broadcasting, and on relations between the government and the broadcasting authorities and other regulatory bodies.
References
External links
BBFC announces new president
1944 births
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Living people
Civil servants in the Home Office
Civil servants in the Northern Ireland Office
Civil servants in the Cabinet Office
People educated at The Perse School
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Knights Bachelor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Green%20Bay%20Packers%20records
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This article details statistics relating to the Green Bay Packers.
Records
Passing
Attempts, career: 8,754 – Brett Favre (1992–07)
Attempts, season: 613 – Brett Favre (2006)
Attempts, game: 61 – Brett Favre (1996), Aaron Rodgers (2015)
Completed, career: 5,377 – Brett Favre (1992–07)
Completed, season: 401 – Aaron Rodgers (2016)
Completed, game: 39 – Aaron Rodgers (2016)
Yards, career: 61,655 – Brett Favre (1992–07)
Yards, season: 4,643 – Aaron Rodgers (2011)
Yards, game: 480 – Matt Flynn (2012), Aaron Rodgers (2013)
Touchdowns, career: 445 – Aaron Rodgers (2005–23)
Touchdowns, season: 48 – Aaron Rodgers (2020)
Touchdowns, game: 6 – Matt Flynn (2012), Aaron Rodgers (2012), (2014), (2019)
Interceptions, career: 286 – Brett Favre (1992–07)
Interceptions, season: 29 – Brett Favre (2005)
Straight completions, game: 20 – Brett Favre (2007)
Single season QB rating, season: 122.5 – Aaron Rodgers (2011)
Rushing
Attempts, career: 1,811 – Jim Taylor (1958–66)
Attempts, season: 355 – Ahman Green (2003)
Attempts, game: 39 – Terdell Middleton (1978)
Yards, career: 8,208 – Ahman Green (2000–06, 2009)
Yards, season: 1,883 – Ahman Green (2003)
Yards, game: 218 – Ahman Green (2003)
Touchdowns, career: 81 – Jim Taylor (1958–66)
Touchdowns, season: 19 – Jim Taylor (1962)
Touchdowns, game: 4 – Jim Taylor (1961), (1962), (1962), Terdell Middleton (1978), Dorsey Levens (2000), Aaron Jones (2019 & 2021)
Receiving
Receptions, career: 729 – Donald Driver (1999–2013)
Receptions, season: 117 – Dava
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%20cell
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Transfer cells are specialized parenchyma cells that have an increased surface area, due to infoldings of the plasma membrane. They facilitate the transport of sugars from a sugar source, mainly mature leaves, to a sugar sink, often developing leaves or fruits. They are found in nectaries of flowers and some carnivorous plants.
Transfer cells are specially found in plants in the region of absorption or secretion of nutrients.
The term transfer cell was coined by Brian Gunning and John Stewart Pate. Their presence is generally correlated with the existence of extensive solute influxes across the plasma membrane.
References
Plant cells
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin%20Hahn
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Erwin Louis Hahn (June 9, 1921 – September 20, 2016) was an American physicist, best known for his work on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In 1950 he discovered the spin echo.
Education
He grew up in Sewickley, Pennsylvania. He received his B.S. in Physics from Juniata College and his M.S. and Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He served as an enlisted sailor in the United States Navy and was an instructor on radar and sonar.
Career and research
He was professor of physics, from 1955 to 1991, and subsequently, Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley. Hahn was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1971. In 1993 he was awarded the Comstock Prize in Physics from the National Academy of Sciences. In 2013, Sir Peter Mansfield said in his autobiography that Hahn was "the person who really missed out" the Nobel Prize for his contribution to the principles of spin echoes. He also received the 2016 Gold Medal from the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM). The award, ISMRM's highest honor, was given to Hahn for his creation of pulsed magnetic resonance and processes of signal refocusing which are essential to modern day MRI. He died at the age of 95 in 2016.
See also
References
External links
Oral History interview transcript with Erwin L. Hahn on 21 August 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
Alexander Pines and Dmitry Budker, "E
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGT
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DGT may refer to:
Deansgate railway station, Manchester, England (National Rail station code)
DGT board, a chessboard
Diffusive gradients in thin films technique, for detecting chemicals in wet environments
Directorate-General for Translation, of the European Commission
Directorate General of Traffic, Spain
Direction Générale du Travail, France
Discounted gift trust, in the UK
Ndra'ngith language (ISO 639-3: dgt), an Australian language
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fus
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Fus or FUS may refer to:
FUS (gene) ("Fused In Sarcoma"), a gene encoding an RNA-binding protein found in human cancers and several neurodegenerative diseases
Fath Union Sport, a football club in Rabat, Morocco
Feline urologic syndrome, any disease affecting the bladder or urethra of a cat
Field Upgrade Software, software package for embedded systems which can include a bootloader and drivers.
Fire Underwriters Survey, a Canadian risk management company
First Unitarian Society of Madison, a church in Madison, Wisconsin, United States
First Unitarian Society of Minneapolis, a church in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Focused ultrasound (High-intensity focused ultrasound), a therapeutic technique
Franciscan University of Steubenville, a private Catholic university in Steubenville, Ohio, United States
Franklin University Switzerland, a private liberal arts university in Lugano, Switzerland
Frente Único Socialista (Socialist Single Front) (1938), a temporary political alliance in Bolivia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenomorph%20%28disambiguation%29
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The Xenomorph is the main fictional antagonist in the Alien franchise.
Xenomorph may also refer to:
Xenomorph (geology), a mineral that did not develop its external crystal form
Xenomorph (video game), a 1990 science-fiction role-playing video game
Xenomorph (band), a Dutch death metal band formed in 1994
Xenomorph, a fictional creature on the 1988 television series Something Is Out There
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenomorph%20%28geology%29
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In geology, a xenomorph or allotriomorph is a mineral that did not develop its otherwise typical external crystal form because of late crystallization between earlier formed crystals. Xenomorphs are typical of matrix minerals in rapidly crystallizing volcanic lavas and shallow igneous intrusions. It is also typical of the interstitial or cementing minerals formed during the diagenesis of sedimentary rocks. The opposite is an idiomorph in which the external form is controlled only by the internal crystal structure.
References
Mineralogy
Petrology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20archaeological%20periods%20%28Mesoamerica%29
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The chronology of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica is usually divided into the following eras:
Five Stage Classification
One of the most enduring classifications of archaeological periods & cultures was established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology. They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into 5 phases. These are:
The Lithic stage
The Archaic stage
The Formative stage
The Classic stage
The Post-Classic stage
Tabular list
See also
Archaeogenetics
Archaeology of the Americas
History of the Americas
Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
List of archaeological periods – parent page
List of archaeological periods (North America)
List of pre-Columbian cultures
Mesoamerican chronology
References
Mesoamerica
Periods
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filaggrin
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Filaggrin (filament aggregating protein) is a filament-associated protein that binds to keratin fibers in epithelial cells. Ten to twelve filaggrin units are post-translationally hydrolyzed from a large profilaggrin precursor protein during terminal differentiation of epidermal cells. In humans, profilaggrin is encoded by the FLG gene, which is part of the S100 fused-type protein (SFTP) family within the epidermal differentiation complex on chromosome 1q21.
Profilaggrin
Filaggrin monomers are tandemly clustered into a large, 350kDa protein precursor known as profilaggrin. In the epidermis, these structures are present in the keratohyalin granules in cells of the stratum granulosum. Profilaggrin undergoes proteolytic processing to yield individual filaggrin monomers at the transition between the stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum, which may be facilitated by calcium-dependent enzymes.
Structure
Filaggrin is characterized by a particularly high isoelectric point due to the relatively high presence of histidine in its primary structure. It is also relatively low in the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine, and cysteine.
Function
Filaggrin is essential for the regulation of epidermal homeostasis. Within the stratum corneum, filaggrin monomers can become incorporated into the lipid envelope, which is responsible for the skin barrier function. Alternatively, these proteins can interact with keratin intermediate filaments. Filaggrin undergoes further processing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral%20inhibition
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In neurobiology, lateral inhibition is the capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors. Lateral inhibition disables the spreading of action potentials from excited neurons to neighboring neurons in the lateral direction. This creates a contrast in stimulation that allows increased sensory perception. It is also referred to as lateral antagonism and occurs primarily in visual processes, but also in tactile, auditory, and even olfactory processing. Cells that utilize lateral inhibition appear primarily in the cerebral cortex and thalamus and make up lateral inhibitory networks (LINs). Artificial lateral inhibition has been incorporated into artificial sensory systems, such as vision chips, hearing systems, and optical mice. An often under-appreciated point is that although lateral inhibition is visualised in a spatial sense, it is also thought to exist in what is known as "lateral inhibition across abstract dimensions." This refers to lateral inhibition between neurons that are not adjacent in a spatial sense, but in terms of modality of stimulus. This phenomenon is thought to aid in colour discrimination.
History
The concept of neural inhibition (in motor systems) was well known to Descartes and his contemporaries.
Sensory inhibition in vision was inferred by Ernst Mach in 1865 as depicted in his mach band.
Inhibition in single sensory neurons was discovered and investigated starting in 1949 by Haldan K. Hartline when he used logarithms to expr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthroposystem
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The term anthroposystem is used to describe the anthropological analogue to the ecosystem. In other words, the anthroposystem model serves to compare the flow of materials through human systems to those in naturally occurring systems. As defined by Santos, an anthroposystem is "the orderly combination or arrangement of physical and biological environments for the purpose of maintaining human civilization...built by man to sustain his kind." The anthroposystem is intimately linked to economic and ecological systems as well.
Description
Both the anthroposystem and ecosystem can be divided into three groups: producers, consumers, and recyclers. In the ecosystem, the producers or autotrophs consist of plants and some bacteria capable of producing their own food via photosynthesis or chemical synthesis, the consumers consist of animals that obtain energy from grazing and/or by feeding on other animals and the recyclers consist of decomposers such as fungi and bacteria.
In the anthroposystem, the producers consist of the energy production through fossil fuels, manufacturing with non-fuel minerals and growing food; the consumers consist of humans and domestic animals and the recyclers consist of the decomposing or recycling activities (i.e. waste water treatment, metal and solid waste recycling).
The ecosystem is sustainable whereas the anthroposystem is not. The ecosystem is a closed loop in which nearly everything is recycled whereas the anthroposystem is an open loop where
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMO
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SMO or Smo may refer to:
War
Special military operation, the Russian government's name for the 2022 Invasion of Ukraine
Biology
Smoothened, a gene that encodes a protein of the same name
Spermine oxidase, an enzyme
Styrene monooxygenase, an enzyme
Computing and technology
Sequential minimal optimization, an algorithm for training support vector machines
Social media optimization
Solar Monitoring Observatory, on the International Space Station
SQL Server Management Objects for Microsoft SQL Server
Organizations
Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, a Scottish Gaelic-medium public college on the Isle of Skye
Slovak Youth Orchestra
Transport
SMO, IATA airport code for Santa Monica Airport, USA
SMO, National Rail station code for South Merton railway station, London
Other uses
SMO, ITU country code for Samoa
smo, ISO 639-3 code for the Samoan language
Smo, former stage name of Sara Forsberg (born 1994), Finnish singer
SMO, a character first appeared in the episode "Be More" of the animated series Adventure Time
Senior Medical Officer, a rank in the British Royal Army Medical Corps
Singapore Mathematical Olympiad, a mathematics competition
Site management organization, a provider of services to an organization holding a clinical trial
Social movement organization, a formal organization within a social movement
Special military operation, particularly by Russia in Ukraine
Super Mario Odyssey, a video game released for the Nintendo Switch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocyte%20esterase
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Leukocyte esterase (LE) is an esterase (a type of enzyme) produced by leukocytes (white blood cells). A leukocyte esterase test (LE test) is a urine test for the presence of white blood cells and other abnormalities associated with infection.
White blood cells in the urine can indicate a urinary tract infection (UTI). Positive test results may be clinically significant in the right context. The LE test is also used to screen for gonorrhea and for amniotic fluid infections. The combination of the LE test with the urinary nitrite test provides an excellent screen for establishing the presence of a UTI. Urine test strips (dipsticks) can screen for both. A urine sample that tests positive for both nitrite and leukocyte esterase should be cultured for pathogenic bacteria.
"It has been proposed that the reagent strip for leukocyte esterase designed for the testing of urine (Combur test UX) could be a useful tool for diagnosing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP)." Braga et al. concluded that the Combur test UX urine screening test is a very sensitive and specific method for diagnosing SBP in the ascitic fluid of cirrhotic patients who have undergone paracentesis."
References
External links
Leukocyte esterase urine test at MedlinePlus
Leukocyte esterase in urine at MrLabTest
Urine tests
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome%20browser
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The completion of the human genome sequencing in the early 2000s was a turning point in genomics research. Scientists have conducted series of research into the activities of genes and the genome as a whole. The human genome contains around 3 billion base pairs nucleotide, and the huge quantity of data created necessitates the development of an accessible tool to explore and interpret this information in order to investigate the genetic basis of disease, evolution, and biological processes. The field of genomics has continued to grow, with new sequencing technologies and computational tool making it easier to study the genome.
The genome browser is an important tool for studying the genome. In bioinformatics, a genome browser is a graphical interface for displaying information from a biological database for genomic data. It is a software tool that displays genetic data in graphical form. Genome browsers enable users to visualize and browse entire genomes with annotated data, including gene prediction, gene structure, protein, expression, regulation, variation, and comparative analysis. Annotated data is usually from multiple diverse sources. They differ from ordinary biological databases in that they display data in a graphical format, with genome coordinates on one axis with annotations or space-filling graphics to show analyses of the genes, such as the frequency of the genes and their expression profiles. The software allows users to navigate the genome, view numerous fe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohn%E2%80%93Sham%20equations
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The Kohn-Sham equations are a set of mathematical equations used in quantum mechanics to simplify the complex problem of understanding how electrons behave in atoms and molecules. They introduce fictitious non-interacting electrons and use them to find the most stable arrangement of electrons, which helps scientists understand and predict the properties of matter at the atomic and molecular scale.
Description
In physics and quantum chemistry, specifically density functional theory, the Kohn–Sham equation is the non-interacting Schrödinger equation (more clearly, Schrödinger-like equation) of a fictitious system (the "Kohn–Sham system") of non-interacting particles (typically electrons) that generate the same density as any given system of interacting particles.
In the Kohn–Sham theory the introduction of the noninteracting kinetic energy functional Ts into the energy expression leads, upon functional differentiation, to a collection of one-particle equations whose solutions are the Kohn–Sham orbitals.
The Kohn–Sham equation is defined by a local effective (fictitious) external potential in which the non-interacting particles move, typically denoted as vs(r) or veff(r), called the Kohn–Sham potential. If the particles in the Kohn–Sham system are non-interacting fermions (non-fermion Density Functional Theory has been researched), the Kohn–Sham wavefunction is a single Slater determinant constructed from a set of orbitals that are the lowest-energy solutions to
This e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation
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Neuromodulation is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons. Neuromodulators typically bind to metabotropic, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to initiate a second messenger signaling cascade that induces a broad, long-lasting signal. This modulation can last for hundreds of milliseconds to several minutes. Some of the effects of neuromodulators include: altering intrinsic firing activity, increasing or decreasing voltage-dependent currents, altering synaptic efficacy, increasing bursting activity and reconfigurating synaptic connectivity.
Major neuromodulators in the central nervous system include: dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, norepinephrine, nitric oxide, and several neuropeptides. Cannabinoids can also be powerful CNS neuromodulators. Neuromodulators can be packaged into vesicles and released by neurons, secreted as hormones and delivered through the circulatory system. A neuromodulator can be conceptualized as a neurotransmitter that is not reabsorbed by the pre-synaptic neuron or broken down into a metabolite. Some neuromodulators end up spending a significant amount of time in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), influencing (or "modulating") the activity of several other neurons in the brain.
Neuromodulatory systems
The major neurotransmitter systems are the noradrenaline (norepinephrine) system, the dopamine system, the serotonin system, and the cholinergic system. Drugs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%20Log%20Cabin%20State%20Historic%20Site
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The Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site is an 86-acre (0.3 km2) history park located eight miles (13 km) south of Charleston, Illinois, U.S., near the town of Lerna. The centerpiece is a replica of the log cabin built and occupied by Thomas Lincoln, father of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln never lived here and only occasionally visited, but he provided financial help to the household and, after Thomas died in 1851, Abraham owned and maintained the farm for his stepmother, Sarah Bush Lincoln. The farmstead is operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency.
History
Abraham Lincoln's mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln, died in 1818 while the family lived in a log cabin in the Little Pigeon Creek Community in southern Indiana. In 1819, Lincoln's father Thomas Lincoln married the widowed Sarah Johnston of Elizabethtown, Kentucky. In 1830, Thomas and Sarah followed their daughter and son-in-law and other family members as they migrated west from Indiana into Central Illinois; Abraham, though now a legal adult, opted to follow his step-mother and father.
After a wretched winter in 1830–1831 at a campsite west of Decatur, young Abraham left the family to start his own homestead and seek his fortune in Sangamon County. Wandering generally southeastward, Thomas and Sarah eventually settled in Coles County. After living unsuccessfully on three separate farmsteads within the county, Thomas bought a small plot near the Embarras River in 1840, part of what was then cal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAM-1
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ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1) also known as CD54 (Cluster of Differentiation 54) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ICAM1 gene. This gene encodes a cell surface glycoprotein which is typically expressed on endothelial cells and cells of the immune system. It binds to integrins of type CD11a / CD18, or CD11b / CD18 and is also exploited by rhinovirus as a receptor for entry into respiratory epithelium.
Structure
ICAM-1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, the superfamily of proteins including antibodies and T-cell receptors. ICAM-1 is a transmembrane protein possessing an amino-terminus extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, and a carboxy-terminus cytoplasmic domain. The structure of ICAM-1 is characterized by heavy glycosylation, and the protein’s extracellular domain is composed of multiple loops created by disulfide bridges within the protein. The dominant secondary structure of the protein is the beta sheet, leading researchers to hypothesize the presence of dimerization domains within ICAM-1.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a type of intercellular adhesion molecule continuously present in low concentrations in the membranes of leukocytes and endothelial cells. Upon cytokine stimulation, the concentrations greatly increase. ICAM-1 can be induced by interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and is expressed by the vascular endothelium, macrophages, and lymphocytes. ICAM-1 is a ligand for LFA-1 (i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severna%20Park%20High%20School
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Severna Park High School is a public high school in the United States located in the suburban CDP of Severna Park, Maryland. It is a part of the Anne Arundel County Public Schools system. SPHS opened its doors to students in 1959 and was the seventh public high school opened in Anne Arundel County. (It is the fourth-oldest to remain open after Arundel, Annapolis, and Glen Burnie High Schools as Brooklyn Park and Andover High Schools were replaced by North County High School in 1990 and the all-Black Wiley H. Bates High School became an integrated middle school in 1966). Its principal is Lindsay Abruzzo. A new school was built on the same grounds, and opened in January 2017. The Falcons are sports rivals with nearby Broadneck High School.
Students
Severna Park High School has one feeder middle school: Severna Park Middle School, which has 6 feeder elementary schools: Benfield Elementary School, Folger Mckinsey Elementary School, Jones Elementary School, Oak Hill Elementary School, Severna Park Elementary School, and Shipley's Choice Elementary School. Although it is named Severna Park High School, some portions of Millersville, Arnold, and Pasadena are also zoned for Severna Park High School and its feeder schools, while the neighborhood of Riverdale in the eastern edge of Severna Park is zoned for Chesapeake High School and its feeder schools. Severna Park High School's boundaries have remained unchanged since 1995 after Anne Arundel County Public Schools conducted a county
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20heterostructure
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A double heterostructure, sometimes called double heterojunction, is formed when two semiconductor materials are grown into a "sandwich". One material (such as AlGaAs) is used for the outer layers (or cladding), and another of smaller band gap (such as GaAs) is used for the inner layer. In this example, there are two AlGaAs-GaAs junctions (or boundaries), one at each side of the inner layer. There must be two boundaries for the device to be a double heterostructure. If there was only one side of cladding material, the device would be a simple, or single, heterostructure.
The double heterostructure is a very useful structure in optoelectronic devices and has interesting electronic properties. If one of the cladding layers is p-doped, the other cladding layer n-doped and the smaller energy gap semiconductor material undoped, a p-i-n structure is formed. When a current is applied to the ends of the pin structure, electrons and holes are injected into the heterostructure. The smaller energy gap material forms energy discontinuities at the boundaries, confining the electrons and holes to the smaller energy gap semiconductor. The electrons and holes recombine in the intrinsic semiconductor emitting photons. If the width of the intrinsic region is reduced to the order of the de Broglie wavelength, the energies in the intrinsic region no longer become continuous but become discrete. (Actually, they are not continuous but the energy levels are very close together so we think of them
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge%20Allende
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Jorge Eduardo Allende Rivera, (born 11 November 1934) is a Chilean biochemist and biophysicist known for his contributions to the understanding of proteic biosynthesis and how transfer RNA is generated, and the regulation of maturation of amphibian eggs. He has been a foreign associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences since 2001, and was awarded the Chilean National Prize for Nature Sciences (Chile) in 1992.
Early life
Jorge Allende was born in Cartago, Costa Rica, son of Octavio Allende Echeverría, Chilean Consul in the city of Puntarenas, and Amparo Rivera Ortiz, a Costa Rican artist. Because of his father's job as a diplomat, he spent his childhood years between Costa Rica, Chile and the United States. He finished high school in a Jesuit School in New Orleans, Louisiana, where his father was appointed as the Chilean Consul. Subsequently, he studied at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He obtained the Bachelor of Science in chemistry degree in 1957.
Career
He carried out his doctoral studies at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States, obtaining his Ph.D. in 1961 under the tutorship of Prof. F.M. Richards. He did post doctoral work with Prof. Fritz Lipmann at Rockefeller University and with Marshall Warren Nirenberg at NIH.
During the 1960s, his research was focused on protein synthesis, a field in which he made crucial contributions. In the 1970s he was a pioneer in studying the mechanism of hormonal induction of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20kinetics
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Gas kinetics is a science in the branch of fluid dynamics, concerned with the study of motion of gases and its effects on physical systems. Based on the principles of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, gas dynamics arises from the studies of gas flows in transonic and supersonic flights. To distinguish itself from other sciences in fluid dynamics, the studies in gas dynamics are often defined with gases flowing around or within physical objects at speeds comparable to or exceeding the speed of sound and causing a significant change in temperature and pressure. Some examples of these studies include but are not limited to: choked flows in nozzles and valves, shock waves around jets, aerodynamic heating on atmospheric reentry vehicles and flows of gas fuel within a jet engine. At the molecular level, gas dynamics is a study of the kinetic theory of gases, often leading to the study of gas diffusion, statistical mechanics, chemical thermodynamics and non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Gas dynamics is synonymous with aerodynamics when the gas field is air and the subject of study is flight. It is highly relevant in the design of aircraft and spacecraft and their respective propulsion systems.
History
Progress in gas dynamics coincides with the developments of transonic and supersonic flights. As aircraft began to travel faster, the density of air began to change, considerably increasing the air resistance as the air speed approached the speed of sound. The phenomenon was l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Orr%20Anderson
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Alan Orr Anderson (1879–1958) was a Scottish historian and compiler. The son of Rev. John Anderson and Ann Masson, he was born in 1879. He was educated at Royal High School, Edinburgh, and the University of Edinburgh.
In 1908, after five years of work sponsored by the Carnegie Trust, he published Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, a reasonably comprehensive compilation of sources about Scottish history before 1286 written either in England or by chroniclers born in England. Fourteen years later, he was able to publish the 2-volume work entitled Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286, a similar but larger collection of sources, this time taken from non-English (mostly Gaelic) material. To a certain extent, the latter work overlapped with the compilations published by Skene's Chronicles of the Picts and Scots (Edinburgh, 1867), but both of Anderson's compilations differed from Skene's in that all were translated into English.
Years of reading difficult manuscripts in dull light were perhaps the cause of Anderson's failing eyesight, and for a large period of time, he relied on his graduate student (subsequently his wife) Marjorie Cunningham to do much of the readings. He died 9 December 1958.
Today, most scholars working in early Scottish history regard Anderson's three volumes as among their most essential scholarly possessions. As a result, much of the course of early Scottish historiography was set by what Anderson chose to publish or chose not to publi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-75
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The HP-75C and HP-75D were hand-held computers programmable in BASIC, made by Hewlett-Packard from 1982 to 1986.
The HP-75 had a single-line liquid crystal display, 48 KiB system ROM and 16 KiB RAM, a comparatively large keyboard (albeit without a separate numeric pad), a manually operated magnetic card reader (2×650 bytes per card), 4 ports for memory expansion (1 for RAM and 3 for ROM modules), and an HP-IL interface that could be used to connect printers, storage and electronic test equipment. The BASIC interpreter also acted as a primitive operating system, providing file handling capabilities for program storage using RAM, cards, or cassettes/diskettes (via HP-IL).
Other features included a text editor as well as an appointment reminder with alarms, similar to functions of modern PDAs.
The HP-75D (1984–1986) added a port for a bar code wand, often used for inventory control tasks.
The HP-75 was comparatively expensive with an MSRP of $995 ($2,014 in 2005) for the 75C or $1095 ($2,058 in 2005) for the 75D, making it less popular than the cheaper successor model, the HP-71B.
The HP-75C has a KANGAROO printed on its PCB, as its codename (see link for picture).
HP-75D codename's is MERLIN.
Reception
BYTE praised the flexibility of the appointment scheduler, which the review noted could comprise part of a real-time control system because of its ability to execute BASIC programs. It concluded that the computer "is a well-integrated and powerful machine ... if you are i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20Swan%20%28automaton%29
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The Silver Swan is an automaton dating from the 18th century and now housed in the Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle, Teesdale, County Durham, England. It was acquired by John Bowes, the museum's founder, from a Parisian jeweller in 1872.
The swan, which is life-sized, is a clockwork-driven device that includes a music box. The swan sits in a "stream" made of glass rods and surrounded by silver leaves. Small silver fish can be seen "swimming" in the stream.
When the clockwork is wound, the music box plays and the glass rods rotate giving the illusion of flowing water. The swan turns its head from side to side and also preens itself. After a few moments the swan notices the swimming fish and bends down to catch and eat one. The swan's head then returns to the upright position and the performance, which lasts about 32 seconds, is over. To help preserve the mechanism, the swan was only operated once each day, at 2pm. The museum was closed during 2020 and 2021 so the daily display did not take place; when the exhibit was being prepared for reopening in May 2021 the clockwork mechanism was found to have seized up and it was withdrawn from display for further conservation.
The mechanism was designed and built by the Low Countries inventor John Joseph Merlin (1735–1803) in conjunction with the London inventor James Cox (1723–1800) in 1773.
The swan was described in the Cox's Museum Act 1772 (13 Geo. 3. c. 41) as being 3 feet (0.91 m) in diameter and 18 feet (5.49 m) high. This would
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegenerative%20disease
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A neurodegenerative disease is caused by the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, in the process known as neurodegeneration. Such neuronal damage may ultimately involve cell death. Neurodegenerative diseases include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple system atrophy, tauopathies, and prion diseases. Neurodegeneration can be found in the brain at many different levels of neuronal circuitry, ranging from molecular to systemic. Because there is no known way to reverse the progressive degeneration of neurons, these diseases are considered to be incurable; however research has shown that the two major contributing factors to neurodegeneration are oxidative stress and inflammation. Biomedical research has revealed many similarities between these diseases at the subcellular level, including atypical protein assemblies (like proteinopathy) and induced cell death. These similarities suggest that therapeutic advances against one neurodegenerative disease might ameliorate other diseases as well.
Within neurodegenerative diseases, it is estimated that 55 million people worldwide had dementia in 2019, and that by 2050 this figure will increase to 139 million people.
Specific disorders
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that results in the loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and certain subcortical structures, resultin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20Swan
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Silver Swan may refer to:
Silver Swan (automaton), a clockwork display at the Bowes Museum
Silver Swan (brand), a condiments brand owned by Nutri-Asia
Silver Swan (comics), a fictional character in the Wonder Woman stories
"The Silver Swan" (madrigal), a madrigal by Orlando Gibbons
"Silver Swan Rag", a piano rag by Scott Joplin
Silver Swan, Milwaukee, a neighborhood of Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20W.%20K.%20Rothemund
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Paul Wilhelm Karl Rothemund is a research professor at the Computation and Neural Systems department at Caltech. He has become known in the fields of DNA nanotechnology and synthetic biology for his pioneering work with DNA origami. He shared both categories of the 2006 Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology with Erik Winfree for their work in creating DNA nanotubes, algorithmic molecular self-assembly of DNA tile structures, and their theoretical work on DNA computing. Rothemund is also a 2007 recipient of the MacArthur Fellowship.
Life
Rothemund graduated from Laconia High School, New Hampshire, in 1990. He was the team captain of the championship Laconia team for the television quiz show Granite State Challenge. After graduating, Rothemund studied as an undergraduate at Caltech from 1990–1994, where he was a resident and member of Ricketts House. He attained his Ph.D. from the University of Southern California in 2001.
As a research fellow at Caltech, Rothemund has developed a technique to manipulate and fold strands of DNA known as DNA origami.
Eventually, Rothemund hopes that self-assembly techniques could be used to create a "programming language for molecules, just as we have programming languages for computers."
His work on large-scale sculptures of his DNA origami was exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art in New York from February 24 to May 12, 2008.
His grandfather, Paul Rothemund, was a chemist as well.
References
External links
Paul Rothemund's home page
Mar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna%20railway%20station
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Varna railway station () serves the Black Sea city and municipality of Varna, the third most populous city in Bulgaria.
History
The station is one of the oldest in Bulgaria. The current station building was built between 1908 and 1925, when it was opened officially by Tsar Boris III. The city of Varna has had a railway station since October 26, 1866, when the Varna-Rousse railway line was opened.
The station was built in several stages, under the supervision of architects Nikola Kostov and Kiro Marichkov. The building is in the Art Nouveau style with elements of Neo-Baroque. Italian architects were also involved with styling both in inside and the outside of the building. German clockwork was installed in the station's clock tower in 1929. The station underwent major restoration work in 2004 and 2005.
Burgas Central railway station was constructed in a similar style.
Early on, Varna was a "stop" along the Orient Express route, where passengers boarded a ferry to Constantinople after taking a train from Giurgiu to Ruse, then a ferry to Varna. Today, it is a key railway junction with three lines to Sofia and separate lines to Karnobat, Rousse, Plovdiv, Pleven, Shumen, Dobrich, etc.
References
External links
Photos of the renovated station's inauguration in May 2005
Railway Station
Railway stations in Bulgaria
Railway stations opened in 1866
Railway stations opened in 1925
Art Nouveau architecture in Bulgaria
Art Nouveau railway stations
railway station
1866 est
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alias%20analysis
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Alias analysis is a technique in compiler theory, used to determine if a storage location may be accessed in more than one way. Two pointers are said to be aliased if they point to the same location.
Alias analysis techniques are usually classified by flow-sensitivity and context-sensitivity. They may determine may-alias or must-alias information. The term alias analysis is often used interchangeably with points-to analysis, a specific case.
Alias analysers intend to make and compute useful information for understanding aliasing in programs.
Overview
In general, alias analysis determines whether or not separate memory references point to the same area of memory. This allows the compiler to determine what variables in the program will be affected by a statement. For example, consider the following section of code that accesses members of structures:
p.foo = 1;
q.foo = 2;
i = p.foo + 3;
There are three possible alias cases here:
The variables p and q cannot alias (i.e., they never point to the same memory location).
The variables p and q must alias (i.e., they always point to the same memory location).
It cannot be conclusively determined at compile time if p and q alias or not.
If p and q cannot alias, then i = p.foo + 3; can be changed to i = 4. If p and q must alias, then i = p.foo + 3; can be changed to i = 5 because p.foo + 3 = q.foo + 3. In both cases, we are able to perform optimizations from the alias knowledge (assuming that no other thread updating the same lo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20cottonmouth
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The western cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) was once classified as a subspecies of the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus). However, DNA based studies published in 2008 and 2015, revealed no significant genetic difference between the eastern cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus) and the western cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) and synonymized the two subspecies (with the oldest published name, A. p. piscivorus, having priority). The resulting taxonomy does not recognizes the western cottonmouth (A. p. leucostoma) as a valid taxon. Several subsequent reviews and species accounts have followed and supported the revised taxonomy. Information on this snake can be found in the Agkistrodon piscivorus article.
Description
Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma is a stout snake with a thick, muscular body. It is the smallest of the three subspecies of A. piscivorus. The average length of mature specimens is , while the maximum reported length is .
Adult specimens are usually dark gray or brown with little or no markings, although a dorsal color pattern consisting of 10 to 15 dark crossbands can be seen in some specimens. Like other members of the species, its color darkens with age, and very old specimens may appear entirely black. Unlike the other two subspecies (A. p. conanti and A. p. piscivorus), the light line that borders the dark cheek strip is usually not present in this subspecies. The dorsal scales are keeled, in rows of 25 near the m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein-X
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Lipoprotein-X (Lp-X) is an abnormal low density lipoprotein found in cholestasis.
Structure
Lipoprotein-X is a lamellar particle of 30 to 70 nm in diameter as revealed by electron microscopy. It is characterized by its high content of phospholipids (66% by weight) and unesterified cholesterol (22%), and its low content of protein (6%), cholesterol esters (3%), and triglycerides (3%). The protein component is dominated by albumin, located in the core, and by apolipoprotein C, located on the surface of the particle. Using zonal ultracentrifugation, lipoprotein-X can be divided into three distinct populations: Lp-X1, Lp-X2, and Lp-X3, differing in density and apolipoprotein composition.
Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of lipoprotein-X in cholestasis is not totally resolved. Normally, the liver excretes lipoprotein complexes into the bile showing phospholipid and unesterified cholesterol concentrations similar to Lipoprotein-X. The in vitro incubation of these bile lipoproteins with serum or albumin leads to the appearance of Lp-X–like particles. These findings suggest that the reflux of bile into the plasma compartment causes the formation of lipoprotein-X in cholestasis as a result of a physicochemical, nonmetabolic process. On the other hand, lipoprotein-X particles found in familial LCAT deficiency are identical to those in cholestasis regarding ultrastructure and biochemical composition. It has been supposed that reduced LCAT activities, common in patients with hepatocel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre%20recombinase
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Cre recombinase is a tyrosine recombinase enzyme derived from the P1 bacteriophage. The enzyme uses a topoisomerase I-like mechanism to carry out site specific recombination events. The enzyme (38kDa) is a member of the integrase family of site specific recombinase and it is known to catalyse the site specific recombination event between two DNA recognition sites (LoxP sites). This 34 base pair (bp) loxP recognition site consists of two 13 bp palindromic sequences which flank an 8bp spacer region. The products of Cre-mediated recombination at loxP sites are dependent upon the location and relative orientation of the loxP sites. Two separate DNA species both containing loxP sites can undergo fusion as the result of Cre mediated recombination. DNA sequences found between two loxP sites are said to be "floxed". In this case the products of Cre mediated recombination depends upon the orientation of the loxP sites. DNA found between two loxP sites oriented in the same direction will be excised as a circular loop of DNA whilst intervening DNA between two loxP sites that are opposingly orientated will be inverted. The enzyme requires no additional cofactors (such as ATP) or accessory proteins for its function.
The enzyme plays important roles in the life cycle of the P1 bacteriophage, such as cyclization of the linear genome and resolution of dimeric chromosomes that form after DNA replication.
Cre recombinase is a widely used tool in the field of molecular biology. The enzyme's u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudodiploid
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Pseudodiploid or pseudoploid refers to one of the essential components in viral reproduction. It means having two RNA genomes per virion but giving rise to only one DNA copy in infected cells.
The term is also used to refer to cells that are diploid, but have chromosomal translocations.
Overview
Retrovirions for example are considered pseudoploid – they have two genomes within each capsid, but in general only one provirus is seen after infection with a single virion.
Retrovirus particles contain two copies of the RNA genome held together by multiple regions of base pairing (strongest pairing at 5’ ends) which is also called 70S complex (dimer of 35S genomes). This gives viruses evolutionary advantages such as the ability to survive extensive damage to their genomes, as at least parts of both genomes are used during the reverse transcription process. It also explains the high rates of genetic recombination in retroviruses. The retroviral genome is coated by a viral nucleocapsid protein that may function like a single stranded binding protein and therefore enhances processivity and facilitates template exchanges. The nucleocapsid first organizes RNA genomes within the virion and then facilitates reverse transcription within the infected cell.
References
Virology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly%20%28trailer%29
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A dolly is an unpowered vehicle designed for connection to a tractor unit, truck or prime mover vehicle with strong traction power.
United States
Classification by axle configuration
There are several types of dolly bogie:
Full trailer - 2 axle (4 wheels), with a draw bar which also controls the trailer's front axle steering. The draw bar does not take load of the full trailer. Heavy full trailer needs to have its own brakes remotely controlled by the prime mover vehicle.
Semi-trailer - 1 axle (2 wheels), without the front axle but have a landing gear. Large semi-trailer of truck size is designed for connection via the fifth wheel on the tractor unit or the semi-trailer truck. Small semi-trailer such as travel trailer and boat trailer is designed for connection via a tow hitch of a passenger vehicle. Either the fifth wheel or the tow hitch takes up to half the load of the semi-trailer.
Road train - special large dolly bogie equipped with a fifth wheel for further connection by the gooseneck type drawbar of another similar dolly and form a road train. The last dolly in a road train needs its own rear lights, brakes remotely controlled by the prime mover vehicle, and registration plate.
Tow dolly - a semi-trailer designed as automobile rescue equipment. It is designed to couple to the concerned automobile's powered wheel, i.e. the front wheel of a Front-wheel drive automobile, or the rear wheel of a rear-wheel drive automobile, by locking the powered wheels onto the tow
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardna%20Wielka%20railway%20station
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Gardna Wielka is a non-operational PKP railway station in Gardna Wielka (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.
Lines crossing the station
References
Gardna Wielka article at Polish Stations Database , URL accessed on 21 March 2006
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Disused railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Słupsk County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median%20raphe%20nucleus
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The median raphe nucleus (MRN or MnR), also known as the nucleus raphes medianus (NRM) or superior central nucleus, is a brain region composed of polygonal, fusiform, and piriform neurons, which exists rostral to the nucleus raphes pontis. The MRN is located between the posterior end of the superior cerebellar peduncles and the V. Afferents of the motor nucleus. It is one of two nuclei, the other being the dorsal raphe nucleus (DnR), in the midbrain-pons.
The MRN projects extensively to the hippocampus, which is known to be essential for the formation of long-term memory. One recent study found that this raphe–hippocampus pathway plays a critical role in regulation of hippocampal activity and likely associated memory consolidation processes. It has also been found to play a role in anxiety and depression, as one of the few parts of the brain that creates tryptophan hydroxylase.
Description
The median raphe nucleus contains 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) cell bodies that give rise to the majority of the ascending 5-HT projections to the forebrain limbic areas that control emotional behavior. Because a dense population of neurons in the median raphe nucleus primarily contain serotonin, a prominent neurotransmitter in the median raphe nucleus is serotonin (5-HT). Projections from the MRN extend to forebrain structures. Distinct projection areas of the MnR innervates the medial septum, cingulate and dorsal hippocampus. According to a study by McKenna and Vertes, around
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%20count
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The transistor count is the number of transistors in an electronic device (typically on a single substrate or "chip"). It is the most common measure of integrated circuit complexity (although the majority of transistors in modern microprocessors are contained in the cache memories, which consist mostly of the same memory cell circuits replicated many times). The rate at which MOS transistor counts have increased generally follows Moore's law, which observed that the transistor count doubles approximately every two years. However, being directly proportional to the area of a chip, transistor count does not represent how advanced the corresponding manufacturing technology is: a better indication of this is the transistor density (the ratio of a chip's transistor count to its area).
, the highest transistor count in flash memory is Micron's 2terabyte (3D-stacked) 16-die, 232-layer V-NAND flash memory chip, with 5.3trillion floating-gate MOSFETs (3bits per transistor).
The highest transistor count in a single chip processor is that of the deep learning processor Wafer Scale Engine 2 by Cerebras. It has 2.6trillion MOSFETs in 84 exposed fields (dies) on a wafer, manufactured using TSMC's 7 nm FinFET process.
As of 2023, the GPU with the highest transistor count is AMD's MI300X, built on TSMC's N5 process and totalling 153 billion MOSFETs.
The highest transistor count in a consumer microprocessor is 134billion transistors, in Apple's ARM-based dual-die M2 Ultra system on a chip
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density%20gradient
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Density gradient is a spatial variation in density over an area. The term is used in the natural sciences to describe varying density of matter, but can apply to any quantity whose density can be measured.
Aerodynamics
In the study of supersonic flight, Schlieren photography observes the density gradient of air as it interacts with aircraft.
Also in the field of Computational Fluid Dynamics, Density gradient is used to observe the acoustic waves, shock waves or expansion waves in the flow field.
Water
A steep density gradient in a body of water can have the effect of trapping energy and preventing convection, such a gradient is employed in solar ponds. In the case of salt water, sharp gradients can lead to stratification of different concentrations of salinity. This is called a Halocline.
Biology
In the life sciences, a special technique called density gradient separation is used for isolating and purifying cells, viruses and subcellular particles. Variations of this include Isopycnic centrifugation, Differential centrifugation, and Sucrose gradient centrifugation. A blood donation technique called Pheresis involves density gradient separation.
Geophysics
The understanding of what is at the centre of the earth, the earth core, requires the framework of density gradients in which elements and compounds then interact. The existence of a fast breeder nuclear reactor system at the core of the earth is one theory by reason of density gradient.
A popular model for the densi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varying%20Permeability%20Model
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The Varying Permeability Model, Variable Permeability Model or VPM is an algorithm that is used to calculate the decompression stops needed for ambient pressure dive profiles using specified breathing gases. It was developed by D.E. Yount and others for use in professional diving and recreational diving. It was developed to model laboratory observations of bubble formation and growth in both inanimate and in vivo systems exposed to pressure. In 1986, this model was applied by researchers at the University of Hawaii to calculate diving decompression tables.
Theoretical basis
The VPM presumes that microscopic bubble nuclei always exist in water and tissues that contain water. Any nuclei larger than a specific "critical" size, which is related to the maximum dive depth (exposure pressure), will grow upon decompression when the diver ascends. The VPM aims to minimize the total volume of these growing bubbles by keeping the external pressure large, and the inspired inert gas partial pressures low during decompression. The model depends on the assumptions that different sizes of bubbles exist within the body; that the larger bubbles require less reduction in pressure to begin to grow than smaller ones; and that fewer large bubbles exist than smaller ones. These are used to construct an algorithm that provides decompression schedules designed to allow the larger, growing bubbles to be eliminated before they can cause problems.
Bibliography
This bibliography list was compiled by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-binding%20motif
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An ATP-binding motif is a 250-residue sequence within an ATP-binding protein’s primary structure. The binding motif is associated with a protein’s structure and/or function. ATP is a molecule of energy, and can be a coenzyme, involved in a number of biological reactions. ATP is proficient at interacting with other molecules through a binding site. The ATP binding site is the environment in which ATP catalytically actives the enzyme and, as a result, is hydrolyzed to ADP. The binding of ATP causes a conformational change to the enzyme it is interacting with.
The genetic and functional similarity of such a motif demonstrates micro-evolution: proteins have co-opted the same binding sequence from other enzymes rather than developing them independently.
ATP binding sites, which may be representative of an ATP binding motif, are present in many proteins which require an input of energy (from ATP), such sites as active membrane transporters, microtubule subunits, flagellum proteins, and various hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes.
Primary sequence
The short motifs involving ATP-binding are the Walker motifs, Walker A, also known as the P-loop, and Walker B, as well as the C motif and switch motif.
Walker A motif
The Walker site A has a primary amino acid sequence of or . The letter can represent any amino acid.
Walker B motif
The primary amino acid sequence of the Walker B site is , in which represents any hydrophobic amino acid.
C motif
The C motif, also known as the si
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PQCC
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The Production Quality Compiler-Compiler Project (or PQCC) was a long-term project led by William Wulf at Carnegie Mellon University to produce an industrial-strength compiler-compiler. PQCC would produce full, optimizing programming language compilers from descriptions of the programming language and the target machine. Though the goal of a fully automatic process was not realized, PQCC technology and ideas were the basis of production compilers from Intermetrics, Tartan Laboratories, and others.
Objective
The focus of the project was on the semantics and machine-dependent phases of compilation, since lexical and syntactic analysis were already well understood. Each phase was formalized in a manner that permits expression in table-driven form. The automatic construction of the compiler then consists of deriving these tables from the semantic definitions of the language and target machine. Though this approach was largely successful for target machine description, it was less so for semantics.
See also
GNU Bison
yacc
References
Compilers
Parsing algorithms
Parsing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor%20indicis%20muscle
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In human anatomy, the extensor indicis [proprius] is a narrow, elongated skeletal muscle in the deep layer of the dorsal forearm, placed medial to, and parallel with, the extensor pollicis longus. Its tendon goes to the index finger, which it extends.
Structure
It arises from the distal third of the dorsal part of the body of ulna and from the interosseous membrane. It runs through the fourth tendon compartment together with the extensor digitorum, from where it projects into the dorsal aponeurosis of the index finger.
Opposite the head of the second metacarpal bone, it joins the ulnar side of the tendon of the extensor digitorum which belongs to the index finger.
Like the extensor digiti minimi (i.e. the extensor of the little finger), the tendon of the extensor indicis runs and inserts on the ulnar side of the tendon of the common extensor digitorum. The extensor indicis lacks the juncturae tendinum interlinking the tendons of the extensor digitorum on the dorsal side of the hand.
Variation
The extensor indicis proprius does not show much variation. It exists as a single tendon most of the time. Double tendons of the extensor indicis proprius was also reported.
It is known that the extensor indicis proprius inserts to the index finger on the ulnar side of the extensor digitorum. However, the insertion on the radial side of the common extensor digitorum infrequently seen, namely the extensor indicis radialis. Split tendons of the muscle inserting on both ulnar and th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%27s%20distance
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In statistics, Cook's distance or Cook's D is a commonly used estimate of the influence of a data point when performing a least-squares regression analysis. In a practical ordinary least squares analysis, Cook's distance can be used in several ways: to indicate influential data points that are particularly worth checking for validity; or to indicate regions of the design space where it would be good to be able to obtain more data points. It is named after the American statistician R. Dennis Cook, who introduced the concept in 1977.
Definition
Data points with large residuals (outliers) and/or high leverage may distort the outcome and accuracy of a regression. Cook's distance measures the effect of deleting a given observation. Points with a large Cook's distance are considered to merit closer examination in the analysis.
For the algebraic expression, first define
where is the error term, is the coefficient matrix, is the number of covariates or predictors for each observation, and is the design matrix including a constant. The least squares estimator then is , and consequently the fitted (predicted) values for the mean of are
where is the projection matrix (or hat matrix). The -th diagonal element of , given by , is known as the leverage of the -th observation. Similarly, the -th element of the residual vector is denoted by .
Cook's distance of observation is defined as the sum of all the changes in the regression model when observation is removed from it
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSSE
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KSSE, KSSD, and KSSC are commercial FM radio stations serving Southern California at the 107.1 MHz frequency. KSSE is licensed to Arcadia, California and broadcasts to the Los Angeles metropolitan area, KSSD is licensed to Fallbrook, California and serves northern San Diego County and KSSC is licensed to Ventura, California, with its signal covering Ventura County. These three stations trimulcast with KLYY in Riverside, airing a Spanish adult hits format known as "José 97.5 y 107.1". KSSC formerly aired a separate Spanish adult contemporary format branded as "La Suavecita 107.1". From 1991 to 2019, the three stations formed a same-channel trimulcast covering Southern California from Ventura to San Diego. As of December 31, 2019, KSSC in Ventura switched to José, reforming the trimulcast on 107.1.
KSSE, KSSD, and KSSC are all licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast in the HD Radio format.
History
Early years of the trimulcast
The oldest of the three stations broadcasting at 107.1 FM is the one licensed to Arcadia, California, which signed on in 1960 with original callsign KMAX. It was owned by Max H. Isoard and his Sierra Madre Broadcasting Company; it aired a format targeted at various ethnic groups.
In 1988, John Douglas bought KMAX with the intent to integrate it with other stations that would serve the entire Greater Los Angeles area with a rimshot signal. He accomplished this by purchasing two stations in San Diego and Ventura counties tha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlene%20Belfort
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Marlene Belfort (born 1945) is an American biochemist known for her research on the factors that interrupt genes and proteins. She is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has been admitted to the United States National Academy of Sciences.
Education and career
Belfort was one of the first undergraduate women to study microbiology at the University of Cape Town where she received her bachelor's degree in 1965 and an earned an honors degree in physiological chemistry in 1966. She went on to earn her Ph.D. from the University of California, Irvine in 1972 and did postdoctoral research at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem and Northwestern University. As of 2021, she is a Distinguished Professor in the Departments of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Sciences at SUNY at Albany and the RNA Institute.
Research
Belfort's early research was on a gene involved in thymidylate synthase in the bacteria Escherichia coli. and its T4 phage. She subsequently found a bacterial structural gene in this virus, which was the first example of a intron-containing prokaryotic structural gene. Prior to her research, this junk DNA was only known to occur in more complex organisms. Her research then determined that the gene of the T4 phage was processed by RNA in a mechanism known as splicing and was excised from the transcript during processing in the cell, and led to the observation that the processing of the T4 phage RNA is similar to the splicing pathway used by eukaryotes H
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhamel%27s%20principle
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In mathematics, and more specifically in partial differential equations, Duhamel's principle is a general method for obtaining solutions to inhomogeneous linear evolution equations like the heat equation, wave equation, and vibrating plate equation. It is named after Jean-Marie Duhamel who first applied the principle to the inhomogeneous heat equation that models, for instance, the distribution of heat in a thin plate which is heated from beneath. For linear evolution equations without spatial dependency, such as a harmonic oscillator, Duhamel's principle reduces to the method of variation of parameters technique for solving linear inhomogeneous ordinary differential equations. It is also an indispensable tool in the study of nonlinear partial differential equations such as the Navier–Stokes equations and nonlinear Schrödinger equation where one treats the nonlinearity as an inhomogeneity.
The philosophy underlying Duhamel's principle is that it is possible to go from solutions of the Cauchy problem (or initial value problem) to solutions of the inhomogeneous problem. Consider, for instance, the example of the heat equation modeling the distribution of heat energy in . Indicating by the time derivative of , the initial value problem is
where g is the initial heat distribution. By contrast, the inhomogeneous problem for the heat equation,
corresponds to adding an external heat energy at each point. Intuitively, one can think of the inhomogeneous problem as a set of homog
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Alembert%27s%20formula
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In mathematics, and specifically partial differential equations, d´Alembert's formula is the general solution to the one-dimensional wave equation:
for
It is named after the mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert, who derived it in 1747 as a solution to the problem of a vibrating string.
Details
The characteristics of the PDE are (where sign states the two solutions to quadratic equation), so we can use the change of variables (for the positive solution) and (for the negative solution) to transform the PDE to . The general solution of this PDE is where and are functions. Back in coordinates,
is if and are .
This solution can be interpreted as two waves with constant velocity moving in opposite directions along the x-axis.
Now consider this solution with the Cauchy data .
Using we get .
Using we get .
We can integrate the last equation to get
Now we can solve this system of equations to get
Now, using
d'Alembert's formula becomes:
Generalization for inhomogeneous canonical hyperbolic differential equations
The general form of an inhomogeneous canonical hyperbolic type differential equation takes the form of:
for .
All second order differential equations with constant coefficients can be transformed into their respective canonic forms. This equation is one of these three cases: Elliptic partial differential equation, Parabolic partial differential equation and Hyperbolic partial differential equation.
The only difference between a homogeneou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukang%20meteorite
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The Fukang meteorite is a meteorite that was found in the mountains near Fukang, China in 2000. It is a pallasite—a type of stony–iron meteorite with olivine crystals. It is estimated to be 4.5 billion years old.
History
In 2000, near Fukang, China, a Chinese dealer obtained a mass from Xinjiang Province, China, with a weight of . He removed about from the main mass, and in February 2005, the meteorite was taken to the Tucson Gem and Mineral Show, where it was seen by Dr. Dante Lauretta, a professor of Planetary Science and Cosmochemistry at the University of Arizona.
Subsequently, the mass was investigated at the Southwest Meteorite Center, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona by Dr. Lauretta and a team of research scientists including Dolores Hill, Marvin Killgore, Daniella DellaGiustina, and Dr. Yulia Goreva, and joined by Dr. Ian Franchi of Open University.
Classification and composition
The Fukang pallasite contains large, gem quality olivine, or peridot, in a nickel-iron matrix.
The olivines vary in shape from rounded to angular, many are fractured and they range in size from less than five millimetres to several centimetres.
The main mass contains several regions of massive olivine clusters up to eleven centimetres (4.3 inches) in diameter with thin metal veins. Fo86.4 with molar Fe/Mg = 0.1367, Fe/Mn = 40.37, and Ni = 0.03 wt%. The metal matrix is mostly kamacite with an average nickel content of 6.98 wt%. Vermicular sulfide (tr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threose%20nucleic%20acid
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Threose nucleic acid (TNA) is an artificial genetic polymer in which the natural five-carbon ribose sugar found in RNA has been replaced by an unnatural four-carbon threose sugar. Invented by Albert Eschenmoser as part of his quest to explore the chemical etiology of RNA, TNA has become an important synthetic genetic polymer (XNA) due to its ability to efficiently base pair with complementary sequences of DNA and RNA. The main difference between TNA and DNA/RNA is their backbones. DNA and RNA have their phosphate backbones attached to the 5' carbon of the deoxyribose or ribose sugar ring, respectively. TNA, on the other hand, has it's phosphate backbone directly attached to the 3' carbon in the ring, since it does not have a 5' carbon. This modified backbone makes TNA, unlike DNA and RNA, completely refractory to nuclease digestion, making it a promising nucleic acid analog for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
TNA oligonucleotides were first constructed by automated solid-phase synthesis using phosphoramidite chemistry. Methods for chemically synthesized TNA monomers (phosphoramidites and nucleoside triphosphates) have been heavily optimized to support synthetic biology projects aimed at advancing TNA research. More recently, polymerase engineering efforts have identified TNA polymerases that can copy genetic information back and forth between DNA and TNA. TNA replication occurs through a process that mimics RNA replication. In these systems, TNA is reverse transcri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Althaus%20Smith
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Paul Althaus Smith (May 18, 1900June 13, 1980) was an American mathematician. His name occurs in two significant conjectures in geometric topology: the Smith conjecture, which is now a theorem, and the Hilbert–Smith conjecture, which was proved in dimension 3 in 2013. Smith theory is a theory about homeomorphisms of finite order of manifolds, particularly spheres.
Smith was a student of Solomon Lefschetz at the University of Kansas, moving to Princeton University with Lefschetz in the mid-1920s. He finished his doctorate at Princeton, in 1926. His Ph.D. thesis was published in the Annals of Mathematics that same year. He also worked with George David Birkhoff, with whom he wrote a 1928 paper in ergodic theory, entitled Structure analysis of surface transformations, which appeared in the Journal des Mathématiques.
He subsequently became a professor at Columbia University and at Barnard College. His students at Columbia included Sherman K. Stein and Moses Richardson. He has many academic descendants through Richardson and his student Louis Billera.
Family
Smith was married to a Swiss–American early music pioneer, Suzanne Bloch.
External links
Approximation of curves and surfaces by algebraic curves and surfaces, Annals of Mathematics, 2nd Ser., Vol. 27, No. 3 (Mar., 1926), pp. 224–244.
1900 births
1980 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
Topologists
Columbia University faculty
Princeton University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycol%20nucleic%20acid
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Glycol nucleic acid (GNA), sometimes also referred to as glycerol nucleic acid, is a nucleic acid similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its sugar-phosphodiester backbone, using propylene glycol in place of ribose or deoxyribose. GNA is chemically stable but not known to occur naturally. However, due to its simplicity, it might have played a role in the evolution of life.
The 2,3-dihydroxypropyl nucleoside analogues were first prepared by Ueda et al. (1971). Soon thereafter it was shown that phosphate-linked oligomers of the analogues do in fact exhibit hypochromicity in the presence of RNA and DNA in solution (Seita et al. 1972). The preparation of the polymers was later described by Cook et al. (1995, 1999) and Acevedo and Andrews (1996). However the ability of GNA-GNA self-pairing was first reported by Zhang and Meggers in 2005. Crystal structures of a GNA duplexes were subsequently reported by Essen and Meggers.
DNA and RNA have a deoxyribose and ribose sugar backbone, respectively, whereas GNA's backbone is composed of repeating glycol units linked by phosphodiester bonds. The glycol unit has just three carbon atoms and still shows Watson–Crick base pairing. The Watson–Crick base pairing is much more stable in GNA than its natural counterparts DNA and RNA as it requires a high temperature to melt a duplex of GNA. It is possibly the simplest of the nucleic acids, making it a hypothetical precursor to RNA.
See also
Abiogenesis
Locked nucleic acid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coe%20%28surname%29
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Coe is a surname of English origin. At the time of the British Census of 1881, its frequency was highest in Northamptonshire (8.9 times the British average), followed by Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Essex, Leicestershire, Huntingdonshire, Surrey, London and Kent. Notable people with the surname include:
Ada M. Coe (1890–1983), American hispanist teacher
Alexander Paul Coe (born 1969), better known by his stage name Sasha, Welsh DJ
Alexis Coe, American presidential historian
Alistair Coe (born 1984), Australian politician
Amanda Coe (born 1965), English screenwriter and novelist
Barry Coe (1934–2019), American actor
Charles Robert "Charlie" Coe (1923–2001), American golfer
Christine Sadler Coe (1902–1983), American journalist
Cornelius Coe (born 1975), American football player
David Coe (businessman) (1954–2013), Australian businessman
David Allan Coe (born 1939), American singer and songwriter
Dawn Coe-Jones (1960–2016), Canadian golfer
Denis Coe (1929–2015), British Labour Party politician
Douglas Coe (1928–2017), director of The Fellowship Christian organization
Edwin Coe (1840–1909), American newspaper editor and politician
Ernest F. Coe (1866–1951), American landscape designer
Frank Coe (1851–1931), Old West cowboy, and for a time, gunman in the company of Billy the Kid, as a member of the Lincoln County Regulators
Frank Coe (1907–1980), American Treasury official, and suspected Soviet spy who fled to China
George Coe (1856–1941), Old West cowboy and for a time gun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20interosseous%20artery
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The common interosseous artery, about 1 cm. in length, arises immediately below the tuberosity of the radius from the ulnar artery.
Passing backward to the upper border of the interosseous membrane, it divides into two branches, the anterior interosseous and posterior interosseous arteries.
Additional images
References
External links
Arteries of the upper limb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HashClash
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HashClash was a volunteer computing project running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform to find collisions in the MD5 hash algorithm. It was based at Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at the Eindhoven University of Technology, and Marc Stevens initiated the project as part of his master's degree thesis.
The project ended after Stevens defended his M.Sc. thesis in June 2007. However SHA1 was added later, and the code repository was ported to git in 2017.
The project was used to create a rogue certificate authority certificate in 2009.
See also
Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC)
List of volunteer computing projects
References
External links
HashClash
HashClash at Stevens' home page
Create your own MD5 collisions on AWS, Nat McHugh's blog
Science in society
Free science software
Volunteer computing projects
Cryptography
Cryptanalytic software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20ecosystem
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A lake ecosystem or lacustrine ecosystem includes biotic (living) plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (non-living) physical and chemical interactions. Lake ecosystems are a prime example of lentic ecosystems (lentic refers to stationary or relatively still freshwater, from the Latin lentus, which means "sluggish"), which include ponds, lakes and wetlands, and much of this article applies to lentic ecosystems in general. Lentic ecosystems can be compared with lotic ecosystems, which involve flowing terrestrial waters such as rivers and streams. Together, these two ecosystems are examples of freshwater ecosystems.
Lentic systems are diverse, ranging from a small, temporary rainwater pool a few inches deep to Lake Baikal, which has a maximum depth of 1642 m. The general distinction between pools/ponds and lakes is vague, but Brown states that ponds and pools have their entire bottom surfaces exposed to light, while lakes do not. In addition, some lakes become seasonally stratified. Ponds and pools have two regions: the pelagic open water zone, and the benthic zone, which comprises the bottom and shore regions. Since lakes have deep bottom regions not exposed to light, these systems have an additional zone, the profundal. These three areas can have very different abiotic conditions and, hence, host species that are specifically adapted to live there.
Two important subclasses of lakes are ponds, which typically are small lakes that intergrade with wetlands,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veratridine
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Veratridine is a steroidal alkaloid found in plants of the lily family, specifically the genera Veratrum and Schoenocaulon. Upon absorption through the skin or mucous membranes, it acts as a neurotoxin by binding to and preventing the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium ion channels in heart, nerve, and skeletal muscle cell membranes. Veratridine increases nerve excitability and intracellular Ca2+ concentrations.
Isolation
Veratridine has been isolated from the seeds of Schoenocaulon officinale and from the rhizomes of Veratrum album. Like the other steroidal alkaloids found in these plants and similar ones in the Melanthiaceae family, it is present as part of a glycosidal combination, bonded to carbohydrate moieties.
Early isolation methods relied on formation of the nitrate salt and then precipitation of the insoluble sulfate form. Accounts of these efforts date back to 1878, but the first true purification of veratridine is the one carried out in 1953 by Kupchan et al. This, and later purification procedures, begin with veratrine, a mixture of the alkaloids present in the Veratrum plants, primarily containing cevadine and veratridine. The nitrate salt is formed by dissolving the veratrine in 1% sulfuric acid over ice and precipitating with sodium nitrate. After resuspending in water over ice, the solution is brought to pH 8.5 with aqueous NaOH and then pH 10 with aqueous ammonia, forming another precipitate which is extracted with ether and then with chloroform. The eth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby%20Rockefeller%20%28ecologist%29
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Abigail Aldrich Rockefeller (born 1943) is an American feminist, ecologist, and member of the Rockefeller family. She was a member of Cell 16, a radical feminist organization, in the 1970s. She also founded the Clivus Multrum company, which manufactures composting toilets.
Early life and education
Abby Rockefeller was born in 1943, the eldest daughter and second child of David Rockefeller and Margaret McGrath. She has an older brother, David Jr., and four younger siblings, Neva, Peggy, Richard, and Eileen.
She attended the New England Conservatory of Music in the early 1960s, where she encountered teachers critical of social inequality in the United States. This experience led her to embrace Marxism, the politics of Fidel Castro and ultimately radical feminism.
Radical feminism
She joined the Boston-area female liberation movement led by Roxanne Dunbar, which subsequently changed its name to Cell 16. Along with the other Cell 16 members, Rockefeller promoted self-defense for women and became skilled in karate in response to the frequent street harassment and sexual assaults women endured at the time. They set up a Tae Kwon Do studio in Boston and taught hundreds of women who, in turn, taught other women, becoming pioneers in self-defense for women.
After reading Cell 16's radical feminist publication, No More Fun and Games: A Journal of Female Liberation, Rockefeller decided to join the organization. In issue 6, "Tell A Woman", published in May 1973, she contributed a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole%E2%80%93Cole%20equation
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The Cole–Cole equation is a relaxation model that is often used to describe dielectric relaxation in polymers.
It is given by the equation
where is the complex dielectric constant, and are the "static" and "infinite frequency" dielectric constants, is the angular frequency and is a dielectric relaxation time constant.
The exponent parameter , which takes a value between 0 and 1, allows the description of different spectral shapes. When , the Cole-Cole model reduces to the Debye model. When , the relaxation is stretched. That is, it extends over a wider range on a logarithmic scale than Debye relaxation.
The separation of the complex dielectric constant was reported in the original paper by Kenneth Stewart Cole and Robert Hugh Cole as follows:
Upon introduction of hyperbolic functions, the above expressions reduce to:
Here .
These equations reduce to the Debye expression when .
The Cole-Cole equation's time domain current response corresponds to the Curie–von Schweidler law and the charge response corresponds to the stretched exponential function or the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts (KWW) function, for small time arguments.
Cole–Cole relaxation constitutes a special case of Havriliak–Negami relaxation when the symmetry parameter , that is, when the relaxation peaks are symmetric. Another special case of Havriliak–Negami relaxation where and is known as Cole–Davidson relaxation. For an abridged and updated review of anomalous dielectric relaxation in disordered s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response%20surface%20methodology
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In statistics, response surface methodology (RSM) explores the relationships between several explanatory variables and one or more response variables. The method was introduced by George E. P. Box and K. B. Wilson in 1951. The main idea of RSM is to use a sequence of designed experiments to obtain an optimal response. Box and Wilson suggest using a second-degree polynomial model to do this. They acknowledge that this model is only an approximation, but they use it because such a model is easy to estimate and apply, even when little is known about the process.
Statistical approaches such as RSM can be employed to maximize the production of a special substance by optimization of operational factors. Of late, for formulation optimization, the RSM, using proper design of experiments (DoE), has become extensively used. In contrast to conventional methods, the interaction among process variables can be determined by statistical techniques.
Basic approach of response surface methodology
An easy way to estimate a first-degree polynomial model is to use a factorial experiment or a fractional factorial design. This is sufficient to determine which explanatory variables affect the response variable(s) of interest. Once it is suspected that only significant explanatory variables are left, then a more complicated design, such as a central composite design can be implemented to estimate a second-degree polynomial model, which is still only an approximation at best. However,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20%27t%20Hoff%20equation
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The Van 't Hoff equation relates the change in the equilibrium constant, , of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature, T, given the standard enthalpy change, , for the process. The subscript means "reaction" and the superscript means "standard". It was proposed by Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff in 1884 in his book Études de Dynamique chimique (Studies in Dynamic Chemistry).
The Van 't Hoff equation has been widely utilized to explore the changes in state functions in a thermodynamic system. The Van 't Hoff plot, which is derived from this equation, is especially effective in estimating the change in enthalpy and entropy of a chemical reaction.
Equation
Summary and uses
The standard pressure, , is used to define the reference state for the Van 't Hoff equation, which is
where denotes the natural logarithm, is the thermodynamic equilibrium constant, and is the ideal gas constant. This equation is exact at any one temperature and all pressures, derived from the requirement that the Gibbs free energy of reaction be stationary in a state of chemical equilibrium.
In practice, the equation is often integrated between two temperatures under the assumption that the standard reaction enthalpy is constant (and furthermore, this is also often assumed to be equal to its value at standard temperature). Since in reality and the standard reaction entropy do vary with temperature for most processes, the integrated equation is only approximate. Approximati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20restaurant%20process
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In probability theory, the Chinese restaurant process is a discrete-time stochastic process, analogous to seating customers at tables in a restaurant.
Imagine a restaurant with an infinite number of circular tables, each with infinite capacity. Customer 1 sits at the first table. The next customer either sits at the same table as customer 1, or the next table. This continues, with each customer choosing to either sit at an occupied table with a probability proportional to the number of customers already there (i.e., they are more likely to sit at a table with many customers than few), or an unoccupied table. At time n, the n customers have been partitioned among m ≤ n tables (or blocks of the partition). The results of this process are exchangeable, meaning the order in which the customers sit does not affect the probability of the final distribution. This property greatly simplifies a number of problems in population genetics, linguistic analysis, and image recognition.
The restaurant analogy first appeared in a 1985 write-up by David Aldous, where it was attributed to Jim Pitman (who additionally credits Lester Dubins).
Formal definition
For any positive integer , let denote the set of all partitions of the set . The Chinese restaurant process takes values in the infinite Cartesian product .
The value of the process at time is a partition of the set , whose probability distribution is determined as follows. At time , the trivial partition is obtained (with probabil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnawa%20Diffusion
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Gnawa Diffusion is an Algerian Gnawa music band based in Grenoble, France. The group's lead singer, Amazigh (literally meaning 'Free Man' in Tamazight), is the son of the Algerian writer and poet Kateb Yacine. Although there is a strong Gnawa influence, the band is noted for its mix of reggae and roots music. Gnawa Diffusion is very popular in Algeria and is also well known in many other countries including Morocco, Tunisia and France. The band's lyrics are in Algerian Arabic, Tamazight, French and English. Gnawa Diffusion started their career in 1993 with the release of the album Légitime différence.
Members of the band:
Amazigh Kateb - vocal and gimbri
Mohamed Abdennour (Ptit Moh) - Algerian mandole, banjo, krakebs, choir
Pierre Bonnet - bass
Philippe Bonnet - drums
Salah Meguiba - Keyboard, oriental percussion, choir
Pierre Feugier - guitar, choir, krakebs
Abdel Aziz Maysour
Amar Chaoui - percussionist, choir
The lead singer's lyrics are often controversial. Themes range from discussions of poverty in Algeria or corruption in government to denunciations of global military actions and perceived imperialism. Nevertheless, in spite of a strong political direction, this band also has numbers which focus on self-determination and improvement.
Discography
2012: Shock El Hal
2007: Fucking Cowboys (D'JAMAZ Production)
2003: Souk System (Warner)
2002: DZ Live (Next Musique)
1999: Bab el Oued - Kingston (Musisoft)
1997: Algeria (Melodie)
1993: Légitime différence
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowry%20protein%20assay
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The Lowry protein assay is a biochemical assay for determining the total level of protein in a solution. The total protein concentration is exhibited by a color change of the sample solution in proportion to protein concentration, which can then be measured using colorimetric techniques. It is named for the biochemist Oliver H. Lowry who developed the reagent in the 1940s. His 1951 paper describing the technique is the most-highly cited paper ever in the scientific literature, cited over 300,000 times.
Mechanism
The method combines the reactions of copper ions with the peptide bonds under alkaline conditions (the Biuret test) with the oxidation of aromatic protein residues. The Lowry method is based on the reaction of Cu+, produced by the oxidation of peptide bonds, with Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (a mixture of phosphotungstic acid and phosphomolybdic acid in the Folin–Ciocalteu reaction). The reaction mechanism is not well understood, but involves reduction of the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and oxidation of aromatic residues (mainly tryptophan, also tyrosine). Experiments have shown that cysteine is also reactive to the reagent. Therefore, cysteine residues in protein probably also contribute to the absorbance seen in the Lowry assay. The result of this reaction is an intense blue molecule known as heteropolymolybdenum Blue. The concentration of the reduced Folin reagent (heteropolymolybdenum Blue) is measured by absorbance at 660 nm. As a result, the total concentration of prote
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Oury%20Jalloh
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Oury Jalloh (1969 in Conakry, Guinea – 7 January 2005, in Dessau, Germany) was an asylum seeker who died in a fire in a police cell in Dessau, Germany. The hands and feet of Jalloh, who was alone in the cell, were tied to a mattress. A fire alarm went off, but was initially turned off without further action by an officer. The case caused national and international outrage at the official narrative of suicide.
Life
According to documents that his parents later filed in court, Oury Jalloh was born in 1969 in Conakry, Guinea. Reportedly he fled from the Sierra Leone Civil War to Guinea, where his parents were already living, and came to Germany in 1999, where he applied for political asylum. His application was declined, but he received an exceptional leave to remain in the country. His child with a German citizen was put up for adoption by the mother shortly after birth.
Death
The official narrative, as presented by police officers in their subsequent trial, was reported by newspapers such as Der Tagesspiegel. In the morning of January 7, 2005, at about 8 am, some street cleaners called the police and reported that a female colleague felt threatened by a drunk man (who was Oury Jalloh). When two policemen (Hans-Ulrich M. and Udo S.) arrived, Jalloh declined to show his identification and then resisted arrest. The officers put him in a headlock and took him into custody, intending to book him for harassment although charges were never made. At the police station, the two po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20tuning
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Fluid tuning is a tuning system for the piano. It was developed by Geoff Smith, a composer and musician from Brighton, England.
Fluid tuning is accomplished by the addition of the microtonal tuning mechanism to the instrument. This mechanism enables the musician to alter each note individually and separately by precise microtonal intervals. With this design modification, the musician can choose either to leave the piano in 'fixed tuning', or to use the mechanism to retune any number of notes microtonally to any desired combination. The modification, therefore, allows a number of tuning layouts to be created and explored per composition, in contrast to the instrument being creatively limited to fixed tuning which is typically the culturally predominant Western chromatic octave.
The microtonal tuning mechanism consists of a sliding bridge, a groove and buffers fitted to each note of the instrument. The bridge is in constant contact with the strings. If the musician slides the bridge along the groove to any point between the buffers, a precise microtonal interval change results.
References
External links
Geoff Smith
BBC: Out of tune, An investigation into the development of musical tuning systems
Musical temperaments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Payne
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Edna Payne (December 5, 1891 – January 31, 1953) was an American silent screen motion picture actress. She was not in any feature-length films, but is regarded as a "pioneer" in the film industry because she was in many short films from 1911 through 1917.
Career
Her parents were both stage actors, so Payne began her career as a child in vaudeville, making her movie debut in Higgenses Versus Judsons (1911). She played the lead in reel dramas, and later in a few reel westerns including The Girl Stage Driver (1914). Although her film career was confined to the 1910s, she took part in countless productions.
Family
She was married to actor Jack Rollens, whom she divorced in 1925. She had two children, Edna J, born in 1919, and Jack A, born in 1921.
Notes
External links
1891 births
1953 deaths
American silent film actresses
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
Vaudeville performers
20th-century American actresses
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNSR
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WNSR (560 AM) is a Nashville-area Class D radio station operating on the AM frequency of 560 kHz. WNSR's majority owner is Randolph Victor Bell, and the station's general manager is former WSM personality Ted Johnson.
History
The station converted to its current format in 1996, with the call letters WYOR, when all-sports programming began its meteoric rise in the North American radio market, particularly on AM stations. WNSR is currently affiliated with CBS Sports Radio. Many of the top names in Nashville sports have worked at WNSR. Greg Pogue, who is a veteran sports writer, sports editor, and television host, hosted Nashville's longest running morning sports show with David Coleman. Pogue worked with the Nashville Banner and was later sports editor at the Daily News Journal. Pogue took over the morning drive slot after Patrick McMurtry left to take a television news anchor position in Charleston, West Virginia. Darren McFarland, a radio veteran in Nashville, hosted a show during two different stints at the station. Brad Hopkins, a former Tennessee Titan, hosted two different shows, the latter as a co-host alongside McFarland. Bill King, a national sports talk show host and recruiting expert, hosted a show with Joe Biddle, a sports writer with the former Nashville Banner and later The Tennessean. Gregory Ruff, a veteran broadcaster in Nashville, worked in various roles with the station hosting a show and later being the fill-in for many of the shows. Jonathan Shaffer has al
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID-1
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ID-1 or ID1 may refer to:RECN7701159Q8
ID-1 format, the standard "credit card" size for identification cards defined by ISO/IEC 7810
A gene (inhibitor of DNA binding-1) which controls cancer metastasis
Idaho's 1st congressional district
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID-2
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ID-2 or ID2 may refer to:
ID-2 format, a standard size for identification cards defined by ISO/IEC 7810.
A gene called ID2 which negatively regulates cell differentiation.
Idaho's 2nd congressional district.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MA10
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MA-10 may refer to:
Massachusetts Route 10
Mercury-Atlas 10, a cancelled spaceflight of Project Mercury
MA-10 cell, a Leydig cell tumour cell line
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihiro%20Kusumi
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is a Japanese biologist who proposed an explanation for reduced diffusion speed of lipid and protein molecules in the cell membrane, based on a model of hop diffusion in which lipids are confined to a reduced space, created by a membrane-skeleton-induced compartments. this compartments allow the lipids or proteins freely in a limited region and limiting also the diffusion to other parts of the membrane. Getting to a new compartment is called "hop diffusion" while diffusion in the compartment is allowed by Brownian movement, the compartments of the cell are responsible of the reduced diffusion speed of the lipid or proteins when compared to artificial vesicles.
Citations
JCB article on "hop diffusion"
Paradigm shift of the plasma membrane concept from the two-dimensional continuum fluid to the partitioned fluid: high-speed single-molecule tracking of membrane molecules. Annu. Rev. Biophys. struct. 2005. 34:351-78. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.34.040204.144637.
References
External links
Akihiro Kusumi's profile on Kyoto University's homepage (in English)
Living people
Japanese biologists
1952 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rnkaminerna
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Järnkaminerna (lit. The Iron Stoves) is the largest official supporter club of the sports club Djurgårdens IF. Järnkaminerna is also a nickname for the sports club itself.
A common shortened form of the supporters club Järnkaminerna is JK.
History
The nickname derives from the 1950s when Djurgårdens IF's football division was renowned for their physique and physical training as well as their rough style of play on the pitch. The stripes of the Djurgården jersey, particularly the away colors of blue and dark red, looked somewhat similar to an old-style iron stove, the blue being the iron slats and the red the glow of the fire. After this period the team became commonly known as "Järnkaminerna" (The Iron Stoves). The nickname has remained arguably the most popular nickname for Djurgårdens IF, its players and supporters, together with "the blue stripes", until today.
During the 1970s younger supporters organized themselves and in 1981 they formed "Blue Saints", although the first supporters club of Djurgården was DIF Supporters Club, established in 1947. Due to bad publicity, after numerous violent clashes, "Blue Saints" reformed, and in 1997 adopted the name "Järnkaminerna" and undertook an effort to whitewash the supporters club's name. Today "Järnkaminerna" are one of Sweden's largest supporters clubs in numbers, and smaller sections are today established outside of Stockholm.
References
External links
Official Home Järnkaminerna
Djurgårdens IF Fotboll
Swedish footbal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latridae
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Latridae commonly called trumpeters, is a family of marine ray-finned fish. They are found in temperate seas in the Southern Hemisphere. The classification of the species within the Latridae and the related Cheilodactylidae is unclear.They are fished commercially and for sport.
Taxonomy
Latridae is classified within the superfamily Cirrhitoidea, under the suborder Percoidei of the large order Perciformes. Molecular studies have also placed the superfamily within the order Centrarchiformes, although the Cirrhitoidea is confirmed as a monophyletic clade. The 5th Edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise Centrarchiformes and retains the superfamily within the order Perciformes. The family has three genera according to the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World, however the authors of that book admit that further studies need to be carried out to resolve the true relationships of all the taxa within the Cirrhitoidea. Latridae was first formally desecrribed as a family in 1862 by Theodore Nicholas Gill.
The traditional delimitation of this family and Chaeilodactylidae is based on morphological differences, but the reliability of these differences has been questioned, and genetics do not support this treatment, either, leading some to suggest the majority of species traditionally classified as Cheilodactylidae should be placed within Latridae. Based on this, the only species that should remain in the family Cheilodactylidae are the relatively small Cheilodactylus fasciatus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CER-10
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CER model 10 was a vacuum tube, transistor and electronic relay based computer developed at IBK-Vinča and the Mihajlo Pupin Institute (Belgrade) in 1960. It was the first digital computer developed in SFR Yugoslavia, and in Southern Europe.
CER-10 was designed by Tihomir Aleksić and his associates (Rajko Tomović, Vukašin Masnikosa, Ahmed Mandžić, Dušan Hristović, Petar Vrbavac and Milojko Marić) and was developed over four years. The team included 10 engineers and 10 technicians, as well as many others. After initial prototype testing at Vinča and a redesign at the M. Pupin Institute, it was fully deployed at the Tanjug Agency building and worked there for the SKNE from 1961 and the Yugoslav government's SIV, from 1963 to 1967.
The first CER-10 system was located at the SKNE (Federal secretary of internal affairs) building in 1961, which would later belong to Tanjug. The M. Pupin Institute donated the computer's case and some parts of the CER-10 along with its documentation to the Museum of Science and Technology in Belgrade in March 2006, where the computer's CPU is now displayed.
Specifications
1750 vacuum tubes
1500 transistors
14000 Germanium diodes
Magnetic core primary memory: 4096 of 30-bit words
Secondary memory: punched tape
Capable of performing min. 1600 additions per second
Gallery
See also
CER Computers
Mihajlo Pupin Institute
History of computer hardware in the SFRY
List of vacuum tube computers
Rajko Tomović
References
External links
http
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CER-22
|
CER ( – Digital Electronic Computer) model 22 is a transistor based computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute (Serbia) in 1967-1968. It was originally intended for banking applications and was used for data processing and management planning in banks, trade and utility companies in Belgrade. Three CER-22 computers were purchased by Beobanka, Jugopetrol and BVK–Belgrade companies. (For more details see: Ref.# 1, #2, #3, and #4).
The principal designers and chiefs of the project teams were:
Dušan Hristović, Svetomir Ojdanić, Veselin Potić, Radivoje Ilić et al. for Beobanka;
Dr Sc. Miroslav Jocković, Branimir Leposavic, Michael Savikin, Ljubivoje Marković et al., for Jugopetrol co.;
Vladislav Paunović, Miloš Marjanović, Petar Vrbavac, Dragiša Tinković et al. for BVK-Belgrade.
Technical characteristics of the CER-22
Technology: IC (MSI), transistor and diode logic circuits (See also: Ref. #2, #5, #6).
Printed circuits boards with the ribbon connectors;
CPU performance: the 16-cycle instructions (10 microseconds);
Magnetic core memory: 32 KB capacity (memory cycle time of 2 microseconds);
Disk storage CDC-854 (max 8 disk units);
Card reader and puncher: 300 cards/min and 150 cards/min;
Paper tape reader and puncher, type "Facit": 1000 characters/s and 150 characters/s;
Parallel Line Printer, type DP MZ-4: 128 characters/line, 600 lines/min.
See also
CER Computers
CER-10
Mihajlo Pupin Institute,
History of computer hardware in the SFRY
References
Electronic
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CER%20Computer
|
CER () was a series of early computers (based on vacuum tubes and transistors) developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute in Yugoslavia in the 1960s and 1970s.
Models:
CER-10 - 1960, based on vacuum tubes, transistors, electronic relays, and magnetic core memory. First Yugoslav digital computer (developed in "Vinca"-Institute) in (SFRY).
CER-2 - 1963, a prototype model
CER-20 - 1964, CER-30 - 1966, - the prototypes of the "electronic bookkeeping machine" for EI Niš and RIZ Zagreb;.
CER-200 - 1966, series of 18 "electronic bookkeeping computers".
CER-202-1968; CER-203 - 1972
CER-22 - 1967, based on transistors, MSI circuits, magnetic core memory, punched cards and magnetic disks. Serie of 3 electronic systems, used for on-line banking operations and data processing applications;
CER-12 - 1971, "electronic computer for business data processing", based on VLSI technology, wire wrapping boards, magnetic disks and magnetic tapes;
CER-11 - 1966, based on transistors, core memory, Teletype printer etc. Mobile military computer (used in the JNA (Yugoslav People's Army);
CER-101 Kosmos - 1973, based on VLSI circuits, core memory, magnetic drum, paper tapes, Teletype printers; Mobile computer in special military vehicles (used in the JNA's V.T. Institute);
CER-111 - 1975, Mobile military computer, based on VLSI technology, Hard disk drive; Used in JNA until 1989.
Models and types
CER-Computers Table (author: Dušan Hristović, M.P.Institute, Belgrade University); GFDL and CCSA 3.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cer
|
Cer, or CER may refer to:
Environment
Certified Emission Reduction, emission units
Statistics
Control event rate, a statistical value in epidemiology
Crossover error rate, a statistical value in a biometric system
Information technology
Canonical Encoding Rules, encoding format
Customer edge router, in computer networking
CER Computer (Serbian Latin: Cifarski Elektronski Računar, "Digital Electronic Computer"), series of early computers
Geography
Cer (mountain), a mountain in Serbia
Cer, Zvornik, a village in the municipality of Zvornik, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cer, Kičevo, a village in the municipality of Kičevo, North Macedonia
Cherbourg – Maupertus Airport or Aéroport de Cherbourg - Maupertus, an airport in France by IATA airport code
Chinese Eastern Railway (Chinese: 中東鐵路/中东铁路, also known as the Chinese Far East Railway), a railway in northeastern China
Religion
Keres, Greek goddess of violent death, one of the Greek primordial deities
Medicine
Comparative effectiveness research, comparison of health care intervention effectiveness
Conditioned emotional response, a specific learned behavior or a procedure
Sports
Classic Endurance Racing, a sports car racing series founded in 2004 by Peter Auto Ltd.
Organizations and trade agreements
Conference of European Rabbis, rabbinical alliance in Europe
Closer Economic Relations, a free trade agreement between Australia and New Zealand
Commission for Energy Regulation, a Republic of Ireland
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregman%20divergence
|
In mathematics, specifically statistics and information geometry, a Bregman divergence or Bregman distance is a measure of difference between two points, defined in terms of a strictly convex function; they form an important class of divergences. When the points are interpreted as probability distributions – notably as either values of the parameter of a parametric model or as a data set of observed values – the resulting distance is a statistical distance. The most basic Bregman divergence is the squared Euclidean distance.
Bregman divergences are similar to metrics, but satisfy neither the triangle inequality (ever) nor symmetry (in general). However, they satisfy a generalization of the Pythagorean theorem, and in information geometry the corresponding statistical manifold is interpreted as a (dually) flat manifold. This allows many techniques of optimization theory to be generalized to Bregman divergences, geometrically as generalizations of least squares.
Bregman divergences are named after Russian mathematician Lev M. Bregman, who introduced the concept in 1967.
Definition
Let be a continuously-differentiable, strictly convex function defined on a convex set .
The Bregman distance associated with F for points is the difference between the value of F at point p and the value of the first-order Taylor expansion of F around point q evaluated at point p:
Properties
Non-negativity: for all , . This is a consequence of the convexity of .
Positivity: When is str
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester%20urban%20area
|
The Leicester Urban Area or Leicester Built Up Area (2011 onwards) is an urban agglomeration defined by the Office of National Statistics (ONS), centred on the City of Leicester in the East Midlands, England. With a population of 559,017 at the time of the 2021 census, increased from 508,916 at the time of the 2011 census, the Built Up Area is the eleventh largest in England and thirteenth largest in the United Kingdom. It comprises Leicester itself and its suburbs, all of which are contiguous with or situated in close proximity to the city.
As at 2011 the Leicester Urban Area was home to 51.8% of the total population of Leicestershire (2001: 48.5%). A 2017 quote from the Leicester City Council website states that "The Greater Leicester urban area is one of the fastest growing in the country, with a population of about 650,000, of which 350,000 live within the city council area".
Analysis: 2011
Analysis: 2001
Analysis: 1991
Analysis: 1981
Analysis: Notes
The Leicester ONS sub-totals are explained with reference to the following:
For 2011, there have been certain reclassifications from 'outer' to 'inner suburbs' thus contributing to the increase in population of Leicester ONS compared to 2001 and prior.
The ONS's definition of "Leicester" in the 2001 census excluded the northern area of the Beaumont Leys ward, which was counted separately, and amalgamated several surrounding towns and villages. Its boundaries and population were not the same as that of the Leicester UNI
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass%20meadow
|
A seagrass meadow or seagrass bed is an underwater ecosystem formed by seagrasses. Seagrasses are marine (saltwater) plants found in shallow coastal waters and in the brackish waters of estuaries. Seagrasses are flowering plants with stems and long green, grass-like leaves. They produce seeds and pollen and have roots and rhizomes which anchor them in seafloor sand.
Seagrasses form dense underwater meadows which are among the most productive ecosystems in the world. They provide habitats and food for a diversity of marine life comparable to that of coral reefs. This includes invertebrates like shrimp and crabs, cod and flatfish, marine mammals and birds. They provide refuges for endangered species such as seahorses, turtles, and dugongs. They function as nursery habitats for shrimps, scallops and many commercial fish species. Seagrass meadows provide coastal storm protection by the way their leaves absorb energy from waves as they hit the coast. They keep coastal waters healthy by absorbing bacteria and nutrients, and slow the speed of climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide into the sediment of the ocean floor.
Seagrasses evolved from marine algae which colonized land and became land plants, and then returned to the ocean about 100 million years ago. However, today seagrass meadows are being damaged by human activities such as pollution from land runoff, fishing boats that drag dredges or trawls across the meadows uprooting the grass, and overfishing which unbalance
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside%E2%80%93outside%20algorithm
|
For parsing algorithms in computer science, the inside–outside algorithm is a way of re-estimating production probabilities in a probabilistic context-free grammar. It was introduced by James K. Baker in 1979 as a generalization of the forward–backward algorithm for parameter estimation on hidden Markov models to stochastic context-free grammars. It is used to compute expectations, for example as part of the expectation–maximization algorithm (an unsupervised learning algorithm).
Inside and outside probabilities
The inside probability is the total probability of generating words , given the root nonterminal and a grammar :
The outside probability is the total probability of beginning with the start symbol and generating the nonterminal and all the words outside , given a grammar :
Computing inside probabilities
Base Case:
General case:
Suppose there is a rule in the grammar, then the probability of generating starting with a subtree rooted at is:
The inside probability is just the sum over all such possible rules:
Computing outside probabilities
Base Case:
Here the start symbol is .
General case:
Suppose there is a rule in the grammar that generates .
Then the left contribution of that rule to the outside probability is:
Now suppose there is a rule in the grammar. Then the right
contribution of that rule to the outside probability is:
The outside probability is the sum of the left and right
contributions over all such rules:
References
J. Baker (1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale%20RS08
|
RS08 is a family of 8-bit microcontrollers by NXP Semiconductors. Originally released by Freescale in 2006, the RS08 architecture is a reduced-resource version of the Freescale MC68HCS08 central processing unit (CPU), a member of the 6800 microprocessor family. It has been implemented in several microcontroller devices for embedded systems.
Compared to its sibling HC08 and Freescale S08 parts, it has a much-simplified design. The 'R' in its part numbers suggests "Reduced"; Freescale itself describes the core as "ultra-low-end". Typical implementations include fewer on-board peripherals and memory resources, have smaller packages (the smallest is the QFN6 package, at 3mm x 3mm x 1mm), and are priced under US$1. Aims of the simplified design include greater efficiency, greater cost-effectiveness for small-memory-size parts, and smaller die size.
The RS08 employs a von Neumann architecture with shared program and data bus; executing instructions from within data memory is possible. The device is not binary compatible with the S08 core, though the instruction opcodes and addressing modes are a subset of the S08. This allows an easy transition from the S08 core to the RS08 core for designers and engineers.
Short and Tiny addressing modes allow for more efficient access and manipulation of the most commonly used variables and registers. These instructions have single-byte instruction opcodes, reducing the amount of program memory required by their frequent use.
Die size is 30%
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTX
|
Xcerra Corporation (formerly LTX-Credence Corporation) is an American semiconductor Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) vendor, founded in 1976 in (co-founder) Sol Max's basement, later moving to the Balco building in Newton & GTE building 3 in Needham, then the KLH building on University Ave. in Westwood and currently headquartered on University Ave. in Norwood, MA (Greater Boston area).
The focus of the company is the design and development of ATE for the semiconductor marketplace, but it distinguished itself in the early days as a provider of functional and parametric testers for discrete component RF products. Today, LTX offers test platforms capable of testing mixed signal (analog & digital) devices.
History
LTX was founded by Graham Miller, Dick Boltrus, Sol Max, Phil Perkins, Bill Kerr, (future CEO & COB) Roger Blethen, Bob Valentine and Mary Parent. Joined later by 1st employee Dave Windsor and a slew of Northeastern Co-op Students. All of the founders left nearby competitor, Teradyne. Although never verified, corporate lore holds that the name LTX was an abbreviation for the clarion call of its founders: "Leave Teradyne by Christmas (Xmas)" or possibly "Left Teradyne at Christmas." Others believe that LTX stands for "Linear Test eXcellence", "Linear Test eXperts", or is simply an abbreviation of the word "Electronics".
On June 22, 2008 LTX signed a merger agreement with one of its principal competitors: Credence Systems Corporation. LTX CEO and President David Tace
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney%20to%20Hobart%20Yacht%20Race%20waterspout
|
The south coast tornado was a tornadic waterspout spawned by a supercell thunderstorm off the south coast of New South Wales on 26 December 2001, during the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race. The tornado passed very close to the yacht Nicorette II, which was severely damaged but able to complete the race with a spare mainsail. Nicorette recorded wind speeds of close to (making the tornado at least F2 on the Fujita scale) and was struck by hail the size of golf balls. According to the boat's meteorologist, the tornado began with a diameter of around , but grew in size until it was across. The waterspout proceeded to strike several other boats with weaker winds. The tornado should not be confused with the severe storm that wrought havoc on the race in 1998.
See also
List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
List of Southern Hemisphere tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
References
External links
Forum with numerous images of the tornado
2001 in Australia
2001 in Australian sport
Tornadoes in Australia
Tornadoes of 2001
Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race
December 2001 events in Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie%20High%20School%20%28Utah%29
|
Dixie High School is located at 350 East 700 South, in St. George, Utah, United States. It is a Utah Class 4A school of Region 9 (2023-2025 classification) and reported 1,248 students on October 1, 2018. The school's mascot is the Flyers and is represented by a World War I-era biplane pilot. It is a part of the Washington County School District.
History
Dixie High School was the first high school in St. George, and was founded in 1911 under the name St. George Academy. Nicknamed "Dixie" Academy, the tradition of white-washing the name "DIXIE" on a sandstone rock formation overlooking the St. George valley (the Sugarloaf) began in 1913. The name comes from a regional nickname, that began with Mormon pioneers in the area. In 1963 the Dixie Academy split into Dixie High School and Dixie College (which eventually became Utah Tech University).
Dixie High transitioned to a new building in the early 2000s. Construction began in 2001 with a new arts department wing that featured an auditorium and choir and band rooms. The main, three-story school building was constructed in an adjacent parking lot. In 2004 the student body moved to the new building, and the majority of the old building was torn down (one classroom remains for use as auto-tech classes). Construction was completed before the 2005–2006 school year with a new gym and water feature.
Notable alumni
Dia Frampton, musician
Meg Frampton, musician
Kelly Graves, women's basketball head coach at Gonzaga University
Bru
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton%20Ballou
|
Clinton Edward Ballou (June 18, 1923 – March 8, 2021) was an American academic who was a professor of biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley. His research focused on the metabolism of carbohydrates and the structures of microbial cell walls. He joined the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1975.
Ballou was born in King Hill, Idaho in June 1923, to William Clinton Ballou and "Mollie" Ballou. He attended Boise Junior College, and graduated from Oregon State College, and the University of Wisconsin. He served in the U. S. Navy from 1944 to 1946.
He held a postdoctoral fellowship with E. L. Hirst in Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh. Ballou became a professor of biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley in 1955, and became a professor emeritus in 1991.
Ballou served on the editorial board of the Journal of Biological Chemistry. He died in March 2021 at the age of 97.
Awards
1975 National Academy of Sciences
1981 American Chemical Society's Claude Hudson Award in Carbohydrate Chemistry
1972 Welch Foundation Lectureship
1976 University of Notre Dame Reilly Lectureship
1977 Duke University Belfort Lectureship
1961 National Science Foundation Senior Fellowship
References
External links
Clinton Ballou on the University of California, Berkeley website
1923 births
2021 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
American biochemists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Elmore County, Idaho
Uni
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater%20sapping
|
Groundwater sapping is a geomorphic erosion process that results in the headward migration of channels in response to near constant fluid discharge at a fixed point. The consistent flow of water displaces fine sediments which physically and chemically weathers rocks. Valleys that appear to have been created by groundwater sapping occur throughout the world in areas such as England, Colorado, Hawai’i, New Zealand, and many other places. However, it is difficult to characterize a landform as being formed exclusively by groundwater sapping due to phenomena such as pluvial runoff, plunge-pool undercutting, changes in water table level, and inconsistent groundwater flow. An example of drainage ways created purely by the outflow of subsurface fluids can be seen on the foreshores of beaches. As the surge of water and sand brought to land by a wave retreats seaward, the film of water becomes thinner until it forms rhomboid shaped patterns in the sand. Small fans form at the apex of the rhombic features, which are eventually fed by the remaining backflow of water traveling downslope. Channels begin to form headward in the form of millimeter wide rills along the sides of the fans; the creation of these small channel networks culminates when the last of the backwash dissipates.
This is one of the processes involved in the formation of gullies, such as lavaka. Erosion by sapping tends to produce steep-sided U-shaped valleys of fairly uniform width with box-like, "theater-shaped" headwa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Euclidean%20crystallographic%20group
|
In mathematics, a non-Euclidean crystallographic group, NEC group or N.E.C. group is a discrete group of isometries of the hyperbolic plane. These symmetry groups correspond to the wallpaper groups in euclidean geometry. A NEC group which contains only orientation-preserving elements is called a Fuchsian group, and any non-Fuchsian NEC group has an index 2 Fuchsian subgroup of orientation-preserving elements.
The hyperbolic triangle groups are notable NEC groups. Others are listed in Orbifold notation.
See also
Non-Euclidean geometry
Isometry group
Fuchsian group
Uniform tilings in hyperbolic plane
References
.
.
.
Non-Euclidean geometry
Hyperbolic geometry
Symmetry
Discrete groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torasemide
|
Torasemide, also known as torsemide, is a diuretic medication used to treat fluid overload due to heart failure, kidney disease, and liver disease. It is a less preferred treatment for high blood pressure. It is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein.
Common side effects include headache, increased urination, diarrhea, cough, and dizziness. Other side effects may include hearing loss and low blood potassium. Torasemide is a sulfonamide and loop diuretic. Use is not recommended in pregnancy or breastfeeding. It works by decreasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys.
Torasemide was patented in 1974 and came into medical use in 1993. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 213th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2million prescriptions.
Medical uses
It is used to treat fluid overload due to heart failure. It is sometimes used to treat high blood pressure. Compared with furosemide, torasemide is associated with a lower risk of rehospitalization for heart failure and an improvement in New York Heart Association class of heart failure. In heart failure it may be safer and more effective than furosemide. Long-term outcomes with torasemide may be better than with furosemide in patients with heart failure.
Adverse effects
No evidence of torasemide-induced ototoxicity has been demonstrated in humans.
Loop diuretics, including torsemide, may d
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibb%20%28surname%29
|
Bibb is a surname of English origin. At the time of the British Census of 1881, its relative frequency was highest in Warwickshire (12.2 times the British average), followed by Worcestershire, Staffordshire, Dunbartonshire, London and Northamptonshire. In all other British counties, its relative frequency was below national average. The name Bibb may refer to:
Chris Bibb, British rugby league footballer
David Bibb, American civil servant
Eric Bibb (born 1951), American blues musician
Emmanuel Bibb, American streetball player
George M. Bibb (1776–1859), American politician
Grace C. Bibb (1842-1912), American feminist and educator
Henry Bibb (1815-1854), American abolitionist
Kyle Bibb (born 1988), English rugby league player
Leon Bibb (born 1944), American broadcaster
Leon Bibb (musician) (born 1922), American folk singer and actor
Leslie Bibb (born 1974), American actress
Margaret Morton Bibb (c. 1832-1900/1910), African-American quilt maker
Thomas Bibb (1783–1839), American politician
William W. Bibb (1781–1820), American politician
See also
Bibb (disambiguation)
Surnames
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato%20leafroll%20virus
|
Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) is a member of the genus Polerovirus and family Solemoviridae. The phloem limited positive sense RNA virus infects potatoes and other members of the family Solanaceae. PLRV was first described by Quanjer et al. in 1916. PLRV is transmitted by aphids, primarily the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. PLRV is one of the most important potato viruses worldwide but particularly devastating in countries with limited resources and management. It can be responsible for individual plant yield losses of over 50%. One estimate suggests that PLRV is responsible for an annual global yield loss of 20 million tons. Symptoms include chlorosis, necrosis and leaf curling.
Hosts and symptoms
PLRV infects members of the family Solanaceae. The most economically important host is the potato, Solanum tuberosum spp. In potato, symptoms of primary infection, infection in the growing season, occurs in the youngest leaves. Leaf margins become necrotic, turning brown and purplish and curl inwards towards the center of the leaf. Secondary infection, which starts from infected potato culls, produces more severe symptoms. Leaf rolling is more apparent and the entire leaf can become chlorotic and sometimes also has a purple discoloration. Necrosis of the phloem tissue particularly in the haulm is observed after onset of symptoms. Plants infected with PLRV experience stunted growth and produce smaller tubers. Infected tubers retain normal shape but experience necrosis of
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona%20theorem
|
In mathematics, the corona theorem is a result about the spectrum of the bounded holomorphic functions on the open unit disc, conjectured by and proved by .
The commutative Banach algebra and Hardy space H∞ consists of the bounded holomorphic functions on the open unit disc D. Its spectrum S (the closed maximal ideals) contains D as an open subspace because for each z in D there is a maximal ideal consisting of functions f with
f(z) = 0.
The subspace D cannot make up the entire spectrum S, essentially because the spectrum is a compact space and D is not. The complement of the closure of D in S was called the corona by , and the corona theorem states that the corona is empty, or in other words the open unit disc D is dense in the spectrum. A more elementary formulation is that elements f1,...,fn generate the unit ideal of H∞ if and only if there is some δ>0 such that
everywhere in the unit ball.
Newman showed that the corona theorem can be reduced to an interpolation problem, which was then proved by Carleson.
In 1979 Thomas Wolff gave a simplified (but unpublished) proof of the corona theorem, described in and .
Cole later showed that this result cannot be extended to all open Riemann surfaces .
As a by-product, of Carleson's work, the Carleson measure was invented which itself is a very useful tool in modern function theory. It remains an open question whether there are versions of the corona theorem for every planar domain or for higher-dimensional domains.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phorbol%20esters
|
Phorbol esters are a class of chemical compounds found in a variety of plants, particularly in the families Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae. Chemically, they are ester derivatives of the tetracyclic diterpenoid phorbol.
Biological activity
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a phorbol ester receptor. Phorbol esters can stimulate PKC in a similar way to diglycerides.
Phorbol esters are known for their ability to promote tumors. In particular, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is used as a biomedical research tool in models of carcinogenesis.
Plants that contain phorbol esters are often poisonous.
References
Diterpenes
Carboxylate esters
Cyclopentenes
Plant toxins
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochromic%20anemia
|
Hypochromic anemia is a generic term for any type of anemia in which the red blood cells are paler than normal. (Hypo- refers to less, and chromic means colour.) A normal red blood cell has a biconcave disk shape and will have an area of pallor in its center when viewed microscopically. In hypochromic cells, this area of central pallor is increased. This decrease in redness is due to a disproportionate reduction of red cell hemoglobin (the pigment that imparts the red color) in proportion to the volume of the cell. Clinically the color can be evaluated by the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) or mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The MCHC is considered the better parameter of the two as it adjusts for effect the size of the cell has on its amount of hemoglobin. Hypochromia is clinically defined as below the normal MCH reference range of 27–33 picograms/cell in adults or below the normal MCHC reference range of 33–36 g/dL in adults.
Red blood cells will also be small (microcytic), leading to substantial overlap with the category of microcytic anemia. The most common causes of this kind of anemia are iron deficiency and thalassemia.
Hypochromic anemia was historically known as chlorosis or green sickness for the distinct skin tinge sometimes present in patients, in addition to more general symptoms such as a lack of energy, shortness of breath, dyspepsia, headaches, a capricious or scanty appetite and amenorrhea.
Historical understanding
In 1554, German physi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baricity
|
Baricity refers to the density of a substance compared to the density of human cerebrospinal fluid. Baricity is used in anesthesia to determine the manner in which a particular drug will spread in the intrathecal space.
Description
Solutions that have a baricity approaching 1.000 are referred to as isobaric, as the density of the cerebrospinal fluid is approximately 1.003+/- 0.003. Solutions with a baricity less than 0.999 are termed hypobaric, and are usually created by mixing the local anesthetic with distilled water. Hyperbaric solutions are created by mixing dextrose 5-8% with the desired local anesthetic.
Hyperbaric solutions will flow in the direction of gravity and settle in the most dependent areas of the intrathecal space. Conversely, hypobaric mixtures will rise in relation to gravitational pull. These properties allow the anesthesia provider to preferentially control the spread of the block by choice of mixture and patient positioning.
References
Anesthesia
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