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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untranslated%20region | In molecular genetics, an untranslated region (or UTR) refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a coding sequence on a strand of mRNA. If it is found on the 5' side, it is called the 5' UTR (or leader sequence), or if it is found on the 3' side, it is called the 3' UTR (or trailer sequence). mRNA is RNA that carries information from DNA to the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis (translation) within a cell. The mRNA is initially transcribed from the corresponding DNA sequence and then translated into protein. However, several regions of the mRNA are usually not translated into protein, including the 5' and 3' UTRs.
Although they are called untranslated regions, and do not form the protein-coding region of the gene, uORFs located within the 5' UTR can be translated into peptides.
The 5' UTR is upstream from the coding sequence. Within the 5' UTR is a sequence that is recognized by the ribosome which allows the ribosome to bind and initiate translation. The mechanism of translation initiation differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The 3' UTR is found immediately following the translation stop codon. The 3' UTR plays a critical role in translation termination as well as post-transcriptional modification.
These often long sequences were once thought to be useless or junk mRNA that has simply accumulated over evolutionary time. However, it is now known that the untranslated region of mRNA is involved in many regulatory aspects of gene expression in eukaryotic o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningeal%20branch%20of%20vagus%20nerve | The meningeal branch of the vagus nerve is one of the first branches of the vagus nerve at the level of the superior ganglion. The neuron cell bodies reside within the superior ganglion and innervate the dura mater in the posterior cranial fossa of the base of the skull. The meningeal branch passes back into the skull through the jugular foramen.
References
Vagus nerve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozsv%C3%A1th%E2%80%93Sch%C3%BCcking%20metric | The Ozsváth–Schücking metric, or the Ozsváth–Schücking solution, is a vacuum solution of the Einstein field equations. The metric was published by István Ozsváth and Engelbert Schücking in 1962. It is noteworthy among vacuum solutions for being the first known solution that is stationary, globally defined, and singularity-free but nevertheless not isometric to the Minkowski metric. This stands in contradiction to a claimed strong Mach principle, which would forbid a vacuum solution from being anything but Minkowski without singularities, where the singularities are to be construed as mass as in the Schwarzschild metric.
With coordinates , define the following tetrad:
It is straightforward to verify that e(0) is timelike, e(1), e(2), e(3) are spacelike, that they are all orthogonal, and that there are no singularities. The corresponding proper time is
The Riemann tensor has only one algebraically independent, nonzero component
which shows that the spacetime is Ricci flat but not conformally flat. That is sufficient to conclude that it is a vacuum solution distinct from Minkowski spacetime. Under a suitable coordinate transformation, the metric can be rewritten as
and is therefore an example of a pp-wave spacetime.
References
Exact solutions in general relativity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopyrrolones | Cyclopyrrolones are a family of hypnotic and anxiolytic nonbenzodiazepine drugs with similar pharmacological profiles to the benzodiazepine derivatives.
Although cyclopyrrolones are chemically unrelated to benzodiazepines, they function via the benzodiazepine receptor of neurotransmitter GABA. The best-known cyclopyrrolone derivatives are zopiclone (Imovane) and its active single-enantiomer component, eszopiclone (Lunesta), which are used to treat insomnia, and have a known potential for abuse. Other cyclopyrrolones include:
Pagoclone – anxiolytic
Pazinaclone – anxiolytic
Suproclone – anxiolytic
Suriclone – anxiolytic
References
Chemical classes of psychoactive drugs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tygon%20tubing | Tygon® is a brand name for a family of flexible polymer tubing consisting of a variety of materials to be used "across a range of specialized fluid transfer requirements". The specific composition of each type is a trade secret. Some variants have multiple layers of different materials. Tygon is a registered trademark of Saint-Gobain Corporation. It is an invented word, owned and used by Saint-Gobain and originated in the late 1930s. Tygon products are produced in three countries, but sold throughout the world. Tygon tubing is used in many markets, including food and beverage, chemical processing, industrial, laboratory, medical, pharmaceutical, and semiconductor processing. There are many formulations of clear, flexible, Tygon tubing. The chemical resistance and physical properties vary among the different formulations, but the tubing generally is intended to be "so resistant to chemical attack that it will handle practically any chemical", whether liquid, gas, or slurry. While largely non-reactive, Tygon has been reported to liberate carbon monoxide and is listed among carbon monoxide-releasing molecules.
Formulations and applications
Food and beverage applications
Tygon B-44-3, Tygon B-44-4X, Tygon B-44-4X I.B., and Tygon Silver (antimicrobial) were widely used in the food and beverage industry, in particular in: beverage dispensing, dairy processing, soft-serve dispensing, vitamin and flavor concentrate systems, cosmetic production, and water purification systems. Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DISC1 | Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DISC1 gene. In coordination with a wide array of interacting partners, DISC1 has been shown to participate in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, neuronal axon and dendrite outgrowth, mitochondrial transport, fission and/or fusion, and cell-to-cell adhesion. Several studies have shown that unregulated expression or altered protein structure of DISC1 may predispose individuals to the development of schizophrenia, clinical depression, bipolar disorder, and other psychiatric conditions. The cellular functions that are disrupted by permutations in DISC1, which lead to the development of these disorders, have yet to be clearly defined and are the subject of current ongoing research. Although, recent genetic studies of large schizophrenia cohorts have failed to implicate DISC1 as a risk gene at the gene level, the DISC1 interactome gene set was associated with schizophrenia, showing evidence from genome-wide association studies of the role of DISC1 and interacting partners in schizophrenia susceptibility.
Discovery
In 1970, researchers from the University of Edinburgh performing cytogenetic research on a group of juvenile offenders in Scotland found an abnormal translocation in chromosome 1 of one of the boys, who also displayed characteristics of an affective psychological disorder. After this initial observation, the boy's family was studied and it was found that 34 out of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20the%20Royal%20Statistical%20Society | The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of statistics. It comprises three series and is published by Oxford University Press for the Royal Statistical Society.
History
The Statistical Society of London was founded in 1834, but would not begin producing a journal for four years. From 1834 to 1837, members of the society would read the results of their studies to the other members, and some details were recorded in the proceedings. The first study reported to the society in 1834 was a simple survey of the occupations of people in Manchester, England. Conducted by going door-to-door and inquiring, the study revealed that the most common profession was mill-hands, followed closely by weavers.
When founded, the membership of the Statistical Society of London overlapped almost completely with the statistical section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1837 a volume of Transactions of the Statistical Society of London were written, and in May 1838 the society began its journal. The first editor-in-chief of the journal was Rawson W. Rawson. In the early days of the society and the journal, there was dispute over whether or not opinions should be expressed, or merely the numbers. The symbol of the society was a wheatsheaf, representing a bundle of facts, and the motto Aliis exterendum, Latin for "to be threshed out by others." Many early members chafed under this prohibition, and in 1857 the motto was dropped.
F |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%20school%20%28mathematical%20analysis%29 | The Chicago school of mathematical analysis is a school of thought in mathematics that emphasizes the applications of Fourier analysis to the study of partial differential equations. Mathematician Antoni Zygmund co-founded the school with his doctoral student Alberto Calderón at the University of Chicago in the 1950s. Over the years, Zygmund mentored over 40 doctoral students at the University of Chicago.
Key people
Antoni Zygmund
Alberto Calderón
Paul Cohen, Fields Medal winner (1966)
Charles Fefferman, Fields Medal winner (1978)
Eli Stein
Comments
The Chicago school of analysis is considered to be one of the strongest schools of mathematical analysis in the 20th century, which was responsible for some of the most important developments in analysis.
Awards
In 1986, Antoni Zygmund received the National Medal of Science, in part for his "creation and leadership of the strongest school of analytical research in the contemporary mathematical world."
See also
Joseph Fourier
Mathematical analysis
References
University of Chicago
Philosophical schools and traditions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic%20jet | In fluid dynamics, a synthetic jet flow — is a type of jet flow, which is made up of the surrounding fluid. Synthetic jets are produced by periodic ejection and suction of fluid from an opening. This oscillatory motion may be driven by a piston or diaphragm inside a cavity among other ways.
A jet flow is a fluid flow in which a stream of one fluid mixes with a surrounding medium. An example is a water jet that forms when you put your thumb over the end of a hose. The water mixes with air to form a jet. If you increase the flow of water or move your thumb to change the diameter of the exit, the jet will change dramatically.
Jet flows vary depending on velocity and diameter of the flow and the density and viscosity of the fluid (Reynolds number and Mach number). When the velocities in the jet are greater than the speed of sound, important qualitative changes in the flow occur. One such change is that shock waves form.
A synthetic jet flow was so named by Ari Glezer since the flow is "synthesized" from the surrounding or ambient fluid. Producing a convectional jet requires an external source of fluid, such as piped-in compressed air or plumbing for water.
Synjet devices
Synthetic jet flow can be developed in a number of ways, such as with an electromagnetic driver (e.g. plasma actuator), a piezoelectric driver, or even a mechanical driver such as a piston. Each moves a membrane or diaphragm up and down hundreds of times per second, sucking the surrounding fluid into a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostwald%27s%20rule | In materials science, Ostwald's rule or Ostwald's step rule, conceived by Wilhelm Ostwald, describes the formation of polymorphs. The rule states that usually the less stable polymorph crystallizes first. Ostwald's rule is not a universal law but a common tendency observed in nature.
This can be explained on the basis of irreversible thermodynamics, structural relationships, or a combined consideration of statistical thermodynamics and structural variation with temperature. Unstable polymorphs more closely resemble the state in solution, and thus are kinetically advantaged.
For example, out of hot water, metastable, fibrous crystals of benzamide appear first, only later to spontaneously convert to the more stable rhombic polymorph. Another example is magnesium carbonate, which more readily forms dolomite. A dramatic example is phosphorus, which upon sublimation first forms the less stable white phosphorus, which only slowly polymerizes to the red allotrope. This is notably the case for the anatase polymorph of titanium dioxide, which having a lower surface energy is commonly the first phase to form by crystallisation from amorphous precursors or solutions despite being metastable, with rutile being the equilibrium phase at all temperatures and pressures.
References
Mineralogy
Gemology
Crystallography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBB%20%28disambiguation%29 | HBB could refer to:
Science
Hexabromobenzene
Beta globin (HBB, β-globin or haemoglobin, beta) a globin protein in adult human hemoglobin A.
Human β-globin locus
Places
Headbangers Ball
National Rail station code for Hubberts Bridge railway station, England
Television
Has Bilgi Birikim - a defunct Turkish television channel.
Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV European initiative to combine broadcast television with the internet
Other
Humongous Bank and Broker - Informal term used to denote very large financial institutions in the United States
Honey Badger Brigade (or Twitter account HoneyBadgerBite), a website launched November 2013 based on the Honey Badger Radio series launched August 2013 on BlogTalkRadio on the AVoiceforMen channel.
Home-based business, a type of small business |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serghaya | Serghaya or Sirghaya () is a small town located in the Damascus countryside in south west Syria. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Serghaya had a population of 7,501 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims.
Geography
It is from Damascus and above sea level. It is at the foot of the Anti-Lebanon Mountain.
Serghaya has a moderate climate with a temperature that varies from 25 to 32 degrees Celsius all summer season and cold climate with temperature varies from -5 up to 10 all winter when snow covers the land and mountain.
It is connected to Damascus via Al-Zabadani and also has old rail reaches to Beirut via Riyaq (or Rayak), Bekaa.
Nearby Towns
West :`Utayb (3.5 nm)
North: Yahfufah (3.4 nm), Al Khuraybah (4.0 nm), Ma`rabun (3.4 nm)
East: Al `Uwayni (0.4 nm)
South: `Ayn al Hawr (2.2 nm)
Climate
In Serghaya, there is a cool summer Mediterranean climate. Rainfall is higher in winter than in summer. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Csc. The average annual temperature in Serghaya is . About of precipitation falls annually.
Economy
Economy for this town is based on agricultural activities and the main crops are (Apple, Cherry, Pear, Peach and Apricot).
References
Bibliography
Populated places in Al-Zabadani District
Towns in Syria |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20adaptins | Clathrin adaptor proteins, also known as adaptins, are proteins that mediate the formation of vesicles for intracellular trafficking and secretion. Adaptins are clustered subunits of adaptor protein (AP) complexes. There are several types of adaptin, each related to a different AP complex.
Adaptins show sequence similarity to some COPI subunits, thus they are thought to have a common evolutionary origin. The adaptin is a heterotetramer consisting of two large adaptins (beta and one other depending on the complex), a medium adaptin (mu), and a small adaptin (sigma):
complex 1
AP1B1
AP1G1
AP1G2
AP1M1
AP1M2
AP1S1
AP1S2
AP1S3
complex 2
AP2A1
AP2A2
AP2B1
AP2M1
AP2S1
complex 3
AP3B1
AP3B2
AP3D1
AP3M1
AP3M2
AP3S1
AP3S2
complex 4
AP4B1
AP4E1
AP4M1
AP4S1
complex 5
AP5Z1
AP5B1
AP5M1
AP5S1
A diagram of the 5 complexes is shown here
References
Alberts, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, Walter: Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition (2002), Garland Science.
Peripheral membrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medipix | Medipix is a family of photon counting and particle tracking pixel detectors developed by an international collaboration, hosted by CERN.
Design
These are hybrid detectors as a semiconductor sensor layer is bonded to a processing electronics layer.
The sensor layer is a semiconductor, such as silicon, GaAs, or CdTe in which the incident radiation makes an electron hole/cloud. The charge is then collected to pixel electrodes and, via bump bonds, conducted to the CMOS electronics layer.
The pixel electronics first amplifies the signal and then compares the signal amplitude with a pre-set discrimination level (an energy threshold). The subsequent signal processing depends on the type of device. A standard Medipix detector increases the counter in the appropriate pixel if the signal is above the discrimination level. The Medipix device also contains an upper discrimination level and hence only signals within a range of amplitude could be accepted (within an energy window).
Timepix devices offer two more modes of operation in addition to the counting. The first one is so called “Time-over-Threshold” mode (Wilkinson type analog-to-digital converter). It is a mode where the counter in each pixel records the number of clocks for which the pulse remains above the discrimination level. This number is proportional to the energy of detected radiation. This mode is useful for particle tracking applications or for direct spectral imaging.
The second mode of the Timepix chip is “Tim |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Griffin | Edna May Griffin (1909 – February 8, 2000) was an American civil rights pioneer and human rights activist. Known as the "Rosa Parks of Iowa", her court battle against the Katz Drug Store in Des Moines in 1948, State of Iowa v. Katz, foreshadowed the civil rights movement and became a landmark case before the Iowa Supreme Court.
Life
Edna Mae Griffin was born in Lexington, Kentucky in 1909. Griffin was raised in rural New Hampshire as well as moved to Massachusetts. Griffin claimed she learned to read with access to The Crisis, a publication of the NAACP. In 1933, Edna received a degree in English from Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, preparing her for a career as a school teacher. While at Fisk University, she protested against Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia as well as met her future husband, Stanley Griffin. Edna and her husband moved to Des Moines, Iowa, on January 2, 1947, as Stanley was accepted as a student at Still College of Osteopathy and Surgery. Edna and Stanley had three children: Phyllis, Linda and Stanley.
Civil Rights
Edna Griffin claims she did not experience discrimination growing up in New Hampshire but did later while living in Massachusetts. When she arrived in Des Moines, Griffin got involved with the Iowa Progressive Party and supported Henry Wallace in the presidential race.
Katz Drug Store
On July 7, 1948, Edna Griffin, John Bibbs, Leonard Hudson and Griffin’s one-year-old daughter, Phyllis, were refused service at Katz Drug Store in d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARC-ECRIS | ARC-ECRIS is an Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS) based on arc-shaped coils unlike the conventional ECRIS which bases on a multipole magnet (usually a hexapole magnet) inside a solenoid magnet.
First time the arc-shaped coils were used already in the 1960s in fusion experiments, for example at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (MFTF, Baseball II, ...) and later in Japan (GAMMA10, ...).
In 2006 the JYFL ion source group designed, constructed and tested similar plasma trap to produce highly charged heavy ion beams. The first tests were promising and showed that a stable plasma can be confined in an arc-coil magnetic field structure (see references).
References
External links
YouTube video of a conventional ECRIS plasma (hexapolar magnetic field)
Ion source |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus%20virus%20phi29 | Bacillus virus Φ29 (bacteriophage Φ29) is a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) bacteriophage with a prolate icosahedral head and a short tail that belongs to the genus Salasvirus, order Caudovirales, and family Salasmaviridae. They are in the same order as phages PZA, Φ15, BS32, B103, M2Y (M2), Nf, and GA-1. First discovered in 1965, the Φ29 phage is the smallest Bacillus phage isolated to date and is among the smallest known dsDNA phages.
Φ29 has a unique DNA packaging motor structure that employs prohead packaging RNA (pRNA) to guide the translocation of the phage genome during replication. This novel structure system has inspired ongoing research in nanotechnology, drug delivery, and therapeutics.
In nature, the Φ29 phage infects Bacillus subtilis, a species of gram-positive, endospore-forming bacteria that is found in soil, as well as the gastrointestinal tracts of various marine and terrestrial organisms, including human beings.
History
In 1965, American microbiologist Dr. Bernard Reilly discovered the Φ29 phage in Dr. John Spizizen’s lab at the University of Minnesota. Due to its small size and complex morphology, it has become an ideal model for the study of many processes in molecular biology, such as morphogenesis, viral DNA packaging, viral replication, and transcription.
Structure
The structure of Φ29 is composed of seven main proteins: the terminal protein (p3), the head or capsid protein (p8), the head or capsid fiber protein (p8.5), the distal tail knob (p9), th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Palace%20%28Montreal%29 | The Crystal Palace was an exhibition hall built for the Montreal Industrial Exhibition of 1860, originally located at the foot of Victoria Street (one block west of University) between Sainte-Catherine and Cathcart Streets, then relocated to Fletcher's Field. It was used for temporary exhibitions, and in winter, housed an ice skating rink.
Construction
The building was designed by Montreal architect John William Hopkins. It had an iron framework, a tinned barrel-vaulted nave and two galleries, each twenty feet wide, extending all the way around the interior. Its design was inspired by The Crystal Palace in London. Its main facades were of iron and glass. Its side walls were of white brick with rose-coloured contrast, with the iron and wood elements painted to match the brick. Its bays were subdivided by three arches, with only the centre arch glazed. Constructed in 20-foot modules, the Crystal Palace was intended to be 180 x 200 feet, but was constructed with shorter transepts, reducing its dimensions to 180 x 120 feet.
1860 Industrial Exhibition
The Industrial Exhibition displayed agricultural and industrial products from the then British North America. The displays ranged from minerals, native woods, seeds and grains, preserved birds and fish, oils and foodstuffs to textiles and leather goods, furniture, clothing, machinery, iron work, tools and crafts. As part of the exhibition the Art Association of Montreal, the future Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, organized a display |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augelite | Augelite is an aluminium phosphate mineral with formula: Al2(PO4)(OH)3. The shade varies from colorless to white, yellow or rose. Its crystal system is monoclinic.
It was first described by Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand for an occurrence in Västanå iron mine at Scania, Sweden in 1868 and derives its name from the Greek αύγή in reference to its pearly lustre.
It occurs as a product of metamorphism of phosphate bearing peraluminous sediments and in high-temperature hydrothermal ore deposits. It occurs in association with attakolite, svanbergite, lazulite, hematite, trolleite, berlinite, rutile, pyrophyllite, baryte, arsenopyrite, stannite, pyrite, andorite, cassiterite and zinkenite.
References
Phosphate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbins%20lemma | In statistics, the Robbins lemma, named after Herbert Robbins, states that if X is a random variable having a Poisson distribution with parameter λ, and f is any function for which the expected value E(f(X)) exists, then
Robbins introduced this proposition while developing empirical Bayes methods.
References
Theorems in statistics
Lemmas
Poisson distribution |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihoz%C3%A1pad | Jihozápad (Southwest) is statistical area of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, level NUTS 2. It includes the Plzeň Region and the South Bohemian Region.
It covers an area of 17 617 km2 and 1,214,450 inhabitants (population density 67 inhabitants/km2).
Economy
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 20.6 billion € in 2018, accounting for 9.9% of Czech economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 23,600 € or 78% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was also 75% of the EU average.
References
See also
NUTS of the Czech Republic
NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union
Subdivisions of the Czech Republic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging-associated%20diseases | An aging-associated disease (commonly termed age-related disease, ARD) is a disease that is most often seen with increasing frequency with increasing senescence. They are essentially complications of senescence, distinguished from the aging process itself because all adult animals age (with rare exceptions) but not all adult animals experience all age-associated diseases. The term does not refer to age-specific diseases, such as the childhood diseases chicken pox and measles, only diseases of the elderly. They are also not accelerated aging diseases, all of which are genetic disorders.
Examples of aging-associated diseases are atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, cataracts, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and Alzheimer's disease. The incidence of all of these diseases increases exponentially with age.
Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes. In industrialized nations, the proportion is higher, reaching 90%.
Patterns of differences
By age 3, about 30% of rats have had cancer, whereas by age 85 about 30% of humans have had cancer. Humans, dogs and rabbits get Alzheimer's disease, but rodents do not. Elderly rodents typically die of cancer or kidney disease, but not of cardiovascular disease. In humans, the relative incidence of cancer increases exponentially with age for most cancers, but levels off or may even decline by age 60–75 (although colon/rectal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schilder%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Schilder's theorem is a generalization of the Laplace method from integrals on to functional Wiener integration. The theorem is used in the large deviations theory of stochastic processes. Roughly speaking, out of Schilder's theorem one gets an estimate for the probability that a (scaled-down) sample path of Brownian motion will stray far from the mean path (which is constant with value 0). This statement is made precise using rate functions. Schilder's theorem is generalized by the Freidlin–Wentzell theorem for Itō diffusions.
Statement of the theorem
Let C0 = C0([0, T]; Rd) be the Banach space of continuous functions such that , equipped with the supremum norm ||·||∞ and be the subspace of absolutely continuous functions whose derivative is in (the so-called Cameron-Martin space). Define the rate function
on and let be two given functions, such that (the "action") has a unique minimum .
Then under some differentiability and growth assumptions on which are detailed in Schilder 1966, one has
where denotes expectation with respect to the Wiener measure on and is the Hessian of at the minimum ; is meant in the sense of an inner product.
Application to large deviations on the Wiener measure
Let B be a standard Brownian motion in d-dimensional Euclidean space Rd starting at the origin, 0 ∈ Rd; let W denote the law of B, i.e. classical Wiener measure. For ε > 0, let Wε denote the law of the rescaled process B. Then, on the Banach space |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammon%20mapping | Sammon mapping or Sammon projection is an algorithm that maps a high-dimensional space to a space of lower dimensionality (see multidimensional scaling) by trying to preserve the structure of inter-point distances in high-dimensional space in the lower-dimension projection.
It is particularly suited for use in exploratory data analysis.
The method was proposed by John W. Sammon in 1969.
It is considered a non-linear approach as the mapping cannot be represented as a linear combination of the original variables as possible in techniques such as principal component analysis, which also makes it more difficult to use for classification applications.
Denote the distance between ith and jth objects in the original space by , and the distance between their projections by .
Sammon's mapping aims to minimize the following error function, which is often referred to as Sammon's stress or Sammon's error:
The minimization can be performed either by gradient descent, as proposed initially, or by other means, usually involving iterative methods.
The number of iterations needs to be experimentally determined and convergent solutions are not always guaranteed.
Many implementations prefer to use the first Principal Components as a starting configuration.
The Sammon mapping has been one of the most successful nonlinear metric multidimensional scaling methods since its advent in 1969, but effort has been focused on algorithm improvement rather than on the form of the stress functio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freidlin%E2%80%93Wentzell%20theorem | In mathematics, the Freidlin–Wentzell theorem (due to Mark Freidlin and Alexander D. Wentzell) is a result in the large deviations theory of stochastic processes. Roughly speaking, the Freidlin–Wentzell theorem gives an estimate for the probability that a (scaled-down) sample path of an Itō diffusion will stray far from the mean path. This statement is made precise using rate functions. The Freidlin–Wentzell theorem generalizes Schilder's theorem for standard Brownian motion.
Statement
Let B be a standard Brownian motion on Rd starting at the origin, 0 ∈ Rd, and let Xε be an Rd-valued Itō diffusion solving an Itō stochastic differential equation of the form
where the drift vector field b : Rd → Rd is uniformly Lipschitz continuous. Then, on the Banach space C0 = C0([0, T]; Rd) equipped with the supremum norm ||·||∞, the family of processes (Xε)ε>0 satisfies the large deviations principle with good rate function I : C0 → R ∪ {+∞} given by
if ω lies in the Sobolev space H1([0, T]; Rd), and I(ω) = +∞ otherwise. In other words, for every open set G ⊆ C0 and every closed set F ⊆ C0,
and
References
(See chapter 5.6)
Asymptotic analysis
Stochastic differential equations
Theorems in statistics
Large deviations theory
Probability theorems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDF%20Group | TDF (which stands for Télédiffusion de France officially renamed TDF in 2004) is a French company which provides radio and television transmission services, services for telecommunications operators, and other multimedia services – digitization of content, encoding, storage, etc.
Its headquarters are located in Paris. It is the dominant partner in the HDRR WiMAX consortium and is also part of Digital Radio Mondiale.
Arkena
Arkena was European company that regroups four entities: Cognacq-Jay Image (France), PSN (Poland), Qbrick (Sweden) and SmartJog (France). These entities were all part of the Media Services division of the TDF Group. Arkena provides full end-to-end media services such as playout services, OTT (over-the-top content), Online video platform including stand-alone solutions for file transfer, storage and content preparation for any media.
Arkena was officially launched on January 20, 2014. Its headquarters are located in Paris and it operates offices in London, Los Angeles, Madrid, Warsaw, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Aarhus, Gothenburg, Helsinki, Ivry-sur-Seine, and Turku. Almost 500 people are part of the Arkena organization. Arkena went out of business as company in December 2019 and after a management buy-out, Cognac-Jay Image took over.
History
The TDF Group created its media services division through a combination of acquisitions and organic growth. Now, TDF Media Services regroups Arkena and BeBanjo.
Cognacq-Jay Image was located in Cognacq-Jay street in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Ethylhexanoic%20acid | 2-Ethylhexanoic acid is the organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)3CH(C2H5)CO2H. It is a carboxylic acid that is widely used to prepare lipophilic metal derivatives that are soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. 2-Ethylhexanoic acid is a colorless viscous oil. It is supplied as a racemic mixture.
Production
2-Ethylhexanoic acid is produced industrially from propylene, which is hydroformylated to give butyraldehyde. Aldol condensation of the aldehyde gives 2-ethylhexenal, which is hydrogenated to 2-ethylhexanal. Oxidation of this aldehyde gives the carboxylic acid.
Metal ethylhexanoates
2-Ethylhexanoic acid forms compounds with metal cations that have stoichiometry as metal acetates. These ethylhexanoate complexes are used in organic and industrial chemical synthesis. They function as catalysts in polymerizations as well as for oxidation reactions as "oil drying agents." They are highly soluble in nonpolar solvents. These metal complexes are often described as salts. They are, however, not ionic but charge-neutral coordination complexes. Their structures are akin to the corresponding acetates.
Examples of metal ethylhexanoates
Hydroxyl aluminium bis(2-ethylhexanoate), used as a thickener
Tin(II) ethylhexanoate (CAS# 301-10-0), a catalyst for polylactide and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid).
Cobalt(II) ethylhexanoate (CAS# 136-52-7), a drier for alkyd resins
Nickel(II) ethylhexanoate (CAS# 4454-16-4)
See also
2-Ethylhexanol
References
Alkanoic acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Perks | Thomas Perks (2 October 1883–15 January 1953) was an English cricketer who played one first-class match, for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against London County at Crystal Palace Park in August 1902. In an innings defeat for MCC, Perks claimed three stumpings and one catch, although John Whiteside (who stumped one further man) was listed as MCC's wicket-keeper on the scorecard.
Perks was born in Worcester; he died in Ledbury, Herefordshire at the age of 69.
His son, Reg Perks, had a far more substantial career, playing nearly 600 first-class matches including two Tests and playing for Worcestershire for more than two decades.
Notes
External links
Statistical summary from CricketArchive
Lists of matches and detailed statistics for Thomas Perks from CricketArchive
English cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
1883 births
1953 deaths
Cricketers from Worcester, England |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric%20wireless%20receiver | Dielectric wireless receiver is a type of radiofrequency receiver front-end featuring a complete absence of electronic circuitry and metal interconnects. It offers immunity against damage from intense electromagnetic radiation, produced by EMP and HPM sources. This receiver is known as ADNERF (an acronym used to signify an All-Dielectric Non-Electronic Radio Front-End). ADNERF is a type of Electro-Magnetic Pulse Tolerant Microwave Receiver (EMPiRe).
Background
The continuing trend towards reduced feature size and voltage in integrated circuits renders modern electronics highly susceptible to damages caused by High Power Microwave (HPM) and other microwave based directed energy sources. These induce high voltage transient surges of thousands of volts which can punch through the gate insulator in the transistor and can destroy the circuit’s metal interconnects. To immunize electronic systems against such threats, the “soft spots” (metal and transistor) in a conventional receiver front-end, must be eliminated.
Operation
The basic concept of this photonic-assisted all-dielectric RF front-end technology is shown in Fig. 1. The Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) in the front-end, functions as a concentrator of incoming electromagnetic field. When the electromagnetic (EM) field excites the resonance of DRA, a mode field pattern is built up inside the structure. The EO resonator is placed at the location of the peak field magnitude (Fig. 2). The EO resonator converts the receive |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887%20AHAC%20season | The 1887 AHAC season was the inaugural season of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada. Play was in challenges. The Montreal Crystals defeated the Montreal Victorias to win the final challenge of the season to claim the Canadian championship and the first league championship.
League business
The AHAC was organized on December 8, 1886, when the representatives of various hockey clubs met at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal at the instigation of the Victoria Hockey Club of Montreal. The first executive was composed of:
President: Thomas D. Green, Ottawa.
First vice-president: Jack Arnton, Victorias.
Second vice-president: Robert Laing, Crystals.
Secretary-treasurer: E. Stevenson, Victorias.
Council: James Stewart, Crystals; J. G. Monk, Victorias; Hanbury A. Budden, McGill; E. Sheppard, M.A.A.A.: Percy Myles, Ottawa.
Regular season
A.E. Swift from the Quebec HC played four games for the Victorias, being possibly the first hockey player to play for a city other than their home.
The season's final match, held in the Victoria Rink on March 11 ended 3–2 for Montreal Crystals over the Montreal Victorias. The Vics had won the previous two meetings between the clubs. The Crystals changed their lineup, replacing F. Dowd, R. Laing and J. McGoldrick. The Crystals took the early lead on two goals by S. McQuisten. The Vics appeared to score a goal, but it was ruled to be too high and did not count. In the second half, D. Brown, one of the replacements, scored the third f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe%20Gulch | Adobe Gulch is a valley in San Mateo County, California, about long, located on the west side of Upper Crystal Springs Reservoir. It has an elevation of 97 meters, or 318 feet. It is located at 37-29'53 N and 122-20'51 W. Adobe Gulch is the northernmost of several tributaries (and the only one named by the USGS) that descend the eastern flank of the Santa Cruz Mountains to Upper Crystal Springs Reservoir (and historically, Laguna Creek).
References
Valleys of San Mateo County, California
Valleys of California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QH-II-66 | QH-II-66 (QH-ii-066) is a sedative drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It produces some of the same effects as other benzodiazepines, but is much more selective than most other drugs of this class and so produces somewhat less sedation and ataxia than other related drugs such as diazepam and triazolam, although it still retains anticonvulsant effects.
QH-ii-066 is a highly subtype-selective GABAA agonist which was designed to bind selectively to the α5 subtype of GABAA receptors.
The α5 subtype (and to a lesser extent the α1 subtype) of GABAA are two of the most important targets in the brain that produce the effects of alcohol, and so one of the purposes for which QH-ii-066 was developed was to reproduce the GABAergic effects of alcohol separately from its other actions.
QH-ii-066 replicates some of the effects of alcohol, such as sedation and ataxia, but does not increase appetite, as this effect seems to be produced by the α1 subtype of GABAA rather than α5. The inverse agonist Ro15-4513, which blocks the α5 subtype of GABAA, reverses the effects of alcohol, suggesting that this subtype is also important in producing the subjective effects of alcohol intoxication.
See also
GL-II-73
Pyeazolam
SH-I-048A
SH-053-R-CH3-2′F
References
Benzodiazepines
Sedatives
Hypnotics
Ethynyl compounds
Lactams
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson%E2%80%93G%C3%A4rtner%20theorem | In mathematics, the Dawson–Gärtner theorem is a result in large deviations theory. Heuristically speaking, the Dawson–Gärtner theorem allows one to transport a large deviation principle on a “smaller” topological space to a “larger” one.
Statement of the theorem
Let (Yj)j∈J be a projective system of Hausdorff topological spaces with maps pij : Yj → Yi. Let X be the projective limit (also known as the inverse limit) of the system (Yj, pij)i,j∈J, i.e.
Let (με)ε>0 be a family of probability measures on X. Assume that, for each j ∈ J, the push-forward measures (pj∗με)ε>0 on Yj satisfy the large deviation principle with good rate function Ij : Yj → R ∪ {+∞}. Then the family (με)ε>0 satisfies the large deviation principle on X with good rate function I : X → R ∪ {+∞} given by
References
(See theorem 4.6.1)
Asymptotic analysis
Large deviations theory
Probability theorems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapizolam | Zapizolam is a pyridodiazepine drug, which is a benzodiazepine analog of pyridotriazolodiazepine group. It has sedative and anxiolytic effects similar to those produced by benzodiazepine derivatives, and has been sold illicitly as a designer drug.
References
Chloroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Pyridodiazepines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz%20Rybczynski | Tadeusz Mieczysław Rybczyński (also Rybczynski; 1923–1998) was a Polish-English economist who is known for the development of the Rybczynski theorem (1955).
He studied at the London School of Economics. Soon after discovering his famous theorem, he joined Lazard and spent the rest of his career there as an investment banker.
References
1923 births
1998 deaths
British people of Polish descent
20th-century British economists
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Academics of the London School of Economics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiSwap | In cryptography, MultiSwap is a block cipher/MAC created by Microsoft in 1999 as part of its Windows Media DRM service (WMDRM). Microsoft's internal name for the algorithm is not publicly known; it was dubbed MultiSwap in a 2001 report on WMDRM under the pseudonym "Beale Screamer".
The cipher has a block size of 64 bits, but the two halves are processed nearly separately. All arithmetic operations are performed mod 232. In the encryption process, each half block has added to it the output of the previous half block. Next it undergoes 5 multiplications by odd 32-bit subkeys, each followed by a swap of its 16-bit halves. Then a final subkey is added to it. As the half blocks use separate subkeys, and the multipliers are forced to be odd, the total key size is 374 bits. The name MultiSwap comes from the cipher's multiplications and swaps. WMDRM uses this algorithm only as a MAC, never for encryption.
Borisov, et al. applied a multiplicative form of differential cryptanalysis to break MultiSwap.
References
Broken block ciphers
Digital rights management systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curculin | Curculin or neoculin is a sweet protein that was discovered and isolated in 1990 from the fruit of Curculigo latifolia (Hypoxidaceae), a plant from Malaysia. Like miraculin, curculin exhibits taste-modifying activity; however, unlike miraculin, it also exhibits a sweet taste by itself. After consumption of curculin, water and sour solutions taste sweet. The plant is referred to locally as 'Lumbah' or 'Lemba'.
Protein structure
The active form of curculin is a heterodimer consisting of two monomeric units connected through two disulfide bridges. The mature monomers each consist of a sequence of 114 amino acids, weighing 12.5 kDa (curculin 1) and 12.7 kDa (curculin 2), respectively. While each of the two isoforms is capable of forming a homodimer, these do not possess the sweet taste nor the taste-modifying activity of the heterodimeric form. To avoid confusion, the heterodimeric form is sometimes referred to as "neoculin".
1, 1-50: DNVLLSGQTL HADHSLQAGA YTLTIQNKCN LVKYQNGRQI WASNTDRRGS
1, 51-100: GCRLTLLSDG NLVIYDHNNN DVWGSACWGD NGKYALVLQK DGRFVIYGPV
1, 101-114: LWSLGPNGCR RVNG
2, 1-50: DSVLLSGQTL YAGHSLTSGS YTLTIQNNCN LVKYQHGRQI WASDTDGQGS
2, 51-100: QCRLTLRSDG NLIIYDDNNM VVWGSDCWGN NGTYALVLQQ DGLFVIYGPV
2, 101-113: LWPLGLNGCR SLN
Amino acid sequence of sweet proteins curculin-1 and curculin-2 adapted from Swiss-Prot biological database of protein sequences. Intra-chain disulfide bonds in bold, inter-chain disulfide bonds underlined.
Sweetness properties
Curculin is cons |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severoz%C3%A1pad | Severozápad (Northwest) is a statistical area of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, level NUTS 2. It includes the Karlovy Vary Region and Ústí nad Labem Region.
It covers an area of 8 649 km2 and 1,120,654 inhabitants (population density 130 inhabitants/km2).
Economy
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 15.2 billion € in 2018, accounting for 7.3% of Czech economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 19,200 € or 64% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was also 64% of the EU average.
See also
NUTS of the Czech Republic
References
NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union
Subdivisions of the Czech Republic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav%20Mirchev | Vladislav Mirchev (; born 23 January 1987) is a Bulgarian footballer who plays for Septemvri Tervel as a forward.
Career
Born in Varna, Mirchev was a product of the Spartak Varna system. In June 2004, he was moved from the youth squad to the first team. Mirchev made his debut during the 2004–05 season in A PFG, on 13 August 2004 against PFC Rodopa Smolyan. The club was relegated to B PFG at the end of the season. He scored his first goal for Spartak in their 2–0 victory over Maritsa Plovdiv on 10 September 2005. Mirchev helped the club to promotion to A PFG in 2006.
In May 2006 Mirchev eventually signed a one-year loan deal with Chernomorets Burgas, making his debut in an away draw against Dunav Ruse on 30 September 2006.
One-a-half-year later Mirchev was loaned to the Belarusian side BATE Borisov for four months. With BATE he played in the UEFA Champions League 2008-09 group stage. On 9 September 2008 Mirchev scored a hat-trick for BATE in a match of the Belarusian Cup against Neman Most. He scored goals in the 38th, 40th and 74th minute. The result of the match was a 7–3 win for BATE. On 14 September Mirchev scored his first league goal for the club against Naftan Novopolotsk. A few days later Mirchev made his Champions League debut against Real Madrid at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. Before he returned to Spartak he became a champion of Belarus in November 2008.
He signed for Italian team A.C. Ancona in August 2009, for two-year contract.
After impressing with FC Bd |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthosine%20triphosphate | Xanthosine 5'-triphosphate (XTP) is a nucleotide that is not produced by - and has no known function in - living cells. Uses of XTP are, in general, limited to experimental procedures on enzymes that bind other nucleotides. Deamination of purine bases can result in accumulation of such nucleotides as ITP, dITP, XTP, and dXTP.
References
See also
Xanthosine
Xanthosine monophosphate
Nucleotides
Phosphate esters
Xanthines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundquist%20number | In plasma physics, the Lundquist number (denoted by ) is a dimensionless ratio which compares the timescale of an Alfvén wave crossing to the timescale of resistive diffusion. It is a special case of the magnetic Reynolds number when the Alfvén velocity is the typical velocity scale of the system, and is given by
where is the typical length scale of the system, is the magnetic diffusivity and is the Alfvén velocity of the plasma.
High Lundquist numbers indicate highly conducting plasmas, while low Lundquist numbers indicate more resistive plasmas. Laboratory plasma experiments typically have Lundquist numbers between , while in astrophysical situations the Lundquist number can be greater than . Considerations of Lundquist number are especially important in magnetic reconnection.
See also
Magnetic Prandtl number
Péclet number
Stuart number
References
Plasma parameters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Albert%20Hasselbalch | Karl Albert Hasselbalch (; 1 November 1874 – 19 September 1962) was a Danish physician and chemist known for his work on the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation.
Early life and education
Hasselbalch was born in Åstrup, near Hjørring, Denmark on 1 November 1874. Hasselbalch received his medical degree in 1898 and his doctorate in 1899 for his thesis on the respiratory metabolism in the chicken embryo.
Career
Hasselbalch was a pioneer in the use of pH measurement in medicine (with Christian Bohr, father of Niels Bohr), and he described how the affinity of blood for oxygen was dependent on the concentration of carbon dioxide. He was also first to determine the pH of blood. In 1916, he converted the 1908 equation of Lawrence Joseph Henderson to logarithmic form, which is now known as the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation.
References
Danish scientists
1874 births
1962 deaths |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20health | Soil health is a state of a soil meeting its range of ecosystem functions as appropriate to its environment. In more colloquial terms, the health of soil arises from favorable interactions of all soil components (living and non-living) that belong together, as in microbiota, plants and animals. It is possible that a soil can be healthy in terms of ecosystem functioning but not necessarily serve crop production or human nutrition directly, hence the scientific debate on terms and measurements.
Soil health testing is pursued as an assessment of this status but tends to be confined largely to agronomic objectives, for obvious reasons. Soil health depends on soil biodiversity (with a robust soil biota), and it can be improved via soil management, especially by care to keep protective living covers on the soil and by natural (carbon-containing) soil amendments. Inorganic fertilizers do not necessarily damage soil health if 1) used at appropriate and not excessive rates and 2) if they bring about a general improvement of overall plant growth which contributes more carbon-containing residues to the soil.
Aspects
The term soil health is used to describe the state of a soil in:
Sustaining plant and animal productivity (agronomic focus);
Enhancing biodiversity (Soil biodiversity) (ecological focus);
Maintaining or enhancing water and air quality (environmental/climate focus);
Supporting human health and habitation.
sequestering carbon
Soil Health has partly if not largely replaced |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Nesic | Alexander D. Nesic (born April 17, 1976) is a Serbian-French-American film and television actor, best known for his work in the miniseries Sleeper Cell.
Early life and education
Born in Santa Barbara, California, and raised in Antibes, France and Hawaii, Nesic is of Serbian and French descent, and holds dual United States/French citizenship and speaks four languages fluently. He earned his B.A. in European History and Spanish Literature from Santa Clara University.
Career
He has been featured in the feature films High Crimes, which starred Ashley Judd and Jim Caviezel, and the comedy What Boys Like. He played Christian Aumont on the TV series Sleeper Cell.
Nesic has also appeared in guest roles on CSI: Miami, JAG, As If, Angel, Felicity and Unhappily Ever After.
Personal life
Nesic became engaged with fellow Sleeper Cell co-star Melissa Sagemiller after proposing to her in South of France in July 2006. The couple share two children.
Partial filmography
Unhappily Ever After (1 episode, 1998) (TV)
Felicity (1 episode, 2000) (TV)
The Groomsmen (2001)
Angel (1 episode, 2001) (TV)
As If (1 episode, 2002) (TV)
High Crimes (2002)
Crossing Jordan (1 episode, 2002) (TV)
Journey Into Night (2002)
JAG (1 episode, 2003) (TV)
Malibu Eyes (2004) (V)
CSI: Miami (1 episode, 2005) (TV)
Sleeper Cell (10 episodes, 2005) (TV)
NCIS (1 episode, 2006) (TV)
Drifter (2007/I)
Say It in Russian (2007)
Eleventh Hour (1 episode, 2008) (TV)
Dirty Sexy Money (2 episodes, 2007–2009) (TV)
From Mexico wi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosazepam | Fosazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative; it is a water soluble derivative of diazepam. It has sedative and anxiolytic effects, and is a derivative of diazepam which has been substituted with a dimethylphosphoryl group to improve solubility in water.
Fosazepam has similar effects on sleep as other benzodiazepines. In a clinical trial it was reported that fosazepam to lead to increased sleep duration with less broken sleep but sleep quality was worsened with suppressed deep sleep and increased light sleep. Adverse effects included feelings of impaired morning vitality and upon discontinuing the drug benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms of anxiety, impaired concentration and impaired morning vitality were experienced. Another clinical trial also found worsening of sleep while on benzodiazepines as well as during withdrawal with suppression of deep sleep stages including REM sleep, with increased light sleep upon withdrawal. The main metabolites of fosazepam are 3-hydroxyfosazepam and the active metabolite desmethyldiazepam which has a very long elimination half-life of about 3 days. Tolerance to the hypnotic effects of fosazepam starts to develop after about 7 days of use. Due to the very long elimination half-life of the active metabolite of fosazepam it is not recommended for use as a hypnotic. The main pharmacological effects of fosazepam may be due to its metabolite nordiazepam (desmethyldiazepam), rather than the parent drug. The long-acting active metabolit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNT4 | WNT4 is a secreted protein that, in humans, is encoded by the WNT4 gene, found on chromosome 1. It promotes female sex development and represses male sex development. Loss of function can have serious consequences, such as female to male sex reversal.
Function
The WNT gene family consists of structurally related genes that encode secreted signaling proteins. These proteins have been implicated in oncogenesis and in several developmental processes, including regulation of cell fate and embryogenesis.
Pregnancy
WNT4 is involved in many features of pregnancy as a downstream target of BMP2. For example, it regulates endometrial stromal cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. These processes are all necessary for the development of an embryo. Ablation in female mice results in subfertility, with defects in implantation and decidualization. For instance, there is a decrease in responsiveness to progesterone signaling. Furthermore, postnatal uterine differentiation is characterized by a reduction in gland numbers and the stratification of the luminal epithelium.
Sexual development
Early gonads
Gonads arise from the thickening of coelomic epithelium, which at first appears as multiple cell layers. They later commit to sex determination, becoming either female or male under normal circumstances. Regardless of sex, though, WNT4 is needed for cell proliferation. In mouse gonads, it has been detected only eleven days after fertilization. If deficient in XY m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobase | Astro Base was a toy made by the Ideal company in the early 1960s. The toy ran on 4 D Cell batteries. Besides a power switch, it had several features that includes the following modes of operation:
Modes of operation
Astro Scope: Switch to Astro Scope and a scene of spaceships, rockets, and jets rotates through a viewfinder just below a radar dome on the top of the toy. A button on the console let the user "fire" at objects seen on the screen, which would pause the rotating images and emit a machine-gun style sound.
Space Lock: A crane emerges from the hatch on one side of the toy. This crane has a hoist operation that can be used to raise or lower a plastic astronaut figure, or other objects that the user may have that can be connected to the hook at the end of a chain. The main purpose of this crane is to insert or remove the astronaut from a scout car.
Scout Car: The scout car can be plugged into a port on the console and controlled by a two position switch marked "turn" and "drive" that can actually be used to steer the vehicle with a bit of practice. The scout car also has missiles that can be launched.
Ideal made two variations of the Astro Base. The original "all red" version featured a lighted Astro Scope that illuminated the pictures spinning around the Astro Scope. Ideal Toys discontinued this version and offered the common "red and white" version.
References
External links
Astro Base
1960s toys |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio%20Preti | Gregorio Preti (Taverna 1603 - Rome 1672) was a Baroque painter. He was the brother of famous Calabrian painter Mattia Preti. There is a fresco by him in the church of San Carlo ai Catinari at Rome.
References
1603 births
1672 deaths
People from the Province of Catanzaro
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian Baroque painters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20carbon | Soil carbon is the solid carbon stored in global soils. This includes both soil organic matter and inorganic carbon as carbonate minerals. It is vital to the soil capacity in our ecosystem. Soil carbon is a carbon sink in regard to the global carbon cycle, playing a role in biogeochemistry, climate change mitigation, and constructing global climate models. Natural variation such as organisms and time has affected the management of carbon in the soils. The major influence has been that of human activities which has caused a massive loss of soil organic carbon. An example of human activity includes fire which destroys the top layer of the soil and the soil therefore get exposed to excessive oxidation.
Overview
Soil carbon is present in two forms: inorganic and organic. Soil inorganic carbon consists of mineral forms of carbon, either from weathering of parent material, or from reaction of soil minerals with atmospheric CO2. Carbonate minerals are the dominant form of soil carbon in desert climates. Soil organic carbon is present as soil organic matter. It includes relatively available carbon as fresh plant remains and relatively inert carbon in materials derived from plant remains: humus and charcoal.
Global carbon cycle
Although exact quantities are difficult to measure, human activities have caused substantial losses of soil organic carbon. Of the 2,700 Gt of carbon stored in soils worldwide, 1550 GtC is organic and 950 GtC is inorganic carbon, which is approximately thr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20of%20Fluids | Physics of Fluids is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering fluid dynamics, established by the American Institute of Physics in 1958, and is published by AIP Publishing. The journal focus is the dynamics of gases, liquids, and complex or multiphase fluids—and the journal contains original research resulting from theoretical, computational, and experimental studies.
History
From 1958 through 1988, the journal included plasma physics. From 1989 until 1993, the journal split into Physics of Fluids A covering fluid dynamics, and Physics of Fluids B, on plasma physics. In 1994, the latter was renamed Physics of Plasmas, and the former continued under its original name, Physics of Fluids.
The journal was originally published by the American Institute of Physics in cooperation with the American Physical Society's Division of Fluid Dynamics. In 2016, the American Institute of Physics became the sole publisher. From 1985 to 2015, Physics of Fluids published the Gallery of Fluid Motion, containing award-winning photographs, images, and visual streaming media of fluid flow.
With funding from the American Institute of Physics the annual "François Naftali Frenkiel Award" was established by the American Physical Society in 1984 to reward a young scientist who published a paper containing significant contributions to fluid dynamics during the previous year. The award-winning paper was chosen from Physics of Fluids until 2016, but is presently chosen from Physical Review Flui |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek%20Jeffries | Derek Jeffries (born 22 March 1951 in Longsight, Manchester, England) is an English former footballer. He played for Manchester City, Crystal Palace, Peterborough United, Millwall and Chester. He played mainly as a central defender, but also operated in midfield.
Career
He played for Manchester City between 1968 and 1973. In the 1968–69 season he played no games. In the 1969–70 season he made his debut for City, playing seven games. In the 1970–71 season he made 19 appearances. In the 1971–72 season he played 12 games. He played as a substitute as City won the 1972 FA Charity Shield. In the 1972–73 he played 34 games. In 1973, he transferred to Crystal Palace, where he remained for four years apart from time on loan at Peterborough United and Millwall.
In the summer of 1977, Jeffries joined Chester, who were managed by his former Manchester City teammate Alan Oakes. In his first season, Jeffries helped them finish fifth in Division Three (now League One), their highest position in the last 60 years. Jeffries would be voted the club's player of the season in 1978-79 and was part of the side that reached the fifth round of the FA Cup the following season (equalling the club's best run). He left Chester on a free transfer in 1981 and drifted out of professional football, joining Telford United.
Honours
1972 FA Charity Shield
Crystal Palace F.C. Player of the Year: 1974–75
Chester City F.C. Player of the Year: 1978–79
References
External links
Sporting heroes Derek Jeffri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMKO-FM | KMKO-FM (95.7 FM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Lake Crystal, Minnesota, broadcasting to the Mankato area and the Minnesota River Valley. The station airs an active rock format.
The station is rebroadcast in Mankato on translator K269EC 101.7 FM, which provides a stronger signal in the downtown area.
History
The station went on the air as KQYK on September 29, 2005, with a country format as "The Eagle". On September 26, 2007, the station flipped to active rock as "95.7 The Blaze," with a format and logo similar to that of sister station KIBZ in Lincoln, Nebraska. On February 1, 2012, KQYK changed their call sign to KMKO-FM. On February 20, 2012, at 11am, KMKO-FM switched to a news/talk format, as Fake It by Seether faded into The Jim Rome Show. The station flipped back to Active Rock as "95-7 The Rock Station" on December 6, 2012.
KMKO-FM is owned by Alpha Media (Digity, LLC), through licensee Digity 3E License, LLC, with sister stations KEEZ, KYSM-FM and KRBI-FM.
As of 2018 KMKO-FM has rebranded as “Rock 95” with no change in format.
Previous logos
References
External links
Radio stations in Minnesota
Radio stations established in 2005
2005 establishments in Minnesota |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KXLP | KXLP (94.1 FM) is a radio station in Mankato, Minnesota (licensed to Eagle Lake) and serving the Minnesota River Valley. The 94.1 FM frequency went on the air September 21, 2007, airing a classic rock format that migrated from a sister station at 93.1 FM. KXLP's license is owned by Radioactive, LLC (a holding company owned by Randy Michaels) and the station is operated by Linder Radio Group.
History
KXLP has been airing an album-oriented rock format on and off from 1982 to 2007. They flipped to adult contemporary in 1986 as "Lite Rock 93 KXLP" amid a large outcry from loyal listeners. A few years later, they flipped back to rock, shifting toward classic rock in 1995. For many years, they were co-owned with KYSM-FM and KYSM, first by James Ingstad (as Pro Radio Group), then Cumulus Broadcasting, then Clear Channel Communications.
KXLP previously carried the syndicated Bob and Tom show weekday mornings; it currently airs a local morning show. KXLP is a local affiliate for Minnesota Vikings and Minnesota Gophers football.
The station was purchased in August 2007 from Clear Channel by Linder Radio Group, a.k.a. Minnesota Valley Broadcasting Co., which also acquired KYSM (now KFSP). Other current sister stations include KTOE, KDOG, KXAC and KATO-FM.
At 5:00 PM on September 21, 2007, KXLP's on-air staff and rock format moved from 93.1 FM to new sign-on 94.1 FM, which held the temporary call letters KXRP for a week prior. A new format was launched at 93.1 FM.
Effective July 200 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTOE | KTOE (1420 AM) is a radio station licensed to Mankato, Minnesota and serving the Mankato area and the Minnesota River Valley. The 1420 AM frequency went on the air in 1950, airing a news/talk format. The station simulcasts via one FM translator on 98.7 FM. 102.7 FM use to transmit KTOE but switched to a simulcast of KXAC 100.5 on July 2, 2023. Both stations are licensed to Mankato.
The station is operated by Linder Radio Group a.k.a. Subarctic Medial LLC.
KTOE aired a full service AC format during the 1980s and was once an affiliate of American Top 40.
External links
KTOE
Radio stations in Minnesota
Mankato, Minnesota
Radio stations established in 1950 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20modulation%20amplitude | In telecommunications, optical modulation amplitude (OMA) is the difference between two optical power levels, of a digital signal generated by an optical source, e.g., a laser diode.
It is given by
where P1 is the optical power level generated when the light source is "on," and P0 is the power level generated when the light source is "off." The OMA may be specified in peak-to-peak mW.
The OMA can be related to the average power and the extinction ratio
In the limit of a high extinction ratio, . However, OMA is often used to express the effective usable modulation in a signal when the extinction ratio is not high and this approximation may not be valid.
External links
OMA presentation by Optillion, New Orleans, September 2000
Optical communications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHOB | Ras homolog gene family, member B, also known as RHOB, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the RHOB gene.
RHOB is a member of the Rho GTP-binding protein family.
Interactions
RHOB has been shown to interact with CIT, ARHGEF3, ARHGDIG and RHPN2.
See also
neural crest
References
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn%20%28surname%29 | Blackburn is a surname of English origin. At the time of the British Census of 1881, its frequency was highest in Yorkshire, followed by Cumberland, Lancashire, Lincolnshire, Northumberland, County Durham and Norfolk. In all other British counties, its frequency was below national average. Notable people with the surname include:
Alan Blackburn (1935–2014), English footballer
Anthony Blackburn (born 1945), British Royal Navy officer
Arthur Blackburn (footballer) (1876-1938), English footballer with Blackburn Rovers and Southampton
Arthur Seaforth Blackburn (1892–1960) Australian soldier, Victoria Cross recipient
Bob Blackburn (disambiguation)
Bunkie Blackburn (1936–2006), NASCAR racecar driver
Chase Blackburn (b. 1983), American football linebacker
Clare Blackburn (b. c.1962), British biologist
Clarice Blackburn (1921–1995), American actress
Colin Blackburn, Baron Blackburn (1813–1896), Scottish jurist
Dan Blackburn (b. 1983), Canadian ice hockey goaltender
David Blackburn (disambiguation), multiple people
Derek Blackburn (1934–2017), Canadian politician
Doris Blackburn (1889–1970), Australian social reformer and politician
Earl Blackburn (1892-1966), American baseball catcher
Edmond Spencer Blackburn (1868–1912), American politician
Elizabeth Blackburn (b. 1948), Australian-American molecular biologist and Nobel prize winner
Estelle Blackburn (b. 1950), Australian journalist
Fred Blackburn (1902–1990), British Member of Parliament
Fred Blackburn (footballer) (1878–1951), En |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severov%C3%BDchod | Severovýchod (Northeast) is a statistical area of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, level 2 NUTS. It is composed of the Liberec Region, Hradec Králové Region and Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It covers an area of 12,440 km2, with 1,507,209 inhabitants and a (population density of 119 inhabitants/km2).
Economy
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 24.7 billion € in 2018, accounting for 11.9% of Czech economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 23,000 € or 76% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was also 74% of the EU average.
See also
NUTS of the Czech Republic
References
NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union
Subdivisions of the Czech Republic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUCY2D | Retinal guanylyl cyclase 1 also known as guanylate cyclase 2D, retinal is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GUCY2D (guanylate cyclase 2D) gene.
Function
This gene encodes a retina-specific guanylate cyclase, which is a member of the membrane guanylyl cyclase family. Like other membrane guanylyl cyclases, this enzyme has a hydrophobic amino-terminal signal sequence followed by a large extracellular domain, a single membrane spanning domain, a kinase homology domain, and a guanylyl cyclase catalytic domain. In contrast to other membrane guanylyl cyclases, this enzyme is not activated by natriuretic peptides.
The nomenclature for members of the Gucy2 gene family is not consistent across species. In many mammals, including mice and rats, the Gucy2d gene encodes a related protein – GC-D – that is specifically expressed in a subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons. This gene is a pseudogene in humans and most other primates. In rodents, the corresponding (orthologous) gene to human GUCY2D is Gucy2e.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene result in Leber's congenital amaurosis and cone-rod dystrophy-6 diseases.
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible%20diffusion | In mathematics, a reversible diffusion is a specific example of a reversible stochastic process. Reversible diffusions have an elegant characterization due to the Russian mathematician Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov.
Kolmogorov's characterization of reversible diffusions
Let B denote a d-dimensional standard Brownian motion; let b : Rd → Rd be a Lipschitz continuous vector field. Let X : [0, +∞) × Ω → Rd be an Itō diffusion defined on a probability space (Ω, Σ, P) and solving the Itō stochastic differential equation
with square-integrable initial condition, i.e. X0 ∈ L2(Ω, Σ, P; Rd). Then the following are equivalent:
The process X is reversible with stationary distribution μ on Rd.
There exists a scalar potential Φ : Rd → R such that b = −∇Φ, μ has Radon–Nikodym derivative and
(Of course, the condition that b be the negative of the gradient of Φ only determines Φ up to an additive constant; this constant may be chosen so that exp(−2Φ(·)) is a probability density function with integral 1.)
References
(See theorem 1.4)
Stochastic differential equations
Probability theorems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Purcell%20%28ice%20hockey%29 | Bill Purcell was the York University hockey coach from 1965–1972, and the OIAA 1969–1970 Coach of the Year.
He is credited with establishing York University's Yeomen hockey program in 1961 and bringing it national acclaim and notoriety. He also championed the teams relocation from outdoor play at Glendon to the New York Arena, locally known as the Ice Palace.
Accomplishments
1967–1968: 2nd-place finish in the Ontario Intercollegiate Athletic Association (OIAA) League
1969–1970: OIAA championship
1969–1970: Consolation title of the Canadian finals.
1969–1970: Coach of the Year
1971–1972: 1st-place finish in the Ontario Universities Athletic Association (OUAA) League with a record 16 wins (16-1-2)
1978–1979: IHL Champion
1981–1982: OUAA League Champion
November 6, 2013: Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, Toronto
Coaching positions
1978–1979: Head Coach Kalamazoo Wings of the IHL
1979–1980: Head Coach Adirondack Red Wings of the AHL
1980–1981: Head Coach Richmond Rifles of the Eastern Hockey League
1981–1982: Coach University of Toronto Varsity Blues men's ice hockey team
1989–1990: Head Coach Oshawa Legionaires of the MetJHL
1994–1995: Assistant Coach Oshawa Generals of the OHL
1995–1996: Assistant Coach Oshawa Generals of the OHL
1996–1997: Head Coach Markham Waxers of the MetJHL
2000–2001: Assistant Coach Tallahassee Tiger Sharks of the ECHL
2004: Head Coach Whitby Dunlops
2006–2008: coach of the Markham waxers
Purcell is a former semi-professional |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Purcell | Bill Purcell may refer to:
Bill Purcell (mayor) (born 1953), former mayor of Nashville, Tennessee
Bill Purcell (ice hockey), ice hockey coach
Bill Purcell (footballer) (1905–1986), Australian footballer
See also
Bill Pursell, American pianist
William Purcell (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.%20J.%20Finney | David John Finney (3 January 1917 – 12 November 2018), was a British statistician
and Professor Emeritus of Statistics at the University of Edinburgh. He was Director of the Agricultural Research Council's Unit of Statistics from 1954 to 1984 and a former President of the Royal Statistical Society and of the Biometric Society. He was a pioneer in the development of systematic monitoring of drugs for detection of adverse reactions. He turned 100 in January 2017 and died on 12 November 2018 at the age of 101 following a short illness.
Childhood and education
Finney was born in Latchford, Cheshire, Warrington. In his interview with MacNeill, Finney describes his background: "My family were never wealthy but never in want". His paternal grandfather was a schoolmaster, and his father was an accountant in the steel industry. David was the eldest child; he had no sisters. In the Preface to his "Probit Analysis" book, Finney thanks his father Robt. G. S. Finney for assistance.
Finney was educated at the coeducational Lymm Grammar School and Manchester Grammar School, where he won a Cambridge scholarship. He read mathematics and statistics at Clare College, Cambridge from 1934 to 1938. He was awarded a postgraduate scholarship for statistical work in agriculture under Ronald Fisher at the Galton Laboratory, University College London, where he worked on statistical estimation for human genetics.
Career
He became assistant to Frank Yates at Rothamsted Experimental Station in 1939, w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuncho%20Kunchev | Kuncho Kunchev () (born 27 June 1983) is a Bulgarian footballer, currently playing for Spartak Pleven as a midfielder.
Kunchev previously played for Cherno More Varna and Spartak Varna in the Bulgarian A PFG.
References
External links
Profile at footmercato.net
Guardian's Stats Centre
1983 births
Living people
Bulgarian men's footballers
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
OFC Spartak Pleven players
PFC Cherno More Varna players
FC Spartak Varna players
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Men's association football midfielders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel%27s%20correction | In statistics, Bessel's correction is the use of n − 1 instead of n in the formula for the sample variance and sample standard deviation, where n is the number of observations in a sample. This method corrects the bias in the estimation of the population variance. It also partially corrects the bias in the estimation of the population standard deviation. However, the correction often increases the mean squared error in these estimations. This technique is named after Friedrich Bessel.
Formulation
In estimating the population variance from a sample when the population mean is unknown, the uncorrected sample variance is the mean of the squares of deviations of sample values from the sample mean (i.e. using a multiplicative factor 1/n). In this case, the sample variance is a biased estimator of the population variance.
Multiplying the uncorrected sample variance by the factor
gives an unbiased estimator of the population variance. In some literature, the above factor is called Bessel's correction.
One can understand Bessel's correction as the degrees of freedom in the residuals vector (residuals, not errors, because the population mean is unknown):
where is the sample mean. While there are n independent observations in the sample, there are only n − 1 independent residuals, as they sum to 0. For a more intuitive explanation of the need for Bessel's correction, see .
Generally Bessel's correction is an approach to reduce the bias due to finite sample size. Such finite |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid%20Robotics%20Project | The Humanoid Robotics Project (HRP) is a project for development of general domestic helper robots, sponsored by Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), spearheaded by Kawada Industries and supported by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Inc. The HRP series also goes by the name Promet. The HRP should not be confused with the HOAP series (Humanoid for Open Architecture Platform), which is manufactured by Fujitsu.
Features and technology
The project started with three Honda P3 which were bought from Honda. And, the project developed them as the HRP-1 with original features, such as telecommand system.
An interesting feature HRP-2 has is the ability to stand up again after lying flat on the floor, either on its back or front—something Honda's ASIMO is not able to do.
AIST and Kawada Industries have also revealed the HRP-4 bipedal humanoid. The HRP-4 stands 150 cm (5′) tall and weighs 39 kg (86 lbs).
Kawada Industries has also developed the NEXTAGE system, envisioned as a production robot that works alongside human workers. The NEXTAGE not a biped but consists of a torso and arms on a fixed base.
Specifications
Notes:
1. – For reference to compare with the HRP-1.
2. - The external appearances of HRP-2 and HRP-3 were designed by Yutaka Izubuchi.
3. – "C" means "Cybernetic Human".
References
Spec sheets
HR |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMGA2 | High-mobility group AT-hook 2, also known as HMGA2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the HMGA2 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the non-histone chromosomal high-mobility group (HMG) protein family. HMG proteins function as architectural factors and are essential components of the enhanceosome. This protein contains structural DNA-binding domains and may act as a transcriptional regulating factor. Identification of the deletion, amplification, and rearrangement of this gene that are associated with lipomas suggests a role in adipogenesis and mesenchymal differentiation. A gene knock-out study of the mouse counterpart demonstrated that this gene is involved in diet-induced obesity. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.
The expression of HMGA2 in adult tissues is commonly associated with both malignant and benign tumor formation, as well as certain characteristic cancer-promoting mutations. Homologous proteins with highly conserved sequences are found in other mammalian species, including lab mice (Mus musculus).
HMGA2 contains three basic DNA-binding domains (AT-hooks) that cause the protein to bind to adenine-thymine (AT)-rich regions of nuclear DNA. HMGA2 does not directly promote or inhibit the transcription of any genes, but alters the structure of DNA and promotes the assembly of protein complexes that do regulate the transcription of genes. With few exceptions, HMGA2 is exp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20Institute%20for%20Medical%20Documentation%20and%20Information | The German Institute for Medical Documentation and Information (), abbreviated DIMDI, was a German organization responsible for medical information classification and management. It was a government Institute of the German Federal Ministry of Health and was located in Cologne, Germany.
The DIMDI published official medical classifications such as ICD-10-GM and OPS (German Procedure Classification) and maintained medical terminology dictionaries, thesauri, nomenclatures and catalogs (e.g. MeSH, UMDNS, Alpha-ID, LOINC, OID) that are important for health information exchange and other applications. DIMDI also developed and operated database-supported information systems for drugs and medical devices and was responsible for a program of health technology assessment (HTA). It also provided information intended for patients.
On 26 May 2020, the DIMDI was merged with the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM) into a single agency under the auspices of the BfArM "to combine the resources and expertise of both authorities".
See also
German National Library of Science and Technology
References
External links
DIMDI official website
ICD Code Suche (German)
Further reading
Unified Medical Language System (UMLS)
ICD-10 Diagnosen und Psychotherapie (in German)
Head and Structure BfArM
Medical and health organisations based in North Rhine-Westphalia
Government agencies of Germany
Organisations based in Cologne |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking%20in%20Your%20Sleep%20%28Crystal%20Gayle%20song%29 | "Talking in Your Sleep" is a song written by Roger Cook and Bobby Wood. The first recorded version of the song is by the band Marmalade, produced by Cook's longtime collaborator Roger Greenaway; Marmalade's version was also released as single in 1978 but failed to chart.
Crystal Gayle recording
"Talking in Your Sleep" was most successful when recorded by American country music artist Crystal Gayle. It was released in January 1978 as the first single from the album When I Dream. The song became a hit on both the country and pop charts in 1978. It peaked at number one on the US Country chart for two weeks, number eighteen on the US Pop chart and number three at the US Adult Contemporary chart.
In 1977, Gayle achieved international crossover Pop success for the first time with her No. 1 hit "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue". Following the song's success, Gayle was recording more Pop and Adult Contemporary-styled Country tunes. This song is one of the first examples of this. "Talking in Your Sleep" was released in early 1978, and was a hit mid-year. The song proved an instant follow-up for Gayle on the Pop charts, being she hadn't had another Top 40 Pop hit since "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue" the previous year.
"Talking in Your Sleep" was released on Gayle's major-selling album from that year called When I Dream. Following "Talking in Your Sleep"'s success as a crossover smash, Gayle only achieved one more Top 40 Pop hit as a solo artist, which came the next year with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half%20the%20Way | "Half the Way" is a song written by Ralph Murphy and Bobby Wood, and recorded by American country music artist Crystal Gayle. It was released in September 1979 as the first single from the album Miss the Mississippi.
After achieving major Country crossover success in 1977 with "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue.", followed by a Top 20 Pop hit and No. 1 Country hit the next year ("Talking In Your Sleep"), Gayle attempted this new crossover piece of music.
After signing with Columbia Records in early 1979, Gayle immediately started recording for them. "Half the Way" was the first song recorded under her new record label. The song's up-tempo sound and Soft Rock-sounding melody, made the song reach Billboard's Top 20 chart, and even reaching the Top 15, peaking at No. 15 in 1979. The song also climbed to Billboard Magazine's No. 2 position on the Country charts, just missing the top spot. Like Gayle's other previous recordings, the song also hit the Adult Contemporary chart. "Half the Way" is one of Gayle's better-known Adult Contemporary hits, reaching the Top 10 at No. 9. Following "Half the Way"'s success, Gayle never achieved another Top 40 Pop hit on her own again. Her singles did chart outside the Pop Top 40 though following this, and also the Adult Contemporary chart.
Chart performance
References
External links
1979 singles
1979 songs
Crystal Gayle songs
Songs written by Ralph Murphy (musician)
Song recordings produced by Allen Reynolds
Columbia Records singles
Son |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Misappropriated%20Turkey | A Misappropriated Turkey is a 1913 American drama film directed by D. W. Griffith.
Cast
Charles West as The Striker
Claire McDowell as Mrs. Fallon
Edna Foster as The Striker's Son
Harry Carey as The Bartender
John T. Dillon as Union Member
Frank Evans as Union Member
Robert Harron as Union Member
Walter P. Lewis as Union Member
Charles Hill Mailes as Union Member
Joseph McDermott as Union Member/In Bar
W. Chrystie Miller as Union Member
Jack Pickford as On Street
See also
Harry Carey filmography
D. W. Griffith filmography
External links
1913 films
1913 short films
1913 drama films
Films directed by D. W. Griffith
American silent short films
American black-and-white films
Silent American drama films
1910s American films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihov%C3%BDchod | Jihovýchod (Southeast) is a statistical area of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, level NUTS 2. It comprises Vysočina Region and South Moravian Region.
It covers an area of 13 990 km2 and has 1,684,500 inhabitants (population density 117 inhabitants/km2).
Economy
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 30.5 billion € in 2018, accounting for 14.7% of Czech economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 25,300 € or 84% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was also 77% of the EU average.
See also
NUTS of the Czech Republic
References
NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union
Subdivisions of the Czech Republic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neozealandia | Neozealandia is a biogeographic province of the Antarctic Realm according to the classification developed by Miklos Udvardy in 1975.
Concept
Neozealandia consists primarily of the major islands of New Zealand, including North Island and South Island, as well as Chatham Island. The southernmost areas of Neozealandia overlap with the Insulantarctica province, which includes the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands.
Both New Zealand and the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands are remnants of a submerged subcontinent known as Zealandia, which gradually submerged itself beneath the sea after breaking off from the Gondwanan land masses of Antarctica and Australia. Due to isolation, the entire Zealandia archipelago has remained virtually free of mammals (except for bats and a few others) and invasive alien species. Since only very few mammals and other alien species have actually colonized the islands of the Neozealandia province over the millions of years, the flora and fauna on most of the islands, including those of New Zealand itself, have remained almost exactly the same as they were when the original Gondwana supercontinent existed.
A couple of tuatara species survive in small numbers on small islets adjacent to New Zealand. Also, New Zealand has vestiges of ancient temperate rain forests with plant species, such as giant club mosses, tree ferns and Nothofagus trees, dating from the time when the Zealandia subcontinent split off from Gondwana. New Zealand grasslands are dominated |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennenbaum%27s%20theorem | Tennenbaum's theorem, named for Stanley Tennenbaum who presented the theorem in 1959, is a result in mathematical logic that states that no countable nonstandard model of first-order Peano arithmetic (PA) can be recursive (Kaye 1991:153ff).
Recursive structures for PA
A structure in the language of PA is recursive if there are recursive functions and from to , a recursive two-place relation <M on , and distinguished constants such that
where indicates isomorphism and is the set of (standard) natural numbers. Because the isomorphism must be a bijection, every recursive model is countable. There are many nonisomorphic countable nonstandard models of PA.
Statement of the theorem
Tennenbaum's theorem states that no countable nonstandard model of PA is recursive. Moreover, neither the addition nor the multiplication of such a model can be recursive.
Proof sketch
This sketch follows the argument presented by Kaye (1991). The first step in the proof is to show that, if M is any countable nonstandard model of PA, then the standard system of M (defined below) contains at least one nonrecursive set S. The second step is to show that, if either the addition or multiplication operation on M were recursive, then this set S would be recursive, which is a contradiction.
Through the methods used to code ordered tuples, each element can be viewed as a code for a set of elements of M. In particular, if we let be the ith prime in M, then . Each set will be bounded in M, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPS13B | Intermembrane lipid transfer protein VPS13B, also known as vacuolar protein sorting-associated 13B, and Cohen syndrome protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VPS13B gene. It is a giant protein associated with the Golgi apparatus that is believed to be involved in post-Golgi apparatus sorting and trafficking. Mutations in the human VPS13B gene cause Cohen syndrome.
VPS13B gene is also referred to as CHS1, COH1, KIAA0532, and DKFZp313I0811.
The cytogenetic location of the human VPS13B gene is 8q22, which is the long arm of chromosome eight at position 22.2. Various splice variants encoding isoforms have been identified. The canonical form of the expressed protein encoded by the human VPS13B gene has 3997 amino acids.
Gene
The VPS13B gene is located on chromosome 8q22. Deletions in this chromosome are associated with Cohen syndrome, which is why this gene is alternatively called COH1. The gene is made up of 66 exons, four of which are alternative. The pattern of alternative splicing in the VS13B gene is complex in the analyzed regions including exons 28B and 28. This eventually causes four termination codons and three alternatively spliced forms to be in use. Exon 2 is where its translation start codon occurs. VPS13B is a large gene; It spans a genomic DNA sequence region of about 864 kilobase pairs, or 846,000 base pairs. The VPS13B gene is widely expressed, especially in the prostate, testis, ovary, and colon with transcripts of about 12 to 14 kilobase pa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Movistar%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Singles | José Acasuso was the defending champion, but chose not to participate this year.
Luis Horna won the title, defeating Nicolás Massú in the final, 7–5, 6–3.
Seeds
Fernando González (quarterfinals)
Gastón Gaudio (round robin, withdrew because of a left thigh injury)
Nicolás Massú (final)
Rubén Ramírez Hidalgo (round robin)
Luis Horna (champion)
Sergio Roitman (quarterfinals, retired because of an abductor injury)
Albert Montañés (semifinals)
Martín Vassallo Argüello (semifinals)
Draw
Finals
Round robin
Qualifying
Seeds
Albert Portas (qualified)
Óscar Hernández (qualified)
Flávio Saretta (first round)
Juan Pablo Guzmán (qualified)
André Sá (first round)
Diego Junqueira (qualifying competition, lucky loser)
Qualifiers
Lucky loser
Diego Junqueira
Qualifying draw
First qualifier
Second qualifier
Third qualifier
External links
Main draw
Qualifying draw
Singles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negoiu%20River | Negoiu River may refer to:
Negoiu, a tributary of the Bistrița in Gorj County
Negoi, a tributary of the Cerna in Hunedoara County
Negoiu, a tributary of the Greci in Tulcea County
Negoiu, a tributary of the Ilva in Mureș County
See also
Negoiu Peak
Neagu River (disambiguation)
Negovanu River |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropolygyria | Micropolygyria is a neuronal migration disorder, a developmental anomaly of the brain characterized by development of numerous small convolutions (microgyri), causing intellectual disability and/or other neurological disorders. It is present in a number of specific neurological diseases, notably multiple sclerosis and :Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy, a specific disease cause by mutation in the :Fukutin gene (FKTN).
References
External links
Brain disorders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arfendazam | Arfendazam (INN) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. Arfendazam is a 1,5-benzodiazepine, with the nitrogen atoms located at positions 1 and 5 of the diazepine ring, and so is most closely related to other 1,5-benzodiazepines such as clobazam.
Arfendazam has sedative and anxiolytic effects similar to those produced by other benzodiazepine derivatives, but is a partial agonist at GABAA receptors, so the sedative effects are relatively mild and it produces muscle relaxant effects only at very high doses.
Arfendazam produces an active metabolite lofendazam, which is thought to be responsible for part of its effects.
See also
Benzodiazepine
References
Benzodiazepines
Carbamates
Chloroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Lactams |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofendazam | Lofendazam is an organic molecule which is a benzodiazepine derivative. Lofendazam is a 1,5-benzodiazepine, with the nitrogen atoms located at positions 1 and 5 of the diazepine ring; therefore, lofendazam is most closely related to other 1,5-benzodiazepines such as clobazam.
Lofendazam as a human pharmaceutical has sedative and anxiolytic effects similar to those produced by other benzodiazepine derivatives. It is an active metabolite of another benzodiazepine, arfendazam.
See also
Benzodiazepine
Arfendazam
Clobazam
References
Benzodiazepines
Chloroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Lactams |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iclazepam | Iclazepam (Clazepam) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It has sedative and anxiolytic effects similar to those produced by other benzodiazepine derivatives, and is around the same potency as chlordiazepoxide.
Iclazepam is a derivative of nordazepam substituted with a cyclopropylmethoxyethyl group on the N1 nitrogen. Once in the body, iclazepam is quickly metabolised to nordazepam and its N-(2-hydroxyethyl) derivative, which are thought to be mainly responsible for its effects.
See also
List of benzodiazepines
References
Benzodiazepines
Chloroarenes
Ethers
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Lactams |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonin | Gorgonin is a complex protein that makes up the horny skeleton of the holaxonia suborder of gorgonians. It frequently contains appreciable quantities of bromine, iodine, and tyrosine.
Scientific use
Research has shown that measurements of the gorgonin and calcite within species of gorgonia can be useful in paleoclimatology and paleoceanography. Studies of the growth, composition, and structure of the skeleton of certain gorgonia species, (e.g., Primnoa resedaeformis, and Plexaurella dichotoma) can be highly correlated with seasonal and climatic variation.
References
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dininho | Irondino Ferreira Neto or simply Dininho (born July 23, 1975), is a Brazilian central defender. He currently plays for Grêmio Catanduvense de Futebol.
Club statistics
Flamengo career statistics
(Correct October 19, 2008)
according to combined sources on the.
Honours
São Caetano
São Paulo State Championship: 2004
Palmeiras
São Paulo State Championship: 2008
References
External links
dininho official site
sambafoot
Guardian Stats Centre
zerozero.pt
globoesporte
1975 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
CR Flamengo footballers
Mirassol Futebol Clube players
Mogi Mirim Esporte Clube players
América Futebol Clube (SP) players
Associação Desportiva São Caetano players
São Paulo state football team players
Sanfrecce Hiroshima players
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players
Esporte Clube Santo André players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
J1 League players
Men's association football defenders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletazepam | Fletazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It has sedative and anxiolytic effects similar to those produced by other benzodiazepine derivatives, but is mainly notable for its strong muscle relaxant properties.
Fletazepam is most closely related to other N-trifluoroethyl substituted benzodiazepines such as halazepam and quazepam.
See also
Benzodiazepine
References
Benzodiazepines
Chloroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Fluoroarenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutazolam | Flutazolam (Coreminal, MS-4101) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It was invented in Japan, and this is the main country in which it has been used medically. It has sedative, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant, and anxiolytic effects similar to those produced by other benzodiazepine derivatives, and though it is around the same potency as diazepam, it produces a more marked sedation and impaired coordination. It is indicated for the treatment of insomnia. Its major active metabolite is n-desalkylflurazepam, also known as norflurazepam, which is also a principal metabolite of flurazepam (trade name Dalmane). While flutazolam has a very short half-life of only 3.5 hours, n-desalkylflurazepam has a long half-life of between 47–100 hours.
Flutazolam is closely related in structure to another benzodiazepine, haloxazolam.
See also
Benzodiazepine
Flurazepam
N-desalkylflurazepam
References
Primary alcohols
Chloroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Lactams
Fluoroarenes
Oxazolobenzodiazepines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaclazepam | Metaclazepam (marketed under the brand name Talis) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It is a relatively selective anxiolytic with less sedative or muscle relaxant properties than other benzodiazepines such as diazepam or bromazepam. It has an active metabolite N-desmethylmetaclazepam, which is the main metabolite of metaclazepam. There is no significant difference in metabolism between younger and older individuals.
Metaclazepam is slightly more effective as an anxiolytic than bromazepam, or diazepam, with a 15 mg dose of metaclazepam equivalent to 4 mg of bromazepam. Metaclazepam can interact with alcohol producing additive sedative-hypnotic effects. Fatigue is a common side effect from metaclazepam at high doses. Small amounts of metaclazepam as well as its metabolites enter into human breast milk.
See also
Benzodiazepine
References
Benzodiazepines
Chloroarenes
Ethers
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Bromoarenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclazepam | Reclazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It has sedative and anxiolytic effects similar to those produced by other benzodiazepine derivatives, and has a short duration of action.
Synthesis
The reduction of the lactam in Delorazepam with lithium aluminium hydride gives CID:20333776 (1). Condensation with 2-chloroacetylisocyanate [4461-30-7] (2) proceeds to afford urea, CID:20333773 (3). Reaction of that with sodium iodide and base probably proceeds initially by halogen exchange of iodine for chlorine (Finkelstein reaction). Subsequent replacement of iodide by the enol anion of the urea oxygen results in formation of the oxazolone ring. There is thus obtained reclazepam (4).
See also
Benzodiazepine
References
Benzodiazepines
Chloroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Oxazolones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivoxazepam | Pivoxazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It is the pivalate (2,2-dimethylpropanoate) ester of oxazepam. It has sedative and anxiolytic actions like those of other benzodiazepines. Compared to its parent drug, oxazepam, pivoxazepam is more rapidly absorbed and slightly more sedative.
See also
Benzodiazepine
List of benzodiazepines
References
Benzodiazepines
Chloroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Lactams
Pivalate esters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal%20model | In statistics, marginal models (Heagerty & Zeger, 2000) are a technique for obtaining regression estimates in multilevel modeling, also called hierarchical linear models.
People often want to know the effect of a predictor/explanatory variable X, on a response variable Y. One way to get an estimate for such effects is through regression analysis.
Why the name marginal model?
In a typical multilevel model, there are level 1 & 2 residuals (R and U variables). The two variables form a joint distribution for the response variable (). In a marginal model, we collapse over the level 1 & 2 residuals and thus marginalize (see also conditional probability) the joint distribution into a univariate normal distribution. We then fit the marginal model to data.
For example, for the following hierarchical model,
level 1: , the residual is , and
level 2: , the residual is , and
Thus, the marginal model is,
This model is what is used to fit to data in order to get regression estimates.
References
Heagerty, P. J., & Zeger, S. L. (2000). Marginalized multilevel models and likelihood inference. Statistical Science, 15(1), 1-26.
Regression models |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory%20center | The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and pons, in the brainstem. The respiratory center is made up of three major respiratory groups of neurons, two in the medulla and one in the pons. In the medulla they are the dorsal respiratory group, and the ventral respiratory group. In the pons, the pontine respiratory group includes two areas known as the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center.
The respiratory center is responsible for generating and maintaining the rhythm of respiration, and also of adjusting this in homeostatic response to physiological changes. The respiratory center receives input from chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, the cerebral cortex, and the hypothalamus in order to regulate the rate and depth of breathing. Input is stimulated by altered levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood pH, by hormonal changes relating to stress and anxiety from the hypothalamus, and also by signals from the cerebral cortex to give a conscious control of respiration.
Injury to respiratory groups can cause various breathing disorders that may require mechanical ventilation, and is usually associated with a poor prognosis.
Respiratory groups
The respiratory center is divided into three major groups, two in the medulla and one in the pons. The two groups in the medulla are the dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group. In the pons, the pontine respiratory group is made up of two areas – the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center. T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Moravia | Central Moravia (Střední Morava) is an area of the Czech Republic defined by the Republic's Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, level NUTS 2. It is formed by the Olomouc Region and Zlín Region. It covers an area of 9 231 km2 and 1,219,394 inhabitants (population density 133 inhabitants/km2).
Economy
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 19.3 billion € in 2018, accounting for 9.3% of Czech economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 22,400 € or 74% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 70% of the EU average.
See also
NUTS of the Czech Republic
References
NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union
Subdivisions of the Czech Republic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%28I%29%20fluoride | Copper(I) fluoride or cuprous fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuF. Its existence is uncertain. It was reported in 1933 to have a sphalerite-type crystal structure. Modern textbooks state that CuF is not known, since fluorine is so electronegative that it will always oxidise copper to its +2 oxidation state. Complexes of CuF such as [(Ph3P)3CuF] are, however, known and well characterised.
Synthesis and reactivity
Unlike other copper(I) halides like copper(I) chloride, copper(I) fluoride tends to disproportionate into copper(II) fluoride and copper in a one-to-one ratio at ambient conditions, unless it is stabilised through complexation as in the example of [Cu(N2)F].
2CuF → Cu + CuF2
See also
Copper(II) fluoride, the other simple fluoride of copper
References
Fluorides
Metal halides
Copper(I) compounds
Zincblende crystal structure
Hypothetical_chemical_compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHC | KHC may refer to:
Kinesin heavy chain, a sub-component of kinesin proteins
Kingdom Holding Company, company based in Saudi Arabia
Kraft Heinz Company (stock ticker KHC)
KHC, the IATA code for Kerch Airport, Crimea, Ukraine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domine%20Database | DOMINE is a database of known and predicted protein domain interactions (or domain-domain interactions). It contains interactions observed in PDB crystal structures, and those predicted by several computational approaches. DOMINE uses Pfam HMM profiles for protein domain definitions. The DOMINE database contains 26,219 interactions among 5,410 domains), which includes 6,634 known interactions inferred from PDB structure data.
References
See also
DOMINE database
Biological databases
Protein structure
Protein domains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Bj%C3%B6rnstjerna | Count Carl Johan Magnus Björnstjerna (7 April 1886 – 20 February 1982) was a Swedish officer and horse rider who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He and his horse Kornett won the bronze medal as part of the Swedish jumping team after finishing ninth in the individual jumping.
Career
Björnstjerna was born on 7 April 1886 in Stockholm, Sweden, the son of colonel, count Gustaf Björnstjerna and his wife Ellen Jonzon.
Career
Björnstjerna became a lieutenant in the Life Regiment Dragoons in 1909 and was promoted to ryttmästare in 1921. He then served as a staff adjutant and captain of the General Staff in 1921 and as ryttmästare and squadron commander in the Life Regiment Dragoons in 1925. Björnstjerna was appointed chief adjutant and major of the General Staff in 1928 and then served as head of the General Staff's Foreign Department from 1930. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel and was posted as military attaché in London, Paris and Brussels from 1933 to 1935. Björnstjerna was promoted to colonel in 1935 and served as commanding officer of Norrland Dragoon Regiment from 1935 to 1940. He transferred to the reserve in 1946.
Personal life
Björnstjerna was married 1915–1954 to Sonja Wallenberg (1881–1970), the daughter of Marcus Wallenberg Sr. and Amalia Hagdahl. They had four daughters. In 1956 he married Ulla Nilsson.
Dates of rank
1909 – Lieutenant
1921 – Ryttmästare
1928 – Major
1933 – Lieutenant colonel
1935 – Colonel
Awards and decorations
Björnstjerna's awards:
Sw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-8-2%2B2-8-4 | Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, a is a Garratt articulated locomotive consisting of a pair of engine units back to back, with the boiler and cab suspended between them. The wheel arrangement has four leading wheels on two axles, usually in a leading bogie, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and two trailing wheels on one axle, usually in a trailing truck. Since the type is generally known as a Mountain, the corresponding Garratt type is usually known as a Double Mountain.
Overview
A Garratt locomotive is actually two separate engines combined in a double articulated format, thereby providing multiple powered axles over which the total locomotive weight is spread. This results in a more powerful locomotive since, compared to a tender locomotive of similar total mass with tender included, a much larger percentage of the locomotive's total mass contributes to traction.
The Double Mountain was probably the optimal Garratt wheel arrangement, with the four-wheeled leading bogies and the two-wheeled trailing trucks on each engine unit ensuring stability at speed and with sixteen coupled wheels for traction. More coupled wheels would inhibit the locomotive on tight curves, while the only advantage of more non-coupled wheels would be to reduce the axle loading.
The largest steam locomotive built in Europe was a Garratt, built by Beyer, Peacock and Company for the Soviet Railways in 1932. The most n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonclad%20warship | Cottonclads were a classification of steam-powered warships where a wooden ship was protected from enemy fire by bales of cotton lining its sides. Cottonclads were prevalent during the American Civil War, particularly in the Confederate States Navy for riverine and coastal service such as in the battles of Memphis, Galveston, and Sabine Pass. Confederate tactics generally had cottonclads, which were outgunned by Union warships, steam at full speed towards enemy vessels, relying on the cotton to absorb fire. Once they were within firing range, they would open fire, and, if possible, ram or board the enemy.
Conversion
Around 1863, Confederate Commander John B. Magruder realized that Texas did not possess the funding and resources—such as iron mills—to produce impressive and potent vessels such as the ironclad CSS Virginia, thus inspiring the development of a new type of warship, later classified as a cottonclad warship. Cottonclads were various kinds of steamboats transformed into warships in places such as Buffalo Bayou, near Houston. In this process, the upper deck, called the Texas deck, was removed. As a result of this, many of these ships developed "the rakish look of an ironclad ram, if not the potency."
Five hundred-pound cotton bales were placed, on their sides, three bales high, with another row of bales lying flat behind the first row; these bales served as platforms for sharpshooters. All of the bales would be held in place with iron straps fastened to the bulwark |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eger%20V.%20Murphree | Eger Vaughan Murphree (November 3, 1898 – October 29, 1962) was an American chemist, best known for his co-invention of the process of fluid catalytic cracking.
Biography
Murphree was born on November 3, 1898, in Bayonne, New Jersey, moving as a child to Kentucky. He graduated from Kentucky University with degrees in chemistry and mathematics in 1920, and a master's degree in chemistry in 1921. Murphree played college football as Kentucky as a tackle and was captain of the 1920 Kentucky Wildcats football team.
After teaching physics and math and coaching football for a year at Paris High School in Paris, Illinois, Murphree spent several years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a staff assistant and research associate in the Chemical Engineering Department. In 1930, he joined what was then Standard Oil of New Jersey.
During the Second World War Murphree was a member of the committee that organized the Manhattan Project and was widely recognized as a leader in the fields of synthetic toluene, butadiene and hydrocarbon synthesis, fluid cat cracking, fluid hydroforming, and fluid coking.
He was also involved in the early Manhattan Project as a member of the S-1 Section. Murphree was head of the centrifuge project (soon abandoned) and overall engineer for the Manhattan Project in June 1942. He struck Deputy District Engineer Kenneth Nichols as "more like the industrial engineers I was accustomed to dealing with. He was stable, conservative, thorough and precise". |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuller%20Albright | Fuller Albright (January 12, 1900 – December 8, 1969) was an American endocrinologist who made numerous contributions to his field, especially to the area of calcium metabolism. Albright made great strides and contributions to the understanding of disorders associated with calcium and phosphate abnormalities in the body. He also was a published author and in his books he detailed his findings.
Early life
Albright was born on January 12, 1900, in Buffalo, New York. He was the third child of John J. Albright, a prominent businessman and philanthropist who constructed the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo, and Susan Fuller, a Smith College graduate who was Albright's second wife. Albright had three children from his first marriage and six from his marriage to Fuller. His maternal grandparents were Eben and Nancy Fuller, of Lancaster, Massachusetts. His paternal grandparents were Joseph Jacob and Elizabeth S. Albright, both from Pennsylvania.
The family was descended from Andrew Albright, a gunsmith who supplied arms to the troops of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, who had come to America in 1750. Joseph was a coal agent for Delaware and Hudson Canal Company and the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad and eventually, President of the First National Bank.
Education
Albright entered Harvard College at age of seventeen. After graduating cum laude three years later, he entered Harvard Medical School in the fall of 1920. While he initially took an interest |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon%20Mer | Gideon Mer (, 1894, Panevėžys - 22 March 1961 Rosh Pinna) was an Israeli scientist whose work was mostly concerned with the eradication of malaria. He was the father of Arna Mer-Khamis and the grandfather of Juliano Mer-Khamis.
Biography
Gideon Mer was born in Lithuania, then part of Imperial Russia. He studied medicine in France. He immigrated to Palestine in 1914. During World War I he was a medical officer in the Jewish Legion, a unit of the British Army, and served at Gallipoli, in Palestine, Syria, and Turkey. After the war he returned to Rosh Pinna, a Jewish settlement in the north of Palestine, and his laboratory there eventually became a research station for the study of the bionomics of mosquitoes and methods of malaria control.
Scientific career
With the opening of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem he joined the Department of Preventive Medicine.
In 1927 Israel Jacob Kligler founded the "Malaria Research Station" of the Hebrew University in Rosh Pina, where pioneering field work was carried out relating to the eradication of malaria. Two years later he appointed Dr. Gideon Mer as the station manager and together they published a series of articles on malaria.
During the Second World War Mer served in the British Forces with the rank of colonel and was malaria adviser to Middle East Command. After the war he joined the staff of the new school of medicine and became chief malaria adviser to the Ministry of Health in Israel, of which he was acting director in 1956 |
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