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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin%20of%20transfer | An origin of transfer (oriT) is a short sequence ranging from 40-500 base pairs in length that is necessary for the transfer of DNA from a gram-negative bacterial donor to recipient during bacterial conjugation. The transfer of DNA is a critical component for antimicrobial resistance within bacterial cells and the oriT structure and mechanism within plasmid DNA is complementary to its function in bacterial conjugation. The first oriT to be identified and cloned was on the RK2 (IncP) conjugative plasmid, which was done by Guiney and Helinski in 1979.
Structure
oriT regions are central to the process of transferring DNA from the donor to recipient and contain several important regions that facilitate this:
nic site: where the unwound plasmid DNA is cut; usually site-specific.
An inverted repeat sequence: signals the end of replication of donor DNA and is responsible for transfer frequency, plasmid mobilization, and secondary DNA structure formation.
AT-rich region: important for DNA strand opening and is located adjacent to the inverted repeat sequences.
The oriT is a noncoding region of the bacterial DNA. Due to its important role in initiating bacterial conjugation, the oriT is both an enzymatic substrate and recognition site for the relaxase proteins. Relaxosomes have oriT-specific auxiliary factors that help it to identify and bind to the oriT. Upstream of the oriT nic site is a termination sequence.
oriTs are primarily cis-acting, which allows for a more efficient |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robomagellan | SRS RoboMagellan or Robomagellan was created by the Seattle Robotics Society and is a small scale autonomous vehicle race in which robots navigate between predefined start and finish points. The start and finish points are usually represented as GPS coordinates and marked by orange traffic cones. In most versions of the competition there are also optional waypoints that the robot can navigate to in order to earn bonus points. The race is usually conducted on mixed pedestrian terrain which can include obstacles such as park benches, curbs, trees, bushes, hills, people, etc..
External links
http://www.robothon.org/robothon/robo-magellan.php
Intrepid at RoboGames 2008
Everobotics Robomagellan
Robotics competitions
Recurring events established in 2007 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylose%20metabolism | D-Xylose is a five-carbon aldose (pentose, monosaccharide) that can be catabolized or metabolized into useful products by a variety of organisms.
There are at least four different pathways for the catabolism of D-xylose: An oxido-reductase pathway is present in eukaryotic microorganisms. Prokaryotes typically use an isomerase pathway, and two oxidative pathways, called Weimberg and Dahms pathways respectively, are also present in prokaryotic microorganisms.
Pathways
The oxido-reductase pathway
This pathway is also called the “Xylose Reductase-Xylitol Dehydrogenase” or XR-XDH pathway. Xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) are the first two enzymes in this pathway. XR is reducing D-xylose to xylitol using NADH or NADPH. Xylitol is then oxidized to D-xylulose by XDH, using the cofactor NAD. In the last step D-xylulose is phosphorylated by an ATP utilising kinase, XK, to result in D-xylulose-5-phosphate which is an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway.
The isomerase pathway
In this pathway the enzyme xylose isomerase converts D-xylose directly into D-xylulose. D-xylulose is then phosphorylated to D-xylulose-5-phosphate as in the oxido-reductase pathway. At equilibrium, the isomerase reaction results in a mixture of 83% D-xylose and 17% D-xylulose because the conversion of xylose to xylulose is energetically unfavorable.
Weimberg pathway
The Weimberg pathway is an oxidative pathway where the D-xylose is oxidized to D-xylono-lactone by a D-xylose dehyd |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation%20efficiency | Transformation efficiency refers to the ability of a cell to take up and incorporate exogenous DNA, such as plasmids, during a process called transformation. The efficiency of transformation is typically measured as the number of transformants (cells that have taken up the exogenous DNA) per microgram of DNA added to the cells. A higher transformation efficiency means that more cells are able to take up the DNA, and a lower efficiency means that fewer cells are able to do so.
In molecular biology, transformation efficiency is a crucial parameter, it is used to evaluate the ability of different methods to introduce plasmid DNA into cells and to compare the efficiency of different plasmid, vectors and host cells. This efficiency can be affected by a number of factors, including the method used for introducing the DNA, the type of cell and plasmid used, and the conditions under which the transformation is performed. Therefore, measuring and optimizing transformation efficiency is an important step in many molecular biology applications, including genetic engineering, gene therapy and biotechnology.
Measurement
By measuring the transformation efficiency, we can utilize the information from our experiment to evaluate how effectively our transformation went. This is a quantification of how many cells were altered by 1 µg of plasmid DNA. In essence, it is a sign that the transformation experiment was successful. It should be determined under conditions of cell excess.
Transforma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxosome | The relaxosome is the complex of proteins that facilitates plasmid transfer during bacterial conjugation. The proteins are encoded by the tra operon on a fertility plasmid in the region near the origin of transfer, oriT. The most important of these proteins is relaxase, which is responsible for beginning the conjugation process by cutting at the nic site via transesterification. This nicking results in a DNA-Protein complex with the relaxosome bound to a single strand of the plasmid DNA and an exposed 3' hydroxyl group. Relaxase also unwinds the plasmid being conjugated with its helicase properties. The relaxosome interacts with integration host factors within the oriT.
Other genes that code for relaxosome components include TraH, which stabilizes the relaxosome's structural formation, TraI, which encodes for the relaxase protein, TraJ, which recruits the complex to the oriT site, TraK, which increases the 'nicked' state of the target plasmid, and TraY, which imparts single-stranded DNA character on the oriT site. TraM plays a particularly important role in relaxase interaction by stimulating 'relaxed' DNA formation.
References
Molecular biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraA | The traA gene codes for relaxase, which is an enzyme that initiates plasmid DNA transfer during bacterial conjugation. Relaxase forms a relaxosome complex with auxiliary proteins to initiate conjugation. Relaxosome binds to the origin of transfer (oriT) sequence and cleaves the DNA strand that will be transferred (the T strand).
The TraA gene is usually found on megaplasmids in bacteria, and it is somewhat conserved among different bacterial species. Thirty-one percent and 29 percent of Rhodococcus erthypolis TraA residues are identical to Gordonia westfalica TraA and Arthrobacter aurescens TraA, respectively (Yang et al. 2006).
Among actinomycetales, it is common to find that the traA gene codes for both relaxase and helicase.
References
Chen et al., “The Ins and Outs of DNA Transfer in Bacteria.” Science 310, 1456-1460.
Yang et al., “Characterization of the mobilization determinants of pAN12, a small replicon from Rhodococcus erythropolis AN12.” Plasmid 57, 71-81.
Prokaryote genes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Hughes%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201960%29 | Stephen John "Billy" Hughes (born 29 July 1960) is an English former professional footballer. His clubs included Gillingham, where he made over 100 Football League appearances, Crystal Palace and Wimbledon.
He made his Football League debut for Gillingham aged just 15 years and 259 days, and remained the youngest player to play for the club until 2007 when Luke Freeman made his debut aged 15 years and 233 days.
In 1980, he played one game on loan to the San Jose Earthquakes of the North American Soccer League.
References
1960 births
Sportspeople from Folkestone
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
English men's footballers
Gillingham F.C. players
Maidstone United F.C. (1897) players
Wimbledon F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
San Jose Earthquakes (1974–1988) players
Durban United F.C. players
Hythe Town F.C. players
English Football League players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
English expatriate men's footballers
Footballers from Kent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A8ne | Sumène (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Geography
Climate
Sumène has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) closely bordering on a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb). The average annual temperature in Sumène is . The average annual rainfall is with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Sumène was on 12 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 15 January 1985.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gard department
References
Communes of Gard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestric-et-Candiac | Vestric-et-Candiac (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Geography
Climate
Vestric-et-Candiac has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Vestric-et-Candiac is . The average annual rainfall is with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Vestric-et-Candiac was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 15 January 1985.
Population
See also
Costières de Nîmes AOC
Communes of the Gard department
References
Communes of Gard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabran | Sabran () is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Geography
Climate
Sabran has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Sabran is . The average annual rainfall is with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Sabran was on 11 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 14 December 2001.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gard department
References
Communes of Gard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Rouvi%C3%A8re | La Rouvière (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Geography
Climate
La Rouvière has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in La Rouvière is . The average annual rainfall is with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in La Rouvière was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 2 March 2005.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gard department
References
Communes of Gard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montdardier | Montdardier (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Geography
Climate
Montdardier has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb) closely bordering on a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa). The average annual temperature in Montdardier is . The average annual rainfall is with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Montdardier was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 27 February 2018.
Population
Sights
The castle in neo-gothic style
La Tude massif
The church
Several quarries above Montdardier were formerly important sources of lithographic limestone. Stone from these quarries, marketed as Vigan stone, earned an honorable mention in the Great Exhibition of 1851.
See also
Communes of the Gard department
Causse de Blandas
References
Communes of Gard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e%20d%27automates%20et%20de%20bo%C3%AEtes%20%C3%A0%20musique | Musée d'automates et de boîtes à musique is a museum located in Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. It specialises in musical boxes and automatons. The museum is owned by the Centre International de la Mécanique d'Art (CIMA, "International Centre for Art Mechanics").
See also
List of music museums
External links
CIMA
Museums in the canton of Vaud
Music museums in Switzerland
Musical instrument museums
Amusement museums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Sauveur-Camprieu | Saint-Sauveur-Camprieu (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Geography
Climate
Saint-Sauveur-Camprieu has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) closely bordering on a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb). The average annual temperature in Saint-Sauveur-Camprieu is . The average annual rainfall is with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Saint-Sauveur-Camprieu was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 1 March 2005.
Population
Sights
Bramabiau Gorge
Arboretum de Saint-Sauveur-des-Pourcils
See also
Communes of the Gard department
References
Communes of Gard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gis%20Pitbull | Régis Fernandes Silva (born September 22, 1976 in São Paulo), better known as Régis Pitbull or simply Régis, is a former Brazilian footballer who played as a forward.
Club statistics
Personal life
Régis has battled drug addiction. In April 2021, he was admitted to a rehabilitation clinic.
References
External links
1976 births
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Living people
Ceará Sporting Club players
C.S. Marítimo players
Kyoto Sanga FC players
Associação Atlética Ponte Preta players
CR Vasco da Gama players
Daejeon Hana Citizen players
K League 1 players
ABC Futebol Clube players
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players
Associação Portuguesa de Desportos players
Esporte Clube Bahia players
Expatriate men's footballers in South Korea
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
J1 League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in South Korea
São Raimundo Esporte Clube (AM) footballers
Footballers from São Paulo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano%20Torresi | Luis Mariano Torresi (born 26 January 1981, in Mendoza) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a midfielder. He currently plays for Atlético Uruguay.
External links
Statistics at BDFA
1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Mendoza, Argentina
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba footballers
San Martín de San Juan footballers
Apollon Limassol FC players
Instituto Atlético Central Córdoba footballers
Club Libertad footballers
Argentine Primera División players
Cypriot First Division players
Men's association football midfielders
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in Paraguay |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinlin | Mabinlins are sweet-tasting proteins extracted from the seed of mabinlang (Capparis masaikai Levl.), a plant growing in Yunnan province of China. There are four homologues. Mabinlin-2 was first isolated in 1983 and characterised in 1993, and is the most extensively studied of the four. The other variants of mabinlin-1, -3 and -4 were discovered and characterised in 1994.
Protein structures
The 4 mabinlins are very similar in their amino acids sequences (see below).
Chain A
M-1:
M-2:
M-3:
M-4:
Chain B
M-1:
M-2:
M-3:
M-4:
''Amino acid sequence of Mabinlins homologues are adapted from Swiss-Prot biological database of protein.
The molecular weights of Mabinlin-1, Mabinlin-3 and Mabinlin-4 are 12.3 kDa, 12.3 kDa and 11.9 kDa, respectively.
With a molecular weight of 10.4kDa, mabinlin-2 is lighter than mabinlin-1. It is a heterodimer consisting of two different chains A and B produced by post-translational cleavage. The A chain is composed of 33 amino acid residues and the B chain is composed of 72 amino acid residues. The B chain contains two intramolecular disulfide bonds and is connected to the A chain through two intermolecular disulfide bridges.
Mabinlin-2 is the sweet-tasting protein with the highest known thermostability, which is due to the presence of the four disulfide bridges. It has been suggested also that the difference in the heat stability of the different mabinlin homologues is due to the presence of an arginine residue (heat-stable homologue) or a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holm%C3%B6arna | Holmöarna (Swedish, literally the islet islands) is an island group in the Kvarken narrows of the Gulf of Bothnia between Sweden and Finland. The islands form part of Umeå Municipality in Västerbotten County. The islands have 75 year-round inhabitants and the largest islands are Holmön, Ängesön, Grossgrunden, Holmögadd and Lilla and Stora Fjäderägg. Large areas of the islands have been set aside as nature reserves.
Nature and geography
The islands are situated in the Norra Kvarken narrows between the Bothnian Sea to the south and the Bothnian Bay to the north. Holmöarna's nature is quite diverse with areas covered in forest, bogs and lakes, and the islands have a rich birdlife. The islands' natural life is so special that the whole of Holmögadd, Stora Fjäderägg and Grossgrunden, nearly all of Ängesön and the eastern half of Holmön and all waters surrounding these have been protected as a nature reserve since 1980, incidentally the largest island nature reserve in Sweden.
Many of the lakes and pools on Holmöarna are former bays and inlets which were severed from the sea due to the rising of the underlying land mass by about 8.5 mm (approx. ⅓") each year. Strandbjerget, the islands' highest point at 25.83 meters above sea level, is found at Holmöns northern end.
Holmön
Holmön (in the local dialect: Höḷmöʸn) is the main island of the group and is still largely covered in spruce forest. The preserved main village of Holmö By is surrounded by open fields separated by narrow ba |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Martial%2C%20Gard | Saint-Martial (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Geography
Climate
Saint-Martial has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Saint-Martial is . The average annual rainfall is with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Saint-Martial was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 12 February 2012.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gard department
References
Communes of Gard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20cloning | Functional cloning is a molecular cloning technique that relies on prior knowledge of the encoded protein’s sequence or function for gene identification. In this assay, a genomic or cDNA library is screened to identify the genetic sequence of a protein of interest. Expression cDNA libraries may be screened with antibodies specific for the protein of interest or may rely on selection via the protein function. Historically, the amino acid sequence of a protein was used to prepare degenerate oligonucleotides which were then probed against the library to identify the gene encoding the protein of interest. Once candidate clones carrying the gene of interest are identified, they are sequenced and their identity is confirmed. This method of cloning allows researchers to screen entire genomes without prior knowledge of the location of the gene or the genetic sequence.
This technique can be used to identify genes that encode similar proteins from one organism to another. Similarly, this technique can be paired with metagenomic libraries to identify novel genes and proteins that perform similar functions, such as the identification of novel antibiotics by screening for beta-lactamase activity or selecting for growth in the presence of penicillin.
Experimental workflow
The workflow of a functional cloning experiment varies depending on the source of genetic material, the extent of prior knowledge of the protein or gene of interest and the ability to screen for the protein function. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna%20of%20Colombia | The fauna of Colombia is characterized by a high biodiversity, with the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide.
Endemic animals
Colombia has the largest number of endemic species (species that are not found naturally anywhere else) worldwide. About 10% of the species in the world live in Colombia. Some determinant factors in the distribution range of the species are the weather conditions, temperature, humidity and sunlight availability.
Endemics can easily become endangered or extinct due to their restricted habitat and vulnerability to the actions of man, including the introduction of new organisms.
Ecoregions with high endemism
According to the Colombian Ministry of Environment, the following ecoregions have the highest percentage of endemic species:
Cocora valley (Quindío)
Serranía de la Macarena (Meta Department)
Gorgona, Colombia (island in the Pacific Ocean)
Amacayacu National Park (Amazonas Department)
Environmental issues
Birds
Over 1800 species of birds have been described in Colombia, (more than the number of existent bird species in North America and Europe combined).
Some of the bird species in Colombia are:
American redstart
Groove-billed ani
Spotted antbird
White-plumed antbird
Antioquia bristle-tyrant
Northern slaty-antshrike
Blackish-grey antshrike
Black-faced antthrush
White-flanked antwren
Galapagos penguin
Checker-throated stipplethroat
Apical flycatcher
Apolinar's wren
Argus bare-eye
Cinnamon attila
Band-tailed barbthroat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice%20Research%20and%20Statistics%20Association | Justice Research and Statistics Association (JRSA) is a national nonprofit organization of state Statistical Analysis Centers, researchers, and practitioners throughout government, academia, and justice organizations. Justice Research and Statistics Association's members form a network of justice professionals dedicated to policy-relevant research and practice. The association was created in 1974 to promote cooperation and the exchange of criminal justice information among the states. JRSA is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
Statistical Analysis Centers contribute to viable, effective policy development in their states through statistical services, research, evaluation, and policy analysis.
Through the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics' State Justice Statistics Program, Statistical Analysis Centers also undertake statistical research and analysis on themes selected by Bureau of Justice Statistics and JRSA that reflect issues of current concern and significance to the justice community.
JRSA collects information annually in a computerized index called the Infobase of State Activities and Research on Statistical Analysis Centers' research, analyses, and activities, as well as reports and publications.
JRSA provides access to state-based information such as the Infobase of State Activities and Research, a searchable clearinghouse of Statistical Analysis Center research, and programs, and the Statistical Analysis Center Digest, an electronic compilation of Statist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s%20Last%20Theorem%20in%20fiction | The problem in number theory known as "Fermat's Last Theorem" has repeatedly received attention in fiction and popular culture. It was proved by Andrew Wiles in 1994.
Prose fiction
The theorem plays a key role in the 1948 mystery novel Murder by Mathematics by Hector Hawton.
Arthur Porges' short story "The Devil and Simon Flagg" features a mathematician who bargains with the Devil that the latter cannot produce a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem within twenty-four hours. The devil is not successful and is last seen beginning a collaboration with the hero. The story was first published in 1954 in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction.
In Douglas Hofstadter's 1979 book Gödel, Escher, Bach, the statement, "I have discovered a truly remarkable proof of this theorem which this margin is too small to contain" is repeatedly rephrased and satirized, including a pun on "fermata".
In Robert Forward's 1984/1985 science fiction novel Rocheworld, Fermat's Last Theorem is unproved far enough into the future for interstellar explorers to describe it to one of the mathematically inclined natives of another star system, who finds a proof.
In the 2003 book The Oxford Murders by Guillermo Martinez, Wiles's announcement in Cambridge of his proof of Fermat's Last Theorem forms a peripheral part of the action.
In Stieg Larsson's 2006 book The Girl Who Played With Fire, the main character Lisbeth Salander is mesmerized by the theorem. Fields medalist Timothy Gowers criticized Larsson's portra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOYL | WOYL was an American radio station, licensed to the community of Oil City, Pennsylvania. WOYL operated at the assigned frequency of 1340 kHz and a full-time output power of a thousand watts.
WOYL signed off December 27, 2009, due to major technical difficulties; though the station acquired a special temporary extension that allowed the station to remain silent until June 2010, it was ultimately decided to return the WOYL license to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
Though licensed to Oil City, some programming, sales and administrative functions did not originate out of Oil City, but rather Meadville, Pennsylvania, the headquarters of Forever Broadcasting's other northwest Pennsylvania broadcast properties.
WOYL was owned and operated by Forever Broadcasting, LLC, which also owned its primary programming vehicle, the Allegheny News Talk Sports Network, which remained in operation.
History
WOYL was the first radio station located in Venango County, debuting on February 14, 1946, on a "local" frequency of 1340 kHz, while the area was still in its oil-drilling and oil-producing heyday. The station's original call letters were WKRZ.
Most stations broadcasting on local frequencies operated as fulltime stations, with single tower non-directional antennas. WKRZ was unusual for having a two-tower daytime directional antenna pattern, as well as a share-time arrangement—it would sign off from 7:00-8:30 PM on Tuesdays and Thursdays and 7:00-8:00 PM on Sundays—to allow op |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositional%20pattern-producing%20network | Compositional pattern-producing networks (CPPNs) are a variation of artificial neural networks (ANNs) that have an architecture whose evolution is guided by genetic algorithms.
While ANNs often contain only sigmoid functions and sometimes Gaussian functions, CPPNs can include both types of functions and many others. The choice of functions for the canonical set can be biased toward specific types of patterns and regularities. For example, periodic functions such as sine produce segmented patterns with repetitions, while symmetric functions such as Gaussian produce symmetric patterns. Linear functions can be employed to produce linear or fractal-like patterns. Thus, the architect of a CPPN-based genetic art system can bias the types of patterns it generates by deciding the set of canonical functions to include.
Furthermore, unlike typical ANNs, CPPNs are applied across the entire space of possible inputs so that they can represent a complete image. Since they are compositions of functions, CPPNs in effect encode images at infinite resolution and can be sampled for a particular display at whatever resolution is optimal.
CPPNs can be evolved through neuroevolution techniques such as neuroevolution of augmenting topologies (called CPPN-NEAT).
CPPNs have been shown to be a very powerful encoding when evolving the following:
Neural networks, via the HyperNEAT algorithm,
2D images, on "PicBreeder.org",
3D objects, on "EndlessForms.com",
Robot morphologies Rigid Robots Soft R |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSK3A | Glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSK3A gene.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3-alpha is a multifunctional protein serine kinase, homologous to Drosophila 'shaggy' (zeste-white3) and implicated in the control of several regulatory proteins including glycogen synthase and various transcription factors (e.g., JUN). It also plays a role in the WNT and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (especially PIK3CG) signaling pathways.
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of GSK3A function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Gsk3atm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty one tests were carried out on mutant mice but no significant abnormalities were observed.
See also
Glycogen synthase kinase 3
References
Protein kinases
EC 2.7.11
Genes mutated in mice |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM1 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM1 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of non-selective cation channels. It is expressed in the retina, in a subset of bipolar cells termed ON bipolar cells. These cells form synapses with either rods or cones, collecting signals from them. In the dark, the signal arrives in the form of the neurotransmitter glutamate, which is detected by a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signal transduction cascade. Detection of glutamate by the GPCR Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 results in closing of the TRPM1 channel. At the onset of light, glutamate release is halted and mGluR6 is deactivated; this results in opening of the TRPM1 channel, influx of sodium and calcium, and depolarization of the bipolar cell.
In addition to the retina, TRPM1 is also expressed in melanocytes, which are melanin-producing cells in the skin. The expression of TRPM1 is inversely correlated with melanoma aggressiveness, suggesting that it might suppress melanoma metastasis. However, subsequent work showed that a microRNA located in an intron of the TRPM1 gene, rather than the TRPM1 protein itself, is responsible for the tumor suppressor function. The expression of both TRPM1 and the microRNA are regulated by the Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor.
Clinical significance
Mutations in TRPM1 are associated |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPAS2 | Neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2) also known as member of PAS protein 4 (MOP4) is a transcription factor protein that in humans is encoded by the NPAS2 gene. NPAS2 is paralogous to CLOCK, and both are key proteins involved in the maintenance of circadian rhythms in mammals. In the brain, NPAS2 functions as a generator and maintainer of mammalian circadian rhythms. More specifically, NPAS2 is an activator of transcription and translation of core clock and clock-controlled genes through its role in a negative feedback loop in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the brain region responsible for the control of circadian rhythms.
Discovery
The mammalian and mouse Npas2 gene was first sequenced and characterized in 1997 Dr. Steven McKnight's lab and published by Yu-Dong Zhou et al. The gene’s cDNAs encoding mouse and human forms of NPAS2 were isolated and sequenced. RNA blotting assays were used to demonstrate the selective presence of the gene in brain and spinal cord tissues of mice. In situ hybridization indicated that the pattern of Npas2 mRNA distribution in mouse brain is broad and complex, and is largely non-overlapping with that of Npas1.
Using Immunohistochemistry of human testis, Ramasamy et al. (2015) found the presence of NPAS2 protein in both germ cells within the tubules of the testes and in the interstitial space of Leydig cells.
Structure
In humans
The Npas2 gene resides on chromosome 2 at the band q13. The gene is 176,679 bases long and contains 25 exons. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC1 | Transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRPC1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC1 gene.
Function
TRPC1 is an ion channel located on the plasma membrane of numerous human and animal cell types.
It is a nonspecific cation channel, which means that both sodium and calcium ions can pass through it. TRPC1 is thought to mediate calcium entry in response to depletion of endoplasmic calcium stores or activation of receptors coupled to the phospholipase C system. In HEK293 cells the unitary current-voltage relationship of endogenous TRPC1 channels is almost linear, with a slope conductance of about 17 pS. The extrapolated reversal potential of TRPC1 channels is +30 mV.
The TRPC1 protein is widely expressed throughout the mammalian brain and has a similar corticolimbic expression pattern as TRPC4 and TRPC5.
The highest density of TRPC1 protein is found in the lateral septum, an area with dense TRPC4 expression, and hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, areas with dense TRPC5 expression.
History
TRPC1 was the first mammalian Transient Receptor Potential channel to be identified. In 1995 it was cloned when the research groups headed by Craig Montell and Lutz Birnbaumer were searching for proteins similar to the TRP channel in Drosophila. Together with TRPC3 they became the founding members of the TRPC ion channel family.
Interactions
TRPC1 has been shown to interact with:
HOMER3,
Polycystic kidney disease 2,
RHOA
TRPC3,
TRPC4, and
TRPC5.
See also
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC2 | Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 2, also known as TRPC2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC2 pseudogene. This protein is not expressed in humans but is in certain other species such as mouse.
Interactions
TRPC2 has been shown to interact with TRPC6.
See also
TRPC
References
Further reading
External links
Ion channels
Genes mutated in mice
Pseudogenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC3 | Short transient receptor potential channel 3 (TrpC3) also known as transient receptor protein 3 (TRP-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC3 gene. The TRPC3/6/7 subfamily are implicated in the regulation of vascular tone, cell growth, proliferation and pathological hypertrophy. These are diacylglycerol-sensitive cation channels known to regulate intracellular calcium via activation of the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway and/or by sensing Ca2+ store depletion. Together, their role in calcium homeostasis has made them potential therapeutic targets for a variety of central and peripheral pathologies.
Function
Non-specific cation conductance elicited by the activation of TrkB by BDNF is TRPC3-dependent in the CNS. TRPC channels are almost always co-localized with mGluR1-expressing cells and likely play a role in mGluR-mediated EPSPs.
The TRPC3 channel has been shown to be preferentially expressed in non-excitable cell types, such as oligodendrocytes. However, evidence suggests that active TRPC3 channels in basal ganglia (BG) output neurons are responsible for maintaining a tonic inward depolarizing current that regulates resting membrane potential and promotes regular neuronal firing. Conversely, inhibiting TRPC3 promotes cellular hyperpolarization, which can lead to slower and more irregular neuronal firing. While it's unclear if TRPC3 channels have equal expression, other members of the TRPC family have been localized to the axon hillock, cell body, and dendri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC4 | The short transient receptor potential channel 4 (TrpC4), also known as Trp-related protein 4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC4 gene.
Function
TrpC4 is a member of the transient receptor potential cation channels. This protein forms a non-selective calcium-permeable cation channel that is activated by Gαi-coupled receptors, Gαq-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinases, and plays a role in multiple processes including endothelial permeability, vasodilation, neurotransmitter release and cell proliferation.
Tissue distribution
The nonselective cation channel TrpC4 has been shown to be present in high abundance in the cortico-limbic regions of the brain. In addition, TRPC4 mRNA is present in midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra.
Roles
Deletion of the trpc4 gene decreases levels of sociability in a social exploration task. These results suggest that TRPC4 may play a role in regulating social anxiety in a number of different disorders. However deletion of the trpc4 gene had no impact on basic or complex strategic learning. Given that the trpc4 gene is expressed in a select population of midbrain dopamine neurons, it has been proposed that it may have an important role in dopamine related processes including addiction and attention.
Clinical significance
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with generalized epilepsy with photosensitivity.
Interactions
TRPC4 has been shown to int |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC5 | Short transient receptor potential channel 5 (TrpC5) also known as transient receptor protein 5 (TRP-5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC5 gene. TrpC5 is subtype of the TRPC family of mammalian transient receptor potential ion channels.
Function
TrpC5 is one of the seven mammalian TRPC (transient receptor potential canonical) proteins. TrpC5 is a multi-pass membrane protein and is thought to form a receptor-activated non-selective calcium permeant cation channel. The protein is active alone or as a heteromultimeric assembly with TRPC1, TRPC3, and TRPC4. It also interacts with multiple proteins including calmodulin, CABP1, enkurin, Na+–H+ exchange regulatory factor (NHERF), interferon-induced GTP-binding protein (MX1), ring finger protein 24 (RNF24), and SEC14 domain and spectrin repeat-containing protein 1 (SESTD1).
TRPC4 and TRPC5 have been implicated in the mechanism of mercury toxicity and neurological behavior. It was established in 2021 that TRPC5 is a component of the dental cold sensing system.
Activation
Homomultimeric TRPC5 and heteromultimeric TRPC5-TRPC1 channels are activated by extracellular reduced thioredoxin. This channel has also been found to be involved in the action of anaesthetics such as chloroform, halothane and propofol.
Interactions
TRPC5 has been shown to interact with STMN3, TRPC1, and TRPC4.
See also
TRPC
References
Further reading
External links
Ion channels |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM2 | Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 2, also known as TRPM2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM2 gene.
Structure
The protein encoded by this gene is a non-selective calcium-permeable cation channel and is part of the Transient Receptor Potential ion channel super family. The closest relative is the cold and menthol activated TRPM8 ion channel. While TRPM2 is not cold sensitive it is activated by heat. The TRPM2 ion channel is activated by free intracellular ADP-ribose in synergy with free intracellular calcium. ADP-Ribose is produced to by the enzyme PARP in response to oxidative stress and confers susceptibility to cell death. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but their full-length nature is not known.
Function
The TRPM2 gene is highly expressed in the brain and was implicated by both genetic linkage studies in families and then by case control or trio allelic association studies in the genetic aetiology of bipolar affective disorder (Manic Depression).
The physiological role of TRPM2 is not well understood. It was shown to be involved in insulin secretion. In the immune cells it mediates parts of the responses to TNF-alpha. A role has been suggested for TRPM2 in activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, the dysregulation of which is strongly associated with a number of auto inflammatory and metabolic diseases, such as gout, obesity and diabetes. In the brain it is involved in the toxic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricho-rhino-phalangeal%20syndrome%20Type%201 | Zinc finger transcription factor Trps1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPS1 gene.
This gene encodes a GATA-like transcription factor that represses GATA-regulated genes and binds to a dynein light chain protein. Binding of the encoded protein to the dynein light chain protein affects binding to GATA consensus sequences and suppresses its transcriptional activity. Defects in this gene are a cause of tricho–rhino–phalangeal syndrome (TRPS) types I–III (also known as the Langer–Giedion syndrome).
References
Further reading
External links
Transcription factors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PER3 | The PER3 gene encodes the period circadian protein homolog 3 protein in humans. PER3 is a paralog to the PER1 and PER2 genes. It is a circadian gene associated with delayed sleep phase syndrome in humans.
History
The Per3 gene was independently cloned by two research groups (Kobe University School of Medicine and Harvard Medical School) who both published their discovery in June 1998. The mammalian Per3 was discovered by searching for homologous cDNA sequences to Per2. The amino acid sequence of the mouse PERIOD3 protein (mPER3) is between 37-56% similar to the other two PER proteins.
Function
This gene is a member of the Period family of genes. It is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Genes in this family encode components of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. Circadian expression in the SCN continues in constant darkness, and a shift in the light/dark cycle evokes a proportional shift of gene expression in the SCN. PER1 and PER2 are necessary for molecular timekeeping and light responsiveness in the master circadian clock in the SCN, but little data is shown on the concrete function for PER3. PER3 was found to be important for endogenous timekeeping in specific tissues and those tissue-specific changes in endogenous periods result in internal misalignment of circadian clocks in Per3 double knockout (-/-) mice. PER3 may have a stabilizing effec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PER2 | PER2 is a protein in mammals encoded by the PER2 gene. PER2 is noted for its major role in circadian rhythms.
Discovery
The per gene was first discovered using forward genetics in Drosophilla melanogaster in 1971. Mammalian Per2 was discovered by in 1997 through a search for homologous cDNA sequences to PER1. It is more similar to Drosophila per than its paralogs. Later experiments in also identified Per2 in humans.
Function
PER2 is a member of the Period family of genes and is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Genes in this family encode components of the circadian clock, which regulates the daily rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. Circadian expression of these genes and their encoded proteins in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Human PER2 is involved in human sleep disorder and cancer formation. Lowered PER2 expression is common in many tumors cells within the body, suggesting PER2 is integral for proper function and decreased levels promotes tumor progression.
PER2 contains glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) and a GRE within the core clock gene PER2 is continuously occupied during rhythmic expression and essential for glucocorticoid regulation of PER2 in vivo. Mice with a genomic deletion spanning this GRE expressed elevated leptin levels and were protected from glucose intolerance and insulin resistance on glucocorticoid treatment but not from muscle wastin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPA1 | Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1, also known as transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, TRPA1, or The Wasabi Receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPA1 (and in mice and rats by the Trpa1) gene.
TRPA1 is an ion channel located on the plasma membrane of many human and animal cells. This ion channel is best known as a sensor for pain, cold and itch in humans and other mammals, as well as a sensor for environmental irritants giving rise to other protective responses (tears, airway resistance, and cough).
Function
TRPA1 is a member of the transient receptor potential channel family. TRPA1 contains 14 N-terminal ankyrin repeats and is believed to function as a mechanical and chemical stress sensor. One of the specific functions of this protein studies involves a role in the detection, integration and initiation of pain signals in the peripheral nervous system. It can be activated at sites of tissue injury or sites of inflammation directly by endogenous mediators or indirectly as a downstream target via signaling from a number of distinct G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as bradykinin.
Recent studies indicate that TRPA1 is activated by a number of reactive (allyl isothiocyanate, cinnamaldehyde, farnesyl thiosalicylic acid, formalin, hydrogen peroxide, 4-hydroxynonenal, acrolein, and tear gases) and non-reactive compounds (nicotine, PF-4840154) and is thus considered as a "chemosensor" in the body. TRPA1 is co-expr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev-ErbA%20alpha | Rev-Erb alpha (Rev-Erbɑ), also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 (NR1D1), is one of two Rev-Erb proteins in the nuclear receptor (NR) family of intracellular transcription factors. In humans, REV-ERBɑ is encoded by the NR1D1 gene, which is highly conserved across animal species.
Rev-Erbɑ plays an important role in regulation of the core circadian clock through repression of the positive clock element Bmal1. It also regulates several physiological processes under circadian control, including metabolic and immune pathways. Rev-Erbɑ mRNA demonstrates circadian oscillation in its expression, and it is highly expressed in mammals in the brain and metabolic tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver.
Discovery
Rev-Erbɑ was discovered in 1989 by Nobuyuki Miyajima and colleagues, who identified two erbA homologs on human chromosome 17 that were transcribed from opposite DNA strands in the same locus. One of the genes encoded a protein that was highly similar to chicken thyroid hormone receptor, and the other, which they termed ear-1, would later be described as Rev-Erbɑ. The protein was first referenced by the name Rev-Erbɑ in 1990 by Mitchell A. Lazar, Karen E. Jones, and William W. Chin, who isolated Rev-Erbɑ complementary DNA from a human fetal skeletal muscle library. Similar to the gene in rats, they found that human Rev-Erbɑ was transcribed from the strand opposite human thyroid hormone receptor alpha (THRA, c-erbAα).
Rev-Erbɑ was firs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBXL3 | FBXL3 is a gene in humans and mice that encodes the F-box/LRR-repeat protein 3 (FBXL3).
FBXL3 is a member of the F-box protein family, which constitutes one of the four subunits in the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex.
The FBXL3 protein participates in the negative feedback loop responsible for generating molecular circadian rhythms in mammals by binding to the CRY1 and CRY2 proteins to facilitate their polyubiquitination by the SCF complex and their subsequent degradation by the proteasome.
Discovery
The Fbxl3 gene function was independently identified in 2007 by three groups, led by Michele Pagano, Joseph S. Takahashi, Dr. Patrick Nolan and Michael Hastings, respectively. Takahashi used forward genetics N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis to screen for mice with varied circadian activity which led to the discovery of the Overtime (Ovtm) mutant of the Fbxl3 gene. Nolan discovered the Fbxl3 mutation After hours (Afh) by a forward screen assessing wheel activity behavior of mutagenized mice. The phenotypes identified in mice were mechanistically explained by Pagano who discovered that the FBXL3 protein is necessary for the reactivation of the CLOCK and BMAL1 protein heterodimer by inducing the degradation of CRY proteins.
Overtime
Mice with the homozygous mutation of Ovtm, free run with an intrinsic period of 26 hours. Overtime is a loss of function mutation caused by a substitution of isoleucine to threonine in the region of FBXL3 that binds to CRY. In mice with this mutat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM5 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5 (TRPM5), also known as long transient receptor potential channel 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM5 gene.
Function
TRPM5 is a calcium-activated non-selective cation channel that induces depolarization upon increases in intracellular calcium, it is a signal mediator in chemosensory cells. Channel activity is initiated by a rise in the intracellular calcium, and the channel permeates monovalent cations as K+ and Na+.
TRPM5 is a key component of taste transduction in the gustatory system of bitter, sweet and umami tastes being activated by high levels of intracellular calcium. It has also been targeted as a possible contributor to fat taste signaling. The calcium dependent opening of TRPM5 produces a depolarizing generator potential which leads to an action potential.
TRPM5 is expressed in pancreatic β-cells where it is involved in the signaling mechanism for insulin secretion. The potentiation of TRPM5 in the β-cells leads to increased insulin secretion and protects against the development of type 2 diabetes in mice. Further expression of TRPM5 can be found in tuft cells, solitary chemosensory cells and several other cell types in the body that have a sensory role.
Drugs modulating TRPM5
The role of TRPM5 in the pancreatic β-cell makes it a target for the development of novel antidiabetic therapies.
Agonists
Steviol glycosides, the sweet compounds in the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPV2 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPV2 gene. TRPV2 is a nonspecific cation channel that is a part of the TRP channel family. This channel allows the cell to communicate with its extracellular environment through the transfer of ions, and responds to noxious temperatures greater than 52 °C. It has a structure similar to that of potassium channels, and has similar functions throughout multiple species; recent research has also shown multiple interactions in the human body.
TRP subfamily
The vanilloid TRP subfamily (TRPV) named after the vanilloid receptor 1 consist of six members, four of them (TRPV1-TRPV4) have been related to thermal sensation. TRPV2 shares 50% of its homology with TRPV1. Compared to TRPV1 channels, TRPV2 channels do not open in response to vanilloids like capsaicin or thermal stimuli around 43 °C. This may be due to the composition of the ankyrin repeat domains in TRPV2, which are different than those in TRPV1. However, TRPV2 channels can open by noxious temperatures greater than 52 °C. TRPV2 initially was characterized as a noxious heat sensor channel, but more evidence suggest its importance in various osmosensory and mechanosensory mechanisms. The channel can open in response to a variety of stimuli including hormones, growth factors, mechanical stretching, heat, osmotic swelling, lysophospholipids, and cannabinoids. These channels are expressed in medium to large diameter n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM4 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4 (hTRPM4), also known as melastatin-4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM4 gene.
TRPM4 Channel Blocker
9-Phenanthrol
TRPM4-IN-5
See also
TRPM
References
Further reading
External links
Ion channels |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC7 | Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 7, also known as TRPC7, is a human gene encoding a protein of the same name.
See also
TRPC
Further reading
External links
Ion channels |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPV4 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 is an ion channel protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPV4 gene.
The TRPV4 gene encodes TRPV4, initially named "vanilloid-receptor related osmotically activated channel" (VR-OAC) and "OSM9-like transient receptor potential channel, member 4 (OTRPC4)", a member of the vanilloid subfamily in the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of ion channels. The encoded protein is a Ca2+-permeable, nonselective cation channel that has been found involved in multiple physiologic functions, dysfunctions and also disease. It functions in the regulation of systemic osmotic pressure by the brain, in vascular function, in liver, intestinal, renal and bladder function, in skin barrier function and response of the skin to ultraviolet-B radiation, in growth and structural integrity of the skeleton, in function of joints, in airway- and lung function, in retinal and inner ear function, and in pain. The channel is activated by osmotic, mechanical and chemical cues. It also responds to thermal changes (warmth). Channel activation can be sensitized by inflammation and injury.
The TRPV4 gene has been co-discovered by W. Liedtke et al. and R. Strotmann et al.
Clinical significance
Channelopathy mutations in the TRPV4 gene lead to skeletal dysplasias, premature osteoarthritis, and neurological motor function disorders and are associated with a range of disorders, including brachyolmia type 3, congenital distal spinal m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM8 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M (melastatin) member 8 (TRPM8), also known as the cold and menthol receptor 1 (CMR1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM8 gene. The TRPM8 channel is the primary molecular transducer of cold somatosensation in humans. In addition, mints can desensitize a region through the activation of TRPM8 receptors (the 'cold'/menthol receptor).
Structure
The TRPM8 channel is a homotetramer, composed of four identical subunits with a transmembrane domain with six helices (S1–6). The first four, S1–4, act as the voltage sensor and allow binding of menthol, icilin and similar channel agonists. S5 and S6 and a connecting loop, also part of the structure, make up the pore, a non-selective cation channel which consists of a highly conserved hydrophobic region. A range of diverse components are required for the high level of specificity in response to cold and menthol stimuli which eventually lead to ion flow through the protein channel.
Function
TRPM8 is an ion channel: upon activation, it allows the entry of Na+ and Ca2+ ions into the cell, which leads to depolarization and the generation of an action potential. The signal is conducted from primary afferents (type C- and A-delta) eventually leading to the sensation of cold and cold pain.
The TRPM8 protein is expressed in sensory neurons, and it is activated by cold temperatures and cooling agents, such as menthol and icilin whereas WS-12 and CPS-369 are the most select |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM3 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM3 gene.
Function
The product of this gene belongs to the family of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. TRP channels are Ca2+ permeable non-selective cation channels that play roles in a wide variety of physiological processes, including calcium signaling, heat and cold sensation, calcium and magnesium homeostasis. TRPMs mediates sodium and calcium entry, which induces depolarization and a cytoplasmic Ca2+ signal. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been -identified.
TRPM3 was shown to be activated by the neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate as well as the synthetic compound CIM0216.
Peripheral heat sensation
TRPM3 is expressed in peripheral sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia, and they are activated by high temperatures. Genetic deletion of TRPM3 in mice reduces sensitivity to noxious heat, as well as inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia. Inhibitors of TRPM3 were also shown to reduce noxious heat and inflammatory heat hyperalgesia, as well as reduce heat hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain in nerve injury induced neuropathic pain.
Receptor mediated inhibition
TRPM3 is robustly inhibited by the activation of cell surface receptors that couple to inhibitory heterotrimeric G-proteins (Gi) via direct binding of the Gβγ subunit of the G-protein to the channel. Gβγ was shown to bind to a short α-helical segment of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPT1 | tRNA 2'-phosphotransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TRPT1 gene.
References
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPV3 | Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 3, also known as TRPV3, is a human gene encoding the protein of the same name.
The TRPV3 protein belongs to a family of nonselective cation channels that function in a variety of processes, including temperature sensation and vasoregulation. The thermosensitive members of this family are expressed in subsets of human sensory neurons that terminate in the skin, and are activated at distinct physiological temperatures. This channel is activated at temperatures between 22 and 40 degrees C. The gene lies in close proximity to another family member (TRPV1) gene on chromosome 17, and the two encoded proteins are thought to associate with each other to form heteromeric channels.
Function
The TRPV3 channel has wide tissue expression that is especially high in the skin (keratinocytes) but also in the brain. It functions as a molecular sensor for innocuous warm temperatures. Mice lacking these protein are unable to sense elevated temperatures (>33 °C) but are able to sense cold and noxious heat. In addition to thermosensation TRPV3 channels seem to play a role in hair growth because mutations in the TRPV3 gene cause hair loss in mice. The role of TRPV3 channels in the brain is unclear, but appears to play a role in mood regulation. The protective effects of the natural product, incensole acetate were partially mediated by TRPV3 channels.
Modulation
The TRPV3 channel is directly activated by various natural compound |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef%20Svoboda | Josef Svoboda (10 May 1920 – 8 April 2002) was a Czech artist and scenic designer. He was a production designer and director, known for Amadey (1984), Laterna Magika: Puzzles (1996) and Laterna Magika: Trap (1999).
Education
Svoboda was born in Čáslav, Czechoslovakia (today the Czech Republic). He began his training as an architect at the Central School of Housing in Prague. At the end of World War II, he became interested in theatre and design. He began to study scenography at the Prague Conservatory and architecture at the Academy of Applied Arts.
Career
Svoboda became the principal designer at the Czech National Theatre in 1948 and held that position for more than 30 years. His multimedia installations Laterna Magika and Polyekran, realized together with director Alfréd Radok and his brother Emil on the occasion of the Expo 58 in Brussels, allowed him to be internationally known. These productions introduced the combination of live actors and filmed projections. Svoboda is also responsible for introducing modern technologies and materials such as plastics, hydraulics and lasers into his designs. In 1967, Svoboda created one of his best known special effects, a three-dimensional pillar of light. This was created by the use of an aerosol mixture which revealed low-voltage luminaries.
Josef Svoboda considered himself a scenographer rather than a designer; he chose to show a more holistic, architectural, non-naturalistic approach to design. His 700-plus designs include Inse |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now%20Spring%202007%20%28Australian%20series%29 | Now Spring 2007 is a compilation CD released by EMI Music Australia in 2007. It is the 18th CD in the Australian Now! series.
Track listing
Alex Gaudino featuring Crystal Waters – "Destination Calabria" (3:00)
Ricki-Lee – "Can't Touch It" (2:52)
Gym Class Heroes – "Clothes Off!!" (3:40)
Operator Please – "Just a Song About Ping Pong" (2:17)
Missy Higgins – "Where I Stood" (4:15)
Silverchair – "Reflections of a Sound" (4:09)
Kisschasy – "Opinions Won't Keep You Warm at Night" (3:05)
Ben Lee – "Love Me Like the World Is Ending" (3:44)
Armand Van Helden – "NYC Beat" (3:10)
Bob Sinclar featuring Dollarman and Gary Pine – "Sound of Freedom" (3:17)
Yellowcard – "Light Up the Sky" (3:32)
Evermore – "Never Let You Go" (4:16)
Lisa Mitchell – "Incomplete Lullaby" (3:42)
Jet – "Bring It on Back" (4:09)
Katie Noonan – "Time to Begin" (3:38)
The Beautiful Girls – "I Thought About You" (3:13)
Thirsty Merc – "The Hard Way" (4:21)
Airbourne – "Too Much, Too Young, Too Fast" (3:43)
The Chemical Brothers – "Do It Again" (3:40)
Paul Van Dyk featuring Jessica Sutta – "White Lies" (3:14)
Carl Kennedy vs. M.Y.N.C. Project featuring Roachford – "Ride the Storm" (Life Goes On Radio Edit) (3:09)
Meck featuring Dino – "Feels Like Home" (3:11)
External links
NOW Spring 2007 @ Australian Charts
2007 compilation albums
Now That's What I Call Music! albums (Australian series)
EMI Records compilation albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20bisulfate | Ammonium bisulfate, also known as ammonium hydrogen sulfate, is a white, crystalline solid with the formula (NH4)HSO4. This salt is the product of the half-neutralization of sulfuric acid by ammonia.
Production
It is commonly collected as a byproduct of the "acetone cyanohydrin route" to the commodity chemical methyl methacrylate.
It can also be obtained by hydrolysis of sulfamic acid in aqueous solution, which produces the salt in high purity:
H3NSO3 + H2O → [NH4]+[HSO4]−
It also arises by the thermal decomposition of ammonium sulfate:
(NH4)2SO4 → (NH4)HSO4 + NH3
Applications
It can be further neutralized with ammonia to form ammonium sulfate, a valuable fertilizer. It can be used as a weaker alternative to sulfuric acid, although sodium bisulfate is much more common.
Natural occurrence
A related compound of the (NH4)3H(SO4)2 formula, occurs as the rare mineral letovicite, known from coal fire environments.
References
Ammonium compounds
Sulfates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%20Devanir | Leonardo Devanir de Paula or simply Leonardo (born March 12, 1977 in Juiz de Fora), is a Brazilian central defender who currently plays for Nova Iguaçu.
Career
Flamengo career statistics
(Correct 13 July 2008)
according to combined sources on the.
Honours
Coritiba
Paraná State Championship: 1999
Palmeiras
Brazilian Série B: 2003
Goiás
Goiás State Championship: 2006
References
External links
sambafoot
Guardian Stats Centre
zerozero.pt
goiasesporteclube.com
1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Juiz de Fora
Brazilian men's footballers
Tupi Football Club players
Coritiba Foot Ball Club players
Goiás Esporte Clube players
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players
CR Flamengo footballers
Vila Nova Futebol Clube players
Ipatinga Futebol Clube players
Expatriate men's footballers in Syria
Men's association football defenders
Syrian Premier League players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20spectrometry%20imaging | Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a technique used in mass spectrometry to visualize the spatial distribution of molecules, as biomarkers, metabolites, peptides or proteins by their molecular masses. After collecting a mass spectrum at one spot, the sample is moved to reach another region, and so on, until the entire sample is scanned. By choosing a peak in the resulting spectra that corresponds to the compound of interest, the MS data is used to map its distribution across the sample. This results in pictures of the spatially resolved distribution of a compound pixel by pixel. Each data set contains a veritable gallery of pictures because any peak in each spectrum can be spatially mapped. Despite the fact that MSI has been generally considered a qualitative method, the signal generated by this technique is proportional to the relative abundance of the analyte. Therefore, quantification is possible, when its challenges are overcome. Although widely used traditional methodologies like radiochemistry and immunohistochemistry achieve the same goal as MSI, they are limited in their abilities to analyze multiple samples at once, and can prove to be lacking if researchers do not have prior knowledge of the samples being studied. Most common ionization technologies in the field of MSI are DESI imaging, MALDI imaging, secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging (SIMS imaging) and Nanoscale SIMS (NanoSIMS).
History
More than 50 years ago, MSI was introduced using secondary ion mass s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteron | Iterons are directly repeated DNA sequences which play an important role in regulation of plasmid copy number in bacterial cells. It is one among the three negative regulatory elements found in plasmids which control its copy number. The others include antisense RNAs and ctRNAs. Iterons complex with cognate replication (Rep) initiator proteins to achieve the required regulatory effect.
Regulation of Replication
Iterons have an important role in plasmid replication. An iteron-containing plasmid origin of replication can be found containing about five iterons about 20 base pairs in length total. These iterons provide a saturation site for initiator receptor proteins and promote replication thus increasing plasmid copy number in a given cell.
Limiting Factors of Initiation
There are 4 main limiting factors leading to no initiation of replication in iterons:
Transcriptional autorepression
Initiator dimerization
Initiator titration
Handcuffing
Transcriptional auto-repression is thought to reduce initiator synthesis by repressing the formation of the Rep proteins. Since these proteins work to promote binding of replication machinery, replication can be halted in this form. Another factor used to stop replication is known as dimerization. It works to dimerize these Rep proteins and as a result monomers of these proteins are no longer in a high enough concentration to initiate replication. Another limiting factor, titration, occurs after replication and works to prevent satu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-hydroxybenzoate%20polyprenyltransferase | In enzymology, a 4-hydroxybenzoate polyprenyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
a polyprenyl diphosphate + 4-hydroxybenzoate diphosphate + a 4-hydroxy-3-polyprenylbenzoate
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are a polyprenyl diphosphate and 4-hydroxybenzoate, whereas its two products are diphosphate and 4-hydroxy-3-polyprenylbenzoate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring aryl or alkyl groups other than methyl groups. This enzyme participates in ubiquinone biosynthesis.
Nomenclature
The systematic name of this enzyme class is polyprenyl-diphosphate:4-hydroxybenzoate polyprenyltransferase. Other names in common use include:
nonaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate transferase,
4-hydroxybenzoate transferase,
p-hydroxybenzoate dimethylallyltransferase,
p-hydroxybenzoate polyprenyltransferase,
p-hydroxybenzoic acid-polyprenyl transferase,
p-hydroxybenzoic-polyprenyl transferase, and
4-hydroxybenzoate nonaprenyltransferase
References
EC 2.5.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatic%20mixed%20forests | The Sarmatic mixed forests constitute an ecoregion within the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome, according to the World Wide Fund for Nature classification (ecoregion PA0436). The term comes from the word "Sarmatia".
Distribution
This ecoregion is situated in Europe between boreal forests/taiga in the north and the broadleaf belt in the south and occupies about 846,100 km² (326,700 mi²) in southernmost Norway, southern Sweden (except southernmost), southwesternmost Finland, northern Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, northern Belarus and the central part of European Russia.
It is bordered by the ecoregions of Scandinavian and Russian taiga (north), Urals montane tundra and taiga (east), East European forest steppe (southeast), Central European mixed forests (southwest) and Baltic mixed forests (west), as well as by the Baltic Sea.
Description
The ecoregion consists of mixed forests dominated by Quercus robur (which only occasionally occurs farther north), Picea abies (which disappears further south due to insufficient moisture) and Pinus sylvestris (in drier locations). Geobotanically, it is divided between the Central European and Eastern European floristic provinces of the Circumboreal Region of the Holarctic Kingdom.
References
External links
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Ecoregions of Europe
Ecoregions of Belarus
Ecoregions of Estonia
Ecoregions of Finland
Ecoregions of Latvia
Ecoregions of Lithuania
Ecoregions of Norway
Ecoregions of Russia
Ecoregions o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck%20classification | Truck classifications are typically based upon the maximum loaded weight of the truck, typically using the gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) and sometimes also the gross trailer weight rating (GTWR), and can vary among jurisdictions.
United States
In the United States, commercial truck classification is determined based on the vehicle's gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). The classes are numbered 1 through 8. Trucks are also classified more broadly by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), which groups classes 1 and 2 as light duty, 3 through 6 as medium duty, and 7 and 8 as heavy duty. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has a separate system of emissions classifications for trucks. The United States Census Bureau also assigned classifications in its now-discontinued Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS) (formerly Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS)).
United States federal law requires drivers to have a commercial driver's license (CDL) to operate heavy-duty vehicles (Class 7 and 8) in commerce, with the exception of emergency vehicles and vehicles strictly used for recreational and/or agricultural purposes, though it allows states to require a CDL for these vehicles under their discretion. A CDL is also required to operate any vehicle that transports at least 16 passengers (including the driver) or hazardous materials requiring placards under federal and state law regardless of the weight of the vehicle. States may extend CDL requirements for additional ve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian%20and%20Russian%20taiga | The Scandinavian and Russian taiga is an ecoregion within the taiga and boreal forests biome as defined by the WWF classification (ecoregion PA0608). It is situated in Northern Europe between tundra in the north and temperate mixed forests in the south and occupies about in Norway, Sweden, Finland and the northern part of European Russia, being the largest ecoregion in Europe. In Sweden the taiga is primarily associated with the Norrland terrain.
Description
The Scandinavian and Russian taiga consists of coniferous forests dominated by Pinus sylvestris (in drier locations), often with an understory of Juniperus communis, Picea abies and Picea obovata and a significant admixture of Betula pubescens and Betula pendula. Larix sibirica is characteristic of the eastern part of the ecoregion. Geobotanically, it belongs to the Northeastern European floristic province of the Circumboreal Region of the Holarctic Kingdom.
There are a number of special status mammals and birds within the Scandinavian and Russian taiga, as well as one reptilian taxon.
Growing season in taiga areas is generally considered to be measured as the number of days for which average daily temperature exceeds . The longest growing season for the Scandinavian and Russian taiga occurs in the locales with marine influence from the North Sea and Baltic Sea: in coastal areas of Norway, Sweden and Finland the growing season of the closed boreal forest can reach as high as 145 to 180 days per annum. The shortest gr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20the%20sciences%20%28Peirce%29 | The philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) did considerable work over a period of years on the classification of
sciences (including mathematics). His classifications are of interest both as a map for navigating his philosophy and as an accomplished polymath's survey of research in his time. Peirce himself was well grounded and produced work in many research fields, including logic, mathematics, statistics, philosophy, spectroscopy, gravimetry, geodesy, chemistry, and experimental psychology.
Classifications
Philosophers have done little work on classification of the sciences and mathematics since Peirce's time. Noting Peirce's "important" contribution, Denmark's Birger Hjørland commented: "There is not today (2005), to my knowledge, any organized research program about the classification of the sciences in any discipline or in any country". As Miksa (1998) writes, the "interest for this question largely died in the beginning of the 20th century". It is not clear whether Hjørland includes the classification of mathematics in that characterization.
Taxa
In 1902 and 1903 Peirce elaborates classifications of the sciences in:
"A Detailed Classification of the Sciences" in Minute Logic (Feb.–Apr. 1902), Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (CP) v. 1, paragraphs 203–283
July 1902 application to the Carnegie institution (MS L75)
"An Outline Classification of the Sciences (CP 1.180-202) in his "A Syllabus of Certain Topics in Logic" (1903), wherein his classificat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese%20analogue | Cheese analogues (more widely known as cheese alternatives) are products used as culinary replacements for cheese. They are usually products made by blending cheaper fats or proteins and used in convenience foods. The category includes vegan cheeses as well as some dairy-containing products that do not qualify as true cheeses, such as processed cheese. These foods may be intended as replacements for cheese, as with vegan products, or as imitations, as in the case of products used for salad bars and pizza-making, which are generally intended to be mistaken for real cheese, but have properties such as lower costs or different melting points that make them attractive to businesses.
Vegan cheese
Vegan cheese may be made from soybeans, rice, almonds, nutritional yeast and other non-dairy ingredients. It is aimed at vegans and others wanting to avoid animal products, for moral, environmental, religious or health reasons, including lactose intolerance or a desire to avoid cholesterol. Vegan cheeses may be lower in fat compared to dairy cheese, are cholesterol-free and are often a source of soy protein and isoflavones. Many have calcium added. Several brands melt similarly to dairy cheese, while others stay mostly firm, or melt only when grated.
Analogue pizza cheese
One variant of pasteurized processed cheese dairy products is, according to a hospitality industry source, designed to melt well on pizza, while remaining chewy; this has been described as "artificial cheesy substanc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrin%27s%20scheme | In numerical analysis, Estrin's scheme (after Gerald Estrin), also known as Estrin's method, is an algorithm for numerical evaluation of polynomials.
Horner's method for evaluation of polynomials is one of the most commonly used algorithms for this purpose, and unlike Estrin's scheme it is optimal in the sense that it minimizes the number of multiplications and additions required to evaluate an arbitrary polynomial. On a modern processor, instructions that do not depend on each other's results may run in parallel. Horner's method contains a series of multiplications and additions that each depend on the previous instruction and so cannot execute in parallel. Estrin's scheme is one method that attempts to overcome this serialization while still being reasonably close to optimal.
Description of the algorithm
Estrin's scheme operates recursively, converting a degree-n polynomial in x (for n≥2) to a degree- polynomial in x2 using independent operations (plus one to compute x2).
Given an arbitrary polynomial P(x) = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + C3x3 + ⋯ + Cnxn, one can group adjacent terms into sub-expressions of the form (A + Bx) and rewrite it as a polynomial in x2: P(x) = (C0 + C1x) + (C2 + C3x)x2 + (C4 + C5x)x4 + ⋯ = Q(x2).
Each of these sub-expressions, and x2, may be computed in parallel. They may also be evaluated using a native multiply–accumulate instruction on some architectures, an advantage that is shared with Horner's method.
This grouping can then be repeated to get a po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSNK1D | Casein kinase I isoform delta also known as CKI-delta or CK1δ is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the gene CSNK1D, which is located on chromosome 17 (17q25.3). It is a member of the CK1 (formerly named casein kinase 1) family of serine/threonine specific eukaryotic protein kinases encompassing seven distinct isoforms (CK1α, γ1-3, δ, ε) as well as various post-transcriptionally processed splice variants (transcription variants, TVs) in mammalians. Meanwhile, CK1δ homologous proteins have been isolated from organisms like yeast, basidiomycetes, plants, algae, and protozoa.
Genetic coding
In 1993, the gene sequence of CK1δ was initially described by Graves et al. who isolated the cDNA from testicles of rats. After sequencing and characterization of the gene, the construct was described as a 1284 nucleotide sequence resulting in a protein consisting of 428 amino acids after transcription. The molecular weight of the according protein was published as 49 kDa. Three years later, the same gene was identified in humans. The human CSNK1D contains 1245 nucleotides and is transcribed into a protein consisting of 415 amino acids.
Ever since, CK1δ was investigated and described in various animals, plants, as well as parasites (Caenorhabditis elegans, 1998; Drosophila melanogaster, 1998; Mus musculus, 2002; Xenopus laevis, 2002.)
Transcriptional variants
So far, three different transcription variants (TVs) have been described for CK1δ in humans (Homo sapiens), mice (Mus muscul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonaut%3A%20The%20Resonance | is a Japanese anime television series directed by Manabu Ono and co-produced by Gonzo and Nihon Ad Systems (NAS). It was broadcast for 25 episodes on TV Tokyo from October 2007 to March 2008. An additional original video animation (OVA) episode was released in 2009. In North America, the series was licensed by Funimation.
A manga adaptation by Satoshi Kinoshita was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Jump Square from November 2007 to April 2008, with its six chapters collected in a single volume.
Plot
Twenty years prior to the story's beginning, an asteroid headed for Earth destroys Pluto. Due to Pluto's destruction, the asteroid, which is dubbed Thanatos, becomes temporarily stagnant in Pluto's orbit. Now, in order to avoid Earth's impending destruction, the International Solarsystem Development Agency (ISDA) works on the "D-Project", and secretly creates weapons called "Dragons" after finding a dragon egg under the ocean. However, they soon find out that the asteroid is not their only threat, as powerful, destructive dragons from Thanatos appear on Earth.
After witnessing what looks like a murder by a strange creature, Jin Kamishina, a lonely 18-year-old boy who lost his family in a shuttle accident two years ago, gets involved with the ISDA and their efforts to battle the dragons from Thanatos. Helping him is Toa, a mysterious girl who saves him from falling to his death after the creature attacks him. As they delve deeper into the mysteries of the dragons, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside%20the%20Robot%20Kingdom | Inside the Robot Kingdom: Japan, Mechatronics, and the Coming Robotopia is a 1988 book about robotics in Japan by Frederik L. Schodt. In 2011, it was also issued as an e-book for the Kindle, Nook, and iBookstore platforms, with a new cover designed by Raymond Larrett, added color photographs, and free-flowing, searchable text.
This book describes the fascination that Japan has had from the very beginning of acquiring technology, from the first visit by Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1853 to Tokyo and the integration of technology into Japanese society, which they, according to the book, feel will strengthen and improve their society, economy and life in Japan and the world. They regard technology, according to the book, as a savior from dangerous and monotonous jobs that robots can be designed to do instead, freeing up the human labor force to do more worthwhile pursuits.
The book mentions Isaac Asimov's proposed Three Laws of Robotics, and also talks about the Japanese comic book character Astro Boy as examples of robotic integration into Japanese society.
Sociology books
Books about Japan
Robotics books
1988 non-fiction books |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milepost%20equation | A milepost equation, milepoint equation, or postmile equation is a place where mileposts on a linear feature, such as a highway or rail line, fail to increase normally, usually due to realignment or changes in planned alignment. In order to make mileposts consistent with the real mileage, every milepost beyond the equation would need to be moved.
For example, an equation of 7.6 back = 9.2 ahead means that the feature does not have any section between mile 7.6 and mile 9.2, and the distance between mileposts 7 and 10 is only 1.4 miles. This would usually be caused by a relocation that shortened the distance by 1.6 miles. It is also possible for an equation to add mileage to what it would otherwise be; the duplicated mileposts receive a special prefix, such as Z.
See also
California postmile
References
Scales
Milestones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobicom%20Corporation | Mobicom Corporation () is the largest mobile phone operator in Mongolia.
It was established as a joint Mongolian-Japanese venture on 18 March 1996, to be the first Mongolian cell phone service. It was founded by Newcom Group, Sumitomo, and KDDI. Mongolia's Newcom. In 2016 March, Mobicom was consolidated in KDDI Corporation Group and KDDI took majority share.
As of June, 2015, Mobicom holds over 33 percent of the mobile service market, with network coverage of 95 percent across the country, the widest range of coverage in Mongolia. It delivers its services through 64 branch units, 2,200 dealers and over 10,000 mobile sales points.
Aside from cellular communications, Mobicom also has services including international communications, Internet and satellite communications and wireless local loop or WLL. Its prepaid services are exclusively sold through Newtel LLC.
Mobicom introduced 3.5G networking in 2009, and provides HSPA.
Mobicom network support phones with UMTS 2100, HSDPA 2100, HSUPA 2100 or HSPA 2100 bands.
References
Telecommunications companies of Mongolia
Organizations based in Ulaanbaatar
Companies based in Ulaanbaatar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi%20Kondo%20%28footballer%29 | is a Japanese football player who plays for Nagano Parceiro.
Club statistics
Updated to end of 2018 season.
References
External links
Profile at Ehime FC
1992 births
Living people
Waseda University alumni
Association football people from Tokyo
Japanese men's footballers
J2 League players
J3 League players
Ehime FC players
Omiya Ardija players
Men's association football midfielders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroacoustic%20phenomena | Electroacoustic phenomena arise when ultrasound propagates through a fluid containing ions. The associated particle motion generates electric signals because ions have electric charge. This coupling between ultrasound and electric field is called electroacoustic phenomena. The fluid might be a simple Newtonian liquid, or complex heterogeneous dispersion, emulsion or even a porous body. There are several different electroacoustic effects depending on the nature of the fluid.
Ion vibration current (IVI) and potential, an electric signal that arises when an acoustic wave propagates through a homogeneous fluid.
Streaming vibration current (SVI) and potential, an electric signal that arises when an acoustic wave propagates through a porous body in which the pores are filled with fluid.
Colloid vibration current (CVI) and potential, an electric signal that arises when ultrasound propagates through a heterogeneous fluid, such as a dispersion or emulsion.
Electric sonic amplitude (ESA), the inverse of the CVI effect, in which an acoustic field arises when an electric field propagates through a heterogeneous fluid.
Ion vibration current
Historically, the IVI was the first known electroacoustic effect. It was predicted by Debye in 1933.
Streaming vibration current
The streaming vibration current was experimentally observed in 1948 by Williams. A theoretical model was developed some 30 years later by Dukhin and others. This effect opens another possibility for characterizing the el |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propiconazole | Propiconazole is a triazole fungicide, also known as a DMI, or demethylation inhibiting fungicide due to its binding with and inhibiting the 14-alpha demethylase enzyme from demethylating a precursor to ergosterol. Without this demethylation step, the ergosterols are not incorporated into the growing fungal cell membranes, and cellular growth is stopped.
Agriculture
Propiconazole is used agriculturally as a systemic fungicide on turfgrasses grown for seed and aesthetic or athletic value, wheat, mushrooms, corn, wild rice, peanuts, almonds, sorghum, oats, pecans, apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums, prunes and lemons. It is also used in combination with permethrin in formulations of wood preserver. Propiconazole is a mixture of four stereoisomers and was first developed in 1979 by Janssen Pharmaceutica. Propiconazole exhibits strong anti-feeding properties against the keratin-digesting Australian carpet beetle Anthrenocerus australis.
References
External links
Non-CCA Wood Preservatives: Guide to Selected Resources - National Pesticide Information Center
Aromatase inhibitors
Fungicides
Lanosterol 14α-demethylase inhibitors
Triazoles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%CE%BAB%20kinase | The IκB kinase (IkappaB kinase or IKK) is an enzyme complex that is involved in propagating the cellular response to inflammation, specifically the regulation of lymphocytes.
The IκB kinase enzyme complex is part of the upstream NF-κB signal transduction cascade. The IκBα (inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B) protein inactivates the NF-κB transcription factor by masking the nuclear localization signals (NLS) of NF-κB proteins and keeping them sequestered in an inactive state in the cytoplasm. Specifically, IKK phosphorylates the inhibitory IκBα protein. This phosphorylation results in the dissociation of IκBα from NF-κB. NF-κB, which is now free, migrates into the nucleus and activates the expression of at least 150 genes; some of which are anti-apoptotic.
Catalyzed reaction
In enzymology, an IκB kinase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:
ATP + IκB protein ADP + IκB phosphoprotein
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and IκB protein, whereas its two products are ADP and IκB phosphoprotein.
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring a phosphate group to the sidechain oxygen atom of serine or threonine residues in proteins (protein-serine/threonine kinases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:[IκB protein] phosphotransferase.
Structure
The IκB kinase complex is composed of three subunits each encoded by a separate gene:
IKK-α (also known as IKK1) ()
IKK-β (also known as IKK2) ()
IKK-γ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septentrio | Septentrio N.V. is a designer and manufacturer of high-end multi-frequency GNSS receivers. Its main target is to provide GNSS receiver boards and modules for further system integration by Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). Septentrio's core technology is used in various professional fields such as land and airborne surveying, mobile mapping, machine control, precision agriculture, mining, transport, offshore applications, construction, timing and geodesy etc.
History
Septentrio N.V. was incorporated by Peter Grognard in Leuven, Belgium, in January 2000 to commercialize the Satellite Navigation know-how developed at the Interuniversity Micro Electronics Center, the largest independent microelectronics and nanotechnology R&D lab in Belgium. In 2007 Septentrio received the Trends Gazelle award for the fastest rate of growth among Belgian start-up companies.
Location
Septentrio's headquarters are located in Leuven, Belgium. Operations for North and Latin American are based in Torrance, CA and the Asian-Pacific operations are based in Shanghai and Yokohama.
Activities
Septentrio has an international team of experts, who cover all the fields of Satellite Navigation technology. The company designs its own chipsets, hardware, firmware and algorithms. Being a provider of high-end receivers for professional use, Septentrio prioritizes the reliability and precision of measurements as well as high degree of flexibility and user control. Septentrio’s products make use of APME, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchial%20thermoplasty | Bronchial thermoplasty is a treatment for severe asthma approved by the FDA in 2010 involving the delivery of controlled, therapeutic radiofrequency energy to the airway wall, thus heating the tissue and reducing the amount of smooth muscle present in the airway wall. This reduces the capacity of the immune system to cause bronchoconstriction through nitric oxide signalling, which is the main root cause of asthma symptoms. Bronchial thermoplasty is normally used to treat patients with severe persistent asthma who do not respond well to typical pharmacotherapy regimens.
Procedure
A full course of bronchial thermoplasty treatment includes three separate bronchoscopic procedures: one for the each lower lobe of the lung and another for both upper lobes. Each outpatient procedure is performed approximately three weeks apart.
Under sedation, a catheter inside a bronchoscope—a thin, flexible tube-like instrument introduced through the patient’s nose or mouth and into their lungs—delivers thermal energy into the airways. The patient is monitored after the procedure and usually returns home the day of the procedure or early the following day. The catheter delivers a series of 10-second temperature controlled bursts of radio frequency energy which heat the lining of the lungs to 65 degrees Celsius. It is this heat that destroys some of the muscle tissue which constricts during an asthma attack, reducing the number and severity of exacerbations.
Through a standard bronchoscopy proce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%CE%BAB%CE%B1 | IκBα (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha) is one member of a family of cellular proteins that function to inhibit the NF-κB transcription factor. IκBα inhibits NF-κB by masking the nuclear localization signals (NLS) of NF-κB proteins and keeping them sequestered in an inactive state in the cytoplasm. In addition, IκBα blocks the ability of NF-κB transcription factors to bind to DNA, which is required for NF-κB's proper functioning.
Disease linkage
The gene encoding the IκBα protein is mutated in some Hodgkin's lymphoma cells; such mutations inactivate the IκBα protein, thus causing NF-κB to be chronically active in the lymphoma tumor cells and this activity contributes to the malignant state of these tumor cells.
Interactions
IκBα has been shown to interact with:
BTRC,
C22orf25,
CHUK,
DYNLL1,
G3BP2,
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1,
IKK2,
NFKB1,
P53,
RELA,
RPS6KA1,
SUMO4, and
Valosin-containing protein.
References
Further reading
External links
OMIM entries on Ectodermal Dysplasia, Anhidrotic, with T-cell Immunodeficiency
Transcription factors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorni%C8%99oara | The Dornișoara is a left tributary of the river Dorna in Romania. It flows into the Dorna in Poiana Stampei. Its length is and its basin size is .
References
Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Bistrița-Năsăud County
Rivers of Suceava County |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Dragonaut%3A%20The%20Resonance%20episodes | Dragonaut: The Resonance is an anime series directed by Manabu Ono and produced by G.D.H., Konami, and Nihon Ad Systems, with the animation produced by Gonzo. A manga adaptation of the series, published by Shueisha, is serialized in the Japanese shōnen manga magazine Jump Square. The plot of the episodes follows Jin Kamishina and his adventures with the dragon Toa, and the conflict between the dragons of Earth and their pilots, known as the Dragonauts, and the extraterrestrial entity named Thanatos.
The episodes premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo between October 3, 2007, and March 26, 2008. The episodes were also broadcast on TV Aichi, TV Hokkaido, TV Osaka, TV Setouchi, AT-X, and TVQ Kyushu Broadcasting Co., although the episodes aired first on TV Tokyo. An OVA episode was produced after the television series was broadcast and is included in the DVD collections as a twenty-sixth episode. However, rather than being a continuation of the story from the television series, it is a stand-alone episode. Nine DVD compilations with consecutive monthly releases were released in Japan by Konami. The first of which was released on January 23, 2008, with the last volume being released on September 24, 2008.
Funimation Entertainment acquired the license to distribute the anime series in North America in 2009 and has subsequently released several DVD collections and also streams all episodes of the series online.
Episode list
Dragonaut: The Resonance (TV)
Dragonaut: The Resonance (OVA)
A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecosystem%20analysis | Agroecosystem analysis is a thorough analysis of an agricultural environment which considers aspects from ecology, sociology, economics, and politics with equal weight. There are many aspects to consider; however, it is literally impossible to account for all of them. This is one of the issues when trying to conduct an analysis of an agricultural environment.
In the past, an agroecosystem analysis approach might be used to determine the sustainability of an agricultural system. It has become apparent, however, that the "sustainability" of the system depends heavily on the definition of sustainability chosen by the observer. Therefore, agroecosystem analysis is used to bring the richness of the true complexity of agricultural systems to an analysis to identify reconfigurations of the system (or holon) that will best suit individual situations.
Agroecosystem analysis is a tool of the multidisciplinary subject known as Agroecology. Agroecology and agroecosystem analysis are not the same as sustainable agriculture, though the use of agroecosystem analysis may help a farming system ensure its viability. Agroecosystem analysis is not a new practice, agriculturalists and farmers have been doing it since societies switched from hunting and gathering (hunter-gatherer) for food to settling in one area. Every time a person involved in agriculture evaluates their situation to identify methods to make the system function in a way that better suits their interests, they are performing an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent%20kinase%201 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 also known as CDK1 or cell division cycle protein 2 homolog is a highly conserved protein that functions as a serine/threonine protein kinase, and is a key player in cell cycle regulation. It has been highly studied in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, and the fission yeast S. pombe, where it is encoded by genes cdc28 and cdc2, respectively. With its cyclin partners, Cdk1 forms complexes that phosphorylate a variety of target substrates (over 75 have been identified in budding yeast); phosphorylation of these proteins leads to cell cycle progression.
Structure
Cdk1 is a small protein (approximately 34 kilodaltons), and is highly conserved. The human homolog of Cdk1, CDK1, shares approximately 63% amino-acid identity with its yeast homolog. Furthermore, human CDK1 is capable of rescuing fission yeast carrying a cdc2 mutation. Cdk1 is comprised mostly by the bare protein kinase motif, which other protein kinases share. Cdk1, like other kinases, contains a cleft in which ATP fits. Substrates of Cdk1 bind near the mouth of the cleft, and Cdk1 residues catalyze the covalent bonding of the γ-phosphate to the oxygen of the hydroxyl serine/threonine of the substrate.
In addition to this catalytic core, Cdk1, like other cyclin-dependent kinases, contains a T-loop, which, in the absence of an interacting cyclin, prevents substrate binding to the Cdk1 active site. Cdk1 also contains a PSTAIRE helix, which, upon cyclin binding, moves and rearranges the a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDKN1B | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27Kip1) is an enzyme inhibitor that in humans is encoded by the CDKN1B gene. It encodes a protein which belongs to the Cip/Kip family of cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor proteins. The encoded protein binds to and prevents the activation of cyclin E-CDK2 or cyclin D-CDK4 complexes, and thus controls the cell cycle progression at G1. It is often referred to as a cell cycle inhibitor protein because its major function is to stop or slow down the cell division cycle.
Function
The p27Kip1 gene has a DNA sequence similar to other members of the "Cip/Kip" family which include the p21Cip1/Waf1 and p57Kip2 genes. In addition to this structural similarity the "Cip/Kip" proteins share the functional characteristic of being able to bind several different classes of Cyclin and Cdk molecules. For example, p27Kip1 binds to cyclin D either alone, or when complexed to its catalytic subunit CDK4. In doing so p27Kip1 inhibits the catalytic activity of Cdk4, which means that it prevents Cdk4 from adding phosphate residues to its principal substrate, the retinoblastoma (pRb) protein. Increased levels of the p27Kip1 protein typically cause cells to arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Likewise, p27Kip1 is able to bind other Cdk proteins when complexed to cyclin subunits such as Cyclin E/Cdk2 and Cyclin A/Cdk2.
Regulation
In general, extracellular growth factors which promote cell division reduce transcription and translation of p27Kip1. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAC1 | Rac1, also known as Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1, is a protein found in human cells. It is encoded by the RAC1 gene. This gene can produce a variety of alternatively spliced versions of the Rac1 protein, which appear to carry out different functions.
Function
Rac1 is a small (~21 kDa) signalling G protein (more specifically a GTPase), and is a member of the Rac subfamily of the family Rho family of GTPases. Members of this superfamily appear to regulate a diverse array of cellular events, including the control of GLUT4 translocation to glucose uptake, cell growth, cytoskeletal reorganization, antimicrobial cytotoxicity, and the activation of protein kinases.
Rac1 is a pleiotropic regulator of many cellular processes, including the cell cycle, cell-cell adhesion, motility (through the actin network), and of epithelial differentiation (proposed to be necessary for maintaining epidermal stem cells).
Role in cancer
Along with other subfamily of Rac and Rho proteins, they exert an important regulatory role specifically in cell motility and cell growth. Rac1 has ubiquitous tissue expression, and drives cell motility by formation of lamellipodia. In order for cancer cells to grow and invade local and distant tissues, deregulation of cell motility is one of the hallmark events in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Overexpression of a constitutively active Rac1 V12 in mice caused a tumour that is phenotypically indistinguishable from human Kaposi's sarcoma. Acti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RELA | Transcription factor p65 also known as nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p65 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RELA gene.
RELA, also known as p65, is a REL-associated protein involved in NF-κB heterodimer formation, nuclear translocation and activation . NF-κB is an essential transcription factor complex involved in all types of cellular processes, including cellular metabolism, chemotaxis, etc. Phosphorylation and acetylation of RELA are crucial post-translational modifications required for NF-κB activation. RELA has also been shown to modulate immune responses, and activation of RELA is positively associated with multiple types of cancer.
Gene and expression
RELA, or v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A, is also known as p65 or NFKB3. It is located on chromosome 11 q13, and its nucleotide sequence is 1473 nucleotide long. RELA protein has four isoforms, the longest and the predominant one being 551 amino acids. RELA is expressed alongside p50 in various cell types, including epithelial/endothelial cells and neuronal tissues.
Structure
RELA is one member of the NF-κB family, one of the essential transcription factors under intensive study. Seven proteins encoded by five genes are involved in the NF-κB complex, namely p105, p100, p50, p52, RELA, c-REL and RELB. Like other proteins in this complex, RELA contains a N-terminal REL-homology domain (RHD), and also a C-terminal transactivation domain (TAD). RHD is involved in DNA binding, di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20football%20clubs%20in%20Georgia%20%28country%29 | This is a list of football (soccer) clubs in Georgia from 2023 season.
Erovnuli Liga
Crystalbet Erovnuli Liga 2023
Dila
Dinamo Batumi
Dinamo Tbilisi
FC Gagra
Saburtalo
Samgurali
FC Samtredia
Shukura
FC Telavi
Torpedo Kutaisi
Crystalbet Erovnuli Liga 2 2023
Dinamo-2 Tbilisi
Gareji
Kolkheti-1913
Locomotive
Merani Martvili
Merani Tbilisi
FC Rustavi
Sioni
FC Spaeri
WIT Georgia
Liga 3 2023
Aragvi
Borjomi
Bakhmaro
Dinamo Zugdidi
Gori
Guria
Irao
Kolkheti Khobi
Locomotive-2
Matchakhela
Merani-2 Tbilisi
Saburtalo-2
Shevardeni 1906
Shturmi
Tbilisi City
Varketili
Liga 4 2023
Algeti
Betlemi
Chikhura
Didube 2014
Gardabani
Gonio
Kolkheti-2 1913
Margveti 2006
Merani-2 Martvili
Meshakhte
Odishi 1919
Samgurali-2
Skuri
Sulori
Varketili-2
WIT Georgia-2
Zestafoni
Regionuli Liga 2023
Didube 2014
Iberia
Magaroeli
Samegrelo
Other clubs
FC Ameri Tbilisi
FC Lajangir United
FC Universiteti Kutaisi
FC Tbilisi Tbilisi
Spartaki Tbilisi
ASMC Sokhumi
FC Mertskhali Zugdidi founded in 1919.
Georgian European FC
Samgurali Tskhaltubo
F.K. Kobuleti
Abuli Akhalkalaki
FC Aisi Kutaisi
Amirani Ochamchire
FC Antsi Tbilisi
FC Zana Abasha
Armazi Mtskheta
Arsenali Tbilisi
Bakhmaro Chokhatauri
FC Betlemi Keda
Chela Darceli
Chkherimela Kharagauli
Chradjvari Tkibuli
Digomi Tbilisi
Dinamo Kutaisi
Durudji Kvareli
Egrisi Senaki
Gantiadi Dmanisi
FC Rkoni Kaspi
Garisi Tetritskaro
Giganti Laituri
Iberia Kareli
Imedi Laituri
Enguri G.E.S. Zugdidi
FC Iveri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrobutamine | Pyrrobutamine is an antihistamine and anticholinergic.
References
1-Pyrrolidinyl compounds
Alkene derivatives
Chloroarenes
H1 receptor antagonists
Muscarinic antagonists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-A26 |
Distribution
Disease associations
A26 Serotype is associated with adult T-cell leukemia in Japanese.
References
2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivable%20Low%20Frequency%20Communications%20System | The AN/FRC-117 Survivable Low Frequency Communications System (SLFCS) was a communications system designed to be able to operate, albeit at low data transfer rates, during and after a nuclear attack.
The system used both very low frequency (VLF), and low frequency (LF) radio bands.
Mission
SLFCS was used for United States nuclear forces' command and control communications for Emergency Action Message dissemination and force direction. Single channel, receive only capability was provided at ICBM launch control centers. The single channel operated between 14 kHz and 60 kHz to receive commands from remotely located Combat Operations Center – Transmit/Receive (T/R) sites; this low frequency range is only slightly affected by nuclear blasts. For example, the Silver Creek site typically transmitted at 34.5 kHz. The transmitter could be tuned to any designated frequency in the above mentioned range. Receivers could receive down to 14.0 kHz.
SLFCS' primary advantage was that it would experience minimal radio signal degradation as a result of nuclear detonations. It would be an alternate means of communication during and after detonations, providing a survivable command and control communications network for the Strategic Air Command (SAC), the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), and North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). SLFCS would also relay signals from the Navy's LF/VLF systems.
Locations
Transmitters
Silver Creek, Nebraska (Detachment 1, 1st Aerospace Communicatio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COROP | A COROP region is a division of the Netherlands for statistical purposes, used by Statistics Netherlands, among others. The Dutch abbreviation stands for (Coordination Commission Regional Research Programme). These divisions are also used in the EU designation as NUTS 3.
List of municipalities by COROP region
Northern Netherlands
Groningen province
Friesland province
Drenthe province
Eastern Netherlands
Overijssel province
Gelderland province
Flevoland province
Western Netherlands
Utrecht province
North Holland province
South Holland province
Zeeland province
Southern Netherlands
North Brabant province
Limburg province
See also
Indeling van Nederland in 40 COROP-gebieden per 01-01-2017 (kaart), website CBS
COROP-indeling per 01-01-2012 (kaart), website CBS
COROP-indeling per 01-01-2012 (tekst), website CBS
Subdivisions of the Netherlands
Netherlands |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20layer%20%28surface%20science%29 | In surface science, a double layer (DL, also called an electrical double layer, EDL) is a structure that appears on the surface of an object when it is exposed to a fluid. The object might be a solid particle, a gas bubble, a liquid droplet, or a porous body. The DL refers to two parallel layers of charge surrounding the object. The first layer, the surface charge (either positive or negative), consists of ions which are adsorbed onto the object due to chemical interactions. The second layer is composed of ions attracted to the surface charge via the Coulomb force, electrically screening the first layer. This second layer is loosely associated with the object. It is made of free ions that move in the fluid under the influence of electric attraction and thermal motion rather than being firmly anchored. It is thus called the "diffuse layer".
Interfacial DLs are most apparent in systems with a large surface-area-to-volume ratio, such as a colloid or porous bodies with particles or pores (respectively) on the scale of micrometres to nanometres. However, DLs are important to other phenomena, such as the electrochemical behaviour of electrodes.
DLs play a fundamental role in many everyday substances. For instance, homogenized milk exists only because fat droplets are covered with a DL that prevents their coagulation into butter. DLs exist in practically all heterogeneous fluid-based systems, such as blood, paint, ink and ceramic and cement slurry.
The DL is closely related to e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC4AP | Trpc4-associated protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC4AP gene.
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of TRPC4AP function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Trpc4aptm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty five tests were carried out on mutant mice and three significant abnormalities were observed. Few homozygous mutant embryos were identified during gestation, and thus fewer than expected survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice; females had an abnormal anagen phase of the hair cycle.
Interactions
TRPC4AP has been shown to interact with TNFRSF1A.
See also
TRPC
References
Ion channels
Genes mutated in mice |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPC1L1 | Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) is a protein found on the gastrointestinal tract epithelial cells as well as in hepatocytes. Specifically, it appears to bind to a critical mediator of cholesterol absorption.
The drug ezetimibe inhibits NPC1L1 causing a reduction in cholesterol absorption, resulting in a blood cholesterol reduction of between 15-20%. Polymorphic variations in NPC1L1 gene could be associated with non-response to ezetimibe treatment.
NPC1L1 has been shown to be an accessory receptor for hepatitis C virus entry into cells, and thus ezetimibe might be used as a therapeutic strategy.
As cancer appeared more frequently in patients treated with simvastatin-ezetimibe combination therapy in one clinical trial, it had been hypothesized that NPC1L1 by ezetimibe might be associated with an increase cancer risk. However a meta-analysis of ezetimibe clinical data showed no increased risk of cancer from treatment with ezetimibe.
References
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncompensated%20risk | In investments, uncompensated risk is the level of additional risk for which no additional returns are generated and when taking systematic withdrawals make the probability of failure unacceptably high. Uncompensated risk is reduced by diversifying investment.
References
Investment |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfentrazone | Sulfentrazone is the ISO common name for an organic compound used as a broad-spectrum herbicide. It acts by inhibiting the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase. It was first marketed in the US in 1997 by FMC Corporation with the brand name Authority.
History
In 1985, scientists at FMC Corporation filed patents on a new class of herbicides containing a triazolinone ring. Sulfentrazone was subsequently developed for market under the code number F6285, with first sales in 1991 and achieving registration in the US in 1997, branded Authority. Other compounds now in the triazolinone class include amicarbazone and carfentrazone.
Mechanism of action
The effects visible on whole plants are chlorosis and desiccation caused by the inhibition of the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase, which leads to an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the plant cells. This is a potent photosensitizer which activates oxygen, leading to lipid peroxidation. Both light and oxygen are required for this process to kill the plant.
Usage
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for regulating pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) and the Pesticide Registration Improvement Act (PRIA). A pesticide can only be used legally according to the directions on the label that is included at the time of the sale of the pesticide. The purpose of the label is "to provide clear directions for effective |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSNK1E | Casein kinase I isoform epsilon is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CSNK1E gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine protein kinase and a member of the casein kinase I protein family, whose members have been implicated in the control of cytoplasmic and nuclear processes, including DNA replication and repair. The encoded protein is found in the cytoplasm as a monomer and can phosphorylate a variety of proteins, including itself. This protein has been shown to phosphorylate proteins of the Period family of circadian rhythm proteins. A homolog of this mammalian protein can be found in Drosophila melanogaster. Known as doubletime, this protein also plays a role in the phosphorylation of proteins involved in circadian rhythms. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
Interactions
CSNK1E has been shown to interact with PER1 and AXIN1.
Inhibitors
Selective
PF-4800567
Non-selective
PF-670462 (also inhibits CK1-δ)
See also
Casein kinase 1 isoform epsilon
Casein kinase 1 family
References
External links
PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Casein kinase I isoform epsilon (CSNK1E)
Enzymes
Genes
Human proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period%20circadian%20protein%20homolog%201 | Period circadian protein homolog 1 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the PER1 gene.
Function
The PER1 protein is important to the maintenance of circadian rhythms in cells, and may also play a role in the development of cancer. This gene is a member of the period family of genes. It is expressed with a daily oscillating circadian rhythm, or an oscillation that cycles with a period of approximately 24 hours. PER1 is most notably expressed in the region of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. PER1 is also expressed throughout mammalian peripheral tissues. Genes in this family encode components of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. Circadian expression of PER1 in the suprachiasmatic nucleus will free-run in constant darkness, meaning that the 24-hour period of the cycle will persist without the aid of external light cues. Subsequently, a shift in the light/dark cycle evokes a proportional shift of gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The time of gene expression is sensitive to light, as light during a mammal's subjective night results in a sudden increase in per expression and thus a shift in phase in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Alternative splicing has been observed in this gene; however, these variants have not been fully described. There is some disagreement between experts over the occurrence of polymorphisms with functional significance. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK14 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14, also called p38-α, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK14 gene.
MAPK14 encodes p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) which is the prototypic member of the p38 MAPK family. p38 MAPKs are also known as stress-activated serine/threonine-specific kinases (SAPKs). In addition to MAPK14 for p38α MAPK, the p38 MAPK family has three additional members, including MAPK11, MAPK12 and MAPK13 which encodes p38β MAPK, p38γ MAPK and p38δ MAPK isoforms, respectively. p38α MAPK was originally identified as a tyrosine phosphorylated protein detected in activated immune cell macrophages with an essential role in inflammatory cytokine induction, such as Tumor Necrotic Factor α (TNFα). However, p38α MAPK mediated kinase activity has been implicated in many tissues beyond immune systems. p38α MAPK is mainly activated through MAPK kinase kinase cascades and exerts its biological function via downstream substrate phosphorylation. p38α MAPK is implicated in diverse cellular functions, from gene expression to programmed cell death through a network of signaling molecules and transcription factors. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of p38α MAPK not only revealed its biological significance in physiological function but also the potential of targeting p38α MAPK in human disease such as immune disorders and heart failure.
Structure
MAPK14 is a 41 kDa protein composed of 360 amino acids.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM7 | Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7, also known as TRPM7, is a human gene encoding a protein of the same name.
Function
TRPs, mammalian homologs of the Drosophila transient receptor potential (trp) protein, are ion channels that are thought to mediate capacitative calcium entry into the cell. TRP-PLIK is a protein that is both an ion channel and a kinase. As a channel, it conducts calcium and monovalent cations to depolarize cells and increase intracellular calcium. As a kinase, it is capable of phosphorylating itself and other substrates. The kinase activity is necessary for channel function, as shown by its dependence on intracellular ATP and by the kinase mutants.
Interactions
TRPM7 has been shown to interact with PLCB1 and PLCB2.
Clinical relevance
Defects in this gene have been associated with magnesium deficiency in human microvascular endothelial cells.
See also
TRPM
References
Further reading
External links
Ion channels |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPV5 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5 is a calcium channel protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPV5 gene.
Function
The TRPV5 gene is a member of the transient receptor family and the TRPV subfamily. The calcium-selective channel, TRPV5, encoded by this gene has 6 transmembrane-spanning domains, multiple potential phosphorylation sites, an N-linked glycosylation site, and 5 ANK repeats. This protein forms homotetramers or heterotetramers and is activated by a low internal calcium level.
Both TRPV5 and TRPV6 are expressed in kidney and intestinal epithelial cells. TRPV5 is mainly expressed in kidney epithelial cells, where it plays an important role in the reabsorption of Ca2+, whereas TRPV6 is mainly expressed in the intestine. The enzyme α-klotho increases kidney calcium reabsorption by stabilizing TPRV5. Klotho is a beta-glucuronidase-like enzyme that activates TRPV5 by removal of sialic acid.
Clinical significance
Normally, about 95% to 98% of Ca2+ filtered from the blood by the kidney is reabsorbed by the kidney's renal tubule, mediated by TRPV5. Genetic deletion of TRPV5 in mice leads to Ca2+ loss in the urine, and consequential hyperparathyroidism, and bone loss.
Inhibitors
Econazole is a weak inhibitor of both TRPV5 and TRPV6, with an IC50 in the micromolar range
ZINC17988990 is a potent and selective inhibitor of TRPV5, with an IC50 of 177nM and good selectivity over TRPV6 and the other TRPV channel subtypes.
Interactions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev-ErbA%20beta | Rev-Erb beta (Rev-Erbβ), also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 2 (NR1D2), is a member of the Rev-Erb protein family. Rev-Erbβ, like Rev-Erbα, belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors and can modulate gene expression through binding to gene promoters. Together with Rev-Erbα, Rev-Erbβ functions as a major regulator of the circadian clock. These two proteins are partially redundant. Current research suggests that Rev-Erbβ is less important in maintaining the circadian clock than Rev-Erbα; knock-out studies of Rev-Erbα result in significant circadian disruption but the same has not been found with Rev-Erbβ. Rev-Erbβ compensation for Rev-Erbα varies across tissues, and further research is needed to elucidate the separate role of Rev-Erbβ.
This gene is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system, spleen, mandibular maxillary processes, and blood islands. Rev-Erbβ plays a major role in the conduction of inductive signals to aid in controlling differentiating neurons.
Discovery
Rev-Erbβ was discovered in 1994, when B. Dumas et al. isolated its cDNA, naming the new receptor BD73. The name Rev-Erbβ was coined a few months later in a paper by Eva Enmark, Tommi Kainu, Markku Tapio Pelto-Huikko, and Jan Ǻke Gustafsson where they isolated Rev-Erb alpha cDNA in a rat brain.
A new isoform of Rev-Erbβ, named Rev-Erbβ 2, was discovered using rat cDNA a few months later in 1995 by N. Giambiagi and colleagues. They found it to be id |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHRL-FM | {{Infobox radio station
| logo =
| name = CHRL-FM
| airdate =
| frequency = 99.5 MHz (FM)
| city = Roberval, Quebec
| format = Adult Contemporary
| owner = Cogeco
| erp = 50,000 watts
| branding = Planète 99,5
| class = B
| sister_stations = CFGT-FM, CHVD-FM, CKXO-FM, CKYK-FM
| website = www.roberval.planeteradio.ca
| affiliations =
| callsign_meaning = C H RobervaL
}}CHRL-FM is a French-language Canadian radio station located in Roberval, Quebec.
Owned and operated by Cogeco following its 2018 acquisition of most of the stations formerly owned by RNC Media, it broadcasts on 99.5 MHz using a directional antenna with an average effective radiated power of 15,031 watts and a peak effective radiated power of 50,000 watts (class B).
The station has an adult contemporary music format branded as Planète 99,5'''.
CHRL was launched as an AM radio station, broadcasting on 910 kHz, in 1949. It received the authorization from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission in September 2001 to convert to its current FM frequency, and shut down the AM transmitter a few months later in 2002.
References
External links
Planète 99,5
Hrl
Hrl
Hrl
Roberval, Quebec
Radio stations established in 1949
1949 establishments in Quebec
hrl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meclofenamic%20acid | Meclofenamic acid (used as meclofenamate sodium, brand name Meclomen) is a drug used for joint, muscular pain, arthritis and dysmenorrhea.
It is a member of the anthranilic acid derivatives (or fenamate) class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and was approved by the US FDA in 1980. Like other members of the class, it is a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, preventing the formation of prostaglandins.
Scientists led by Claude Winder from Parke-Davis invented meclofenamate sodium in 1964, along with fellow members of the class, mefenamic acid in 1961 and flufenamic acid in 1963.
Patents on the drug expired in 1985 and several generics were introduced in the US, but as of July 2015 only Mylan still sold it.
It is not widely used in humans as it has a high rate (30-60%) rate of gastrointestinal side effects.
Adverse effects
In October 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required the drug label to be updated for all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications to describe the risk of kidney problems in unborn babies that result in low amniotic fluid. They recommend avoiding NSAIDs in pregnant women at 20 weeks or later in pregnancy.
Use in horses
Meclofenamic acid is sold under the trade name "Arquel" for use in horses, and is administered as an oral granule form at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg/day. It has a relatively slow onset of action, taking 36–48 hours for full effect, and is most useful for treatment of chronic musculoskeletal disease. It has been fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendazac | Bendazac (or bendazolic acid) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for joint and muscular pain.
Synthesis
Principal action is inhibition of protein denaturation.
Use of chloroacetamide in the alkylation step, followed by acid hydrolysis produces bendazac (instead of benzydamine).
See also
Benzydamine
References
Hepatotoxins
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
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