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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20Knowledge%20Organization%20System
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Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) is a W3C recommendation designed for representation of thesauri, classification schemes, taxonomies, subject-heading systems, or any other type of structured controlled vocabulary. SKOS is part of the Semantic Web family of standards built upon RDF and RDFS, and its main objective is to enable easy publication and use of such vocabularies as linked data.
History
DESIRE II project (1997–2000)
The most direct ancestor to SKOS was the RDF Thesaurus work undertaken in the second phase of the EU DESIRE project . Motivated by the need to improve the user interface and usability of multi-service browsing and searching, a basic RDF vocabulary for Thesauri was produced. As noted later in the SWAD-Europe workplan, the DESIRE work was adopted and further developed in the SOSIG and LIMBER projects. A version of the DESIRE/SOSIG implementation was described in W3C's QL'98 workshop, motivating early work on RDF rule and query languages: A Query and Inference Service for RDF.
LIMBER (1999–2001)
SKOS built upon the output of the Language Independent Metadata Browsing of European Resources (LIMBER) project funded by the European Community, and part of the Information Society Technologies programme. In the LIMBER project CCLRC further developed an RDF thesaurus interchange format which was demonstrated on the European Language Social Science Thesaurus (ELSST) at the UK Data Archive as a multilingual version of the English language Humanities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20podzolic
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Brown podzolic soils are a subdivision of the Podzolic soils in the British soil classification. Although classed with podzols because they have an iron-rich, or spodic horizon, they are, in fact intermediate between podzols and Brown earths. They are common on hilly land in western Europe, in climates where precipitation of more than about 900mm exceeds evapotranspiration for a large part of the year, and summers are relatively cool. The result is that leaching of the soil profile occurs; in which mobile chemicals are washed out of the topsoil, or A horizon, and accumulate lower down, in the B horizon.
These soils have large amounts (more than 5%) of organic carbon in the surface horizon, which is therefore dark in colour. In unploughed situations there may be a "mor" humus layer in which the surface organic matter is only weakly mixed with the mineral component. Unlike podzols proper, these soils have no continuous leached E horizon. This is because they are formed on slopes where, over long periods, the topsoil weathered from higher up the slope is continually being carried down the slope by the action of rain, gravity and faunal activity. This means that fresh supplies of iron and aluminium oxides (sesquioxides) are constantly being provided, and leaching ensures a net accumulation of these compounds in the B horizon, giving an orange-brown "rusty" colour which is very distinctive. The aluminum and ferric iron compounds in the subsoil also tend to bind the soil p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial%20regression
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In statistics, binomial regression is a regression analysis technique in which the response (often referred to as Y) has a binomial distribution: it is the number of successes in a series of independent Bernoulli trials, where each trial has probability of success . In binomial regression, the probability of a success is related to explanatory variables: the corresponding concept in ordinary regression is to relate the mean value of the unobserved response to explanatory variables.
Binomial regression is closely related to binary regression: a binary regression can be considered a binomial regression with , or a regression on ungrouped binary data, while a binomial regression can be considered a regression on grouped binary data (see comparison). Binomial regression models are essentially the same as binary choice models, one type of discrete choice model: the primary difference is in the theoretical motivation (see comparison). In machine learning, binomial regression is considered a special case of probabilistic classification, and thus a generalization of binary classification.
Example application
In one published example of an application of binomial regression, the details were as follows. The observed outcome variable was whether or not a fault occurred in an industrial process. There were two explanatory variables: the first was a simple two-case factor representing whether or not a modified version of the process was used and the second was an ordinary quantitativ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterol%20regulatory%20element-binding%20protein
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Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are transcription factors that bind to the sterol regulatory element DNA sequence TCACNCCAC. Mammalian SREBPs are encoded by the genes SREBF1 and SREBF2. SREBPs belong to the basic-helix-loop-helix leucine zipper class of transcription factors. Unactivated SREBPs are attached to the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. In cells with low levels of sterols, SREBPs are cleaved to a water-soluble N-terminal domain that is translocated to the nucleus. These activated SREBPs then bind to specific sterol regulatory element DNA sequences, thus upregulating the synthesis of enzymes involved in sterol biosynthesis. Sterols in turn inhibit the cleavage of SREBPs and therefore synthesis of additional sterols is reduced through a negative feed back loop.
Isoforms
Mammalian genomes have two separate SREBP genes ( and ):
SREBP-1 expression produces two different isoforms, SREBP-1a and -1c. These isoforms differ in their first exons owing to the use of different transcriptional start sites for the SREBP-1 gene. SREBP-1c was also identified in rats as ADD-1. SREBP-1c is responsible for regulating the genes required for de novo lipogenesis.
SREBP-2 regulates the genes of cholesterol metabolism.
Function
SREB proteins are indirectly required for cholesterol biosynthesis and for uptake and fatty acid biosynthesis. These proteins work with asymmetric sterol regulatory element (StRE). SREBPs have a structure similar to E-b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixiolirion
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Ixiolirion is a genus of flowering plants native to central and southwest Asia, first described as a genus in 1821. Recent classifications place the group in the monogeneric family Ixioliriaceae in the order Asparagales of the monocots. In earlier systems of classification, it was usually placed in the family Amaryllidaceae.
The genus name – composed of Ixio- and ('lily') – means 'Ixia-like lily'.
There are four species in this genus and family
Ixiolirion ferganicum Kovalevsk. & Vved. - Kyrgyzstan
Ixiolirion karateginum Lipsky - Pakistan, Tajikistan
Ixiolirion songaricum P.Yan - Xinjiang
Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) Schult. & Schult.f. - Altai Krai, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Sinai, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Persian Gulf sheikdoms, Kashmir, Xinjiang
Gallery
References
External links
Ixioliriaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. Version: 27 April 2006. http://delta-intkey.com
NCBI Taxonomy Browser
links at CSDL, Texas
Asparagales genera
Ixioliriaceae
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugs%20Are%20Nice
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Drugs Are Nice: A Post-Punk Memoir is the memoir of punk musician and performance artist Lisa Crystal Carver, published by Soft Skull Press in the US in 2005 and by Snowbooks in the UK in 2006.
The book covers her life from ages 18 to 32. It relates her childhood growing up with her volatile ex-convict father, and her running away at 19 to enter into a troubled marriage to French performance artist Costes. The book also details her relationships with Smog's Bill Callahan and with industrial-music provocateur Boyd Rice, with whom she had her son Wolfgang.
Background
Drugs are Nice is adapted in part from Carver's diaries. She workshopped the book at a critique group she called the "Meat and Books Club" (named for the Atkins diet two of its writers were on). The chapters about her relationship with Rice, where Carver writes that Rice insisted she get an abortion to end her second pregnancy and was violent toward her, were difficult for her to write. She told the Boston Phoenix that she "had to get drunk every day" to write them. In lieu of a traditional book tour, Carver re-enacted a few anecdotes from the book live, including a suicide attempt with a potato peeler and a quick "make-out session" with GG Allin.
The book was released alongside an hour-long DVD, Drugs Are Nice: A Suckumentary 1988-2005. It contained fith film shorts, footage of her band Suckdog, and avant-garde operas that she and Costes had put on.
Critical reception
The Village Voice, reviewing the memoir,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin%20%28name%29
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Justin is a masculine given name of Latin origin. It is the anglicized form of the Latin given name Justinus, a derivative of Justus, meaning "just", "fair", or "righteous". Justinus was the name borne by various early saints, notably a 2nd-century Christian apologist and a boy martyr of the 3rd century. The name is also related to the similar Latin name Justinian. As an English name, Justin is common particularly in the English-speaking world starting in the latter half of the 20th century.
People named Justin
Justin (historian) (Latin: Junianus Justinus), a 3rd-century Roman historian
Justin I (c. 450–527), or Flavius Iustinius Augustus, Eastern Roman Emperor who ruled from 518 to 527
Justin II (c. 520–578), or Flavius Iustinius Iunior Augustus, Eastern Roman Emperor who ruled from 565 to 578
Justin (magister militum per Illyricum) (fl. 538–552), Byzantine general
Justin (gnostic), 2nd-century Gnostic Christian
Justin (Moesia) (d. 528), Byzantine general killed in battle in 528
Justin (consul 540) (c. 525–566), a Byzantine general
Iustin Moisescu (1910–1986), a Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church
Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin (1917–2002), former prime minister of Dahomey (now Benin)
Justin Allgaier (born 1986), American racing driver
Justin Amash (born 1980), U.S. Congressman from Michigan.
Justin Arop (1958–1994), Ugandan javelin thrower
Justin Baldoni (born 1984), American actor, director and activist
Justin Bean (born 1996), American basketball player
Justin Berry (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGK
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PGK may refer to:
Papua New Guinean kina, the currency of Papua New Guinea by ISO 4217 code
Pasukan Gerakan Khas, a Malaysian police special operations unit
Phosphoglycerate kinase, an enzyme
XM1156 Precision Guidance Kit, a U.S. Army program for artillery shells
Depati Amir Airport, Indonesia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyta
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Keyta () was used instead of soap in Iceland before it was introduced there. Keyta was made by storing urine from domestic animals for some time, the alkaline fluid left over is rich in urea which is ideal for cleansing wool for example. It is also a good fertilizer. Sometimes human urine was used in its basic state, and it would be used for bathing.
Keyta was also heavily used to wash show-winning live-stock, especially hairy pigs such as boar. This is referred to as Svínskeggur. Farm animals which have been cleansed using this process are referred to as Addi.
Social history of Iceland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puspawarna
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Puspawarna (ꦥꦸꦱ꧀ꦥꦮꦂꦤ; Javanese for "kinds of flowers") is a gamelan composition famous in Central Java. It is a ketawang in slendro pathet manyura. Thus the full title of the piece often given as Ketawang Puspawarna Laras Slendro Pathet Manyura. Manyura, the final pathet in a wayang performance, is said to evoke a mood of ripeness or fulfillment.
Both text and melody are attributed to Prince Mangkunegara IV of Surakarta (reigned 1853-1881). The nine stanzas commemorate his favorite wives and concubines, who are likened to different kinds of flowers, each symbolizing a different rasa: kencur, blimbing, duren, aren, gedhang, jati, jambé, kapas, and pandan. The piece is performed for the entrance of the prince both at the Mangkunegaran and at central Java's other junior court, the Paku Alaman.
A recording of Puspawarna by the court gamelan of Paku Alaman, Yogyakarta, directed by K.R.T. Wasitodipuro (later known as K.P.H. Natoprojo) and recorded by Robert E. Brown was included on the Voyager Golden Record, which was sent on the Voyager 1 spacecraft as a greeting to whatever extraterrestrials may find it. The recording is also available on the album Java: Court Gamelan (originally released in 1971). According to the note by Brown in the reissued version of that CD, "Puspawarna" was one of Carl Sagan's favorites on the record.
References
Further reading
Brown, Robert E. Notes to Java: Court Gamelan. Reissued edition. New York: Nonesuch 79719-2, 2003.
External links
Kepatihan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L42
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L42 may refer to:
HMS Brocklesby (L42), an ex-coaster taken up from trade that served in World War I for the British Royal Navy
Lee–Enfield L42, a sniper rifle
Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42, a human protein
Sako Model L42, a rifle
Spanish landing ship Pizarro (L42)
an engine in GM's Ecotec engine family
a version of the Chaika L-4 amphibian aircraft
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patlak%20plot
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A Patlak plot (sometimes called Gjedde–Patlak plot, Patlak–Rutland plot, or Patlak analysis) is a graphical analysis technique based on the compartment model that uses linear regression to identify and analyze pharmacokinetics of tracers involving irreversible uptake, such as in the case of deoxyglucose. It is used for the evaluation of nuclear medicine imaging data after the injection of a radioopaque or radioactive tracer.
The method is model-independent because it does not depend on any specific compartmental model configuration for the tracer, and the minimal assumption is that the behavior of the tracer can be approximated by two compartments – a "central" (or reversible) compartment that is in rapid equilibrium with plasma, and a "peripheral" (or irreversible) compartment, where tracer enters without ever leaving during the time of the measurements. The amount of tracer in the region of interest is accumulating according to the equation:
where represents time after tracer injection, is the amount of tracer in region of interest, is the concentration of tracer in plasma or blood, is the clearance determining the rate of entry into the peripheral (irreversible) compartment, and is the distribution volume of the tracer in the central compartment. The first term of the right-hand side represents tracer in the peripheral compartment, and the second term tracer in the central compartment.
By dividing both sides by , one obtains:
The unknown constants and can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator%20membrane
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The obturator membrane is a thin fibrous sheet, which almost completely closes the obturator foramen.
Its fibers are arranged in interlacing bundles mainly transverse in direction; the uppermost bundle is attached to the obturator tubercles and completes the obturator canal for the passage of the obturator vessels and nerve.
The membrane is attached to the sharp margin of the obturator foramen except at its lower lateral angle, where it is fixed to the pelvic surface of the inferior ramus of the ischium, i. e., within the margin.
Both obturator muscles are connected with this membrane.
Additional images
References
External links
()
Joints
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20channel
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A plasma channel is a conductive channel of plasma. A plasma channel can be formed in the following ways.
With a high-powered laser that operates at a certain frequency that will provide enough energy for an atmospheric gas to break into its ions, or form a plasma, such as in a Laser-Induced Plasma Channel, for example in an electrolaser.
With a voltage higher than the dielectric breakdown voltage applied across a dielectric, and dielectric breakdown occurs.
A plasma channel has a low electrical resistance and, once formed, will permit continuous current flow if the energy source that heats the plasma can be maintained. Unlike a normal electrical conductor, the resistance (and voltage drop) across an unconfined plasma channel decreases with increasing current flow, a property called negative resistance. As a result, an electric spark that initially required a very high voltage to initiate avalanche breakdown within the insulating gas will rapidly evolve into a hot, low-voltage electric arc if the electrical power source can continue to deliver sufficient power to the arc. Plasma channels tend to self constrict (see plasma pinch) due to magnetic forces stemming from the current flowing through the plasma.
On Earth, plasma channels are most frequently encountered in lightning storms.
See also
List of plasma (physics) articles
Plasma physics
Electromagnetism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squared%20triangular%20number
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In number theory, the sum of the first cubes is the square of the th triangular number. That is,
The same equation may be written more compactly using the mathematical notation for summation:
This identity is sometimes called Nicomachus's theorem, after Nicomachus of Gerasa (c. 60 – c. 120 CE).
History
Nicomachus, at the end of Chapter 20 of his Introduction to Arithmetic, pointed out that if one writes a list of the odd numbers, the first is the cube of 1, the sum of the next two is the cube of 2, the sum of the next three is the cube of 3, and so on. He does not go further than this, but from this it follows that the sum of the first cubes equals the sum of the first odd numbers, that is, the odd numbers from 1 to . The average of these numbers is obviously , and there are of them, so their sum is
Many early mathematicians have studied and provided proofs of Nicomachus's theorem. claims that "every student of number theory surely must have marveled at this miraculous fact". finds references to the identity not only in the works of Nicomachus in what is now Jordan in the first century CE, but also in those of Aryabhata in India in the fifth century, and in those of Al-Karaji circa 1000 in Persia. mentions several additional early mathematical works on this formula, by Al-Qabisi (tenth century Arabia), Gersonides (circa 1300 France), and Nilakantha Somayaji (circa 1500 India); he reproduces Nilakantha's visual proof.
Numeric values; geometric and probabilistic i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure%20factor
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In condensed matter physics and crystallography, the static structure factor (or structure factor for short) is a mathematical description of how a material scatters incident radiation. The structure factor is a critical tool in the interpretation of scattering patterns (interference patterns) obtained in X-ray, electron and neutron diffraction experiments.
Confusingly, there are two different mathematical expressions in use, both called 'structure factor'. One is usually written ; it is more generally valid, and relates the observed diffracted intensity per atom to that produced by a single scattering unit. The other is usually written or and is only valid for systems with long-range positional order — crystals. This expression relates the amplitude and phase of the beam diffracted by the planes of the crystal ( are the Miller indices of the planes) to that produced by a single scattering unit at the vertices of the primitive unit cell. is not a special case of ; gives the scattering intensity, but gives the amplitude. It is the modulus squared that gives the scattering intensity. is defined for a perfect crystal, and is used in crystallography, while is most useful for disordered systems. For partially ordered systems such as crystalline polymers there is obviously overlap, and experts will switch from one expression to the other as needed.
The static structure factor is measured without resolving the energy of scattered photons/electrons/neutrons. Energy-r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudolikelihood
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In statistical theory, a pseudolikelihood is an approximation to the joint probability distribution of a collection of random variables. The practical use of this is that it can provide an approximation to the likelihood function of a set of observed data which may either provide a computationally simpler problem for estimation, or may provide a way of obtaining explicit estimates of model parameters.
The pseudolikelihood approach was introduced by Julian Besag in the context of analysing data having spatial dependence.
Definition
Given a set of random variables the pseudolikelihood of is
in discrete case and
in continuous one.
Here is a vector of variables, is a vector of values, is conditional density and is the vector of parameters we are to estimate. The expression above means that each variable in the vector has a corresponding value in the vector and means that the coordinate has been omitted. The expression is the probability that the vector of variables has values equal to the vector . This probability of course depends on the unknown parameter . Because situations can often be described using state variables ranging over a set of possible values, the expression can therefore represent the probability of a certain state among all possible states allowed by the state variables.
The pseudo-log-likelihood is a similar measure derived from the above expression, namely (in discrete case)
One use of the pseudolikelihood measure is as an approximat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYDS
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KYDS is a Sacramento, California FM radio station with the frequency 91.5 MHz. It is maintained at El Camino Fundamental High School, and select students from the school are allowed to participate in its operation. The original inception of KYDS was in 1976, when it broadcast only in the school cafeteria during lunch hour. KYDS originally received its FCC broadcast license in 1978 as one of the last Class "D" licensed FM stations in the country. The station went on the air with 10 watts of power (transmitter power output, not effective radiated power), into a 4-bay antenna and broadcast a monaural signal that effectively covered a 5-mile radius. Do to the COVID-19 pandemic and a campaign to modernize, the station now broadcasts on the internet on KYDS.rocks
External links
KYDS on MySpace
KYDS on Instagram
YDS
Radio stations established in 1978
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson%20AG
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SAMSON AG, founded in 1907 by Hermann Sandvoss, is a German corporation headquartered in Frankfurt. It develops systems and products that can control all types of fluid. Its product line includes valves, self-operating regulators, automation systems, sensors, thermostats, and digital devices, among others.
Background
SAMSON was founded in 1907 after Sandvoss invented a regulator that can function without an external power supply. The device automatically controls processes by utilizing differences in pressure. By 1916, its main manufacturing facility and headquarters were relocated to Frankfurt's River Main.
Aside from regulators, SAMSON AG develops measurement and control technologies such as control valves, and electro-pneumatic transducers, control valves for HVAC systems - controllers and sensors for HVAC systems. The control valves have modular designs, giving it flexibility in terms of usage in engineering and building automation processes. The range of products in these areas cover chemical, petrochemical, pulp and paper, power, HVAC and food and beverage industries. In 2002, the sales of its products reached $317 million.
Today, SAMSON operates in over 40 countries with more than 4,500 employees and more than 50 subsidiaries, more than 200 engineering and service centers worldwide.
Products
SAMSON manufactures and supplies control valves, regulators and accessories for process control. Majors products are:
Control valves
Positioners, limit switches, accessorie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Centre%20for%20Field%20Robotics
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The Australian Centre for Field Robotics (ACFR) is dedicated to the research and teaching of concepts relating to intelligent autonomous systems, at The University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Originally established as an ARC Key Centre of Teaching and Research in 1999, it now forms part of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Autonomous Systems, along with groups at the University of Technology, Sydney and the University of New South Wales.
Research direction
The Centre undertakes research in a broad range of areas related to the perception, control and learning capabilities of land, air and sea-based autonomous systems. Work at the ACFR is directed to the perception and systems aspects of this larger research area, specifically:
Perception
Sensor Construction and Deployment
Sensor Representation
Measurement in the presence of uncertainty
Decentralised fusion (DDF) of data from disparate and/or dislocated sensors
Systems
Modelling of large-scale systems
Design
See also
University of Sydney
University of New South Wales
University of Technology, Sydney
Australian Research Council
References
External links
The Australian Centre for Field Robotics (outdated)
Centre for Autonomous Systems
Centre Publications
Robotics organizations
Robotics in Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricine
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Tricine is an organic compound that is used in buffer solutions. The name tricine comes from tris and glycine, from which it was derived. It is a white crystalline powder that is moderately soluble in water. It is a zwitterionic amino acid that has a pKa1 value of 2.3 at 25 °C, while its pKa2 at 20 °C is 8.15. Its useful buffering range of pH is 7.4-8.8. Along with bicine, it is one of Good's buffering agents. Good first prepared tricine to buffer chloroplast reactions.
Applications
Tricine is a commonly used electrophoresis buffer and is also used in resuspension of cell pellets. It has a higher negative (more negative) charge than glycine allowing it to migrate faster. In addition its high ionic strength causes more ion movement and less protein movement. This allows for low molecular weight proteins to be separated in lower percent acrylamide gels. Tricine has been documented in the separation of proteins in the range of 1 to 100 kDa by electrophoresis. The tricine buffer at 25 mmol/L was found to be the most effective buffer among the ten tested for ATP assays using firefly luciferase. Tricine has also been found to be an effective scavenger of hydroxyl radicals in a study of radiation-induced membrane damage.
See also
SDS-PAGE
Ampholyte
Glycine
Bicine
References
Triols
Buffer solutions
Alpha-Amino acids
Amino acid derivatives
Zwitterions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic%20primitive
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Cryptographic primitives are well-established, low-level cryptographic algorithms that are frequently used to build cryptographic protocols for computer security systems. These routines include, but are not limited to, one-way hash functions and encryption functions.
Rationale
When creating cryptographic systems, designers use cryptographic primitives as their most basic building blocks. Because of this, cryptographic primitives are designed to do one very specific task in a precisely defined and highly reliable fashion.
Since cryptographic primitives are used as building blocks, they must be very reliable, i.e. perform according to their specification. For example, if an encryption routine claims to be only breakable with number of computer operations, and it is broken with significantly fewer than operations, then that cryptographic primitive has failed. If a cryptographic primitive is found to fail, almost every protocol that uses it becomes vulnerable. Since creating cryptographic routines is very hard, and testing them to be reliable takes a long time, it is essentially never sensible (nor secure) to design a new cryptographic primitive to suit the needs of a new cryptographic system. The reasons include:
The designer might not be competent in the mathematical and practical considerations involved in cryptographic primitives.
Designing a new cryptographic primitive is very time-consuming and very error-prone, even for experts in the field.
Since algorithms in th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purification%20theorem
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In game theory, the purification theorem was contributed by Nobel laureate John Harsanyi in 1973. The theorem aims to justify a puzzling aspect of mixed strategy Nash equilibria: that each player is wholly indifferent amongst each of the actions he puts non-zero weight on, yet he mixes them so as to make every other player also indifferent.
The mixed strategy equilibria are explained as being the limit of pure strategy equilibria for a disturbed game of incomplete information in which the payoffs of each player are known to themselves but not their opponents. The idea is that the predicted mixed strategy of the original game emerge as ever improving approximations of a game that is not observed by the theorist who designed the original, idealized game.
The apparently mixed nature of the strategy is actually just the result of each player playing a pure strategy with threshold values that depend on the ex-ante distribution over the continuum of payoffs that a player can have. As that continuum shrinks to zero, the players strategies converge to the predicted Nash equilibria of the original, unperturbed, complete information game.
The result is also an important aspect of modern-day inquiries in evolutionary game theory where the perturbed values are interpreted as distributions over types of players randomly paired in a population to play games.
Example
Consider the Hawk–Dove game shown here. The game has two pure strategy equilibria (Defect, Cooperate) and (Cooperate, D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaj%20Ulrik%20Linderstr%C3%B8m-Lang
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Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang (29 November 1896 – 25 May 1959) was a Danish protein scientist, who was the director of the Carlsberg Laboratory from 1939 until his death.
His most notable scientific contributions were the development of sundry physical techniques to study protein structure and function (especially hydrogen–deuterium exchange), and his definitions of protein primary, secondary,
tertiary and quaternary structure.
Linderstrøm-Lang devoted himself unstintingly to protein science and trained a whole generation of eminent protein scientists, Linderstrøm-Lang maintained a fun atmosphere in his laboratory and a happy spirit that expressed itself in wonderful Christmas parties and frequent trips to the Tivoli amusement park in Copenhagen. Linderstrøm-Lang was also a writer, musician and story-teller, and was active in the resistance movement against the Nazi occupation of Denmark.
Research and career
Early work
Linderstrøm-Lang began as a physicist. Only a year after the publication of the Debye–Hückel theory, Linderstrøm-Lang applied it to proteins and contributed in defining the term isoionic point. In particular, he formally considered the ensemble of protonation states. Linderstrøm-Lang began in the Carlsberg laboratory under its second director S. P. L. Sørensen (who invented the pH scale). 1949 volumetric studies showing that the interior of proteins has very few charges and, hence, is likely to be hydrophobic.
Innovative methods
Perhaps the most elegant meth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPD%20%28disambiguation%29
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XPD can mean multiple things:
XPD, a spy novel by Len Deighton
the ISO 4217 code for the value of one troy ounce of palladium
XPD, a name for the ERCC2 protein
XPD Adventure Race, a multi-day adventure race held annually in Australia
XPD, Cross Polarization Discrimination, in wave transmission: ratio of the co-polarized average received power to the cross-polarized average received power
XPD Systems AB, an independent security consultancy and research firm
X-ray photoelectron diffraction, an analytic method to obtain structural and chemical information from surfaces.
XPD format, XPD files are DRM files associated with the PlayStation Network Downloader
, the ISO 639-3 code for the Paredarerme language
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial%20spoke
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The radial spoke is a multi-unit protein structure found in the axonemes of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Although experiments have determined the importance of the radial spoke in the proper function of these organelles, its structure and mode of action remain poorly understood.
Cellular location and structure
Radial spokes are T-shaped structures present inside the axoneme. Each spoke consists of a "head" and a "stalk," while each of these sub-structures is itself made up of many protein subunits. In all, the radial spoke is known to contain at least 17 different proteins, with 5 located in the head and at least 12 making up the stalk. The spoke stalk binds to the A-tubule of each microtubule outer doublet, and the spoke head faces in towards the center of the axoneme (see illustration at right).
Function
The radial spoke is known to play a role in the mechanical movement of the flagellum/cilium. For example, mutant organisms lacking properly functioning radial spokes have flagella and cilia that are immotile. Radial spokes also influence the cilium "waveform"; that is, the exact bending pattern the cilium repeats.
How the radial spoke carries out this function is poorly understood. Radial spokes are believed to interact with both the central pair microtubules and the dynein arms, perhaps in a way that maintains the rhythmic activation of the dynein motors. For example, one of the radial spoke subunits, RSP3, is an anchor protein predicted to hold another protein cal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPF
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XPF may refer to:
CFP franc, the currency used in the French overseas collectivities (collectivités d’outre-mer, or COM) of French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna
ERCC4, an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ERCC4 gene
The Extended Control Program Facility (XPF), a component of the IBM i operating system
X Prize Foundation; offers inducement prize contests to encourage spaceflight and other technological development
a LMMS Preset File
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20for%20the%20Diffusion%20of%20Christian%20and%20General%20Knowledge%20Among%20the%20Chinese
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The Society for the Diffusion of Christian and General Knowledge Among the Chinese or SDCK () was an organization established in Shanghai in the late-19th century to communicate Western concepts of Christianity and science among the Chinese.
History
In 1887, the SDCK was founded in Shanghai and led by a group of American and British Methodist missionaries including Young John Allen, William Alexander Parsons Martin, Timothy Richard and Alexander Williamson. Its English name was changed in 1906 to the Christian Literature Society for China, reflecting in part one of its major sources of funds, the Christian Literature Society in Glasgow and in other parts of the world.
The SDCK endeavored to communicate Western concepts of Christianity and science among the Chinese through the translation of materials into the Chinese language. Its members also sought to prompt legal and institutional reform in China.
See also
Protestant missionary societies in China during the 19th Century
References
Christian missions in China
Christian missionary societies
Methodist missions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer%20Louis%20Anson
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Mortimer (Tim) Louis Anson (1901 – 16 October 1968) was the protein chemist who proposed that protein folding was a
reversible, two-state reaction. He was the founding
editor of Advances in Protein Chemistry.
Protein folding studies
Together with Alfred Mirsky, Anson was the first to propose
that conformational protein folding was a reversible process. He
later proposed that it was essentially a two-state process, i.e.,
that the folded and unfolded states were well-defined thermodynamic
states separated by a large activation energy barrier. He also
was the first to note that the energy barrier typical of folding
(5 kcal/mol, 20 kJ/lmol) was small compared to the absolute magnitudes of the
energies and entropies involved (~100 kcal/mol, 400 kJ/mol) and, hence,
proposed that energy and entropy were continuously traded off
during the folding process.
Anson moved to the Rockefeller Institute in 1927, where he remained
for fifteen years (1927–1942). He worked closely with John H. Northrop.
In 1937, Anson first purified and crystallized carboxypeptidase A, a
classic model system of protein science.
Advances in Protein Chemistry
In 1944 Anson was, with J. T. Edsall, the founding editor of Advances in Protein Chemistry, which remains one of the leading journals for reviewing the state
of biochemical problems. Anson conceived the journal in long
discussions with Kurt Jacoby, who had fled Nazi Germany
and had once headed the Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft in
Leipzig
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20Joseph%20Cohn
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Edwin Joseph Cohn (December 17, 1892 – October 1, 1953) was a protein scientist. A graduate of Phillips Academy, Andover [1911], and the University of Chicago [1914, PhD 1917], he made important advances in the physical chemistry of proteins, and was responsible for the blood fractionation project that saved thousands of lives in World War II.
Liver juice fractionation and concentration for treatment of pernicious anemia
In 1928, as group leader at Harvard Medical School, Cohn was able to concentrate, by a factor of 50 to 100 times, the vital factor in raw liver juice which had been shown by Minot and Murphy to be the only known specific treatment for pernicious anemia.
Cohn's contribution allowed practical treatment of this previously incurable and fatal illness, for the next 20 years.
Blood fractionation project
Cohn became famous for his work on blood fractionation during World War II.
In particular, he worked out the techniques for isolating the serum albumin fraction of blood plasma, which is essential for maintaining the osmotic pressure in the blood vessels, preventing their collapse. Transfusions with purified albumin on the battlefield rescued thousands of soldiers from shock.
After the war, Cohn worked to develop systems by which every component of donated blood would be used, so that nothing would be wasted.
On Cohn's office blackboard was inscribed a quotation from Goethe's Faust: "Das Blut ist ein ganz besonderer Saft." (Blood is a very special juice.)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20chromate
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Zinc chromate, ZnCrO4, is a chemical compound containing the chromate anion, appearing as odorless yellow powder or yellow-green crystals, but, when used for coatings, pigments are often added. It is used industrially in chromate conversion coatings, having been developed by the Ford Motor Company in the 1920s.
Production
A process known as the Cronak process is used to create zinc chromate for use in industry. This process is done by putting zinc or a zinc plated metal in a solution of sodium dichromate and sulfuric acid for a few seconds. Zinc chromate can also be synthesized by using neutral potassium chromate (K2CrO4) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), which forms a precipitate.
K2CrO4 + ZnSO4 → ZnCrO4 + K2SO4
Uses
Zinc chromate's main use is in industrial painting as a coating over iron or aluminium materials. It was used extensively on aircraft by the US military, especially during the 1930s and 1940s. It is also used in a variety of paint coatings for the aerospace and automotive industries. Its use as a corrosion-resistant agent was applied to aluminium alloy parts first in commercial aircraft, and then in military ones. During the 1940 and 1950s it was typically found as the "paint" in the wheel wells of retractable landing gear on US military aircraft to protect the aluminium from corrosion. This compound was a useful coating because it is an anti-corrosive and anti-rust primer. Since it is highly toxic, it also destroys organic growth on the surface. Zinc chromate i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20dating
|
Mobile dating services, also known as cell dating, cellular dating, or cell phone dating, allow individuals to chat, flirt, meet, and possibly become romantically involved by means of text messaging, mobile chatting, and the mobile web.
These services allow their users to provide information about themselves in a short profile which is either stored in their phones as a dating ID or as a username on the mobile dating site. They can then search for other IDs online or by calling a certain phone number dictated by the service. The criteria include age, gender and sexual preference. Usually these sites are free to use but standard text messaging fees may still apply as well as a small fee the dating service charges per message.
Mobile dating websites, in order to increase the opportunities for meeting, focus attention on users that share the same social network and proximity. Some companies even offer services such as homing devices to alert users when another user is within thirty feet of one another. Some systems involve bluetooth technology to connect users in locations such as bars and clubs. This is known as proximity dating. These systems are actually more popular in some countries in Europe and Asia than online dating. With the advent of GPS Phones and GSM localization, proximity dating is likely to rise sharply in popularity.
According to The San Francisco Chronicle in 2005, "Mobile dating is the next big leap in online socializing." More than 3.6 million cell phone
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron%20phosphide
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Boron phosphide (BP) (also referred to as boron monophosphide, to distinguish it from boron subphosphide, B12P2) is a chemical compound of boron and phosphorus. It is a semiconductor.
History
Crystals of boron phosphide were synthesized by Henri Moissan as early as 1891.
Appearance
Pure BP is almost transparent, n-type crystals are orange-red whereas p-type ones are dark red.
Chemical properties
BP is not attacked by acids or boiling aqueous alkali water solutions. It is only attacked by molten alkalis.
Physical properties
BP is known to be chemically inert and exhibit very high thermal conductivity. Some properties of BP are listed below:
lattice constant 0.45383 nm
coefficient of thermal expansion 3.65 /°C (400 K)
heat capacity CP ~ 0.8 J/(g·K) (300 K)
Debye temperature = 985 K
Bulk modulus 152 GPa
relatively high microhardness of 32 GPa (100 g load).
electron and hole mobilities of a few hundred cm2/(V·s) (up to 500 for holes at 300 K)
high thermal conductivity of ~ 460 W/mK at room temperature
See also
Boron arsenide
Boron nitride
Aluminium phosphide
Gallium phosphide
References
Further reading
Boron compounds
Phosphides
III-V semiconductors
III-V compounds
Zincblende crystal structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Tileston%20Edsall
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John Tileston Edsall (3 November 1902 – 12 June 2002) was a protein scientist, who contributed significantly to the understanding of the hydrophobic interaction. He was an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the United States National Academy of Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.
Early life
Born in Philadelphia, John Edsall moved to Boston with his family at the age of 10. He graduated from Harvard University with a degree in chemistry. At Harvard he was a good friend of the physicist Robert Oppenheimer. He wrote an account of his life and career in a review.
Protein research
Edsall worked with Edwin Cohn during
World War II to apply protein methods to blood fractionation. Subsequently, in 1943, they published a book Proteins, Amino Acids and Peptides.
This had a profound influence on the next generation of protein scientists. Long afterwards Edsall wrote an account of his interaction with Cohn.
He published numerous papers on protein chemistry, including work on myosin, fibrinogen, light scattering, measurement of tyrosine groups by ultraviolet spectroscopy, and carbonic anhydrase.
Advances in Protein Chemistry
In 1944 John Edsall was a founding co-editor of the journal Advances in Protein Chemistry. He was invited by the publisher Kurt Jacoby and the founding editor Tim Anson, whom he had met in 1924 in Cambridge (although they were both undergraduates at Harvard University at nearly the same time). He remained series editor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20coding
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In digital communications, differential coding is a technique used to provide unambiguous signal reception when using some types of modulation. It makes data to be transmitted to depend not only on the current signal state (or symbol), but also on the previous one.
The common types of modulation that require differential coding include phase-shift keying and quadrature amplitude modulation.
Purposes of differential coding
When data is transmitted over balanced lines, it is easy to accidentally invert polarity in the cable between the transmitter and the receiver.
Similarly for BPSK. To demodulate BPSK, one needs to make a local oscillator synchronous with the remote one. This is accomplished by a carrier recovery circuit. However, the integer part of the recovered carrier is ambiguous. There are n valid but not equivalent phase shifts between the two oscillators. For BPSK, n = 2; the symbols appear inverted or not.
Differential encoding prevents inversion of the signal and symbols, respectively, from affecting the data.
Assuming that is a bit intended for transmission and was the symbol just transmitted, then the symbol to be transmitted for is
where indicates binary or modulo-2 addition. On the decoding side, is recovered as
That is, depends only on a difference between the symbols and and not on their values (inverted or not).
There are several different line codes designed to be polarity insensitive -- whether the data stream is inverted or not, the decoded
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratosis%20pharyngis
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Keratosis Pharyngis is a medical condition where keratin grows on the surface of the pharynx, that is the part of the throat at the back of the mouth. Keratin is a protein that normally occurs as the main component of hair and nails.
It is characterized by the presence of whitish-yellow dots on the pharyngeal wall, tonsils or lingual tonsils.
They are firmly adherent and cannot be wiped off.
The surrounding region does not show any sign or inflammation or any other symptoms that make affect the rest of the body.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of an individual with this condition will display horny excrescences on the surface of the tonsils, pharyngeal wall, or lingual tonsils. They appear as white or yellowish dots (projections). These excrescences are the result of hypertrophy and keratinization of epithelium. These so-called "dots" are firmly adherent to the area in which they reside and cannot be wiped off. There is no accompanying inflammation or any constitutional symptoms thus, it can be easily differentiated from acute follicular tonsillitis. There is no pain involved however, some discomfort or irritation of the throat may be felt. Removing the tonsils altogether may be a better option if irritation and discomfort is unbearable.
Discomfort
Painful swallowing
Irritation of the throat
Causes
There is no specific cause of this disease. Epithelial and fungal debris collects in the follicles in the pharynx which could be a sign of a potential cause. The ma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumar%20Malavalli
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Kumar Malavalli is an Indian American technology entrepreneur and philanthropist. In 1995, he founded Brocade Communications Systems with Paul Bonderson Jr. He currently serves as chairman of C3DNA Inc. and as a partner at VKRM Services, a boutique investment firm. He has also served on the boards of the Storage Networking Industry Association and the Fibre Channel Industry Association.
Malavalli was presented with an honorary doctor of science degree by California State University, East Bay in 2013. The Kumar Malavalli Endowed Chair in Storage Systems Research at the University of California Santa Cruz's Jack Baskin School of Engineering was established in 2004 following a $1 million donation from Malavalli. Professor Darrell Long currently holds the Kumar Malavalli Chair.
Malavalli is a member of the Silicon Valley Hall Engineering Hall of Fame.
Early life and education
Malavalli was born in early February 1943 in Mysore, Karnataka, India. He moved to Düsseldorf, Germany in 1972 following his graduation from the National Institute of Engineering with a bachelor's degree in engineering. After graduating from the Institute of Engineering in Düsseldorf with a master's degree in industrial electronics, Malavalli moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Career
In Toronto, Malavalli worked for Canstar Communications’ fibre channel group, which was later acquired by Hewlett-Packard. While at Hewlett-Packard, he served on American National Standards Institute's T11 Technical Committ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20E.%20Purcell
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William Edward Purcell (August 3, 1856November 23, 1928) was a United States senator from North Dakota. Born in Flemington, New Jersey, he attended the common schools, studied law, and was admitted to the bar of New Jersey in 1880, commencing practice in Flemington. He moved to Wahpeton, Dakota Territory, in 1881 and continued the practice of law; in 1888 he was appointed by President Grover Cleveland as United States attorney for the Territory of Dakota. He resigned in 1889, having been elected a member of the constitutional convention for the new State of North Dakota. From 1889 to 1891 he was district attorney of Richland County, North Dakota and was a member of the North Dakota Senate from 1907 to 1909.
Purcell was appointed as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Martin N. Johnson and the resignation of Fountain L. Thompson, and served from February 1, 1910, to February 1, 1911, when a successor was elected and qualified; he was an unsuccessful candidate for election, and continued the practice of law until his death. In 1917, he was appointed chairman of the Food Conservation Commission. Purcell died in 1928, and interment was in Calvary Cemetery.
References
1856 births
1928 deaths
People from Flemington, New Jersey
United States Attorneys
North Dakota state senators
Democratic Party United States senators from North Dakota
People from Wahpeton, North Dakota
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level%202
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Level 2 or Level II may refer to:
Technology
level 2 cache, a type of cache computer memory
Level 2, a level of automation in a self-driving car (see Autonomous car#Classification)
A NASDAQ price quotation service
Level II, the full and raw dataset from the U.S. National Weather Service's WSR-88D weather radar
Level 2, one of the levels in system support
Biosafety level 2, a laboratory grade
Level 2 market data
Music
Level II (Eru album), 2006
Level II (Blackstreet album), 2003
Level 2 (Last Chance to Reason album), 2011
Level 2 (Animal X album), 2001
Other
Level II, a skatepark located in the upstairs of the Dee Stadium in Houghton, Michigan
"Level Two" (Arrow), an episode of Arrow
Level 2 coronavirus restrictions, see COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland#Levels System
STANAG 4569 protection level
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacant%20niche
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The issue of what exactly defines a vacant niche, also known as empty niche, and whether they exist in ecosystems is controversial. The subject is intimately tied into a much broader debate on whether ecosystems can reach equilibrium, where they could theoretically become maximally saturated with species. Given that saturation is a measure of the number of species per resource axis per ecosystem, the question becomes: is it useful to define unused resource clusters as niche 'vacancies'?
History of the concept
Whether vacant niches are permissible has been both confirmed and denied as the definition of a niche has changed over time. Within the pre-Hutchinsonian niche frameworks of Grinnell (1917) and Elton (1927) vacant niches were allowable. In the framework of Grinnell, the species niche was largely equivalent to its habitat, such that a niche vacancy could be looked upon as a habitat vacancy. The Eltonian framework considered the niche to be equivalent to a species position in a trophic web, or food chain, and in this respect there is always going to be a vacant niche at the top predator level. Whether this position gets filled depends upon the ecological efficiency of the species filling it however.
The Hutchinsonian niche framework, on the other hand, directly precludes the possibility of there being vacant niches. Hutchinson defined the niche as an n-dimensional hyper-volume whose dimensions correspond to resource gradients over which species are distributed in a u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4rnebofj%C3%A4rden%20National%20Park
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Färnebofjärden National Park () is a Swedish national park traversed by the river Dalälven, about north of Stockholm. It covers , of which aquatic, on the frontier between the counties of Dalarna and Gävleborg.
After the retreat of the ice sheet that covered the region after the last ice age, the river found itself rerouted by an esker onto a plain uniquely ribbed by the ridges of other eskers, where it formed a succession of rapids and wide bays (called fjärdar), which the river inundates during the spring floods. This particular hydrography, along with the park's proximity to the ecological frontier between the north and the south, has favored the development of a fauna and flora of great biodiversity. The park possesses coniferous, mixed, and broadleaf forests, some of which quite ancient, spared by the logging industry because of their inaccessibility. These forests constitute the ideal environment for numerous species, in particular birds, with critical densities of woodpeckers and owls.
If the presence of humans was relatively discreet since the Stone Age, concentrated principally atop the eskers, the development of mining activity (in particular of iron) has profoundly affected the region. The forests were exploited to feed the water-powered forges which grew up along the river. One of the most important was that of Gysinge, founded in 1668 and situated right next to the park. In 1975, in reaction to the threat of the clearing of a vast forest, the movement for the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6fsingdalen%20National%20Park
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Töfsingdalen (literally The Töfsing Valley) is a Swedish national park in Älvdalen Municipality, Dalarna County.
References
External links
Sweden's National Parks: Töfsingdalen National Park from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
National parks of Sweden
Protected areas established in 1930
1930 establishments in Sweden
Geography of Dalarna County
Tourist attractions in Dalarna County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molina%2C%20Chile
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Molina is a Chilean city and commune in Curicó Province, Maule Region. Molina is named after Chilean Jesuit Juan Ignacio Molina.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Molina spans an area of and has 38,521 inhabitants (19,392 men and 19,129 women). Of these, 28,232 (73.3%) lived in urban areas and 10,289 (26.7%) in rural areas. The population grew by 8% (2,847 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.
Administration
As a commune, Molina is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Mirtha Segura Ovalle (UDI).
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Molina is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Roberto León (PDC) and Celso Morales (UDI) as part of the 36th electoral district, together with Curicó, Teno, Romeral, Sagrada Familia, Hualañé, Licantén, Vichuquén and Rauco. The commune is represented in the Senate by Juan Antonio Coloma Correa (UDI) and Andrés Zaldívar Larraín (PDC) as part of the 10th senatorial constituency (Maule-North).
Notable people
Laureano Ladrón de Guevara (1889–1968), painter, printmaker and muralist
References
External links
Municipality of Molina
Communes of Chile
Populated places in Curicó Province
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20goods%20and%20services
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Ecological goods and services (EG&S) are the economical benefits (goods and services) arising from the ecological functions of ecosystems. Such benefits accrue to all living organisms, including animals and plants, rather than to humans alone. However, there is a growing recognition of the importance to society that ecological goods and services provide for health, social, cultural, and economic needs.
Introduction
Examples of ecological goods include clean air, and abundant fresh water. Examples of ecological services include purification of air and water, maintenance of biodiversity, decomposition of wastes, soil and vegetation generation and renewal, pollination of crops and natural vegetation, groundwater recharge through wetlands, seed dispersal, greenhouse gas mitigation, and aesthetically pleasing landscapes. The products and processes of ecological goods and services are complex and occur over long periods of time. They are a sub-category of public goods.
The concern over ecological goods and services arises because we are losing them at an unsustainable rate, and therefore land use managers must devise a host of tools to encourage the provision of more ecological goods and services. Rural and suburban settings are especially important, as lands that are developed and converted from their natural state lose their ecological functions. Therefore, ecological goods and services provided by privately held lands become increasingly important.
Markets
A market may be cre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicholinium-3
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Hemicholinium-3 (HC3), also known as hemicholine, is a drug which blocks the reuptake of choline by the high-affinity choline transporter (ChT; encoded in humans by the gene SLC5A7) at the presynapse. The reuptake of choline is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of acetylcholine; hence, hemicholinium-3 decreases the synthesis of acetylcholine. It is therefore classified as an indirect acetylcholine antagonist.
Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and a donated acetyl group from acetyl-CoA, by the action of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Thus, decreasing the amount of choline available to a neuron will decrease the amount of acetylcholine produced. Neurons affected by hemicholinium-3 must rely on the transport of choline from the soma (cell body), rather than relying on reuptake of choline from the synaptic cleft.
Toxicity
Hemicholinium-3 is highly toxic because it interferes with cholinergic neurotransmission. The LD50 of hemicholinium-3 for mice is about 35 μg.
See also
Triethylcholine
Vesamicol
References
Lactols
Phenylmorpholines
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Acetylcholine synthesis inhibitors
Biphenyls
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalkha%20Mongolian
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The Khalkha dialect ( / / , ) is a dialect of central Mongolic widely spoken in Mongolia. According to some classifications, the Khalkha dialect includes Southern Mongolian varieties such as Shiliin gol, Ulaanchab and Sönid. As it was the basis for the Cyrillic orthography of Mongolian, it is de facto the national language of Mongolia. The name of the dialect is related to the name of the Khalkha Mongols and the Khalkha river.
There are certain differences between normative (standardised form of Khalkha) and spoken Khalkha. For example, the normative language uses proximal demonstratives based on the word stem (except for the nominative and the accusative which takes the stem ) and thus exhibits the same developmental tendency as exhibited by Oirat. On the other hand, the spoken language also makes use of paradigms that are based on the stems and . This seems to agree with the use in Chakhar Mongolian. The same holds for the distal demonstrative .
Khalkha may roughly be divided into Northern and Southern Khalkha, which would include Sönid etc. Both varieties share affricate depalatalization, namely, > and > except before *i, while Southern Khalkha patterns with Chakhar and Ordos Mongolian in that it exhibits a dissimilating deaspiration; e.g. > . However, Mongolian scholars more often hold that the border between Khalkha and Chakhar is the border between the Mongolian state and the Chakhar area of South Mongolia.
Especially in the speech of younger speakers, (o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20pKa%20calculations
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Protein pKa calculations}}
In computational biology, protein pKa calculations are used to estimate the pKa values of amino acids as they exist within proteins. These calculations complement the pKa values reported for amino acids in their free state, and are used frequently within the fields of molecular modeling, structural bioinformatics, and computational biology.
Amino acid pKa values
pKa values of amino acid side chains play an important role in defining the pH-dependent characteristics of a protein. The pH-dependence of the activity displayed by enzymes and the pH-dependence of protein stability, for example, are properties that are determined by the pKa values of amino acid side chains.
The pKa values of an amino acid side chain in solution is typically inferred from the pKa values of model compounds (compounds that are similar to the side chains of amino acids). See Amino acid for the pKa values of all amino acid side chains inferred in such a way. There are also numerous experimental studies that have yielded such values, for example by use of NMR spectroscopy.
The table below lists the model pKa values that are often used in a protein pKa calculation, and contains a third column based on protein studies.
The effect of the protein environment
When a protein folds, the titratable amino acids in the protein are transferred from a solution-like environment to an environment determined by the 3-dimensional structure of the protein. For example, in an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawler%20Craton
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The Gawler Craton covers approximately 440,000 square kilometres of central South Australia. Its Precambrian crystalline basement crustal block was cratonised ca. 1550–1450 Ma. Prior to 1550 Ma the craton comprised a number of active Proterozoic orogenic belts extending back in time to at least 2450 Ma.
The Craton can be subdivided into a number of tectonic subdomains on the basis of structure and tectonostratigraphic history. The south-central Eyre Peninsula straddles the boundary between the Archaean to early Palaeoproterozoic Coulta Subdomain and the Cleve Subdomain, a Palaeoproterozoic orogenic belt ("mobile zone") probably representing a shelf or basinal depository for the Hutchison Group (ca. 1900–1845 Ma) prior to its deformation during the Kimban orogeny (ca. 1845–1710 Ma). On northeastern Eyre Peninsula, the Cleve Subdomain is bounded by the slightly younger Moonta Subdomain which is characterised by less intensely deformed metamorphosed acid volcanics and sediments ranging from the Myola Volcanics and Moonta Porphyry to the Moonabie Formation and Wandearah Metasiltstone.
Subsequent deformation on the craton has been largely epeirogenic forming shallow fault-bounded intracontinental depressions represented by Cainozoic basins, the southern continental margin and Spencer Gulf.
Physiography
The Gawler Craton, or Gawler Block, is a distinct physiographic province of the larger West Australian Shield division. It includes the smaller Stuart Range Basin and Pimba Pla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Rinaldo
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Kenneth E. Rinaldo (born 1958) is an American neo-conceptual artist and arts educator, known for his interactive robotics, 3D animation, and BioArt installations. His works include Autopoiesis (2000), and Augmented Fish Reality (2004), a fish-driven robot.
Biography
Rinaldo was born in Queens and raised in Long Island. He attended Ward Melville High School in East Setauket, New York. He moved to California and earned an Associate of Science degree in Computer Science from Cañada College, 1982. He went on to earn a Bachelor of Arts in communications from The University of California, Santa Barbara; 1984 and a Master of Fine Arts in Conceptual Information Arts from San Francisco State University, 1996. At San Francisco State he studied with artists Steve Wilson, Brian Rogers, George LeGrady and Paul DeMarinis.
In 2000 he received the first prize at the VIDA 3.0 International Artificial Life Competition for Autopoiesis; in 2001 the same piece received an honorable mention at the Ars Electronica Festival. In 2004 Rinaldo's Augmented Fish Reality, a fish-driven robot, won an award of distinction at the same festival.
In 2020 he was selected for the 2020 edition of The New Art Fest, an annual art and technology festival in Lisbon.
Rinaldo directs the Art and Technology Program in the Department of Art at Ohio State University.
References
Further reading
Aloi, Giovanni. (2012) Art and Animals. London: Tauris. p. 108.
BEAP: Biennale of Electronic Arts Perth. (2002). Austr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20W3
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NVC community W3 (Salix pentandra - Carex rostrata woodland) is one of the woodland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is one of seven woodland communities in the NVC classed as "wet woodlands".
This is a locally distributed community. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
Thirteen constant species are found in this community:
Grey willow (Salix cinerea)
Bay willow (Salix pentandra)
Wild angelica (Angelica sylvestris)
Cuckooflower (Cardamine pratensis)
Bottle sedge (Carex rostrata)
Marsh-marigold (Caltha palustris)
Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria)
Common marsh-bedstraw (Galium palustre)
Water avens (Geum rivale)
Marsh valerian (Valeriana dioica)
Pointed spear-moss (Calligeron cuspidatum)
Swan's-neck thyme-moss (Mnium hornum)
Dotted thyme-moss (Rhizomnium punctatum)
Six rare species are also associated with the community:
Dark-leaved willow (Salix myrsinifolia)
Fibrous tussock-sedge (Carex appropinquata)
Lesser tussock-sedge (Carex diandra)
Coralroot orchid (Corallorrhiza trifida)
Tufted loosestrife (Lysimachia thyrsiflora)
Round-leaved wintergreen (Pyrola rotundifolia)
Distribution
This community is distributed locally in submontane regions of northern England and Scotland. The authors of British Plant Communities noted that although the community had not been recorded in Wales, it is likely to be found there too.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 1 - Woodlands a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine%20hydroxylase
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Tyrosine hydroxylase or tyrosine 3-monooxygenase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of the amino acid L-tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). It does so using molecular oxygen (O2), as well as iron (Fe2+) and tetrahydrobiopterin as cofactors. L-DOPA is a precursor for dopamine, which, in turn, is a precursor for the important neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline). Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the rate limiting step in this synthesis of catecholamines. In humans, tyrosine hydroxylase is encoded by the TH gene, and the enzyme is present in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral sympathetic neurons and the adrenal medulla. Tyrosine hydroxylase, phenylalanine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase together make up the family of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAHs).
Reaction
Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the reaction in which L-tyrosine is hydroxylated in the meta position to obtain L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). The enzyme is an oxygenase which means it uses molecular oxygen to hydroxylate its substrates. One of the oxygen atoms in O2 is used to hydroxylate the tyrosine molecule to obtain L-DOPA and the other one is used to hydroxylate the cofactor. Like the other aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAHs), tyrosine hydroxylase use the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) under normal conditions, although other similar molecules may also work as a cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase.
The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W13
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W13 may refer to:
British NVC community W13, one of the woodland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system
Eagle's Nest Airport (Virginia), in Augusta County, Virginia, United States
Hansa-Brandenburg W.13, a German flying boat bomber
London Buses route W13
Mercedes W13, a racing car
Rhombicuboctahedron
Route W13 (WMATA), a former bus route in Maryland
W-13-class minesweeper of the Imperial Japanese Navy
W13 nuclear warhead
Watjanti language
W13, a postcode district in London, England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD18
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SD18, SD-18 or SD 18 may refer to:
SD18 (ship type) - a type of cargo ship
British NVC community SD18 - one of the 16 sand-dune communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system
Former state highways in South Dakota#Highway 18
EMD SD18 - an American-built diesel locomotive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Vegetation%20Classification
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National Vegetation Classification could refer to:
the British National Vegetation Classification (NVC)
the U.S. National Vegetation Classification (NVC or USNVC)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%20National%20Vegetation%20Classification
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The U.S. National Vegetation Classification (NVC or USNVC) is a scheme for classifying the natural and cultural vegetation communities of the United States. The purpose of this standardized vegetation classification system is to facilitate communication between land managers, scientists, and the public when managing, researching, and protecting plant communities.
The non-profit group NatureServe maintains the NVC for the U.S. government.
See also
British National Vegetation Classification
Vegetation classification
External links
The U.S. National Vegetation Classification website
"National Vegetation Classification Standard, Version 2" FGDC-STD-005-2008, Vegetation Subcommittee, Federal Geographic Data Committee, February 2008
U.S. Geological Survey page about the Vegetation Characterization Program
Federal Geographic Data Committee page about the NVC
Environment of the United States
Flora of the United States
NatureServe
Biological classification
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20seal
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A hydraulic seal is a relatively soft, non-metallic ring, captured in a groove or fixed in a combination of rings, forming a seal assembly, to block or separate fluid in reciprocating motion applications. Hydraulic seals are vital in machinery. Their use is critical in providing a way for fluid power to be converted to linear motion.
Materials
Hydraulic seals can be made from a variety of materials such as polyurethane, rubber or PTFE. The type of material is determined by the specific operating conditions or limits due to fluid type, pressure, fluid chemical compatibility or temperature.
Static
A static hydraulic seal is located in a groove and sees no movement - only sealing within its confined space, acting like a gasket. To achieve this the gasket should be under pressure. The pressure is applied by tightening of the bolts.
Dynamic
A type of dynamic hydraulic seal called a rod seal is exposed to movement on its inner diameter along the shaft or rod of a hydraulic cylinder. Hydraulic Piston seals prevent fluid from crossing the area of the piston head. Rod seals ensure that fluid does not leak from the cylinder and adequate pressure is maintained. Wiper seals are installed to prevent contamination from entering the hydraulic system. A rod seal prevents leakage of hydraulic fluid to the outside of the sealing system. Additionally, rod seals help contribute, in combination with a wiper seal, to preventing contamination of the environment. A type of dynamic hydraulic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Convention%20on%20the%20International%20Classification%20of%20Patents%20for%20Invention
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The European Convention on the International Classification of Patents for Invention was signed on December 19, 1954, in Paris, France, by members of the Council of Europe. It entered into force on August 1, 1955, and it was denounced by all Parties and ceased to be in force as from February 18, 1999. The Convention created the International Classification of Patents for Invention. The convention is written in English and French, both texts being equally authoritative.
The convention, along with the European Convention relating to the Formalities required for Patent Applications of 1953, resulted from the work of the Council of Europe's Committee of Experts in patent matters in the early 1950s.
See also
List of Council of Europe treaties
Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification of March 24, 1971
International Patent Classification
References
External links
Archived page on the Council of Europe web site
Official text (.doc)
Official text (.htm)
Patent classifications
Treaties concluded in 1954
Treaties entered into force in 1955
Council of Europe treaties
Patent law treaties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20magnetofluidics
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Digital magnetofluidics is a method for moving, combining, splitting, and controlling drops of water or biological fluids using magnetic fields. This is accomplished by adding superparamagnetic particles to a drop placed on a superhydrophobic surface. Normally this type of surface would exhibit a lotus effect and the drop of water would roll or slide off. But by using magnetic fields, the drop is stabilized and its movements and structure can be controlled.
References
A. Egatz-Gomez, S. Melle, A.A. García, S. Lindsay, M.A. Rubio, P. Domínguez, T. Picraux, J. Taraci, T. Clement, and M. Hayes, “Superhydrophobic Nanowire Surfaces for Drop Movement Using Magnetic Fields,” in Proc. NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show, 2006, pp. 501–504.
Fluid mechanics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape%20analysis
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In compiler optimization, escape analysis is a method for determining the dynamic scope of pointers where in the program a pointer can be accessed. It is related to pointer analysis and shape analysis.
When a variable (or an object) is allocated in a subroutine, a pointer to the variable can escape to other threads of execution, or to calling subroutines. If an implementation uses tail call optimization (usually required for functional languages), objects may also be seen as escaping to called subroutines. If a language supports first-class continuations (as do Scheme and Standard ML of New Jersey), portions of the call stack may also escape.
If a subroutine allocates an object and returns a pointer to it, the object can be accessed from undetermined places in the program the pointer has "escaped". Pointers can also escape if they are stored in global variables or other data structures that, in turn, escape the current procedure.
Escape analysis determines all the places where a pointer can be stored and whether the lifetime of the pointer can be proven to be restricted only to the current procedure and/or thread.
Optimizations
A compiler can use the results of escape analysis as a basis for optimizations:
Converting heap allocations to stack allocations. If an object is allocated in a subroutine, and a pointer to the object never escapes, the object may be a candidate for stack allocation instead of heap allocation. In garbage-collected languages this can reduce how o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20M1
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NVC community M1 (Sphagnum auriculatum bog pool community) is one of the mire communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is a fairly widespread community in western Britain, but absent from the east. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Common Cottongrass Eriophorum angustifolium
Bogbean Menyanthes trifoliata
Cow-horn Bog-moss Sphagnum auriculatum
Feathery Bog-moss Sphagnum cuspidatum
Five rare species are associated with the community:
Bog Orchid Hammarbya paludosa
Brown Beak-sedge Rhynchospora fusca
Rannoch-rush Scheuchzeria palustris
Intermediate Bladderwort Utricularia intermedia
Golden Bog-moss Sphagnum pulchrum
Distribution
This community has its main concentration in northwest Scotland, including the Outer Hebrides, Inner Hebrides, Caithness and Argyll. It is also found in southwest Scotland, Cumbria, central Wales, the New Forest, and in the Southwest peninsula.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 2 - Mires and heaths (hardback), (paperback)
M01
Sphagnum auriculatum bog pool community
auriculatum, NVC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20of%20Ajello
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Nicholas of Ajello (; died 10 February 1221) was the second son of the Sicilian chancellor Matthew of Ajello and the archbishop of Salerno from 1181, when he succeeded the historian Romuald Guarna. He was a trusted advisor in the Norman Kingdom of Sicily at the time of its fall to Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (1194).
Henry claimed Sicilian throne for his wife Empress Constance was a Sicilian princess and heiress of her nephew the late William II, King of Sicily. When Henry was marching to besiege Naples in 1191, Salerno sent a letter promising him its loyalty and the Archbishop Nicholas, hostile to Germans, abandoned the faithless city for Naples, where he took control of the city's defences after Richard, Count of Acerra, was wounded. Together, he and the ammiratus ammiratorum Margaritus of Brindisi successfully defended the ancient city and forced Henry to lift the siege. When Henry retreated, he left Constance at Salerno as a sign that he would soon return. Nicholas wrote letters to tell the events to his friends in Salerno, and the populace of Salerno resubmitted to King Tancred and besieged Constance. Constance spoke to them trying to explain that the defeat of Henry was exaggerated by Nicholas, but the Salernitani were determined to capture her in favor of Tancred; finally they handed her to Tancred.
Though it was of little effect in the long term. The empress was released the next year; Henry was crowned on 25 December 1194 in Palermo, with not only Nicholas, but Ric
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romuald%20Guarna
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Romuald Guarna (between 1110 and 1120 – 1 April 1181/2) was the Archbishop of Salerno (as Romuald II) from 1153 to his death. He is remembered primarily for his Chronicon sive Annales, an important historical record of his time.
Life
Romuald was a native of Salerno, born into the old Lombard nobility. He studied as a youth in the Schola Medica Salernitana, where he studied not only medicine (in which he taught Gilles de Corbeil), but history, law, and theology. Romuald was raised to the Salernitan archbishopric after the death of William of Ravenna.
Romuald was a diplomat for the kings William I and William II. He negotiated the Treaty of Benevento of 1156 and signed the Treaty of Venice in 1177. Though he took part in the conspiracy against the Admiral Maio of Bari, he never fell out of favour and even performed the coronation of William II. Despite this, he exaggerates his own importance in his chronicle, which characteristically begins at creation and extends till 1178.
In 1160-1161, Romuald defended the city from the enraged William I, who was avenging the assassination of Maio. With the help of Salernitans at court and their connections to the king's intimates, the city was spared. In 1167, as the highest-ranking prelate in the realm, he crowned William II as king in the Cathedral of Palermo.
In 1179, Romuald intervened in a council condemning the Albigensians. He was succeeded by Nicholas of Ajello.
Chronicon sive Annales
Romuald's work at a chronicle known
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allostasis
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Allostasis is the efficient regulation required to prepare the body to satisfy its needs before they arise by budgeting those needed resources such as oxygen, insulin etc., as opposed to homeostasis, in which the goal is a steady state. Allostasis, stability through variation, was proposed by Peter Sterling and Joseph Eyer in 1988 as a new model of physiological regulation. The goal of every living being is to “find and maintain a steady state for survival” which is achieved through allostasis and homeostasis. The term allostasis is used more frequently now since it is more inclusive of the idea that not everything in the body is in a single steady state meaning that there are varying levels of energy.
Evolution and allostasis
A second perspective on allostasis is that it is included in the story of how the brain was created. Barrett argues that during evolution organisms' internal systems became much more advanced; continuing to just have several groups of cells would have poorly managed these new systems that these bodies were acquiring. A brain was needed instead because its large size is much more capable of efficient management. However, in rare cases animal species do not rely on brains nor a similar allostatic process. The sea squirt is one example because once the larvae have fully grown they “absorb their brain.” The sea squirt's allostatic process would not be as complex as a human's for example since both species have ecological niches that are of different comp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouchterlony%20double%20immunodiffusion
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Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion (also known as passive double immunodiffusion) is an immunological technique used in the detection, identification and quantification of antibodies and antigens, such as immunoglobulins and extractable nuclear antigens. The technique is named after Örjan Ouchterlony, the Swedish physician who developed the test in 1948 to evaluate the production diphtheria toxins from isolated bacteria.
Procedure
A gel plate is cut to form a series of holes ("wells") in an agar or agarose gel. A sample extract of interest (for example human cells harvested from tonsil tissue) is placed in one well, sera or purified antibodies are placed in another well and the plate left for 48 hours to develop. During this time the antigens in the sample extract and the antibodies each diffuse out of their respective wells. Where the two diffusion fronts meet, if any of the antibodies recognize any of the antigens, they will bind to the antigens and form an immune complex. The immune complex precipitates in the gel to give a thin white line (precipitin line), which is a visual signature of antigen recognition.
The method can be conducted in parallel with multiple wells filled with different antigen mixtures and multiple wells with different antibodies or mixtures of antibodies, and antigen-antibody reactivity can be seen by observing between which wells the precipitate is observed. When more than one well is used there are many possible outcomes based on the reactivity o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractable%20nuclear%20antigen
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Extractable nuclear antigens (ENAs) are over 100 different soluble cytoplasmic and nuclear antigens. They are known as "extractable" because they can be removed from cell nuclei using saline and represent six main proteins: Ro, La, Sm, RNP, Scl-70, Jo1. Most ENAs are part of spliceosomes or nucleosomes complexes and are a type of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNPS). The location in the nucleus and association with spliceosomes or nucleosomes results in these ENAs being associated with additional RNA and proteins such as polymerases. This quality of ENAs often makes it difficult to purify and quantify their presence for clinical use.
Clinical applications
An extractable nuclear antigen panel, or an ENA panel, tests for presence of autoantibodies in the blood that react with proteins in the cell nucleus. It is usually done as a follow-up to a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test and when one is showing symptoms of an autoimmune disorder. The ANA tests for the presence or absence of autoantibodies, while the ENA panel evaluates which proteins in the cell nucleus the autoantibodies recognize. The ENA panel helps diagnosis, distinguish between, and monitor the progression of autoimmune diseases and is performed with a simple blood draw. While the levels of autoantibodies may fluctuate through one's life, once one develops autoantibodies, one will always have them. Autoantibodies to these antigens are associated with particular connective tissue disorders. Indeed, in 84.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coilin
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Coilin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COIL gene. Coilin got its name from the coiled shape of the Cajal bodies in which it is found. It was first identified using human autoimmune serum.
Function
Coilin protein is one of the main molecular components of Cajal bodies. Cajal bodies are non-membrane bound nuclear bodies of varying number and composition that are involved in the post-transcriptional modification of small nuclear and small nucleolar RNAs. In addition to its structural role, coilin acts as glue to connect the CB to the nucleolus. The N-terminus of the coilin protein directs its self-oligomerization while the C-terminus influences the number of nuclear bodies assembled per cell. Differential methylation and phosphorylation of coilin likely influences its localization among nuclear bodies and the composition and assembly of Cajal bodies. This gene has pseudogenes on chromosome 4 and chromosome 14.
To study CBs, coilin can be combined with GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) to form Coilin-GFP hybrid protein. The hybrid protein can then be used to locate CBs underneath a microscope, usually near the nucleolus of the cell. Other proteins that make up the CB include snRNPs and nucleolar snoRNPs.
Coilin has been shown to interact with ataxin 1, nucleolar phosphoprotein p130, SMN, and SNRPB.
References
Further reading
Structural proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna%20School%20District
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The Smyrna School District is a public school district in northern Kent County and extreme southern New Castle County, Delaware in the United States. The district is based in Smyrna.
Geography
The Smyrna School District serves the northern portion Kent County and the extreme southern portion of New Castle County in the state of Delaware. Communities served by the district include Smyrna, Clayton, and Kenton as well as a portion of Leipsic.
School board
Kristi Lloyd, President
Scot McClymont, Vice President
Vetra Evans-Gunter
Dr. Charlie Wilson
Christine Malec
Patrik Williams, Executive Secretary
Deborah Judy, Assistant Secretary
Schools
High school
Smyrna High School
Middle school
Smyrna Middle School
Middle schools
Clayton Intermediate School
Moore (John Bassett) Intermediate School
Smyrna Middle School
Elementary schools
Clayton Elementary School
North Smyrna Elementary School
Smyrna Elementary School
Sunnyside Elementary School
See also
List of school districts in Delaware
References
School districts in Kent County, Delaware
School districts in New Castle County, Delaware
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20thoracic%20nucleus
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The posterior thoracic nucleus, (Clarke's column, column of Clarke, dorsal nucleus, nucleus dorsalis of Clarke) is a group of interneurons found in the medial part of lamina VII, also known as the intermediate zone, of the spinal cord. It is mainly located from the cervical vertebra C7 to lumbar L3–L4 levels and is an important structure for proprioception of the lower limb.
Anatomy
It occupies the medial part of the base of the posterior grey column and appears on the transverse section as a well-defined oval area.
It begins caudally at the level of the second or third lumbar nerve, and reaches its maximum size opposite the twelfth thoracic nerve. Above the level of the eight thoracic nerve its size diminishes, and the column ends opposite the last cervical or first thoracic nerve.
It is represented, however, in the other regions by scattered cells, which become aggregated to form a cervical nucleus opposite the third cervical nerve, and a sacral nucleus in the middle and lower part of the sacral region.
Nerve cells in the posterior thoracic nucleus are most abundant between the lower thoracic and upper lumbar segments. Cell bodies are of medium size and oval- or pyriform-shape. These cells characteristically present coarse Nissl granules and have characteristic eccentric nuclei.
Axonal projections from neurons in this nucleus give rise to the dorsal spinocerebellar tract which ascends ipsilaterally through the spinal cord and ends as mossy fibers in the ipsilateral c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler%20%28manga%29
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is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kia Asamiya. It was originally serialized in Kodansha's magazine Monthly Afternoon.
The manga was adapted into a three-part anime original video animation that was licensed in the North America by ADV Films.
The opening theme is called "I Was Born to fall in Love" and the end theme is called "Full Up Mind", both by Masami Okui. As well as the soundtrack, a single of the opening theme and three image albums - Compiler, Assembler and Interpreter - were released.
Plot
Compiler (as in a source code compiler) features two girls, Compiler and Assembler, who arrived on earth from 2-D cyberspace to play a "game" in which they will delete the real world and reform it. However, they move in with two young men called Toshi and Nachi and lose interest in the game. After Toshi is injured and the game is cancelled, two beings called Plasma and Compiler 2 are sent in to erase the girls.
References
External links
1991 manga
1994 anime OVAs
1995 anime OVAs
ADV Films
Kia Asamiya
Kodansha manga
Seinen manga
Studio Fantasia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal%20transmission
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Horizontal transmission is the transmission of organisms between biotic and/or abiotic members of an ecosystem that are not in a parent-progeny relationship. This concept has been generalized to include transmissions of infectious agents, symbionts, and cultural traits between humans.
Because the evolutionary fate of the agent is not tied to reproductive success of the host, horizontal transmission tends to evolve virulence. It is therefore a critical concept for evolutionary medicine.
Biological
Pathogen transmission
In biological, but not cultural, transmissions the carriers (also known as vectors) may include other species. The two main biological modes of transmission are anterior station and posterior station. In anterior station, transmission occurs via the bite of an infected organism (the vector), like in malaria, dengue fever, and bubonic plague. Posterior station is transmission via contact with infected feces. Examples are rickettsiae driven diseases (like typhus), which are contracted by a body louse's fecal material being scratched into the bloodstream. The vector is not necessarily another species, however. For example, a dog infected with Rabies may infect another dog via anterior station transmission. Moreover, there are other modes of biological transmission, such as generalized bleeding in ebola.
Symbiont transmission
Symbiosis describes a relationship in which at least two organisms are in an intimately integrated state, such that one organism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosmin-1
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Anosmin-1 is a secreted, EM associated glycoprotein found in humans and other organisms responsible for normal development, which is expressed in the brain, spinal cord and kidney. Absence or damage to the protein results in Kallmann syndrome in humans, which is characterized by loss of olfactory bulbs and GnRH secretion leading to anosmia and hypothalamic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Anosmin-1 is coded by the KAL-1 gene, which is found on the X chromosome. Anosmin-1 is 100 kilodaltons and is expressed on the outside of cells. Because of this and because of its contribution to normal migration of nerve cells, a role in the extracellular matrix has been postulated.
Function
During neural crest cell development, anosmin-1 plays a role in cranial neural cell formation by spatiotemporal regulation.
Secreated anosmin-1 enhances FGF activity by promoting FGF8-FGFR1 complex formation, whereas inhibits both BMP5 and WNT3A activities.
As a results, orchestrated regulation of FGF, BMP, and WNT by anosmin-1 control EMT and MET during neural crest cell development.
In human retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPE), the expression of anosmin-1 is regulated by TGF-β which remain to be investigated.
Structure and pathology
Anosmin-1 is encoded by a gene ANOS1 (earlier called ADMLX, KAL, KAL1, KALIG1). In human it is located on the X chromosome at Xp22.3 and is affected in some male individuals with Kallmann syndrome. This gene codes for a protein of the extracellular matrix named anosmin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogroside
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A mogroside is a glycoside of cucurbitane derivatives found in certain plants, such as the fruit of the gourd vine Siraitia grosvenorii (known as monkfruit or luohan guo). Mogrosides are extracted from S. grosvenorii and used in the manufacture of sugar substitutes.
Mogrosides
Mogrosides include:
Mogrol
Mogroside II A1
Mogroside II B
7-Oxomogroside II E
11-Oxomogroside A1
Mogroside III A2
11-Deoxymogroside III
11-Oxomogroside IV A
Mogroside V
7-Oxomogroside V
11-Oxo-mogroside V
Mogroside VI
Siamenoside I
Mogroside V is the main component of Siraitia grosvenorii fruit, constituting 0.5% to 1.4% of the dried fruit.
Biosynthesis
One analysis of 200 candidate genes of Siraitia grosvenorii revealed five enzyme families involved in the synthesis of mogroside V: squalene epoxidases, triterpenoid synthases, epoxide hydrolases, cytochrome P450s, and UDP-glucosyltransferases. The metabolic pathway for mogroside biosynthesis involves an initial stage of fruit development when squalene is metabolized to di-glucosylated, tetra-hydroxycucurbitadienols, then during fruit maturation, branched glucosyl groups are added and catalyzed, leading to the sweet M4, M5, and M6 mogrosides.
Stability
Mogroside V appears to be heat stable in the range of 100 to 150 degrees Celsius for 4 hours and up to 8 hours in boiling water. It is stable at a pH of between 3 and 12 when stored from 2 to 8 degrees Celsius.
Uses
Some mogrosides are used in traditional Chinese medicine and some are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Bay%2C%20Nevada
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Crystal Bay is a census-designated place (CDP) on the north shore of Lake Tahoe in Washoe County, Nevada, United States. The population was 305 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Reno−Sparks Metropolitan Statistical Area. Prior to 2010, it was listed by the U.S. Census Bureau within the Incline Village–Crystal Bay CDP.
Geography
Elevation ranges from on the shore of Lake Tahoe to over above sea level. The CDP is located on the north shore of Lake Tahoe, adjacent to the California state line.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 42.12%, is water.
Climate
Crystal Bay has a humid continental climate (Dsb) with warm to hot summers with cool nights and moderately cold winters with frigid nights.
Demographics
Education
The region is served by the Washoe County School District.
See also
List of census-designated places in Nevada
References
External links
Census-designated places in Nevada
Census-designated places in Washoe County, Nevada
Lake Tahoe
Reno, NV Metropolitan Statistical Area
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20M2
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NVC community M2 (Sphagnum cuspidatum/recurvum bog pool community) is one of the mire communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is a fairly widely distributed community in northern western Britain, and is also found in Norfolk. There are two subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Cross-leaved heath (Erica tetralix)
Common cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium)
Round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia)
Feathery bog-moss (Sphagnum cuspidatum)
Flat-topped / flexuous bog-mosses (S. recurvum)
Three rare species are associated with the community:
Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia)
Tall bog-sedge (Carex magellanica)
Golden bog-moss (Sphagnum pulchrum)
Distribution
This community is found in various locations in Wales, southern and northeastern Scotland, and northern England, with an outpost in Norfolk.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the Rhynchospora alba subcommunity
the Sphagnum recurvum subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 2 - Mires and heaths (hardback), (paperback)
M02
Sphagnum cuspidatum bog pool community
cuspidatum, NVC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20biology
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Membrane biology is the study of the biological and physiochemical characteristics of membranes, with applications in the study of cellular physiology.
Membrane bioelectrical impulses are described by the Hodgkin cycle.
Biophysics
Membrane biophysics is the study of biological membrane structure and function using physical, computational, mathematical, and biophysical methods. A combination of these methods can be used to create phase diagrams of different types of membranes, which yields information on thermodynamic behavior of a membrane and its components. As opposed to membrane biology, membrane biophysics focuses on quantitative information and modeling of various membrane phenomena, such as lipid raft formation, rates of lipid and cholesterol flip-flop, protein-lipid coupling, and the effect of bending and elasticity functions of membranes on inter-cell connections.
See also
References
Biophysics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain%20%28surgery%29
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A surgical drain is a tube used to remove pus, blood or other fluids from a wound, body cavity, or organ. They are commonly placed by surgeons or interventional radiologists after procedures or some types of injuries, but they can also be used as an intervention for decompression. There are several types of drains, and selection of which to use often depends on the placement site and how long the drain is needed.
Use and Management
Drains help to remove contents, usually fluids, from inside the body. This is beneficial since fluid accumulation may cause distension and pressure, which can lead to pain. For example, nasogastric (NG) tubes inserted through the nose and into the stomach can help remove stomach contents for patients who have a blockage further along in their gastrointestinal tract. After surgery, drains can be placed to remove blood, lymph, or other fluids that accumulate in the wound bed. This helps to promote wound healing and allows healthcare providers to monitor the wound for any signs of internal infection or damage to surgically repaired structures.
Drains may be classified as passive or active, open or closed, and external or internal. Passive drains rely on gravity or capillary action to remove fluid, whereas active drains rely on a suction/vacuum force, whether that be through connection to wall suction, a portable suction device, or a bulb that has been squeezed to create a vacuum. Open drains are commonly used for superficial wounds and drain into
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiriol
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Seiriol (, ) was an early 6th-century saint, who created a cell at Penmon Priory on Anglesey, off the coast of north Wales. He later moved to Ynys Seiriol (Puffin Island).
Narrative
Seiriol was a son of King Owain Danwyn of Rhos, and younger brother of King Cynlas of Rhos and King Einion of Llŷn. His cell at Penmon is said to have been rebuilt by his brothers, as they didn't think his humble residence was good enough. St Seiriol's Well (Ffynnon Seiriol) lies in a small chamber adjoining its remains. Both are protected by Cadw, the publicly funded body responsible for the historic monuments of Wales. Adjacent to them are the church and ruins of a monastery also dating back to Seiriol's day.
According to legend, he and Saint Cybi were good friends, and would meet weekly near Llanerchymedd, at the Clorach wells. Saint Cybi would walk from Holyhead, facing the rising sun in the morning and setting sun in the evening. Saint Cybi was known as Cybi Felyn (Cybi the Tanned), as he was tanned during his journey. Seiriol, travelling in the opposite direction, from Penmon, would have his back to the sun.Thus, he was known as Seiriol Wyn (Seiriol the Fair). Rhyd-y-Saint railway station (English: Ford of the Saints railway station) on the Red Wharf Bay branch line near Pentraeth was named so, since Seiriol and Cybi are said to have met there.
St Seiriol's Well is a small rectangular pool set in a well chamber to the north of Penmon Priory church.
In his old age, Seiriol retired to Yn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20H1
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NVC community H1 (Calluna vulgaris - Festuca ovina heath) is one of the heath communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as lowland dry heaths.
It is a fairly localised community. There are five subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Heather (Calluna vulgaris)
Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovina)
Broom Fork-moss Dicranum scoparium
Cypress-leaved Plait-moss Hypnum cupressiforme sensu lato
No rare species are associated with the community.
Distribution
This community is confined to eastern and southeastern England, from Sussex to Lincolnshire, with the greatest concentrations occurring in Norfolk.
Subcommunities
There are five subcommunities:
the Hypnum cupressiforme subcommunity
the Hypogymnia physodes - Cladonia impexa subcommunity
the Teucrium scorodonia subcommunity
the Carex arenaria subcommunity
the so-called species-poor subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 2 - Mires and heaths (hardback), (paperback)
H01
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unknotting%20problem
|
In mathematics, the unknotting problem is the problem of algorithmically recognizing the unknot, given some representation of a knot, e.g., a knot diagram. There are several types of unknotting algorithms. A major unresolved challenge is to determine if the problem admits a polynomial time algorithm; that is, whether the problem lies in the complexity class P.
Computational complexity
First steps toward determining the computational complexity were undertaken in proving that the problem is
in larger complexity classes, which contain the class P. By using normal surfaces to describe the Seifert surfaces of a given knot, showed that the unknotting problem is in the complexity class NP. claimed the weaker result that unknotting is in AM ∩ co-AM; however, later they retracted this claim. In 2011, Greg Kuperberg proved that (assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis) the unknotting problem is in co-NP, and in 2016, Marc Lackenby provided an unconditional proof of co-NP membership.
The unknotting problem has the same computational complexity as testing whether an embedding of an undirected graph in Euclidean space is linkless.
Unknotting algorithms
Several algorithms solving the unknotting problem are based on Haken's theory of normal surfaces:
Haken's algorithm uses the theory of normal surfaces to find a disk whose boundary is the knot. Haken originally used this algorithm to show that unknotting is decidable, but did not analyze its complexity in more detail.
Hass, L
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrained%20Shortest%20Path%20First
|
Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) is an extension of shortest path algorithms. The path computed using CSPF is a shortest path fulfilling a set of constraints. It simply means that it runs shortest path algorithm after pruning those links that violate a given set of constraints. A constraint could be minimum bandwidth required per link (also known as bandwidth guaranteed constraint), end-to-end delay, maximum number of links traversed, include/exclude nodes. CSPF is widely used in MPLS Traffic Engineering. The routing using CSPF is known as Constraint Based Routing (CBR).
The path computed using CSPF could be exactly same as that of computed from OSPF and IS-IS, or it could be completely different depending on the set of constraints to be met.
Example with bandwidth constraint
Consider the network to the right, where a route has to be computed from router-A to the router-C satisfying bandwidth constrained of x- units, and link cost for each link is based on hop-count (i.e., 1).
If x = 50 units then CSPF will give path A → B → C.
If x = 55 units then CSPF will give path A → D → E → C.
If x = 90 units then CSPF will give path A → D → E → F → C.
In all of these cases OSPF and IS-IS will result in path A → B → C.
However, if the link costs in this topology are different, CSPF may accordingly determine a different path. For example, suppose that as before, hop count is used as link cost for all links but A → B and B → C, for which the cost is 4. In this case:
If x =
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese%20673
|
Gliese 673 is an orange dwarf star in the constellation Ophiuchus. It has a stellar classification of K7V. Main sequence stars with this spectra have a mass in the range of 60–70% of solar mass () (comparable to the members of the binary star system 61 Cygni).
This star is relatively near the Sun at a distance of about 25 light-years. In spite of this proximity, however, it is still too faint to be viewed by the unaided eye. It is considered a slowly rotating star with a relatively high proper motion.
Gliese 673 is among nearby K-type stars of a type in a 'sweet spot' between Sun-analog stars and M stars, in terms of the likelihood of life and its ease of detectability (in this case for planets in the system's outer conservative habitable zone), per analysis of Giada Arney from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
See also
List of star systems within 25–30 light-years
References
External links
ARICNS
Ophiuchus
157881
K-type main-sequence stars
0673
085295
0718
Durchmusterung objects
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20diffusion%20search
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Stochastic diffusion search (SDS) was first described in 1989 as a population-based, pattern-matching algorithm. It belongs to a family of swarm intelligence and naturally inspired search and optimisation algorithms which includes ant colony optimization, particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms; as such SDS was the first Swarm Intelligence metaheuristic. Unlike stigmergetic communication employed in ant colony optimization, which is based on modification of the physical properties of a simulated environment, SDS uses a form of direct (one-to-one) communication between the agents similar to the tandem calling mechanism employed by one species of ants, Leptothorax acervorum.
In SDS agents perform cheap, partial evaluations of a hypothesis (a candidate solution to the search problem). They then share information about hypotheses (diffusion of information) through direct one-to-one communication. As a result of the diffusion mechanism, high-quality solutions can be identified from clusters of agents with the same hypothesis. The operation of SDS is most easily understood by means of a simple analogy – The Restaurant Game.
The restaurant game
A group of delegates attends a long conference in an unfamiliar town. Every night each delegate must find somewhere to dine. There is a large choice of restaurants, each of which offers a large variety of meals. The problem the group faces is to find the best restaurant, that is the restaurant where the maximum number of delegat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescinnamine
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Rescinnamine, known by the brand names Moderil, Cinnasil, and Anaprel, is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor used as an antihypertensive drug.
It is a vinca alkaloid obtained from Rauvolfia serpentina and other species of Rauvolfia.
References
Indoloquinolizines
Tryptamine alkaloids
Isoquinoline alkaloids
ACE inhibitors
Antihypertensive agents
Alkaloids found in Rauvolfia
Pyrogallol ethers
Cinnamate esters
Indole ethers at the benzene ring
Heterocyclic compounds with 5 rings
Methoxy compounds
Methyl esters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poinsot%27s%20spirals
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In mathematics, Poinsot's spirals are two spirals represented by the polar equations
where csch is the hyperbolic cosecant, and sech is the hyperbolic secant. They are named after the French mathematician Louis Poinsot.
Examples of the two types of Poinsot's spirals
See also
References
Spirals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanethidine
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Guanethidine is an antihypertensive drug that reduces the release of catecholamines, such as norepinephrine. Guanethidine is transported across the sympathetic nerve membrane by the same mechanism that transports norepinephrine itself (NET, uptake 1), and uptake is essential for the drug's action. Once guanethidine has entered the nerve, it is concentrated in transmitter vesicles, where it replaces norepinephrine. It may also inhibit the release of granules by decreasing norepinephrine.
Medical uses
Guanethidine was once a mainstay for hypertension resistant to other agents, and was often used safely during pregnancy, but it is no longer used in the US due to lack of availability. It is still licensed in some countries, e.g., UK, for the rapid control of blood pressure in a hypertensive emergency.
Intravenous nerve block (Bier block) using guanethidine has been used to treat chronic pain caused by complex regional pain syndrome.
Side effects
Side effects include postural and exercise hypotension, sexual dysfunction (delayed or retrograde ejaculation), and diarrhea.
Pharmacology
Guanethidine is transported by uptake 1 into the presynaptic terminal transported by norepinephrine transporter (NET). (In this it competes with norepinephrine so can potentiate exogenously applied norepinephrine.) It becomes concentrated in norepinephrine transmitter vesicles, replacing norepinephrine in these vesicles. This leads to a gradual depletion of norepinephrine stores in the nerve ending
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20OV4
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British NVC community OV4 (Chrysanthemum segetum - Spergula arvensis community) is one of the open habitat communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of six arable weed and track-side communities of light, less-fertile acid soils.
It is widely distributed, and there are two subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Corn marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum)
Annual meadow-grass (Poa annua)
Knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare)
Corn spurrey (Spergula arvensis)
No rare species are associated with the community.
Distribution
This is a widely distributed community, most commonly found in western Britain.
Subcommunities
The two subcommunities are:
the so-called typical subcommunity
the Ranunculus repens - Sonchus asper subcommunity
References
OV04
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centronuclear%20myopathy
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Centronuclear myopathies (CNM) are a group of congenital myopathies where cell nuclei are abnormally located in the center of muscle cells instead of their normal location at the periphery.
Symptoms of CNM include severe hypotonia, hypoxia-requiring breathing assistance, and scaphocephaly. Among centronuclear myopathies, the X-linked myotubular myopathy form typically presents at birth, and is thus considered a congenital myopathy. However, some centronuclear myopathies may present later in life.
Presentation
As with other myopathies, the clinical manifestations of MTM/CNM are most notably muscle weakness and associated disabilities. Congenital forms often present with neonatal low muscle tone, severe weakness, delayed developmental milestones (particularly gross motor milestones such as head control, crawling, and walking) and pulmonary complications (presumably due to weakness of the muscles responsible for respiration). Involvement of the facial muscles may cause ophthalmoplegia or ptosis. A mutation in the RYR1 gene causing CNM may also cause susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia, a potentially life-threatening reaction to anesthesia. While some patients with centronuclear myopathies remain ambulatory throughout their adult life, others may never crawl or walk and may require wheelchair use for mobility. There is substantial variability in the degree of functional impairment among the various centronuclear myopathies. Although this condition only affects the volun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJAC
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WJAC may refer to:
WJAC-TV, an NBC–affiliated station located in Johnstown, Pennsylvania
The former call sign, or a derivative thereof the following stations:
WKGE, a radio station (850 AM) in Johnstown previously known as WJAC (AM)
WKYE, a radio station (96.5 FM) in Johnstown previously known as WJAC-FM
World Junior A Challenge, an international ice hockey tournament
Women's Junior Air Corps
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcytosis
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Transcytosis (also known as cytopempsis) is a type of transcellular transport in which various macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell. Macromolecules are captured in vesicles on one side of the cell, drawn across the cell, and ejected on the other side. Examples of macromolecules transported include IgA, transferrin, and insulin. While transcytosis is most commonly observed in epithelial cells, the process is also present elsewhere. Blood capillaries are a well-known site for transcytosis, though it occurs in other cells, including neurons, osteoclasts and M cells of the intestine.
Regulation
The regulation of transcytosis varies greatly due to the many different tissues in which this process is observed. Various tissue-specific mechanisms of transcytosis have been identified. Brefeldin A, a commonly used inhibitor of ER-to-Golgi apparatus transport, has been shown to inhibit transcytosis in dog kidney cells, which provided the first clues as to the nature of transcytosis regulation. Transcytosis in dog kidney cells has also been shown be regulated at the apical membrane by Rab17, as well as Rab11a and Rab25. Further work on dog kidney cells has shown that a signaling cascade involving the phosphorylation of EGFR by Yes leading to the activation of Rab11FIP5 by MAPK1 upregulates transcytosis. Transcytosis has been shown to be inhibited by the combination of progesterone and estradiol followed by activation mediated by prolactin in the rabbit mammary gl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood%20function
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The Greenwood function correlates the position of the hair cells in the inner ear to the frequencies that stimulate their corresponding auditory neurons. Empirically derived in 1961 by Donald D. Greenwood, the relationship has shown to be constant throughout mammalian species when scaled to the appropriate cochlear spiral lengths and audible frequency ranges. Moreover, the Greenwood function provides the mathematical basis for cochlear implant surgical electrode array placement within the cochlea.
Experimental methods and results
In 1961, Professor Donald D. Greenwood utilized experimental methods within the field of psychoacoustics to measure the frequency resolution between critical bands within the human cochlea and develop a function correlating the anatomic location of the inner ear hair cells and the frequencies at which they are stimulated (Greenwood 1961a,b).
Georg von Békésy demonstrated physiologically that different frequencies of sound stimulated different regions of the cochlea (Wilson 2004). Based upon the findings of Békésy, Greenwood placed four students under the age of 29 with presumably healthy cochleas in isolation chambers and introduced pure tones within the range of audible frequencies (20-20,000 Hz). Upon application of each tone, he then introduced a second pure tone of the same frequency and then raised and lowered the frequency until it was sufficiently different from the original frequency to become audible (Greenwood 1961a). Subjects responded
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA%20Suite%20A%20Cryptography
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NSA Suite A Cryptography is NSA cryptography which "contains classified algorithms that will not be released." "Suite A will be used for the protection of some categories of especially sensitive information (a small percentage of the overall national security-related information assurance market)."
Incomplete list of Suite A algorithms:
ACCORDION
BATON
CDL 1
CDL 2
FFC
FIREFLY
JOSEKI
KEESEE
MAYFLY
MEDLEY
MERCATOR
SAVILLE
SHILLELAGH
WALBURN
WEASEL
See also
Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
NSA Suite B Cryptography
References
General
NSA Suite B Cryptography / Cryptographic Interoperability
Cryptography standards
National Security Agency cryptography
Standards of the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacca
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Sacca () is a Pali word meaning "real" or "true". In early Buddhist literature, sacca is often found in the context of the "Four Noble Truths", a crystallization of Buddhist wisdom. In addition, sacca is one of the ten pāramīs or "most high" a bodhisatta must develop in order to become a Buddha.
The profoundest truth of reality
In the Pali Canon, sacca is frequently found in the term ariya-sacca, meaning "noble truth" or "truth of the noble ones". More specifically, the term ariya-sacca refers to the Buddha's "Four Noble Truths," elucidated in his first discourse as follows (where sacca is translated as "reality"):
Now this, bhikkhus, is the Truth about pain: birth is painful, aging is painful, illness is painful, death is painful; sorrow, lamentation, physical pain, unhappiness and distress are painful; union with what is disliked is painful; separation from what is liked is painful; not to get what one wants is painful; in brief, the five bundles of grasping-fuel are painful.
Now this, bhikkhus, is the Truth about that which causes pain: It is this craving which leads to renewed existence, accompanied by delight and attachment, seeking delight now here now there; that is, craving for sense-pleasures, craving for existence, craving for extermination (of what is not liked).
Now this, bhikkhus, is the Truth about that which can put an end to pain. It is the remainderless fading away and cessation of that same craving, the giving up and relinquishing of it, freedom from
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutely%20Everybody
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"Absolutely Everybody" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Vanessa Amorosi, released as the second single from her debut album, The Power (2000), on 15 November 1999 by Transistor Music Australia. The song reached number six in Australia and number 10 in New Zealand, and when released in Europe the following year, it peaked at number seven in the United Kingdom, number one in Hungary, and the top 10 in five other countries.
Song information
"Absolutely Everybody" debuted and peaked at number six on the Australia ARIA Single Charts, her fourth-highest-charting single to date. It was the 74th-best-selling single of 1999 and the 40th-best-selling single for 2000 in that country. It remained in the ARIA Singles Chart for over six months after its release. In New Zealand, the single peaked at number 10 on 14 May 2000 and spent 27 weeks in the top 50. Shortly after her performances at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the song was released internationally and reached the top 10 in the United Kingdom and throughout Europe. The song's highest peak was in Hungary, where it reached number one.
For her service to music, Amorosi was later awarded the Australian Centenary Medal by the Government of Australia. "Absolutely Everybody", with its positive lyrics, became an unofficial theme song for various cultural events. The song had four different music videos. The first was released in Australia in 1999, followed by the Australian Millennium version; the other two videos were mad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste%20system%20in%20Kerala
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The caste system in Kerala differed from that found in the rest of India. While the Indian caste system generally divided the four-fold Varna division of the society into Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras, in Kerala, that system was absent. The Malayali Brahmins formed the priestly class, and they considered all other castes to be either Shudra or Avarna. The exception to this were the military elites among the Samantha Kshatriyas and the Nairs, who were ritually promoted to the status of Kshatriya by means of the Hiranyagarbha ceremony. This was done so that the Samanthans and Nairs could wield temporal ruling powers over the land, as they constituted the aristocratic class.
Like the rest of India, the lower castes touching the upper castes was termed as "pollution," but only in Kerala did the lower castes pollute not just by touch but also by merely approaching an upper caste. For example, a Nair could stand next to a Namboodiri, whereas an Ezhava was forbidden to either approach or touch either the Namboodiri or the Nair. In South India, only in Kerala did there appear a warrior lineage approximate to the Kshatriya model, which corresponded to the aristocratic families among the Samantan Nairs, Samantha Kshatriyas and the Kiryathil Nairs.
Origin of the caste system
One theory that explains the origins of the caste system in the Kerala region – which prior to the independence of India comprised the three areas known as Malabar District, Travancore and Cochin – i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMake
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In software development, CMake is cross-platform free and open-source software for build automation, testing, packaging and installation of software by using a compiler-independent method. CMake is not a build system itself; it generates another system's build files. It supports directory hierarchies and applications that depend on multiple libraries. It is used in conjunction with native build environments such as Make, Qt Creator, Ninja, Android Studio, Apple's Xcode, and Microsoft Visual Studio. It has minimal dependencies, requiring only a C++ compiler on its own build system.
CMake is distributed as free and open-source software under a permissive BSD-3-Clause license.
History
CMake development began in 1999, in response to the need for a cross-platform build environment for the Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit (ITK). The project is funded by the United States National Library of Medicine as part of the Visible Human Project. It was partially inspired by , a predecessor to CMake, which was made by Ken Martin and other developers to support building of the Visualization Toolkit (VTK). pcmaker was a C program that converted Make files into MS Windows' NMake counterparts. At Kitware, Bill Hoffman blended components of pcmaker with his own ideas, striving to mimic the functionality of Unix configure scripts. CMake was first implemented in 2000 and further developed in 2001.
Historically CMake was conceived with the following major features in mind:
dependin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalcahue
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Dalcahue is a port city and a commune in Chiloé Province, on Chiloé Island, Los Lagos Region, Chile.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census by the National Statistics Institute, the Dalcachue commune spans an area of and had 10,693 inhabitants; of these, 4,933 (46.1%) lived in urban areas and 5,760 (53.9%) in rural areas. At that time, there were 5,420 men and 5,273 women. The population grew by 37.7% (2,931 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.
Administration
As a commune, Dalcahue is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Alfredo Hurtado Alvarez (PDC).
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Dalcahue is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Gabriel Ascencio (PDC) and Alejandro Santana (RN) as part of the 58th electoral district, together with Castro, Ancud, Quemchi, Curaco de Vélez, Quinchao, Puqueldón, Chonchi, Queilén, Quellón, Chaitén, Hualaihué, Futaleufú and Palena. The commune is represented in the Senate by Camilo Escalona Medina (PS) and Carlos Kuschel Silva (RN) as part of the 17th senatorial constituency (Los Lagos Region).
Transportation
The city is served by the Mocopulli Airport that connects the Chiloé island with the rest of Chile
Gallery
See also
Quíquel
References
External links
Municipality of Dalcahue
Communes of Chile
Populated places in Chiloé
Populated places in Chiloé Province
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20R%C3%B6ssler
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Otto Eberhard Rössler (born 20 May 1940) is a German biochemist known for his work on chaos theory and the theoretical equation known as the Rössler attractor. He is best known to the general public for his involvement in a failed lawsuit to halt the Large Hadron Collider due to fears that it would generate mini black holes.
Biography
Rössler was born in Berlin, into an academic family: his father, also named Otto Rössler, was an Austrian Nazi and a scholar of Semitic languages who was affiliated with the Ahnenerbe and later held a professorship at the University of Marburg.
Rössler was awarded his MD in 1966. After postdoctoral studies at the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology in Bavaria, and a visiting appointment at the Center for Theoretical Biology at SUNY-Buffalo, in 1969 he became Professor for Theoretical Biochemistry at the University of Tübingen. In 1994, he became Professor of Chemistry by decree.
Rössler has held visiting positions at the University of Guelph (Mathematics) in Canada, the Center for Nonlinear Studies of the University of California at Los Alamos, the University of Virginia (Chemical Engineering), the Technical University of Denmark (Theoretical Physics), and the Santa Fe Institute (Complexity Research) in New Mexico.
Research
Rössler has authored hundreds of scientific papers in fields as wide-ranging as biogenesis, the origin of language, differentiable automata, chaotic attractors, endophysics, micro relativity, artificial univers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wantirna%20College
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Wantirna College is a state-government secondary school in Wantirna, Victoria, Australia. It was founded in 1980 when the surrounding area was developed from fruit orchards into housing estates. The school services Wantirna and Wantirna South, as well as parts of Boronia, and Bayswater. Approximately 1250 students are enrolled at the college in addition to approximately 85 teaching and 30 non-teaching staff. The school offers a comprehensive curriculum for students studying years seven through to twelve, which includes the Victorian Certificate of Education for students in years ten to twelve and Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning for students in years 11 and 12.The college will receive $11 milltion from the 2022-2023 Victorian state budget.
History
The college was founded in 1980 when the surrounding area was developed from orchards to housing estates for potential middle class residents. The nearest high schools at the time were Vermont, Highvale and Bayswater. The establishment of Wantirna College catered for this urban growth.
In 1980, only Year 7 was available; in 1981, both Year 7 and 8 were available, and in subsequent years another year level was added until the school finally reached its full strength with Year 12 commencing in 1985.
Construction has been a frequent sight at the college with facilities for students being built or improved. 2001 additions include a new VCE Study/Common Room with kitchen and computer facilities which opened in May 2006, an ex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophic%20optical%20damage
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Catastrophic optical damage (COD), or catastrophic optical mirror damage (COMD), is a failure mode of high-power semiconductor lasers. It occurs when the semiconductor junction is overloaded by exceeding its power density and absorbs too much of the produced light energy, leading to melting and recrystallization of the semiconductor material at the facets of the laser. This is often colloquially referred to as "blowing the diode." The affected area contains a large number of lattice defects, negatively affecting its performance. If the affected area is sufficiently large, it can be observable under optical microscope as darkening of the laser facet, and/or as presence of cracks and grooves. The damage can occur within a single laser pulse, in less than a millisecond. The time to COD is inversely proportional to the power density.
Catastrophic optical damage is one of the limiting factors in increasing performance of semiconductor lasers. It is the primary failure mode for AlGaInP/AlGaAs red lasers.
Short-wavelength lasers are more susceptible to COD than long-wavelength ones.
The typical values for COD in industrial products range between 12 and 20 MW/cm2.
Causes and mechanisms
At the edge of a diode laser, where light is emitted, a mirror is traditionally formed by cleaving the semiconductor wafer to form a specularly reflecting plane. This approach is facilitated by the weakness of the [110] crystallographic plane in III-V semiconductor crystals (such as GaAs, InP, GaSb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Palace%20F.C.%20%28Women%29
|
Crystal Palace Football Club Women, formerly known as Crystal Palace Ladies Football Club, is a women's association football club based in south-east London which competes in the FA Women's Championship. The club, known as the "Eagles", is affiliated to Crystal Palace F.C., the men's equivalent. The women's section encompasses the under-9 age group through to senior level, including an academy at The Priory School in Orpington. The club have played their home matches at Gander Green Lane, Sutton, since the start of the 2023–24 season. They previously played at Hayes Lane, the home ground of Bromley F.C., between 2014 and 2023.
History
The club was formed in 1992 as Crystal Palace Ladies F.C.. Since 2003, the club has risen up England's football pyramid, winning the South East Combination Women's Football League in 2003–04, and later achieved their first cup success beating Chelsea in the Surrey FA County Cup Final in 2011. Palace reached the FA Women's Premier League in 2013–14. The club won the Division One title in 2015–16 after going the whole season undefeated and also won the Surrey FA County Cup that same season beating AFC Wimbledon in the final.
In 2018, The Guardian newspaper claimed that the Crystal Palace Ladies reserve team players were told "they face not being able to represent the club any longer if they cannot each raise £250 in sponsorship, or put up the money themselves", though the club reported this as "inaccurate." The Crystal Palace F.C. men's star fir
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