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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavipectoral%20fascia
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The clavipectoral fascia (costocoracoid membrane; coracoclavicular fascia) is a strong fascia situated under cover of the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major.
It occupies the interval between the pectoralis minor and subclavius, and protects the axillary vein and artery, and axillary nerve.
Traced upward, it splits to enclose the subclavius, and its two layers are attached to the clavicle, one in front of and the other behind the muscle; the deep layer fuses with the deep cervical fascia and with the sheath of the axillary vessels.
Medially, it blends with the fascia covering the first two intercostal spaces, and is attached also to the first rib medial to the origin of the subclavius.
Laterally, it is very thick and dense, and is attached to the coracoid process.
The portion extending from the first rib to the coracoid process is often whiter and denser than the rest, and is sometimes called the costocoracoid membrane.
Below this it is thin, and at the upper border of the pectoralis minor it splits into two layers to invest the muscle; from the lower border of the pectoralis minor it is continued downward to join the axillary fascia, and lateralward to join the fascia over the short head of the biceps brachii.
The clavipectoral fascia is pierced by the cephalic vein, thoracoacromial artery and vein, lymphatics and lateral pectoral nerve.
See also
Suspensory ligament of axilla
References
External links
- "Pectoral Region: Reflect Pectoralis Major Muscle"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTCL%20%28disambiguation%29
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PTCL is the acronym for Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited, a telecommunications company in Pakistan.
PTCL may also refer to:
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma
Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram%20code
|
Wolfram code is a widely used numbering system for one-dimensional cellular automaton rules, introduced by Stephen Wolfram in a 1983 paper and popularized in his book A New Kind of Science.
The code is based on the observation that a table specifying the new state of each cell in the automaton, as a function of the states in its neighborhood, may be interpreted as a k-digit number in the S-ary positional number system, where S is the number of states that each cell in the automaton may have, k = S2n + 1 is the number of neighborhood configurations, and n is the radius of the neighborhood. Thus, the Wolfram code for a particular rule is a number in the range from 0 to SS − 1, converted from S-ary to decimal notation. It may be calculated as follows:
List all the S2n + 1 possible state configurations of the neighbourhood of a given cell.
Interpreting each configuration as a number as described above, sort them in descending numerical order.
For each configuration, list the state which the given cell will have, according to this rule, on the next iteration.
Interpret the resulting list of states again as an S-ary number, and convert this number to decimal. The resulting decimal number is the Wolfram code.
The Wolfram code does not specify the size (nor shape) of the neighbourhood, nor the number of states — these are assumed to be known from context. When used on their own without such context, the codes are often assumed to refer to the class of elementary cellular aut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig%20Faddeev
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Ludvig Dmitrievich Faddeev (also Ludwig Dmitriyevich; ; 23 March 1934 – 26 February 2017) was a Soviet and Russian mathematical physicist. He is known for the discovery of the Faddeev equations in the theory of the quantum mechanical three-body problem and for the development of path integral methods in the quantization of non-abelian gauge field theories, including the introduction (with Victor Popov) of Faddeev–Popov ghosts. He led the Leningrad School, in which he along with many of his students developed the quantum inverse scattering method for studying quantum integrable systems in one space and one time dimension. This work led to the invention of quantum groups by Drinfeld and Jimbo.
Biography
Faddeev was born in Leningrad to a family of mathematicians. His father, Dmitry Faddeev, was a well known algebraist, professor of Leningrad University and member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. His mother, Vera Faddeeva, was known for her work in numerical linear algebra. Faddeev attended Leningrad University, receiving his undergraduate degree in 1956. He enrolled in physics, rather than mathematics, "to be independent of [his] father". Nevertheless, he received a solid education in mathematics as well "due to the influence of V. A. Fock and V. I. Smirnov". His doctoral work, on scattering theory, was completed in 1959 under the direction of Olga Ladyzhenskaya.
From 1976 to 2000, Faddeev was head of the St. Petersburg Department of Steklov Institute of Mathematic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerv%C3%A9lo
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Cervélo Cycles is a Canadian manufacturer of racing and track bicycles. Cervélo uses CAD, computational fluid dynamics, and wind tunnel testing at a variety of facilities including the San Diego Air and Space Technology Center, in California, US, to aid its designs. Frame materials include carbon fibre. Cervélo currently makes 5 series of bikes: the C series and R series of road bikes, the latter featuring multi-shaped, "Squoval" frame tubes; the S series of road bikes and P series of triathlon/time trial bikes, both of which feature airfoil shaped down tubes; and the T series of track bikes. In professional competition, cyclists have ridden Cervélo bicycles to victory in all three of road cycling's grand tours: the Tour de France; the Giro d'Italia; and the Vuelta a España.
History
Gerard Vroomen, one of the two founders of the company, started researching bike dynamics at the Eindhoven University of Technology. He took his knowledge to Canada to continue the research in McGill University. In 1995, Vroomen and Phil White founded Cervélo Cycles. The name Cervélo is a portmanteau of cervello, the Italian word for brain, and vélo, the French word for bike.
In May 2011, Vroomen sold his stake in Cervélo to pursue new projects, although he is nominally still involved with the company at the board level. Cervélo is now owned by Pon Holdings, a Dutch company that also owns Gazelle, and Derby Cycle. The company makes or has marketing rights to bicycles from Raleigh, Kalkhoff, U
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcom%20McLean
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Malcolm Purcell McLean (November 14, 1913 – May 25, 2001) was an American businessman who invented the modern intermodal shipping container, which revolutionized transport and international trade in the second half of the twentieth century. Containerization led to a significant reduction in the cost of freight transportation by eliminating the need for repeated handling of individual pieces of cargo, and also improved reliability, reduced cargo theft, and cut inventory costs by shortening transit time. Containerization is a major driver of globalization.
Early life
McLean was born in Maxton, North Carolina in 1913. His first name was originally spelled Malcolm, though he used Malcom later in life.
In 1935, when he finished high school at Winston-Salem, his family did not have enough money to send him to college, but there was enough for Malcolm to buy a used truck.
The same year, McLean, his sister, Clara, and his brother, Jim, founded McLean Trucking Co. Based in Red Springs, North Carolina, McLean Trucking started hauling empty tobacco barrels, with Malcolm as one of the drivers.
Containerization
The idea of transporting trucks on ships was put into practice before World War II. In 1926, regular connection of the luxury passenger train from London to Paris, Golden Arrow/Fleche d'Or, by Southern Railway and French Northern Railway began. For transporting passengers' baggage, four containers were used. These containers were loaded in London or Paris and carried to ports
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral%20graph
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In graph theory, a moral graph is used to find the equivalent undirected form of a directed acyclic graph. It is a key step of the junction tree algorithm, used in belief propagation on graphical models.
The moralized counterpart of a directed acyclic graph is formed by adding edges between all pairs of non-adjacent nodes that have a common child, and then making all edges in the graph undirected. Equivalently, a moral graph of a directed acyclic graph is an undirected graph in which each node of the original is now connected to its Markov blanket. The name stems from the fact that, in a moral graph, two nodes that have a common child are required to be married by sharing an edge.
Moralization may also be applied to mixed graphs, called in this context "chain graphs". In a chain graph, a connected component of the undirected subgraph is called a chain. Moralization adds an undirected edge between any two vertices that both have outgoing edges to the same chain, and then forgets the orientation of the directed edges of the graph.
Weakly recursively simplicial
A graph is weakly recursively simplicial if it has a simplicial vertex and the subgraph after removing a simplicial vertex and some edges (possibly none) between its neighbours is weakly recursively simplicial. A graph is moral if and only if it is weakly recursively simplicial.
A chordal graph (a.k.a., recursive simplicial) is a special case of weakly recursively simplicial when no edge is removed during the elimi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction%20tree%20algorithm
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The junction tree algorithm (also known as 'Clique Tree') is a method used in machine learning to extract marginalization in general graphs. In essence, it entails performing belief propagation on a modified graph called a junction tree. The graph is called a tree because it branches into different sections of data; nodes of variables are the branches. The basic premise is to eliminate cycles by clustering them into single nodes. Multiple extensive classes of queries can be compiled at the same time into larger structures of data. There are different algorithms to meet specific needs and for what needs to be calculated. Inference algorithms gather new developments in the data and calculate it based on the new information provided.
Junction tree algorithm
Hugin algorithm
If the graph is directed then moralize it to make it un-directed.
Introduce the evidence.
Triangulate the graph to make it chordal.
Construct a junction tree from the triangulated graph (we will call the vertices of the junction tree "supernodes").
Propagate the probabilities along the junction tree (via belief propagation)
Note that this last step is inefficient for graphs of large treewidth. Computing the messages to pass between supernodes involves doing exact marginalization over the variables in both supernodes. Performing this algorithm for a graph with treewidth k will thus have at least one computation which takes time exponential in k. It is a message passing algorithm. The Hugin algorithm take
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-equation%20methods%20%28econometrics%29
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A variety of methods are used in econometrics to estimate models consisting of a single equation. The oldest and still the most commonly used is the ordinary least squares method used to estimate linear regressions.
A variety of methods are available to estimate non-linear models. A particularly important class of non-linear models are those used to estimate relationships where the dependent variable is discrete, truncated or censored. These include logit, probit and Tobit models.
Single equation methods may be applied to time-series, cross section or panel data.
External links
Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20area
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In mechanics and aerodynamics, the drag area of an object represents the effective size of the object as it is "seen" by the fluid flow around it. The drag area is usually expressed as a product where is a representative area of the object, and is the drag coefficient, which represents what shape it has and how streamlined it is.
The drag coefficient plays a role in Reynold's drag equation,
Here, is the drag force, the density of the fluid, and the speed of the object relative to the fluid.
See also
Drag (physics)
Automobile drag coefficient#Drag area
Zero-lift drag coefficient
Drag (physics)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo%20%28finance%29
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A turbo is a leveraged financial derivative first introduced by Goldman Sachs in 2004. They are tradable by institutional and private investors and have characteristics similar to contracts for difference and covered warrants. Turbo's are popular in Germany and the Netherlands.
Characteristics
The most important characteristic of a turbo is the strict connection of its value to the price of the underlying asset, which is generally a stock or an index. The value of the underlying stock is multiplied by the leverage value to give the value of the turbo. Unlike other financial derivatives, the leverage of a turbo is kept constant on a daily basis. However the issuer can change the leverage by a predetermined fixed procedure.
The rationale of a rolling turbo arises from a combination of a predictable course process of the base value stock and the promise of a proportionally higher profit than would be possible with the purchase of the base stock. Rolling turbos also offer the possibility of speculating on falling quotations. On the DAX rolling turbos with leverages between 5 and 35 are offered.
Comparison to other derivatives
Its lifetime is usually not time-limited.
Unlike financial derivatives that are forced to terminate after severe exchange rate fluctuations, the risk of a catastrophic loss is smaller.
German regulations
In Germany the profit that private investors make from a rolling turbo is subject to tax. The investor must also comply with the German § 37d secu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanoxerine
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Vanoxerine is a piperazine derivative which is a potent and selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI). Vanoxerine binds to the target site on the dopamine transporter (DAT) ~ 50 times more strongly than cocaine, but simultaneously inhibits the release of dopamine. This combined effect only slightly elevates dopamine levels, giving vanoxerine only mild stimulant effects. Vanoxerine has also been observed to be a potent blocker of the IKr (hERG) channel. Vanoxerine also binds with nanomolar affinity to the serotonin transporter.
Vanoxerine as a treatment for cocaine dependence
Vanoxerine has been researched for use in treating cocaine dependence both as a substitute for cocaine and to block the rewarding effects. This strategy of using a competing agonist with a longer half-life has been successfully used to treat addiction to opiates such as heroin by substituting with methadone. It was hoped that vanoxerine would be of similar use in treating cocaine addiction.
Research also indicates that vanoxerine may have additional mechanisms of action including antagonist action at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and it has also been shown to reduce the consumption of alcohol in animal models of alcohol use disorder.
Vanoxerine has been through human trials up to Phase II, but development was stopped due to observed QTc effects in the context of cocaine use.
However, vanoxerine analogs continue to be studied as treatments for cocaine addiction. As an example, GBR compounds a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durbin%E2%80%93Watson%20statistic
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In statistics, the Durbin–Watson statistic is a test statistic used to detect the presence of autocorrelation at lag 1 in the residuals (prediction errors) from a regression analysis. It is named after James Durbin and Geoffrey Watson. The small sample distribution of this ratio was derived by John von Neumann (von Neumann, 1941). Durbin and Watson (1950, 1951) applied this statistic to the residuals from least squares regressions, and developed bounds tests for the null hypothesis that the errors are serially uncorrelated against the alternative that they follow a first order autoregressive process. Note that the distribution of this test statistic does not depend on the estimated regression coefficients and the variance of the errors.
A similar assessment can be also carried out with the Breusch–Godfrey test and the Ljung–Box test.
Computing and interpreting the Durbin–Watson statistic
If is the residual given by the Durbin-Watson test statistic is
where is the number of observations. For large , is approximately equal to , where is the sample autocorrelation of the residuals. therefore indicates no autocorrelation. The value of always lies between and . If the Durbin–Watson statistic is substantially less than 2, there is evidence of positive serial correlation. As a rough rule of thumb, if Durbin–Watson is less than 1.0, there may be cause for alarm. Small values of indicate successive error terms are positively correlated. If , successive error terms are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior%20labial%20nerve
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The superior labial branches (labial branches), the largest and most numerous, descend behind the quadratus labii superioris, and are distributed to the skin of the upper lip, the mucous membrane of the mouth, and labial glands.
They are joined, immediately beneath the orbit, by filaments from the facial nerve, forming with them the infraorbital plexus.
See also
Superior labial artery
External links
Maxillary nerve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigeminal%20cave
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The trigeminal cave (also known as Meckel's cave or cavum trigeminale) is a pouch of dura mater containing cerebrospinal fluid.
Structure
The trigeminal cave is formed by the two layers of dura mater (endosteal and meningeal) which are part of an evagination of the cerebellar tentorium near the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone. It envelops the trigeminal ganglion. It is bounded by the dura overlying four structures:
cerebellar tentorium superolaterally
lateral wall of the cavernous sinus superomedially
clivus medially
posterior petrous face inferolaterally
Within the dural confines of the trigeminal cave, there is a continuation of subarachnoid space along the posterior aspect of the cave, representing a continuation of the cerebral basal cisterns.
History
Etymology
It is named for Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Elder.
References
Meninges
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraorbital%20plexus
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The superior labial branches descend behind the Quadratus labii superioris, and are distributed to the skin of the upper lip, the mucous membrane of the mouth, and labial glands. They are joined, immediately beneath the orbit, by filaments from the facial nerve, forming with them the infraorbital plexus.
External links
Nerve plexus
Maxillary nerve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Sheffield%20Wednesday%20F.C.%20players
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This is a list of footballers who have played for Sheffield Wednesday F.C. in
competitive fixtures. Appearance and goal statistics are for all competitions.
For current players see Current squad.
References
Sheffield Wednesday
Players
Association football player non-biographical articles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20chemistry
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Spin chemistry is a sub-field of chemistry positioned at the intersection of chemical kinetics, photochemistry, magnetic resonance and free radical chemistry, that deals with magnetic and spin effects in chemical reactions. Spin chemistry concerns phenomena such as chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP), chemically induced electron polarization (CIDEP), magnetic isotope effects in chemical reactions, and it is hypothesized to be key in the underlying mechanism for avian magnetoreception and consciousness.
Radical-pair mechanism
The radical-pair mechanism explains how a magnetic field can affect reaction kinetics by affecting electron spin dynamics. Most commonly demonstrated in reactions of organic compounds involving radical intermediates, a magnetic field can speed up a reaction by decreasing the frequency of reverse reactions.
History
The radical-pair mechanism emerged as an explanation to CIDNP and CIDEP and was proposed in 1969 by Closs; Kaptein and Oosterhoff.
Radicals and radical-pairs
A radical is a molecule with an odd number of electrons, and is induced in a variety of ways, including ultra-violet radiation. A sun burn is largely due to radical formation from this radiation. The radical-pair, however, is not simply two radicals. This is because radical-pairs (specifically singlets) are quantum entangled, even as separate molecules. More fundamental to the radical-pair mechanism, however, is the fact that radical-pair electrons both have spi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSMB%20%28mathematics%29
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NSMB is a computer system for solving Navier–Stokes equations using the finite volume method. It supports meshes built of several blocks (multi-blocks) and supports parallelisation. The name stands for "Navier–Stokes multi-block". It was developed by a consortium of European scientific institutions and companies, between 1992 and 2003.
References
Numerical software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Smith%20%28academic%29
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Martin Smith is a former Professor of Robotics at Middlesex University in north London, UK. He is also a former President of the Cybernetics Society in the UK (1999 - 2020).
Smith was awarded Freedom of the City of London, and was awarded the Public Awareness of Physics Award by the Institute of Physics.
Television appearances
Smith has appeared on many television programmes: as a technical presenter on the BBC television programme Techno Games and as a judge on Robot Wars from the third series having previously competed in the first series. He was a judge and programme consultant on Channel 4's Scrapheap Challenge and technical presenter on Granada TV's Mutant Machines. He has also appeared on Tomorrow's World, Tomorrow's World Live at the NEC, and the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures series entitled The Rise of Robots.
Editorships
Smith is a member of the editorial boards of Kybernetes: The International Journal of Cybernetics and Systems, The International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, The International Journal of Applied Systemic Studies, the International Journal of General Systems, and The International Journal of Social Robotics. He is a Director of the World Organisation of Systems and Cybernetics.
Former posts
He has held posts as Visiting Research Professor in Robotics at the Open University, Professor at the University of Central England UK, (now Birmingham City University) and at the University of East London (UK) where he was founder and Head
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive%20car
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Executive car is a British term for a large car which is equivalent to the European E-segment and American full-size classifications. Executive cars are larger than compact executive cars (and the non-luxury equivalent mid-size cars), and smaller than luxury saloons / full-size luxury sedans.
The term has also been adopted by Euro NCAP, a European organization founded to test for car safety.
Background
The term was coined in the 1960s to describe cars targeted at successful professionals and middle-to-senior managers. It was used by businesses as an incentive for employees in senior roles and to exploit Britain and Europe's tax schemes as a company owned vehicle. Early executive cars typically offered engines with displacements of , compared with for an equivalent sized—but less luxurious—"large family car".
Prior to the 1990s, executive cars were typically sedans, however in recent years they have also been produced in other body styles, such as estates (station wagons), convertibles, coupés, and five-door hatch versions. They typically need to be "comfortable, refined and display some form of driving pleasure" on occasion.
Body styles
In general, executive cars are 4-door saloons, though may include estate, 5-door hatchback or 2-door coupé variants. Rover, Saab, Renault and Citroën formerly have been known to prefer variants to sedans, with Ford also offering alternatives through the 1990s. Audi, BMW and later Mercedes-AMG have recently offered such body styles as op
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-occurrence
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In linguistics, co-occurrence or cooccurrence is an above-chance frequency of ordered occurrence of two adjacent terms in a text corpus. Co-occurrence in this linguistic sense can be interpreted as an indicator of semantic proximity or an idiomatic expression. Corpus linguistics and its statistic analyses reveal patterns of co-occurrences within a language and enable to work out typical collocations for its lexical items. A co-occurrence restriction is identified when linguistic elements never occur together. Analysis of these restrictions can lead to discoveries about the structure and development of a language.
Co-occurrence can be seen an extension of word counting in higher dimensions. Co-occurrence can be quantitatively described using measures like correlation or mutual information.
See also
Distributional hypothesis
Statistical semantics
Idiom (language structure)
Co-occurrence matrix
Co-occurrence networks
Similarity measure
Dice coefficient
References
External links
Corpus linguistics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20separation
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In fluid dynamics, flow separation or boundary layer separation is the detachment of a boundary layer from a surface into a wake.
A boundary layer exists whenever there is relative movement between a fluid and a solid surface with viscous forces present in the layer of fluid close to the surface. The flow can be externally, around a body, or internally, in an enclosed passage. Boundary layers can be either laminar or turbulent. A reasonable assessment of whether the boundary layer will be laminar or turbulent can be made by calculating the Reynolds number of the local flow conditions.
Separation occurs in flow that is slowing down, with pressure increasing, after passing the thickest part of a streamline body or passing through a widening passage, for example.
Flowing against an increasing pressure is known as flowing in an adverse pressure gradient. The boundary layer separates when it has travelled far enough in an adverse pressure gradient that the speed of the boundary layer relative to the surface has stopped and reversed direction. The flow becomes detached from the surface, and instead takes the forms of eddies and vortices. The fluid exerts a constant pressure on the surface once it has separated instead of a continually increasing pressure if still attached. In aerodynamics, flow separation results in reduced lift and increased pressure drag, caused by the pressure differential between the front and rear surfaces of the object. It causes buffeting of aircraft st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycide
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Polycide is a silicide formed over polysilicon. Widely used in DRAMs. In a polycide MOSFET transistor process, the silicide is formed only over the polysilicon film as formation occurs prior to any polysilicon etch. Polycide processes contrast with salicide processes in which silicide is formed after the polysilicon etch. Thus, with a salicide process, silicide is formed over both the polysilicon gate and the exposed monocrystalline terminal regions of the transistor in a self-aligned fashion.
Semiconductor device fabrication
Silicon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-cell%20carcinoma
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Clear-cell carcinoma, also known as clear-cell adenocarcinoma and mesonephroma, is an epithelial-cell-derived carcinoma characterized by the presence of clear cells observed during histological, diagnostic assessment. This form of cancer is classified as a rare cancer with an incidence of 4.8% in white patients, 3.1% in black patients, and 11.1% in Asian patients.
Clear-cell carcinoma may arise in multiple tissue types including the kidney (clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma), ovary (ovarian clear-cell carcinoma), uterus (uterine clear-cell carcinoma) or gastrointestinal tract (colorectal clear-cell carcinoma).
Treatment options for clear cell carcinoma vary by the tissue type affected. It may include a combination of chemotherapy (paclitaxel and carboplatin or irinotecan plus cisplatin) and surgical resection in ovarian clear-cell carcinoma; debulking or resection paired with chemotherapy (cisplatin) in ovarian clear-cell carcinoma; cytokine therapy (IL-2, interferon), kinase inhibitors (temsirolimus, sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib) and anti-angiogenic therapies (bevacizumab).
References
Carcinoma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20phosphatase
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Acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2, systematic name phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum)) is an enzyme that frees attached phosphoryl groups from other molecules during digestion. It can be further classified as a phosphomonoesterase. It is stored in lysosomes and functions when these fuse with endosomes, which are acidified while they function; therefore, it has an acid pH optimum. This enzyme is present in many animal and plant species.
Different forms of acid phosphatase are found in different organs, and their serum levels are used to evaluate the success of the surgical treatment of prostate cancer. In the past, they were also used to diagnose this type of cancer.
It's also used as a cytogenetic marker to distinguish the two different lineages of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) : B-ALL (a leukemia of B lymphocytes) is acid-phosphatase negative , T-ALL (originating instead from T Lymphocytes) is acid-phosphatase positive .
Acid phosphatase catalyzes the following reaction at an optimal acidic pH (below 7):
a phosphate monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate
Phosphatase enzymes are also used by soil microorganisms to access organically bound phosphate nutrients. An assay on the rates of activity of these enzymes may be used to ascertain biological demand for phosphates in the soil.
Some plant roots, especially cluster roots, exude carboxylates that perform acid phosphatase activity, helping to mobilise phosphorus in nutrient-deficient soils.
Certain b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20the%20wall
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In fluid dynamics, the law of the wall (also known as the logarithmic law of the wall) states that the average velocity of a turbulent flow at a certain point is proportional to the logarithm of the distance from that point to the "wall", or the boundary of the fluid region. This law of the wall was first published in 1930 by Hungarian-American mathematician, aerospace engineer, and physicist Theodore von Kármán. It is only technically applicable to parts of the flow that are close to the wall (<20% of the height of the flow), though it is a good approximation for the entire velocity profile of natural streams.
General logarithmic formulation
The logarithmic law of the wall is a self similar solution for the mean velocity parallel to the wall, and is valid for flows at high Reynolds numbers — in an overlap region with approximately constant shear stress and far enough from the wall for (direct) viscous effects to be negligible:
with and
where
{| border="0"
|-
||| is the wall coordinate: the distance y to the wall, made dimensionless with the friction velocity uτ and kinematic viscosity ν,
|-
||| is the dimensionless velocity: the velocity u parallel to the wall as a function of y (distance from the wall), divided by the friction velocity uτ,
|-
||| is the wall shear stress,
|-
||| is the fluid density,
|-
||| is called the friction velocity or shear velocity,
|-
||| is the Von Kármán constant,
|-
||| is a constant, and
|-
||| is the natural logarithm.
|}
From exp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishar
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Ishar is a series of three role-playing video games by Silmarils for IBM PC compatibles, Amiga, Atari ST, and Macintosh. They are preceded by Crystals of Arborea. The games are played in first-person perspective, with all but Crystals of Arborea allowing the player to direct a group of five characters, each with a selectable race, gender, and class.
Crystals of Arborea
Crystals of Arborea was published by Silmarils in 1991. It precedes Ishar both chronologically and by its gameplay. Morgoth, the main antagonist of Crystals of Arborea, is the father of Krogh, the one of Ishar: Legend of the Fortress. Moreover, most of the heroes of the game, Jarel's companions, can be met in Ishar or even in Ishar 2.
Ishar: Legend of the Fortress
The first game in the series came out in 1992 on Amiga, Atari ST and DOS. It takes place on the island of Kendoria. At the beginning, the player controls a warrior called Aramir, and he must defeat Krogh, an evil sorcerer who has killed lord Jarel. The game takes its name from Krogh's fortress, Ishar, whose name means "unknown" in the game's fictional elf language. In order to achieve this, the player's characters must travel across the whole island and, among other things, meet with the surviving companions of Jarel.
Ishar 2: Messengers of Doom
Ishar 2 was published in 1993 on Amiga, Atari ST and DOS. In Ishar 2, the player starts with the character of Zubaran, who is the new lord of Ishar. He receives a vision that tells him to defeat the s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thismiaceae
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Thismiaceae is a family of flowering plants whose status is currently uncertain. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classifications (APG II, APG III , and APG IV) merge Thismiaceae into Burmanniaceae, noting that some studies have suggested that Thismiaceae, Burmanniaceae and Taccaceae should be separate families, whereas others support their merger.
The family has been recognized by some authors (like J. Hutchinson, Chase et al. 1995, 2000; Caddick et al. 2000; Neyland 2002; Thiele & Jordan 2002, Merckx et al. 2006 and Woodward et al. 2007). Others have supported the APG position of merging the family into Burmanniaceae, sometimes as the tribe Thismieae (Maas-van de Kamer in Kubitzki system and others).
For those who keep the family separate, it consists of five genera, three (Afrothismia, Haplothismia and Oxygyne) are entirely from Old World, Thismia is from tropical areas of both America and Asia, as well as three temperate species in Illinois (U.S.A), Japan and New Zealand, temperate Australia and Tiputinia is from the Amazon basin.
List of genera
Afrothismia (Engl.) Schltr.
Haplothismia Airy Shaw
Oxygyne Schltr.
Thismia Griff.
Tiputinia P.E. Berry & C. L. Woodw.
References
External links
Thismiaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.
Thismiaceae in Neotropikey, key and other information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics from Kew
Diosco
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%932003
|
1989–2003 is a compilation CD released by Hedningarna in 2003 under the NorthSide label. The album is a retrospect of Hedningarna's entire career, and is like other Hedningarna albums a mixture of electronics, rock and elements from old Scandinavian folk music. It covers the period from when Hedningarna was an acoustic trio and includes a rare remix of Kruspolka and two new tracks including the six members of Hedningarna that were part of the group in 2003.
Track listing
Hedningarna compilation albums
2003 compilation albums
Swedish-language compilation albums
NorthSide compilation albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepwise%20regression
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In statistics, stepwise regression is a method of fitting regression models in which the choice of predictive variables is carried out by an automatic procedure. In each step, a variable is considered for addition to or subtraction from the set of explanatory variables based on some prespecified criterion. Usually, this takes the form of a forward, backward, or combined sequence of F-tests or t-tests.
The frequent practice of fitting the final selected model followed by reporting estimates and confidence intervals without adjusting them to take the model building process into account has led to calls to stop using stepwise model building altogether or to at least make sure model uncertainty is correctly reflected.
Alternatives include other model selection techniques, such as adjusted R2, Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, Mallows's Cp, PRESS, or false discovery rate.
Main approaches
The main approaches for stepwise regression are:
Forward selection, which involves starting with no variables in the model, testing the addition of each variable using a chosen model fit criterion, adding the variable (if any) whose inclusion gives the most statistically significant improvement of the fit, and repeating this process until none improves the model to a statistically significant extent.
Backward elimination, which involves starting with all candidate variables, testing the deletion of each variable using a chosen model fit criterion, deleting the va
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabor%20transform
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The Gabor transform, named after Dennis Gabor, is a special case of the short-time Fourier transform. It is used to determine the sinusoidal frequency and phase content of local sections of a signal as it changes over time. The function to be transformed is first multiplied by a Gaussian function, which can be regarded as a window function, and the resulting function is then transformed with a Fourier transform to derive the time-frequency analysis. The window function means that the signal near the time being analyzed will have higher weight. The Gabor transform of a signal x(t) is defined by this formula:
The Gaussian function has infinite range and it is impractical for implementation. However, a level of significance can be chosen (for instance 0.00001) for the distribution of the Gaussian function.
Outside these limits of integration () the Gaussian function is small enough to be ignored. Thus the Gabor transform can be satisfactorily approximated as
This simplification makes the Gabor transform practical and realizable.
The window function width can also be varied to optimize the time-frequency resolution tradeoff for a particular application by replacing the with for some chosen .
Inverse Gabor transform
The Gabor transform is invertible. Because it is over-complete, the original signal can be recovered in a variety of ways. For example, the "unwindowing" approach can be used for any :
Alternatively, all of the time components can be combined together:
Pro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynmor%20Jones%20Library
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The Brynmor Jones Library (BJL) is the main library at the University of Hull, England. In 1967 it was named after Sir Brynmor Jones (1903-1989) who initiated research in the field of Liquid Crystals (LCD) at Hull and became Head of the Department of Chemistry in 1947. He was the Vice-Chancellor of the University from 1956 to 1972.
The building consists of two main sections, the older Art Deco style entrance and front section, built in the 1950s, which is five floors high (originally three which were later subdivided by mezzanines) and the newer extension, completed in 1970, which consists of eight floors plus a basement. The older section has two exterior bas-relief sculptures by Willi Soukop, one is of an owl, the other shows a human figure representing the light of knowledge and is positioned directly over the main entrance. The new section has views over the Humber with three lifts for student use and a fourth lift for staff. It contains over a million books, plus other reference materials, mainly for use by students at the university. There are also a large number of open access computers within the library which are connected to the University network.
The poet Philip Larkin served as Librarian here for thirty years from 1955 until his death in 1985.
The library serves as home to the university's Art Collection, started in 1963 the collection's focus is British art from 1890 to 1940, including works by the Bloomsbury and Camden Town Groups.
References
External lin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic%20art
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Algorithmic art or algorithm art is art, mostly visual art, in which the design is generated by an algorithm. Algorithmic artists are sometimes called algorists.
Overview
Algorithmic art, also known as computer-generated art, is a subset of generative art (generated by an autonomous system) and is related to systems art (influenced by systems theory). Fractal art is an example of algorithmic art.
For an image of reasonable size, even the simplest algorithms require too much calculation for manual execution to be practical, and they are thus executed on either a single computer or on a cluster of computers. The final output is typically displayed on a computer monitor, printed with a raster-type printer, or drawn using a plotter. Variability can be introduced by using pseudo-random numbers. There is no consensus as to whether the product of an algorithm that operates on an existing image (or on any input other than pseudo-random numbers) can still be considered computer-generated art, as opposed to computer-assisted art.
History
Roman Verostko argues that Islamic geometric patterns are constructed using algorithms, as are Italian Renaissance paintings which make use of mathematical techniques, in particular linear perspective and proportion.
Some of the earliest known examples of computer-generated algorithmic art were created by Georg Nees, Frieder Nake, A. Michael Noll, Manfred Mohr and Vera Molnár in the early 1960s. These artworks were executed by a plotter contro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DISCUS
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DISCUS, or distributed source coding using syndromes, is a method for distributed source coding. It is a compression algorithm used to compress correlated data sources. The method is designed to achieve the Slepian–Wolf bound by using channel codes.
History
DISCUS was invented by researchers S. S. Pradhan and K. Ramachandran, and first published in their
paper "Distributed source coding using syndromes (DISCUS): design and construction",
published in the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory in 2003.
Variations
Many variations of DISCUS are presented in related literature. One such popular scheme is the Channel Code Partitioning scheme, which is an a-priori scheme, to reach the Slepian–Wolf bound. Many papers illustrate simulations and experiments on channel code partitioning using the turbo codes, Hamming codes and irregular repeat-accumulate codes.
See also
Modulo-N code is a simpler technique for compressing correlated data sources.
Distributed source coding
External links
"Distributed source coding using syndromes (DISCUS): design and construction" by Pradhan, S.S. and Ramchandran, K.
"DISCUS: Distributed Compression for Sensor Networks"
Distributed Source Coding can also be implemented using Convolutional Codes or using Turbo Codes
Information theory
Wireless sensor network
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullcline
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In mathematical analysis, nullclines, sometimes called zero-growth isoclines, are encountered in a system of ordinary differential equations
where here represents a derivative of with respect to another parameter, such as time . The 'th nullcline is the geometric shape for which . The equilibrium points of the system are located where all of the nullclines intersect.
In a two-dimensional linear system, the nullclines can be represented by two lines on a two-dimensional plot; in a general two-dimensional system they are arbitrary curves.
History
The definition, though with the name ’directivity curve’, was used in a 1967 article by Endre Simonyi. This article also defined 'directivity vector' as
,
where P and Q are the dx/dt and dy/dt differential equations, and i and j are the x and y direction unit vectors.
Simonyi developed a new stability test method from these new definitions, and with it he studied differential equations. This method, beyond the usual stability examinations, provided semi-quantitative results.
References
Notes
E. Simonyi – M. Kaszás: Method for the Dynamic Analysis of Nonlinear Systems, Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering – Chemisches Ingenieurwesen, Polytechnical University Budapest, 1969
External links
SOS Mathematics: Qualitative Analysis
Differential equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Wallace%20Hopper
|
Edna Wallace Hopper (January 17, 1872 – December 14, 1959) was an American actress on stage and in silent films. She was known as the "eternal flapper".
Biography
Hopper was believed to have been born on January 17, 1872, as Edna Margaret Augusta Wallace in San Francisco, California to Josephine and Waller Wallace. Hopper claimed her birth records were destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Her father was the head night usher at the California Theater. She had one sibling.
Hopper trained for the stage in New York. While there, she had married DeWolf Hopper on June 28, 1893. They appeared in several comic operas together, including John Philip Sousa's El Capitan, before divorcing in 1898. The couple presented a striking physical contrast on stage. DeWolf stood 6 ft 5 or 6 in, while Hopper stood under five feet tall and weighed less than 100 pounds.
Hopper starred in her most famous role, Lady Holyrood in the popular musical Florodora, which had premiered in London. Though not part of the renowned Florodora Sextette, she shared in some of the wild adulation of male admirers who mobbed the stage door after every performance.
Hopper remained active over the next decade, starring in George M. Cohan's Fifty Miles from Boston in 1907. She married Wall Street broker Albert Oldfield Brown in 1908. Her professional activity lessened in the 1910s but resumed in the 1920s. One of the earlier stage actors to have a facelift, Wallace Hopper had the operation filmed and then
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks%E2%80%93McClellan%20filter%20design%20algorithm
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The Parks–McClellan algorithm, published by James McClellan and Thomas Parks in 1972, is an iterative algorithm for finding the optimal Chebyshev finite impulse response (FIR) filter. The Parks–McClellan algorithm is utilized to design and implement efficient and optimal FIR filters. It uses an indirect method for finding the optimal filter coefficients.
The goal of the algorithm is to minimize the error in the pass and stop bands by utilizing the Chebyshev approximation. The Parks–McClellan algorithm is a variation of the Remez exchange algorithm, with the change that it is specifically designed for FIR filters. It has become a standard method for FIR filter design.
History of optimal FIR filter design
In the 1960s, researchers within the field of analog filter design were using the Chebyshev approximation for filter design. During this time, it was well known that the best filters contain an equiripple characteristic in their frequency response magnitude and the elliptic filter (or Cauer filter) was optimal with regards to the Chebyshev approximation. When the digital filter revolution began in the 1960s, researchers used a bilinear transform to produce infinite impulse response (IIR) digital elliptic filters. They also recognized the potential for designing FIR filters to accomplish the same filtering task and soon the search was on for the optimal FIR filter using the Chebyshev approximation.
It was well known in both mathematics and engineering that the optimal respo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remez%20algorithm
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The Remez algorithm or Remez exchange algorithm, published by Evgeny Yakovlevich Remez in 1934, is an iterative algorithm used to find simple approximations to functions, specifically, approximations by functions in a Chebyshev space that are the best in the uniform norm L∞ sense. It is sometimes referred to as Remes algorithm or Reme algorithm.
A typical example of a Chebyshev space is the subspace of Chebyshev polynomials of order n in the space of real continuous functions on an interval, C[a, b]. The polynomial of best approximation within a given subspace is defined to be the one that minimizes the maximum absolute difference between the polynomial and the function. In this case, the form of the solution is precised by the equioscillation theorem.
Procedure
The Remez algorithm starts with the function to be approximated and a set of sample points in the approximation interval, usually the extrema of Chebyshev polynomial linearly mapped to the interval. The steps are:
Solve the linear system of equations
(where ),
for the unknowns and E.
Use the as coefficients to form a polynomial .
Find the set of points of local maximum error .
If the errors at every are of equal magnitude and alternate in sign, then is the minimax approximation polynomial. If not, replace with and repeat the steps above.
The result is called the polynomial of best approximation or the minimax approximation algorithm.
A review of technicalities in implementing the Remez algorithm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimax%20approximation%20algorithm
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A minimax approximation algorithm (or L∞ approximation or uniform approximation) is a method to find an approximation of a mathematical function that minimizes maximum error.
For example, given a function defined on the interval and a degree bound , a minimax polynomial approximation algorithm will find a polynomial of degree at most to minimize
Polynomial approximations
The Weierstrass approximation theorem states that every continuous function defined on a closed interval [a,b] can be uniformly approximated as closely as desired by a polynomial function.
For practical work it is often desirable to minimize the maximum absolute or relative error of a polynomial fit for any given number of terms in an effort to reduce computational expense of repeated evaluation.
Polynomial expansions such as the Taylor series expansion are often convenient for theoretical work but less useful for practical applications. Truncated Chebyshev series, however, closely approximate the minimax polynomial.
One popular minimax approximation algorithm is the Remez algorithm.
References
External links
Minimax approximation algorithm at MathWorld
Numerical analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6lder%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Hölder's theorem states that the gamma function does not satisfy any algebraic differential equation whose coefficients are rational functions. This result was first proved by Otto Hölder in 1887; several alternative proofs have subsequently been found.
The theorem also generalizes to the -gamma function.
Statement of the theorem
For every there is no non-zero polynomial such that
where is the gamma function.
For example, define by
Then the equation
is called an algebraic differential equation, which, in this case, has the solutions and — the Bessel functions of the first and second kind respectively. Hence, we say that and are differentially algebraic (also algebraically transcendental). Most of the familiar special functions of mathematical physics are differentially algebraic. All algebraic combinations of differentially algebraic functions are differentially algebraic. Furthermore, all compositions of differentially algebraic functions are differentially algebraic. Hölder’s Theorem simply states that the gamma function, , is not differentially algebraic and is therefore transcendentally transcendental.
Proof
Let and assume that a non-zero polynomial exists such that
As a non-zero polynomial in can never give rise to the zero function on any non-empty open domain of (by the fundamental theorem of algebra), we may suppose, without loss of generality, that contains a monomial term having a non-zero power of one of the indeterminates .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian%20root%20music
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Bosnian root music (izvorna bosanska muzika/изворна босанска музика) is polyphonic type of singing. It is the most popular form of rural music in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The singers are usually followed by violin, dvojnice and šargija. It is connected to ganga and ravne pjesme, which are also characteristic for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The origin of the music is unknown, but some characteristics, like different temperament from the standard music, suggest it is an old type of music.
Songs
The songs are about all kinds of things from being a "lola" and "baraba", about love of a woman, having a good life, but also about sad things like mostly the war in Bosnia, or the nostalgia that expatriates experience about their home country. More recently Bosnian root music has - in a humorous way - concentrated on some facets of the modern way of life, like the widespread use of Facebook and smartphones.
Bosnian Root Music groups and singers
Some well-known Bosnian root groups currently would be Sateliti, Raspjevani Meraklije, Marko and Ilija Begić, DiciMai and CrissMate, and many others. The music has proven to be a way for former enemies to become friends again. Root music is popular among Serbs from the areas in and surrounding Ozren, Croats from Usora, Žepče and Posavina and even Bosniaks from Podrinje.
Style
Bosnian root music is a polyphonic, or more commonly heterophonic music, which is usually sung by two singers. The first singer starts the song, and after some number of syll
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosphere
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The homosphere is the layer of an atmosphere where the bulk gases are homogeneously mixed due to turbulent mixing or eddy diffusion. The bulk composition of the air is mostly uniform so the concentrations of molecules are the same throughout the homosphere. The top of the homosphere is called the homopause, also known as the turbopause. Above the homopause is the heterosphere, where diffusion is faster than mixing, and heavy gases decrease in density with altitude more rapidly than lighter gases.
Some of the processes driving this uniformity include heating convection and air flow patterns. In the troposphere, rising warm air replaces higher cooler air which mix gases vertically. Wind patterns push air across the surface mixing it horizontally. At higher altitudes, other atmospheric circulation regimes exist, such as the Brewer-Dobson circulation in the terrestrial stratosphere, which mixes the air. In Earth's mesophere, atmospheric waves become unstable and dissipate, creating turbulent mixing of this region.
Earth's homosphere
The Earth's homosphere starts at the Earth's surface and extends to the turbopause at about 100 km. It incorporates all of the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lower part of the thermosphere. Chemically the homosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and trace amounts of other molecules, such as argon and carbon dioxide. It contains over 99% of the mass of the Earth's atmosphere. The density of air decreases with height in th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGD%20%28disambiguation%29
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SGD is the ISO 4217 code of the Singapore dollar, the currency of Singapore.
SGD or sgd can also mean:
Saccharomyces Genome Database, a yeast database
Sargodha, a Pakistani city
Secure global desktop, software by Tarantella, subsequently bought and used by Sun Microsystems and by Oracle Corporation
SG Dynamo Dresden, a German association-football club
Sliding glass door, a type of sliding door
Smart Grid Device, an electronic device for smart grids
Sønderborg Airport (IATA code SGD)
Spanish Gangster Disciples, an American gang
Speech-generating device, an electronic augmentative and alternative communication systems
Stars Go Dim, an American pop-rock band
Stochastic gradient descent, an optimization algorithm
Submarine groundwater discharge, freshwater aquifer seepage into oceans
Surigaonon language, based on its ISO 639-3 code sgd
Sustainable Development Goals, a global development framework created in 2015 by the United Nations General Assembly
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimsta%20IP
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Grimsta IP is a multi-use stadium in Vällingby, Sweden. It is currently used for football matches and is the home stadium of IF Brommapojkarna. The stadium holds 5,000 people after the latest expansion.
The latest expansion took place between 2015 and 2017 with the construction of the new stand that cost 57 million kronor, it includes also the construction of new locker rooms, a new press stand and a new bar.
The new stand, with more than 2,000 seats, fulfills the requirement of the Swedish football association for having the license for playing in Superettan and Allsvenskan.
The inauguration of the New Grimsta IP was celebrated on 8 April 2017 with the Superettan football game between IF Brommapojkarna and Örgryte (3-0) in front of 1,722 spectators.
External links
Grimsta IP - Nordic Stadiums
Football venues in Stockholm
IF Brommapojkarna
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabo%20language
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The Jabo language is a Kru language spoken by the Jabo people of Liberia. They have also been known in the past as the Gweabo.
Classification
Jabo is part of the Grebo language continuum, encoded by Ethnologue more specifically as a dialect of the Southern Grebo language. However, Jabo satisfies the ISO 639-3 criteria for an individual language:
The shared core-vocabulary score for Jabo and Seaside Grebo is reported as being as low as 75%.
The Jabo and Grebo political territories have been distinct at least since the time of the founding of "Maryland in Africa." The two peoples are currently in different counties (Grand Kru County and Maryland County), and the Jabo claim a greater affinity for the Kru (Krao) than for the Grebo.
The physical separation of the Jabo and Grebo areas by the Deeah (Decoris) river is also an effective barrier to social intercourse and commerce.
The Jabo and the Grebo have different origin legends, and thus have no shared identity.
The Jabo are highly ethnocentric, and consider themselves to be a nation with its own language.
On the other hand, the commercial interaction of the Grebo peoples, together with exogamy, produces widespread multilingualism, magnifying the impression of homogeneity of the varieties of Grebo. Additionally, the goal of literacy is facilitated by a unificationalist approach to the varieties.
Sources
The Jabo language is known to scientific linguistics in some level of detail because it was analysed by the respected linguist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaphoid%20fossa
|
In the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid, above the pterygoid fossa is a small, oval, shallow depression, the scaphoid fossa, which gives origin to the Tensor veli palatini.
It is not the same as and has to be distinguished from the scaphoid fossa of the external ear or pinna.
References
External links
Diagram - look for #28 (source here)
Bones of the head and neck
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate%20%28marine%20biology%29
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Stream substrate (sediment) is the material that rests at the bottom of a stream. There are several classification guides. One is:
Mud – silt and clay.
Sand – Particles between 0.06 and 2 mm in diameter.
Granule – Between 2 and 4 mm in diameter.
Pebble – Between 4 – 64 mm in diameter.
Cobble – between 6.4 and 25.6 cm in diameter
Boulder – more than 25.6 cm in diameter.
Stream substrate can affect the life found within the stream habitat. Muddy streams generally have more sediment in the water, reducing clarity. Clarity is one guide to stream health.
Marine substrate can be classified geologically as well. See Green et al., 1999 for a reference.
Mollusks and clams that live in areas with substrate, and need them to survive, use their silky byssal threads to cling to it. See Cteniodes Ales for reference.
See also
Grain size
Substrate (biology)
Aquatic ecology
Marine biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprameatal%20spine
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The inner end of the external acoustic meatus is closed, in the recent state, by the tympanic membrane; the upper limit of its outer orifice is formed by the posterior root of the zygomatic process, immediately below which there is sometimes seen a small spine, the suprameatal spine also called the spine of Henle, situated at the upper and posterior part of the orifice.
References
External links
Bones of the head and neck
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLL
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VLL may refer to:
Virtual leased line, an Ethernet-based communication over IP/MPLS networks
Visual Light Link, a component of a Lego robotics kit
Valladolid Airport's IATA code
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt%20process
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In probability theory, a Hunt process is a strong Markov process which is quasi-left continuous with respect to the minimum completed admissible filtration .
It is named after Gilbert Hunt.
See also
Markov process
Markov chain
Shift of finite type
References
Markov processes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%2C3%27%2C5%2C5%27-Tetramethylbenzidine
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3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine or TMB is a chromogenic substrate used in staining procedures in immunohistochemistry as well as being a visualising reagent used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). TMB is a white solid that forms a pale blue-green liquid in solution with ethyl acetate. TMB is degraded by sunlight and by fluorescent lights. Used to detect hematuria as it turns blue in contact with hemoglobin.
Enzymatic assay
TMB can act as a hydrogen donor for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water by peroxidase enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase.
The resulting one-electron oxidation product is a diimine-diamine complex, which causes the solution to take on a blue colour, and this colour change can be read on a spectrophotometer at the wavelengths of 370 and 650 nm.
The reaction can be halted by addition of acid or another stop reagent. Using sulfuric acid turns TMB yellow, with a peak absorbance of 450 nm. The amount of converted TMB may be indexed by the amount of 450 nm light it absorbs.
Material safety
TMB should be kept out of direct sunlight as it is photosensitive. It is not known if TMB is carcinogenic and the evidence is contradictory: TMB is not mutagenic by the Ames test, and did not induce formation of tumors in a single-arm study of 24 rats. On that evidence, it has been used as a replacement for carcinogenic compounds such as benzidine and o-phenylenediamine.
References
Biphenyls
Anilines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedningarna%20%28album%29
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Hedningarna is the eponymous debut album by the Swedish band Hedningarna. It was released in 1989, when Hedningarna was still a group with three members. Unlike the other albums, the debut does not include amplified instruments and rhythm loops and is played entirely with acoustic instrumentation.
Using various instruments, such as hurdy-gurdies, moraharpas, bagpipes and fiddles, the album proves Hedningarnas' ability to mix old and new styles, and the album honors the old Scandinavian musical traditions, while managing to combine these with more modern sounds.
The album was later released on the NorthSide label.
Track listing
All song written by Anders Stake, except where noted.
Polska After Pelle Fors – 3:30 (trad.)
Förtvivlans Polska/Desperation Polska – 2:10
Häxpolskan/The Witch Polska – 2:23
Skavlåten/The Chafing Tune – 3:02
Ölbackens Polska – 4:05
Särna Gamla Brudmarsch/Old Särna Wedding March – 3:51 (trad.)
Multihalling – 2:58
Fulinghalling/Scamphalling – 5:33
Polska After Olof Tillman – 4:35 (trad.)
Doplåten/The Baptism Tune – 0:44
Polska After Hins Anders – 1:44
Lacknafta – 3:10
Björnlåten/The Bear Tune – 3:49 (trad.)
Personnel
Anders Stake: Hardingfele, Three-String Keyed Fiddle, Swedish Bagpipes, Nyckelharpa, Jew's Harp, Wooden Flute, Willow Pipe
Björn Tollin: Frame Drum, Marxophone, Three-String Keyed Fiddle
Hållbus Totte Mattsson: Lute, Acoustic Guitar, Baroque Guitar, Hurdy Gurdy
1989 debut albums
Hedningarna albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta%20baryon
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The Delta baryons (or baryons, also called Delta resonances) are a family of subatomic particle made of three up or down quarks (u or d quarks), the same constituent quarks that make up the more familiar protons and neutrons.
Properties
Four closely related baryons exist: (constituent quarks: uuu), (uud), (udd), and (ddd), which respectively carry an electric charge of , , , and .
The baryons have a mass of about ; their third component of isospin and they are required to have an intrinsic spin of or higher (half-integer units). Ordinary nucleons (symbol N, meaning either a proton or neutron), by contrast, have a mass of about , and both intrinsic spin and isospin of . The (uud) and (udd) particles are higher-mass spin-excitations of the proton (, uud) and neutron (, udd), respectively.
The and , however, have no direct nucleon analogues: For example, even though their charges are identical and their masses are similar, the (ddd), is not closely related to the antiproton (, ).
The Delta states discussed here are only the lowest-mass quantum excitations of the proton and neutron. At higher spins, additional higher mass Delta states appear, all defined by having constant or isospin (depending on charge), but with spin , , , ..., multiplied by . A complete listing of all properties of all these states can be found in Beringer et al. (2013).
There also exist antiparticle Delta states with opposite charges, made up of the corresponding antiquarks.
Discovery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borna%20%28duke%29
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Borna was the Duke of Croatia from to 821 and vassal of the Frankish Empire. He resided in Nin and was the ruler of most of the Croats in northern Dalmatia.
Borna's predecessor was Višeslav of Croatia, probably his father. After his death in 821, he was succeeded by his nephew Vladislav.
He is mentioned in the Royal Frankish Annals (Annales regni Francorum) in entries regarding 818–821. His titles were "Duke of the Guduscani" (a Croatian tribe from Lika and northern Dalmatia) in 818; "Duke of Dalmatia" in 819; "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia" in 821. Historiography treats him as a ruler of Dalmatian Croatia.
History
Borna is documented in the "Royal Frankish Annals" (Annales regni Francorum). He is first mentioned regarding an 818 meeting at Herstal of Frankish Emperor Louis the Pious with envoys of the Obotrites, Borna (duke of the Guduscani), and of the Timociani, who had recently revolted against the Bulgars and switched sides to the Franks, and also Ljudevit, duke of the Slavs in Lower Pannonia, the commander of the March of Friuli. Historiography predominantly treats the Guduscani as a tribe in Lika, along the river Gacka.
In July 819, another Frankish assembly was held at Ingelheim, and because of Ljudevit's rebellion against the Franks, Frankish troops were sent from Italy to Pannonia, but returned without accomplishment. Ljudevit sent envoys to the Franks with conditions that were not accepted by the Frankish emperor; Ljudevit continued the rebellion and sent en
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLCE
|
PLCE may refer to:
Personal Load Carrying Equipment, the current tactical webbing system of the British Armed Forces
PLCE1, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloth%20menstrual%20pad
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Cloth menstrual pads are cloth pads worn in the underwear to collect menstrual fluid (blood from uterine lining). They are a type of reusable menstrual hygiene product, and are an alternative to sanitary napkins or to menstrual cups. Because they can be reused, they are generally less expensive than disposable pads over time, and reduce the amount of waste produced.
Generally they are made from layers of absorbent fabrics (such as cotton or hemp) which are worn during menstruation, post-birth bleeding or any other situation where it is necessary to absorb the flow of blood from the vagina, or to protect underwear from regular discharge of vaginal fluids. After use, they are washed, dried and then reused.
Current use
The majority of commercially available pads are manufactured by work-at-home moms or small businesses and can be purchased through some health food stores, specialty stores, and via Internet stores and marketplaces. They are available in a range of lengths and thicknesses, similar to disposable pads, with longer pads for night use and thinner and shorter pads for light use. Some manufacturers will allow the buyer to select the fabrics, shape and size of the pad so that they can be custom made to fit an individual and be as efficient as possible.
Some people make their own cloth menstrual pads. These pads range from folded wash cloths to pads similar to the cloth menstrual pads available commercially.
Cloth menstrual pads may be hand or machine washed, and t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRTP
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PRTP may refer to:
Puerto Rican Workers' Revolutionary Party, a Puerto Rican political party
Lactocepin, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary%20layer%20thickness
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This page describes some of the parameters used to characterize the thickness and shape of boundary layers formed by fluid flowing along a solid surface. The defining characteristic of boundary layer flow is that at the solid walls, the fluid's velocity is reduced to zero. The boundary layer refers to the thin transition layer between the wall and the bulk fluid flow. The boundary layer concept was originally developed by Ludwig Prandtl and is broadly classified into two types, bounded and unbounded. The differentiating property between bounded and unbounded boundary layers is whether the boundary layer is being substantially influenced by more than one wall. Each of the main types has a laminar, transitional, and turbulent sub-type. The two types of boundary layers use similar methods to describe the thickness and shape of the transition region with a couple of exceptions detailed in the Unbounded Boundary Layer Section. The characterizations detailed below consider steady flow but is easily extended to unsteady flow.
The bounded boundary layer description
Bounded boundary layers is a name used to designate fluid flow along an interior wall such that the other interior walls induce a pressure effect on the fluid flow along the wall under consideration. The defining characteristic of this type of boundary layer is that the velocity profile normal to the wall often smoothly asymptotes to a constant velocity value denoted as ue(x). The bounded boundary layer concept
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampliphase
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Ampliphase is the brand name of an amplitude modulation system achieved by summing phase modulated carriers.
This modulation and amplifier technology family was originally marketed by RCA for AM broadcast transmitters. The Ampliphase system was not developed by RCA, but by McClatchy Broadcasting in the mid-1930s. McClatchy Broadcasting acquired the technology via patent acquisition.
The Ampliphase design was originally proposed by H. Chireix in 1935 and termed "Outphasing" by him. He sold the patent to McClatchy Broadcasting that later sold the patent to RCA. RCA turned "Outphasing" transmitters into a mass-produced product. RCA's first transmitters using this modulation system were at the 50,000 watt level but later lower power transmitters such as 10 kw and 5 kw were made.
McClatchy Broadcasting was a former group owner of AM, FM and TV stations as well as a California publisher of newspapers. McClatchy Broadcasting should not be confused with the present-day McClatchey Broadcasting LLC, a different corporate entity.
Only one known transmitter of this type is still in use. KFBK in California maintains an RCA BTA-50H (the "last gasp" of the Ampliphase concept) as an auxiliary transmitter. Radio Caroline has a working RCA BTA-50H on display aboard its radio ship Ross Revenge, however this transmitter has fallen out of use and is unlikely to be put back on the air since the Ross Revenge currently broadcasts via relay to a more efficient land-based transmitter.
How it work
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Blizzard%20Entertainment%20games
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Blizzard Entertainment is an American video game developer and publisher based in Irvine, California. The company was founded in February 1991 under the name Silicon & Synapse by Michael Morhaime, Frank Pearce and Allen Adham. The company initially concentrated on porting other studio's games to computer platforms, as well RPM Racing (1991), a remake of Racing Destruction Set (1985). In 1992, however, the company began producing original games for home consoles with The Lost Vikings (1992) and Rock n' Roll Racing (1993), and beginning with Warcraft: Orcs & Humans (1994) it shifted to primarily focus on original computer games. The company was renamed to Blizzard Entertainment in 1994, and in 1996 the company Condor, then developing Diablo (1997), was merged with Blizzard and renamed to Blizzard North; it remained a separate studio for the company until it was closed in 2005.
Blizzard was acquired by distributor Davidson & Associates in 1994, and a chain of acquisitions over the next four years led Blizzard to being a part of Vivendi Games, a subsidiary of Vivendi; when Vivendi Games merged with Activision in 2008 the resulting company was named Activision Blizzard. The name was retained when Activision Blizzard became an independent company in 2013, while Blizzard itself has been an independent subsidiary company throughout.
Since the late 1990s, Blizzard has focused almost exclusively on the Warcraft, Diablo, StarCraft, and Overwatch series. All of Blizzard's games release
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melisende%20of%20Tripoli
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Melisende of Tripoli (fl. around 1160) was the daughter of Hodierna of Tripoli and Raymond II, count of Tripoli.
Biography
Melisende was named for her aunt, Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem. She was a cousin of Kings Baldwin III and Amalric I.
Melisende's parents bickered constantly, and there were rumors that Raymond was not her father. During a particularly intense dispute in 1152 the family called Queen Melisende and her son Baldwin III from Jerusalem to intervene, and the conflict was resolved, though Raymond was killed by the Hashshashin directly afterwards. His territory was left to his wife until their son Raymond III (Melisende's brother) reached majority.
Melisende and Raymond were close, and in 1160, when Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus asked for a new wife from the Crusader states, Raymond and his cousin Baldwin III tried to arrange a marriage between Melisende and the Emperor. Hodierna, Raymond, Queen Melisende, and Baldwin raised a huge dowry in anticipation of the marriage to Manuel, "prepared at vast expense and with great zeal", which "surpassed the luxury of kings", according to the medieval historian William of Tyre. The gifts were to be sent on 12 galleys equipped by Raymond. However, Manuel's ambassadors thoroughly investigated both his potential brides, causing a delay of a year, to the great annoyance of Melisende's relatives. The negotiations fell through, but William did not know why; he reports simply that Manuel had been secretly negotiating wit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi%20eigenvalue%20algorithm
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In numerical linear algebra, the Jacobi eigenvalue algorithm is an iterative method for the calculation of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a real symmetric matrix (a process known as diagonalization). It is named after Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, who first proposed the method in 1846, but only became widely used in the 1950s with the advent of computers.
Description
Let be a symmetric matrix, and be a Givens rotation matrix. Then:
is symmetric and similar to .
Furthermore, has entries:
where and .
Since is orthogonal, and have the same Frobenius norm (the square-root sum of squares of all components), however we can choose such that , in which case has a larger sum of squares on the diagonal:
Set this equal to 0, and rearrange:
if
In order to optimize this effect, Sij should be the off-diagonal element with the largest absolute value, called the pivot.
The Jacobi eigenvalue method repeatedly performs rotations until the matrix becomes almost diagonal. Then the elements in the diagonal are approximations of the (real) eigenvalues of S.
Convergence
If is a pivot element, then by definition for . Let denote the sum of squares of all off-diagonal entries of . Since has exactly off-diagonal elements, we have or . Now . This implies
or ;
that is, the sequence of Jacobi rotations converges at least linearly by a factor to a diagonal matrix.
A number of Jacobi rotations is called a sweep; let denote the result. The previous estima
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy%20%28statistics%29
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In statistics, a proxy or proxy variable is a variable that is not in itself directly relevant, but that serves in place of an unobservable or immeasurable variable. In order for a variable to be a good proxy, it must have a close correlation, not necessarily linear, with the variable of interest. This correlation might be either positive or negative.
Proxy variable must relate to an unobserved variable, must correlate with disturbance, and must not correlate with regressors once the disturbance is controlled for.
Examples
In social sciences, proxy measurements are often required to stand in for variables that cannot be directly measured. This process of standing in is also known as operationalization. Per-capita gross domestic product (GDP) is often used as a proxy for measures of standard of living or quality of life. Montgomery et al. examine several proxies used, and point out limitations with each, stating "In poor countries, no single empirical measure can be expected to display all of the facets of the concept of income. Our judgment is that consumption per adult is the best measure among those collected in cross-sectional surveys."
Likewise, country of origin or birthplace might be used as a proxy for race, or vice versa.
Frost lists several examples of proxy variables: Widths of tree rings: proxy for historical environmental conditions; Per-capita GDP: proxy for quality of life; body mass index (BMI): proxy for true body fat percentage; years of education and/o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARD%20%28domain%29
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Caspase recruitment domains, or caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs), are interaction motifs found in a wide array of proteins, typically those involved in processes relating to inflammation and apoptosis. These domains mediate the formation of larger protein complexes via direct interactions between individual CARDs. CARDs are found on a strikingly wide range of proteins, including helicases, kinases, mitochondrial proteins, caspases, and other cytoplasmic factors.
Basic features
CARDs are a subclass of protein motif known as the death fold, which features an arrangement of six to seven antiparallel alpha helices with a hydrophobic core and an outer face composed of charged residues. Other motifs in this class include the pyrin domain (PYD), death domain (DD), and death effector domain (DED), all of which also function primarily in regulation of apoptosis and inflammatory responses.
In apoptosis
CARDs were originally characterized based on their involvement in the regulation of caspase activation and apoptosis. The basic six-helix structure of the domain appears to be conserved as far back as the ced-3 and ced-4 genes in C. elegans, the organism in which several components of the apoptotic machinery were first characterized. CARDs are present on a number of proteins that promote apoptosis, primarily caspases 1,2,4,5,9, and 15 in mammals.
In the mammalian immune response
IL-1 and IL-18 processing
A number of CARDs have been shown to play a role in regu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segal%27s%20conjecture
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Segal's Burnside ring conjecture, or, more briefly, the Segal conjecture, is a theorem in homotopy theory, a branch of mathematics. The theorem relates the Burnside ring of a finite group G to the stable cohomotopy of the classifying space BG. The conjecture was made in the mid 1970s by Graeme Segal and proved in 1984 by Gunnar Carlsson. , this statement is still commonly referred to as the Segal conjecture, even though it now has the status of a theorem.
Statement of the theorem
The Segal conjecture has several different formulations, not all of which are equivalent. Here is a weak form: there exists, for every finite group G, an isomorphism
Here, lim denotes the inverse limit, S* denotes the stable cohomotopy ring, B denotes the classifying space, the superscript k denotes the k-skeleton, and the subscript + denotes the addition of a disjoint basepoint. On the right-hand side, the hat denotes the completion of the Burnside ring with respect to its augmentation ideal.
The Burnside ring
The Burnside ring of a finite group G is constructed from the category of finite G-sets as a Grothendieck group. More precisely, let M(G) be the commutative monoid of isomorphism classes of finite G-sets, with addition the disjoint union of G-sets and identity element the empty set (which is a G-set in a unique way). Then A(G), the Grothendieck group of M(G), is an abelian group. It is in fact a free abelian group with basis elements represented by the G-sets G/H, where H varies over the s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20evolutionary%20time
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The hypothesis of effective evolutionary time attempts to explain gradients, in particular latitudinal gradients, in species diversity. It was originally named "time hypothesis".
Background
Low (warm) latitudes contain significantly more species than high (cold) latitudes. This has been shown for many animal and plant groups, although exceptions exist (see latitudinal gradients in species diversity). An example of an exception is helminths of marine mammals, which have the greatest diversity in northern temperate seas, possibly because of small population densities of hosts in tropical seas that prevented the evolution of a rich helminth fauna, or because they originated in temperate seas and had more time for speciations there. It has become more and more apparent that species diversity is best correlated with environmental temperature and more generally environmental energy. These findings are the basis of the hypothesis of effective evolutionary time. Species have accumulated fastest in areas where temperatures are highest. Mutation rates and speed of selection due to faster physiological rates are highest, and generation times which also determine speed of selection, are smallest at high temperatures. This leads to a faster accumulation of species, which are absorbed into the abundantly available vacant niches, in the tropics. Vacant niches are available at all latitudes, and differences in the number of such niches can therefore not be the limiting factor for species r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSORT
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PSORT is a bioinformatics tool used for the prediction of protein localisation sites in cells. It receives the information of an amino acid sequence and its taxon of origin (e.g. Gram-negative bacteria) as inputs. Then it analyses the input sequence by applying the stored rules for various sequence features of known protein sorting signals. Finally, it reports the possibility for the input protein to be localised at each candidate site with additional information.
Researchers using this tool can predict with some degree of reason, where in a cell a protein is most likely to localise to. This is because proteins are localised by cell machinery that recognises signal peptide sequences (similar to a postal address) and moves the protein the appropriate location. The signal peptide is often cleaved off after the destination is reached. PSORT uses known signal peptide sequences to analyse and predict what an input sequence is most likely to cause a localisation to.
Protein localisation is important because it supports a proposed role that a protein may have. For instance, catalase enzymes (proteins that convert peroxide into water and oxygen) should be expected to localise to a peroxisome because that is an area of high peroxide activity. By analysing a signal peptide sequence and visual localisation by GFP expression, strong evidence is obtained for this role.
The program was written by Dr Kenta Nakai from the Human Genome Center at the Institute for Medical Science, Universit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Bennett
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Mario Marcell Bennett (born August 1, 1973) is an American former professional basketball player.
College career
The youngest of four children, Bennett was an early entry candidate for the 1995 NBA Draft despite having been in school for four years, because he missed the entire 1992–93 season recovering from knee surgery. Although he played only three seasons, he placed first all-time in school history in blocked shots (191) and field goal percentage (.587) and was eighth in rebounding (675). During the 1994–95 campaign he set the Pac-10 single-season mark for blocks with 115, and he became only the third player in Sun Devils history to net 600 or more points in a season. The powerful forward finished his career with 219 dunks. Bennett missed all of 1992–93 and the first six games of the 1993–94 campaign while recovering from left knee surgery to repair anterior cruciate ligament tears.
He finished his 87-game college career with per-game averages of 32.3 minutes, 15.7 points on 58.7% shooting and 53.0% free throws, 7.8 rebounds, 1.6 assists, 2.8 turnovers, 2.2 steals and 1.1 blocks.
NBA career
Selected by the Phoenix Suns in the first round of the 1995 NBA Draft with the 27th overall pick, Bennett was the first Sun Devil to be drafted in 12 years since Byron Scott. Bennett was the top rebounder in preseason for Phoenix with 8.8 rpg but he underwent arthroscopic knee surgery on Nov. 1. He spent four months on the injured list before finally playing in 19 late-season gam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior%20extensor%20retinaculum%20of%20foot
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The inferior extensor retinaculum of the foot (cruciate crural ligament, lower part of anterior annular ligament) is a Y-shaped band placed in front of the ankle-joint, the stem of the Y being attached laterally to the upper surface of the calcaneus, in front of the depression for the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament; it is directed medialward as a double layer, one lamina passing in front of, and the other behind, the tendons of the peroneus tertius and extensor digitorum longus.
At the medial border of the latter tendon, these two layers join, forming a compartment in which the tendons are enclosed.
From the medial extremity of this sheath, the two limbs of the Y diverge: one is directed upward and medialward, to be attached to the tibial malleolus, passing over the extensor hallucis longus and the vessels and nerves but enclosing the tibialis anterior by a splitting of its fibers.
The other limb extends downward and medialward, to be attached to the border of the plantar aponeurosis, and passes over the tendons of the extensor hallucis longus and tibialis anterior and also the vessels and nerves.
Additional images
See also
Cruciate ligament
References
Lower limb anatomy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button%20cell
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A button cell, watch battery, or coin battery is a small single-cell battery shaped as a squat cylinder typically in diameter and high — resembling a button. Stainless steel usually forms the bottom body and positive terminal of the cell; insulated from it, the metallic top cap forms the negative terminal.
Button cells are used to power small portable electronics devices such as wrist watches and pocket calculators. Wider variants are usually called coin cells. Devices using button cells are usually designed around a cell giving a long service life, typically well over a year in continuous use in a wristwatch. Most button cells have low self-discharge, holding their charge for a long time if not used. Relatively high-power devices such as hearing aids may use a zinc–air battery, which has a much higher capacity for a given size, but dries out after a few weeks even if not used.
Button cells are single cells, usually disposable primary cells. Common anode materials are zinc or lithium. Common cathode materials are manganese dioxide, silver oxide, carbon monofluoride, cupric oxide or oxygen from the air. Mercuric oxide button cells were formerly common, but are no longer available due to the toxicity and environmental effects of mercury.
Button cells are dangerous for small children, as when swallowed they can cause severe internal burns and significant injury or death. Duracell has attempted to mitigate this by adding a bitter coating to their batteries.
Properties o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDT
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BDT may refer to:
Baker Dearing Educational Trust, educational charity in the United Kingdom
Ballistic deflection transistor, electronic devices for high-speed integrated circuits
Bangladeshi taka (ISO 4217 code), the currency of Bangladesh
Bangladesh Standard Time, sometimes abbreviated BDT to distinguish from British Standard Time (BST).
BDT & MSD Partners, an American merchant bank
The Best Damn Thing, a 2007 album by Avril Lavigne
Black–Derman–Toy model, a short rate model in mathematical finance
Bokoto language (ISO 639-3 code), a Gbaya language of the Central African Republic
Bolshoi Drama Theater (Russian: Большой Драматический Театр имени Г. А. Товстоногова; БДТ), a theater in Saint Petersburg, Russia
British Dependent Territories, former designation of British Overseas Territories
Gbadolite Airport (IATA code), Gbadolite, DR Congo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral%20supracondylar%20ridge
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The lateral supracondylar ridge is a prominent, rough margin on the lower part of the lateral border of the humerus. It presents an anterior lip for the origin of forearm extensors, including the brachioradialis muscle above, and the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle below. It also presents a posterior lip for the triceps brachii, and an intermediate ridge for the attachment of the lateral intermuscular septum.
Clinical significance
The lateral supracondylar ridge may be broken in a supracondylar humerus fracture, common in children.
References
External links
Image at u-szeged.hu
Humerus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Jenks
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Stephen Jenks (March 17, 1772 – June 3, 1856) was an Yankee tunesmith, teacher, and tunebook compiler. He was born in Glocester, Rhode Island and raised in Ellington, Connecticut. During his life he moved from town to town, living in Ridgefield and New Canaan, Connecticut, Pound Ridge, New York, and Providence, Rhode Island, finally settling in Thompson, Ohio in 1829. Between 1799 and 1810 he authored and coauthored more than ten printed collections of sacred and secular music; after moving to Ohio, he became a farmer and a maker of percussion instruments.
The music
Stephen Jenks' music is representative of the type of music being written at that time in rural New England America, a cappella and an interest in melodic writing. However, his music contains striking harmonic progressions, unusual dissonances and cross relations. In "Weeping Nature" (The Delights of Harmony, 1804), for example, Jenks seems to revel in the clash of the E major / minor chord or in the song "Sorrow’s Tear," filled with cross relations between C sharp / C natural. Although many of these result from his use of modal harmony and, as previously mentioned, strong melodic writing for the individual parts, his use of these relations is not simply random, they are used to express the text being set. In "Weeping Nature" the lyrics (probably written by Samuel Stennett) concern the death of the body:
With murm’ring eyes she [nature] doth survey
her fellow lump of mortal clay
Destroy’d by Death’s consuming
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize%20Craze
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Maize Craze was the game in the inaugural year, 1992, of the FIRST Robotics Competition. This game was played by four individual robots trying to collect tennis balls into their starting base. An impediment to the robots was that the entire playing field was covered in a layer of corn 1-2 inches thick.
Game overview
Field
The field was a 16-inch by 16-inch square piece of plywood, 2.5 feet above the floor, covered in a 1-2-inch-thick layer of corn. The field's perimeter was rimmed with 8-inch-high Plexiglas walls. The four home bases measured 20 inches square and were centered on each side of the field at its edge.
There were five posts on the field, one in each corner and one in the center. The center post was 12 inches tall and was capped by a 25-point tennis ball. Two diagonally opposed corner posts were 24 inches tall and capped by 10-point tennis balls. The remaining two posts were 36 inches tall and capped by 25-point tennis balls. 150 1-point tennis balls surround the center post.
25 feet above the floor was a structure to support the electrical umbilicals for the robots.
Scoring
In each match, four robots played individually to earn the highest score, starting on the four home bases. Each robot had 2 minutes to shepherd tennis balls into their home base. The robot with the highest score of balls in base at the end won. In the event of a tie, the robot that finished earlier won.
Robots
Robots were powered through 'umbilicals' hanging from the overhead beams and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berend%20George%20Escher
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Berend George Escher (4 April 1885 – 11 October 1967) was a Dutch geologist.
Escher had a broad interest, but his research was mainly on crystallography, mineralogy and volcanology. He was a pioneer in experimental geology. He was a half-brother of the artist M. C. Escher, and had some influence on his work due to his knowledge of crystallography. M.C. Escher created a woodcut ex libris for his brother 'Beer' with a stylized image of a volcano around 1922 (Bool number 91).
Escher was the son of the civil engineer G. A. Escher, a director of the Dutch watermanagement (Rijkswaterstaat) and his first wife, Charlotte Marie Hartitzsch. Escher spent his youth in Switzerland. He studied geology at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Technical University) of Zürich, where he was a pupil of Albert Heim. He finished his studies in 1911 and returned to the Netherlands where he first became the assistant of M. E. F. T. Dubois at the University of Amsterdam and then curator of the geological collections at Delft University. In 1916 he was employed by Royal Dutch Shell in the Dutch East Indies.
Escher became professor at Leiden University in 1922, at the same time he became director of the geological museum there, he was the successor of K. Martin in that position. Whereas Martin's interest lay mainly with paleontology and stratigraphy, Escher was in the first place a mineralogist. In Leiden he reorganized the museum by giving more attention to educating the general public in geo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral%20%28disambiguation%29
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A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline, formed as a result of geological processes.
Mineral may also refer to:
Mineral water, water containing dissolved minerals of the sense above
Mineral (nutrient), an element required by living organisms
Mineral resources, geological deposits (crystalline, non-crystalline, solid, liquid or gas) which potentially can be mined
Places
Mineral, California
Mineral, Washington
Mineral del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico
Mineral, Illinois
Mineral, Oklahoma
Mineral Township, Bureau County, Illinois, United States
Mineral Township, Cherokee County, Kansas, United States
Mineral Township, Barry County, Missouri, United States
Mineral Township, Venango County, Pennsylvania, United States
Mineral, Texas
Mineral, Virginia
Other uses
Mineral (band), an emo band
Mineral River, a river in Michigan
Soft drinks, in some English speaking countries
See also
Mineral City (disambiguation)
Mineral County (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle%20Death
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Castle Death is the seventh book in the Lone Wolf book series created by Joe Dever.
Gameplay
Lone Wolf books rely on a combination of thought and luck. Certain statistics such as combat skill and endurance attributes are determined randomly before play (reading). The player is then allowed to choose which Magnakai disciplines or skills he or she possess. This number depends directly on how many books in the series have been completed ("Magnakai rank"). With each additional book completed, the player chooses one additional Magnakai discipline.
Plot
In his quest to attain Kai Grand Master status, Lone Wolf must seek out and find 7 Lorestones. After obtaining the Lorestone of Varetta in the previous book and absorbing its wisdom and power, the location of the next Lorestone is revealed as the remote township of Herdos. Here, Lone Wolf is directed by friendly Elder Magi to search within the accursed fortress of Kazan-Oud, otherwise known as "Castle Death".
External links
Gamebooks - Lone Wolf
Gamebooks - Castle Death
Project Aon - Castle Death
Lone Wolf (gamebooks)
1986 fiction books
Berkley Books books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Jungle%20of%20Horrors
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The Jungle of Horrors is the eighth book in the award-winning Lone Wolf book series created by Joe Dever.
Gameplay
Lone Wolf books rely on a combination of thought and luck. Certain statistics such as combat skill and endurance attributes are determined randomly before play (reading). The player is then allowed to choose which Magnakai disciplines or skills he or she possess. This number depends directly on how many books in the series have been completed ("Magnakai rank"). With each additional book completed, the player chooses one additional Magnakai discipline.
This book provides the player (reader) with a companion/guide named Paido, who accompanies the player through much of the book, in contrast to most of the other books which feature only solo adventures.
Plot
After surviving the perils of Castle Death and being tutored by the Elder Magi, Lone Wolf and the reader now seek out the third Lorestone. The location of this Lorestone is thought to be hidden in a temple deep within a jungle-swamp known as the Danarg. Over the years, this fetid swamp has become the home for any number of evil creatures who seek to protect the jungle and its treasures. To make matters worse, news is delivered that the Darklords have united behind a new leader, and may soon again bring war to Magnamund, increasing Lone Wolf's sense of urgency.
External links
Gamebooks - Lone Wolf
Gamebooks - The Jungle of Horrors
Project Aon - The Jungle of Horrors
1987 fiction books
Lone Wolf (gameboo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeation
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In physics and engineering, permeation (also called imbuing) is the penetration of a permeate (a fluid such as a liquid, gas, or vapor) through a solid. It is directly related to the concentration gradient of the permeate, a material's intrinsic permeability, and the materials' mass diffusivity. Permeation is modeled by equations such as Fick's laws of diffusion, and can be measured using tools such as a minipermeameter.
Description
The process of permeation involves the diffusion of molecules, called the permeant, through a membrane or interface. Permeation works through diffusion; the permeant will move from high concentration to low concentration across the interface. A material can be semipermeable, with the presence of a semipermeable membrane. Only molecules or ions with certain properties will be able to diffuse across such a membrane. This is a very important mechanism in biology where fluids inside a blood vessel need to be regulated and controlled. Permeation can occur through most materials including metals, ceramics and polymers. However, the permeability of metals is much lower than that of ceramics and polymers due to their crystal structure and porosity.
Permeation is something that must be considered carefully in many polymer applications, due to their high permeability. Permeability depends on the temperature of the interaction as well as the characteristics of both the polymer and the permeant component. Through the process of sorption, molecules of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Prisoners%20of%20Time
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The Prisoners of Time is the eleventh book in the Lone Wolf book series created by Joe Dever.
Gameplay
Lone Wolf books rely on a combination of thought and luck. Certain statistics such as combat skill and endurance attributes are determined randomly before play (reading). The player is then allowed to choose which Magnakai disciplines or skills he or she possess. This number depends directly on how many books in the series have been completed ("Magnakai rank"). With each additional book completed, the player chooses one additional Magnakai discipline.
Like several of the previous books in the series, this book again suffers from relative linearity. Furthermore, there are a set of difficult battles near the end of the book which can make completing the book frustrating, particularly for those who are not carrying characters over from previous books (and thus do not have the advantage of additional Magnakai disciplines or ranks).
Plot
Although Lone Wolf is successful in rescuing one of the captive Lorestones from Torgar, both he and the remaining two Lorestones are blasted through a dimensional portal (Shadow Gate) by Darklord Gnaag. After plummeting through the Shadow Gate, Lone Wolf finds himself trapped on the Daziarn Plane and must join strange allies and face old enemies if he hopes to make his way back from the Daziarn in time to save his homeland from destruction at the hands of the Darklords and their powerful new armies.
External links
Gamebooks - Lone Wolf
Gam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20tetraiodide
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Carbon tetraiodide is a tetrahalomethane with the molecular formula CI4. Being bright red, it is a relatively rare example of a highly colored methane derivative. It is only 2.3% by weight carbon, although other methane derivatives are known with still less carbon.
Structure
The tetrahedral molecule features C-I distances of 2.12 ± 0.02 Å. The molecule is slightly crowded with short contacts between iodine atoms of 3.459 ± 0.03 Å, and possibly for this reason, it is thermally and photochemically unstable.
Carbon tetraiodide crystallizes in tetragonal crystal structure (a 6.409, c 9.558 (.10−1 nm)).
It has zero dipole moment due to its symmetrically substituted tetrahedral geometry.
Properties, synthesis, uses
Carbon tetraiodide is slightly reactive towards water, giving iodoform and I2. It is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. It decomposes thermally and photochemically to , C2I4. Its synthesis entails AlCl3-catalyzed halide exchange, which is conducted at room temperature:
CCl4 + 4 EtI -> CI4 + 4 EtCl
The product crystallizes from the reaction solution.
Carbon tetraiodide is used as an iodination reagent, often upon reaction with bases. Ketones are converted to 1,1-diiodoalkenes upon treatment with triphenylphosphine (PPh3) and carbon tetraiodide. Alcohols are converted in and to iodide, by a mechanism similar to the Appel reaction. In an Appel reaction, carbon tetrachloride is used to generate alkyl chlorides from alcohols.
Safety considerations
Manufacturer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial%20cell%20line-derived%20neurotrophic%20factor
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Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the GDNF gene. GDNF is a small protein that potently promotes the survival of many types of neurons. It signals through GFRα receptors, particularly GFRα1.
It is also responsible for the determination of spermatogonia into primary spermatocytes, i.e. it is received by RET proto-oncogene (RET) and by forming gradient with SCF it divides the spermatogonia into two cells. As the result there is retention of spermatogonia and formation of spermatocyte.
GDNF family of ligands (GFL)
GDNF was discovered in 1991, and is the first member of the GDNF family of ligands (GFL) found.
Function
GDNF is highly distributed throughout both the peripheral and central nervous system. It can be secreted by astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, motor neurons, and skeletal muscle during the development and growth of neurons and other peripheral cells.
The GDNF gene encodes a highly conserved neurotrophic factor. The recombinant form of this protein was shown to promote the survival and differentiation of dopaminergic neurons in culture, and was able to prevent apoptosis of motor neurons induced by axotomy. GDNF is synthesized as a 211 amino acid-long protein precursor, pro-GDNF. The pre-sequence leads the protein to the endoplasmic reticulum for secretion. While secretion takes place, the protein precursor folds via a sulfide-sulfide bond and dimerizes. The protein then is modified by N-linked
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%20regression%20model
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Truncated regression models are a class of models in which the sample has been truncated for certain ranges of the dependent variable. That means observations with values in the dependent variable below or above certain thresholds are systematically excluded from the sample. Therefore, whole observations are missing, so that neither the dependent nor the independent variable is known. This is in contrast to censored regression models where only the value of the dependent variable is clustered at a lower threshold, an upper threshold, or both, while the value for independent variables is available.
Sample truncation is a pervasive issue in quantitative social sciences when using observational data, and consequently the development of suitable estimation techniques has long been of interest in econometrics and related disciplines. In the 1970s, James Heckman noted the similarity between truncated and otherwise non-randomly selected samples, and developed the Heckman correction.
Estimation of truncated regression models is usually done via parametric maximum likelihood method. More recently, various semi-parametric and non-parametric generalisation were proposed in the literature, e.g., based on the local least squares approach or the local maximum likelihood approach, which are kernel based methods.
See also
Censored regression model
Sampling bias
Truncated distribution
References
Further reading
Actuarial science
Single-equation methods (econometrics)
Regression models
M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censored%20regression%20model
|
Censored regression models are a class of models in which the dependent variable is censored above or below a certain threshold. A commonly used likelihood-based model to accommodate to a censored sample is the Tobit model, but quantile and nonparametric estimators have also been developed. These and other censored regression models are often confused with truncated regression models. Truncated regression models are used for data where whole observations are missing so that the values for the dependent and the independent variables are unknown. Censored regression models are used for data where only the value for the dependent variable is unknown while the values of the independent variables are still available.
Censored dependent variables frequently arise in econometrics. A common example is labor supply. Data are frequently available on the hours worked by employees, and a labor supply model estimates the relationship between hours worked and characteristics of employees such as age, education and family status. However, such estimates undertaken using linear regression will be biased by the fact that for people who are unemployed it is not possible to observe the number of hours they would have worked had they had employment. Still we know age, education and family status for those observations.
See also
Nonlinear regression
Nonparametric regression
Sampling bias
Truncated normal hurdle model
References
Further reading
Regression models
Single-equation met
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Coast
|
In North Carolina, the Crystal Coast is an 85-mile stretch of coastline that extends from the Cape Lookout National Seashore, which includes 56 miles of protected beaches, southwestward to the New River. The Crystal Coast is a popular area with tourists and second-home owners in the summer.
The absolute boundaries of this coast are often disputed, but the main area includes all the major Carteret County beaches (those on Bogue Banks, which face south). It also includes eastern portions of Carteret County, such as Harkers Island, Down East and Shackleford Banks, as well as the northern Onslow County beaches (Bear Island/Hammock's Beach), and a few ports along the Intracoastal Waterway. Some tourism marketing describes the region as the Southern Outer Banks, to draw a connection to the main barrier islands of the Outer Banks.
The main communities include the coastal resorts of Atlantic Beach, Emerald Isle, Indian Beach, Pine Knoll Shores and Salter Path, as well as the inland (sound-side) ports of Beaufort, Morehead City, and Swansboro. Besides the many quiet beach communities and numerous shops and restaurants in the area, other major attractions include Fort Macon State Park, which protects a series of historic coastal forts used from the early 19th to the mid 20th century, and the North Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores, one of three such aquariums located along the North Carolina coast. A population of feral Banker horses is located on Shackleford Banks, and sever
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl%27s%20inequality
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In linear algebra, Weyl's inequality is a theorem about the changes to eigenvalues of an Hermitian matrix that is perturbed. It can be used to estimate the eigenvalues of a perturbed Hermitian matrix.
Weyl's inequality about perturbation
Let and be n×n Hermitian matrices, with their respective eigenvalues ordered as follows:
Then the following inequalities hold:
and, more generally,
In particular, if is positive definite then plugging into the above inequalities leads to
Note that these eigenvalues can be ordered, because they are real (as eigenvalues of Hermitian matrices).
Weyl's inequality between eigenvalues and singular values
Let have singular values and eigenvalues ordered so that . Then
For , with equality for .
Applications
Estimating perturbations of the spectrum
Assume that is small in the sense that its spectral norm satisfies for some small . Then it follows that all the eigenvalues of are bounded in absolute value by . Applying Weyl's inequality, it follows that the spectra of the Hermitian matrices M and N are close in the sense that
Note, however, that this eigenvalue perturbation bound is generally false for non-Hermitian matrices (or more accurately, for non-normal matrices). For a counterexample, let be arbitrarily small, and consider
whose eigenvalues and do not satisfy .
Weyl's inequality for singular values
Let be a matrix with . Its singular values are the positive eigenvalues of the Hermitian augmented matrix
The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rug%20Rage
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Rug Rage was the 1993 game of the FIRST Robotics Competition. In it, teams competed individually to score as many balls as possible in their goal.
Game overview
Field
Rug Rage was played on a , rectangular, carpeted field. The edge of the field was lined with PVC pipe. There were four scoring areas, two on each long side of the field set from the ends. The four robots started in the corners of the field and scored in the goal in the same corner. The goals had horizontal cross bars at their entrances creating an opening. This allowed the small balls to roll in easily but kept out the balls.
Gameplay
Four robots played individually in each 2-minute match. In the center of the field were five, , red balls worth 5 points and twenty, , water-filled, blue balls worth 1 point. The goal was to ferry balls into a team's respective goal and earn the most points. As the large balls couldn't fit under the goals' cross bar, they had to be lifted over. In the event of a tie, the team with the most large balls scored in its goal won.
Robots
Robots had to fit within a cube and weigh no more than . Unlike the previous year, robots were powered by an on-board battery and not an umbilical. Robots were controlled by an on-board Motorola micro controller. Commands were sent by the drivers through an 8 position joystick and a Termiflex keypad controller.
Awards
The following awards were presented at the competition:
Chairman's Award
Most Creative Design
Best Offensive Round
Outstanding D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudline
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The baudline time-frequency browser is a signal analysis tool designed for scientific visualization. It runs on several Unix-like operating systems under the X Window System. Baudline is useful for real-time spectral monitoring, collected signals analysis, generating test signals, making distortion measurements, and playing back audio files.
Applications
Acoustic cryptanalysis
Audio codec lossy compression analysis
Audio signal processing
Bioacoustics research
Data acquisition (DAQ)
Gravitational Wave analysis
Infrasound monitoring
Musical acoustics
radar
Seismic data processing
SETI
Signal analysis
Software Defined Radio
Spectral analysis
Very low frequency (VLF) reception
WWV frequency measurement
Features
Spectrogram, Spectrum, Waveform, and Histogram displays
Fourier, Correlation, and Raster transforms
SNR, THD, SINAD, ENOB, SFDR distortion measurements
Channel equalization
Function generator
Digital down converter
Audio playing with real-time DSP effects like speed control, pitch scaling, frequency shifting, matrix surround panning, filtering, and digital gain boost
Audio recording of multiple channels
JACK Audio Connection Kit sound server support
Import AIFF, AU, WAV, FLAC, MP3, Ogg Vorbis, AVI, MOV, and other file formats
License
The old baudline version comes with no warranty and is free to download. The binaries may be used for any purpose, though no form of redistribution is permitted. The new baudline version is available via a subsc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy%20Enlisted%20Classification
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The Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) system supplements the rating designators for enlisted members of the United States Navy. A naval rating and NEC designator are similar to the Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) designators used in the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps and the Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC) used in the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Space Force.
The U.S. Navy has several ratings or job specialties for its enlisted members. An enlisted member is known by the enlisted rating, for example, a Machinist's Mate (or MM or by the enlisted rate, for example Petty Officer First Class (or PO1). Often Navy enlisted members are addressed by a combination of rating and rate. In this example, this machinist's mate petty officer first class may be addressed as Machinist's Mate 1st Class (or MM1).
However, the NEC designator is a four-digit code that identifies skills and abilities beyond the standard (or outward) rating designator. According to the Military Personnel Manual (MILSPERMAN) 1221-010, the NEC designator facilitates personnel planning, procurement, and selection for training; development of training requirements; promotion, distribution, assignment and the orderly call to active duty of inactive duty personnel in times of national emergency or mobilization.
For example, a person holding the MM-3385 is a nuclear-trained machinist's mate for surface ships, and a person with an MM-3355 is a nuclear-trained machinist's mate for submarines.
In the U.S. Navy's o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco%20Corporation
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is a Japanese precision tools maker, especially for the semiconductor production industry.
The company makes dicing saws and laser saws to cut semiconductor silicon wafers and other materials; grinders to process silicon and compound semiconductor wafers to ultra-thin levels; polishing machines to remove the grinding damage layer from the wafer back-side and to increase chip strength.
History
The company was founded as Daiichi-Seitosho in May 1937, as an industrial abrasive wheel manufacturer.
After World War II Japan faced a construction boom which also helped DISCO to boost its sales. The company's grinder discs were in high demand from utility companies, which needed them to manufacture watt-meters.
In December 1968 the company developed and released an ultra-thin resinoid cutting wheel, Microncut. The wheel contained diamond powder and as a result it was capable of making sharp, precision cuts as demanded in the semiconductor manufacturing process. There were no cutting machines available in the market on which ultra-thin precision wheels could be mounted and run, DISCO decided to develop its own machine in 1975. The cutting machine, DAD-2h, received instant recognition from semiconductor companies, including Texas Instruments.
The company adopted the name of DISCO Corporation in May 1977, was listed with the Japan Securities Dealers' Association in October 1989, and entered the First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange in December 1999.
References
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interprocedural%20optimization
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Interprocedural optimization (IPO) is a collection of compiler techniques used in computer programming to improve performance in programs containing many frequently used functions of small or medium length. IPO differs from other compiler optimizations by analyzing the entire program as opposed to a single function or block of code.
IPO seeks to reduce or eliminate duplicate calculations and inefficient use of memory and to simplify iterative sequences such as loops. If a call to another routine occurs within a loop, IPO analysis may determine that it is best to inline that routine. Additionally, IPO may re-order the routines for better memory layout and locality.
IPO may also include typical compiler optimizations applied on a whole-program level, for example dead code elimination (DCE), which removes code that is never executed. IPO also tries to ensure better use of constants. Modern compilers offer IPO as an option at compile-time. The actual IPO process may occur at any step between the human-readable source code and producing a finished executable binary program.
For languages that compile on a file-by-file basis, effective IPO across translation units (module files) requires knowledge of the "entry points" of the program so that a whole program optimization (WPO) can be run. In many cases, this is implemented as a link-time optimization (LTO) pass, because the whole program is visible to the linker.
Analysis
The objective of any optimization for speed is to have th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD72
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CD72 (Cluster of Differentiation 72), also known in murine biology as Lyb-2, is a protein active in the immune system of animals. It consists of two identical halves, each of about 39-43 kD, and is a C-type lectin. Its primarily locus of expression is B-cells (from the pro-B through the mature B-cell stage), where it appears to mediate aspects of B-cell - T-cell interaction. It is a ligand for CD5.
CD72 is a regulatory protein on B lymphocytes. The cytoplasmic tail of CD72 contains two potential immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs, one of which has been shown to recruit the tyrosine phosphatase SHP- 1. These features suggest a negative regulatory role for CD72. CD72 is a nonredundant regulator of B-cell development and a negative regulator of B-cell responsiveness.
See also
Cluster of differentiation
References
External links
Dr. Jane Parnes lab at Stanford University
Clusters of differentiation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal%20tissue%20implant
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Fetal tissue implant or fetal cell therapy is an experimental medical therapy where researchers implant tissue from a fetus into a person as treatment of a disease. In the case of Parkinson's disease, it is hoped that the fetal tissue would produce chemicals, specifically dopamine, which is lacking in the diseased brain. This therapy is also being investigated for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. Fetal tissue is unique since it is fast growing and has a lower possibility of rejection from the host's immune system than adult cells.
Uses
In 1982, seven people in Santa Clara County, California were diagnosed with Parkinsonism after having used MPPP contaminated with MPTP. In 1992, two of the seven patients were successfully treated at Lund University Hospital in Sweden with neural grafts of fetal tissue. One patient, who had been essentially paralyzed, regained enough motor function to ride a bicycle.
Ethical and political concerns
Because the source of the tissue is aborted fetuses, there are significant legal and ethical issues being discussed. Federal funding for embryonic tissue research was restricted in the United States under Presidents Reagan and Bush before being lifted under the Clinton administration.
See also
Stem cell
Induced stem cells
References
Experimental medical treatments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monge%E2%80%93Amp%C3%A8re%20equation
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In mathematics, a (real) Monge–Ampère equation is a nonlinear second-order partial differential equation of special kind. A second-order equation for the unknown function u of two variables x,y is of Monge–Ampère type if it is linear in the determinant of the Hessian matrix of u and in the second-order partial derivatives of u. The independent variables (x,y) vary over a given domain D of R2. The term also applies to analogous equations with n independent variables. The most complete results so far have been obtained when the equation is elliptic.
Monge–Ampère equations frequently arise in differential geometry, for example, in the Weyl and Minkowski problems in differential geometry of surfaces. They were first studied by Gaspard Monge in 1784 and later by André-Marie Ampère in 1820. Important results in the theory of Monge–Ampère equations have been obtained by Sergei Bernstein, Aleksei Pogorelov, Charles Fefferman, and Louis Nirenberg. More recently, Alessio Figalli and Luis Caffarelli were recognized for their work on the regularity of the Monge–Ampère equation, with the former winning the Fields Medal in 2018 and the latter the Abel Prize in 2023.
Description
Given two independent variables x and y, and one dependent variable u, the general Monge–Ampère equation is of the form
where A, B, C, D, and E are functions depending on the first-order variables x, y, u, ux, and uy only.
Rellich's theorem
Let Ω be a bounded domain in R3, and suppose that on Ω A, B, C, D, an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20permutation%20statistics
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The statistics of random permutations, such as the cycle structure of a random permutation are of fundamental importance in the analysis of algorithms, especially of sorting algorithms, which operate on random permutations. Suppose, for example, that we are using quickselect (a cousin of quicksort) to select a random element of a random permutation. Quickselect will perform a partial sort on the array, as it partitions the array according to the pivot. Hence a permutation will be less disordered after quickselect has been performed. The amount of disorder that remains may be analysed with generating functions. These generating functions depend in a fundamental way on the generating functions of random permutation statistics. Hence it is of vital importance to compute these generating functions.
The article on random permutations contains an introduction to random permutations.
The fundamental relation
Permutations are sets of labelled cycles. Using the labelled case of the Flajolet–Sedgewick fundamental theorem and writing for the set of permutations and for the singleton set, we have
Translating into exponential generating functions (EGFs), we have
where we have used the fact that the EGF of the combinatorial species of permutations (there are n! permutations of n elements) is
This one equation allows one to derive a large number of permutation statistics. Firstly, by dropping terms from , i.e. exp, we may constrain the number of cycles that a permutation contains,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubuck
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Nubuck (pronounced ) is top-grain leather that has been sanded or buffed on the grain side, or outside, to give a slight nap of short protein fibers, producing a velvet-like surface. It is resistant to wear, and may be white or coloured.
Nubuck is similar to suede, but is created from the outer side of a hide, giving it more strength and thickness and a fine grain. It is generally more expensive than suede, and must be coloured or dyed heavily to cover up the sanding and stamping process.
Nubuck characteristics are similar to aniline leather. It is soft to the touch, scratches easily, and water drops darken it temporarily (it dries to its original color). Shoes and auto interiors are some of the most common commercial uses for this leather.
Originating from the leather tanning traditions of yore, Nubuck leather gets its name from "new" and buck(skin)., a nod to the young deer hides initially used for its production. Over time, the term has expanded to include similar materials made from other types of hide, typically cowhide or calfskin. This top-grain leather is valued for its velvety surface, achieved through sanding or buffing, which distinguishes it from other types of leather in texture and appearance.
References
Further reading
Leather
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midy%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Midy's theorem, named after French mathematician E. Midy, is a statement about the decimal expansion of fractions a/p where p is a prime and a/p has a repeating decimal expansion with an even period . If the period of the decimal representation of a/p is 2n, so that
then the digits in the second half of the repeating decimal period are the 9s complement of the corresponding digits in its first half. In other words,
For example,
Extended Midy's theorem
If k is any divisor of h (where h is the number of digits of the period of the decimal expansion of a/p (where p is again a prime)), then Midy's theorem can be generalised as follows. The extended Midy's theorem states that if the repeating portion of the decimal expansion of a/p is divided into k-digit numbers, then their sum is a multiple of 10k − 1.
For example,
has a period of 18. Dividing the repeating portion into 6-digit numbers and summing them gives
Similarly, dividing the repeating portion into 3-digit numbers and summing them gives
Midy's theorem in other bases
Midy's theorem and its extension do not depend on special properties of the decimal expansion, but work equally well in any base b, provided we replace 10k − 1 with bk − 1 and carry out addition in base b.
For example, in octal
In duodecimal (using inverted two and three for ten and eleven, respectively)
Proof of Midy's theorem
Short proofs of Midy's theorem can be given using results from group theory. However, it is al
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyanion%20hole
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An oxyanion hole is a pocket in the active site of an enzyme that stabilizes transition state negative charge on a deprotonated oxygen or alkoxide. The pocket typically consists of backbone amides or positively charged residues. Stabilising the transition state lowers the activation energy necessary for the reaction, and so promotes catalysis. For example, proteases such as chymotrypsin contain an oxyanion hole to stabilise the tetrahedral intermediate anion formed during proteolysis and protects substrate's negatively charged oxygen from water molecules. Additionally, it may allow for insertion or positioning of a substrate, which would suffer from steric hindrance if it could not occupy the hole (such as BPG in hemoglobin). Enzymes that catalyse multi-step reactions can have multiple oxyanion holes that stabilise different transition states in the reaction.
See also
Enzyme catalysis
Active site
Transition state
Serine proteases#Catalytic mechanism
References
Enzymes
Protein structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20scattering%20transform
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In mathematics, the inverse scattering transform is a method for solving some non-linear partial differential equations. The method is a non-linear analogue, and in some sense generalization, of the Fourier transform, which itself is applied to solve many linear partial differential equations. The name "inverse scattering method" comes from the key idea of recovering the time evolution of a potential from the time evolution of its scattering data: inverse scattering refers to the problem of recovering a potential from its scattering matrix, as opposed to the direct scattering problem of finding the scattering matrix from the potential.
The inverse scattering transform may be applied to many of the so-called exactly solvable models, that is to say completely integrable infinite dimensional systems.
Overview
The inverse scattering transform was first introduced by for the Korteweg–de Vries equation, and soon extended to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the Sine-Gordon equation, and the Toda lattice equation. It was later used to solve many other equations, such as the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation, the Ishimori equation, the Dym equation, and so on. A further family of examples is provided by the Bogomolny equations (for a given gauge group and oriented Riemannian 3-fold), the solutions of which are magnetic monopoles.
A characteristic of solutions obtained by the inverse scattering method is the existence of solitons, solutions resembling both particles and waves,
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