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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Paraguay
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The latest statistics for Islam in Paraguay estimate a total Muslim population of under 1,000 representing 0.02% of the population. But, another estimate puts the number of Muslim members in Paraguay at 35,000 people. Most of the Muslims are descendants of immigrants from Syria and Lebanon. The
major Islamic organization in Paraguay is the Centro Benéfico Cultural Islámico Asunción, led by Faozi Mohamed Omairi. The community is concentrated in and around the capital, Asuncion.
References
Paraguay
Religion in Paraguay
Paraguary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricothyrotomy
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A cricothyrotomy (also called cricothyroidotomy) is an incision made through the skin and cricothyroid membrane to establish a patent airway during certain life-threatening situations, such as airway obstruction by a foreign body, angioedema, or massive facial trauma. Cricothyrotomy is nearly always performed as a last resort in cases where other means of tracheal intubation are impossible or impractical. Compared with tracheotomy, cricothyrotomy is quicker and easier to perform, does not require manipulation of the cervical spine, and is associated with fewer complications. However, while cricothyrotomy may be life-saving in extreme circumstances, this technique is only intended to be a temporizing measure until a definitive airway can be established.
Indications
A cricothyrotomy is often used as an airway of last resort given the numerous other airway options available including standard tracheal intubation and rapid sequence induction which are the common means of establishing an airway in an emergency scenario. Cricothyrotomies account for approximately 1% of all emergency department intubations, and is used mostly in persons who have experienced a traumatic injury.
Some general indications for this procedure include:
Inability to intubate
Inability to ventilate
Inability to maintain SpO2 >90%
Severe traumatic injury that prevents oral or nasal tracheal intubation
Contraindications
Inability to identify landmarks (cricothyroid membrane)
Underlying anatomical abnormalit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20air
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In the history of chemistry, fire air was postulated to be one of two fluids of common air. This theory was positioned in 1775 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. In Scheele's Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire he states: "air is composed of two fluids, differing from each other, the one of which does not manifest in the least the property of attracting phlogiston, whilst the other, which composes between the third and fourth part of the whole mass of the air, is peculiarly disposed to such attraction." These two constituents of common air Scheele called Foul Air ("verdorbene Luft") and Fire Air ("Feuerluft"); afterwards these components came to be known as nitrogen and oxygen, respectively.
See also
Heat
References
History of chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricart%E2%80%93Agrawala%20algorithm
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The Ricart–Agrawala algorithm is an algorithm for mutual exclusion on a distributed system. This algorithm is an extension and optimization of Lamport's Distributed Mutual Exclusion Algorithm, by removing the need for messages. It was developed by computer scientists Glenn Ricart and Ashok Agrawala.
Algorithm
Terminology
A site is any computing device which runs the Ricart-Agrawala Algorithm
The requesting site is the site which is requesting to enter the critical section.
The receiving site is every other site which is receiving a request from the requesting site.
Algorithm
Requesting Site
Sends a message to all sites. This message includes the site's name, and the current timestamp of the system according to its logical clock (which is assumed to be synchronized with the other sites)
Receiving Site
Upon reception of a request message, immediately sending a timestamped reply message if and only if:
the receiving process is not currently interested in the critical section OR
the receiving process has a lower priority (''usually this means having a later timestamp)
Otherwise, the receiving process will defer the reply message. This means that a reply will be sent only after the receiving process has finished using the critical section itself.
Critical Section:
Requesting site enters its critical section only after receiving all reply messages.
Upon exiting the critical section, the site sends all deferred reply messages.
Performance
Max number of netwo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-estimator
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In statistics, M-estimators are a broad class of extremum estimators for which the objective function is a sample average. Both non-linear least squares and maximum likelihood estimation are special cases of M-estimators. The definition of M-estimators was motivated by robust statistics, which contributed new types of M-estimators. However, M-estimators are not inherently robust, as is clear from the fact that they include maximum likelihood estimators, which are in general not robust. The statistical procedure of evaluating an M-estimator on a data set is called M-estimation.
More generally, an M-estimator may be defined to be a zero of an estimating function. This estimating function is often the derivative of another statistical function. For example, a maximum-likelihood estimate is the point where the derivative of the likelihood function with respect to the parameter is zero; thus, a maximum-likelihood estimator is a critical point of the score function. In many applications, such M-estimators can be thought of as estimating characteristics of the population.
Historical motivation
The method of least squares is a prototypical M-estimator, since the estimator is defined as a minimum of the sum of squares of the residuals.
Another popular M-estimator is maximum-likelihood estimation. For a family of probability density functions f parameterized by θ, a maximum likelihood estimator of θ is computed for each set of data by maximizing the likelihood function over the par
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-bellied%20tern
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The black-bellied tern (Sterna acuticauda) is a tern found near large rivers in the Indian subcontinent, its range extending from Pakistan, Nepal and India to Myanmar. It has become very scarce in the eastern part of its range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being endangered.
They have a black belly in the summer and a deep forked tail. They can sometimes resemble whiskered terns (Chlidonias hybrida), but the deeper fork of the tail and the black on the lower belly distinguish them from the shallow fork and black closer to the breast on the whiskered tern. Considering that sequence analysis supports moving the similar black-fronted tern ("Sterna" albostriata) into Chlidonias, this species might also be better placed in that genus, but no research has yet been conducted.
Description
The black-bellied tern grows to a length of . In the breeding plumage, the crown and nape are black and the upper parts are pale grey. The throat is white and the breast pale grey, gradually darkening to a black belly. The wings are long, slender and pointed and the tail is deeply forked with sharply pointed tips. The bill and feet are yellow or orange and the iris is reddish brown. Outside the breeding season, the belly is whitish, the tail is reduced in length and the bill has a dark tip.
Distribution and habitat
The species occurs mostly in Pakistan, Nepal, India and Bangladesh, with a separate range in Myanmar. Its typical habita
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon%20Coolpix%20S1
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The Coolpix S1 is a brand of digital camera in production by Nikon since 2005. Its image sensor is a CCD with 5.0 million pixels. It has a 2.5-inch thin-film transistor liquid crystal display device with 110,000 pixels.
See also
Nikon Coolpix S3
Nikon Coolpix S10
References
External links
S0001
Cameras introduced in 2005
Point-and-shoot cameras
Digital cameras with CCD image sensor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20collector
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Open collector, open drain, open emitter, and open source refer to integrated circuit (IC) output pin configurations that process the IC's internal function though a transistor with an exposed terminal that is internally unconnected (i.e. "open"). One of the IC's internal high or low voltage rails typically connects to another terminal of that transistor. When the transistor is off, the output is internally disconnected from any internal power rail, a state called "high-impedance" (Hi-Z). Open outputs configurations thus differ from push–pull outputs, which use a pair of transistors to output a specific voltage or current.
These open outputs configurations are often used for digital applications when the transistor acts as a switch, to allow for logic-level conversion, wired-logic connections, and line sharing. External pull-up/down resistors are typically required to set the output during the Hi-Z state to a specific voltage. Analog applications include analog weighting, summing, limiting, and digital-to-analog converters.
The NPN BJT (n-type bipolar junction transistor) and nMOS (n-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) have greater conductance than their PNP and pMOS relatives, so may be more commonly used for these outputs. Open outputs using PNP and pMOS transistors will use the opposite internal voltage rail used by NPN and nMOS transistors.
Open collector
An open collector output processes an IC's output through the base of an internal bipolar junc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20tea%20rose
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Hybrid tea is an informal horticultural classification for a group of garden roses. The first hybrid tea roses were created in France in the mid-1800s, by cross-breeding the large, floriferous Hybrid Perpetuals with the tall, elegant Tea roses. The Hybrid tea is the oldest class of Modern garden roses. Hybrid teas exhibit traits midway between their parents, being hardier than the often delicate Tea roses, and with a better ability for repeat-flowering than the more robust Hybrid Perpetuals.
Hybrid tea flowers are well-formed with large, high-centred buds, supported by long, straight and upright stems. Each flower can grow to 8–12.5 cm wide. Hybrid teas are the largest and most popular group of rose, due to their elegant form and large variety of colours. Their flowers are usually borne singly at the end of long stems which also makes them very popular as cut flowers.
Description
Hybrid tea is an informal horticultural classification for a group of garden roses. Hybrid teas are the largest and most popular rose class, due to their elegant form and large variety of colours. They are known for their long, elegant pointed buds that open slowly. Hybrid teas have a high-centered bloom form and are carried singly or with several side buds. Each flower can grow to wide. Plants tend to grow quickly and will reach in height in just a few years. Hybrid teas are grown in a large variety of colors, except blue.
Hybrid tea propagation is usually done by budding, a technique that invo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttarna
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Shuttarna is the name of several Mitanni rulers:
Shuttarna I, reigned in the early 15th century BCE
Shuttarna II, reigned in the early 14th century BCE
Shuttarna III, reigned for a short period in the 14th century BCE
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttarna%20III
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Shuttarna III was a Mitanni king who reigned for a short period in the 14th century BC. He was the son of Artatama II, a usurper to the throne of Tushratta.
At that time, Assyria, led by Ashur-uballit I, became more powerful. But also Babylon, led by Burnaburiash II, was a rival. The events of this period are reflected in the Amarna correspondence.
Shuttarna sought support from the Assyrians, but was defeated when a Hittite army marched towards the capital and installed Shattiwaza on the throne.
See also
Mitanni
References
Hurrian kings
14th-century BC people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maekawa%27s%20algorithm
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Maekawa's algorithm is an algorithm for mutual exclusion on a distributed system. The basis of this algorithm is a quorum-like approach where any one site needs only to seek permissions from a subset of other sites.
Algorithm
Terminology
A site is any computing device which runs the Maekawa's algorithm
For any one request of entering the critical section:
The requesting site is the site which is requesting to enter the critical section.
The receiving site is every other site which is receiving the request from the requesting site.
ts refers to the local time stamp of the system according to its logical clock
Algorithm
Requesting site:
A requesting site sends a message to all sites in its quorum set .
Receiving site:
Upon reception of a message, the receiving site will:
If site does not have an outstanding message (that is, a message that has not been released), then site sends a message to site .
If site has an outstanding message with a process with higher priority than the request, then site sends a message to site and site queues the request from site .
If site has an outstanding message with a process with lower priority than the request, then site sends an message to the process which has currently been granted access to the critical section by site . (That is, the site with the outstanding message.)
Upon reception of a message, the site will:
Send a message to site if and only if site has received a message from some other site
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttarna%20I
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Shuttarna I was an early king of the Mitanni. His name is recorded on a seal found at Alalakh. The inscription reads "son of Kirta" and is the only reference about this king yet discovered. He would have reigned at the end of 16th century BC (middle chronology).
See also
Mitanni
References
Hurrian kings
15th-century BC people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid%20cell
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A grid cell is a type of neuron within the entorhinal cortex that fires at regular intervals as an animal navigates an open area, allowing it to understand its position in space by storing and integrating information about location, distance, and direction. Grid cells have been found in many animals, including rats, mice, bats, monkeys, and humans.
Grid cells were discovered in 2005 by Edvard Moser, May-Britt Moser, and their students Torkel Hafting, Marianne Fyhn, and Sturla Molden at the Centre for the Biology of Memory (CBM) in Norway. They were awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with John O'Keefe for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain. The arrangement of spatial firing fields, all at equal distances from their neighbors, led to a hypothesis that these cells encode a neural representation of Euclidean space. The discovery also suggested a mechanism for dynamic computation of self-position based on continuously updated information about position and direction.
To detect grid cell activity in a typical rat experiment, an electrode which can record single-neuron activity is implanted in the dorsomedial entorhinal cortex and collects recordings as the rat moves around freely in an open arena. The resulting data can be visualized by marking the rat's position on a map of the arena every time that neuron fires an action potential. These marks accumulate over time to form a set of small clusters, which in tu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qfix%20robot%20kit
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Qfix robot kits are an education tool for teaching robotics. They are used in schools, high schools and mechatronics training in companies. The robot kits are also used by hobby robot builders.
The qfix kits are often found in the RoboCup Junior competition where soccer robots are built of the kit's components.
Mechanics
Like Lego mindstorms, it is a robot kit consisting of mechanical parts, a controller,
different sensors and actuators, and a software environment to program the constructed robot.
Unlike Lego, in qfix the mechanical parts are made of aluminium. Mechanical elements include bars and plates, mounts for motors and sensors, axes and wheels.
Electronics
The qfix controller boards consist of an Atmel AVR controller plus motor drivers, analog and digital input ports, LEDs, buttons, and an I²C bus. The bus is used to connect further PCBs like LCD display, stronger motor drivers or special sensors.
Software
The qfix kits come with the free C++ environment WinAVR for Atmel AVR controllers. Additionally, there is a C++ class library handling all qfix controller board functionalities. Programs can be downloaded to the controller boards via parallel or USB link using the avrdude tool.
Graphical programming is also supported by using qfix GRAPE (graphical programming environment). With this software, first a flowchart is designed and then the behavior of all flowchart elements is defined.
External links
RoboCup Junior
qfix robotics homepage
qfix Grape
Educatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong%20monad
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In category theory, a strong monad over a monoidal category (C, ⊗, I) is a monad (T, η, μ) together with a natural transformation tA,B : A ⊗ TB → T(A ⊗ B), called (tensorial) strength, such that the diagrams
, ,
, and
commute for every object A, B and C (see Definition 3.2 in ).
If the monoidal category (C, ⊗, I) is closed then a strong monad is the same thing as a C-enriched monad.
Commutative strong monads
For every strong monad T on a symmetric monoidal category, a costrength natural transformation can be defined by
.
A strong monad T is said to be commutative when the diagram
commutes for all objects and .
One interesting fact about commutative strong monads is that they are "the same as" symmetric monoidal monads. More explicitly,
a commutative strong monad defines a symmetric monoidal monad by
and conversely a symmetric monoidal monad defines a commutative strong monad by
and the conversion between one and the other presentation is bijective.
References
Adjoint functors
Monoidal categories
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Giant
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My Giant is a 1998 American comedy drama film directed by Michael Lehmann. The film stars Billy Crystal, who also produced and co-wrote the story for the film, and Romanian NBA player Gheorghe Mureșan in his only film appearance. David Seltzer's script was inspired by Crystal's friendship with professional wrestler André the Giant, whom he had met during the filming of The Princess Bride.
Plot
A struggling talent agent, Sammy Kamin, travels to Romania on business after splitting up with his wife. After his young client fires him, Sammy crashes his car and is rescued, while unconscious, by an enormous Romanian man named Max who is close to 8 feet tall.
Sammy thinks the rescuer is God, as he can only see Max's giant hands. When Sammy wakes up, he thinks he is in Heaven. But he is confused to find a statue of Jesus next to his bed, as he was raised Jewish. He then realizes Max has brought him to a monastery, where he was raised after being placed for adoption by his parents because of his height.
Once he wakes up and interacts with Max, he sees potential stardom in him. Sammy attempts to broker his introduction into the movies. In doing so, he exploits Max's desire to visit a long-lost paramour, Lilliana, in Gallup, New Mexico. First, Max obtains the role of a villain in a movie, but he is so drunk that he vomits on the protagonist (Sammy's former client). However, the scene is included in the movie.
One day, Sammy talks to Steven Seagal about including Max as a villain in o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia%20Fairchild
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Lydia Fairchild (born 1976) is an American woman who exhibits chimerism, having two distinct populations of DNA among the cells of her body. She was pregnant with her third child when she and the father of her children, Jamie Townsend, separated. When Fairchild applied for enforcement of child support in 2002, providing DNA evidence of Townsend's paternity was a routine requirement. While the results showed Townsend to certainly be their father, they seemed to rule out her being their mother.
Fairchild stood accused of fraud by either claiming benefits for other people's children, or taking part in a surrogacy scam, and records of her prior births were put similarly in doubt. Prosecutors called for her two children to be taken away from her, believing them not to be hers. As time came for her to give birth to her third child, the judge ordered that an observer be present at the birth, ensure that blood samples were immediately taken from both the child and Fairchild, and be available to testify. Two weeks later, DNA tests seemed to indicate that she was also not the mother of that child.
A breakthrough came when her defense attorney, Alan Tindell, learned of Karen Keegan, a chimeric woman in Boston, and suggested a similar possibility for Fairchild and then introduced an article in the New England Journal of Medicine about Keegan. He realized that Fairchild's case might also be caused by chimerism. As in Keegan's case, DNA samples were taken from members of the extended fa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20protein
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The classification of viral proteins as early proteins or late proteins depends on their relationship with genome replication. While many viruses (such as HIV) are described as expressing early and late proteins, this definition of these terms is commonly reserved for class I DNA viruses. (HIV has two stages of protein expression but these are not as a result of two stages of transcription surrounding replication but by the production of the Rev protein which is required for the export of the transcripts of the second set of proteins transcribed form the cell nucleus.)
Early proteins are those produced following entry into the host cell but prior to replication. The expression of early genes, commonly encoding non-structural proteins, initiates replication of the genome and expression of late genes.
In some, simpler viruses, this pattern of expression is clearly defined, while in those with more complex genomes, such as the herpesviruses, these expression periods overlap.
Example
An example of early gene expression is the expression of the small, middle and large T antigen encoded by the polyomavirus. The middle T antigen is not required for replication and it acts to enhance transcription by binding host proteins which interact with the late promoter. On the other hand, the large T antigen is required and it acts to initiate replication directly. It binds the viral origin of replication and recruits DNA polymerase and s/s DNA-binding protein such that once its concentr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berndt%E2%80%93Hall%E2%80%93Hall%E2%80%93Hausman%20algorithm
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The Berndt–Hall–Hall–Hausman (BHHH) algorithm is a numerical optimization algorithm similar to the Newton–Raphson algorithm, but it replaces the observed negative Hessian matrix with the outer product of the gradient. This approximation is based on the information matrix equality and therefore only valid while maximizing a likelihood function. The BHHH algorithm is named after the four originators: Ernst R. Berndt, Bronwyn Hall, Robert Hall, and Jerry Hausman.
Usage
If a nonlinear model is fitted to the data one often needs to estimate coefficients through optimization. A number of optimisation algorithms have the following general structure. Suppose that the function to be optimized is Q(β). Then the algorithms are iterative, defining a sequence of approximations, βk given by
,
where is the parameter estimate at step k, and is a parameter (called step size) which partly determines the particular algorithm. For the BHHH algorithm λk is determined by calculations within a given iterative step, involving a line-search until a point βk+1 is found satisfying certain criteria. In addition, for the BHHH algorithm, Q has the form
and A is calculated using
In other cases, e.g. Newton–Raphson, can have other forms. The BHHH algorithm has the advantage that, if certain conditions apply, convergence of the iterative procedure is guaranteed.
See also
Davidon–Fletcher–Powell (DFP) algorithm
Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) algorithm
References
Further reading
V. Martin, S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethephon
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Ethephon is a plant growth regulator.
Mechanism of action
Upon metabolism by the plant, it is converted into ethylene, a potent regulator of plant growth and ripeness. It is also a butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor.
Uses in various crops
Ethephon often used on wheat, coffee, tobacco, cotton, and rice in order to help the plant's fruit reach ripeness more quickly.
Cotton is the most important single crop use for ethephon. It initiates fruiting over a period of several weeks, promotes early concentrated boll opening, and enhances defoliation to facilitate and improve efficiency of scheduled harvesting. Harvested cotton quality is improved.
Ethephon also is widely used by pineapple growers to initiate reproductive development (force) of pineapple. Ethephon is also sprayed on mature-green pineapple fruits to degreen them to meet produce marketing requirements. There can be some detrimental effect on fruit quality.
The toxicity of ethephon is very low, and any ethephon used on the plant is converted very quickly to ethylene.
The use of this chemical is allowed in the European Union.
References
Phosphonic acids
Organochlorides
Chloroethyl compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error%20term
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In mathematics and statistics, an error term is an additive type of error. Common examples include:
errors and residuals in statistics, e.g. in linear regression
the error term in numerical integration
Error measures
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversine
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Reversine, or 2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine, is a small molecule developed by the group of Peter G. Schultz, used for stem cell dedifferentiation.
It also has the potential to selectively induce cell death in cancer cells.
Reversine is known to act as an antagonist of the adenosine A3 receptor. Reversine is a potent inhibitor of the mitotic kinase Mps1 and it is widely used to study the process of chromosome segregation.
References
External links
Adenosine receptor antagonists
Purines
Aromatic amines
4-Morpholinyl compounds
Anilines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Spirit%20FC
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Western Spirit Football Club are an Australian football (soccer) club from Goodna, a suburb of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. The club was formed in 2005 from a merger between Goodna Soccer Club and Camira Soccer Club and currently play in Brisbane Premier League Division 1. They narrowly missed out on promotion in 2015 finishing 3rd and then going on to make the Grand final, going down to Souths United 3–0.
The club draws its members mainly from the outer Brisbane suburbs Goodna, Camira, Springfield, Redbank Plains, Forest Lake, Inala and even Greenbank.
Although Western Spirit is a relatively new club it is one of the largest clubs in the Ipswich area, as well as being 1 of only 3 clubs in the district to have 2 or more fields being in ownership of the club. The club offers almost every age-group and gender, membership, with members participating in an active team.
Football Kit
References
Soccer clubs in Queensland
Brisbane Premier League teams
Association football clubs established in 2005
2005 establishments in Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Berkeley%20Landmarks%20in%20Berkeley%2C%20California
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This is a list of Berkeley Landmarks in Berkeley, California. "Berkeley Landmarks", "Structures of Merit", and "Historic Districts" are a classification given by the City of Berkeley for buildings or areas of local historic importance. As of 2022, there are 346 listed landmarks by the city of Berkeley. Many of the properties have also received recognition at the federal level by inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places or by designation as National Historic Landmarks
Color markings (highest noted listing)
List of Berkeley Landmarks
List of Berkeley Structures of Merit
List of Historic Districts in Berkeley, California
National Historic Landmarks and Districts
Anna Head School for Girls - 2538 Channing Way
Berkeley Day Nursery - 2031 6th St.
Berkeley High School Historic Campus District—1980 Allston Way, Berkeley, CA 94704
Berkeley Hillside Club - 2286 Cedar St.
Berkeley Historic Civic Center District - Roughly bounded by McKinney Ave., Addison St., Shattuck Ave., and Kittredge St.
Berkeley Public Library - 2090 Kittredge St.
Berkeley Women's City Club - 2315 Durant Ave.
Boone's University School - 2029 Durant Ave.
Bowles Hall - Stadium and Gayley Way
California Hall - Oxford St.
Chamber of Commerce Building - 2140—2144 Shattuck Ave. & 2071—2089 Center St.
Church of the Good Shepherd-Episcopal - 1001 Hearst St. at Ninth St.
City Hall - 2134 Grove St.
Cloyne Court Hotel - 2600 Ridge Rd.
College Women's Club - 2680 Bancroft Way
Corder Building
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography%20%28book%29
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Crystallography is a book of poetry and prose published in 1994 and revised in 2003 by Canadian author Christian Bök. Based around a that language is a crystallization process, the book includes several forms of poetry including concrete poetry, as well as pseudohistorical texts, diagrams, charts, and English gematria.
Major poems in the book include Geodes and Diamonds.
Bök explains the title in an introduction. Crystallography refers to both the science of crystallography and a reanalysis of the word's roots: crystal meaning "clear", and "graph" meaning "writing":
References
Further reading
Bök, Christian. Crystallography. Toronto: Coach House Press, 2003 (2nd. Ed.)
1994 books
1994 poetry books
Canadian poetry collections
Coach House Press books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%20selenide
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Mercury selenide (HgSe; sometimes mercury(II) selenide) is a chemical compound of mercury and selenium. It is a grey-black crystalline solid semi-metal with a sphalerite structure. The lattice constant is 0.608 nm.
HgSe occurs naturally as the mineral Tiemannite, and is a component of the "intimate mixture" of HgSe and Se known as HgSe2.
Along with other II-VI compounds, colloidal nanocrystals of HgSe can be formed.
Applications
Selenium is used in filters in some steel plants to remove mercury from exhaust gases. The solid product formed is HgSe.
HgSe can be used as an ohmic contact to wide-gap II-VI semiconductors such as zinc selenide or zinc oxide.
Toxicity
HgSe is non-toxic as long as it is not ingested due to its insolubility. Toxic hydrogen selenide fumes can be evolved on exposure to acids. HgSe is a relatively stable compound which might mean that it is less toxic than elemental mercury or many organometallic mercury compounds. Selenium's ability to complex with mercury has been proposed as a reason for the lack of mercury toxicity in deep sea fish despite high mercury levels.
See also
Mercury sulfide
Mercury telluride
Cadmium selenide
Zinc selenide
References
.
SNV (1991) Guidelines on measures and methods for heavy metal emissions control. Solna, The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency – Naturvårdsverket.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20051019034837/http://ctdp.ensmp.fr/species/Tiemannite.html
Mercury(II) compounds
Sele
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavanine
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L-(+)-(S)-Canavanine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid found in certain leguminous plants. It is structurally related to the proteinogenic α-amino acid L-arginine, the sole difference being the replacement of a methylene bridge (-- unit) in arginine with an oxa group (i.e., an oxygen atom) in canavanine. Canavanine is accumulated primarily in the seeds of the organisms which produce it, where it serves both as a highly deleterious defensive compound against herbivores (due to cells mistaking it for arginine) and a vital source of nitrogen for the growing embryo. The related L-canaline is similar to ornithine.
Toxicity
The mechanism of canavanine's toxicity is that organisms that consume it typically mistakenly incorporate it into their own proteins in place of L-arginine, thereby producing structurally aberrant proteins that may not function properly. Cleavage by arginase also produces canaline, a potent insecticide.
The toxicity of canavanine may be enhanced under conditions of protein starvation, and canavanine toxicity, resulting from consumption of Hedysarum alpinum seeds with a concentration of 1.2% canavanine weight/weight, has been implicated in the death of a malnourished Christopher McCandless. (McCandless was the subject of Jon Krakauer's book (and subsequent movie) Into the Wild).
In mammals
NZB/W F1, NZB, and DBA/2 mice fed L-canavanine develop a syndrome similar to systemic lupus erythematosus, while BALB/c mice fed a steady diet of protein containing 1% ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALOPEX
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ALOPEX (an acronym from "ALgorithms Of Pattern EXtraction") is a correlation based machine learning algorithm first proposed by Tzanakou and Harth in 1974.
Principle
In machine learning, the goal is to train a system to minimize a cost function or (referring to ALOPEX) a response function. Many training algorithms, such as backpropagation, have an inherent susceptibility to getting "stuck" in local minima or maxima of the response function. ALOPEX uses a cross-correlation of differences and a stochastic process to overcome this in an attempt to reach the absolute minimum (or maximum) of the response function.
Method
ALOPEX, in its simplest form is defined by an updating equation:
Where:
is the iteration or time-step.
is the difference between the current and previous value of system variable at iteration .
is the difference between the current and previous value of the response function at iteration .
is the learning rate parameter minimizes and maximizes
Discussion
Essentially, ALOPEX changes each system variable based on a product of: the previous change in the variable , the resulting change in the cost function , and the learning rate parameter . Further, to find the absolute minimum (or maximum), the stochastic process (Gaussian or other) is added to stochastically "push" the algorithm out of any local minima.
References
Harth, E., & Tzanakou, E. (1974) Alopex: A stochastic method for determining visual receptive fields. Vision Research, 14:1475-148
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methacrylate
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Methacrylates are derivatives of methacrylic acid. These derivatives are mainly used to make poly(methyl methacrylate) and related polymers.
Monomers
Methyl methacrylate
Ethyl methacrylate
Butyl methacrylate
Hydroxyethyl methacrylate
Glycidyl methacrylate
Carboxylate anions
Monomers
Methacrylate esters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino%20%28disambiguation%29
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A neutrino is an elementary particle.
Neutrino may also refer to:
QNX Neutrino, an operating system
Team Neutrino, a FIRST Robotics Competition team
Neutrino, a suborbital spacecraft in development by Interorbital Systems
, or Neytrino (), a village near Baksan Neutrino Observatory in Elbrussky District of Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Russia
Neutrino (JavaScript library)
Fiction
Neutrinos (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles), characters in the TV show
Neutrino 2000, a series of guns used in the Artemis Fowl books
See also
Neutrino Factory, a proposed particle accelerator complex
Poppa Neutrino, born William David Pearlman (1933–2011), musician and "free spirit"
Oxide & Neutrino, a UK garage/rap duo
Neutralino, a hypothetical particle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakhtenbrot%27s%20theorem
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In logic, finite model theory, and computability theory, Trakhtenbrot's theorem (due to Boris Trakhtenbrot) states that the problem of validity in first-order logic on the class of all finite models is undecidable. In fact, the class of valid sentences over finite models is not recursively enumerable (though it is co-recursively enumerable).
Trakhtenbrot's theorem implies that Gödel's completeness theorem (that is fundamental to first-order logic) does not hold in the finite case. Also it seems counter-intuitive that being valid over all structures is 'easier' than over just the finite ones.
The theorem was first published in 1950: "The Impossibility of an Algorithm for the Decidability Problem on Finite Classes".
Mathematical formulation
We follow the formulations as in Ebbinghaus and Flum
Theorem
Satisfiability for finite structures is not decidable in first-order logic.
That is, the set {φ | φ is a sentence of first-order logic that is satisfiable among finite structures} is undecidable.
Corollary
Let σ be a relational vocabulary with one at least binary relation symbol.
The set of σ-sentences valid in all finite structures is not recursively enumerable.
Remarks
This implies that Gödel's completeness theorem fails in the finite since completeness implies recursive enumerability.
It follows that there is no recursive function f such that: if φ has a finite model, then it has a model of size at most f(φ). In other words, there is no effective analogue to the L
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava%20field
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A lava field, sometimes called a lava bed, is a large, mostly flat area of lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or hundreds of kilometers across the underlying terrain.
Morphology and structure
The final morphology of a lava field can reveal properties such as internal structure, composition, and mechanics of the lava flow when it was fluid. The ridges and patterns on top of the lava field show the direction of the lava channels and the often active lava tubes that may be underneath the solidified "crust." It can also reveal whether the lava flow can be classified as pāhoehoe or 'a'ā. The two main types of lava field structures are defined as sheet flow lava and pillow lava. Sheet flow lava appears like a wrinkled or folded sheet, while pillow lava is bulbous, and often looks like a pile of pillows atop one another.
An important aspect of lava flow morphology is a phenomenon known as lava flow inflation. This occurs in pāhoehoe flows that have a high effusion rate, and initially forms a thin crust atop the lava flow. The fluid lava underneath the crust continues to increase due to the sustained high effusion rate, and thus the entire "structure" increases in size, up to four meters in height. This anomaly can expose important physics and mechanisms behind lava flow that was not previously known.
The structure of lava fields also vary based on geographic location. For example, in subaqueous lava fields, sheet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%20adder
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In electronics, a Ling adder is a particularly fast binary adder designed using H. Ling's equations and generally implemented in BiCMOS. Samuel Naffziger of Hewlett-Packard presented an innovative 64 bit adder in 0.5 μm CMOS based on Ling's equations at ISSCC 1996. The Naffziger adder's delay was less than 1 nanosecond, or 7 FO4.
Equations
4-bit Ling adder, Sklansky architecture:
gm1=0
pm1=0
p0 = a0 OR b0
g0 = a0 AND b0
d0 = a0 XOR b0
p1 = a1 OR b1
g1 = a1 AND b1
d1 = a1 XOR b1
p2 = a2 OR b2
g2 = a2 AND b2
d2 = a2 XOR b2
p3 = a3 OR b3
g3 = a3 AND b3
d3 = a3 XOR b3
'Level1----------------Distance=2^0=1
'(G,P) = (g,p) o (g,p)=(g,p)
'GLi = gi OR gi-1
'PLi = pi AND pi-1 'Distance=1
GLm1 = 0 'for k<0
PLm2 = 0 'for k<0
'(GL0,PLm1)
GL0 = g0 OR gm1
PLm1=0 'for k<0
'(GL1,PL0)
GL1 = g1 OR g0
PL0 = p0 AND pm1 'Distance=1
'(GL3,PL2)
GL3 = g3 OR g2
PL2 = p2 AND p1 'Distance=1
'Level2---------------------------Distance=2^1=2
'(G,P) = (g,p) o (g',p') = (g OR (p AND g'),p AND p')
'G=g OR (p AND p')
'P= p AND p'
'(GL2,PL1) o (GL1,PLm1) '
GL21 = g2 OR p1 AND GL1 '
'(GL3,PL2) o (GL1,PL0) '
GL31 = GL3 OR PL2 AND GL1 '
'Ling PsevdoCarry (H)-------------------
Hm1 = GLm1 'Ling PsevdoCarry
H0 = g0 'Ling PsevdoCarry
H1 = GL1 'Ling PsevdoCarry
H2 = GL21 'Ling PsevdoCa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Nicaragua
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According to 2007 statistics released by the U.S. Department of State concerning Islam in Nicaragua, there are approximately 1,200 to 1,500 Muslims, mostly Sunnis who are resident aliens or naturalized citizens from Palestine, Libya, and Iran or natural-born Nicaraguan citizens born to both of the two groups. The Islamic Cultural Center in Managua serves as the primary salaat (prayer) center for Muslims in the city, with approximately 320 men attending on a regular basis. Muslims from Granada, Masaya, Leon, and Chinandega also travel to the Managua center for Friday prayers. Granada, Masaya, and Leon have smaller prayer centers in the homes of prominent local Muslims. In May 2007 the Sunni leader of the Managua prayer center was dismissed, due to the increase in Iranian influence in the Muslim community and was to be replaced by a Shi'a religious leader. By the end of the reporting period (May 2007) the Shi'a leader had not been identified.
Background
Early Immigration
Muslim immigration occurred in moderate numbers in Nicaragua in the late 19th century. The majority were Palestinian Arab Muslims; the immigration constituted one of the largest waves of immigration to Central America. Although the exact number of Palestinians is not available, Guzmán writes "it is possible that from the end of the nineteenth century until 1917, when the Ottoman Empire entered its final decline, during World War I, 40 Palestinian families arrived in Nicaragua".
This early wave of immigrants
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%2C%20Gunnison%20County%2C%20Colorado
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Crystal (also known as Crystal City) is a ghost town on the upper Crystal River in Gunnison County, Colorado, United States. It is located in the Elk Mountains along a four-wheel-drive road east of Marble and northwest of Crested Butte. Crystal was a mining camp established in 1881 and after several decades of robust existence, was all but abandoned by 1917. The Crystal post office operated from July 28, 1882, until October 31, 1909.Many buildings still stand in Crystal, but its few residents live there only in the summer.
History
In 1874, geologist Sylvester Richardson discovered promising deposits of silver near the confluence of the North Fork and South Fork of the Crystal River in Gunnison County. In the years that followed, the aboriginal Ute people were removed from the area and prospectors began mining operations, creating a new mining camp in 1880. A year later, on August 6, 1881, the Gunnison County court held a session and voted for the incorporation of Crystal City, made official as of June 8, 1881. At the height of its prosperity in the mid-1880s, Crystal had over 500 residents, a post office, a newspaper (the Crystal River Current, succeeded by The Silver Lance), a pool hall, the Crystal Club (a popular and exclusive men's club), a barber shop, saloons, and hotels.
During the 1880s and 1890s, when miners began to inhabit Crystal and the surrounding area, fire was used to clear the land in order to begin mining. Thousands of acres were set ablaze, removing ol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpesviridae
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Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause infections and certain diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word ἕρπειν ( 'to creep'), referring to spreading cutaneous lesions, usually involving blisters, seen in flares of herpes simplex 1, herpes simplex 2 and herpes zoster (shingles). In 1971, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) established Herpesvirus as a genus with 23 viruses among four groups. As of 2020, 115 species are recognized, all but one of which are in one of the three subfamilies. Herpesviruses can cause both latent and lytic infections.
Nine herpesvirus types are known to primarily infect humans, at least five of which are extremely widespread among most human populations, and which cause common diseases: herpes simplex 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, also known as HHV-1 and HHV-2; both of which can cause orolabial and genital herpes), varicella zoster (or HHV-3; the cause of chickenpox and shingles), Epstein–Barr (EBV or HHV-4; implicated in several diseases, including mononucleosis and some cancers), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV or HHV-5). More than 90% of adults have been infected with at least one of these, and a latent form of the virus remains in almost all humans who have been infected. Other human herpesviruses are human herpesvirus 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B), human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), and Kaposi's sarcoma-as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Zalgaller
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Victor (Viktor) Abramovich Zalgaller (; ; 25 December 1920 – 2 October 2020) was a Russian-Israeli mathematician in the fields of geometry and optimization. He is best known for the results he achieved on convex polyhedra, linear and dynamic programming, isoperimetry, and differential geometry.
Biography
Zalgaller was born in Parfino, Novgorod Governorate on 25 December 1920. In 1936, he was one of the winners of the Leningrad Mathematics Olympiads for high school students. He started his studies at the Leningrad State University, however, World War II intervened in 1941, and Zalgaller joined the Red Army. He took part in the defence of Leningrad, and in 1945 marched into Germany.
He worked as a teacher at the Saint Petersburg Lyceum 239, and received his 1963 doctoral dissertation on polyhedra with the aid of his high school students who wrote the computer programs for the calculation.
Zalgaller did his early work under direction of A. D. Alexandrov and Leonid Kantorovich. He wrote joint monographs with both of them. His later monograph Geometric Inequalities (joint with Yu. Burago) is still the main reference in the field.
Zalgaller lived in Saint Petersburg most of his life, having studied and worked at the Leningrad State University and the Steklov Institute of Mathematics (Saint Petersburg branch).
In 1999, he immigrated to Israel. Zalgaller died on 2 October 2020 at the age of 99.
References
V. A. Aleksandrov, et al. Viktor Abramovich Zalgaller (on his 80th bi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia%20network%20monitor
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Nokia network monitor or Monitor Mode was a hidden mode on most Nokia cell phones used to measure network parameters. Additionally there are measurements for phone and battery temperature and other phone specific measurements and tests. The mode can only be activated over a special FBus, or MBUS cable; or in some cases over infrared. Free software exists on the internet that allows one to activate this mode.
The first step is to select a Nokia Phone like Nokia 3310 that has network monitor then activate the monitor. To activate, download software such as Gnokii, logomanager, or N-Monitor by Anderas Schmidt and connect the mobile with a FBus cable. In Nokia phones you just activate the monitor and not upload it to the phone, as it is already present.
External links
"The Nokia Network Monitor" by Nuukiaworld, a good starting point
Download N-Monitor by Andreas Schmidt
Description by Logomanager
FAQ
Nokia services
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalecarlian%20language
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Dalecarlian (dalmål in Swedish) is a group of East and West Scandinavian languages, and their respective dialects spoken in Dalarna County, Sweden. Some Dalecarlian varieties can be regarded as part of the Swedish dialect group in Gästrikland, Uppland, and northern and eastern Västmanland. Others represent a variety characteristic of a midpoint between West and East Nordic, unlike the Swedish language. They also show some similarities with the dialects of the other counties bordering Dalarna. In the northernmost part of the county (i.e., the originally Norwegian parishes of Särna and Idre), a characteristic dialect reminiscent of eastern Norwegian is spoken. One usually distinguishes between the Dalecarlian Bergslagen dialects, which are spoken in south-eastern Dalarna, and . Dalecarlian dialects are traditionally regarded as part of the Svealand dialect group.
Some Dalecarlian dialects takes up an intermediate position between East Nordic (Swedish–Danish) and West Nordic (Norwegian, Icelandic and Faroese). Kroonen cites a number of features that Elfdalian (a dalecarlian language) in particular shares with West Nordic, and writes: "In many aspects, Elfdalian, takes up a middle position between East and West Nordic. However, it shares some innovations with West Nordic, but none with East Nordic. This invalidates the claim that Elfdalian split off from Old Swedish."
In everyday speech, many with Dalecarlian often also refer to regionally coloured Standard Swedish from Dalarna
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holbrook%20Working
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Holbrook Working (February 5, 1895 – October 5, 1985) was an American professor of economics and statistics at Stanford University's Food Research Institute known for his contributions on hedging, on the theory of futures prices, on an early theory of market maker behavior, and on the theory of storage (including the Working curve which plots the difference between short term and long term grain futures prices against current inventory).
Biography
He was born in Fort Collins, Colorado, on February 5, 1895.
Working earned his Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1921. He taught at Cornell University and the University of Minnesota before he joined Stanford's Food Research Institute in 1925. His younger brother Elmer Working made a major contribution on the identification problem for demand curves in econometrics, with which Holbrook Working was also involved.
Working disagreed with Keynes's backwardation theory of futures prices, which argued that short hedgers (farmers) drive down futures prices because of their demand for price insurance. Working argued that there could be hedgers on both sides of the market and that hedging was essentially not a risk reduction technique, but "speculation in the basis" which allows informed traders and commodity dealers to profit from their knowledge of future changes in the difference between futures and spot prices.
He was a founding member of the Econometric Society and was elected a Fellow of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurline
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The spurline is a type of radio-frequency and microwave distributed element filter with band-stop (notch) characteristics, most commonly used with microstrip transmission lines. Spurlines usually exhibit moderate to narrow-band rejection, at about 10% around the central frequency.
Spurline filters are very convenient for dense integrated circuits because of their inherently compact design and ease of integration: they occupy surface that corresponds only to a quarter-wavelength transmission line.
Structure description
It consists of a normal microstrip line breaking into a pair of smaller coupled lines that rejoin after a quarter-wavelength distance. Only one of the input ports of the coupled lines is connected to the feed microstrip, as shown in the figure below. The orange area of the illustration is the microstrip transmission line conductor and the gray color the exposed dielectric.
Where is the wavelength corresponding to the central rejection frequency of the bandstop filter, measured - of course - in the microstrip line material. This is the most important parameter of the filter that sets the rejection band.
The distance between the two coupled lines can be selected appropriately to fine-tune the filter. The smaller the distance, the narrower the stop-band in terms of rejection. Of course that is limited by the circuit-board printing resolution, and it is usually considered at about 10% of the input microstrip width.
The gap between the input microstrip line an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D50%20%28radiotherapy%29
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D50 in medicine is the half-maximal dose: the dose that produces 50% of the maximum response. It may specifically refer to the radiation dose required to achieve a 50% tumor control probability.
See also
, is the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration.
References
Radiation therapy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulated%20fluorescence%20process%20algorithm
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The Simulated Fluorescence Process (SFP) is a computing algorithm used for scientific visualization of 3D data from, for example, fluorescence microscopes. By modeling a physical light/matter interaction process, an image can be computed which shows the data as it would have appeared in reality when viewed under these conditions.
Principle
The algorithm considers a virtual light source producing excitation light that illuminates the object. This casts shadows either on parts of the object itself or on other objects below it. The interaction between the excitation light and the object provokes the emission light, which also interacts with the object before it finally reaches the eye of the viewer.
See also
Computer graphics lighting
Rendering (computer graphics)
References
H. T. M. van der Voort, G. J. Brakenhoff and M. W. Baarslag. "Three-dimensional visualization methods for confocal microscopy", Journal of Microscopy, Vol. 153, Pt 2, February 1989, pp. 123–132.
Noordmans, Herke Jan, Hans TM van der Voort, and Arnold WM Smeulders. "Spectral volume rendering." IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics 6.3 (2000): 196–207.
External links
Freeware SFP renderer
Computational science
Computer graphics algorithms
Visualization (graphics)
Microscopes
Microscopy
Fluorescence
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urchin%20%28software%29
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Urchin was a web statistics analysis program that was developed by Urchin Software Corporation. Urchin analyzed web server log file content and displayed the traffic information on that website based upon the log data. Sales of Urchin products ended on March 28, 2012.
Urchin software could be run in two different data collection modes: log file analyzer or hybrid. As a log file analyzer, Urchin processed web server log files in a variety of log file formats. Custom file formats could also be defined. As a hybrid, Urchin combined page tags with log file data to eradicate the limitations of each data collection method in isolation. The result was more accurate web visitor data.
Urchin became one of the more popular solutions for website traffic analysis, particularly with ISPs and web hosting providers. This was largely due to its scalability in performance and its pricing model.
Urchin Software Corp. was acquired by Google in April 2005, forming Google Analytics. In April 2008, Google released Urchin 6. In February 2009, Google released Urchin 6.5, integrating AdWords. Urchin 7 was released in September 2010 and included 64-bit support, a new UI, and event tracking, among other features.
See also
UTM parameters
List of web analytics software
References
External links
Google software
Web analytics
Discontinued Google services
Web log analysis software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graftonite
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Graftonite is an iron(II), manganese, calcium phosphate mineral with the chemical formula . It forms lamellar to granular translucent brown to red-brown to pink monoclinic prismatic crystals. It has a vitreous luster with a Mohs hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 3.67 to 3.7.
It was first described from its type locality of Melvin Mountain in the town of Grafton, in Grafton County, New Hampshire.
References
Mindat with location data
Webmineral data
Iron(II) minerals
Manganese(II) minerals
Calcium minerals
Phosphate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%20Omen%202
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Blood Omen 2 is an action-adventure video game developed by Crystal Dynamics and published by Eidos Interactive for PlayStation 2, Xbox, Microsoft Windows and GameCube. It is the fourth title in the Legacy of Kain series and is the sequel to the first game in the series, Blood Omen: Legacy of Kain, with Blood Omen'''s protagonist, the vampire Kain, returning as the central character.Blood Omen 2 chronologically bridges the stories of the original Blood Omen and Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver, but it takes place in an alternate timeline created by the events of Soul Reaver 2. Centuries after Blood Omen, Kain is opposed by traitorous vampires and the minions of The Sarafan Lord, and sets out to continue his ascent to power.
While Crystal Dynamics' Soul Reaver team began to produce Soul Reaver 2, a secondary crew started work on Blood Omen 2 in 1999. They sought to create a more action-focused entry in contrast to the Soul Reaver games' emphasis on puzzle-solving. The final product was a commercial success, becoming a Sony's "Greatest Hits" title, but received average reception, with critics citing its lower production values and lack of innovation relative to the Soul Reaver games as flaws.
Gameplay
Gameplay is presented in 3D and is a combination of combat and puzzle solving. Health is represented by two vials - a red vial symbolizing total hit points, and a blue vial which is an indicator as to how long it will take to increase overall health. Lost health can be regained by dr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinecke%27s%20salt
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Reinecke's salt is a chemical compound with the formula NH4[Cr(NCS)4(NH3)2]·H2O. The dark-red crystalline compound is soluble in boiling water, acetone, and ethanol. The chromium atom is surrounded by six nitrogen atoms in an octahedral geometry. The NH3 ligands are mutually trans and the Cr–NCS groups are linear. The salt crystallizes with one molecule of water.
Structure
It was first reported in 1863. NH4[Cr(NCS)4(NH3)2] is prepared by treatment of molten NH4SCN (melting point around 145–150 °C) with (NH4)2Cr2O7.
Use
This salt was once widely used to precipitate primary and secondary amines as their ammonium salts. Included in the amines that effectively form crystalline precipitates are those derived from the amino acids, including proline and hydroxyproline. It also reacts with Hg2+ compounds, giving a red color or a red precipitate.
References
Chromium complexes
Reagents for organic chemistry
Ammine complexes
Thiocyanates
Chromium(III) compounds
Ammonium compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthy%20Beach%20State%20Park
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McCarthy Beach State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, on the Sturgeon Lake chain near Hibbing. It is located in French Township, Saint Louis County.
Ecosystem
Thirty-three species of wildlife inhabit the park including white-tailed deer, black bears, timber wolves, chipmunks, red squirrels, raccoons, and several species of reptiles and amphibians. More than 175 species of birds also visit the area.
The park protects a northern boreal forest with stands of red and white pine and leatherleaf-black spruce lowlands.
Geology
The glaciers that moved through the area gouged and tore at the bedrock, the cooled lava of ancient volcanoes. During that period, glaciers flowed south, retreated north, and flowed south again. The first glacier stopped where McCarthy Beach is now located. It left low rolling hills with steep sides called moraines. Between the hills, the glaciers gouged valleys and in the larger valleys, lakes were formed.
History
In 1895, the Swan River Logging Company built a railroad to Sturgeon Lake. The railroad hauled logs to the Swan River where they were floated down the Mississippi River to Minneapolis sawmills. Over the years, the area became a popular picnic and tenting ground for people from the Iron Range. When the property owner John A. McCarthy died in 1943, his daughter sold the land to a lumberman. Local citizens became concerned about the fate of the timber and were able to persuade the new owner to sell the land. Locals raised some of the money
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegah%20Ahangarani
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Pegah Ahangarani (; born 24 July 1984) is an Iranian actress and director. She has received various accolades, including a Crystal Simorgh, a Hafez Award and an Iran's Film Critics and Writers Association Award.
Filmography
The Singing Cat (1990 – Directed by Kambuzia Partovi)
The Girl in the Sneakers (1999 – Directed by Rasul Sadr Ameli)
Women's Prison (2002 – Directed by Manijeh Hekmat)
Our Days (2002 – Directed by Rakhshan Bani-Etemad)
Maxx (2005 – Directed by Saman Moghadam)
Sweet Jam (2006 – Directed by Arezoo Petrossian)
Three Women (2008 – Directed by Manijeh Hekmat)
Shirin (2008 – Directed by Abbas Kiarostami)
Maritime silk road (2010 – Directed by Mohammad Bozorgnia)
No Men Allowed (2011 – Directed by Rambod Javan)
Trapped (2013 – Directed by Parviz Shahbazi)
Atom Heart Mother (2013 – Directed by Ali Ahmadzadeh)
A Persian Melody (2015 - Directed by Hamid Reza Ghotbi)
Bandar Band (2020)
Awards and nominations
Best Actress Award, for The Girl in Sneakers, 23rd Cairo International Film Festival, Egypt, December 1999
Best Performance Award, for The Girl in Sneakers, Dokhtari ba Kafshhaye Katani (original title), 14th Isfahan International Film and Video Festival for Children and Young Adults, Iran, October 1999
Best Actress Award, for Women’s Prison, "Zendan-e zanan" (original title), a movie that is directed by her mother wherein Pegah played three different roles, Locarno Film Festival
Best Supporting Actress for Trapped, 31st International Fajr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurocomputer
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Neurocomputer may refer to:
Wetware computer, a computer made of living neurons
Artificial neural network, a mathematical model designed to imitate the function of living nerve cells
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20chopper
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An optical chopper is a device which periodically interrupts a light beam. Three types are available: variable frequency rotating disc choppers, fixed frequency tuning fork choppers, and optical shutters. A rotating disc chopper was famously used in 1849 by Hippolyte Fizeau in the first non-astronomical measurement of the speed of light.
Use in science laboratories
Optical choppers, usually rotating disc mechanical shutters, are widely used in science labs in combination with lock-in amplifiers. The chopper is used to modulate the intensity of a light beam, and a lock-in amplifier is used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
To be effective, an optical chopper should have a stable rotating speed. In cases where the 1/f noise is the main problem, one would like to select the maximum chopping frequency possible. This is limited by the motor speed and the number of slots in the rotating disc, which is, in turn, limited by the disc radius and the beam diameter.
Use in guidance systems
Choppers were widely used in early missile guidance systems, and in this role are sometimes known as "reticle seekers". The earliest uses were on air-to-air missiles. A photocell sensitive to infrared light is positioned behind a chopper driven by a synchronous motor. As the chopper rotates, it periodically blocks the photocell's view of the target aircraft, creating a series of pulses of output. This signal is then smoothed to make a sinusoidal output which is then compared to the signal drivi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coumaric%20acid
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Coumaric acid is a phenolic derivative of cinnamic acid having a hydroxy group as substituent at one of the aromatic positions:
o-Coumaric acid
m-Coumaric acid
p-Coumaric acid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycinnamic%20acid
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Hydroxycinnamic acids (hydroxycinnamates) are a class of aromatic acids or phenylpropanoids having a C6–C3 skeleton. These compounds are hydroxy derivatives of cinnamic acid.
In the category of phytochemicals that can be found in food, there are :
α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid
Caffeic acid – burdock, hawthorn, artichoke, pear, basil, thyme, oregano, apple
Cichoric acid
Cinnamic acid – aloe
Chlorogenic acid – echinacea, strawberries, pineapple, coffee, sunflower, blueberries
Diferulic acids
Coumaric acid
Ferulic acid (3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) – oats, rice, artichoke, orange, pineapple, apple, peanut
Sinapinic acid (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid or sinapic acid)
Hydroxycinnamoyltartaric acids
Caftaric acid – grapes and wine, mainly the trans isomer
Coutaric acid – grapes and wine, both trans and cis isomers
Fertaric acid – grapes and wine, mainly the trans isomer
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarWorld
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SolarWorld is a German company dedicated to the manufacture and marketing photovoltaic products worldwide by integrating all components of the solar value chain, from feedstock (polysilicon) to module production, from trade with solar panels to the promotion and construction of turn-key solar power systems. The group controls the development of solar power technologies at all levels in-house.
SolarWorld AG is listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, the Photovoltaik Global 30 Index and the ÖkoDAX.
In May 2017, wholly owned subsidiary SolarWorld Americas, based in Oregon, US, joined fellow American solar panel manufacturer Suniva in its Section 201 trade action to request relief from what it claimed are unfair practices from solar panel importers to the United States. The requested remedy was a tariff on imported solar panels. FirstSolar, the largest US solar panel manufacturer, joined the action on October 10, 2017, while the Solar Energy Industry Association (the major American solar trade association) was leading the opposition to the tariff requests.
The company filed for insolvency of its German subsidiaries alone in May 2017. While subsidiary SolarWorld America was not itself insolvent, it subsequently was put up for sale or other action to help resolve the debts of the German parent company. In the beginning of August 2017, leaving all liabilities behind, all the assets alone were acquired by the original Founder of SolarWorld Ag, Frank Asbeck along with Qatar Solar T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse%20%28disambiguation%29
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A synapse is a neural junction used for communication between neurons
Synapse may also refer to:
Computing and information systems
Apache Synapse, open source enterprise service bus (ESB) and mediation engine
Azure Synapse, a fully managed cloud data warehouse
Peltarion Synapse, a component-based integrated development environment for neural networks and adaptive systems
Synapse (software), a free and open-source application launcher for Linux
Synapse Audio Software, German software company that develops music production software for Mac OS and Microsoft Windows platforms
Synapse.org, an open source scientific collaboration platform
Science
Chemical synapse, in neurobiology
Electrical synapse, in electrophysiology
Immunological synapse, in immunology
SyNAPSE (Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics), a DARPA project
Synapse, Fujifilm Medical Systems Picture archiving and communication system application
Publishing
Synapse (journal), a neurology journal
Synapse: The Magazine of the University of Nevada School of Medicine (online)
Synapse Magazine, produced by the Chester County (PA) Hospital and Health System (online)
Synapse (magazine), an electronic music magazine published 1976-1979
Synapse Group, Inc., a multichannel marketing company and magazine distributor
The Synapse, Oberlin College science magazine
Entertainment
Synapse Films, a DVD releasing company specializing in cult and hard-to-find movies
Synapse Software, an Americ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between%20the%20Heart%20and%20the%20Synapse
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Between the Heart and the Synapse is the debut studio album by American post-hardcore band the Receiving End of Sirens. It was released on April 16, 2005 via Triple Crown Records. The band signed to Triple Crown in October 2004, and began recording with producer Matt Squire later that month. Between the Heart and the Synapse uses elements of metal, progressive rock, and electronica, and has been compared to the works of Coheed and Cambria, Tool, and The Mars Volta.
Between the Heart and the Synapse received generally positive reviews from music critics, with particular compliments going towards the vocal harmonies and melding of genres, but it received some criticism for an overambitious runtime. It is the only release by The Receiving End of Sirens to feature Casey Crescenzo, who joined the band in January 2004, replacing Ben Potrykus, and left in May 2006. Following his departure, Cody Bonnette of As Cities Burn and Brian Southall of Boys Night Out filled Crescenzo's role on tour.
Background
Bassist Brendan Brown and guitarist Alex Bars formed The Receiving End of Sirens during their first year of college at Northeastern University in 2003. The pair, who first started playing music together in their high school band Settle for Nothing, soon brought in guitarist Nate Patterson, drummer Andrew Cook, and vocalist Ben Potrykus. They played their first show together in March of that year, and embarked on a brief tour with Hidden in Plain View in August. As the band's success i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Fluid%20Power%20Association
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The National Fluid Power Association (NFPA) is an American 501(c)6 industry trade association, founded in 1953.
The NFPA's mission is to serve as a forum where all fluid power channel partners work together to advance fluid power technology, strengthen the fluid power industry, and foster members' success. NFPA members include more than 315 manufacturers of fluid power systems and components, fluid power distributors, suppliers to the fluid power industry, educators and researchers.
References
External links
National Fluid Power Association
Fluid Power Distributors Association
Fluid Power Education Foundation
Fluid Power Society
Hydraulic engineering organizations
Trade associations based in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterna%20del%20Campo
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Paterna del Campo is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2005 census, it has a population of 3,729 inhabitants.
References
External links
Paterna del Campo - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimena%20de%20la%20Frontera
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Jimena de la Frontera is a historic town and municipality located in the province of Cádiz, Spain. According to estimates made by the National Statistics Institute of Spain (INE), the municipality has a population of 6,707 inhabitants as of 2020. The municipality contains three major towns, Jimena de la Frontera, Los Ángeles and San Pablo de Buceite. Other towns include Montenegral Alto and Marchenilla.
It is situated in the eastern part of the province, on the (San Roque-Ronda) road. It is located near Málaga, practically being the border between the provinces of Málaga and Cádiz. Its location between the Serranía de Ronda and the Bay of Algeciras preserves one of the most important Mediterranean forest spots in southern Europe: the Alcornocales Natural Park. Almost two thirds of the municipality belong to the park.
History
Origins
The existence of caves and natural shelters with abundant remains and cave paintings throughout the Campo de Gibraltar indicates the existence of human settlements that date back to the Palaeolithic. Jimena de la Frontera is no exception, with the paintings of Laja Alta, with unique maritime scenes from the Bronze Age in the Iberian Peninsula.
The ancient Phoenician city of Oba, known for its minting of coins in the Libyan-Phoenician alphabet, is usually identified with Jimena. In the castle, epigraphs have been found with the text: res publica Obensis. This name was used during Roman times. During this period, Jimena flourished as a commerc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterna%20de%20Rivera
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Paterna de Rivera is a small town located in the province of Cádiz, Spain. According to the 2005 census, it had a population of 5,354.
Demographics
References
External links
Paterna de Rivera - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20telluride
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Silver telluride (Ag2Te) is a chemical compound, a telluride of silver, also known as disilver telluride or silver(I) telluride. It forms a monoclinic crystal. In a wider sense, silver telluride can be used to denote AgTe (silver(II) telluride, a metastable compound) or Ag5Te3.
Silver(I) telluride occurs naturally as the mineral hessite, whereas silver(II) telluride is known as empressite.
Silver telluride is a semiconductor which can be doped both n-type and p-type. Stoichiometric Ag2Te has n-type conductivity. On heating silver is lost from the material.
Non-stoichiometric silver telluride has shown extraordinary magnetoresistance.
Synthesis
Porous silver telluride (AgTe) is synthesized by an electrochemical deposition method. The experiment can be performed using a potentiostat and a three-electrode cell with 200 mL of 0.5 M sulfuric acid electrolyte solution containing Ag nanoparticles at room temperature. Then a sliver paste used in the tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) attachment leach into the electrolyte which causes small amounts of Ag to dissolve in the electrolyte. The electrolyte was stirred by a magnetic bar to remove hydrogen bubbles. A sliver- sliver chloride electrode and a platinum wire can be used as reference and counter electrodes. All the potentials can be measured against the reference electrode, and it was calibrated using the equation ERHE = EAg/AgCl + .059 pH + .197. In order to grow the porous AgTe, the WTe2 was treated using multiple cyclic voltammet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20architecture
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Cellular architecture is a type of computer architecture prominent in parallel computing. Cellular architectures are relatively new, with IBM's Cell microprocessor being the first one to reach the market. Cellular architecture takes multi-core architecture design to its logical conclusion, by giving the programmer the ability to run large numbers of concurrent threads within a single processor. Each 'cell' is a compute node containing thread units, memory, and communication. Speed-up is achieved by exploiting thread-level parallelism inherent in many applications.
Cell, a cellular architecture containing 9 cores, is the processor used in the PlayStation 3. Another prominent cellular architecture is Cyclops64, a massively parallel architecture currently under development by IBM.
Cellular architectures follow the low-level programming paradigm, which exposes the programmer to much of the underlying hardware. This allows the programmer to greatly optimize their code for the platform, but at the same time makes it more difficult to develop software.
See also
Cellular automaton
External links
Cellular architecture builds next generation supercomputers
ORNL, IBM, and the Blue Gene Project
Energy, IBM are partners in biological supercomputing project
Cell-based Architecture
Parallel computing
Computer architecture
Classes of computers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20issues%20in%20Bolivia
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Major environmental issues in Bolivia include managing its forests, preserving the country's levels of biodiversity, maintaining ecologically important protected areas, coping with the effects of climate change, and dealing with the environmental consequences of agriculture, mining, oil and gas development, and transportation infrastructure. Bolivia’s history of slash-and-burn agriculture, overgrazing, and industrial pollution has caused significant concern among environmentalists. Soil erosion, made worse by seasonal flooding, and contaminated water supplies are Bolivia’s most pressing environmental problems. The National Service for Protected Areas, established in 1998, currently manages 21 protected areas.
Deforestation
Bolivia holds an important share of global forest cover. , its primary forest cover was 36.2 million hectares, the 13th largest national area in the world and representing 2.8% of the worldwide total. It is the country with the seventh largest amount of tropical rainforest. Overall, forests made up 51.4 million hectares, 46.8% of the country's total area, in 2013. Both primary forest and overall forest cover have been declining in recent decades.
Bolivia has 7.7 percent of the Amazon rainforest within its borders.
Bolivia had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.47/10, ranking it 21st globally out of 172 countries.
Annual deforestation averaged 173,994 hectares in net forest lost per year between 1990 and 2000, and 243,120 hectare
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20issues%20in%20Colombia
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Environmentally, Colombia is a mega-diverse country from its natural land terrain to its biological wildlife. Its biodiversity is a result of its geographical location and elevation. It is the fourth largest South American country and only country in South America to have coasts on the Pacific and Caribbean Sea. Colombia's terrain can be divided into six main natural zones: The Caribbean, the Pacific (including Choco's Biogeographic rainforest), The Orinoco region, The Amazonia region, the Andean region, and the Insular region. 52.2% of the environment is predominately the Andes, Amazon, and Pacific Basins, followed by the Orinoco basin 13.9%, the Andes and the Caribbean. The Tropical Andes, Choco, and the Caribbean are considered biodiversity hotspots which puts these areas at high risk of concentration of colonizing activities. Colombia host over 1800 bird species and at least one new species are detected every year. Decades of civil war and political unrest have impeded biological and environmental research in Colombia. The political unrest in Colombia catalyzes the alteration of land patterns through the cultivation of coca and opium crops, the redirection of extractive activities, and land abandonment in some areas.
There are many environmental issues in Colombia. Issues include deforestation, soil erosion, illicit drug crops grown in national natural reserves by mafias (not peasants), pollution on major bodies of water by corporations (backed up by unregulated / unsupe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable%20Standard%20Lisp
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Portable Standard Lisp (PSL) is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp. PSL was inspired by its predecessor, Standard Lisp and the Portable Lisp Compiler. It is tail-recursive, late binding (or dynamically bound), and was developed by researchers at the University of Utah in 1980, which released PSL 3.1; development was handed over to developers at Hewlett-Packard in 1982 who released PSL 3.3 and up. Portable Standard Lisp was available as a kit containing a screen editor, a compiler, and an interpreter for several hardware and operating system computing platforms, including Motorola 68000 series, DECSYSTEM-20s, Cray-1s, VAX, and many others. Today, PSL is mainly developed by and available from Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin (ZIB). Its main modern use is as the underlying language for implementations of Reduce.
Like most older Lisps, in the first step, PSL compiles Lisp code to LAP code, which is another cross-platform language. However, where older lisps mostly compiled LAP directly to assembly language or some architecture dependent intermediate, PSL compiles the LAP to C code, which would run in a virtual machine language; so programs written in it are as portable as C in principle, which is very portable. The compiler was written in PSL or a more primitive dialect named System Lisp or SYSLISP as "... an experiment in writing a production-quality Lisp in Lisp itself as much as possible, with only minor amounts of code written by hand in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium%20bromide
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Rubidium bromide is the bromide of rubidium. It has a NaCl crystal structure, with a lattice constant of 685 picometres.
There are several methods for synthesising rubidium bromide. One involves reacting rubidium hydroxide with hydrobromic acid:
RbOH + HBr → RbBr + H2O
Another method is to neutralize rubidium carbonate with hydrobromic acid:
Rb2CO3 + 2 HBr → 2 RbBr + H2O + CO2
Rubidium metal would react directly with bromine to form RbBr, but this is not a sensible production method, since rubidium metal is substantially more expensive than the carbonate or hydroxide; moreover, the reaction would be explosive.
References
WebElements. URL accessed March 1, 2006.
Rubidium compounds
Bromides
Metal halides
Alkali metal bromides
Rock salt crystal structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20issues%20in%20the%20Philippines
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Today, environmental problems in the Philippines include pollution, mining and logging, deforestation, threats to environmental activists, dynamite fishing, landslides, coastal erosion, biodiversity loss, extinction, global warming and climate change. Due to the paucity of extant documents, a complete history of land use in the archipelago remains unwritten. However, relevant data shows destructive land use increased significantly in the eighteenth century when Spanish colonialism enhanced its extraction of the archipelago's resources for the early modern global market. The Philippines is projected to be one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change, which would exacerbate weather extremes. As the Philippines lies on the Pacific Ring of Fire, it is prone to natural disasters, like earthquakes, typhoons, and volcanic eruptions. In 2021, the Philippines ranked the fourth most affected country from "weather-related loss events", partly due to the close proximity of major infrastructure and residential areas to the coast and unreliable government support. One of the most devastating typhoons to hit the archipelago was Typhoon Haiyan, known locally as Yolanda, in 2013 that killed 6,300 people and left 28,689 injured. Congress passed the Clean Air Act of 1999, the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, the Climate Change Act of 2009 to address environmental issues. The country is also a signatory to the Paris Agreement. However, research has found that outside
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desi%20DNA
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Desi DNA was a British television show on the BBC covering Desi (North Indian) art, culture and entertainment that launched in 2003.
In 2004, Desi DNA received the Best Lifestyle Programme award from the Royal Television Society.
The show currently broadcasts on BBC Two and is co-presented by Adil Ray, Anita Rani and Nihal Arthanyake with additional contributions by Nikki Bedi, Sonia Deol, Bobby Friction, Murtz and a number of other presenters. Waheed Khan, Irshad Ashraf and Sangeeta Sehdev have all been directors on the show.
External links
Desi DNA & Asian Network Presents... (2008) website
Desi DNA Series 4 (2007) website
Desi DNA Series 3 (2006) website
BBC press release concerning award
BBC Television shows
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call%20Me%20Miss...
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Call Me Miss... (stylized as Call me Miss...) is the sixth studio album by Japanese recording artist Crystal Kay. This was released just two weeks after her previous single "Kirakuni / Together" and in two different versions: a regular CD only edition and a limited CD+DVD edition that comes with an orchestra version of "Kiss" as well as a DVD of the PVs and live performances of two of Kay's big hits, "Koi ni Ochitara" and "Two As One" (with both these reaching #2 on the Oricon weekly charts).
CD track listing
DVD track listing
Charts
Release history
External links
Crystal Kay — official website
2006 albums
Crystal Kay albums
Epic Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic%20gold
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Mosaic gold or bronze powder refers to tin(IV) sulfide as used as a pigment in bronzing and gilding wood and metal work. It is obtained as a yellow scaly crystalline powder. The alchemists referred to it as aurum musivum, or aurum mosaicum. The term mosaic gold has also been used to refer to ormolu and to cut shapes of gold leaf, some darkened for contrast, arranged as a mosaic. The term bronze powder may also refer to powdered bronze alloy.
Mosaic gold appeared in Europe after the 14th century. Alchemists prepared it by combining mercury, tin, sal ammoniac, and sublimated sulfur (fleur de soufre), grinding, mixing, then setting them for three hours in a sand heat. The dirty sublimate being taken off, aurum mosaicum was found at the bottom of the matrass.
In the past it was used for medical purposes in most chronic and nervous ailments, and particularly convulsions of children; however, it is no longer recommended for any medical uses.
See also
List of inorganic pigments
References
Inorganic pigments
Visual arts materials
Alchemical substances
Tin(IV) compounds
Powders
Sulfides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20Prolog
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GNU Prolog (also called gprolog) is a compiler developed by Daniel Diaz with an interactive debugging environment for Prolog available for Unix, Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. It also supports some extensions to Prolog including constraint programming over a finite domain, parsing using definite clause grammars, and an operating system interface.
The compiler converts the source code into byte code that can be interpreted by a Warren abstract machine (WAM) and converts that to standalone executables.
See also
SWI-Prolog
References
External links
Prolog programming language family
Constraint programming
Prolog
Free compilers and interpreters
Programming tools for Windows
Unix programming tools
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Housekeeper%20and%20the%20Professor
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(literally "The Professor's Beloved Equation") is a novel by Yōko Ogawa set in modern-day Japan. It was published in Japan in August 2003, by Shinchosha. In 2009, the English translation by Stephen Snyder was published.
Background
The story centers around a mathematician, "the Professor," who suffered brain damage in a traffic accident in 1975 and since then can produce only 80 minutes' worth of memories, and his interactions with a housekeeper (the narrator) and her son "Root" as the Professor shares the beauty of equations with them. The novel's bibliography lists the book The Man Who Loved Only Numbers, a biography of the mathematician Paul Erdős. It has been said that Erdős was used as a model for the Professor.
The novel received the Hon'ya Taisho award, was adapted into a film version in January 2006, and after being published in paperback in December 2005, sold one million copies in two months, faster than any other Shinchosha paperback.
Plot summary
The narrator's housekeeping agency dispatches her to the house of the Professor, a former mathematician who can remember new memories for only 80 minutes. She is more than a little frustrated to find that he loves only mathematics and shows no interest whatsoever in anything or anyone else. One day, upon learning that she has a 10-year-old son waiting home alone until late at night every day, the Professor flies into a rage and tells the narrator to have her son come to his home directly from school from that day on. T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopharmaceutics%20Classification%20System
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The Biopharmaceutics Classification System is a system to differentiate drugs on the basis of their solubility and permeability.
This system restricts the prediction using the parameters solubility and intestinal permeability. The solubility classification is based on a United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) aperture. The intestinal permeability classification is based on a comparison to the intravenous injection. All those factors are highly important because 85% of the most sold drugs in the United States and Europe are orally administered .
BCS classes
According to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) drug substances are classified to four classes upon their solubility and permeability:
Class I - high permeability, high solubility
Example: metoprolol, paracetamol
Those compounds are well absorbed and their absorption rate is usually higher than excretion.
Class II - high permeability, low solubility
Example: glibenclamide, bicalutamide, ezetimibe, aceclofenac
The bioavailability of those products is limited by their solvation rate. A correlation between the in vivo bioavailability and the in vitro solvation can be found.
Class III - low permeability, high solubility
Example: cimetidine
The absorption is limited by the permeation rate but the drug is solvated very fast. If the formulation does not change the permeability or gastro-intestinal duration time, then class I criteria can be applied.
Class IV - low permeability, low solubility
Example: B
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress%20PSoC
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PSoC (programmable system on a chip) is a family of microcontroller integrated circuits by Cypress Semiconductor. These chips include a CPU core and mixed-signal arrays of configurable integrated analog and digital peripherals.
History
In 2002, Cypress began shipping commercial quantities of the PSoC 1. To promote the PSoC, Cypress sponsored a "PSoC Design Challenge" in Circuit Cellar magazine in 2002 and 2004.
In April 2013, Cypress released the fourth generation, PSoC 4. The PSoC 4 features a 32-bit ARM Cortex-M0 CPU, with programmable analog blocks (operational amplifiers and comparators), programmable digital blocks (PLD-based UDBs), programmable routing and flexible GPIO (route any function to any pin), a serial communication block (for SPI, UART, I²C), a timer/counter/PWM block and more.
PSoC is used in devices as simple as Sonicare toothbrushes and Adidas sneakers, and as complex as the TiVo set-top box. One PSoC implements capacitive sensing for the touch-sensitive scroll wheel on the Apple iPod click wheel.
In 2014, Cypress extended the PSoC 4 family by integrating a Bluetooth Low Energy radio along with a PSoC 4 Cortex-M0-based SoC in a single, monolithic die.
In 2016, Cypress released PSoC 4 S-Series, featuring ARM Cortex-M0+ CPU.
Overview
A PSoC integrated circuit is composed of a core, configurable analog and digital blocks, and programmable routing and interconnect. The configurable blocks in a PSoC are the biggest difference from other microcontrollers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disodium%20aurothiomalate
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Disodium aurothiomalate is a chemical compound with the formula AuSCH(CO2Na)CH2CO2Na. In conjunction with its monoprotonated derivative, this coordination complex or closely related species are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, under the tradename Myochrysine. The thiomalate is racemic in most formulation.
Structure
Disodium aurothiomalate is a coordination polymer. The salt CsNa2Au2T(TH) salt (T = thiomalate3−, TH = monoprotonated thiomalate2−) is related to disodium aurothiomalate but is easier to crystallise and characterise by X-ray crystallography. The compound is polymeric with Au-S-Au-S... chains with succinoyl groups attached to the sulfur atoms. The structure of the related drug Aurothioglucose is also polymeric with two-coordinate gold(I) centers. In such compounds, the efficacy results from the compound in solution, the structures of such solution species are often poorly understood. Medical texts sometimes suggest that free Au+ ions exist in this and related gold(I) compounds, but the Au-thiolate bonding is highly covalent and free gold ions do not exist in solution. Whereas simple gold thiolates are lipophilic, the carboxylate substituents render disodium aurothiomalate soluble in water.
Disodium aurothiomalate contains no Au-C bonds, so it is not an organometallic compound in the formal sense.
Mechanism of action
The mechanism of action of disodium aurothimalate is unknown.
Side effects
Disodium aurothiomalate can cause photosensitive rashes, gast
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona%20radiata%20%28embryology%29
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The corona radiata is the innermost layer of the cells of the cumulus oophorus and is directly adjacent to the zona pellucida, the inner protective glycoprotein layer of the ovum. Cumulus oophorus are the cells surrounding corona radiata, and are the cells between corona radiata and follicular antrum. Its main purpose in many animals is to supply vital proteins to the cell. It is formed by follicle cells adhering to the oocyte before it leaves the ovarian follicle, and originates from the squamous granulosa cells present at the primordial stage of follicular development. The corona radiata is formed when the granulosa cells enlarge and become cuboidal, which occurs during the transition from the primordial to primary stage. These cuboidal granulosa cells, also known as the granulosa radiata, form more layers throughout the maturation process, and remain attached to the zona pellucida after the ovulation of the Graafian follicle. For fertilization to occur, sperm cells rely on hyaluronidase (an enzyme found in the acrosome of spermatozoa) to disperse the corona radiata from the zona pellucida of the secondary (ovulated) oocyte, thus permitting entry into the perivitelline space and allowing contact between the sperm cell and the nucleus of the oocyte.
References
External links
Image at Berkeley
Animation: Maturation of the Follicle and Oocyte
Mammal female reproductive system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary%20field
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In physics, and especially quantum field theory, an auxiliary field is one whose equations of motion admit a single solution. Therefore, the Lagrangian describing such a field contains an algebraic quadratic term and an arbitrary linear term, while it contains no kinetic terms (derivatives of the field):
The equation of motion for is
and the Lagrangian becomes
Auxiliary fields generally do not propagate, and hence the content of any theory can remain unchanged in many circumstances by adding such fields by hand.
If we have an initial Lagrangian describing a field , then the Lagrangian describing both fields is
Therefore, auxiliary fields can be employed to cancel quadratic terms in in and linearize the action .
Examples of auxiliary fields are the complex scalar field F in a chiral superfield, the real scalar field D in a vector superfield, the scalar field B in BRST and the field in the Hubbard–Stratonovich transformation.
The quantum mechanical effect of adding an auxiliary field is the same as the classical, since the path integral over such a field is Gaussian. To wit:
See also
Bosonic field
Fermionic field
Composite Field
References
Quantum field theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBDMH
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DBDMH (also known as 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-Dimethylhydantoin) is an organic compound derived from the heterocycle called dimethylhydantoin. This white crystalline compound with a slight bromine odor is widely used as a disinfectant used for drinking water purification, recreational water treatment, as a bleaching agent in pulp and paper mills, and for treating industrial/commercial water cooling systems. Its action does not involve the use of hypochlorous acid.
Mechanism of action
1,3-Dibromo-5,5-Dimethylhydantoin is a source of bromine, which is equivalent to hypobromous acid (HOBr).
Br2X + 2 H2O → 2 HOBr + H2X
(Where H2X is 5,5-dimethylhydantoin)
With a pKa of 8.6, hypobromous acid partially dissociates in water:
HOBr ⇌ H+ + BrO−
Hypobromous acid serves as a source of "Br+," which produces bromide ions in the process of disinfection:
HOBr + live pathogens → Br− + dead pathogens
The resulting bromide ions can then undergo oxidation to hypobromous acid in the presence of an oxidizer of sufficient strength e.g. ozone, hypochlorous acid, potassium monopersulfate. This reoxidation process is commonly called "activation" of the bromide ion:
Br− + HOCl → HOBr + Cl−
References
External links
MSDS
Disinfectants
Organobromides
Hydantoins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion%20in%20North%20Korea
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There are no known official statistics of religions in North Korea. Officially, North Korea is an atheist state, although its constitution guarantees free exercise of religion, provided that religious practice does not introduce foreign forces, harm the state, or harm the existing social order. Based on estimates from the late 1990s and the 2000s, North Korea is mostly irreligious, with the main religions being Shamanism and Chondoism. There are small communities of Buddhists and Christians. Chondoism is represented in politics by the Party of the Young Friends of the Heavenly Way, and is regarded by the government as Korea's "national religion" because of its identity as a minjung (popular) and "revolutionary anti-imperialist" movement.
History
Before 1945
In ancient times, most Koreans believed in their indigenous religion socially guided by mu (shamans). Buddhism was introduced from the Chinese Former Qin state in 372 to the northern Korean state of Goguryeo, and developed into distinctive Korean forms. At that time, the Korean peninsula was divided into three kingdoms: the aforementioned Goguryeo in the north, Baekje in the southwest, and Silla in the southeast. Buddhism reached Silla only in the 5th century, but it was made the state religion only in that kingdom in the year 552. In Goguryeo, the Korean indigenous religion remained dominant, while Buddhism became more widespread in Silla and Baekje (both areas comprehended in modern South Korea).
In the following unif
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-6-2%2B2-6-4
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Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, a is a Garratt or Union Garratt articulated locomotive using a pair of engine units back to back, with the boiler and cab suspended between them. The wheel arrangement of each engine unit has four leading wheels on two axles, usually in a leading bogie, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and two trailing wheels on one axle, usually in a trailing truck. Since the type is known as a Pacific, the corresponding Garratt type is usually known as a Double Pacific.
Overview
Garratt
The Double Pacific type was fairly common for Garratt locomotives, especially those intended for faster passenger service. The first of the type was the Class GF, built by Hanomag for the South African Railways in 1927. The first to be built by Beyer, Peacock & Company, the owner of the Garratt patent, was the G class for the New Zealand Railways Department in 1928. Beyer, Peacock & Company also built the last Double Pacific in 1943, for the Nigerian Railways.
Union Garratt
The South African Railways also operated a Double Pacific version of the Union Garratt articulated locomotive. The Union Garratt was a hybrid locomotive, partly Modified Fairlie and partly Garratt. The front end was of a typical Garratt arrangement, with a water tank mounted on the front engine unit’s frame, while the rear end was constructed in the Modified Fairlie fashion, with the coal bunker mounted on a rigid extens
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale%20of%20vowels
|
A scale of vowels is an arrangement of vowels in order of perceived "pitch".
A scale used for poetry in American English lists the vowels by the frequency of the second formant (the higher of the two overtones that define a vowel sound). Starting with the highest,
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! vowel
! example
|-
|iː
|key
|-
|eɪ
|cane
|-
|aɪ
|kite
|-
|ɪ
|kit
|-
|ɛ
|ken
|-
|æ
|cat
|-
|ɝː
|cur
|-
|ʌ
|cut
|-
|ɑː
|cot, car
|-
|aʊ
|cow
|-
|ɔɪ
|coy
|-
|ɔː
|caught, core
|-
|ʊ
|could
|-
| oʊ
| coat
|-
| uː
| cool, cute
|}
In technical terms, this listing goes from front vowels to back vowels. It is by no means precise enough for phonology. For one thing, the sounds with or as the second symbol are diphthongs, during which the formants change. Also, many American accents and practically all from other countries will require different lists. Nonetheless this scale has been used in poetry. For instance, one can identify lines that generally go upward—
O love, be fed with apples while you may… (Robert Graves)
/oʊ ˈlʊv bi ˈfɛd wɪθ ˈæ.pl̩z ˈwaɪl ju ˈmeɪ/
or downward—
When lilacs last in the dooryard bloom'd… (Walt Whitman)
/wɛn ˈlaɪ.læks ˌlæst ɪn ðə ˈdɔɹ.jɑɹd ˌblumd/
A pendeka (from the Greek for "fifteen") is a poem containing each of the above vowels once. The following example, which goes up the scale, is intended strictly as a mnemonic.
Mood: no good, brought voice
Down, not up, perhaps
Ends with—Hi, baby!
Not to be confused with
The high- and low-frequency vowels described
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational%20temperature
|
The characteristic rotational temperature ( or ) is commonly used in statistical thermodynamics to simplify the expression of the rotational partition function and the rotational contribution to molecular thermodynamic properties. It has units of temperature and is defined as
where is the rotational constant, is a molecular moment of inertia, is the Planck constant, is the speed of light, is the reduced Planck constant and is the Boltzmann constant.
The physical meaning of is as an estimate of the temperature at which thermal energy (of the order of ) is comparable to the spacing between rotational energy levels (of the order of ). At about this temperature the population of excited rotational levels becomes important. Some typical values are given in the table. In each case the value refers to the most common isotopic species.
References
See also
Rotational spectroscopy
Vibrational temperature
Vibrational spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy
Spectroscopy
Atomic physics
Molecular physics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan%20Stratonovich
|
Ruslan Leont'evich Stratonovich () was a Russian physicist, engineer, and probabilist and one of the founders of the theory of stochastic differential equations.
Biography
Ruslan Stratonovich was born on 31 May 1930 in Moscow. He studied from 1947 at the Moscow State University, specializing in there under P. I. Kuznetsov on radio physics (a Soviet term for oscillation physics – including noise – in the broadest sense, but especially in the electromagnetic spectrum). In 1953 he graduated and came into contact with the mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov. In 1956 he received his doctorate on the application of the theory of correlated random points to the calculation of electronic noise. In 1969 he became professor of physics at the Moscow State University.
Research
Stratonovich invented a stochastic calculus which serves as an alternative to the Itō calculus; the Stratonovich calculus is most natural when physical laws are being considered. The Stratonovich integral appears in his stochastic calculus. Here, the Stratonovich integral is named after him (at the same time developed by Donald Fisk). He also solved the problem of optimal non-linear filtering based on his theory of conditional Markov processes, which was published in his papers in 1959 and 1960. The Kalman-Bucy (linear) filter (1961) is a special case of Stratonovich's filter.
The Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation in the theory of path integrals (or distribution functions of statistical mechanics) was introduced b
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatifloxacin
|
Gatifloxacin (brand names Gatiflo, Tequin, and Zymar) is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
It was patented in 1986 and approved for medical use in 1999.
Side effects
A Canadian study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in March 2006, claimed that Tequin can have significant side effects including dysglycemia. An editorial by
Jerry Gurwitz in the same issue called for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to consider giving Tequin a black box warning. This editorial followed distribution of a letter dated February 15 by Bristol-Myers Squibb to health care providers indicating action taken with the FDA to strengthen warnings for the medication. Subsequently, Bristol-Myers Squibb reported it would stop manufacture of Tequin, end sales of the drug after existing stockpiles were exhausted, and return all rights to Kyorin.
By contrast, ophthalmic gatifloxacin is generally well tolerated. The observed systemic concentration of the drug following oral administration of 400 mg (0.01 ounces) gatifloxacin is approximately 800 times higher than that of the 0.5% gatifloxacin eye drop. Given as an eye drop, gatifloxacin has very low systemic exposure. Therefore, the systemic exposures resulting from the gatifloxacin ophthalmic solution are not likely to pose any risk for systemic toxicities.
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity
Society and
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come%20and%20Get%20It
|
Come and Get It may refer to:
Literature and films
Come and Get It (novel), a 1935 novel by Edna Ferber
Come and Get It (1936 film), a 1936 adaption of the novel starring Joel McCrea, Edward Arnold and Frances Farmer
Come and Get It (1929 film), a lost 1929 American silent action film
Albums
Come an' Get It, a 1981 album by Whitesnake
Come and Get It: A Tribute to Badfinger, a 1996 album by various artist
Come and Get It (Rachel Stevens album), 2005
Come and Get It (Westbound Train album), 2009
Come and Get It: The Best of Apple Records, a 2010 compilation album
Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls, a 2012 album by the Jackson 5
Songs
"Come and Get It" (Badfinger song), a song written by Paul McCartney and released by Badfinger in 1969
"Come and Get It" (Dannii Minogue song), 2004
"Come and Get It" (John Newman song), 2015
"Come & Get It" (Selena Gomez song), 2013
"Come and Get It", a song by AC/DC from Stiff Upper Lip
"Come and Get It", a song by Judas Priest from Ram It Down
"Come & Get It", a song by Krewella
"Come and Get It", an anthem for the Las Vegas Raiders written by Ice Cube
"Come and Get It", a song by The Dollyrots from Barefoot and Pregnant
"Come and Get It", a song by Overkill from The Electric Age
See also
Come Get It (disambiguation)
Come and take it
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come%20and%20Get%20It%20%28novel%29
|
Come and Get It is a 1935 novel by American author Edna Ferber. A film version with the same title was produced in 1936.
Plot summary
Reception
Come and Get It, a New York Times bestseller, was favorably reviewed in Kirkus Reviews.
Film adaptation
The 1936 film adaptation, produced by Samuel Goldwyn, received two Academy Award nominations for Best Film Editing and Best Supporting Actor (Walter Brennan). Brennan won the latter award, becoming the first winner of that category.
References
1935 American novels
American novels adapted into films
Doubleday, Doran books
Novels by Edna Ferber
Books needing cleanup
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposition%20theorem
|
The superposition theorem is a derived result of the superposition principle suited to the network analysis of electrical circuits. The superposition theorem states that for a linear system (notably including the subcategory of time-invariant linear systems) the response (voltage or current) in any branch of a bilateral linear circuit having more than one independent source equals the algebraic sum of the responses caused by each independent source acting alone, where all the other independent sources are replaced by their internal impedances.
To ascertain the contribution of each individual source, all of the other sources first must be "turned off" (set to zero) by:
Replacing all other independent voltage sources with a short circuit (thereby eliminating difference of potential i.e. V=0; internal impedance of ideal voltage source is zero (short circuit)).
Replacing all other independent current sources with an open circuit (thereby eliminating current i.e. I=0; internal impedance of ideal current source is infinite (open circuit)).
This procedure is followed for each source in turn, then the resultant responses are added to determine the true operation of the circuit. The resultant circuit operation is the superposition of the various voltage and current sources.
The superposition theorem is very important in circuit analysis. It is used in converting any circuit into its Norton equivalent or Thevenin equivalent.
The theorem is applicable to linear networks (time varyi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed%20constraint%20optimization
|
Distributed constraint optimization (DCOP or DisCOP) is the distributed analogue to constraint optimization. A DCOP is a problem in which a group of agents must distributedly choose values for a set of variables such that the cost of a set of constraints over the variables is minimized.
Distributed Constraint Satisfaction is a framework for describing a problem in terms of constraints that are known and enforced by distinct participants (agents). The constraints are described on some variables with predefined domains, and have to be assigned to the same values by the different agents.
Problems defined with this framework can be solved by any of the algorithms that are designed for it.
The framework was used under different names in the 1980s. The first known usage with the current name is in 1990.
Definitions
DCOP
The main ingredients of a DCOP problem are agents and variables. Importantly, each variable is owned by an agent; this is what makes the problem distributed. Formally, a DCOP is a tuple , where:
is the set of agents, .
is the set of variables, .
is the set of variable-domains, where each is a finite set containing the possible values of variable .
If contains only two values (e.g. 0 or 1), then is called a binary variable.
is the cost function. It is a function that maps every possible partial assignment to a cost. Usually, only few values of are non-zero, and it is represented as a list of the tuples that are assigned a non-zero value. Each such tupl
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20liquor
|
Human liquor means waste content from bowels isolated to investigate specific enzymes and peptidases involved in enteric contraction and digestion of compounds.
P-endopeptidase isolated from human liquor inactivates tachykinins. Hydrolysis of Substance P by P-endopeptidase yields the active fragment of substance P. A neuroactive peptide, Substance P is found throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. It has mostly been studied for its contractive effect on enteric musculature.
References
Nyberg et al. 1984
Physiology
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-ATPase
|
Vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) is a highly conserved evolutionarily ancient enzyme with remarkably diverse functions in eukaryotic organisms. V-ATPases acidify a wide array of intracellular organelles and pumps protons across the plasma membranes of numerous cell types. V-ATPases couple the energy of ATP hydrolysis to proton transport across intracellular and plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells. It is generally seen as the polar opposite of ATP synthase because ATP synthase is a proton channel that uses the energy from a proton gradient to produce ATP. V-ATPase however, is a proton pump that uses the energy from ATP hydrolysis to produce a proton gradient.
The Archaea-type ATPase (A-ATPase) is a related group of ATPases found in archaea that often work as an ATP synthase. It forms a clade V/A-ATPase with V-ATPase. Most members of either group shuttle protons (), but a few members have evolved to use sodium ions () instead.
Roles played by V-ATPases
V-ATPases are found within the membranes of many organelles, such as endosomes, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles, where they play a variety of roles crucial for the function of these organelles. For example, the proton gradient across the yeast vacuolar membrane generated by V-ATPases drives calcium uptake into the vacuole through an antiporter system. In synaptic transmission in neuronal cells, V-ATPase acidifies synaptic vesicles. Norepinephrine enters vesicles by V-ATPase .
V-ATPases are also found in the plasma membrane
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Dor%C3%A9
|
Edna Lillian Doré (née Gorring; 31 May 1921 – 11 April 2014) was a British actress. She was known for her bit-part roles in sitcoms and for playing the character of Mo Butcher in EastEnders from 1988 to 1990.
Career
Doré began her career as a chorus girl in ENSA, then joined the wartime company of Phyllis Dixey at the Whitehall Theatre as a dancer. She later spent 17 years in repertory theatre before becoming a member of the National Theatre for 10 years, especially remembered for her roles in productions directed by Bill Bryden, such as The Mysteries. She turned to television acting in 1960 and had parts in many successful series, including Dixon of Dock Green, Doctor in the House, The Liver Birds, Terry and June, Tenko, Z-Cars, and Open All Hours.
In 1988, she starred in Mike Leigh's film High Hopes, for which she received the award for Best Supporting Player at the 1989 European Film Awards. Here, she played Mrs. Bender, who suffers from the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. That year, she was cast in the BBC soap opera EastEnders, where she played Mo Butcher, the battleaxe mother of Mike Reid's character, Frank Butcher. During her time in the show, she received wide acclaim for her portrayal of an elderly lady's descent into Alzheimer's disease. The story—about the effect that Alzheimer's has on the sufferer's family—had to be curtailed when Doré decided to leave the programme in 1990. The character was killed off at the end of 1992. In 1997, she played Kath in Nil b
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tn10
|
Tn10 is a transposable element, which is a sequence of DNA that is capable of mediating its own movement from one position in the DNA of the host organism to another. There are a number of different transposition mechanisms in nature, but Tn10 uses the non-replicative cut-and-paste mechanism. The transposase protein recognizes the ends of the element and cuts it from the original locus. The protein-DNA complex then diffuses away from the donor site until random collisions brings it in contact with a new target site, where it is integrated. To accomplish this reaction the 50 kDa transposase protein must break four DNA strands to free the transposon from the donor site, and perform two strand exchange reactions to integrate the element at the target site. This leaves two strands unjoined at the target site, but the host DNA repair proteins take care of this. The target site selection is essentially random, but there is a preference for the sequence 5'-GCTNAGC-3'. The 6-9 base pairs that flank the sequence also influence selection of the insertion site.
Cut-and-paste transposition does not cause an increase in the number of transposons per se: there is one copy at the start and one copy at the end. If this was the end of the matter the transposon would perish by genetic drift and the loss of copies owing to the occasional failure to achieve successful integration at the target site. However, the transposon has a mechanism to favor transposition immediately after a rep
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtin-interacting%20protein%201
|
Huntingtin-interacting protein 1 also known as HIP-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIP1 gene.
Hip-1 is a protein that interacts with the huntingtin protein. It is known to contain a domain homologous to the death effector domains (DED) found on proteins involved in apoptosis. It is believed that accumulation of high levels of the free form of this protein (free as in dissociated from the huntingtin and free to bind other key protein(s)) in the cell is one of the mechanisms by which neuron cell death is caused in Huntington's disease (via the caspase-3 route). The role of Hip-1 in caspase mediated cell death remains unclear.
Discovery
Huntingtin interacting protein 1 (HIP1) was first identified by Wanker et al. in 1997.
Function
HIP1 was found to bind to Htt in an N-terminal dependent manner, and co-localise with Htt in the CNS although the nature of this interaction with respect to was not identified. It has since been found that the CAG expansion seen with results in decreased binding affinity for HIP1, thus causing disruption of HIP1’s usual function, and also an increase in free HIP1. It is likely that this decreased affinity plays a role in mediating HD pathogenesis, due to loss of cytoskeletal integrity and induction of apoptosis. HIP1’s pro apoptotic effect may involve activation of caspase-8 and a novel HIP1 protein interactor HIPPI. HIP1’s non-pathological activity includes clathrin assembly via interaction with clathrin light chains. HIP
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teruggite
|
Teruggite is a mineral with the chemical formula Ca4MgAs2B12O22(OH)12·12H2O. It is colorless. Its crystals are monoclinic prismatic. It is transparent. It is not radioactive. It has vitreous luster. Teruggite is rated 2.5 on the Mohs Scale of hardness.
References
Webmineral data
Mindat.org
Handbook of Mineralogy
Calcium minerals
Magnesium minerals
Arsenic minerals
Nesoborates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubertite
|
Aubertite is a mineral with the chemical formula CuAl(SO4)2Cl·14H2O. It is colored blue. Its crystals are triclinic pedial. It is transparent. It has vitreous luster. It is not radioactive. Aubertite is rated 2-3 on the Mohs Scale. The sample was collected by J. Aubert (born 1929), assistant director, National Institute of Geophysics, France, in the year 1961. Its type locality is Queténa Mine, Toki Cu deposit, Chuquicamata District, Calama, El Loa Province, Antofagasta Region, Chile.
References
Webmineral.com - Aubertite
Mindat.org - Aubertite
Handbook of Mineralogy - Aubertite
Copper(II) minerals
Halide minerals
Sulfate minerals
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berborite
|
Berborite is a beryllium borate mineral with the chemical formula Be2(BO3)(OH,F)·(H2O). It is colorless and leaves a white streak. Its crystals are hexagonal to pyramidal. It is transparent and has vitreous luster. It is not radioactive. Berborite is rated 3 on the Mohs Scale.
Berborite occurs in 1T, 2T, 2H polytypes.
It was first described in 1967 for an occurrence in the Lupikko Mine, Ladoga Region Karelia Republic, Russia. It has also been reported from Tvedalen, Larvik, Vestfold, and Siktesøya Island, Langesundsfjord, Porsgrunn, Telemark, Norway. It occurs in serpentine altered dolomite in association with skarn enriched in tungsten, strontium, beryllium and boron in the Karelia occurrence and in vugs with natrolite and thomsonite in Norway.
References
Beryllium minerals
Borate minerals
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 143
Minerals in space group 158
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 173
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denjoy%27s%20theorem%20on%20rotation%20number
|
In mathematics, the Denjoy theorem gives a sufficient condition for a diffeomorphism of the circle to be topologically conjugate to a diffeomorphism of a special kind, namely an irrational rotation. proved the theorem in the course of his topological classification of homeomorphisms of the circle. He also gave an example of a C1 diffeomorphism with an irrational rotation number that is not conjugate to a rotation.
Statement of the theorem
Let ƒ: S1 → S1 be an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism of the circle whose rotation number θ = ρ(ƒ) is irrational. Assume that it has positive derivative ƒ(x) > 0 that is a continuous function with bounded variation on the interval [0,1). Then ƒ is topologically conjugate to the irrational rotation by θ. Moreover, every orbit is dense and every nontrivial interval I of the circle intersects its forward image ƒ°q(I), for some q > 0 (this means that the non-wandering set of ƒ is the whole circle).
Complements
If ƒ is a C2 map, then the hypothesis on the derivative holds; however, for any irrational rotation number Denjoy constructed an example showing that this condition cannot be relaxed to C1, continuous differentiability of ƒ.
Vladimir Arnold showed that the conjugating map need not be smooth, even for an analytic diffeomorphism of the circle. Later Michel Herman proved that nonetheless, the conjugating map of an analytic diffeomorphism is itself analytic for "most" rotation numbers, forming a set of full Lebesgue measure, namely
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmically%20random%20sequence
|
Intuitively, an algorithmically random sequence (or random sequence) is a sequence of binary digits that appears random to any algorithm running on a (prefix-free or not) universal Turing machine. The notion can be applied analogously to sequences on any finite alphabet (e.g. decimal digits). Random sequences are key objects of study in algorithmic information theory.
As different types of algorithms are sometimes considered, ranging from algorithms with specific bounds on their running time to algorithms which may ask questions of an oracle machine, there are different notions of randomness. The most common of these is known as Martin-Löf randomness (K-randomness or 1-randomness), but stronger and weaker forms of randomness also exist. When the term "algorithmically random" is used to refer to a particular single (finite or infinite) sequence without clarification, it is usually taken to mean "incompressible" or, in the case the sequence is infinite and prefix algorithmically random (i.e., K-incompressible), "Martin-Löf–Chaitin random".
It is important to disambiguate between algorithmic randomness and stochastic randomness. Unlike algorithmic randomness, which is defined for computable (and thus deterministic) processes, stochastic randomness is usually said to be a property of a sequence that is a priori known to be generated by (or is the outcome of) an independent identically distributed equiprobable stochastic process.
Because infinite sequences of binary digits ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunira
|
Ammunira was a king of Beirut in the mid-fourteenth century BCE. He is mentioned in several of the Amarna letters, and authored letters EA 141-43 (EA for 'el Amarna').
References
Phoenician kings
Amarna letters writers
14th-century BC monarchs
14th-century BC Phoenician people
Phoenicians in the Amarna letters
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