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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20T.%20Vaughn%20Correctional%20Center	The James T. Vaughn Correctional Center (JTVCC), formerly the Delaware Correctional Center (DCC), is a state prison for men in unincorporated New Castle County, Delaware, USA, near Smyrna. It is the Delaware Department of Correction's largest correctional facility. JTVCC houses some 2,500 minimum, medium, and maximum security inmates. It is also the primary facility for housing the Kent County pre-trial (detainee) population. Before the abolition of capital punishment in Delaware, the state's death row for men was located here. The death row for women was located in the Delores J. Baylor Women's Correctional Institution. Executions occurred at JTVCC. The facility is named for former Delaware State Senator James T. Vaughn, who died in 2007. History In 1996, construction began on a $110 million, 888-bed addition which included 600 maximum security cells in six units. The new addition houses the Security Housing Unit (SHU) and the Medium Housing Unit (MHU). Inmates in the SHU, which formerly included the prison's death row, occupy single-bunked cells in which they are locked down and receive seventeen and a half hours a week out of their cell for recreational purposes. Inmates may earn their way out of the SHU through good behavior. In 2015, the prison became a subject of an ACLU lawsuit, due to the use of solitary confinement for mentally ill inmates. Further lawsuits have been filed due to the Delaware State Correction's decision to feed some inmates "baked slop," while
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTV4	PTV4 (Paikallistelevisio) was a Finnish television channel which operated from 1990 to 1997. It was originally launched on the HTV cable network (now part of DNA Welho) under the name of PTV, which was later changed to PTV4 in 1996 when it was bought by the Sanoma Group. It was the predecessor of the modern Finnish TV channel Nelonen which was launched June 1, 1997. Programs Illan päätteeksi Timo T.A. (talk show hosted by Timo T. A. Mikkonen) Murder, She Wrote Paikallisuutiset (local news) Star Trek: The Next Generation Onnenportaat (a game show) Softa DuckTales Santa Barbara Mighty Morphin Power Rangers The Incredible Hulk Paalupaikka (Motorsport magazine) Defunct television channels in Finland 1990 establishments in Finland 1997 disestablishments in Finland Television channels and stations established in 1990 Television channels and stations disestablished in 1997
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid%20body	An asteroid body is a microscopic finding seen within the giant cells of granulomas in diseases such as sarcoidosis and foreign-body giant cell reactions. There is controversy about their composition. Traditionally, they were thought to be cytoskeletal elements and to consist primarily of vimentin. However, more recent research suggested that that was incorrect and that they may be composed of lipids arranged into bilayer membranes. They were also once thought to be related to centrioles, an organelle involved in cell division in eukaryotes. See also Asteroid Centriole Schaumann body Granulomatous diseases Sarcoidosis Additional images References Histopathology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchysis%20scintillans	Synchysis scintillans is a degenerative condition of the eye resulting in liquefied vitreous humor and the accumulation of cholesterol crystals within the vitreous. It is also known as cholesterolosis bulbi. The vitreous liquifies in a process known as syneresis. Synchysis scintillans appears as small white floaters that freely move in the posterior part of the eye, giving a snow globe effect. It is most commonly seen in eyes that have suffered from a degenerative disease and are end-stage. The condition is seen rarely. Associated with the advanced stages of diabetic retinopathy, but the exact pathogenesis is unknown. The condition is symptomless and untreatable. In ophthalmoscopic examination it appears as small, flat, yellow, highly refractive crystals of cholesterol floating freely in the vitreous. These will settle, due to gravity, if the eye is immobilized. References Dog diseases Eye diseases
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemo%20iudex%20in%20causa%20sua	Nemo judex in causa sua (also written as , , or ) is a Latin brocard that translates as "no one is judge in their own case". Originating from Roman law, it was crystallized into a phrase by Edward Coke in the 17th century and is now widely regarded as a fundamental tenet of natural justice and constitutionalism. It states that no one can judge a case in which they have an interest. In some jurisdictions, the principle is strictly enforced to avoid any appearance of bias, even when there is none: as Lord Chief Justice Hewart laid down in Rex v. Sussex Justices, "Justice must not only be done, but must also be seen to be done". History The Latin brocard has its origins in the Roman legal tradition and is codified within the Corpus Juris Civilis. In 376 AD, an imperial decree established the principle that "no one shall decide his own case or interpret the law for himself" () (Code 3.5.1). Additionally, the Digest records Julianus's statement that "it is unfair for someone to be the judge of their own affairs" () (Digest 5.1.15-17). From these Roman sources, the principle has endured into modern times and can be traced in Martin Luther's 1526 work Whether Soldiers, Too, Can Be Saved (, meaning "no one should be their own judge"), in Ulrich Zwingli's In Exodum (1527) in Jean Bodin's The Six Books of the Republic (1576) and in Hobbes's Leviathan (1651) ("And seeing every man is presumed to do all things in order to his own benefit, no man is a fit Arbitrator in his own cause"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessite	Hessite is a mineral form of disilver telluride (Ag2Te). It is a soft, dark grey telluride mineral which forms monoclinic crystals. It is named after Germain Henri Hess (1802–1850). Hessite is found in the US in Eagle County, Colorado and in Calaveras County, California and in many other locations. Stützite (Ag7Te4) and empressite (AgTe) are related silver telluride minerals. References Silver minerals Telluride minerals Monoclinic minerals Minerals in space group 14 Minerals described in 1843
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum%20management	Spectrum management is the process of regulating the use of radio frequencies to promote efficient use and gain a net social benefit. The term radio spectrum typically refers to the full frequency range from 1 Hz to 3000 GHz (3 THz) that may be used for wireless communication. Increasing demand for services such as mobile telephones and many others has required changes in the philosophy of spectrum management. Demand for wireless broadband has soared due to technological innovation, such as 3G and 4G mobile services, and the rapid expansion of wireless internet services. Since the 1930s, spectrum was assigned through administrative licensing. Limited by technology, signal interference was once considered as a major problem of spectrum use. Therefore, exclusive licensing was established to protect licensees' signals. This former practice of discrete bands licensed to groups of similar services is giving way, in many countries, to a "spectrum auction" model that is intended to speed technological innovation and improve the efficiency of spectrum use. During the experimental process of spectrum assignment, other approaches have also been carried out, namely, lotteries, unlicensed access, and privatization of spectrum. Most recently, America has been moving toward a shared spectrum policy, whereas Europe has been pursuing an authorized shared access (ASA) licensing model. President Obama made shared spectrum the policy of the United States on 14 June 2013, following recommend
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empressite	Empressite is a mineral form of silver telluride, AgTe. It is a rare, grey, orthorhombic mineral with which can form compact masses, rarely as bipyramidal crystals. Recent crystallographic analysis has confirmed that empressite is a distinct mineral with orthorhombic crystal structure, different from the hexagonal Ag5−xTe3 with which empressite has been commonly confused in mineralogy literature. At the same time, empressite does not appear on the equilibrium Ag-Te phase diagram, and therefore it is only metastable at ambient conditions. Given infinite time, it would phase separate into pure Ag5Te3 and pure Te. The name empressite comes from the location of its discovery – the Empress Josephine mine, Saguache County, Colorado, US. It was first described in 1914. References Silver minerals Telluride minerals Orthorhombic minerals Minerals in space group 62 Minerals described in 1914
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LBP	LBP may refer to: Sport Liga de Baloncesto Puertorriqueña, the tier-two men’s basketball professional league in Puerto Rico. Medicine Lipopolysaccharide binding protein Low back pain, a common muscle disorder People Lester B. Pearson, Canadian Prime Minister Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan, Indonesian politician Organisations Lok Bhalai Party, an Indian religional political party Lok Biradari Prakalp, a NGO in Maharashtra, India Other Length between perpendiculars, a measure of a ship's length Lebanese pound, the currency of Lebanon LittleBigPlanet, a video game series Local binary patterns, a type of visual descriptor Long Banga Airport, Malaysia (by IATA code) See also
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceraldehyde%203-phosphate%20dehydrogenase	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (abbreviated GAPDH) () is an enzyme of about 37kDa that catalyzes the sixth step of glycolysis and thus serves to break down glucose for energy and carbon molecules. In addition to this long established metabolic function, GAPDH has recently been implicated in several non-metabolic processes, including transcription activation, initiation of apoptosis, ER to Golgi vesicle shuttling, and fast axonal, or axoplasmic transport. In sperm, a testis-specific isoenzyme GAPDHS is expressed. Structure Under normal cellular conditions, cytoplasmic GAPDH exists primarily as a tetramer. This form is composed of four identical 37-kDa subunits containing a single catalytic thiol group each and critical to the enzyme's catalytic function. Nuclear GAPDH has increased isoelectric point (pI) of pH 8.3–8.7. Of note, the cysteine residue C152 in the enzyme's active site is required for the induction of apoptosis by oxidative stress. Notably, post-translational modifications of cytoplasmic GAPDH contribute to its functions outside of glycolysis. GAPDH is encoded by a single gene that produces a single mRNA transcript with 8 splice variants, though an isoform does exist as a separate gene that is expressed only in spermatozoa. Reaction Two-step conversion of G3P The first reaction is the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) at the position-1 (in the diagram it is shown as the 4th carbon from glycolysis), in which an aldehyde is converted int
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubredoxin	Rubredoxins are a class of low-molecular-weight iron-containing proteins found in sulfur-metabolizing bacteria and archaea. Sometimes rubredoxins are classified as iron-sulfur proteins; however, in contrast to iron-sulfur proteins, rubredoxins do not contain inorganic sulfide. Like cytochromes, ferredoxins and Rieske proteins, rubredoxins are thought to participate in electron transfer in biological systems. Recent work in bacteria and algae have led to the hypothesis that some rubredoxins may instead have a role in delivering iron to metalloproteins. Structure The 3-D structures of a number of rubredoxins have been solved. The fold belongs to the α+β class, with 2 α-helices and 2-3 β-strands. Rubredoxin active site contains an iron ion which is coordinated by the sulfurs of four conserved cysteine residues forming an almost regular tetrahedron. This is sometimes denoted as a [1Fe-0S] or an Fe1S0 system, in analogy to the nomenclature for iron-sulfur proteins. While the vast majority of rubredoxins are soluble, there exists a membrane-bound rubredoxin, referred to as rubredoxin A, in oxygenic photoautotrophs. Rubredoxins perform one-electron transfer processes. The central iron atom changes between the +2 and +3 oxidation states. In both oxidation states, the metal remains high spin, which helps to minimize structural changes. The reduction potential of a rubredoxin is typically in the range +50 mV to -50 mV. This iron-sulphur protein is an electron carrier, and it is
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantoscelus	Gigantoscelus ("giant shin") is a dubious genus of basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa. Classification It was first described by van Hoepen in 1916 on the basis of TrM 65, a distal femur from the Bushveld Sandstone Formation of South Africa. It was later synonymized with Euskelosaurus by van Heerden (1979), but was subsequently treated as a nomen dubium in the 2nd edition of the Dinosauria. Stratigraphy The type horizon of Gigantoscelus, the Bushveld Sandstone, was thought to be Late Triassic, but is now considered Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian) in age. References Sauropodomorphs Early Jurassic dinosaurs of Africa Fossils of South Africa Fossil taxa described in 1916
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born%20rule	The Born rule (also called Born's rule) is a postulate of quantum mechanics which gives the probability that a measurement of a quantum system will yield a given result. In its simplest form, it states that the probability density of finding a system in a given state, when measured, is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the system's wavefunction at that state. It was formulated and published by German physicist Max Born in July, 1926. Details The Born rule states that if an observable corresponding to a self-adjoint operator with discrete spectrum is measured in a system with normalized wave function (see Bra–ket notation), then: the measured result will be one of the eigenvalues of , and the probability of measuring a given eigenvalue will equal , where is the projection onto the eigenspace of corresponding to . (In the case where the eigenspace of corresponding to is one-dimensional and spanned by the normalized eigenvector , is equal to , so the probability is equal to . Since the complex number is known as the probability amplitude that the state vector assigns to the eigenvector , it is common to describe the Born rule as saying that probability is equal to the amplitude-squared (really the amplitude times its own complex conjugate). Equivalently, the probability can be written as .) In the case where the spectrum of is not wholly discrete, the spectral theorem proves the existence of a certain projection-valued measure , the spectral measu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite%20measure	In measure theory, a branch of mathematics, a finite measure or totally finite measure is a special measure that always takes on finite values. Among finite measures are probability measures. The finite measures are often easier to handle than more general measures and show a variety of different properties depending on the sets they are defined on. Definition A measure on measurable space is called a finite measure if it satisfies By the monotonicity of measures, this implies If is a finite measure, the measure space is called a finite measure space or a totally finite measure space. Properties General case For any measurable space, the finite measures form a convex cone in the Banach space of signed measures with the total variation norm. Important subsets of the finite measures are the sub-probability measures, which form a convex subset, and the probability measures, which are the intersection of the unit sphere in the normed space of signed measures and the finite measures. Topological spaces If is a Hausdorff space and contains the Borel -algebra then every finite measure is also a locally finite Borel measure. Metric spaces If is a metric space and the is again the Borel -algebra, the weak convergence of measures can be defined. The corresponding topology is called weak topology and is the initial topology of all bounded continuous functions on . The weak topology corresponds to the weak* topology in functional analysis. If is also separable, the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue%27s%20decomposition%20theorem	In mathematics, more precisely in measure theory, Lebesgue's decomposition theorem states that for every two σ-finite signed measures and on a measurable space there exist two σ-finite signed measures and such that: (that is, is absolutely continuous with respect to ) (that is, and are singular). These two measures are uniquely determined by and Refinement Lebesgue's decomposition theorem can be refined in a number of ways. First, the decomposition of a regular Borel measure on the real line can be refined: where νcont is the absolutely continuous part νsing is the singular continuous part νpp is the pure point part (a discrete measure). Second, absolutely continuous measures are classified by the Radon–Nikodym theorem, and discrete measures are easily understood. Hence (singular continuous measures aside), Lebesgue decomposition gives a very explicit description of measures. The Cantor measure (the probability measure on the real line whose cumulative distribution function is the Cantor function) is an example of a singular continuous measure. Related concepts Lévy–Itō decomposition The analogous decomposition for a stochastic processes is the Lévy–Itō decomposition: given a Lévy process X, it can be decomposed as a sum of three independent Lévy processes where: is a Brownian motion with drift, corresponding to the absolutely continuous part; is a compound Poisson process, corresponding to the pure point part; is a square integrable pure j
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orosaurus	Orosaurus ("mountain lizard") is a dubious genus of basal sauropodomorph from the Late Triassic of South Africa. Classification The holotype was discovered in 1863. It was first described by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1867 based on holotype NHMUK R1626, a proximal end of a left tibia (misidentified as a distal femur). However, Huxley declined to provide a species name. In his 1889 catalogue of fossil reptiles in the Natural History Museum in London, Richard Lydekker mistakenly considered Orosaurus preoccupied by the lizard genus Oreosaurus and coined Orinosaurus capensis for NHMUK R1626. Along with Euskelosaurus, Lydekker considered Orosaurus (Orinosaurus of his usage) to be an ornithischian dinosaur. von Huene (1940) treated Orosaurus as a species of Euskelosaurus, as E. capensis. van Heerden (1979) considered Orosaurus a synonym of Euskelosaurus. However, Gauffre (1996) referred Orosaurus to his nomen ex dissertationae "Kholumolumosaurus" (now Kholumolumo) along with Meroktenos and Plateosauravus. Meanwhile, Orosaurus was listed as a nomen dubium in the 2nd edition of The Dinosauria. References Sauropodomorphs Late Triassic dinosaurs of Africa Fossils of South Africa Fossil taxa described in 1867 Taxa named by Thomas Henry Huxley
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliken%27s%20tree%20theorem	In mathematics, Milliken's tree theorem in combinatorics is a partition theorem generalizing Ramsey's theorem to infinite trees, objects with more structure than sets. Let T be a finitely splitting rooted tree of height ω, n a positive integer, and the collection of all strongly embedded subtrees of T of height n. In one of its simple forms, Milliken's tree theorem states that if then for some strongly embedded infinite subtree R of T, for some i ≤ r. This immediately implies Ramsey's theorem; take the tree T to be a linear ordering on ω vertices. Define where T ranges over finitely splitting rooted trees of height ω. Milliken's tree theorem says that not only is partition regular for each n < ω, but that the homogeneous subtree R guaranteed by the theorem is strongly embedded in T. Strong embedding Call T an α-tree if each branch of T has cardinality α. Define Succ(p, P)= , and to be the set of immediate successors of p in P. Suppose S is an α-tree and T is a β-tree, with 0 ≤ α ≤ β ≤ ω. S is strongly embedded in T if: , and the partial order on S is induced from T, if is nonmaximal in S and , then , there exists a strictly increasing function from to , such that Intuitively, for S to be strongly embedded in T, S must be a subset of T with the induced partial order S must preserve the branching structure of T; i.e., if a nonmaximal node in S has n immediate successors in T, then it has n immediate successors in S S preserves the level structure of T;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xplor	Xplor may refer to: Xplor International, an organization to facilitate the use of electronic documents X-PLOR and XPLOR-NIH, protein NMR software Xplor, a bi-monthly publication by the Missouri Department of Conservation Xplor Park, a theme park in Cancún
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurashtra%20Kingdom	Saurashtra kingdom was one of the kingdom among the many kingdoms ruled by Yadava kings in the central and western India. Other kingdoms in this group include Chedi Kingdom, Dasarna Kingdom, Surasena Kingdom or Vraja Kingdom, Karusha Kingdom, Kunti Kingdom, Avanti Kingdom, Malava Kingdom, Gurjara Kingdom, Anarta Kingdom, Dwaraka Kingdom, Heheya Kingdom and Vidarbha Kingdom. It is roughly the southern Gujarat including the peninsular region. The name Surat, a modern city of Gujarat, is derived from the name Saurashtra. The peninsular region forming the southern Gujarat is still known as Saurashtra. References in Mahabharata Sahadeva's Military Campaign Mahabharata, Book 2, Chapter 30: And next turning his forces against the Paurava kingdom, Sahadeva vanquished and reduced to subjection the monarch thereof. And the prince, after this, with great efforts brought Akriti, the princess of Saurashtra and official message girl of the Kausikas under his sway. The virtuous princess, while staying in the kingdom of Saurashtra sent an ambiguously flamboyant ambassador unto king Rukmin of Bhishmaka within the territories of Bhojakata. Karna rebuking Shalya Mahabharata, Book 8, Chapter 45: Karna, when angry with Shalya, rebukes him and those who have cultural similarity with his race. The Pancalas observe the duties enjoined in the Vedas; the Kauravas observe truth; the Matsyas and the Surasenas perform sacrifices, the Easterners follow the practices of the Shudras; the Southern
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore%20classification	Baltimore classification is a system used to classify viruses based on their manner of messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis. By organizing viruses based on their manner of mRNA production, it is possible to study viruses that behave similarly as a distinct group. Seven Baltimore groups are described that take into consideration whether the viral genome is made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA), whether the genome is single- or double-stranded, and whether the sense of a single-stranded RNA genome is positive or negative. Baltimore classification also closely corresponds to the manner of replicating the genome, so Baltimore classification is useful for grouping viruses together for both transcription and replication. Certain subjects pertaining to viruses are associated with multiple, specific Baltimore groups, such as specific forms of translation of mRNA and the host range of different types of viruses. Structural characteristics such as the shape of the viral capsid, which stores the viral genome, and the evolutionary history of viruses are not necessarily related to Baltimore groups. Baltimore classification was created in 1971 by virologist David Baltimore. Since then, it has become common among virologists to use Baltimore classification alongside standard virus taxonomy, which is based on evolutionary history. In 2018 and 2019, Baltimore classification was partially integrated into virus taxonomy based on evidence that certain groups were descended fr
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy%20%28fluid%20dynamics%29	In fluid dynamics, an eddy is the swirling of a fluid and the reverse current created when the fluid is in a turbulent flow regime. The moving fluid creates a space devoid of downstream-flowing fluid on the downstream side of the object. Fluid behind the obstacle flows into the void creating a swirl of fluid on each edge of the obstacle, followed by a short reverse flow of fluid behind the obstacle flowing upstream, toward the back of the obstacle. This phenomenon is naturally observed behind large emergent rocks in swift-flowing rivers. An eddy is a movement of fluid that deviates from the general flow of the fluid. An example for an eddy is a vortex which produces such deviation. However, there are other types of eddies that are not simple vortices. For example, a Rossby wave is an eddy which is an undulation that is a deviation from mean flow, but does not have the local closed streamlines of a vortex. Swirl and eddies in engineering The propensity of a fluid to swirl is used to promote good fuel/air mixing in internal combustion engines. In fluid mechanics and transport phenomena, an eddy is not a property of the fluid, but a violent swirling motion caused by the position and direction of turbulent flow. Reynolds number and turbulence In 1883, scientist Osborne Reynolds conducted a fluid dynamics experiment involving water and dye, where he adjusted the velocities of the fluids and observed the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, characterized by the formatio
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Quervain%27s%20thyroiditis	De Quervain's thyroiditis, also known as subacute granulomatous thyroiditis or giant cell thyroiditis, is a member of the group of thyroiditis conditions known as resolving thyroiditis. People of all ages and genders may be affected. Presentation Patients will experience a hyperthyroid period as the cellular lining of colloid spaces fails, allowing abundant colloid into the circulation, with neck pain and fever. Patients typically then become hypothyroid as the pituitary reduces TSH production and the inappropriately released colloid is depleted before resolving to euthyroid. The symptoms are those of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. In addition, patients may suffer from painful dysphagia. There are multi-nucleated giant cells on histology. Thyroid antibodies can be present in some cases. The clinical presentation during the hyperthyroid phase can mimic those of Diffuse Toxic Goiter or Graves' disease. In such cases, a radionuclide thyroid uptake and scan can be helpful, since subacute thyroiditis will result in decreased isotope uptake, while Graves' disease will generally result in increased uptake. Distinguishing between these two types of disease is important, since Graves' disease and Diffuse Toxic Goiter can be treated with radioiodine therapy, but subacute thyroiditis is usually self-limited and is not treated with radioiodine. Causes Some cases may be viral in origin, perhaps preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection. Viral causes include Coxsackie virus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20River%20High%20School	Crystal River High School was built in Crystal River, Florida in 1969. It was the second of the high schools located in Citrus County. The first enrollment count was 750 students. As of 2022, it is rated #3 out of 5 in Crystal River. The school serves the following communities: Crystal River, Homosassa, and sections of Black Diamond, Citrus Springs, Homosassa Springs, Pine Ridge, and Sugarmill Woods. Reconstruction In 2010, the school began a major renovation of its facilities. The first phase included a new baseball field, a new administration building with classrooms, as well as a second classroom building, both of which were constructed on the school's original baseball field. This phase of construction also included the demolition of the school's original classroom building from 1969. Phase 1 of construction was completed in August 2011. The second phase of construction, which began shortly after the first completed, included a new Media Center, a third classroom building housing a Freshman Academy, renovations to the old Administration building to house the school's Health Academy, demolition of half of the school's other classroom building, and expansion of the school's cafeteria. As of 2022, construction has been finished for an unknown amount of time. Spirit Motto: Make footprints with your heart. Mascot: Pete the Pirate. School colors: Royal blue and gold. Clubs: Crystal River has approximately 36 clubs and activities (not including sports). School store:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisosome	Eisosomes ('eis' meaning into or portal and 'soma', meaning body) are large, heterodimeric, immobile protein complexes at the plasma membrane which mark the site of endocytosis in some eukaryotes, and were discovered in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in 2006. Currently, seven genes: Pil1, Lsp1 and Sur7, Eis1, Seg1 and Ygr130C, Seg2, are annotated to the formation of the proteins identified in eisosomes. These organelle-like structures have put to rest the idea that sites of endocytosis in cells are chosen at random. Eisosomes have a profound role in regulating plasma membrane architecture and organization in yeast. Microscopic and genetic analyses link these stable, ultrastructural assemblies to the endocytosis of both lipid and protein cargoes in cells. There are approximately 50–100 eisosomes in each mature yeast cell distributed uniformly across the cell surface periphery in a characteristic dotted pattern with each eisosome containing approximately 2000–5000 copies of Pil1 and Lsp1 proteins, as well as, integral membrane protein Sur7. Only a few of the eisosomes present in a cell are active at any one time, suggesting that eisosomes function by using reversible phosphorylation and are regulated portals that govern both location and magnitude of membrane traffic into the cell. Endocytosis in yeast The yeast plasma membrane consists of three compartments: Membrane compartment containing Can1 (MCC) Membrane compartment containing Pma1 (MCP) Membrane compartment co
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMT800	The GMT800 was a General Motors full-size truck platform used from the 1999 through 2006 model years. It is the foundation for the Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra pickups; and the derivative GMT820 and GMT830 versions for the Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon and the Chevrolet Suburban/GMC Yukon XL full-size SUVs, respectively. This platform was the successor to the GMT400 series of C/K pickups and SUVs, and was replaced for 2007 by the GMT900 line. The GMT800 frames were manufactured by Magna International in Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico and St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada. Trucks were assembled in Oshawa, Ontario; Pontiac, Michigan; Fort Wayne, Indiana; and Flint, Michigan; for pickup & chassis cab models, and Silao, Mexico; Janesville, Wisconsin; and Arlington, Texas; for SUV models. The GMT820-based Hummer H2 was built under contract by AM General at a specially-constructed plant in Mishawaka, Indiana. A GMT810 2 door SUV variant was designed and prototyped, but was not put into production. The GMT800 introduced a three-section frame system. This could be mixed and matched depending on the wheelbase, GVWR, and body type fitted to the platform, rather than a single-piece long frame. The front section was hydroformed, while the middle and rear sections were roll formed or stamped, depending on application. This gives greater flexibility to the platform. A total of four front modules, seven midsections, and four rear sections were designed, and supported nearly 40 truck configu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausius%20theorem	The Clausius theorem (1855), also known as the Clausius inequality, states that for a thermodynamic system (e.g. heat engine or heat pump) exchanging heat with external thermal reservoirs and undergoing a thermodynamic cycle, the following inequality holds. where is the total entropy change in the external thermal reservoirs (surroundings), is an infinitesimal amount of heat that is taken from the reservoirs and absorbed by the system ( if heat from the reservoirs is absorbed by the system, and < 0 if heat is leaving from the system to the reservoirs) and is the common temperature of the reservoirs at a particular instant in time. The closed integral is carried out along a thermodynamic process path from the initial/final state to the same initial/final state (thermodynamic cycle). In principle, the closed integral can start and end at an arbitrary point along the path. The Clausius theorem or inequality obviously implies per thermodynamic cycle, meaning that the entropy of the reservoirs increases or does not change, and never decreases, per cycle. For multiple thermal reservoirs with different temperatures interacting a thermodynamic system undergoing a thermodynamic cycle, the Clausius inequality can be written as the following for expression clarity: where is an infinitesimal heat from the reservoir to the system. In the special case of a reversible process, the equality holds, and the reversible case is used to introduce the state function known as entropy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martingale	Martingale may refer to: Martingale (probability theory), a stochastic process in which the conditional expectation of the next value, given the current and preceding values, is the current value Martingale (tack) for horses Martingale (collar) for dogs and other animals Martingale (betting system), in 18th century France a dolphin striker, a spar aboard a sailing ship In the sport of fencing, a martingale is a strap attached to the sword handle to prevent a sword from being dropped if disarmed In the theatrical lighting industry, martingale is an obsolete term for a twofer, or occasionally a threefer Martingale (clothing), a strap controlling the fullness of the clothing material.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP1A2	Cytochrome P450 1A2 (abbreviated CYP1A2), a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the human body. In humans, the CYP1A2 enzyme is encoded by the CYP1A2 gene. Function CYP1A2 is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. CYP1A2 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and its expression is induced by some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), some of which are found in cigarette smoke. The enzyme's endogenous substrate is unknown; however, it is able to metabolize some PAHs to carcinogenic intermediates. Other xenobiotic substrates for this enzyme include caffeine, aflatoxin B1, and paracetamol (acetaminophen). The transcript from this gene contains four Alu sequences flanked by direct repeats in the 3' untranslated region. CYP1A2 also metabolizes polyunsaturated fatty acids into signaling molecules that have physiological as well as pathological activities. It has monoxygenase activity for certain of these fatty acids in that it metabolizes arachidonic acid to 19-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (19-HETE) (see 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) but also has epoxygenase activity in that it metabolizes docosahexaenoic acid to epoxides, primarily 19R,20S-epoxyeicosapentaenoic acid and 19S,20R-epoxyeicosapentaenoic acid isomers (termed 1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Waterloo%20Faculty%20of%20Mathematics	The Faculty of Mathematics is one of six faculties of the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, offering more than 500 courses in mathematics, statistics and computer science. The faculty also houses the David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, formerly the faculty's computer science department. There are more than 31,000 alumni. History The faculty was founded on January 1, 1967, a successor to the University of Waterloo's Department of Mathematics, which had grown to be the largest department in the Faculty of Arts under the chairmanship of Ralph Stanton (and included such influential professors as W. T. Tutte). Initially located in the Physics building, the faculty was moved in May 1968 into the newly constructed Mathematics and Computing (MC) Building. Inspired by Stanton's famously gaudy ties, the students draped a large pink tie over the MC Building on the occasion of its opening, which later became a symbol of the faculty. At the time of its founding, the faculty included five departments: Applied Analysis and Computer Science, Applied Mathematics, Combinatorics and Optimization, Pure Mathematics, and Statistics. In 1975 the Department of Applied Analysis and Computer Science became simply the Department of Computer Science; in 2005 it became the David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science. The Statistics Department also was later renamed the Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science. The Department of Combinatorics and Optimization is the only acad
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugojno%20group	The Bugojno group () was the name of a Croatian separatist paramilitary cell which was infiltrated into SFR Yugoslavia on 20 June 1972 to raise a rebellion against the socialist Yugoslav government. Background The Bugojno group was organized by the Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood (Hrvatsko revolucionarno bratstvo or HRB). The HRB was formed in Australia in 1961 and was active in Europe and the United States. The founding principle of the HRB was the separation of Croatia from Yugoslavia, and the reestablishment of the Independent State of Croatia through the use of military force. Operation Phoenix After the suppression of the Croatian Spring movement in 1971, the HRB believed that there existed in Croatia a political climate which would support the beginning of an armed rebellion. After short preparations, the HRB organized their personnel, weapons and funding to support an initial group to start a rebellion. Most of the fighters and money came from Australia while the armed training was done in West Germany. After a short preparation in Austria, the 19-member group traveled through Dravograd into Yugoslavia by truck (the driver of which later reported them to police), on 20 June 1972. The Yugoslav territorial defense units soon began a massive search to find them. The insurgents were armed with M-16 and HK G-3 rifles. The group was named after the Bosnian town of Bugojno, as their goal was to reach the Raduša mountain south of the town. The operation was called "Ph
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulkarni%E2%80%93Nomizu%20product	In the mathematical field of differential geometry, the Kulkarni–Nomizu product (named for Ravindra Shripad Kulkarni and Katsumi Nomizu) is defined for two -tensors and gives as a result a -tensor. Definition If h and k are symmetric -tensors, then the product is defined via: where the Xj are tangent vectors and is the matrix determinant. Note that , as it is clear from the second expression. With respect to a basis of the tangent space, it takes the compact form where denotes the total antisymmetrisation symbol. The Kulkarni–Nomizu product is a special case of the product in the graded algebra where, on simple elements, ( denotes the symmetric product). Properties The Kulkarni–Nomizu product of a pair of symmetric tensors has the algebraic symmetries of the Riemann tensor. For instance, on space forms (i.e. spaces of constant sectional curvature) and two-dimensional smooth Riemannian manifolds, the Riemann curvature tensor has a simple expression in terms of the Kulkarni–Nomizu product of the metric with itself; namely, if we denote by the -curvature tensor and by the Riemann curvature tensor with , then where is the scalar curvature and is the Ricci tensor, which in components reads . Expanding the Kulkarni–Nomizu product using the definition from above, one obtains This is the same expression as stated in the article on the Riemann curvature tensor. For this very reason, it is commonly used to express the contribution that the Ricci curvature (or rath
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globally%20Harmonized%20System%20of%20Classification%20and%20Labelling%20of%20Chemicals	The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) is an internationally agreed-upon standard managed by the United Nations that was set up to replace the assortment of hazardous material classification and labelling schemes previously used around the world. Core elements of the GHS include standardized hazard testing criteria, universal warning pictograms, and harmonized safety data sheets which provide users of dangerous goods with a host of information. The system acts as a complement to the UN Numbered system of regulated hazardous material transport. Implementation is managed through the UN Secretariat. Although adoption has taken time, as of 2017, the system has been enacted to significant extents in most major countries of the world. This includes the European Union, which has implemented the United Nations' GHS into EU law as the CLP Regulation, and United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards. History Before the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) was created and implemented, there were many different regulations on hazard classification in use in different countries, resulting in multiple standards, classifications and labels for the same hazard. Given the $1.7 trillion per year international trade in chemicals requiring hazard classification, the cost of compliance with multiple systems of classification and labeling is significant. Developing a worldwide standard acc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUF	DUF may refer to: Duf, Mavrovo and Rostuša, North Macedonia Domain of unknown function, a protein domain Drug Use Forecasting, a program of the United States Department of Justice See also Duff (disambiguation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%20neighborhood	In cellular automata, the Moore neighborhood is defined on a two-dimensional square lattice and is composed of a central cell and the eight cells that surround it. Name The neighborhood is named after Edward F. Moore, a pioneer of cellular automata theory. Importance It is one of the two most commonly used neighborhood types, the other one being the von Neumann neighborhood, which excludes the corner cells. The well known Conway's Game of Life, for example, uses the Moore neighborhood. It is similar to the notion of 8-connected pixels in computer graphics. The Moore neighbourhood of a cell is the cell itself and the cells at a Chebyshev distance of 1. The concept can be extended to higher dimensions, for example forming a 26-cell cubic neighborhood for a cellular automaton in three dimensions, as used by 3D Life. In dimension d, where , the size of the neighborhood is 3d − 1. In two dimensions, the number of cells in an extended Moore neighbourhood of range r is (2r + 1)2. Algorithm The idea behind the formulation of Moore neighborhood is to find the contour of a given graph. This idea was a great challenge for most analysts of the 18th century, and as a result an algorithm was derived from the Moore graph which was later called the Moore Neighborhood algorithm. The pseudocode for the Moore-Neighbor tracing algorithm is Input: A square tessellation, T, containing a connected component P of black cells. Output: A sequence B (b1, b2, ..., bk) of boundary pixels i.e.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C5%82uch%C3%B3w%E2%80%93S%C5%82osinko%20railway	Człuchów - Słosinko line is a PKP railway line in Pomeranian Voivodship, Poland. In PKP D29 classification system the line was numbered 413 with a maximum allowed speed of 50 km/h. History The line was opened in 1902 was opened on route from Człuchów to Czosnowo, and later this year it reached Słosinko. The whole line was closed for passenger transport in 1991, and one year later the part from Przechlewo to Słosinko was closed for all transport. The closed part is now partly dismantled or unavailable. Stations on the line Listed from east to west: References Railway lines in Poland Railway lines opened in 1902
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne%20Skaug	Arne Skaug (6 November 1906 – 4 March 1974) was a Norwegian economist, civil servant, diplomat and politician for the Labour Party. He is known as director of Statistics Norway from 1946 to 1948, Norwegian Minister of Trade and Shipping from 1955 to 1962 and later ambassador. Early life and career He was born in Horten as a son of Johan Anton Skaug (1881–1956) and Jenny Lovise Olsen (1882–1917). He graduated with the cand.oecon. degree in 1930, and was hired as a secretary in Statistics Norway in the same year. He continued to work there, except for study leaves from 1935 to 1936 in London. In 1935 and 1936 he released two books: Tidens sosialøkonomi and Dør vi ut? Befolkningsspørsmålet og arbeiderbevegelsen, both written together with Aase Lionæs. In 1939 he was hired in the Ministry of Provisioning, and was a research fellow in economics. He then spent the war years in the United States; first with studies from 1939 to 1941 and as assisting professor at the University of Wisconsin, Madison from 1941. From 1942 to 1946 he worked for Norwegian government in New York City and Washington DC. Post-war career In 1946 he returned to Norway to become the director of Statistics Norway. In May 1948 he left to become State Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, becoming the first in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to hold the State Secretary position, which had been introduced in 1947. He left this position in February 1949 to become the Norwegian ambassador to the Organisati
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome%20b5	{{DISPLAYTITLE:Cytochrome b5}} Cytochromes b5 are ubiquitous electron transport hemoproteins found in animals, plants, fungi and purple phototrophic bacteria. The microsomal and mitochondrial variants are membrane-bound, while bacterial and those from erythrocytes and other animal tissues are water-soluble. The family of cytochrome b5-like proteins includes (besides cytochrome b5 itself) hemoprotein domains covalently associated with other redox domains in flavocytochrome cytochrome b2 (L-lactate dehydrogenase; ), sulfite oxidase (), plant and fungal nitrate reductases (, , ), and plant and fungal cytochrome b5/acyl lipid desaturase fusion proteins. Structure 3-D structures of a number of cytochrome b5 and yeast flavocytochrome b2 are known. The fold belongs to the α+β class, with two hydrophobic cores on each side of a β-sheet. The larger hydrophobic core constitutes the heme-binding pocket, closed off on each side by a pair of helices connected by a turn. The smaller hydrophobic core may have only a structural role and is formed by spatially close N-terminal and C-terminal segments. The two histidine residues provide the fifth and sixth heme ligands, and the propionate edge of the heme group lies at the opening of the heme crevice. Two isomers of cytochrome b5, referred to as the A (major) and B (minor) forms, differ by a 180° rotation of the heme about an axis defined by the α- and γ-meso carbons. Cytochrome b5 in some biochemical reactions cytochrome-b5 reductase N
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloutier	Cloutier is a French occupational name for a nailer, i.e. someone who made and sold nails, from an agent derivative of clou (Latin clavus) for "nail". Notable people with the name include: Alexandre Cloutier (born 1977), Canadian politician Catherine Cloutier (born 1950), American politician Claude Cloutier (born 1957), Canadian film animator and graphic novel artist Dan Cloutier (born 1976), Canadian ice hockey player François-Xavier Cloutier (1848–1934), Bishop of Trois Rivières Gilles Cloutier (1928–2014), Canadian scientist Gary Cloutier (born 1962), American politician Guy Cloutier (born 1940), Canadian producer, convicted sex offender Guylaine Cloutier (born 1969), Canadian international swimmer Jacques Cloutier (born 1960), Canadian ice hockey player Kim Cloutier (born 1987), Canadian model Patrick Cloutier (born 1970), Canadian soldier who became famous during the 1990 Oka Crisis Philip D. Cloutier (1949–1998), American politician Réal Cloutier (born 1956), Canadian ice hockey player T. J. Cloutier (born 1939), American professional poker player Sheila Watt-Cloutier (born 1953), Canadian Inuit activist Suzanne Cloutier (1927–2003), Canadian film actress Véronique Cloutier (born 1974), Canadian TV and radio personality Zacharie Cloutier (c.1590–1677), one of the founders of Beauport, Quebec See also Saint-Alphonse/Lac Cloutier Water Aerodrome, Quebec, Canada French-language surnames
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20analysis	Geometric analysis is a mathematical discipline where tools from differential equations, especially elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs), are used to establish new results in differential geometry and differential topology. The use of linear elliptic PDEs dates at least as far back as Hodge theory. More recently, it refers largely to the use of nonlinear partial differential equations to study geometric and topological properties of spaces, such as submanifolds of Euclidean space, Riemannian manifolds, and symplectic manifolds. This approach dates back to the work by Tibor Radó and Jesse Douglas on minimal surfaces, John Forbes Nash Jr. on isometric embeddings of Riemannian manifolds into Euclidean space, work by Louis Nirenberg on the Minkowski problem and the Weyl problem, and work by Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov and Aleksei Pogorelov on convex hypersurfaces. In the 1980s fundamental contributions by Karen Uhlenbeck, Clifford Taubes, Shing-Tung Yau, Richard Schoen, and Richard Hamilton launched a particularly exciting and productive era of geometric analysis that continues to this day. A celebrated achievement was the solution to the Poincaré conjecture by Grigori Perelman, completing a program initiated and largely carried out by Richard Hamilton. Scope The scope of geometric analysis includes both the use of geometrical methods in the study of partial differential equations (when it is also known as "geometric PDE"), and the application of the theory of par
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postzygotic%20mutation	A postzygotic mutation (or post-zygotic mutation) is a change in an organism's genome that is acquired during its lifespan, instead of being inherited from its parent(s) through fusion of two haploid gametes. Mutations that occur after the zygote has formed can be caused by a variety of sources that fall under two classes: spontaneous mutations and induced mutations. How detrimental a mutation is to an organism is dependent on what the mutation is, where it occurred in the genome and when it occurred. Causes Postzygotic changes to a genome can be caused by small mutations that affect a single base pair, or large mutations that affect entire chromosomes and are divided into two classes, spontaneous mutations and induced mutations. Spontaneous Mutations Most spontaneous mutations are the result of naturally occurring lesions to DNA and errors during DNA replication without direct exposure to an agent. A few common spontaneous mutations are: Depurination- The loss of a purine (A or G) base to form an apurinic site. An apurinic site, also known as an AP site, is the location in a genetic sequence that does not contain a purine base. During replication, the affected double stranded DNA will produce one doubled-stranded daughter containing the missing purine, resulting in an unchanged sequence. The other strand will produce a shorter strand, missing the purine and its complementary base. Deamination- The amine group on a base is changed to a keto group. This results in cyto
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasarna%20Kingdom	Dasarna Kingdom was one of the many kingdoms ruled by Yadava kings in ancient central and western India. It lay to the south of the Chedi and Panchala kingdoms, in northern Madhya Pradesh. The Panchala prince Sikhandi married a princess from Dasarna. Sikhandin was alleged to be 'one of the neuter-gender'. This led to a dispute between the Dasarna king and the Panchala king Drupada. There was another Dasarna Kingdom in the western regions along with the Sivis, Trigartas, Western-Malavas and Amvasthas. (2,31), in the Punjab province of Pakistan. References in Mahabharata Dasarna, a kingdom in Bharata Varsha Dasarna is listed in the list of kingdoms of Bharata Varsha (ancient India). The Kuru-Panchalas, the Salwas, the Madreyas, the Jangalas, the Surasena, the Kalingas, the Vodhas, the Malas, the Matsyas, the Sauvalyas, the Kuntalas, the Kasi-kosalas, the Chedis, the Karushas, the Bhojas, the Sindhus, the Pulindakas, the Uttamas, the Dasarnas, the Mekalas, the Utkalas; the Panchalas, the Kausijas ... (6,9) Chedi was one among the kingdoms chosen for spending the 13th year of exile by the Pandavas. Surrounding the kingdom of the Kurus, are, many countries beautiful and abounding in corn, such as Panchala, Chedi, Matsya, Surasena, Pattachchara, Dasarna, Navarashtra, Malla, Salva, Yugandhara, Saurashtra, Avanti, and the spacious Kuntirashtra. (4,1) Pandava's travel from Dwaita forest to Matsya Kingdom Leaving Dwaita woods Pandavas moved (eastwards) towards river Yamuna,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome%20b	Cytochrome b within both molecular and cell biology, is a protein found in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. It functions as part of the electron transport chain and is the main subunit of transmembrane cytochrome bc1 and b6f complexes. Function In the mitochondrion of eukaryotes and in aerobic prokaryotes, cytochrome b is a component of respiratory chain complex III () — also known as the bc1 complex or ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase. In plant chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, there is an analogous protein, cytochrome b6, a component of the plastoquinone-plastocyanin reductase (), also known as the b6f complex. These complexes are involved in electron transport, the pumping of protons to create a proton-motive force (PMF). This proton gradient is used for the generation of ATP. These complexes play a vital role in cells. Structure Cytochrome b/b6 is an integral membrane protein of approximately 400 amino acid residues that probably has 8 transmembrane segments. In plants and cyanobacteria, cytochrome b6 consists of two protein subunits encoded by the petB and petD genes. Cytochrome b/b6 non-covalently binds two heme groups, known as b562 and b566. Four conserved histidine residues are postulated to be the ligands of the iron atoms of these two heme groups. Use in phylogenetics Cytochrome b is commonly used as a region of mitochondrial DNA for determining phylogenetic relationships between organisms, due to its sequence variability. It is considered to be most u
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlecan	Perlecan (PLC) also known as basement membrane-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein (HSPG) or heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPG2 gene. The HSPG2 gene codes for a 4,391 amino acid protein with a molecular weight of 468,829. It is one of the largest known proteins. The name perlecan comes from its appearance as a "string of pearls" in rotary shadowed images. Perlecan was originally isolated from a tumor cell line and shown to be present in all native basement membranes. Perlecan is a large multidomain (five domains, labeled I-V) proteoglycan that binds to and cross-links many extracellular matrix (ECM) components and cell-surface molecules. Perlecan is synthesized by both vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells and deposited in the extracellular matrix of parahoxozoans. Perlecan is highly conserved across species and the available data indicate that it has evolved from ancient ancestors by gene duplication and exon shuffling. Structure Perlecan consists of a core protein of molecular weight 469 kDa to which three long chains (each approximately 70-100 kDa) of glycosaminoglycans (often heparan sulfate, HS, but can be chondroitin sulfate, CS) are attached. The core protein consists of five distinct structural domains. The N-terminal domain I (aa ~1-195) contains attachment sites for HS chains. Although HS chains are not required for correct folding and secretion of the protein, lack of HS or decreased
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinpocetine	Vinpocetine (ethyl apovincaminate) is a synthetic derivative of the vinca alkaloid vincamine, differing by the removal of a hydroxyl group. Vincamine is extracted from either the seeds of Voacanga africana or the leaves of Vinca minor (lesser periwinkle). Medical uses Vinpocetine has been used in many Asian and European countries for treatment of cerebrovascular disorders such as stroke and dementia for over three decades. The FDA has tentatively ruled that vinpocetine, due to its synthetic nature and proposed therapeutic uses, is ineligible to be marketed as dietary supplement under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Despite this, vinpocetine remains widely available in dietary supplements often marketed as nootropics. Vinpocetine does not fully support a benefit in either dementia or stroke. As of 2003, three controlled clinical trials had tested "older adults with memory problems". Side effects Use during pregnancy may harm the baby or result in miscarriage. Adverse effects of vinpocetine include flushing, nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, transient hypo- and hyper-tension, headaches, heartburn, and decreased blood pressure. FDA issued a statement in 2019 warning that "vinpocetine may cause a miscarriage or harm fetal development". Mechanism of action Vinpocetine’s mechanism of action has been postulated to involve three potential effects: blockage of sodium channels, reduction of cellular calcium influx, and antioxidant activity. Studies have also suggested tha
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland%27s%20schema%20theorem	Holland's schema theorem, also called the fundamental theorem of genetic algorithms, is an inequality that results from coarse-graining an equation for evolutionary dynamics. The Schema Theorem says that short, low-order schemata with above-average fitness increase exponentially in frequency in successive generations. The theorem was proposed by John Holland in the 1970s. It was initially widely taken to be the foundation for explanations of the power of genetic algorithms. However, this interpretation of its implications has been criticized in several publications reviewed in, where the Schema Theorem is shown to be a special case of the Price equation with the schema indicator function as the macroscopic measurement. A schema is a template that identifies a subset of strings with similarities at certain string positions. Schemata are a special case of cylinder sets, and hence form a topological space. Description Consider binary strings of length 6. The schema 1101 describes the set of all strings of length 6 with 1's at positions 1, 3 and 6 and a 0 at position 4. The * is a wildcard symbol, which means that positions 2 and 5 can have a value of either 1 or 0. The order of a schema is defined as the number of fixed positions in the template, while the defining length is the distance between the first and last specific positions. The order of 1101 is 4 and its defining length is 5. The fitness of a schema is the average fitness of all strings matching the schema
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland%20Mall%20%28Georgia%29	Cumberland Mall is a shopping mall in the Cumberland district of Metropolitan Atlanta near the suburbs of Smyrna and Vinings. It was the largest shopping mall in Georgia when it opened on August 8, 1973. The mall features the traditional retailers Macy's, Dick's Sporting Goods, Costco, in addition to Planet Fitness, and Round 1 Entertainment. History Cumberland Mall in Atlanta was the first four-anchor mall built in Georgia, and only the second such mall in the entire Southeastern United States. It was developed by Crow Carter & Company. The original anchors to the mall were Rich's, Davison's, Sears and JCPenney. Cumberland Mall remained one of the leading malls in the region for over a decade before Town Center Mall in Kennesaw opened in 1986. Cumberland Mall originally featured many distinct design elements to heighten the original mall experience, but as competition forced a major reshuffling of the mall, much of this was stripped away in the renovation of 1989. Some of the original tenants that were lost at this point were Magic Pan, McDonald's, Piccadilly Cafeteria and Cashin's Restaurant among others. One of the additions, however, was a food court, which had not existed previously. In 2003, Cumberland Mall lost its first anchor, Macy's (formerly Davison's). The vacant store resulted in a major redevelopment plan. The redevelopment included the demolition of the old Macy's, which was replaced with a new mall entrance complete with an open-air wing. This mall has
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20minimal%20residual%20method	In mathematics, the generalized minimal residual method (GMRES) is an iterative method for the numerical solution of an indefinite nonsymmetric system of linear equations. The method approximates the solution by the vector in a Krylov subspace with minimal residual. The Arnoldi iteration is used to find this vector. The GMRES method was developed by Yousef Saad and Martin H. Schultz in 1986. It is a generalization and improvement of the MINRES method due to Paige and Saunders in 1975. The MINRES method requires that the matrix is symmetric, but has the advantage that it only requires handling of three vectors. GMRES is a special case of the DIIS method developed by Peter Pulay in 1980. DIIS is applicable to non-linear systems. The method Denote the Euclidean norm of any vector v by . Denote the (square) system of linear equations to be solved by The matrix A is assumed to be invertible of size m-by-m. Furthermore, it is assumed that b is normalized, i.e., that . The n-th Krylov subspace for this problem is where is the initial error given an initial guess . Clearly if . GMRES approximates the exact solution of by the vector that minimizes the Euclidean norm of the residual . The vectors might be close to linearly dependent, so instead of this basis, the Arnoldi iteration is used to find orthonormal vectors which form a basis for . In particular, . Therefore, the vector can be written as with , where is the m-by-n matrix formed by . In other words, finding
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRF6	Interferon regulatory factor 6 also known as IRF6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF6 gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF) family. Family members share a highly conserved N-terminal helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain and a less conserved C-terminal protein-binding domain. The function of IRF6 is related to the formation of connective tissue, for example that of the palate. This gene encodes a member of the interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF) family. In addition, it has been observed that IRF6 gene is under epigenetic regulation by promoter methylation. Pathology A mutation of the IRF6 gene can lead to the autosomal dominant van der Woude syndrome (VWS) or the related popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS). Van der Woude syndrome can include cleft lip and palate features along with dental anomalies and lip fistulas. In addition, common alleles in IRF6 have also been associated with non-syndromic cases of cleft lip and/or palate through genome-wide association studies and in many candidate gene studies. These disorders are caused by mutations in the IRF6 gene and some of the phenotypic heterogeneity is due to different types of IRF6 mutations. One explanation for this phenotypic variation between syndromes is based on a differential impact on the structure of the dimerized mutant proteins. VWS mutations appear to result in haploinsufficiency while PPS mutations may be dominant negative
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20angelfish	Black angelfish may refer to: Black angelfish, Chaetodontoplus niger New Zealand black angelfish, Parma alboscapularis Keyhole angelfish, Centropyge tibicen Freshwater angelfish, one of the breeds of Pterophyllum scalare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwater%20system	The Atwater system, named after Wilbur Olin Atwater, or derivatives of this system are used for the calculation of the available energy of foods. The system was developed largely from the experimental studies of Atwater and his colleagues in the later part of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut. Its use has frequently been the cause of dispute, but few alternatives have been proposed. As with the calculation of protein from total nitrogen, the Atwater system is a convention and its limitations can be seen in its derivation. Derivation Available energy (as used by Atwater) is equivalent to the modern usage of the term metabolisable energy (ME). In most studies on humans, losses in secretions and gases are ignored. The gross energy (GE) of a food, as measured by bomb calorimetry is equal to the sum of the heats of combustion of the components – protein (GEp), fat (GEf) and carbohydrate (GEcho) (by difference) in the proximate system. Atwater considered the energy value of feces in the same way. By measuring coefficients of availability or in modern terminology apparent digestibility, Atwater derived a system for calculating faecal energy losses. where Dp, Df, and Dcho are respectively the digestibility coefficients of protein, fat and carbohydrate calculated as for the constituent in question. Urinary losses were calculated from the energy to nitrogen ratio in urine. Experimentally this was 7.9 kcal/g (33 kJ/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Lake%20Recreation%20Area	The Crystal Lake Recreation Area is located in the San Gabriel Mountains of Southern California, administered by the San Gabriel Mountains National Monument (formally the San Gabriel River Ranger District) of the United States Forest Service. The Recreation Area consists of a small lake, an open-air amphitheater, a large public campground containing approximately 120 camp sites grouped into "loops," and a group campground called Deer Flats which consists of approximately 25 camp sites. The Recreation Area contains a United States Forest Service visitor center and a cafe which is open to the public from dawn to dusk except for Tuesdays when the cafe is closed. Within the Recreation Area are 16 hiking and nature trails which are well-maintained by volunteers who work under the direction of the Forest Service. The Recreation Area is located approximately 26 miles (42 km) north on Hwy. 39 heading out of Azusa, California at the headwaters of the north fork of the San Gabriel River at an elevation approximately 5,539 feet (1,688 m) above sea level. Crystal Lake is the only naturally occurring lake in the San Gabriel Mountains. History The area around Crystal Lake, before there was a campground and resort, was referred to as Pine Flat. The lake was called Sycamore Lake by R. W. Dawson who lived at Sycamore Flats located down the hill from the lake. The lake has no sycamore trees, so the name was derived from Dawson's place. The area was a great draw for grizzly bears as they see
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsoid%20method	In mathematical optimization, the ellipsoid method is an iterative method for minimizing convex functions. When specialized to solving feasible linear optimization problems with rational data, the ellipsoid method is an algorithm which finds an optimal solution in a number of steps that is polynomial in the input size. The ellipsoid method generates a sequence of ellipsoids whose volume uniformly decreases at every step, thus enclosing a minimizer of a convex function. History The ellipsoid method has a long history. As an iterative method, a preliminary version was introduced by Naum Z. Shor. In 1972, an approximation algorithm for real convex minimization was studied by Arkadi Nemirovski and David B. Yudin (Judin). As an algorithm for solving linear programming problems with rational data, the ellipsoid algorithm was studied by Leonid Khachiyan; Khachiyan's achievement was to prove the polynomial-time solvability of linear programs. This was a notable step from a theoretical perspective: The standard algorithm for solving linear problems at the time was the simplex algorithm, which has a run time that typically is linear in the size of the problem, but for which examples exist for which it is exponential in the size of the problem. As such, having an algorithm that is guaranteed to be polynomial for all cases seemed like a theoretical breakthrough. Khachiyan's work showed, for the first time, that there can be algorithms for solving linear programs whose runtime can be
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro	InterPro is a database of protein families, protein domains and functional sites in which identifiable features found in known proteins can be applied to new protein sequences in order to functionally characterise them. The contents of InterPro consist of diagnostic signatures and the proteins that they significantly match. The signatures consist of models (simple types, such as regular expressions or more complex ones, such as Hidden Markov models) which describe protein families, domains or sites. Models are built from the amino acid sequences of known families or domains and they are subsequently used to search unknown sequences (such as those arising from novel genome sequencing) in order to classify them. Each of the member databases of InterPro contributes towards a different niche, from very high-level, structure-based classifications (SUPERFAMILY and CATH-Gene3D) through to quite specific sub-family classifications (PRINTS and PANTHER). InterPro's intention is to provide a one-stop-shop for protein classification, where all the signatures produced by the different member databases are placed into entries within the InterPro database. Signatures which represent equivalent domains, sites or families are put into the same entry and entries can also be related to one another. Additional information such as a description, consistent names and Gene Ontology (GO) terms are associated with each entry, where possible. Data contained in InterPro InterPro contains thre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson%20oscillator	The Robinson oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit originally devised for use in the field of continuous wave (CW) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). It was a development of the marginal oscillator. Strictly one should distinguish between the marginal oscillator and the Robinson oscillator, although sometimes they are conflated and referred to as a Robinson marginal oscillator. Modern magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems are based on pulsed (or Fourier transform) NMR; they do not rely on the use of such oscillators. The key feature of a Robinson oscillator is a limiter in the feedback loop. This means that a square wave current, of accurately-fixed amplitude, is fed back to the tank circuit. The tank selects the fundamental of the square wave, which is amplified and fed back. This results in an oscillation with well-defined amplitude; the voltage across the tank circuit is proportional to its Q-factor. The marginal oscillator has no limiter. It is arranged for the working point of one of the amplifier elements to operate at a nonlinear part of its characteristic and this determines the amplitude of oscillation. This is not as stable as the Robinson arrangement. The Robinson oscillator was invented by British physicist Neville Robinson. References Robinson, F. N. H., Nuclear Resonance Absorption Circuit, Journal of Scientific Instruments, 36: 481-487 (1959) Deschamps, P., Vaissiére, J. and Sullivan, N. S., Integrated circuit Robinson oscillator for NMR detec
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purna%20Swaraj	The Declaration of Purna Swaraj was a resolution which was passed in 1930 because of the dissatisfaction among the Indian masses regarding the British offer of Dominion status to India. The word Purna Swaraj was derived , or Declaration of the Independence of India, it was promulgated by the Indian National Congress, resolving the Congress and Indian nationalists to fight for Purna Swaraj, or complete self-rule/total independence from the British rule The flag of India was hoisted by Jawaharlal Nehru on 31 December 1929 on the banks of Ravi river, in Lahore. The Congress asked the people of India to observe 26 January as Independence Day (see Legacy). The flag of India was hoisted publicly across India by Congress volunteers and the general public who aspired for self-governance and wanted to achieve independence. Background Dadabhai Naoroji in his presidential address at the 1886 National Congress in Calcutta advocated for Swaraj as the sole aim of the nationalist movement, but along the lines of Canada and Australia, which was colonial self-government under the British crown. In 1907, Sri Aurobindo, as editor of the newspaper Bande Mataram, began writing that the new generation of nationalists would not accept anything less than Purna Swaraj, full independence, as it exists in the United Kingdom. Through his writings and speeches, along with Bal Gangadhar Tilak he popularised this idea, making it a core part of the nationalist discourse. Before 1930, Indian political pa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesin	Cohesin is a protein complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion, homologous recombination, and DNA looping. Cohesin is formed of SMC3, SMC1, SCC1 and SCC3 (SA1 or SA2 in humans). Cohesin holds sister chromatids together after DNA replication until anaphase when removal of cohesin leads to separation of sister chromatids. The complex forms a ring-like structure and it is believed that sister chromatids are held together by entrapment inside the cohesin ring. Cohesin is a member of the SMC family of protein complexes which includes Condensin, MukBEF and SMC-ScpAB. Cohesin was separately discovered in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) both by Douglas Koshland and Kim Nasmyth in 1997. Structure Cohesin is a multi-subunit protein complex, made up of SMC1, SMC3, RAD21 and SCC3 (SA1 or SA2). SMC1 and SMC3 are members of the Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) family. SMC proteins have two main structural characteristics: an ATP-binding cassette-like 'head' domain with ATPase activity (formed by the interaction of the N- and C- terminals) and a hinge domain that allows dimerization of SMCs. The head and the hinge domains are connected to each other via long anti-parallel coiled coils. The dimer is present in a V-shaped form, connected by the hinges. The N-terminal domain of RAD21 contains two α-helices which forms a three helix bundle with the coiled coil of SMC3. The central region of RAD21 is thought to be largely unstructured but contains several binding s
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crois-iarna	The Crois-iarna ('iron cross') within the textile arts, was a kind of hank reel for yarn. It was a rudimentary form of the ciud-siorraig. It consisted of a stick of a certain length, with a cross piece at each end, set at right angles to each other. The yarn is coiled on the cross pieces of the spool of the spinning wheel, so many threads or turns around the cross pieces, which threads are counted, make an old yard of cloth, i.e. 46 inches of a constant width such as the loom in use suffices to weave. It was found in Uist. References (Crois-iarna) The literal meaning of Crois-iarna in English is yarn-cross, which perfectly describes the tool used for winding a measured length of spun and plied yarn. The yarn is wound around the crois-iarna (or niddy-noddy) off a spinning wheel's bobbin, to make a measured hank or skein of yarn used for knitting or weaving. See also Niddy noddy Spinners weasel Swift (textiles) Scottish culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal%20ecology	Intertidal ecology is the study of intertidal ecosystems, where organisms live between the low and high tide lines. At low tide, the intertidal is exposed whereas at high tide, the intertidal is underwater. Intertidal ecologists therefore study the interactions between intertidal organisms and their environment, as well as between different species of intertidal organisms within a particular intertidal community. The most important environmental and species interactions may vary based on the type of intertidal community being studied, the broadest of classifications being based on substrates—rocky shore and soft bottom communities. Organisms living in this zone have a highly variable and often hostile environment, and have evolved various adaptations to cope with and even exploit these conditions. One easily visible feature of intertidal communities is vertical zonation, where the community is divided into distinct vertical bands of specific species going up the shore. Species ability to cope with abiotic factors associated with emersion stress, such as desiccation determines their upper limits, while biotic interactions e.g.competition with other species sets their lower limits. Intertidal regions are utilized by humans for food and recreation, but anthropogenic actions also have major impacts, with overexploitation, invasive species and climate change being among the problems faced by intertidal communities. In some places Marine Protected Areas have been established to p
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rous%20sarcoma%20virus	Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) () is a retrovirus and is the first oncovirus to have been described. It causes sarcoma in chickens. As with all retroviruses, it reverse transcribes its RNA genome into cDNA before integration into the host DNA. History RSV was discovered in 1911 by Peyton Rous, working at Rockefeller University in New York City, by injecting cell free extract of chicken tumour into healthy Plymouth Rock chickens. The extract was found to induce oncogenesis. The tumour was found to be composed of connective tissue (a sarcoma). Thus, RSV became known as the first oncogenic retrovirus that could be used to study the development of cancer molecularly. In 1958, Harry Rubin and Howard Temin developed an assay where chicken embryo fibroblasts could be altered morphologically by RSV infection. Two years later Temin concluded that the transformed morphology of the cells was controlled by a genetic property of RSV. At that time it was unknown, but later the src gene was identified as responsible for morphological transformation in healthy cells. During the 1960s, two findings emerged: replication-competent isolated viruses were related to RSV, but were non-transforming, and an isolated replication-defective strain of RSV was transformation-competent. These two findings gave rise to the notion that viral replication and malignant transformation are separate processes in RSV. Rous was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the significance of his discovery in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery%20%28metallurgy%29	In metallurgy, recovery is a process by which a metal or alloy's deformed grains can reduce their stored energy by the removal or rearrangement of defects in their crystal structure. These defects, primarily dislocations, are introduced by plastic deformation of the material and act to increase the yield strength of a material. Since recovery reduces the dislocation density, the process is normally accompanied by a reduction in a material's strength and a simultaneous increase in the ductility. As a result, recovery may be considered beneficial or detrimental depending on the circumstances. Recovery is related to the similar processes of recrystallization and grain growth, each of them being stages of annealing. Recovery competes with recrystallization, as both are driven by the stored energy, but is also thought to be a necessary prerequisite for the nucleation of recrystallized grains. It is so called because there is a recovery of the electrical conductivity due to a reduction in dislocations. This creates defect-free channels, giving electrons an increased mean free path. Definition The physical processes that fall under the designations of recovery, recrystallization and grain growth are often difficult to distinguish in a precise manner. Doherty et al. (1998) stated: "The authors have agreed that ... recovery can be defined as all annealing processes occurring in deformed materials that occur without the migration of a high-angle grain boundary" Thus the process can
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclobarbital	Cyclobarbital, also known as cyclobarbitol or cyclobarbitone, is a barbiturate derivative. It was available in Russia as a fixed-dose combination with diazepam (100 mg cyclobarbital + 10 mg diazepam; brand name Reladorm) for the treatment of insomnia but was discontinued in 2019. References Barbiturates GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators Cyclohexenes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus%20effect	The Lazarus effect refers to semiconductor detectors; when these are used in harsh radiation environments, defects begin to appear in the semiconductor crystal lattice as atoms become displaced because of the interaction with the high-energy traversing particles. These defects, in the form of both lattice vacancies and atoms at interstitial sites, have the effect of temporarily trapping the electrons and holes which are created when ionizing particles pass through the detector. Since it is these electrons and holes drifting in an electric field which produce a signal that announces the passage of a particle, when large amounts of defects are produced, the detector signal can be strongly reduced leading to an unusable (dead) detector. However in 1997, Vittorio Giulio Palmieri, Kurt Borer, Stefan Janos, Cinzia Da Viá and Luca Casagrande at the University of Bern (Switzerland) found out that at temperatures below 130 kelvins (about −143 degrees Celsius), dead detectors apparently come back to life. The explanation of this phenomenon, known as the Lazarus effect, is related to the dynamics of the induced defects in the semiconductor bulk. At room temperature radiation damage induced defects temporarily trap electrons and holes resulting from ionization, which are then emitted back to the conduction band or valence band in a time that is typically longer than the read-out time of the connected electronics. Consequently the measured signal is smaller than it should be. This leads
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasygnathoides	Dasygnathoides is an extinct genus of pseudosuchian from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Lossiemouth Sandstone of Scotland. Classification "Dasygnathus" longidens was erected by Thomas Huxley for a maxilla from the Lossiemouth Sandstone in 1877. The genus name Dasygnathus had already been used for a coleopteran insect, so Oskar Kuhn renamed it Dasygnathoides. Although synonymized with Ornithosuchus by Walker (1964), a 2016 study found Dasygnathoides indeterminate beyond Pseudosuchia. For this reason, many paleontologists consider 'Dasygnathoides''' a nomem dubium. The lack of synapomorphies shared by ornithosuchids indicates that Dasygnathoides was not an ornithosuchid as previously thought, but there are no links between it and any other family of pseudosuchians. It has remained impossible to resolve further. The morphology of the maxilla is quite different from aetosaurs, silesaurids, erpetosuchians, saurischians or ornithischians. The interdental plates also differ greatly from erythrosuchids and proterosuchids. Dasygnathoides cannot be assigned to any particular group of pseudosuchians at present. It is probably the first or only specimen of an entirely new group. History Thomas Huxley first found the maxilla in the Lossiemouth Sandstone in 1859, and originally identified it as Stagonolepis, due to its very similar tooth implantation pattern. He later changed his mind and reidentified it as a new species, "Dasygnathus". This name later had to be changed in 1961 as it had
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flurbiprofen	Flurbiprofen is a member of the phenylalkanoic acid derivative family of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is primarily indicated as a pre-operative anti-miotic (in an ophthalmic solution) as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain. Side effects are analogous to those of ibuprofen. It was derived from propionic acid by the research arm of Boots UK during the 1960s, a period which also included the discovery of ibuprofen, indometacin, diclofenac, naproxen, ketoprofen, and sulindac. It was patented in 1964 by Boots UK and approved for medical use in 1987. It was approved in the US in 1988; the first generic was approved in 1994. Adverse effects In October 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required the drug label to be updated for all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications to describe the risk of kidney problems in unborn babies that result in low amniotic fluid. They recommend avoiding NSAIDs in pregnant women at 20 weeks or later in pregnancy. Society and culture Brand names As of 2016 the drug was available worldwide as drops for ophthalmic use and as tablets, both in various strengths, under many brand names which include: Acustop Cataplasma, Adofeed, Anazin, Anflupin, Anorcid, Ansaid, Antadys, Antafen, Antipain, Baenazin, Benactiv, Biprofin, Biprotec, Bro-Z, Brufen, Brufoz, Cebutid, Clinadol, Coryfin, Dispain, Edolfene, Eyeflur, Falken, Fiera, Flu Ro Fen, Flubifix, Flufen, Flugalin, Flupe, Flur di fen, Fluractive, Fluran, Flurb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honghesaurus	Honghesaurus is an extinct genus of pachypleurosaur from the Anisian-age Guanling Formation of China. The type specimen measures about in total body length. Classification The cladogram below follows Xu and colleagues (2022), when they used Youngina as a reference point for rooting the tree. Using a selection of placodonts resulted in a less resolved topology. References Triassic sauropterygians Pachypleurosaurs Fossil taxa described in 2022 Anisian life
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Otto%20Gey	George Otto Gey ( ; July 6, 1899 – November 8, 1970) was the cell biologist at Johns Hopkins Hospital who is credited with propagating the HeLa cell line from Henrietta Lacks' cervical tumor. He spent over 35 years developing numerous scientific breakthroughs under the Johns Hopkins Medical School and Hospital. Early life and education Gey was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on July 6, 1899, the son of German immigrants Frank and Emma Gey. He had an older brother and younger sister. Gey's parents immigrated from Germany, and according to the 1910 United States Census, they lived in suburban Pittsburgh. Gey graduated Peabody High School, and received undergraduate degree in biology from the University of Pittsburgh in 1920. He worked as a carpenter and a mason to help pay his way through college. Around 1926, he married Margaret K. (1900–1989), and they later moved to Baltimore where he would earn his medical degree from Johns Hopkins University. Gey was in medical school off and on for eight years, as he kept running out of money to pay for the tuition. Career After graduating Hopkins in 1933, Gey immediately began his 37-year teaching career at the Johns Hopkins Medical School. In 1951, Gey's research assistant, Mary Kubicek, isolated cells from a cervical tumor removed by a surgeon found in a woman named Henrietta Lacks. These cells proved to be very unusual in that they could grow in culture medium which was constantly stirred using the roller drum a technique de
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic.com	Traffic.com, also known as Navteq Traffic, Traffic Pulse and Mobility Technologies, was a provider of traffic information via a number of media, including the Internet, cell phones, radio, satellite radio and television, in the United States from 2000 to 2013. Its main competitors in the information service and broadcast industries were Westwood One and Clear Channel Communications (the latter of which was a former client of Westwood). The company was founded in 1998 as Argus Information Systems. On November 6, 2006, Navteq announced it had agreed to purchase Traffic.com, officially closing the deal on Wednesday, March 7, 2007. Nokia acquired Navteq for $8.1 billion on July 10, 2008. XM Satellite Radio was the main clients of Traffic Pulse, and its media partners included Accuweather and The Weather Channel. In addition, it had established partnerships with many of the transportation agencies in each state serviced. The company was headquartered in Malvern, Pennsylvania, just outside Philadelphia until 2010 when it was moved to Nokia's headquarters in Chicago shortly after their acquisition of Navteq. In 2012, Nokia announced that it would cut 10,000 jobs, which included the closing of their traffic gathering offices in many major cities across the United States. After which, the company disseminated traffic information to end-users around the United States solely from their operations headquarters in Chicago. In 2013, Nokia sold the Traffic.com URL address and adopte
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna	Lorna is a feminine given name. The name is said to have been first coined by R. D. Blackmore for the heroine of his novel Lorna Doone, which appeared in 1869. Blackmore appears to have derived this name from the Scottish placename Lorn/Lorne. In the U.S., according to the 1990 census, the name ranks 572 of 4275, and as a surname, Lorna ranks 62296 out of 88799. National Lorna day is held annually on 30th April. It originally started in Staffordshire but is now recognised worldwide. Notable people named Lorna Lorna Anderson, Scottish soprano Lorna Aponte, Panamanian rapper Lorna Arnold, British historian of the UK's nuclear weapons programmes Lorna Bennett, Jamaican reggae singer Dame Lorna May Boreland-Kelly, British magistrate and member of the Judicial Appointments Commission Lorna Dee Cervantes, Chicana American poet Lorna Cordeiro, singer from Goa, India Lorna Jane Clarkson, Australian fashion designer, entrepreneur and author. Lorna Crozier, Canadian poet and essayist Lorna Dewaraja (1929–2014), Sri Lankan historian Lorna Dixon, Australian Aboriginal custodian and preserver of the Wangkumara language Lorna Doom, American bassist for punk band The Germs Lorna Feijóo, Cuban ballet dancer Lorna Fitzgerald, British actress Lorna French, British playwright Lorna Goodison, Jamaican poet Lorna Griffin, American shot putter and discus thrower Lorna Hill, British author, primarily of children's books Lorna Kesterson, American politician, first woman to serve
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate%20nephropathy	Phosphate nephropathy or nephrocalcinosis is an adverse renal condition that arises with a formation of phosphate crystals within the kidney's tubules. This renal insufficiency is associated with the use of oral sodium phosphate (OSP) such as C.B. Fleet's Phospho soda and Salix's Visocol, for bowel cleansing prior to a colonoscopy. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the potential risk factors of this complication include pre-existing kidney disease, increased age, female gender, dehydration, comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension, and concurrent treatment with hypertensive medications (ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers) and medications that affect renal perfusion (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug or NSAIDs and diuretics). This complication can be diagnosed with renal tests and biomarkers in laboratories including histochemical staining of renal biopsy specimens, the measure of creatinine level, GFR level, and urine output, urine microscopy, CT scanning, and urinalysis. Phosphate nephropathy may also lead to further renal complications including acute kidney diseases and chronic kidney diseases, or the abrupt and gradual loss of kidney function over time. Different management approaches involve the use of alternative bowel preparation agents and increasing patients' risk assessment among healthcare professionals, including nephrologists, gastroenterologists, and renal pathologists. Other agents used for bowel pr
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherstone%27s%20algorithm	Featherstone's algorithm is a technique used for computing the effects of forces applied to a structure of joints and links (an "open kinematic chain") such as a skeleton used in ragdoll physics. The Featherstone's algorithm uses a reduced coordinate representation. This is in contrast to the more popular Lagrange multiplier method, which uses maximal coordinates. Brian Mirtich's PhD Thesis has a very clear and detailed description of the algorithm. Baraff's paper "Linear-time dynamics using Lagrange multipliers" has a discussion and comparison of both algorithms. References External links Featherstone Multibody in Bullet Physics engine Featherstone's algorithm implementation in the Moby rigid body dynamics simulator Source code for implementation of Featherstone's algorithm Description and references Mirtich's Thesis Baraff's Lagrange multiplier method Roy Featherstone's home page Mechanics Computational physics Computer physics engines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna%20Patterson	Lorna Patterson (born October 1, 1956) is a retired American film, stage and television actress and, more recently, a cantor. As an actress, her best-known roles were as Randy, the singing stewardess, in Airplane!, and as the lead in the television series Private Benjamin. Biography Patterson was born in Whittier, California, where she attended Rio Hondo College for a single semester. Patterson began her professional career while still in high school, performing melodrama at The Bird Cage Theatre at Knott's Berry Farm. Career She is a founding member of the Musical Theatre Guild and has appeared in many stage musicals. She played Randy, the blonde stewardess in the 1980 comedy Airplane!. She co-starred with Tony Randall in the 1981 television pilot Sidney Shorr: A Girl's Best Friend. By the time this became the television series Love, Sidney, she had won the lead role in the 1981–1983 television version of the film Private Benjamin, so her Sidney Shorr role was played in Love, Sidney by Swoosie Kurtz. Earlier, she had been a regular on two short-lived series, Working Stiffs and Goodtime Girls. She also played Liz Drever in 1984, in The Flying Doctors, episodes 2, 3 and 4, in Australia. Patterson has also lent her voice to some animated productions including the TV series Timeless Tales from Hallmark, the direct to video film Joseph and his Brothers from The Greatest Adventure: Stories from the Bible, the English dub of the Japanese anime film Ultraman: The Adventure Begi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purcell%20Wilderness%20Conservancy%20Provincial%20Park%20and%20Protected%20Area	The Purcell Wilderness Conservancy (full name Purcell Wilderness Conservancy Provincial Park and Protected Area) is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It was established in 1974, and encompasses six large drainages in the Purcell Mountains in the southeast of the province. It contains high peaks, alpine meadows and ridges, deep creek and river valleys, and hot springs at Dewar Creek. History The northern part of the park covers an important historical trade and transportation route used by First Nations people for centuries, linking the Rocky Mountain Trench and Kootenay Lake via Toby Pass. Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey, Governor General of Canada, traveled the trail in 1908, after which it was named in his honour. Grey was impressed by the area and built a cabin on Toby Creek. He also approached Premier Richard McBride about protecting the area within a park, but the plans did not come about. The region saw periods of mining activity, including the Argenta Mine near Hamill Peak. It operated for only one year in 1904 and 1905. Some of the equipment is still found inside the park. By the 1960s, logging had reached further into the Purcells. Area residents, outdoor clubs, and conservation groups lobbied the Provincial and Federal Governments for a park in the region. In 1974, the Purcell Wilderness Conservancy (PWC) was established, protecting . The St. Mary's Alpine Provincial Park, adjacent to the southern boundary of the PWC, was established in the sam
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcelna	Tcelna (formerly known as Tovaxin) is an anti-T cell vaccine being studied in multiple sclerosis (MS). As of 2016 it is in phase II trials. History The company announced in late 2005 that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration had approved the protocol for the Phase IIb clinical trial of Tcelna. The multicenter, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled Phase IIb clinical study on 150 patients was designed to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of the therapy with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and early relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS) patients. The first phase of the trial finished in March 2008. All patients who completed the trial were to be eligible for an optional one-year extension study, OLTERMS, to receive Tcelna open-label without a placebo group; however, that program was terminated suddenly for lack of funding. After several financial troubles, the trials were restarted in 2011 and Opexa rebranded the therapy, previous called Tovaxin, with the new name Tcelna. References External links BBC Article 3/8/06 UPI Health Brief Opexa Therapeutics Tcelna Page The US clinical trial registry NCT01684761 Tcelna phase II trial for SPMS. Vaccines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion%20tensor	In differential geometry, the notion of torsion is a manner of characterizing a twist or screw of a moving frame around a curve. The torsion of a curve, as it appears in the Frenet–Serret formulas, for instance, quantifies the twist of a curve about its tangent vector as the curve evolves (or rather the rotation of the Frenet–Serret frame about the tangent vector). In the geometry of surfaces, the geodesic torsion describes how a surface twists about a curve on the surface. The companion notion of curvature measures how moving frames "roll" along a curve "without twisting". More generally, on a differentiable manifold equipped with an affine connection (that is, a connection in the tangent bundle), torsion and curvature form the two fundamental invariants of the connection. In this context, torsion gives an intrinsic characterization of how tangent spaces twist about a curve when they are parallel transported; whereas curvature describes how the tangent spaces roll along the curve. Torsion may be described concretely as a tensor, or as a vector-valued 2-form on the manifold. If ∇ is an affine connection on a differential manifold, then the torsion tensor is defined, in terms of vector fields X and Y, by where [X,Y] is the Lie bracket of vector fields. Torsion is particularly useful in the study of the geometry of geodesics. Given a system of parametrized geodesics, one can specify a class of affine connections having those geodesics, but differing by their torsions.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses%20Blackman	Moses Blackman FRS (6 December 1908 – 3 June 1983) was a South African-born British crystallographer. Biography Moses Blackman (known as Morris) was born in Cape Town on 6 December 1908, the son of Esther (née Oshry) and Rabbi Joseph Blackman. His early school years were in Upington; he then attended Victoria Boys High School when the family moved to Grahamstown in 1921. When matriculating in 1925 Blackman gained the only scholarship to nearby Rhodes University, where he concentrated on physics, mathematics, applied mathematics and German. He achieved firsts in maths, physics and German. He continued with an MSc in physics, again being awarded a first. He then spent a year as a demonstrator, building up his funds, before following his teachers' advice and moving to the University of Göttingen in March 1931. Max Born took him on as a research student. By March 1933 he had written up his work on the Raman spectrum of rock salt, just as Hitler was coming to power, and was awarded the DPhil degree by his external examiner, Werner Heisenberg. Backman returned to England in 1933, having won a fellowship to Imperial College, where he joined Sydney Chapman's Mathematics Department. Here, he worked on lattice theory for two years, after which he was awarded a PhD, his second doctorate. Blackman then succeeded in obtaining an industrial research senior research award from the DSIR, enabling him to undertake research in Cambridge and register for a third doctorate. He worked on the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spar%20%28mineralogy%29	Spar is an old mining or mineralogy term used to refer to crystals that have readily discernible faces. A spar will easily break or cleave into rhomboidal, cubical, or laminated fragments with smooth shiny surfaces. The various spar minerals were a historical term among miners and alchemists for any nonmetallic mineral akin to gypsum, known in Old English as spærstān, spear stone, referring to its crystalline projections. Thus, the word spar in mineralogy has the same root as "spear,". Amongst miners the term "spar" today is frequently used alone to express any bright crystalline substance. Most frequently, spar describes easily cleaved, lightly colored nonmetallic minerals such as feldspar, calcite or baryte. Baryte (BaSO4), the main source of barium, is also called "heavy spar" (Greek "barys" means "heavy"). Calcite often forms the dogtooth spar crystals found in vugs and caves. Formation underwater Generally, a spar will form underwater, either in a phreatic zone, or below the water table, the essential place where most caves form, or in standing pools, as pool spar. If a cave floods and a pool forms, that submerges stalactites, a formation known as bottlebrushes may form. Mineral component ions dissolved in water are mostly deposited as minerals such as calcite and gypsum, and sometimes even halite, quartz, and fluorite, through the course of thousands of years, building up on each other. Formation in the air Sometimes, spar will form in the air due to solution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Finetti	de Finetti usually refers to the Italian statistician Bruno de Finetti, noted for the "operational subjective" conception of probability. His works include: de Finetti's theorem, which explains why exchangeable observations are conditionally independent given some (usually) unobservable quantity de Finetti diagram, used to graph the genotype frequencies of populations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Underground%20rolling%20stock%20numbering%20and%20classification	Rolling stock used on the London Underground and its constituent companies has been classified using a number of schemes. This page explains the principal systems for the rolling stock of the Central London Railway (CLR), the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL), the District Railway (DR) and the Metropolitan Railway (MR). For information about individual classes of locomotives and other rolling stock, see London Underground rolling stock. Electric Multiple Units The numbering and classification of electric multiple unit stock on the London Underground is usually related to the type of line that the trains are used on in the central area of the network. Sub-surface lines were built using the cut-and-cover tunnelling method and use trains of similar size to those on the National Rail network. These are the Circle, District, Hammersmith & City, Metropolitan (and formerly East London) lines. Tube lines are deep-level lines, built to a more restricted loading gauge using circular tunnelling shields or tunnel boring machines. These are the Bakerloo, Central, Jubilee, Northern, Piccadilly, Victoria and Waterloo & City lines. Outside of the central area, both types of trains run on the surface. Unit Classification The method of classification depends on the type of line the train operates on: Tube Stock Tube Stock is classified by the anticipated year of delivery at the time of ordering. This system was inaugurated by the London Passenger Transport Board (LPT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Phillips%20%28economist%29	Peter Charles Bonest Phillips (born 23 March 1948) is an econometrician. Since 1979 he has been Professor of Economics and Statistics at Yale University. He also holds positions at the University of Auckland, Singapore Management University and the University of Southampton. He is currently the co-director of Center for Financial Econometrics of Sim Kee Boon Institute for Financial Economics at Singapore Management University and is an adjunct professor of econometrics at the University of Southampton. Education During his schooling, Phillips was the dux of Mount Albert Grammar School in New Zealand. He received a B.A. and M.A. from the University of Auckland and won prizes in both mathematics and economics. He received his PhD from London School of Economics under the supervision of John Denis Sargan in 1974. Research He is a founding editor of the journal Econometric Theory. Peter Phillips has published many theoretical articles and advanced many research areas in econometrics. He has published important articles on continuous time econometrics, finite-sample theory, asymptotic expansions, unit root and cointegration, long-range dependent time series, and panel data econometrics. He also introduced the use of the functional central limit theorem to derive asymptotic distributions of unit roots tests. Phillips mainly used frequentist statistical methods. Phillips has also supervised numerous Ph.D. students, including Steve Durlauf. In 1993 he was elected as a Fellow of
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspect%20classification	In United States constitutional law, a suspect classification is a class or group of persons meeting a series of criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination. These classes receive closer scrutiny by courts when an Equal Protection claim alleging unconstitutional discrimination is asserted against a law, regulation, or other government action, or sometimes private action. When a law or government action affects a group that falls under a "suspect classification," courts apply the strict scrutiny standard in reviewing the constitutional validity of a law or action. Criteria The United States Supreme Court has mentioned a variety of criteria that, in some combination, may qualify a group as a suspect class, but the Court has not declared that any particular set of criteria are either necessary or sufficient to qualify. Some of the criteria that have been cited include: The group has historically been discriminated against or have been subject to prejudice, hostility, or stigma, perhaps due, at least in part, to stereotypes. They possess an immutable or highly visible trait. They are powerless to protect themselves via the political process. (The group is a "discrete" and "insular" minority.) The group's distinguishing characteristic does not inhibit it from contributing meaningfully to society. Classification Suspect class The Supreme Court established the judicial precedent for suspect classifications in the cases of Hirabayashi v. United States
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20robotics	In Japan, popular robots include humanoid entertainment robots, androids, animal robots, social robots, guard robots, and many more. Each type has a variety of characteristics. Japan employs over a quarter of a million industrial robot workers. In the next 15 years, it's estimated that the number will jump to over one million. Robotics revenue by 2025 is expected to reach $70 billion. Types of robots Humanoid robots ASIMO, manufactured by Honda QRIO by Sony HOAP(*1) Robot Series (Humanoid for Open Architecture Platform), manufactured by Fujitsu Toyota Partner Robot, manufactured by Toyota EMIEW by Hitachi Androids Androids are robots designed to have a very strong resemblance to humans. These include: Actroid, a realistic female robot demonstrated at Expo 2005 in Japan Hanako, a humanoid robot designed for the training of dental professionals HRP-4C, a humanoid robot with a realistic head and the figure of an average young Japanese female Animal (four-legged) robots AIBO is a commercial robotic dog manufactured by Sony Electronics. Social robots Musio PaPeRo Paro, a robot baby seal intended for therapeutic purposes Wakamaru Guard robots Guardrobo D1, manufactured by Sohgo Security Services Banryu, manufactured by Sanyo and TMSUK Domestic robots SmartPal V, manufactured by Yaskawa Electric Corporation TWENDY-ONE, developed by Waseda University TPR-ROBINA, manufactured by Toyota Mobility robots WL-16RIII, developed by Waseda University and TMSUK i-foot,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epispiral	The epispiral is a plane curve with polar equation . There are n sections if n is odd and 2n if n is even. It is the polar or circle inversion of the rose curve. In astronomy the epispiral is related to the equations that explain planets' orbits. See also Logarithmic spiral Rose (mathematics) References https://www.mathcurve.com/courbes2d.gb/epi/epi.shtml Plane curves
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAF	EAF may refer to: Military Egyptian Air Force Estonian Air Force Ethiopian Air Force East Africa Forces, in the compendium of postage stamp issuers Other uses EAF family of proteins Earagail Arts Festival, in County Donegal, Ireland East African Federation, the proposed successor to the East African Community East Asia Forum Electric arc furnace Electric arc furnace transformer Enterprise architecture framework Estonian Archery Federation Ethiopian Athletic Federation European Aviation Air Charter, a defunct British airline European Alliance for Freedom, a European political party Experimental Art Foundation, group of artists in Adelaide, South Australia, from the 1970s, later ACE Open SAP Enterprise Architecture Framework
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93protein%20interaction%20prediction	Protein–protein interaction prediction is a field combining bioinformatics and structural biology in an attempt to identify and catalog physical interactions between pairs or groups of proteins. Understanding protein–protein interactions is important for the investigation of intracellular signaling pathways, modelling of protein complex structures and for gaining insights into various biochemical processes. Experimentally, physical interactions between pairs of proteins can be inferred from a variety of techniques, including yeast two-hybrid systems, protein-fragment complementation assays (PCA), affinity purification/mass spectrometry, protein microarrays, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and Microscale Thermophoresis (MST). Efforts to experimentally determine the interactome of numerous species are ongoing. Experimentally determined interactions usually provide the basis for computational methods to predict interactions, e.g. using homologous protein sequences across species. However, there are also methods that predict interactions de novo, without prior knowledge of existing interactions. Methods Proteins that interact are more likely to co-evolve, therefore, it is possible to make inferences about interactions between pairs of proteins based on their phylogenetic distances. It has also been observed in some cases that pairs of interacting proteins have fused orthologues in other organisms. In addition, a number of bound protein complexes have been struct
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20theorem	In mathematics, in the topology of 3-manifolds, the loop theorem is a generalization of Dehn's lemma. The loop theorem was first proven by Christos Papakyriakopoulos in 1956, along with Dehn's lemma and the Sphere theorem. A simple and useful version of the loop theorem states that if for some 3-dimensional manifold M with boundary ∂M there is a map with not nullhomotopic in , then there is an embedding with the same property. The following version of the loop theorem, due to John Stallings, is given in the standard 3-manifold treatises (such as Hempel or Jaco): Let be a 3-manifold and let be a connected surface in . Let be a normal subgroup such that . Let be a continuous map such that and Then there exists an embedding such that and Furthermore if one starts with a map f in general position, then for any neighborhood U of the singularity set of f, we can find such a g with image lying inside the union of image of f and U. Stalling's proof utilizes an adaptation, due to Whitehead and Shapiro, of Papakyriakopoulos' "tower construction". The "tower" refers to a special sequence of coverings designed to simplify lifts of the given map. The same tower construction was used by Papakyriakopoulos to prove the sphere theorem (3-manifolds), which states that a nontrivial map of a sphere into a 3-manifold implies the existence of a nontrivial embedding of a sphere. There is also a version of Dehn's lemma for minimal discs due to Meeks and S.-T. Yau, which also cruc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroides	Bacteroides is a genus of Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic bacteria. Bacteroides species are non endospore-forming bacilli, and may be either motile or nonmotile, depending on the species. The DNA base composition is 40–48% GC. Unusual in bacterial organisms, Bacteroides membranes contain sphingolipids. They also contain meso-diaminopimelic acid in their peptidoglycan layer. Bacteroides species are normally mutualistic, making up the most substantial portion of the mammalian gastrointestinal microbiota, where they play a fundamental role in processing of complex molecules to simpler ones in the host intestine. As many as 1010–1011 cells per gram of human feces have been reported. They can use simple sugars when available; however, the main sources of energy for Bacteroides species in the gut are complex host-derived and plant glycans. Studies indicate that long-term diet is strongly associated with the gut microbiome composition—those who eat plenty of protein and animal fats have predominantly Bacteroides bacteria, while for those who consume more carbohydrates the Prevotella species dominate. One of the most important clinically is Bacteroides fragilis. Bacteroides melaninogenicus has recently been reclassified and split into Prevotella melaninogenica and Prevotella intermedia. Pathogenesis Bacteroides species also benefit their host by excluding potential pathogens from colonizing the gut. Some species (B. fragilis, for example) are opportunistic human pathogens, cau
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Patent%20Classification	The United States Patent Classification is an official patent classification system in use and maintained by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). It was mostly replaced by the Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) on January 1, 2013. Plant and design patents are still classified solely within USPC at the USPTO. As of December 2018, patents at the USPTO are still routed to their appropriate business and art units by their USPC, even though it is no longer assigned directly to the patents themselves. Overview There are over 400 classes in the U.S. Patent Classification System, each having a title descriptive of its subject matter and identified by a class number. Each class is subdivided into a number of subclasses, each subclass bearing a descriptive title and identified by a subclass number. The subclass number may be an integral number, or may contain a decimal portion and/or alpha characters. A complete identification of a subclass requires both the class and subclass number and any alpha or decimal designations; e.g., 417/161.1A identifies Class 417, Subclass 161.1A. The Manual of Classification, also referred to as the "MOC", contains ordered arrangements of the class and subclass titles, referred to as class schedules. These titles are necessarily brief, although intended to be as suggestive as possible of subject matter included. Therefore, it is best not to depend exclusively upon titles to delineate the subject matter encompassed by a class or s
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DyP	DyP may refer to: Dynamic programming Dye decolorizing peroxidase, an enzyme
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mottled%20moray	Mottled moray may refer to three species of eels: Echidna delicatula, or the fine-speckled moray Gymnothorax prionodon, or the Australian mottled moray Gymnothorax undulatus, or the undulated moray
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual-excited%20linear%20prediction	Residual-excited linear prediction (RELP) is an obsolete speech coding algorithm. It was originally proposed in the 1970s and can be seen as an ancestor of code-excited linear prediction (CELP). Unlike CELP however, RELP directly transmits the residual signal. To achieve lower rates, that residual signal is usually down-sampled (e.g. to 1–2 kHz). The algorithm is hardly used anymore in audio transmission. It is still used in some text-to-speech voices, such as the diphone databases found in the Festival and Flite speech synthesizers. References External links https://harvest.usask.ca/bitstream/handle/10388/etd-12202003-142739/0105Thesis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (5.8 MB) Speech codecs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QQ%20%28disambiguation%29	QQ refers to Tencent QQ, a Chinese instant messaging program. QQ may also refer to: Q–Q plot, a plot to compare distributions in statistics Chery QQ, two compact Chinese cars models Alliance Airlines (IATA code QQ) Qinetiq (LSE stock symbol QQ) Reno Air, formerly IATA code QQ Q. texture, an originally Taiwanese term for the ideal texture of many foods QQ, the production code for the 1968 Doctor Who serial The Web of Fear QQ, an emoticon referring to a pair of tearing eyes QQ Magazine, a gay lifestyle magazine, (1969 – ca. 1982) QQ, a map showing an area of a quarter quadrangle qq may refer to: a Perl operator See also Q (disambiguation) QQQ (disambiguation) QQQQ (disambiguation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel%2037	Channel 37 is an intentionally unused ultra-high frequency (UHF) television broadcasting channel by countries in most of ITU region 2 such as the United States, Canada, Mexico and Brazil. The frequency range allocated to this channel is important for radio astronomy, so all broadcasting is prohibited within a window of frequencies centred typically on . Similar reservations exist in portions of the Eurasian and Asian regions, although the channel numbering varies. History Channel 37 in System M and N countries occupied a band of UHF frequencies from . This band is particularly important to radio astronomy because it allows observation in a region of the spectrum in between the dedicated frequency allocations near 410 MHz and 1.4 GHz. The area reserved or unused differs from nation to nation and region to region (as for example the EU and British Isles have slightly different reserved frequency areas). One radio astronomy application in this band is for very-long-baseline interferometry. When UHF channels were being allocated in the United States in 1952, channel 37 was assigned to 18 communities across the country. One of them, Valdosta, Georgia, featured the only construction permit ever issued for channel 37: WGOV-TV, owned by Eurith Dickenson "Dee" Rivers Jr., son of the former governor of Georgia (hence the call letters). Rivers received the CP on February 26, 1953, but WGOV-TV never made it to the air; on October 28, 1955, they requested an allocation on channel 8, bu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGRP	AGRP may refer to: Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), a metabolism-related neuropeptide Agreement phrase (AGR ̥P), a type of phrase used in syntax
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola%20Petroff	Nikola Petrov (), better known as Nikola Petroff, (19 December 1873 – 2 January 1925) was a Bulgarian wrestler. He was born in the town of Gorna Oryahovitsa, Bulgaria. On 20 July 1898, in New York City, he earned the title "Champion of America". In the next year in Vienna, he became the European Champion in Greco-Roman wrestling. In 1900, during the Exposition Universelle in Paris, he defeated the Frenchman Paul Pons and became a world champion. He fought in the First Balkan War. In 1921, he established his own private school of wrestling in Sofia. He died in 1925 and was buried in his home town of Gorna Oryahovitsa. Since 1963, a yearly tournament in the name of Nikola Petrov has been organized in Bulgaria. In 1998, he was proclaimed an Honoured Citizen of Gorna Oryahovitsa. In his 25-year wrestling career, he was defeated once by Marijan Matijević. References Nikola Petrov – the first Bulgarian Champion 1873 births 1925 deaths Bulgarian male sport wrestlers Bulgarian military personnel of the Balkan Wars People associated with physical culture People from Gorna Oryahovitsa Sportspeople from Veliko Tarnovo Province 19th-century Bulgarian people 20th-century Bulgarian people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20FC%20Bayern%20Munich%20records%20and%20statistics	This list has details on FC Bayern Munich records and statistics. Coaches Until 1963 Information on the club's coaches before the Bundesliga era is hard to come by. The information as given in the following table is from the club's website. Since 1963 In contrast to the pre-Bundesliga era, a list of coaches since the inception of the national league (Bundesliga) in 1963 is readily available on the club's website. Felix Magath (in 2005), Ottmar Hitzfeld (in 2008), Louis van Gaal (in 2010), Jupp Heynckes (in 2013 and 2018) and Hansi Flick (in 2020) were all awarded Germany's Football Manager of the Year title for their work at Bayern. Both Hitzfeld (in 2001) and Flick (in 2020) were also awarded the UEFA Coach of the Year and the IFFHS World's Best Club Coach, while Heynckes won both the FIFA World Coach of the Year and the IFFHS World's Best Club Coach title in 2013. Presidents At the club's founding Franz John was appointed as the first president. The current president, Herbert Hainer, is Bayern's 38th president with several presidents having multiple spells in office (counted separately.) Honorary presidents The club has six honorary presidents, Franz John, Siegfried Herrmann, Kurt Landauer, Wilhelm Neudecker, Franz Beckenbauer, and Uli Hoeneß, the only living ones being Beckenbauer and Hoeneß. Bayern has also designated honorary vice presidents: Hans Schiefele, Karl Pfab, Bernd Rauch, and Fritz Scherer. Honours Bayern have won 83 major trophies: 69 national titles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent%20cellular%20cytotoxicity	Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), also referred to as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, is a mechanism of cell-mediated immune defense whereby an effector cell of the immune system kills a target cell, whose membrane-surface antigens have been bound by specific antibodies. It is one of the mechanisms through which antibodies, as part of the humoral immune response, can act to limit and contain infection. ADCC is independent of the immune complement system that also lyses targets but does not require any other cell. ADCC requires an effector cell which classically is known to be natural killer (NK) cells that typically interact with immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. However, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils can also mediate ADCC, such as eosinophils killing certain parasitic worms known as helminths via IgE antibodies. In general, ADCC has typically been described as the immune response to antibody-coated cells leading ultimately to the lysing of the infected or non-host cell. In recent literature, its importance in regards to treatment of cancerous cells and deeper insight into its deceptively complex pathways have been topics of increasing interest to medical researchers. NK cells The typical ADCC involves activation of NK cells by antibodies in a multi-tiered progression of immune control. A NK cell expresses Fcγ receptors. These receptors recognize and bind to the reciprocal portion of an antibody, such as IgG, which binds to the sur
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredholm%20theory	In mathematics, Fredholm theory is a theory of integral equations. In the narrowest sense, Fredholm theory concerns itself with the solution of the Fredholm integral equation. In a broader sense, the abstract structure of Fredholm's theory is given in terms of the spectral theory of Fredholm operators and Fredholm kernels on Hilbert space. The theory is named in honour of Erik Ivar Fredholm. Overview The following sections provide a casual sketch of the place of Fredholm theory in the broader context of operator theory and functional analysis. The outline presented here is broad, whereas the difficulty of formalizing this sketch is, of course, in the details. Fredholm equation of the first kind Much of Fredholm theory concerns itself with the following integral equation for f when g and K are given: This equation arises naturally in many problems in physics and mathematics, as the inverse of a differential equation. That is, one is asked to solve the differential equation where the function is given and is unknown. Here, stands for a linear differential operator. For example, one might take to be an elliptic operator, such as in which case the equation to be solved becomes the Poisson equation. A general method of solving such equations is by means of Green's functions, namely, rather than a direct attack, one first finds the function such that for a given pair , where is the Dirac delta function. The desired solution to the above differential equation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein%20E	Apolipoprotein E (Apo-E) is a protein involved in the metabolism of fats in the body of mammals. A subtype is implicated in the Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular diseases. It is encoded in humans by the gene APOE. Apo-E belongs to a family of fat-binding proteins called apolipoproteins. In the circulation, it is present as part of several classes of lipoprotein particles, including chylomicron remnants, VLDL, IDL, and some HDL. APOE interacts significantly with the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), which is essential for the normal processing (catabolism) of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. In peripheral tissues, APOE is primarily produced by the liver and macrophages, and mediates cholesterol metabolism. In the central nervous system, Apo-E is mainly produced by astrocytes and transports cholesterol to neurons via APOE receptors, which are members of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. Apo-E is the principal cholesterol carrier in the brain. Apo-E is required for cholesterol transportation from astrocytes to neurons. APOE qualifies as a checkpoint inhibitor of the classical complement pathway by complex formation with activated C1q. Evolution Apolipoproteins are not unique to mammals. Many terrestrial and marine vertebrates have versions of them. It is believed that APOE arose via gene duplications of APOC1 before the fish-tetrapod split c. 400 million years ago. Proteins similar in function have been found in choanoflagellates, suggesting that th
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein%20B	Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the gene. It is commonly used to detect risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Function Apolipoprotein B is the primary apolipoprotein of chylomicrons, VLDL, Lp(a), IDL, and LDL particles (LDL—commonly known as "bad cholesterol" when in reference to both heart disease and vascular disease in general), which is responsible for carrying fat molecules (lipids), including cholesterol, around the body to all cells within all tissues. While all the functional roles of ApoB within the LDL (and all larger) particles remain somewhat unclear, it is the primary organizing protein (of the entire complex shell enclosing/carrying fat molecules within) component of the particles and is absolutely required for the formation of these particles. What is also clear is that the ApoB on the LDL particle acts as a ligand for LDL receptors in various cells throughout the body (i.e., less formally, ApoB indicates fat-carrying particles are ready to enter any cells with ApoB receptors and deliver fats carried within into the cells). Through mechanisms only partially understood, high levels of ApoB, especially associated with the higher LDL particle concentrations, are the primary driver of plaques that cause vascular disease (atherosclerosis), commonly first becoming obviously symptomatic as heart disease, stroke and many other body wide complications after decades of progression. There is considerable evidence that concen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM%20SIGACT	ACM SIGACT or SIGACT is the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computation Theory, whose purpose is support of research in theoretical computer science. It was founded in 1968 by Patrick C. Fischer. Publications SIGACT publishes a quarterly print newsletter, SIGACT News. Its online version, SIGACT News Online, is available since 1996 for SIGACT members, with unrestricted access to some features. Conferences SIGACT sponsors or has sponsored several annual conferences. COLT: Conference on Learning Theory, until 1999 PODC: ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (jointly sponsored by SIGOPS) PODS: ACM Symposium on Principles of Database Systems POPL: ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages SOCG: ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry (jointly sponsored by SIGGRAPH), until 2014 SODA: ACM/SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (jointly sponsored by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics). Two annual workshops held in conjunction with SODA also have the same joint sponsorship: ALENEX: Workshop on Algorithms and Experiments ANALCO: Workshop on Analytic Algorithms and Combinatorics SPAA: ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures STOC: ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computing COLT, PODC, PODS, POPL, SODA, and STOC are all listed as highly cited venues by both citeseerx and libra. Awards and prizes Gödel Prize, for outstanding papers in theoretical computer science (sponsored jointl

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