source
stringlengths 32
209
| text
stringlengths 18
1.5k
|
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz%E2%80%93Kelker%20bias
|
The Lutz–Kelker bias is a supposed systematic bias that results from the assumption that the probability of a star being at distance increases with the square of the distance which is equivalent to the assumption that the distribution of stars in space is uniform. In particular, it causes measured parallaxes to stars to be larger than their actual values. The bias towards measuring larger parallaxes in turn results in an underestimate of distance and therefore an underestimate on the object's luminosity.
For a given parallax measurement with an accompanying uncertainty, both stars closer and farther may, because of uncertainty in measurement, appear at the given parallax. Assuming uniform stellar distribution in space, the probability density of the true parallax per unit range of parallax will be proportional to (where is the true parallax), and therefore, there will be more stars in the volume shells at farther distance. As a result of this dependence, more stars will have their true parallax smaller than the observed parallax. Thus, the measured parallax will be systematically biased towards a value larger than the true parallax. This causes inferred luminosities and distances to be too small, which poses an apparent problem to astronomers trying to measure distance. The existence (or otherwise) of this bias and the necessity of correcting for it has become relevant in astronomy with the precision parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos satellite and more recently
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20lipase%20disease
|
Acid lipase disease or deficiency is a name used to describe two related disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Acid lipase disease occurs when the enzyme lysosomal acid lipase that is needed to break down certain fats that are normally digested by the body is lacking or missing. This results in the toxic buildup of these fats in the body's cells and tissues. These fatty substances, called lipids, include waxes, oils, and cholesterol.
Three rare lipid storage diseases are caused by the deficiency of the enzyme lysosomal acid lipase:
Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LAL-D)
Wolman disease (early onset lysosomal acid lipase deficiency)
Cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD)
Epidemiology
The prevalence of Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency is unknown in the general population. Wolman disease and Cholesteryl ester storage disease are both autosomal recessive diseases. Wolman disease in predominantly found in the Iranian-Jewish community and its prevalence of this disease in offspring among Iranian-Jewish couples is 1 in 4200 births. Cholesteryl ester storage disease is generally found among the German community and couples of German descent. It is estimated that 25 out of 1000000 newborns will develop the disease.
Mechanism
The lysosomal acid lipase enzyme is found within the compartments of the lysosomes with in the cell. When the lysosomal acid lipase enzyme is functioning properly, fats such as triglycerides and cholesteryl esters are broken down into their simpler lipid c
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20NO1
|
Haplogroup NO1 (M214/Page39; F176/M2314; CTS5858/M2325/F346; CTS11572), also known as NO-M214, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. NO1 is the sole confirmed subclade of Haplogroup K- M2313 (a.k.a. NO-M2313, K2a1), which is the sole subclade of Haplogroup K2a (K-M2308). NO is the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup in most parts of eastern and northern Eurasia, including East Asia, Siberia and northern Fennoscandia.
The location of NO1 at the SNP M214 follows the taxonomy set out by Karmin et al. 2022, and conforms to a structure shown by ISOGG (2022). (However neither Karmin nor ISOGG has integrated one of the findings of Poznik et al. 2016: that there was a subclade generation both above haplogroup NO1 (M214) and beneath K-M2308. That is, both ISOGG and Karmin et al. continued to equate K2a with haplogroup NO.)
Before 2016, the subclades compromising both NO and NO1 were not recognised, and were regarded as synonymous with K2a. Researchers such as David Poznik (Poznik et al. 2016) documented examples of previously unknown subclades of haplogroup K2, in both ancient remains and living individuals, which: (firstly) had several, varying suites of the SNPs regarded previously as uniquely defining K2a and NO, but also (secondly) lacked any of the SNPs specifically identifying haplogroups Haplogroup N (M231) and Haplogroup O (M175). This demonstrated conclusively that multiple stages of development separated K2a from NO, which therefore constituted "grandparent" and "grandchild" cl
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense%20bodies
|
Dense body may refer to:
Dense granule, a secretory organelle
Ribbon synapse, a type of neuronal synapse
Electron-dense portions of smooth muscle
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-induced%20crystallization
|
Metal-induced crystallization (MIC) is a method by which amorphous carbon (a-C), amorphous silicon (a-Si), amorphous oxides and amorphous germanium (a-Ge) can be turned into their polycrystalline phases at relatively low temperatures.
In the technologically important case of Si, a thin film of a-Si is deposited onto a substrate, usually glass, and then capped with a metal, such as aluminium (Aluminum-induced crystallization(AIC)). The structure is then annealed at temperatures between 150 °C and 400 °C which causes the a-Si films to be transformed into polycrystalline silicon.
In a variant of this method, called Metal-induced lateral crystallization (MILC), metal is only deposited on some area of the a-Si. Upon annealing, crystallization starts from the portion of a-Si which is covered by metal and proceeds laterally. Unlike MIC process, where metal contamination in the obtained polysilicon is relatively high, the laterally crystallized silicon in MILC process contains very small amount of metal contamination. The crystallization speed is low, but is adequate for applications such as fabrication of thin film transistors. In this case, metal is deposited on the source/drain area of the transistor and the channel is laterally crystallized.
It has been also shown that applying an electric field increases the speed of lateral crystallization dramatically. Moreover, the crystallization proceeds unidirectionally.
Recently metal-induced crystallization has been coupled with mic
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmoplakin
|
Desmoplakin is a protein in humans that is encoded by the DSP gene. Desmoplakin is a critical component of desmosome structures in cardiac muscle and epidermal cells, which function to maintain the structural integrity at adjacent cell contacts. In cardiac muscle, desmoplakin is localized to intercalated discs which mechanically couple cardiac cells to function in a coordinated syncytial structure. Mutations in desmoplakin have been shown to play a role in dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, where it may present with acute myocardial injury; striate palmoplantar keratoderma, Carvajal syndrome and paraneoplastic pemphigus.
Structure
Desmoplakin exists as two predominant isoforms; the first, known as "DPII", has molecular weight 260.0 kDa (2272 amino acids) and the second, known as "DPI", has molecular weight 332.0 kDa (2871 amino acids). These isoforms are identical except for the shorter rod domain in DPII. DPI is the predominant isoform expressed in cardiac muscle. The DSP gene is located on chromosome 6p24.3, containing 24 exons and spanning approximately 45 kDa of genomic DNA. Desmoplakin is a large desmosomal plaque protein that homodimerizes and adopts a dumbbell-shaped conformation. The N-terminal globular head domain of desmoplakin is composed of a series of alpha helical bundles, and is required for both the localization to the desmosome and interaction with the N-terminal region of plakophilin 1 and plakoglobin as well as desm
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakoglobin
|
Plakoglobin, also known as junction plakoglobin or gamma-catenin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JUP gene. Plakoglobin is a member of the catenin protein family and homologous to β-catenin. Plakoglobin is a cytoplasmic component of desmosomes and adherens junctions structures located within intercalated discs of cardiac muscle that function to anchor sarcomeres and join adjacent cells in cardiac muscle. Mutations in plakoglobin are associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.
Structure
Human plakoglobin is 81.7 kDa in molecular weight and 745 amino acids long. The JUP gene contains 13 exons spanning 17 kb on chromosome 17q21. Plakoglobin is a member of the catenin family, since it contains a distinct repeating amino acid motif called the armadillo repeat. Plakoglobin is highly similar to β-catenin; both have 12 armadillo repeats as well as N-terminal and C-terminal globular domains of unknown structure. Plakoglobin was originally identified as a component of desmosomes, where it can bind to the cadherin family member desmoglein I. Plakoglobin also associates with classical cadherins such as E-cadherin; in that context, it was called gamma-catenin. Plakoglobin forms distinct complexes with cadherins and desmosomal cadherins.
Function
Plakoglobin is a major cytoplasmic component of both desmosomes and adherens junctions, and is the only known constituent common to submembranous plaques in both of these structures, which are located at the interc
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropomodulin
|
Tropomodulin (TMOD) is a protein which binds and caps the minus end of actin (the "pointed" end), regulating the length of actin filaments in muscle and non-muscle cells.
The protein functions by physically blocking the spontaneous dissociation of ADP-bound actin monomers from the minus end of the actin fibre. This, along with plus end capping proteins, such as capZ stabilise the structure of the actin filament. End capping is particularly important when long-lived actin filaments are necessary, for example: in myofibrils. Inhibition of tropomodulin capping activity leads to dramatic increase in thin filament length from its pointed end.
Genes
TMOD1
TMOD2
TMOD3
TMOD4
References
External links
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20auxin%20transport
|
Polar auxin transport is the regulated transport of the plant hormone auxin in plants. It is an active process, the hormone is transported in cell-to-cell manner and one of the main features of the transport is its asymmetry and directionality (polarity). The polar auxin transport functions to coordinate plant development; the following spatial auxin distribution underpins most of plant growth responses to its environment and plant growth and developmental changes in general. In other words, the flow and relative concentrations of auxin informs each plant cell where it is located and therefore what it should do or become.
Chemiosmotic model
Polar auxin transport (PAT) is directional and active flow of auxin molecules through the plant tissues. The flow of auxin molecules through the neighboring cells is driven by carriers (type of membrane transport protein) in the cell-to-cell fashion (from one cell to other cell and then to the next one) and the direction of the flow is determined by the localization of the carriers on the plasma membrane in the concerned cells.
The transport from cell to the neighboring one is achieved through relatively complex combination of several sub-processes. To explain the mechanism behind unique character of auxin transport through living cell files of the plant, the so-called chemiosmotic model was formulated. The mechanism was first proposed in the 1970s by Ruberry and Sheldrake and this visionary prediction was finally proven in the 21st c
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanti%20Mardia
|
Kantilal Vardichand "Kanti" Mardia (born 1935) is an Indian-British statistician specialising in directional statistics, multivariate analysis, geostatistics, statistical bioinformatics and statistical shape analysis. He was born in Sirohi, Rajasthan, India in a Jain family and now resides and works in Leeds. He is known for his series of tests of multivariate normality based measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis as well as work on the statistical measures of shape.
Life and career
Mardia was educated at the Ismail Yusuf College at the University of Bombay (BSc 1955, MSc in statistics 1957), the University of Poona (MSc in pure mathematics 1961), the University of Rajasthan (PhD 1965) and the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne (PhD 1967, DSc 1973). He held academic positions at the Institute of Science, Mumbai and the University of Hull.
Mardia was appointed professor of applied statistics and head of the Department of Statistics in the School of Mathematics at the University of Leeds in 1973. He retired in 2000 with the title emeritus professor and is currently senior research professor of applied statistics at Leeds. He is also a long-term visiting professor at the University of Oxford, from March 2013, and the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIMA), from 2008.
He was instrumental in founding the Centre of Medical Imaging Research (CoMIR) in the University of Leeds, where he held the position of joint director. He was the driving force behind the excha
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20reserves%20of%20Azerbaijan
|
State Reserves of Azerbaijan refers to the state reserves in Azerbaijan, which preserve the fauna, flora and their ecosystems.
State Reserves bear the status of governmental establishments aimed at environmental protection and scientific researches. They are particularly designed for the protection of typical and rare natural complexes and studying of natural processes and phenomena. The utilization of the lands of State natural reserves, as well as animals and plants, found within their boundaries for industrial purposes is prohibited by the law. Activities in this sector are regulated by the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic.
In total more than 2,5% of Azerbaijan is under protection by the government as state reserve.
State Reserves
There are 15 state natural parks in Azerbaijan to preserve and protect the fauna, flora and their ecosystems. See below for the list:
Basut-Chay State Reserve
Eldar Pine State Reserve
Gara-Yaz State Reserve
Gizil-Agach State Reserve
Gobustan State Reserve
Ilisu State Reserve
Ismailli State Reserve
Pirgulu State Reserve
Shahbuz State Reserve
Shirvan State Reserve
Shusha State Historical and Architectural Reserve
Turian-Chay State Reserve
Qaragol State Reserve
Zagatala State Reserve
Basut-Chay State Reserve
Basut-Chay State Reserve was established on the area of 1.07 km2 in 1974 for preserving and protecting the rare Oriental plane-tree. The reserve covers the area around the Basut-Chay of the so
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotix%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Robotix may refer to:
Events
Robotix (competition), a robotics competition organized by the students of IIT Kharagpur
Merchandise
Robotix (toyline)
TV
Robotix, 1986 cartoon produced by Sunbow & Marvel Productions
See also
Robotics, a branch of engineering and science
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium-binding%20protein
|
Calcium-binding proteins are proteins that participate in calcium cell signaling pathways by binding to Ca2+, the calcium ion that plays an important role in many cellular processes. Calcium-binding proteins have specific domains that bind to calcium and are known to be heterogeneous.
One of the functions of calcium binding proteins is to regulate the amount of free (unbound) Ca2+ in the cytosol of the cell. The cellular regulation of calcium is known as calcium homeostasis.
Types
Many different calcium-binding proteins exist, with different cellular and tissue distribution and involvement in specific functions. Calcium binding proteins also serve an important physiological role for cells. The most ubiquitous Ca2+-sensing protein, found in all eukaryotic organisms including yeasts, is calmodulin. Intracellular storage and release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is associated with the high-capacity, low-affinity calcium-binding protein calsequestrin. Calretinin is another type of Calcium binding protein weighing 29kD. It is involved in cell signaling and shown to exist in neurons. This type of protein is also found in large quantities in malignant mesothelial cells, which can be easily differentiated from carcinomas. This differentiation is later applied for a diagnosis on ovarian stromal tumors. Also, another member of the EF-hand superfamily is the S100B protein, which regulates p53. P53 is known as a tumor suppressor protein and in this case acts as a transcripti
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20torque%20control
|
Direct torque control (DTC) is one method used in variable-frequency drives to control the torque (and thus finally the speed) of three-phase AC electric motors. This involves calculating an estimate of the motor's magnetic flux and torque based on the measured voltage and current of the motor.
DTC control platform
Stator flux linkage is estimated by integrating the stator voltages. Torque is estimated as a cross product of estimated stator flux linkage vector and measured motor current vector. The estimated flux magnitude and torque are then compared with their reference values. If either the estimated flux or torque deviates too far from the reference tolerance, the transistors of the variable frequency drive are turned off and on in such a way that the flux and torque errors will return in their tolerant bands as fast as possible. Thus direct torque control is one form of the hysteresis or bang-bang control.
Overview of key competing VFD control platforms:
The properties of DTC can be characterized as follows:
Torque and flux can be changed very fast by changing the references
High efficiency & low losses - are minimized because the transistors are switched only when it is needed to keep torque and flux within their hysteresis bands
The step response has no overshoot
No dynamic coordinate transforms are needed, all calculations are done in stationary coordinate system
No separate modulator is needed, the hysteresis control defines the switch control signals dire
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar%20Doppler%20Multitarget
|
Radar Doppler Multitarget (RDY in its French acronym) is a multimode Look-down/shoot-down Pulse-Doppler radar designed by Thomson-CSF (now Thales) for the Mirage 2000-5 fighter. The RDY-3 derivative has been fitted to Moroccan Mirage F1's. Thomson has claimed that the original RDY outperformed the AN/APG-66/68 of the F-16 and the AN/APG-65 of the F/A-18 Hornet.
Design
The original RDI/RDM radars on the Mirage 2000 only worked in air-to-air mode. The RDY was designed to add air-to-ground modes, in particular the ability to control Exocet and Kormoran 2 anti-shipping missiles. The system has a flat-plate antenna scanning a 3.5° beam over a 60° cone at powers up to 120 kW. Maximum range is in air-to-air mode and in look-down mode. The RDY can detect 24 targets, track eight of them and engage four targets at a time. The enhanced RDY-2 has a slightly greater range and adds a SAR mode.
History
Development began in 1984, with the first of nine prototypes flying in July 1987 in a Mystère 20, and the first delivery of a production set in December 1994.
RDY is the standard fit on the Mirage 2000–5,-5Mk2 (RDY-2) and -9 (RDY-2) aircraft and has been retrofitted aboard 37 French Air Force Mirage 2000Cs (aircraft to Mirage 2000-5F standard; 11 aircraft redelivered during 1998, 22 during 1999), 25 Greek Mirage 2000-5 Mk2 and 62 United Arab Emirates' Mirage 2000EAD/DADs. Other customers for the Mirage 2000-5 include Qatar (Mirage 2000-5EDA and -5DDA aircraft) and Taiwan (Mirage 2000
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine%20%28disambiguation%29
|
An engine is a device that converts one form of energy into mechanical energy.
Engine may also refer to:
Thermodynamics
Heat engine, a physical or theoretical device that converts thermal energy to mechanical output
Reciprocating engine, a heat engine that uses one or more pistons
Internal combustion engine, an engine in which the combustion of fuel and an oxidizer occurs in a confined space
Diesel engine
Wankel engine, a type of internal combustion engine
Pulse jet engine, an internal combustion engine wherein the combustion occurs in pulses
External combustion engine, an engine where an internal fluid is heated through the engine wall or a heat exchanger
Steam engine, an external combustion engine that converts steam expansion into mechanical work
Carnot heat engine, a hypothetical engine that operates on the reversible Carnot cycle
Stirling engine, a closed-cycle regenerative hot-air engine
Rail transport
Locomotive, the car of a train that carries the actual engine(s) and pulls/pushes the rest of the train
Electric locomotive, a locomotive which carries the electric motors of a train
Computing
Software engines
Software engine, a core component of a complex software system
Browser engine, component of a web browser that renders web pages on a screen
Chess engine, software that analyzes a chess game and makes decisions
Database engine, software that manipulates database contents internally
Game engine, the core software component of a video game
JavaS
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UVB-induced%20apoptosis
|
UV-induced apoptosis
UV-induced apoptosis is an adequate (physiological) reaction of a cell damaged by UV radiation (UVR) in a sufficiently large (lethal) dose and it prevents the disordered destruction of UV damaged cells by help necrosis. Cell elimination by apoptosis occurs when UV-induced cell damage which cannot be repaired by the intracellular repair system exceeds at it certain limit (lethal damage). Through apoptosis, the cells are self-disassembled into compartments with their subsequent utilization (mainly by neighboring cells). The first time sign of the beginning of the apoptosis system is working in a UV damaged cell is the activation of restriction enzymes, which divide cell DNA into fragments convenient for utilization. But too large a dose of UVR can lead to breakdown (inactivation) of the energy-dependent mechanism of apoptosis (super lethal damage). In this case, cell destruction occurs randomly, not orderly, and during a significantly longer (compared with apoptosis) time interval. UV-irradiated cells do not change their appearance for a long time [1, 6], as a result of which the researchers may make the erroneous conclusion that “revealed an unexpected response to a dose at which a higher dose of UV increased the viability of keratinocytes” [2]. The fact that UV-induced apoptosis at high doses of UVR begins to be replaced by necrosis was established in 2000 [3]. For keratinocytes, the proportion of cells that have elimination by help apoptosis, with an
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric%20cell%20division
|
An asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. This is in contrast to symmetric cell divisions which give rise to daughter cells of equivalent fates. Notably, stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to two distinct daughter cells: one copy of the original stem cell as well as a second daughter programmed to differentiate into a non-stem cell fate. (In times of growth or regeneration, stem cells can also divide symmetrically, to produce two identical copies of the original cell.)
In principle, there are two mechanisms by which distinct properties may be conferred on the daughters of a dividing cell. In one, the daughter cells are initially equivalent but a difference is induced by signaling between the cells, from surrounding cells, or from the precursor cell. This mechanism is known as extrinsic asymmetric cell division. In the second mechanism, the prospective daughter cells are inherently different at the time of division of the mother cell. Because this latter mechanism does not depend on interactions of cells with each other or with their environment, it must rely on intrinsic asymmetry. The term asymmetric cell division usually refers to such intrinsic asymmetric divisions.
Intrinsic asymmetry
In order for asymmetric division to take place the mother cell must be polarized, and the mitotic spindle must be aligned with the axis of polarity. The cell biology of these events has been most studied in three animal models: th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Springs%2C%20Nevada
|
Crystal Springs is a ghost town in the Pahranagat Valley region of Lincoln County, Nevada in the United States. The ghost town is located at the junction of State Route 318 and State Route 375 (Extraterrestrial Highway), just northwest of U.S. Route 93. It is a popular destination for passersby who want to visit the towns of Hiko and Rachel. The namesake of the ghost town, the Crystal Springs, lies nearby; it is a large group of marshes and springs along the White River. Crystal Springs provides irrigation for multiple nearby ranches and farms, some of which lie over 5 miles away from the springs.
The ghost town is marked as Nevada Historical Marker 205 (Crystal Springs).
History
The earliest reported uses of the spring were by a Native American village. The springs provided water for people traveling the Mormon Trail.
In 1865, Crystal Springs was the first area in Lincoln County where mining grade silver ore was discovered. This led to Crystal Springs becoming the first county seat of Lincoln County from 1866 to 1867, although it was later replaced by Hiko.
Hot springs
The Crystal Springs thermal spring has a water temperature of 81 °F.
References
Populated places established in 1866
Ghost towns in Lincoln County, Nevada
Springs of Nevada
Ghost towns in Nevada
Bodies of water of Lincoln County, Nevada
1866 establishments in Nevada
Nevada historical markers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wick%20product
|
In probability theory, the Wick product is a particular way of defining an adjusted product of a set of random variables. In the lowest order product the adjustment corresponds to subtracting off the mean value, to leave a result whose mean is zero. For the higher order products the adjustment involves subtracting off lower order (ordinary) products of the random variables, in a symmetric way, again leaving a result whose mean is zero. The Wick product is a polynomial function of the random variables, their expected values, and expected values of their products.
The definition of the Wick product immediately leads to the Wick power of a single random variable and this allows analogues of other functions of random variables to be defined on the basis of replacing the ordinary powers in a power-series expansions by the Wick powers. The Wick powers of commonly-seen random variables can be expressed in terms of special functions such as Bernoulli polynomials or Hermite polynomials.
The Wick product is named after physicist Gian-Carlo Wick, cf. Wick's theorem.
Definition
Assume that X1, ..., Xk are random variables with finite moments. The Wick product
is a sort of product defined recursively as follows:
(i.e. the empty product—the product of no random variables at all—is 1). For k ≥ 1, we impose the requirement
where means that Xi is absent, together with the constraint that the average is zero,
Equivalently, the Wick product can be defined by writing the monomial as a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanylyltransferase
|
Guanylyl transferases are enzymes that transfer a guanosine mono phosphate group, usually from GTP to another molecule, releasing pyrophosphate. Many eukaryotic guanylyl transferases are capping enzymes that catalyze the formation of the 5' cap in the co-transcriptional modification of messenger RNA. Because the 5' end of the RNA molecule ends in a phosphate group, the bond formed between the RNA and the GTP molecule is an unusual 5'-5' triphosphate linkage, instead of the 3'-5' linkages between the other nucleotides that form an RNA strand. In capping enzymes, a highly conserved lysine residue serves as the catalytic residue that forms a covalent enzyme-GMP complex.
The transfer RNA (tRNA) for histidine is unique among eukaryotic tRNAs in requiring the addition of a guanine nucleotide before being aminoacylated by the histidine tRNA synthetase. The yeast guanylyl transferase specific to tRNAHis is unique in being the only known non-tRNA synthetase enzyme that specifically recognizes the tRNA anticodon.
Guanylyl transferases also exist for transferring guanosine nucleotides to sugar molecules, such as mannose and fucose.
See also
mRNA guanylyltransferase
External links
EC number 2.7.7.- - nucleotidyltransferases
References
EC 2.7.7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display%20driver
|
In electronics/computer hardware, a display driver is usually a semiconductor integrated circuit (but may alternatively comprise a state machine made of discrete logic and other components) which provides an interface function between a microprocessor, microcontroller, ASIC or general-purpose peripheral interface and a particular type of display device, e.g. LCD, LED, OLED, ePaper, CRT, Vacuum fluorescent or Nixie.
The display driver will typically accept commands and data using an industry-standard general-purpose serial or parallel interface, such as TTL, CMOS, RS-232, SPI, I2C, etc. and generate signals with suitable voltage, current, timing and demultiplexing to make the display show the desired text or image.
The display driver may itself be an application-specific microcontroller and may incorporate RAM, Flash memory, EEPROM and/or ROM. Fixed ROM may contain firmware and display fonts.
A notable example of a display driver IC is the Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller.
Other controllers are KS0108, SSD1815 (graphics capable) and ST7920 (graphics capable)
History
The use of integrated circuit technology to drive a display driver chip dates back to the late 1960s. In 1969, Hewlett-Packard introduced the HP Model 5082-7000 Numeric Indicator, an early LED display and the first LED device to use integrated circuit technology. Its development was led by Howard C. Borden and Gerald P. Pighini at HP Associates and HP Labs, who had engaged in research and development (R&D) on pra
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill%20folding
|
Downhill folding is a process in which a protein folds without encountering any significant macroscopic free energy barrier. It is a key prediction of the folding funnel hypothesis of the energy landscape theory of proteins.
Overview
Downhill folding is predicted to occur under conditions of extreme native bias, i.e. at low temperatures or in the absence of denaturants. This corresponds to the type 0 scenario in the energy landscape theory. At temperatures or denaturant concentrations close to their apparent midpoints, proteins may switch from downhill to two-state folding, the type 0 to type 1 transition.
Global downhill folding (or one-state folding) is another scenario in which the protein folds in the absence of a free energy barrier under all conditions. In other words, there is a unimodal population distribution at all temperatures and denaturant concentrations, suggesting a continuous unfolding transition in which different ensembles of structures populate at different conditions. This is in contrast to two-state folding, which assumes only two ensembles (folded and unfolded) and a sharp unfolding transition.
Free energy barriers in protein folding are predicted to be small because they arise as a result of compensation between large energetic and entropic terms. Non-synchronization between gain in stabilizing energy and loss in conformational entropy results in two-state folding, while a synchronization between these two terms as the folding proceeds results in d
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvulin
|
Parvulin, a 92-amino acid protein discovered in E. coli in 1994, is the smallest known protein with prolyl isomerase activity, which catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline peptide bonds. Although parvulin has no homology with larger prolyl isomerases such as cyclophilin and FKBP, it does share structural features with subdomains of other proteins involved in preparing secreted proteins for export from the cell.
Although parvulin is as active as the larger prolyl isomerases against a short proline-containing test peptide, it has lower relative activity against biological substrates, possibly because the larger molecules have a higher ability to bind the substrate peptide. Parvulin itself contains proline residues and its folding can be accelerated by the presence of cyclophilin; parvulin folding can also be autocatalytic.
A eukaryotic homolog of parvulin known as Pin1 is required to execute the transition from G2 phase to M phase in the cell cycle. Absence of Pin1 activity in humans has also been implicated in the folding and processing of the amyloid precursor protein, whose degradation product is the cytotoxic peptide amyloid beta implicated in Alzheimer's disease.
In addition to Pin1, higher eukaryotes contain an additional parvulin gene, whose core sequence is highly conserved in all multi-cellular organisms examined so far, but absent from yeast. In humans the locus of this parvulin resides on chromosome Xq13 and encodes two protein species, Par14 and Par17.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Moore
|
Frank Moore may refer to:
Writers and artists
Frank Moore (journalist) (1828–1904), American journalist and compiler
Frank Moore (performance artist) (1946–2013), American performance artist
Frank C. Moore (painter) (1953–2002), New York-based painter
Frank Frankfort Moore (1855–1931), British dramatist, novelist and poet
Frank Gardner Moore (1865–1955), American Latin scholar
Frank Montague Moore (1877–1967), painter and the first director of the Honolulu Academy of Arts
Others
Frank Moore (American actor) (1880–1924), American stage actor; appeared in His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz
Frank Moore (Canadian actor) (born 1946), Canadian film, television and stage actor
Frank Moore (baseball) (1877–1964), pitcher in Major League Baseball
Frank Moore (horse racing), Australian jockey
Frank Moore (rower), Irish Olympic rower
Sir Frank Moore (tourism advocate) (born 1930), major figure in tourism development in Australia
Frank A. Moore (1844–1918), American politician and judge in the state of Oregon
Frank C. Moore (politician) (1896–1978), American lawyer and politician
Frank E. Moore (1933–2019), Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Frank Moore (political activist) (1867–1940), New Zealand political activist
Frank Murchison Moore, United States Army Air Service officer
See also
Frank Moore Colby (1865–1925), American educator and writer
Frank Moore Cross (1921–2012), professor emeritus of the Harvard Divinity School
Francis Moor
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudostratified%20columnar%20epithelium
|
A pseudostratified epithelium is a type of epithelium that, though comprising only a single layer of cells, has its cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive of stratified epithelia. As it
rarely occurs as squamous or cuboidal epithelia, it is usually considered synonymous with the term pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
The term pseudostratified is derived from the appearance of this epithelium in the section which conveys the erroneous (pseudo means almost or approaching) impression that there is more than one layer of cells, when in fact this is a true simple epithelium since all the cells rest on the basement membrane. The nuclei of these cells, however, are disposed at different levels, thus creating the illusion of cellular stratification. All cells are not of equal size and not all cells extend to the luminal/apical surface; such cells are capable of cell division providing replacements for cells lost or damaged.
Pseudostratified epithelia function in secretion or absorption. If a specimen looks stratified but has cilia, then it is a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium, since stratified epithelia do not have cilia. Ciliated epithelia are more common and lines the trachea, bronchi. Non-ciliated epithelia lines the larger ducts such as the ducts of parotid glands.
Examples
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia is the type of respiratory epithelium found in the linings of the trachea as well as other respiratory tract, which allows filtering and hum
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20robotics%20articles
|
Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots. Robotics is related to the sciences of electronics, engineering, mechanics, and software. The word "robot" was introduced to the public by Czech writer Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), published in 1920. The term "robotics" was coined by Isaac Asimov in his 1941 science fiction short-story "Liar!"
Articles related to robotics include:
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
References
External links
Robotics
Robotics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4BH
|
4BH 1116 is the on-air identifier (ACMA callsign: 4BH) of a radio station in Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. It broadcasts on a frequency is 1116 kHz in the AM radio band and is simulcasted in DAB+ on channel 9B. It is owned by Nine Entertainment Co and run under a lease agreement by Ace Radio.
From Friday, 8 October 2021, 4BH moved to 1116 kHz, formerly used by its sister station, 4BC, with that station moving to 882 kHz, which 4BH used.
History
4BH
"4BH FOR BRIGHTER HOURS." This was the motto of Queensland's newest radio station 4BH which was opened by J. S. Kerr M.L.A on 2 January 1932. Transmitting from Bald Hills) with their studio located on the second floor of the premises of Messrs. G. J. Grice Ltd., A music shop located at 90-92 Queen Street, Brisbane. 4BH provided a letterbox/suggestion box at the front of the store for musical requests and other suggestions, in order to garner public affection. Mr. Walter Pym of Station 4QG was the station manager and Miss Ivy Ray was one of the first female radio announcers.
During the 1960s, 4BH continued to dominate Brisbane radio and, under the management of Norm Llewellyn, promoted itself as "Top Dog Radio" with a contemporary Top 40 music format. In the 1950s and 1960s George Lovejoy provided commentary on Brisbane rugby league matches for the station and in (year) replaced Llewellyn as general manager. During the Lovejoy years, the station was branded a "Happy Day Radio" Some of the well-known anno
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixe%20languages
|
The Mixe languages are languages of the Mixean branch of the Mixe–Zoquean language family indigenous to southern Mexico. According to a 1995 classification, there are seven of them (including one that is extinct). The four that are spoken in Oaxaca are commonly called Mixe while their two relatives spoken in Veracruz are commonly called "Popoluca", but sometimes also Mixe (these are "Oluta Popoluca" or "Olutec Mixe" and "Sayula Popoluca" or "Sayultec Mixe"). This article is about the Oaxaca Mixe languages, which their speakers call Ayöök, Ayuujk, Ayüük or Ayuhk.
140,000 people reported their language to be "Mixe" in the 2020 census.
Classification
Oaxaca Mixe languages are spoken in the Sierra Mixe of eastern Oaxaca. These four languages are: North Highland Mixe, spoken around Totontepec (the most divergent); South Highland Mixe, spoken around Santa María Tlahuitoltepec, Ayutla and Tamazulapan); Midland Mixe, spoken around Juquila and Zacatepec; and Lowland Mixe, spoken in San Juan Guichicovi (this language is also known as "Isthmus Mixe").
The following classification is from Wichmann (1995:9).
Mixe (Oaxacan Mixean)
North Highland Mixe (Totontepec)
South Highland Mixe (Tlahuitoltepec)
Core (Tlahuitoltepec, Ayutla, Tamazulapan)
Fringe (Tepuxtepec, Tepantlali, Mixistlán)
Midland Mixe
North Midland Mixe (Jaltepec, Puxmetacan, Matamoros, Cotzocón)
South Midland Mixe (Juquila, Cacalotepec)
Lowland Mixe (Camotlán, San José El Paraíso / Coatlán, Mazatlán, Guichicovi)
W
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian%20statistics%20by%20ethnic%20group
|
The following selected statistics about ethnic groups living in Norway have been extracted from the results of the Norwegian census.
Average income for couples with children
Listed in Norwegian kroner
Home ownership percentage
Percentages that have been given penalty from Norwegian court
Percentage of people under 67 unable to earn for a living
Higher Education Ages from 19-24
Employees by immigrant groups
listed in percentage for all ages
Number of reported sick
listed in percentage days of valid sick report given from doctor
References
External links
http://ssb.no/emner/02/aktuell_befolkning/200002/ab20002.pdf
http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/sa_innvand/sa66/
http://www.ssb.no/emner/00/02/notat_200466/notat_200466.pdf
Demographics of Norway
Population statistics
Norway-related lists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20cluster%20%28France%29
|
In France, a pôle urbain (English: urban cluster) is a statistical area defined by INSEE (France's national statistics office) for the measurement of contiguously built-up areas. It shares the same definition as an unité urbaine ("urban unit"), except that a pôle urbain is not contained within the couronne ("commuter belt") of any other; in other words, a pôle urbain is an urban area that is a core of demographic growth.
See also
urban area
unité urbaine
aire urbaine
References
Urban planning in France
Human habitats
INSEE concepts
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyathea%20sect.%20Cyathea
|
Cyathea is a section in the subgenus Cyathea.
Classification
Subgenus Cyathea
Section Cyathea
Cyathea acutidens
Cyathea alata
Cyathea albomarginata
Cyathea alphonsiana
Cyathea alstonii
Cyathea amazonica
Cyathea andina
Cyathea arborea
Cyathea armata
Cyathea aspera
Cyathea atahuallpa
Cyathea aterrima
Cyathea atrovirens
Cyathea barringtonii
Cyathea × bernardii
Cyathea bettinae
Cyathea bicrenata
Cyathea bipinnata
Cyathea boliviana
Cyathea borinquena
Cyathea bradei
Cyathea brevistipes
Cyathea brunnescens
Cyathea × calolepis
Cyathea caracasana
Cyathea cicatricosa
Cyathea concordia
Cyathea conformis
Cyathea conjugata
Cyathea corallifera
Cyathea costaricensis
†Cyathea cranhamii
Cyathea cyatheoides
Cyathea cyclodium
Cyathea cystolepis
Cyathea darienensis
Cyathea decomposita
Cyathea decorata
Cyathea decurrens
Cyathea delgadii
Cyathea demissa
Cyathea dichromatolepis
Cyathea dissimilis
Cyathea dissoluta
Cyathea divergens
Cyathea dombeyi
Cyathea dudleyi
Cyathea ebenina
Cyathea estelae
Cyathea falcata
Cyathea frigida
Cyathea fulva
Cyathea furfuracea
Cyathea gardneri
Cyathea gibbosa
Cyathea glauca
Cyathea gracilis
Cyathea halonata
Cyathea harrisii
Cyathea haughtii
Cyathea hemiepiphytica
Cyathea hirsuta
Cyathea hodgeana
Cyathea holdridgeana
Cyathea howeana
Cyathea impar
Cyathea intramarginalis
Cyathea jamaicensis
Cyathea kalbreyeri
Cyathea lasiosora
Cyathea latevagens
Cyathea lechleri
Cyathea leucofolis
Cyathea × lewisii
Cyathea lockwoodiana
Cyathea macrocarpa
Cyathea macrosora
Cyathea marg
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyathea%20subg.%20Cyathea
|
Cyathea is a subgenus in the genus Cyathea.
Classification
Subgenus Cyathea
Section Cyathea
Cyathea acutidens
Cyathea alata
Cyathea albomarginata
Cyathea alphonsiana
Cyathea alstonii
Cyathea amazonica
Cyathea andina
Cyathea arborea
Cyathea armata
Cyathea aspera
Cyathea atahuallpa
Cyathea aterrima
Cyathea atrovirens
Cyathea barringtonii
Cyathea × bernardii
Cyathea bettinae
Cyathea bicrenata
Cyathea bipinnata
Cyathea boliviana
Cyathea borbonica
Cyathea borinquena
Cyathea bradei
Cyathea brevistipes
Cyathea brunnescens
Cyathea × calolepis
Cyathea caracasana
Cyathea cicatricosa
Cyathea concordia
Cyathea conformis
Cyathea conjugata
Cyathea corallifera
Cyathea costaricensis
†Cyathea cranhamii
Cyathea cyatheoides
Cyathea cyclodium
Cyathea cystolepis
Cyathea darienensis
Cyathea decomposita
Cyathea decorata
Cyathea decurrens
Cyathea delgadii
Cyathea demissa
Cyathea dichromatolepis
Cyathea dissimilis
Cyathea dissoluta
Cyathea divergens
Cyathea dombeyi
Cyathea dudleyi
Cyathea ebenina
Cyathea estelae
Cyathea falcata
Cyathea frigida
Cyathea fulva
Cyathea furfuracea
Cyathea gardneri
Cyathea gibbosa
Cyathea glauca
Cyathea gracilis
Cyathea halonata
Cyathea harrisii
Cyathea haughtii
Cyathea hemiepiphytica
Cyathea hirsuta
Cyathea hodgeana
Cyathea holdridgeana
Cyathea howeana
Cyathea impar
Cyathea intramarginalis
Cyathea jamaicensis
Cyathea kalbreyeri
Cyathea lasiosora
Cyathea latevagens
Cyathea lechleri
Cyathea leucofolis
Cyathea × lewisii
Cyathea lockwoodiana
Cyathea macrocarpa
Cyathea macros
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vos%20TV
|
Vos TV, formerly ESTV, is a Nicaraguan terrestrial TV channel (cable until 2010) broadcasting from the city of Managua and owned by Grupo Pellas. Before it was assigned a terrestrial frequency, it was known as ESTV and ran exclusively on ESTESA's cable network.
History
ESTV (Canal 11)began broadcasting in 2005. Despite being a newcomer in the Nicaraguan TV market, it quickly gained has a broad audience thanks to its nationalistic approach and mass production of local TV shows. The channel's motto is El canal del orgullo nicaragüense (The channel of the Nicaraguan pride).
The most popular local TV shows were: De sol a sol (morning show), La revista del mediodia (variety show), Dónde y cuándo (investigative journalism), Senderos y destinos (tourism, featuring in every show a tourist spot in the country), ESTV Musical (daily music video show), En concierto (music concerts), Lo Nuestro (show featuring only national artists, interviews and music videos), Éxitos empresariales (success stories of Nicaraguan companies), Deportes 11 (sports), Sexto Sentido (popular youth TV serie) and live broadcasts of national cultural events, such as local festivities.
In 2005, ESTV made history as the first channel in Central America to produce and broadcast a reality show; En Otra Onda.
On July 27, the channel was rebranded to Vos TV and moved to channel 14 on the Estesa cable TV system.
Grupo Pellas, owner of the channel, wanted to broadcast on the VHF band, but had to go to UHF channel 1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20c-Fos
|
Protein c-Fos is a proto-oncogene that is the human homolog of the retroviral oncogene v-fos. It is encoded in humans by the FOS gene. It was first discovered in rat fibroblasts as the transforming gene of the FBJ MSV (Finkel–Biskis–Jinkins murine osteogenic sarcoma virus) (Curran and Tech, 1982). It is a part of a bigger Fos family of transcription factors which includes c-Fos, FosB, Fra-1 and Fra-2. It has been mapped to chromosome region 14q21→q31. c-Fos encodes a 62 kDa protein, which forms heterodimer with c-jun (part of Jun family of transcription factors), resulting in the formation of AP-1 (Activator Protein-1) complex which binds DNA at AP-1 specific sites at the promoter and enhancer regions of target genes and converts extracellular signals into changes of gene expression. It plays an important role in many cellular functions and has been found to be overexpressed in a variety of cancers.
Structure and function
c-Fos is a 380 amino acid protein with a basic leucine zipper region for dimerisation and DNA-binding and a transactivation domain at C-terminus, and, like Jun proteins, it can form homodimers. In vitro studies have shown that Jun–Fos heterodimers are more stable and have stronger DNA-binding activity than Jun–Jun homodimers.
A variety of stimuli, including serum, growth factors, tumor promoters, cytokines, and UV radiation induce their expression. The c-fos mRNA and protein is generally among the first to be expressed and hence referred to as an immedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDNN%2023
|
Canal de Noticias de Nicaragua, News Channel of Nicaragua (better known by its initials CDNN 23 and also called Channel 23 for frequency of radio frequency transmission) is an open Nicaraguan television channel operated by the ESE Group (Emigdio Suárez Ediciones) and broadcasts from Managua, Nicaraguan capital.
CDNN 23 is sister company of Bolsa de Noticias, operated by the same group and founded in 1972 by the journalist Emigdio Suárez Sobalvarro.
Since its launch on August 3, 2000 by the frequency 23 UHF, the channel has broadcast a news program, opinion and interviews in its entirety of national production.
The top CDNN 23 shows are:
Entrevistas CDNN: Interview program directed by journalist Plinio Suárez García, president of the channel.
La Cobertura: Social Complaints Program directed by the journalist Elsbeth D'Anda.
Noticieros CDNN: Stellar newscast.
Bolsa de Mujeres TV: Gender promotion program directed by Xanthis Suárez García.
Deportes CDNN: Stellar sports newscast.
Availability in domestic signal:
Open signal: Channel 23 (UHF)
Claro TV: Channel 23
IBW: Channel 23
External links
Television stations in Nicaragua
Spanish-language television stations
Television channels and stations established in 2000
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruntum%20language
|
Guruntum is a Chadic language spoken in Bauchi and Alkaleri LGAs, Bauchi State, Nigeria. In 1993 it was spoken by about 15,000 people.
Classification
Guruntum is a West Chadic language of the Barawa (B.3) group.
Major dialects include Kuuku, Gayar, Mbaaru, Dooka, Gar and Karakara.
Phonology
Vowels
Guruntum contrasts long and short forms for all vowels except for . In addition, two nasalized vowel phonemes exist: .
There are two diphthongs, and .
Consonants
is realized as a flap intervocalically before back vowels; elsewhere it is a trill.
Tone
Guruntum has four tones: high, low, rising (low-high) and falling (high-low).
References
West Chadic languages
Languages of Nigeria
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20River%20%28Florida%29
|
Crystal River is a very short river in Citrus County, Florida, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. It is just seven miles (eleven kilometers) long, and has a drainage basin of five square miles (thirteen square kilometers), joining Kings Bay to the Gulf of Mexico. The river's significance is in the thirty natural springs that add an average of 300 million gallons (1,135 million liters) of warm water to the river every day. These springs include Three Sisters Springs.
The warm water in the river attracts large numbers of manatees, and Kings Bay, at the head of the river and the location of 28 of the springs, harbors approximately 350 manatees during the winter. Some biologists consider Crystal River to be the most important refuge for manatees in the United States.
In the first half of the 19th century Crystal River was known as Weewahiiaca (), believed to be from the Creek language words wewa, meaning "water", and haiyayaka, meaning "clear". The city of Crystal River is located on the river. The Crystal River Energy Complex, which consists of four coal-burning power plants and the Crystal River Nuclear Plant, is located near the mouth of the river. The Crystal River Archaeological State Park is located on the river.
Kings Bay
Kings Bay is Crystal River's headwater, or point of origin, and is fed by a number of springs that produce a constant temperature of 72 °F all year round. The 72° water attracts hundreds upon hundreds of manatees during the winter months looking to escap
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe%20Barna
|
Herbert Paul "Babe" Barna (March 2, 1915 – May 18, 1972) was a left fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Philadelphia Athletics (1937–1938), New York Giants (1941–1943) and Boston Red Sox (1943). Barna batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, and attended West Virginia University, where he played football, basketball and college baseball for the Mountaineers from 1935–1937. He was drafted in the seventh round of the 1937 NFL Draft.
In a five-season career, Barna was a .232 hitter with 12 home runs and 96 RBI in 207 games played. His best season statistically was , when he posted 85 hits, seven triples, six home runs, 39 runs, 58 RBI, 104 games – all career-highs.
He was inducted into the West Virginia University Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.
Barna died in Charleston, West Virginia, at the age of 57.
References
External links
The Baseball Page
1915 births
1972 deaths
Albany Senators players
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
Baseball players from West Virginia
Boston Red Sox players
Charleston Senators players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Major League Baseball left fielders
Nashville Vols players
New York Giants (NL) players
Memphis Chickasaws players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Philadelphia Athletics players
Sportspeople from Clarksburg, West Virginia
Toledo Mud Hens players
West Virginia Mountaineers baseball players
Williamsport Grays players
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasharna
|
Dasharna (Sanskrit:दशार्ण ) was an ancient Indian janapada (realm) in eastern Malwa region between the Dhasan River and the Betwa River. The name of the janapada was derived from the , the ancient name of the Dhasan River. The janapada was also known as Akara and Rudradaman I in his Junagarh rock inscription referred to this region by this name. Kalidasa in his Meghaduta (Purvamegha, 24-25) mentioned the city of Vidisha as the capital of Dasharna. Other important cities of this janapada were Erakina and Erikachha. According to the Mahabharata, the queen of king Virabahu or Subahu of Chedi kingdom and the queen of king Bhima of Vidarbha (the mother of Damayanti) were daughters of the king of Dasharna.
King Ashadhamitra of Dasharna
A brick inscription from Erich, which commemorates the excavation of a tank, informs us about a king of Dasharna, Ashadhamitra as well as his ancestors. In this inscription, Ashadhamitra, who styled himself as a Senapati is named as the son of Senapati Mulamitra (who was also the king of Dasharna), the grandson of Senapati Aditamitra and the great-grandson of Senapati Shatanika. Recently, a coin of Ashadhamitra has been discovered where he described himself as an Amatya and the king of Dasharna.
Notes
References
Acharya Chandrashekhar Shastri: Puranon ki anmol kahaniyan,
External links
Kingdoms in the Mahabharata
Historical Indian regions
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20blood%20analysis
|
Live blood analysis (LBA), live cell analysis, Hemaview or nutritional blood analysis is the use of high-resolution dark field microscopy to observe live blood cells. Live blood analysis is promoted by some alternative medicine practitioners, who assert that it can diagnose a range of diseases. There is no scientific evidence that live blood analysis is reliable or effective, and it has been described as a fraudulent means of convincing people that they are ill and should purchase dietary supplements.
Live blood analysis is not accepted in laboratory practice and its validity as a laboratory test has not been established. There is no scientific evidence for the validity of live blood analysis, it has been described as a pseudoscientific, bogus and fraudulent medical test, and its practice has been dismissed by the medical profession as quackery. The field of live blood microscopy is unregulated, there is no training requirement for practitioners and no recognised qualification, no recognised medical validity to the results, and proponents have made false claims about both medical blood pathology testing and their own services, which some have refused to amend when instructed by the Advertising Standards Authority.
It has its origins in the now-discarded theories of pleomorphism promoted by Günther Enderlein, notably in his 1925 book Bakterien-Cyklogenie.
In January 2014 prominent live blood proponent and teacher Robert O. Young was arrested and charged for practising medic
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracovian
|
In astronomical and geodetic calculations, Cracovians are a clerical convenience introduced in the 1930s by Tadeusz Banachiewicz for solving systems of linear equations by hand. Such systems can be written as in matrix notation where x and b are column vectors and the evaluation of b requires the multiplication of the rows of A by the vector x.
Cracovians introduced the idea of using the transpose of A, AT, and multiplying the columns of AT by the column x. This amounts to the definition of a new type of matrix multiplication denoted here by '∧'. Thus . The Cracovian product of two matrices, say A and B, is defined by , where BT and A are assumed compatible for the common (Cayley) type of matrix multiplication.
Since , the products and will generally be different; thus, Cracovian multiplication is non-associative. Cracovians are an example of a quasigroup.
Cracovians adopted a column-row convention for designating individual elements as opposed to the standard row-column convention of matrix analysis. This made manual multiplication easier, as one needed to follow two parallel columns (instead of a vertical column and a horizontal row in the matrix notation.) It also sped up computer calculations, because both factors' elements were used in a similar order, which was more compatible with the sequential access memory in computers of those times — mostly magnetic tape memory and drum memory. Use of Cracovians in astronomy faded as computers with bigger random access mem
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratified%20squamous%20epithelium
|
A stratified squamous epithelium consists of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane. Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane; the other layers adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity. Although this epithelium is referred to as squamous, many cells within the layers may not be flattened; this is due to the convention of naming epithelia according to the cell type at the surface. In the deeper layers, the cells may be columnar or cuboidal. There are no intercellular spaces. This type of epithelium is well suited to areas in the body subject to constant abrasion, as the thickest layers can be sequentially sloughed off and replaced before the basement membrane is exposed. It forms the outermost layer of the skin and the inner lining of the mouth, esophagus and vagina.
In the epidermis of skin in mammals, reptiles, and birds, the layer of keratin in the outer layer of the stratified squamous epithelial surface is named the stratum corneum. Stratum corneum is made up of squamous cells which are keratinized and dead. These are shed periodically.
Structure
Non-keratinized
Non-keratinized surfaces must be kept moist by bodily secretions to prevent them from drying out. Cells of stratum corneum are sometimes without keratin and living.
Examples of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium include some parts of the lining of oral cavity, pharynx, conjunctiva of eye, upper one-third esophagus, rectum, externa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinohedrite
|
Clinohedrite is a rare silicate mineral. Its chemical composition is a hydrous calcium-zinc silicate; CaZn(SiO4)·H2O. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system and typically occurs as veinlets and fracture coatings. It is commonly colorless, white to pale amethyst in color. It has perfect cleavage and the crystalline habit has a brilliant luster. It has a Mohs hardness of 5.5 and a specific gravity of 3.28 - 3.33.
Under short wave ultraviolet light it fluoresces a rich orange color. It is frequently associated with minerals such as hardystonite (fluoresces violet blue), esperite (fluoresces bright yellow), calcite (fluoresces orange-red), franklinite (non-fluorescent) and willemite (fluoresces green).
Clinohedrite was found primarily at the Franklin zinc mines in New Jersey, the type locality, but has also been reported from the Christmas mine, Gila County, Arizona, and the Western Quinling gold belt, Gansu Province, China.
It was first described in 1898 and was named for its crystal morphology from the Greek klino for incline, and hedra for face.
References
Calcium minerals
Nesosilicates
Zinc minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 9
Minerals described in 1898
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20transport
|
Nuclear transport refers to the mechanisms by which molecules move across the nuclear membrane of a cell. The entry and exit of large molecules from the cell nucleus is tightly controlled by the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Although small molecules can enter the nucleus without regulation, macromolecules such as RNA and proteins require association with transport factors known as nuclear transport receptors, like karyopherins called importins to enter the nucleus and exportins to exit.
Nuclear import
Protein that must be imported to the nucleus from the cytoplasm carry nuclear localization signals (NLS) that are bound by importins. An NLS is a sequence of amino acids that acts as a tag. They are most commonly hydrophilic sequences containing lysine and arginine residues, although diverse NLS sequences have been documented. Proteins, transfer RNA, and assembled ribosomal subunits are exported from the nucleus due to association with exportins, which bind signaling sequences called nuclear export signals (NES). The ability of both importins and exportins to transport their cargo is regulated by the Ran small G-protein.
G-proteins are GTPase enzymes that bind to a molecule called guanosine triphosphate (GTP) which they then hydrolyze to create guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and release energy. The RAN enzymes exist in two nucleotide-bound forms: GDP-bound and GTP-bound. In its GTP-bound state, Ran is capable of binding importins and exportins. Importins release cargo upon b
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoepithelial%20cell
|
Myoepithelial cells (sometimes referred to as myoepithelium) are cells usually found in glandular epithelium as a thin layer above the basement membrane but generally beneath the luminal cells. These may be positive for alpha smooth muscle actin and can contract and expel the secretions of exocrine glands. They are found in the sweat glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, and salivary glands. Myoepithelial cells in these cases constitute the basal cell layer of an epithelium that harbors the epithelial progenitor. In the case of wound healing, myoepithelial cells reactively proliferate. Presence of myoepithelial cells in a hyperplastic tissue proves the benignity of the gland and, when absent, indicates cancer. Only rare cancers like adenoid cystic carcinomas contains myoepithelial cells as one of the malignant components.
It can be found in endoderm or ectoderm.
Markers
Myoepithelial cells are true epithelial cells positive for keratins, not to be confused with myofibroblasts which are true mesenchymal cells positive for vimentin. These cells are generally positive for alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA), cytokeratin 5/6 and other high molecular weight cytokeratins, p63 and caldesmon.
Myoepithelial cells are stellate in shape and are also known as basket cells.
They lie between the basement membrane and glandular epithelium.
Each cell consists of a cell body from which 4-8 processes radiate and embrace the secretory unit. Myoepithelial cells have contractile functions. Th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimlico%20railway%20station
|
Pimlico terminus was a railway station built beside the new Chelsea Bridge, across the road from the new Battersea Gardens. It was at the end of a extension of the West End of London and Crystal Palace Railway from Wandsworth Common. Confusingly, the station was not actually in Pimlico, which is on the other (northern) bank of the river; to reach it, Pimlico residents had to cross Chelsea Bridge (at that time called Victoria Bridge) which opened a week after the station.
Its site formally opened on Saturday 27 March 1858 and passengers used it from 29 March. Herapath's Journal said it, "was much admired for its spaciousness, convenient design, and economical construction".
There were nine trains a day to Brighton and 25 to London Bridge. Pimlico station closed on the eve of the opening of Victoria station on 1 October 1860. Apart from Maiden Lane, it was the shortest lived London terminal.
References
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1858
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1860
Disused railway stations in the London Borough of Wandsworth
Former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway stations
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Italian%20motorcycle%20Grand%20Prix
|
The 2006 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix was the sixth race of the 2006 Motorcycle Grand Prix season. It took place on the weekend of 2–4 June 2006 at the Mugello Circuit.
MotoGP classification
250 cc classification
125 cc classification
Championship standings after the race (MotoGP)
Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round six has concluded.
Riders' Championship standings
Constructors' Championship standings
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
References
Italian motorcycle Grand Prix
Italian
Motorcycle Grand Prix
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brna
|
Brna is a village on the southern coast of the island of Korčula in western Croatia.
In the 19th century, Brna served as an overnight base for fishermen from nearby Smokvica, and had a pier that was used for the export of wine. During the 1970s, the village became populated with summer homes for Smokvica residents, and now caters to tourists with a hotel complex and numerous apartments.
To the northwest is the bay of Istruga, with deposits of therapeutic mud.
External links
Smokvica Tourist Organisation, Brna
Korčula info – Brna
Hotel "Feral", Brna
Korčula
Populated places in Dubrovnik-Neretva County
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction%20loss
|
The term friction loss (or frictional loss) has a number of different meanings, depending on its context.
In fluid flow it is the head loss that occurs in a containment such as a pipe or duct due to the effect of the fluid's viscosity near the surface of the containment.
In mechanical systems such as internal combustion engines, the term refers to the power lost in overcoming the friction between two moving surfaces.
In economics, frictional loss is natural and irrecoverable loss in a transaction or the cost(s) of doing business too small to account for. Contrast with tret in shipping, which made a general allowance for otherwise unaccounted for factors.
Engineering
Friction loss is a significant engineering concern wherever fluids are made to flow, whether entirely enclosed in a pipe or duct, or with a surface open to the air.
Historically, it is a concern in aqueducts of all kinds, throughout human history. It is also relevant to sewer lines. Systematic study traces back to Henry Darcy, an aqueduct engineer.
Natural flows in river beds are important to human activity; friction loss in a stream bed has an effect on the height of the flow, particularly significant during flooding.
The economies of pipelines for petrochemical delivery are highly affected by friction loss. The Yamal–Europe pipeline carries methane at a volume flow rate of 32.3 × 109 m3 of gas per year, at Reynolds numbers greater than 50 × 106.
In hydropower applications, the energy lost to skin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA%20clean
|
The RCA clean is a standard set of wafer cleaning steps which need to be performed before high-temperature processing steps (oxidation, diffusion, CVD) of silicon wafers in semiconductor manufacturing.
Werner Kern developed the basic procedure in 1965 while working for RCA, the Radio Corporation of America. It involves the following chemical processes performed in sequence:
Removal of the organic contaminants (organic clean + particle clean)
Removal of thin oxide layer (oxide strip, optional)
Removal of ionic contamination (ionic clean)
Standard recipe
The wafers are prepared by soaking them in deionized water. If they are grossly contaminated (visible residues), they may require a preliminary cleanup in piranha solution. The wafers are thoroughly rinsed with deionized water between each step.
Ideally, the steps below are carried out by immersing the wafers in solutions prepared in fused silica or fused quartz vessels (borosilicate glassware must not be used, as its impurities leach out and cause contamination). Likewise it is recommended that the chemicals used are electronic grade (or "CMOS grade") to avoid impurities that will recontaminate the wafer.
First step (SC-1): organic clean + particle clean
The first step (called SC-1, where SC stands for Standard Clean) is performed with a solution of (ratios may vary)
5 parts of deionized water
1 part of ammonia water, (29% by weight of NH3)
1 part of aqueous H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide, 30%)
at 75 or 80 °C typically fo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth%20hoar
|
Depth hoar, also called sugar snow or temperature gradient snow (or TG snow), are large snow-crystals occurring at the base of a snowpack that form when uprising water vapor deposits, or desublimates, onto existing snow crystals. Depth hoar crystals are large, sparkly grains with facets that can be cup-shaped and that are up to 10 mm in diameter. Depth hoar crystals bond poorly to each other, increasing the risk for avalanches.
The formation of depth hoar in Arctic or Antarctic firn can cause isotopic changes in the accumulating ice. This can influence analysis of ice cores in scientific research.
References
Further reading
Depth Hoar, Avalanches, And Wet Slabs: A Case Study Of The Historic March, 2012 Wet Slab Avalanche Cycle At Bridger Bowl, Montanamontana.edu.
The formation rate of depth hoar J. C. Giddings E. LaChapelle, First published in June 1962.
External links
The Avalanche Encyclopedia, extensive summary with animation of formation process
Snow
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20River%20Energy%20Complex
|
The Crystal River Energy Complex consists of seven power-generating plants on a site near the mouth of the Crystal River in Citrus County, Florida. Crystal River 1, 2, 4, and 5 are fossil fuel power plants. Crystal River 3 was previously the sole nuclear power plant on the site (1977-2013). The Crystal River Combined Cycle site consists of two Mitsubishi gas turbines, which came on-line in 2018. The complex was developed in the early 1960s by the Florida Power Corporation and sold to Progress Energy Inc in 2000. Following Progress Energy's merger with Duke Energy in 2012, the facility is owned and operated by Duke Energy.
In February 2013, Duke Energy announced that Crystal River 3 would be permanently shut down.
Power plants
See also
Levy County Nuclear Power Plant
Progress Energy Inc
List of power stations in Florida
References
External links
The Crystal River Energy Complex
100 Largest Electric Plants
St. Petersburg Times: Second nuclear plant won't come without risks
Data on generation and fuel consumption from the Energy Information Administration Electricity Data Browser
Buildings and structures in Citrus County, Florida
Coal-fired power stations in Florida
Nuclear power plants in Florida
1966 establishments in Florida
Energy infrastructure completed in 1966
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20Island%20%28Alaska%29
|
Warren Island is an island in the Alexander Archipelago of southeastern Alaska, United States. It lies on the Pacific coast just southwest of the community of Edna Bay (on Kosciusko Island). Directly west is Coronation Island and directly north is Kuiu Island. Warren Island has a land area of 47.191 km2 (18.22 sq mi) and no permanent resident population. The entire island has been designated as the Warren Island Wilderness, a part of Tongass National Forest.
References
Islands of the Alexander Archipelago
IUCN Category III
Islands of Prince of Wales–Hyder Census Area, Alaska
Tongass National Forest
Protected areas of Prince of Wales–Hyder Census Area, Alaska
Islands of Alaska
Islands of Unorganized Borough, Alaska
Uninhabited islands of Alaska
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucicarmine%20stain
|
Mucicarmine stain is a staining procedure used for different purposes. In microbiology the stain aids in the identification of a variety of microorganisms based on whether or not the cell wall stains intensely red. Generally this is limited to microorganisms with a cell wall that is composed, at least in part, of a polysaccharide component. One of the organisms that is identified using this staining technique is Cryptococcus neoformans.
Another use is in surgical pathology where it can identify mucin. This is helpful, for example, in determining if the cancer is a type that produces mucin.
Example would be to distinguish between high grade Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the parotid, which stains positive vs Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the parotid which does not.
References
Staining dyes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FKBP
|
The FKBPs, or FK506 binding proteins, constitute a family of proteins that have prolyl isomerase activity and are related to the cyclophilins in function, though not in amino acid sequence. FKBPs have been identified in many eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans, and function as protein folding chaperones for proteins containing proline residues. Along with cyclophilin, FKBPs belong to the immunophilin family.
FKBP1A (also known as FKBP12) is notable in humans for binding the immunosuppressant molecule tacrolimus (originally designated FK506), which is used in treating patients after organ transplant and patients with autoimmune disorders. Tacrolimus has been found to reduce episodes of organ rejection over a related treatment, the drug ciclosporin, which binds cyclophilin. Both the FKBP-tacrolimus complex and the cyclosporin-cyclophilin complex inhibit a phosphatase called calcineurin, thus blocking signal transduction in the T-lymphocyte transduction pathway. This therapeutic role is not related to its prolyl isomerase activity. FKBP25 is a nuclear FKBP which non-specifically binds with DNA and has a role in DNA repair.
Use as a biological research tool
FKBP (FKBP1A) does not normally form a dimer but will dimerize in the presence of FK1012, a derivative of the drug tacrolimus (FK506). This has made it a useful tool for chemically induced dimerization applications where it can be used to manipulate protein localization, signalling pathways and protein activation.
Ex
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal%20recognition%20particle%20receptor
|
Signal recognition particle (SRP) receptor, also called the docking protein, is a dimer composed of 2 different subunits that are associated exclusively with the rough ER in mammalian cells. Its main function is to identify the SRP units. SRP (signal recognition particle) is a molecule that helps the ribosome-mRNA-polypeptide complexes to settle down on the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.
The eukaryotic SRP receptor (termed SR) is a heterodimer of SR-alpha (70 kDa; SRPRA) and SR-beta (25 kDa; SRPRB), both of which contain a GTP-binding domain, while the prokaryotic SRP receptor comprises only the monomeric loosely membrane-associated SR-alpha homologue FtsY ().
SRX domain
SR-alpha regulates the targeting of SRP-ribosome-nascent polypeptide complexes to the translocon. SR-alpha binds to the SRP54 subunit of the SRP complex. The SR-beta subunit is a transmembrane GTPase that anchors the SR-alpha subunit (a peripheral membrane GTPase) to the ER membrane. SR-beta interacts with the N-terminal SRX-domain of SR-alpha, which is not present in the bacterial FtsY homologue. SR-beta also functions in recruiting the SRP-nascent polypeptide to the protein-conducting channel.
The SRX family represents eukaryotic homologues of the alpha subunit of the SR receptor. Members of this entry consist of a central six-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet sandwiched by helix alpha1 on one side and helices alpha2-alpha4 on the other. They interact with the small GTPase SR-beta, forming a co
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedderburn%27s%20little%20theorem
|
In mathematics, Wedderburn's little theorem states that every finite division ring is a field. In other words, for finite rings, there is no distinction between domains, division rings and fields.
The Artin–Zorn theorem generalizes the theorem to alternative rings: every finite alternative division ring is a field.
History
The original proof was given by Joseph Wedderburn in 1905, who went on to prove it two other ways. Another proof was given by Leonard Eugene Dickson shortly after Wedderburn's original proof, and Dickson acknowledged Wedderburn's priority. However, as noted in , Wedderburn's first proof was incorrect – it had a gap – and his subsequent proofs appeared only after he had read Dickson's correct proof. On this basis, Parshall argues that Dickson should be credited with the first correct proof.
A simplified version of the proof was later given by Ernst Witt. Witt's proof is sketched below. Alternatively, the theorem is a consequence of the Skolem–Noether theorem by the following argument. Let be a finite division algebra with center . Let and denote the cardinality of . Every maximal subfield of has elements; so they are isomorphic and thus are conjugate by Skolem–Noether. But a finite group (the multiplicative group of in our case) cannot be a union of conjugates of a proper subgroup; hence, .
A later "group-theoretic" proof was given by Ted Kaczynski in 1964. This proof, Kaczynski's first published piece of mathematical writing, was a short, two-pa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okishio%27s%20theorem
|
Okishio's theorem is a theorem formulated by Japanese economist Nobuo Okishio. It has had a major impact on debates about Marx's theory of value. Intuitively, it can be understood as saying that if one capitalist raises his profits by introducing a new technique that cuts his costs, the collective or general rate of profit in society goes up for all capitalists. In 1961, Okishio established this theorem under the assumption that the real wage remains constant. Thus, the theorem isolates the effect of pure innovation from any consequent changes in the wage.
For this reason the theorem, first proposed in 1961, excited great interest and controversy because, according to Okishio, it contradicts Marx's law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall. Marx had claimed that the new general rate of profit, after a new technique has spread throughout the branch where it has been introduced, would be lower than before. In modern words, the capitalists would be caught in a rationality trap or prisoner's dilemma: that which is rational from the point of view of a single capitalist, turns out to be irrational for the system as a whole, for the collective of all capitalists. This result was widely understood, including by Marx himself, as establishing that capitalism contained inherent limits to its own success. Okishio's theorem was therefore received in the West as establishing that Marx's proof of this fundamental result was inconsistent.
More precisely, the theorem says that the g
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%20flow
|
The Stefan flow, occasionally called Stefan's flow, is a transport phenomenon concerning the movement of a chemical species by a flowing fluid (typically in the gas phase) that is induced to flow by the production or removal of the species at an interface. Any process that adds the species of interest to or removes it from the flowing fluid may cause the Stefan flow, but the most common processes include evaporation, condensation, chemical reaction, sublimation, ablation, adsorption, absorption, and desorption. It was named after the Slovenian physicist, mathematician, and poet Josef Stefan for his early work on calculating evaporation rates.
The Stefan flow is distinct from diffusion as described by Fick's law, but diffusion almost always also occurs in multi-species systems that are experiencing the Stefan flow. In systems undergoing one of the species addition or removal processes mentioned previously, the addition or removal generates a mean flow in the flowing fluid as the fluid next to the interface is displaced by the production or removal of additional fluid by the processes occurring at the interface. The transport of the species by this mean flow is the Stefan flow. When concentration gradients of the species are also present, diffusion transports the species relative to the mean flow. The total transport rate of the species is then given by a summation of the Stefan flow and diffusive contributions.
An example of the Stefan flow occurs when a droplet of liquid
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewsterite
|
Brewsterite is the name of a series of tectosilicate minerals of the zeolite group. Prior to 1997, brewsterite was recognized as a mineral species, but a reclassification in 1997 by the International Mineralogical Association changed it to a series name, with the mineral species being named brewsterite-Sr and brewsterite-Ba. Brewsterite-Sr, the more common of these, is a hydrous strontium and aluminium silicate, . Small amounts of barium is usually present replacing part of the strontium. The appropriate species name depends on the dominant element. The species are visually indistinguishable, and the series name brewsterite is still used whenever testing has not been performed.
It is generally considered to be monoclinic, though optical studies have suggested it might be triclinic. It has one plane of perfect cleavage. The color is white, yellow-white, or gray. The Mohs' hardness is 5. It is transparent to translucent. The crystals are prismatic. Brewsterite is isomorphous with heulandite.
It is named after Sir David Brewster (1781–1868) who described it in 1822. The type locality for the series and for brewsterite-Sr is Strontian, Argyll, Scotland.
It is a hydrothermal mineral occurring in volcanic rocks such as basalt. Grayish crystals are found at the Giant's Causeway in County Antrim. It is found with harmotome in the lead mines at Strontian in Argyllshire.
References
IMA Zeolite Classification
Zeolites of the World, Rudy W. Tschernich, 1992
External
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashapurna%20Devi
|
Ashapurna Devi (8 January 1909 – 12 July 1995), also Ashapoorna Devi or Ashapurna Debi, was a prominent Indian novelist and poet in Bengali. In 1976, she was awarded the Jnanpith Award and Padma Shri by the Government of India, D.Litt. by the Universities of Jabalpur, Rabindra Bharati, Burdwan and Jadavpur. Vishwa Bharati University honoured her with Deshikottam in 1989. For her contribution as a novelist and short story writer, the Sahitya Akademi conferred its highest honour, the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship, in 1994.
Biography
Ashapurna Devi was born in a Baidya family on 8 January 1909 in North Calcutta. Her birth name was Asha Purna Devi (Gupta). Her early childhood was spent in a traditional and extremely conservative family. Female children of the house were not allowed to go to school. Private tutors were employed only for the boys. It is said that as a baby Ashapurna used to listen to the readings of her brothers sitting opposite to them and that was how she learnt the alphabets. Though Ashapurna had no formal education as such, she was self-educated.
Ashapurna's father Harendra Nath Gupta was a famous artist of the time who worked for furniture makers C. Lazarus & Co. as a designer. Ashapurna's mother Sarola Sundari was a great lover of books. It was her "intensive thirst" for reading classics and story books which was transmitted to Ashapurna and her sisters in their early age.
Due to shortage of space, Harendra Nath shifted his family to a new house at 157/1A Ach
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Torquay%20United%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics
|
Torquay United Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Torquay, Devon. This list details the major honours and achievements won by Torquay United as well as records set by the club, the players and the managers.
Honours and achievements
Torquay United won their first honour in 1909 as champions of the Torquay & District League before winning the Plymouth & District League (when they were known as Torquay Town) in 1912. After merging with Babbacombe and reverting to the name of Torquay United, the club won the Southern League Western Section in 1927 as well as finishing runners-up in the Western League during the same season.
Since being elected into the Football League in 1927, Torquay United have yet to progress any further than the third tier of English football. United's highest ever League finish was when they were runners-up to Alf Ramsey's Ipswich Town in the Third Division South in 1957. After the Football League was expanded into four nationwide divisions in 1958, Torquay have spent most of their existence in the bottom section. However, United have won automatic promotion to the third division on three occasions (1960, 1966 and 2004) and promoted via the playoffs just once (in 1991). The 1991 Division Four play-off final was the second time Torquay United had played at Wembley Stadium having been runners-up to Bolton Wanderers in the 1989 Sherpa Van Trophy Final. Torquay would make a third appearance at Wembley in 1998 but
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Swarovski
|
Daniel Swarovski (24 October 1862 – 23 January 1956) was a Bohemian-born Austrian glass cutter, jeweler, and founder of the Swarovski crystal dynasty.
Early life
Swarovski was born in Georgenthal, Bohemia, Austrian Empire (now Jiřetín pod Bukovou, Czech Republic), the son of Franz Anton Swarovski and Helene Swarovski (née Staffen). Like many in the Jizera Mountains area, his father was a glass cutter, and Swarovski first learned the art of glass-cutting in his father's small factory. He was educated in Paris and Vienna, where he met electrical engineer František Křižík, and became interested in electricity at the 1883 Electricity Exhibition in Vienna.
Career
In 1892, Swarovski patented an electric cutting machine that facilitated the production of lead crystal glass jewelry, which until then had to be cut by hand. In 1895, he moved to an area in the modern boundaries of Austria and partnered with Armand Kosman and Franz Weis to form "A. Kosmann, D. Swarovski & Co." They built a crystal-cutting factory in Wattens in Tyrol, to take advantage of local hydroelectricity for the energy-intensive grinding processes Swarovski had patented.
In 1919, Swarovski founded the Tyrolit company, bringing the grinding and polishing tools from his crystal business into a different market. In 1949, Swarovski Optik KG was founded by his son Wilhelm Swarovski in Absam, Tyrol.
Personal life
In 1887, Swarovski married Marie Weis, the sister of his business partner Franz Weis, and they had three
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions%20of%20Brazil
|
Brazil is divided into several types and levels of subdivisions.
Regions
Since 1942, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics has divided Brazil into five geographic regions. On 23 November 1970, the regions of Brazil were adjusted slightly to the definition that is still in use today. The division into regions is merely academic and statistical, as the regions do not enjoy any political autonomy.
North Region (Região Norte)
Northeast Region (Região Nordeste)
Central-West Region (Região Centro-Oeste)
Southeast Region (Região Sudeste)
South Region (Região Sul)
States
Brazil is divided into 27 federative units: 26 states and 1 federal district (Distrito Federal).
(AC)
(AL)
(AP)
(AM)
(BA)
(CE)
(ES)
(GO)
(MA)
(MT)
(MS)
(MG)
(PA)
(PB)
(PR)
(PE)
(PI)
(RJ)
(RN)
(RS)
(RO)
(RR)
(SC)
(SP)
(SE)
(TO)
(DF)
Municipalities
The lowest level of political division of Brazil are the municipalities, which also enjoy political and economical autonomy. There are over 5500 municipalities in Brazil, comprising almost the entirety of the country's territory. The only exceptions are the Federal District (not divided into municipalities, but into 33 administrative regions, without any political autonomy) and the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, which consists in a state district.
Statistical Areas
For statistical purposes, Brazilian states and the Federal District are divided into "Intermediate Geographic Regions" (), which t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystroglycan
|
Dystroglycan is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAG1 gene.
Dystroglycan is one of the dystrophin-associated glycoproteins, which is encoded by a 5.5 kb transcript in Homo sapiens on chromosome 3. There are two exons that are separated by a large intron. The spliced exons code for a protein product that is finally cleaved into two non-covalently associated subunits, [alpha] (N-terminal) and [beta] (C-terminal).
Function
In skeletal muscle the dystroglycan complex works as a transmembrane linkage between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. [alpha]-dystroglycan is extracellular and binds to merosin [alpha]-2 laminin in the basement membrane, while [beta]-dystroglycan is a transmembrane protein and binds to dystrophin, which is a large rod-like cytoskeletal protein, absent in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Dystrophin binds to intracellular actin cables. In this way, the dystroglycan complex, which links the extracellular matrix to the intracellular actin cables, is thought to provide structural integrity in muscle tissues. The dystroglycan complex is also known to serve as an agrin receptor in muscle, where it may regulate agrin-induced acetylcholine receptor clustering at the neuromuscular junction. There is also evidence which suggests the function of dystroglycan as a part of the signal transduction pathway because it is shown that Grb2, a mediator of the Ras-related signal pathway, can interact with the cytoplasmic domain of dystroglycan.
Exp
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrophin
|
Utrophin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UTRN gene. The name is a short form for ubiquitous dystrophin.
The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the cytoskeleton. Utrophin was found during research into Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, where boosting its production was found to prevent cellular damage from occurring. The 900 kb gene for utrophin is found on the long arm of human chromosome 6. Utrophin was discovered due to its homology with dystrophin. It was found by screening a peptide containing the C-terminal domain of dystrophin against cDNA libraries. The homology varies over its full length from less than 30% in regions of the central rod structural domain to 85% (identity 73%) for the actin binding domain.
The tertiary structure of utrophin contains a C-terminus that consists of protein–protein interaction motifs that interact with dystroglycan, a central rod region consisting of a triple coiled-coil repeat, and an actin-binding N-terminus.
In normal muscle cells, utrophin is located at the neuromuscular synapse and myotendinous junctions. It is necessary for normal membrane maintenance, and for the clustering of the acetylcholine receptor. In adult humans, utrophin RNA is found ubiquitously, as the name implies, being abundant in the brain, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen and stomach. In the human fetus during muscle differentiation, utrophin is found at the sarcolemma. It disappears when the fetus begins to express dystrophin.
Utro
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortactin
|
Cortactin (from "cortical actin binding protein") is a monomeric protein located in the cytoplasm of cells that can be activated by external stimuli to promote polymerization and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, especially the actin cortex around the cellular periphery. It is present in all cell types. When activated, it will recruit Arp2/3 complex proteins to existing actin microfilaments, facilitating and stabilizing nucleation sites for actin branching. Cortactin is important in promoting lamellipodia formation, invadopodia formation, cell migration, and endocytosis.
Gene
In humans, cortactin is encoded by the CTTN gene on chromosome 11.
Structure
Cortactin is a thin, elongated monomer that consists of an amino-terminal acidic (NTA) region; 37-residue-long segments that are highly conserved among cortactin proteins of all species and repeated up to 6.5 times in tandem (“cortactin repeats”); a proline-rich region; and an SH3 domain. This basic structure is highly conserved among all species that express cortactin.
Activation and binding
Cortactin is activated via phosphorylation, by tyrosine kinases or serine/threonine kinases, in response to extracellular signals like growth factors, adhesion sites, or pathogenic invasion of the epithelial layer.
The SH3 domain of certain tyrosine kinases, such as the oncogene Src kinase, binds to cortactin's proline-rich region and phosphorylates it on Tyr421, Tyr466, and Tyr482. Once activated in this way, it can bind to
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme%20catalysis
|
Enzyme catalysis is the increase in the rate of a process by a biological molecule, an "enzyme". Most enzymes are proteins, and most such processes are chemical reactions. Within the enzyme, generally catalysis occurs at a localized site, called the active site.
Most enzymes are made predominantly of proteins, either a single protein chain or many such chains in a multi-subunit complex. Enzymes often also incorporate non-protein components, such as metal ions or specialized organic molecules known as cofactor (e.g. adenosine triphosphate). Many cofactors are vitamins, and their role as vitamins is directly linked to their use in the catalysis of biological process within metabolism. Catalysis of biochemical reactions in the cell is vital since many but not all metabolically essential reactions have very low rates when uncatalysed. One driver of protein evolution is the optimization of such catalytic activities, although only the most crucial enzymes operate near catalytic efficiency limits, and many enzymes are far from optimal. Important factors in enzyme catalysis include general acid and base catalysis, orbital steering, entropic restriction, orientation effects (i.e. lock and key catalysis), as well as motional effects involving protein dynamics
Mechanisms of enzyme catalysis vary, but are all similar in principle to other types of chemical catalysis in that the crucial factor is a reduction of energy barrier(s) separating the reactants (or substrates) from the product
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calsequestrin
|
Calsequestrin is a calcium-binding protein that acts as a calcium buffer within the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The protein helps hold calcium in the cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum after a muscle contraction, even though the concentration of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is much higher than in the cytosol. It also helps the sarcoplasmic reticulum store an extraordinarily high amount of calcium ions. Each molecule of calsequestrin can bind 18 to 50 Ca2+ ions. Sequence analysis has suggested that calcium is not bound in distinct pockets via EF-hand motifs, but rather via presentation of a charged protein surface. Two forms of calsequestrin have been identified. The cardiac form Calsequestrin-2 (CASQ2) is present in cardiac and slow skeletal muscle and the fast skeletal form Calsequestrin-1(CASQ1) is found in fast skeletal muscle. The release of calsequestrin-bound calcium (through a calcium release channel) triggers muscle contraction. The active protein is not highly structured, more than 50% of it adopting a random coil conformation. When calcium binds there is a structural change whereby the alpha-helical content of the protein increases from 3 to 11%. Both forms of calsequestrin are phosphorylated by casein kinase 2, but the cardiac form is phosphorylated more rapidly and to a higher degree. Calsequestrin is also secreted in the gut where it deprives bacteria of calcium ions..
Cardiac calsequestrin
Cardiac calsequestrin (CASQ2) plays an integral role in card
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteonectin
|
Osteonectin (ON) also known as secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) or basement-membrane protein 40 (BM-40) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPARC gene.
Osteonectin is a glycoprotein in the bone that binds calcium. It is secreted by osteoblasts during bone formation, initiating mineralization and promoting mineral crystal formation. Osteonectin also shows affinity for collagen in addition to bone mineral calcium. A correlation between osteonectin over-expression and ampullary cancers and chronic pancreatitis has been found.
Gene
The human SPARC gene is 26.5 kb long, and contains 10 exons and 9 introns and is located on chromosome 5q31-q33.
Structure
Osteonectin is a 40 kDa acidic and cysteine-rich glycoprotein consisting of a single polypeptide chain that can be broken into 4 domains: 1) a Ca2+ binding domain near the glutamic acid-rich region at the amino terminus (domain I), 2) a cysteine-rich domain (II), 3) a hydrophilic region (domain III), and 4) an EF hand motif at the carboxy terminus region (domain IV).
Function
Osteonectin is an acidic extracellular matrix glycoprotein that plays a vital role in bone mineralization, cell-matrix interactions, and collagen binding. Osteonectin also increases the production and activity of matrix metalloproteinases, a function important to invading cancer cells within bone. Additional functions of osteonectin beneficial to tumor cells include angiogenesis, proliferation and migration. Overexpression
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandering%20cell
|
In anatomy and histology, the term wandering cell (or ameboid cell) is used to describe cells that are found in connective tissue, but are not fixed in place. This term is used occasionally and usually refers to blood leukocytes (which are not fixed and organized in solid tissue) in particular mononuclear phagocytes. Frequently, the term refers to circulating macrophages and has been used also for stationary macrophages fixed in tissues (histiocytes), which are sometimes referred to as "resting wandering cells".
Connective tissue cells
Connective tissue cells are typically divided into two types, fixed cells and wandering cells. Fibrocytes, or fibroblasts and fat cells(adipocytes) are fixed cells, where as macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and mast cells are wandering cells.
Fibrocytes are the most common cell type in connective tissues. If fibrocytes are stimulated by damage to the surrounding tissue, the fibrocyte is altered into a fibroblast. The fibroblasts contain organelles that are necessary for the synthesis and excretion of proteins needed to repair the tissue damage. Fibrocytes usually do not leave the connective tissue. Reticular cells are usually larger than fibrocytes. Reticular cells are the fibrocytes of reticular connective tissue and form a network of reticular fibers. Adipocytes are fat cells that are fixed cells in loose connective tissue. Their main function is the storage of lipid. Macrophages arise from monocytes. Mo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Maruyama%20method
|
In Itô calculus, the Euler–Maruyama method (also called the Euler method) is a method for the approximate numerical solution of a stochastic differential equation (SDE). It is an extension of the Euler method for ordinary differential equations to stochastic differential equations. It is named after Leonhard Euler and Gisiro Maruyama. Unfortunately, the same generalization cannot be done for any arbitrary deterministic method.
Consider the stochastic differential equation (see Itô calculus)
with initial condition X0 = x0, where Wt stands for the Wiener process, and suppose that we wish to solve this SDE on some interval of time [0, T]. Then the Euler–Maruyama approximation to the true solution X is the Markov chain Y defined as follows:
partition the interval [0, T] into N equal subintervals of width :
set Y0 = x0
recursively define Yn for 0 ≤ n ≤ N-1 by
where
The random variables ΔWn are independent and identically distributed normal random variables with expected value zero and variance .
Example
Numerical simulation
An area that has benefited significantly from SDE is biology or more precisely mathematical biology. Here the number of publications on the use of stochastic model grew, as most of the models are nonlinear, demanding numerical schemes.
The graphic depicts a stochastic differential equation being solved using the Euler Scheme. The deterministic counterpart is shown as well.
Computer implementation
The following Python code implements the Euler–Ma
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milstein%20method
|
In mathematics, the Milstein method is a technique for the approximate numerical solution of a stochastic differential equation. It is named after Grigori N. Milstein who first published it in 1974.
Description
Consider the autonomous Itō stochastic differential equation:
with initial condition , where stands for the Wiener process, and suppose that we wish to solve this SDE on some interval of time . Then the Milstein approximation to the true solution is the Markov chain defined as follows:
partition the interval into equal subintervals of width :
set
recursively define for by: where denotes the derivative of with respect to and: are independent and identically distributed normal random variables with expected value zero and variance . Then will approximate for , and increasing will yield a better approximation.
Note that when , i.e. the diffusion term does not depend on , this method is equivalent to the Euler–Maruyama method.
The Milstein scheme has both weak and strong order of convergence, , which is superior to the Euler–Maruyama method, which in turn has the same weak order of convergence, , but inferior strong order of convergence, .
Intuitive derivation
For this derivation, we will only look at geometric Brownian motion (GBM), the stochastic differential equation of which is given by:
with real constants and . Using Itō's lemma we get:
Thus, the solution to the GBM SDE is:
where
See numerical solution is presented above for three dif
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runge%E2%80%93Kutta%20method%20%28SDE%29
|
In mathematics of stochastic systems, the Runge–Kutta method is a technique for the approximate numerical solution of a stochastic differential equation. It is a generalisation of the Runge–Kutta method for ordinary differential equations to stochastic differential equations (SDEs). Importantly, the method does not involve knowing derivatives of the coefficient functions in the SDEs.
Most basic scheme
Consider the Itō diffusion satisfying the following Itō stochastic differential equation
with initial condition , where stands for the Wiener process, and suppose that we wish to solve this SDE on some interval of time . Then the basic Runge–Kutta approximation to the true solution is the Markov chain defined as follows:
partition the interval into subintervals of width :
set ;
recursively compute for by where and
The random variables are independent and identically distributed normal random variables with expected value zero and variance .
This scheme has strong order 1, meaning that the approximation error of the actual solution at a fixed time scales with the time step . It has also weak order 1, meaning that the error on the statistics of the solution scales with the time step . See the references for complete and exact statements.
The functions and can be time-varying without any complication. The method can be generalized to the case of several coupled equations; the principle is the same but the equations become longer.
Variation of the Improved
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary%20woofer
|
A rotary woofer is a subwoofer-style loudspeaker which reproduces very low frequency content by using a conventional speaker voice coil's motion to change the pitch (angle) of the blades of an impeller rotating at a constant speed. The pitch of the fan blades is controlled by the audio signal presented to the voice coil, and is able to swing both positive and negative, with respect to a zero pitch spinning blade position. Since the audio amplifier only changes the pitch of the blades, it takes much less power, per dB of generated acoustic sound level, to drive a rotary woofer than to power a conventional subwoofer, which uses a moving electromagnet (voice coil) placed within the field of a stationary permanent magnet to drive a cone which then displaces air. Rotary woofers excel at producing sounds below 20 Hz, below the normal hearing range; when installed in the wall of a sealed room, they can produce audio frequencies down to 0 Hz, a static pressure differential, by simply compressing the air in the sealed room.
Description
In the early 1970s, researchers noted that while humans could detect frequencies below 20 Hz, the ear was much less sensitive to these frequencies. As a result, increased sound pressure levels are required to perceive these sounds. These frequencies are often not audible but still subliminally detected by humans (see: Infrasound). Typical subwoofers using moving cones do not transmit energy very well to the air below 20 Hz, and thus their sound press
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External%20intercostal%20membrane
|
Unlike the other two intercostal muscles, the external intercostal muscle does not retain its muscular character all the way to the sternum, and so the tissue in this location is called the external intercostal membrane.
The fibers of the external intercostal muscles run downward and forward between adjacent ribs. Each muscle begins posteriorly at the tubercles of the ribs and extends anteriorly to the costochondral junction, the junction between the costal cartilage and the sternal end of the rib. The muscle between the costal cartilages is replaced by a membranous layer called the external intercostal membrane.
Links and References:
Grant's: 1.15, 1.20
Netter: 176
Rohen/Yokochi: 193, 194
See also
Aponeuroses
External links
- "Thoracic Wall: The External Intercostal Muscle"
Musculoskeletal system
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clastic%20dike
|
A clastic dike is a seam of sedimentary material that fills an open fracture in and cuts across sedimentary rock strata or layering in other rock types.
Clastic dikes form rapidly by fluidized injection (mobilization of pressurized pore fluids) or passively by water, wind, and gravity (sediment swept into open cracks). Diagenesis may play a role in the formation of some dikes. Clastic dikes are commonly vertical or near-vertical. Centimeter-scale widths are common, but thicknesses range from millimetres to metres. Length is usually many times width.
Clastic dikes are found in sedimentary basin deposits worldwide. Formal geologic reports of clastic dikes began to emerge in the early 19th century.
Terms synonymous with clastic dike include: clastic intrusion, sandstone dike, fissure fill, soft-sediment deformation, fluid escape structure, seismite, injectite, liquefaction feature, neptunian dike (passive fissure fills), paleoseismic indicator, pseudo ice wedge cast, sedimentary insertion, sheeted clastic dike, synsedimentary filling, tension fracture, hydraulic injection dike, and tempestite.
Environments of formation
Clastic dike environments include:
Clastic dikes associated with earthquakes –
A large variety of dikes are found in the geologic record. However, clastic dikes are typically produced by seismic disturbance and liquefaction of high water content sediments. Examples of this type are many. Clastic dikes are paleoseismic indicators in certain geologic settings
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypusine
|
Hypusine is an uncommon amino acid found in all eukaryotes and in some archaea, but not in bacteria. The only known proteins containing the hypusine residue is eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) and a similar protein found in archaea. In humans, two isoforms of eIF-5A have been described: eIF5A-1 and eIF5A-2. They are encoded by two distinct genes EIF5A and EIF5A2. The protein is involved in protein biosynthesis and promotes the formation of the first peptide bond. The region surrounding the hypusine residue is highly conserved and is essential to the function of eIF5A. Thus, hypusine and eIF-5A appear to be vital for the viability and proliferation of eukaryotic cells.
Hypusine is formed in eIF-5A by post-translational modification of one of the lysyl residues. Two reactions and two enzymes are involved:
1. Deoxyhypusine synthase catalyzes the cleavage of the polyamine spermidine and transfer of its 4-aminobutyl moiety to the ε-amino group of one specific lysine residue of the eIF-5A precursor to form deoxyhypusine and 1,3-diaminopropane.
2. Deoxyhypusine hydroxylase mediates the formation of hypusine by addition of a hydroxyl group to the deoxyhypusine residue.
An excess of hypusine was found in the urine of children and patients with familial hyperlysinemia.
Hypusine was first isolated from bovine brain by Japanese scientists Shiba et al. in 1971. The name hypusine indicates that the molecule comprises moieties of hydroxyputrescine and lysine.
See al
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierna%20Lehota%2C%20Ro%C5%BE%C5%88ava%20District
|
Čierna Lehota () is a village and municipality in the Rožňava District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1389.
Geography
The village lies at an altitude of 521 metres and covers an area of 31.864 km².
It has a population of about 575 people.
Ethnicity
The population is about 96% Slovak in ethnicity.
Culture
The village has a small public library, a football pitch and a food store.
Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Banska Bystrica, Kosice, Slovakia"
Greek Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1818-1895 (parish B)
Lutheran church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1785-1947 (parish A)
See also
List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Surnames of living people in Cierna Lehota
Villages and municipalities in Rožňava District
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Queens%20Park%20Rangers%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics
|
This article lists records and statistics relating to the English football club Queens Park Rangers.
Team records
Record Football League win: 9–2 v Tranmere Rovers, Football League Division Three (3 December 1960)
Record Winning margin: 8-0 v Merthyr Tydfil, Football League Division Three South (9 March 1929)
Queen's Park Rangers 10 -0 Verona stars . Pre season 2015
Player Records
Record appearances: Tony Ingham (548, 1950–1963)
Record goalscorer: George Goddard (172, 1926–1934)
Most international caps whilst at QPR: Alan McDonald (52 for Northern Ireland)
Most consecutive games played: Mike Keen 263 between December 1963 and September 1968.
Other club records
Most played Football League clubs
This table lists the teams that QPR has met on most occasions in the English Football League / Premier League, and is correct as at 20 March 2017.
Transfers
Highest transfer fees paid
Highest transfer fees received
References
Records
English football club statistics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%20formula
|
Stokes' formula can refer to:
Stokes' law for friction force in a viscous fluid.
Stokes' law (sound attenuation) law describing attenuation of sound in Newtonian liquids.
Stokes' theorem on the integration of differential forms.
Stokes' formula (gravity) a formula in geodesy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaling%20System%20No.%205
|
The Signaling System No. 5 (SS5) is a multi-frequency (MF) telephone signaling system that was in use from the 1970s for International Direct Distance Dialing (IDDD). Internationally it became known as CCITT5 or CC5. It was also nicknamed Atlantic Code because it was used for the first IDDD connections between Europe and North America.
Signaling systems in use at the time were designed for in-band signaling, meaning they used the same channel as the media that they controlled. SS5 was designed for inter-continental traffic for which many transmission paths were long terrestrial, often submarine cable, and geostationary satellite links. Trunks using satellite links also had echo suppressors connected at their end points. SS5 was specifically designed to work within those links.
Based on the Bell System multi-frequency (MF) signaling system known by CCITT as Regional System R1, it used six signaling frequencies: 700 Hz (A), 900 Hz (B), 1100 Hz (C), 1300 Hz (D), 1500 Hz (E) and 1700 Hz (F). The first five frequencies were used in a two-out-of-five code to represent decimal numbers (telephone numbers), and the last frequency in combination with one of the others represented the beginning or end of a sequence of digits. These frequencies were combined to encode the following signals:
The 2 out of 6 frequency code was used to pass digits forward between Registers in traditional International Switching Centres. Each digit took 55 ms with a 55 ms Inter-digital pause (IDP) and
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprise%20%28Russell%20Watson%20album%29
|
Reprise is the third album by British tenor Russell Watson released in 2002.
Track listing
Composers/librettists and/or songwriters in brackets
"Torna a Surriento" (Ernesto De Curtis/Giambattista De Curtis) – 4:48
"Granada" (Agustín Lara) – 4:03
"Santa Lucia" (Teodoro Cottrau) – 4:01
"That's Amore" (Harry Warren/Jack Brooks) – 3:10
"Ave Maria" (Franz Schubert) – 4:34
"Questa o Quella" (Giuseppe Verdi) – 2:01
"Nothing Sacred" (Jim Steinman/Don Black) – 4:07
"The Pearl Fishers' Duet" (Georges Bizet/Eugène Cormon/Michel Carré) – 5:03
"Pourquoi Me réveiller?" (Jules Massenet/Édouard Blau/Paul Milliet/Georges Hartmann) – 2:35
"Recondita armonia" (Giacomo Puccini/Luigi Illica/Giuseppe Giacosa) – 2:52
"La Danza" (Gioachino Rossini/Carlo Pepoli) – 3:19
"Core 'ngrato" (Salvatore Cardillo/Riccardo Cordiferro) – 6:45
"The Living Years" (Mike Rutherford/B. A. Robertson) – 5:49
"I Don't Know How I Got By" (Diane Warren) – 3:39
"The Best That Love Can Be" (Chris De Burgh) – 4:03
"Bohemian Rhapsody" (Freddie Mercury) – 6:38
"Vesti la Giubba" (Ruggero Leoncavallo) – 2:48
Charts
References
Russell Watson albums
2002 albums
Classical crossover albums
Albums produced by Nick Patrick (record producer)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce%20demography
|
Estimates of annual divorces by country
The following are the countries with the most annual divorces according to the United Nations in 2009.
Divorce statistics by country/region (per 1,000 population / year)
Metrics / statistics
Crude divorce rate
This is divorces per 1,000 population per year. For example, if a city has 10,000 people living in it, and 30 couples divorce in one year, then the crude divorce rate for that year is 3 divorces per 1,000 residents.
The crude divorce rate can give a general overview of marriage in an area, but it does not take people who cannot marry into account. For example, it would include young children, who are clearly not of marriageable age in its sample. In a place with large numbers of children or single adults, the crude divorce rate can seem low. In a place with few children and single adults, the crude divorce rate can seem high.
Refined divorce rate
This measures the number of divorces per 1,000 women married to men, so that all unmarried persons are left out of the calculation. For example, if that same city of 10,000 people has 3,000 married women, and 30 couples divorce in one year, then the refined divorce rate is 10 divorces per 1,000 married women.
Divorce-to-marriage ratio
This compares the number of divorces in a given year to the number of marriages in that same year (the ratio of the crude divorce rate to the crude marriage rate). For example, if there are 500 divorces and 1,000 marriages in a given year in
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slice%20sampling
|
Slice sampling is a type of Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for pseudo-random number sampling, i.e. for drawing random samples from a statistical distribution. The method is based on the observation that to sample a random variable one can sample uniformly from the region under the graph of its density function.
Motivation
Suppose you want to sample some random variable X with distribution f(x). Suppose that the following is the graph of f(x). The height of f(x) corresponds to the likelihood at that point.
If you were to uniformly sample X, each value would have the same likelihood of being sampled, and your distribution would be of the form f(x) = y for some y value instead of some non-uniform function f(x). Instead of the original black line, your new distribution would look more like the blue line.
In order to sample X in a manner which will retain the distribution f(x), some sampling technique must be used which takes into account the varied likelihoods for each range of f(x).
Method
Slice sampling, in its simplest form, samples uniformly from underneath the curve f(x) without the need to reject any points, as follows:
Choose a starting value x0 for which f(x0) > 0.
Sample a value uniformly between 0 and f(x0).
Draw a horizontal line across the curve at this position.
Sample a point (, ) from the line segments within the curve.
Repeat from step 2 using the new value.
The motivation here is that one way to sample a point uniformly from within an arbitrary c
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parser%20Grammar%20Engine
|
The Parser Grammar Engine (PGE, originally the Parrot Grammar Engine) is a compiler and runtime for Raku rules for the Parrot virtual machine. PGE uses these rules to convert a parsing expression grammar into Parrot bytecode. It is therefore compiling rules into a program, unlike most virtual machines and runtimes, which store regular expressions in a secondary internal format that is then interpreted at runtime by a regular expression engine. The rules format used by PGE can express any regular expression and most formal grammars, and as such it forms the first link in the compiler chain for all of Parrot's front-end languages.
When executed, the bytecode generated by PGE will parse text as described in the input rules, generating a parse tree. The parse tree can be manipulated directly, or fed into the next stage of the Parrot compiler toolchain in order to generate an AST from which code generation can occur (if the grammar describes a programming language).
History
Originally named P6GE and written in C, PGE was translated to native Parrot and renamed not long after its initial release in November 2004. Its author is Patrick R. Michaud. PGE was written in order to reduce the amount of work required to implement a compiler on top of Parrot. It was also written to allow Perl 6 to easily self-host, though current Pugs development no longer uses PGE as its primary rules back-end in favor of a native engine called PCR.
Internals
PGE combines three styles of parsing:
Raku
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem%20cell%20research%20policy
|
Stem cell research policy varies significantly throughout the world. There are overlapping jurisdictions of international organizations, nations, and states or provinces. Some government policies determine what is allowed versus prohibited, whereas others outline what research can be publicly financed. Of course, all practices not prohibited are implicitly permitted. Some organizations have issued recommended guidelines for how stem cell research is to be conducted.
International bodies
The United Nations adopted a declaration on human cloning that can be interpreted as calling on member states to prohibit somatic cell nuclear transfer, or therapeutic cloning. In 2005, in a divided vote, "Member States were called on to adopt all measures necessary to prohibit all forms of human cloning in as much as they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life."
The World Health Organization has opposed a ban on cloning techniques in stem cell research.
The Council of Europe's Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine seems to ban the creation of embryos solely for research purposes. It has been signed by 31 countries and ratified by 19: Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Lithuania, Moldova, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Turkey.
The Hinxton Group
Researchers, ethicists and assorted spokespersons from 14 different countries have published a set of legal and ethic
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richards%20equation
|
The Richards equation represents the movement of water in unsaturated soils, and is attributed to Lorenzo A. Richards who published the equation in 1931. It is a quasilinear partial differential equation; its analytical solution is often limited to specific initial and boundary conditions. Proof of the existence and uniqueness of solution was given only in 1983 by Alt and Luckhaus. The equation is based on Darcy-Buckingham law representing flow in porous media under variably saturated conditions, which is stated as
where
is the volumetric flux;
is the volumetric water content;
is the liquid pressure head, which is negative for unsaturated porous media;
is the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity;
is the geodetic head gradient, which is assumed as for three-dimensional problems.
Considering the law of mass conservation for an incompressible porous medium and constant liquid density, expressed as
,
where
is the sink term [T], typically root water uptake.
Then substituting the fluxes by the Darcy-Buckingham law the following mixed-form Richards equation is obtained:
.
For modeling of one-dimensional infiltration this divergence form reduces to
.
Although attributed to L. A. Richards, the equation was originally introduced 9 years earlier by Lewis Fry Richardson in 1922.
Formulations
The Richards equation appears in many articles in the environmental literature because it describes the flow in the vadose zone between the atmosphere and the aquifer. It also appe
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraically%20closed%20group
|
In group theory, a group is algebraically closed if any finite set of equations and inequations that are applicable to have a solution in without needing a group extension. This notion will be made precise later in the article in .
Informal discussion
Suppose we wished to find an element of a group satisfying the conditions (equations and inequations):
Then it is easy to see that this is impossible because the first two equations imply . In this case we say the set of conditions are inconsistent with . (In fact this set of conditions are inconsistent with any group whatsoever.)
Now suppose is the group with the multiplication table to the right.
Then the conditions:
have a solution in , namely .
However the conditions:
Do not have a solution in , as can easily be checked.
However if we extend the group to the group with the adjacent multiplication table:
Then the conditions have two solutions, namely and .
Thus there are three possibilities regarding such conditions:
They may be inconsistent with and have no solution in any extension of .
They may have a solution in .
They may have no solution in but nevertheless have a solution in some extension of .
It is reasonable to ask whether there are any groups such that whenever a set of conditions like these have a solution at all, they have a solution in itself? The answer turns out to be "yes", and we call such groups algebraically closed groups.
Formal definition
We first need some preliminary idea
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminin
|
Geminin, DNA replication inhibitor, also known as GMNN, is a protein in humans encoded by the GMNN gene. A nuclear protein present in most eukaryotes and highly conserved across species, numerous functions have been elucidated for geminin including roles in metazoan cell cycle, cellular proliferation, cell lineage commitment, and neural differentiation. One example of its function is the inhibition of Cdt1.
History
Geminin was originally identified as an inhibitor of DNA replication and substrate of the anaphase-promoting complex. Coincidentally, geminin was also shown to expand the neural plate in the developing Xenopus embryo.
Structure
Geminin is a nuclear protein made up of about 200 amino acids, with a molecular weight of approximately 25 kDa. It contains an atypical leucine zipper coiled-coil domain. It has no known enzymatic activity nor DNA binding motifs.
Function
Cell cycle control
Geminin is absent during G1 phase and accumulates through S, G2 phase and M phases of the cell cycle. Geminin levels drop at the metaphase-anaphase transition of mitosis when it is degraded by the anaphase-promoting complex.
S phase
During S phase, geminin is a negative regulator of DNA replication. In many cancer cell lines, inhibition of geminin by RNA interference results in re-replication of portions of the genome, which leads to aneuploidy. In these cell lines, geminin knockdown leads to markedly slowed growth and apoptosis within several days. However, the same is not
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-ratio
|
F-ratio or f-ratio may refer to:
The F-ratio used in statistics, which relates the variances of independent samples; see F-distribution
f-ratio (oceanography), which relates recycled and total primary production in the surface ocean
f-number, f-ratio, or focal ratio, the ratio of the focal length of an optical system to the diameter of its entrance pupil
See also
F-number (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20eukaryotic%20picoplankton%20species
|
List of eukaryotic species that belong to picoplankton, meaning one of their cell dimensions is smaller than 3 μm.
Autotrophic species
Chlorophyta
Chlorophyceae
Stichococcus cylindricus Butcher, 3 – 4.5 μm, brackish
Pedinophyceae
Marsupiomonas pelliculata Jones et al., 3 – 3 μm, brackish-marine
Resultor micron Moestrup, 1.5 – 2.5 μm, marine
Prasinophyceae
Bathycoccus prasinos Eikrem et Throndsen, 1.5 – 2.5 μm, marine
Crustomastix stigmatica Zingone, 3 – 5 μm, marine
Dolichomastix lepidota Manton, 2.5 – 2.5 μm, marine
Dolichomastix eurylepidea Manton, 3 μm, marine
Dolichomastix tenuilepis Throndsen et Zingone, 3 – 4.5 μm, marine
Mantoniella squamata Desikachary, 3 – 5 μm, marine
Micromonas pusilla Manton et Parke, 1 – 3 μm, marine
Ostreococcus tauri Courties et Chrétiennot-Dinet, 0.8 – 1.1 μm, marine
Picocystis salinarum Lewin, 2 – 3 μm, hypersaline
Prasinococcus capsulatus Miyashita et Chihara, 3 – 5.5 μm, marine
Prasinoderma coloniale Hasegawa et Chihara, 2.5 – 5.5 μm, marine
Pseudoscourfieldia marina Manton, 3 – 3.5 μm, marine
Pycnococcus provasolii Guillard, 1.5 – 4 μm, marine
Pyramimonas virginica Pennick, 2.7 – 3.5 μm, marine
Trebouxiophyceae
Chlorella nana Andreoli et al., 1.5 – 3 μm, marine
Picochlorum oklahomensis Henley et al., 2 – 2 μm, hypersaline
Picochlorum atomus Henley et al., 2 – 3 μm, brackish
Picochlorum eukaryotum Henley et al., 3 – 3 μm, marine
Picochlorum maculatus Henley et al., 3 – 3 μm, brackish
Cryptophyta
Cryptophyceae
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudna
|
For places in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, see Rudná (disambiguation).
Rudna may refer to:
Rudna, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
Rudna, Piła County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Rudna, Złotów County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Rudna, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)
Rudna, a village in Giulvăz Commune, Timiș County, Romania
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolibrium
|
Ecolibrium is a Sims-style game developed by Spanish studio StormBASIC games for the PS Vita with an environmental message. The player controls a virtual ecosystem in which to grow and care for flora and fauna by manipulating four variables - Water, Minerals, Vegetation, and Meat - in order to create a balanced ecosystem. The player gains and spends 'ecopoints' and also tackles a series of multi-stage challenges. Ecolibrium received "mixed" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.
References
External links
2012 video games
PlayStation Vita-only games
Free-to-play video games
PlayStation Vita games
Simulation video games
Environmental education video games
Video games developed in Spain
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanti%20Singh
|
Kanti Singh (born 8 March 1957) is a former Central Minister and National President of RJD Women Cell. She was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. She once represented the Arrah constituency of Bihar and is a national general secretary of Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) political party. She was earlier elected to 11th and 13th Lok Sabha from Bikramganj constituency.
She has held various portfolios in Central Government as Minister of Coal and Mines, Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, Human Resources Development (HRD), Women Child and Development and Tourism and Culture.
Posts held
External links
Home Page on the Parliament of India's Website
References
1957 births
Living people
People from Arrah
Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians
India MPs 2004–2009
Union ministers of state of India
Lok Sabha members from Bihar
People from Rohtas district
Janata Dal politicians
India MPs 1996–1997
India MPs 1999–2004
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acei
|
Acei or variation, may refer to:
ACE inhibitor (ACEI) Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors
Pseudotropheus sp. "acei" (fish), the acei, a cichlid
Association for Childhood Education International
Canadian Internet Registration Authority (ACEI; ), a bilingual authority in bilingual Canada
Automobile Central Enterprise, Inc., a subsidiary of Philippine company AC Industrials
See also
CEI (disambiguation)
Ace1 (disambiguation)
Acel (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Ice%20Company%20Building
|
The Crystal Ice Company Building is a historic building located at 2024 North Davis Street in Pensacola, Florida. Built in 1932, the building was used by the Crystal Ice Company to sell ice to travelers. The building, which resembles a block of ice, is one of the few surviving vernacular roadside buildings in Pensacola. On September 29, 1983, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
History
Around 1930, Guy Spearman established the Crystal Ice Company in Pensacola. The ice industry had developed in the late 1860s with the growth of the area's fishing industry; yet by the 1920s, refrigerators began to reduce the need for manufactured ice. In 1970, upon Spearman's death, the company was bought by Connohio Corporation.
See also
List of ice companies
References
External links
Crystal Ice House at RoadsideAmerica
Buildings and structures in Pensacola, Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Escambia County, Florida
Vernacular architecture in Florida
Roadside attractions in Florida
Ice companies
1932 establishments in Florida
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boatswain%27s%20mate
|
A boatswain's mate is a petty officer assisting the boatswain aboard ship.
Specifically, boatswain's mate may refer to:
Boatswain's mate (United States Navy), a job classification in the United States Navy
Boatswain's mate (United States Coast Guard), a job classification in the United States Coast Guard
Boatswain's mate (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), a job classification in the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Bootsmannsmaat, a historical naval rank in Austria, Germany, and Russia
The Boatswain's Mate, a 1914 one-act opera by Ethel Smyth
See also
Boatswain (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20radio%20frequency%20memory
|
Digital Radio Frequency Memory (DRFM) is an electronic method for digitally capturing and retransmitting RF signals. DRFM systems are typically used in radar jamming, although applications in cellular communications are becoming more common.
Overview
A DRFM system is designed to digitize an incoming RF input signal at a frequency and bandwidth necessary to adequately represent the signal, then reconstruct that RF signal when required. The most significant aspect of DRFM is that as a digital "duplicate" of the received signal, it is coherent with the source of the received signal. As opposed to analog "memory loops", there is no signal degradation caused by continuously cycling the energy through a front-end amplifier which allows for greater range errors for reactive jamming and allows for predictive jamming. A DRFM system may modify the signal prior to retransmitting which can alter the signature of the false target; adjusting its apparent radar cross section, range, velocity, and angle. DRFMs present a significant obstacle for radar sensors.
The earliest reference to a digital means of storage of RF pulse signals is an article in the Jan/Feb 1975 issue of Electronic Warfare, a publication of the Association of Old Crows, written by Sheldon C. Spector, entitled "A Coherent Microwave Memory Using Digital Storage: The Loopless Memory Loop".
An example of the application of DRFM in jammers: The DRFM digitizes the received signal and stores a coherent copy in digital memory
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.