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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidics | Fluidics, or fluidic logic, is the use of a fluid to perform analog or digital operations similar to those performed with electronics.
The physical basis of fluidics is pneumatics and hydraulics, based on the theoretical foundation of fluid dynamics. The term fluidics is normally used when devices have no moving parts, so ordinary hydraulic components such as hydraulic cylinders and spool valves are not considered or referred to as fluidic devices.
A jet of fluid can be deflected by a weaker jet striking it at the side. This provides nonlinear amplification, similar to the transistor used in electronic digital logic. It is used mostly in environments where electronic digital logic would be unreliable, as in systems exposed to high levels of electromagnetic interference or ionizing radiation.
Nanotechnology considers fluidics as one of its instruments. In this domain, effects such as fluid–solid and fluid–fluid interface forces are often highly significant. Fluidics have also been used for military applications.
History
In 1920, Nikola Tesla patented a valvular conduit or Tesla valve that works as a fluidic diode. It's a leaky diode, i.e. the reverse flow is non-zero for any applied pressure difference. Tesla valve also has non-linear response, as it diodicity has frequency dependence. It could be used in fluid circuits, such as a full-wave rectifier, to convert AC to DC.
In 1957, Billy M. Horton of the Harry Diamond Laboratories (which later became a part of the Army R |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salting%20out | Salting out (also known as salt-induced precipitation, salt fractionation, anti-solvent crystallization, precipitation crystallization, or drowning out) is a purification technique that utilizes the reduced solubility of certain molecules in a solution of very high ionic strength. Salting out is typically used to precipitate large biomolecules, such as proteins or DNA. Because the salt concentration needed for a given protein to precipitate out of the solution differs from protein to protein, a specific salt concentration can be used to precipitate a target protein. This process is also used to concentrate dilute solutions of proteins. Dialysis can be used to remove the salt if needed.
Principle
Salt compounds dissociate in aqueous solutions. This property is exploited in the process of salting out. When the salt concentration is increased, some of the water molecules are attracted by the salt ions, which decreases the number of water molecules available to interact with the charged part of the protein.
There are hydrophobic amino acids and hydrophilic amino acids in protein molecules.
After protein folding in aqueous solution, hydrophobic amino acids usually form protected hydrophobic areas while hydrophilic amino acids interact with the molecules of solvation and allow proteins to form hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules. If enough of the protein surface is hydrophilic, the protein can be dissolved in water.
When salt is added to the solution, there is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-binding%20protein | DNA-binding proteins are proteins that have DNA-binding domains and thus have a specific or general affinity for single- or double-stranded DNA. Sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins generally interact with the major groove of B-DNA, because it exposes more functional groups that identify a base pair.
Examples
DNA-binding proteins include transcription factors which modulate the process of transcription, various polymerases, nucleases which cleave DNA molecules, and histones which are involved in chromosome packaging and transcription in the cell nucleus. DNA-binding proteins can incorporate such domains as the zinc finger, the helix-turn-helix, and the leucine zipper (among many others) that facilitate binding to nucleic acid. There are also more unusual examples such as transcription activator like effectors.
Non-specific DNA-protein interactions
Structural proteins that bind DNA are well-understood examples of non-specific DNA-protein interactions. Within chromosomes, DNA is held in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes, this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones. In prokaryotes, multiple types of proteins are involved. The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the hist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesz%E2%80%93Thorin%20theorem | In mathematics, the Riesz–Thorin theorem, often referred to as the Riesz–Thorin interpolation theorem or the Riesz–Thorin convexity theorem, is a result about interpolation of operators. It is named after Marcel Riesz and his student G. Olof Thorin.
This theorem bounds the norms of linear maps acting between spaces. Its usefulness stems from the fact that some of these spaces have rather simpler structure than others. Usually that refers to which is a Hilbert space, or to and . Therefore one may prove theorems about the more complicated cases by proving them in two simple cases and then using the Riesz–Thorin theorem to pass from the simple cases to the complicated cases. The Marcinkiewicz theorem is similar but applies also to a class of non-linear maps.
Motivation
First we need the following definition:
Definition. Let be two numbers such that . Then for define by: .
By splitting up the function in as the product and applying Hölder's inequality to its power, we obtain the following result, foundational in the study of -spaces:
This result, whose name derives from the convexity of the map on , implies that .
On the other hand, if we take the layer-cake decomposition , then we see that and , whence we obtain the following result:
In particular, the above result implies that is included in , the sumset of and in the space of all measurable functions. Therefore, we have the following chain of inclusions:
In practice, we often encounter operators defined |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange%20%28word%29 | The word orange is a noun and an adjective in the English language. In both cases, it refers primarily to the orange fruit and the color orange, but has many other derivative meanings.
The word is derived from a Dravidian language, and it passed through numerous other languages including Sanskrit and Old French before reaching the English language. The earliest uses of the word in English refer to the fruit, and the color was later named after the fruit. Before the English-speaking world was exposed to the fruit, the color was referred to as "yellow-red" (geoluread in Old English) or "red-yellow".
"Orange" has no true rhyme. There are several half rhymes or near-rhymes, as well as some proper nouns and compound words or phrases that rhyme with it. This lack of rhymes has inspired many humorous poems and songs.
Etymology
The word "orange" entered Middle English from Old French and Anglo-Norman orenge. The earliest recorded use of the word in English is from the 13th century and referred to the fruit. The first recorded use of "orange" as a colour name in English was in 1502, in a description of clothing purchased for Margaret Tudor. Other sources cite the first recorded use as 1512, in a will now filed with the Public Record Office. It is generally thought that Old French calqued the Italian melarancio ("fruit of the orange tree", with mela "fruit") as pume orenge (with pume "fruit"). Although pume orenge is attested earlier than melarancio in available written sources, le |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarna%20Ha%C5%84cza | The Czarna Hańcza, Chornaya Hancha (, ) is the largest river of the Suwałki Region of north-eastern Poland and the Sapockin region of north-western Belarus. It is known for having large postglacial boulders. Originating near Lake Hańcza (the deepest lake in Poland with the maximum depth of 108.5 m) and flowing through lake Hańcza and Wigry Lake (the location of Poland's Wigry National Park), it is a tributary of the river Neman beyond the borders of Belarus and Lithuania. It flows through the city Suwałki.
See also
Augustów Canal
Biała Hańcza
References
External links
Rivers of Poland
Rivers of Podlaskie Voivodeship
Rivers of Grodno Region
Rivers of Lithuania
Rivers of Belarus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrability%20conditions%20for%20differential%20systems | In mathematics, certain systems of partial differential equations are usefully formulated, from the point of view of their underlying geometric and algebraic structure, in terms of a system of differential forms. The idea is to take advantage of the way a differential form restricts to a submanifold, and the fact that this restriction is compatible with the exterior derivative. This is one possible approach to certain over-determined systems, for example, including Lax pairs of integrable systems. A Pfaffian system is specified by 1-forms alone, but the theory includes other types of example of differential system. To elaborate, a Pfaffian system is a set of 1-forms on a smooth manifold (which one sets equal to 0 to find solutions to the system).
Given a collection of differential 1-forms on an -dimensional manifold , an integral manifold is an immersed (not necessarily embedded) submanifold whose tangent space at every point is annihilated by (the pullback of) each .
A maximal integral manifold is an immersed (not necessarily embedded) submanifold
such that the kernel of the restriction map on forms
is spanned by the at every point of . If in addition the are linearly independent, then is ()-dimensional.
A Pfaffian system is said to be completely integrable if admits a foliation by maximal integral manifolds. (Note that the foliation need not be regular; i.e. the leaves of the foliation might not be embedded submanifolds.)
An integrability condition is a condi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20structure | Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid-chain molecule. Proteins are polymers specifically polypeptides formed from sequences of amino acids, which are the monomers of the polymer. A single amino acid monomer may also be called a residue, which indicates a repeating unit of a polymer. Proteins form by amino acids undergoing condensation reactions, in which the amino acids lose one water molecule per reaction in order to attach to one another with a peptide bond. By convention, a chain under 30 amino acids is often identified as a peptide, rather than a protein. To be able to perform their biological function, proteins fold into one or more specific spatial conformations driven by a number of non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, Van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic packing. To understand the functions of proteins at a molecular level, it is often necessary to determine their three-dimensional structure. This is the topic of the scientific field of structural biology, which employs techniques such as X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and dual polarisation interferometry, to determine the structure of proteins.
Protein structures range in size from tens to several thousand amino acids. By physical size, proteins are classified as nanoparticles, between 1–100 nm. Very large protein complexes can be formed from protein subunits. For example, many thousands of a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not%20Quite%20C | Not Quite C (NQC) is a programming language, application programming interface (API), and native bytecode compiler toolkit for the Lego Mindstorms, Cybermaster and LEGO Spybotics systems. It is based primarily on the C language but has specific limitations, such as the maximum number of subroutines and variables allowed, which differ depending on the version of firmware the RCX has. The language was invented by David Baum. He has released two books on the subject.
Simple program example
A simple test program written in NQC for an RCX with a motor connected to output port A could look like this:
task main () // Main program
{
SetPower(OUT_A, OUT_FULL); // Turn on motor A at 100% power.
OnFor(OUT_A, 200); // Let the motor run for two seconds, and then turn it off.
}
Thus, motor A will go at full speed for two seconds before being turned off.
Compilers and integrated development environments
NQC compilers and integrated development environments (IDEs) are available for many platforms including Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, BeOS, and MS-DOS. One is the Bricx Command Center.
References
External links
NQC Homepage
NQC tutorial by Mark Overmars
NQC tutorial by Matt Miller
Compiler sources:
for Ubuntu
IDE sources:
for DOS
for BeOS
for OS X (Snow Leopard or Earlier)
for Windows
for Linux
Lego Mindstorms
C programming language family
Robot programming languages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris%20pigment%20epithelium | The iris pigment epithelium (IPE) is a one cell thick layer of cuboidal cells lying behind the iris. The epithelial cells are highly pigmented due to the numerous large melanosomes which pack the cytoplasm of each cell. Towards the central axis, the IPE terminates at the pupillary margin. Peripherally, the IPE is continuous with the inner, non-pigmented layer of the ciliary epithelium. The iris dilator muscle is strictly attached to the anterior side of the iris pigmented epithelium and represents the anterior continuation of the pigmented ciliary epithelium. The ciliary epithelia represent the anterior continuation of the multilayered retina, whose retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) corresponds to the pigmented ciliary epithelium, while the multilayered sensory retina fades into the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium. Despite their very different functions and histological appearances, these regions have a common origin from the two layers of the embryological optic cup. The melanosomes of the IPE are distinctive, being larger, blacker and rounder than those in the ciliary epithelium or RPE.
Pathology
The IPE is affected by glaucoma, diabetes, and iris inflammations and atrophies of various kinds, generally responding by showing patchy thinning and depigmentation. In albinism, it is fully or partially nonpigmented and translucent, which contributes to the photophobia of that condition. However, diseases specific to the IPE itself are almost non-existent, and it seems to be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAK-STAT%20signaling%20pathway | The JAK-STAT signaling pathway is a chain of interactions between proteins in a cell, and is involved in processes such as immunity, cell division, cell death, and tumour formation. The pathway communicates information from chemical signals outside of a cell to the cell nucleus, resulting in the activation of genes through the process of transcription. There are three key parts of JAK-STAT signalling: Janus kinases (JAKs), signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STATs), and receptors (which bind the chemical signals). Disrupted JAK-STAT signalling may lead to a variety of diseases, such as skin conditions, cancers, and disorders affecting the immune system.
Structure of JAKs and STATs
Main articles: JAKs and STATs
There are four JAK proteins: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2. JAKs contains a FERM domain (approximately 400 residues), an SH2-related domain (approximately 100 residues), a kinase domain (approximately 250 residues) and a pseudokinase domain (approximately 300 residues). The kinase domain is vital for JAK activity, since it allows JAKs to phosphorylate (add phosphate groups to) proteins.
There are seven STAT proteins: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B and STAT6. STAT proteins contain many different domains, each with a different function, of which the most conserved region is the SH2 domain. The SH2 domain is formed of 2 α-helices and a β-sheet and is formed approximately from residues 575–680. STATs also have transcriptional activation do |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selawik%20River | The Selawik River (Iñupiaq: Siiḷivium Kuuŋa; Koyukon: Nozaatne) is a stream, long, in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Alaska. Originating in the Purcell Mountains near the Zane Hills, it flows generally west through the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge to Selawik Lake, which empties into the Kotzebue Sound in the Chukchi Sea. The river is approximately at the latitude of the Arctic Circle.
The village of Selawik is along the river near its mouth. The river is used for subsistence fishing by residents and for rafting and sport fishing by tourists.
See also
List of rivers of Alaska
References
Rivers of Alaska
Rivers of Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska
Rivers of Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska
Rivers of Unorganized Borough, Alaska
Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific%20absorption%20rate | Specific absorption rate (SAR) is a measure of the rate at which energy is absorbed per unit mass by a human body when exposed to a radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field. It is defined as the power absorbed per mass of tissue and has units of watts per kilogram (W/kg).
SAR is usually averaged either over the whole body, or over a small sample volume (typically 1 g or 10 g of tissue). The value cited is then the maximum level measured in the body part studied over the stated volume or mass.
Calculation
SAR for electromagnetic energy can be calculated from the electric field within the tissue as
where
is the sample electrical conductivity,
is the RMS electric field,
is the sample density,
is the volume of the sample.
SAR measures exposure to fields between 100 kHz and 10 GHz (known as radio waves). It is commonly used to measure power absorbed from mobile phones and during MRI scans. The value depends heavily on the geometry of the part of the body that is exposed to the RF energy and on the exact location and geometry of the RF source. Thus tests must be made with each specific source, such as a mobile-phone model and at the intended position of use.
Mobile phone SAR testing
When measuring the SAR due to a mobile phone the phone is placed against a representation of a human head (a "SAR Phantom") in a talk position. The SAR value is then measured at the location that has the highest absorption rate in the entire head, which in the case of a mobile phone is ofte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFS | UFS may refer to:
Computers
Universal Flash Storage
Unix File System
Unsupervised Forward Selection, a data reduction algorithm
Other
UFS (trade union), former trade union in the United Kingdom
United Family Services
United Feature Syndicate, commonly known as United Media
United Feeder Service, a company formerly part of the United Express carrier network
Universal Fighting System, a collectible card game
Universal Frame System, A bolt locking system standard in the construction of aggressive inline skates
Universidade Federal de Sergipe, a Brazilian public university
University of the Free State, in South Africa
UFS the stock ticker for Domtar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2SER | 2SER is a non-profit radio station in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, broadcasting on the frequency 107.3 FM. It is a member of the Community Broadcasting Association of Australia. The station has a metro-wide license and broadcasts a mix of programming styles: specialist music, general magazines, and specialist talks. It currently broadcasts a variety of talk shows on topics such as science, current affairs, health, conservation, publishing, gender and queer culture, music, the arts, and theater.
2SER is also one of the few media outlets that has a special program for prisoners, Jailbreak. The station helped launch the broadcasting careers of Julie McCrossin, Robbie Buck, Richard Kingsmill, Helen Razer, Eleanor Hall, Fenella Kernebone, Steve Ahern, Jess Scully, and Jonathan Harley, all of whom started out on the station as volunteers.
History
On October 1, 1979, the station was opened by the Federal Minister for Education, Senator John Carrick.
The station broadcasts a wide range of music and talkback programs. Some of these have been on air for more than 30 years, like Back to Funk, Static, and The Phantom Dancer, while also making room for experimental and short-lived explorations into metal, pop, and spatial audio. Although the station is co-funded by two universities, the University of Technology Sydney and Macquarie University, it remains independent and not-for-profit.
In the mid-1990s, the station expanded its programming to emphasize underground dance music. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcia-class%20frigate | Garcia-class frigates were United States Navy warships. These frigates were originally ocean escorts bearing the hull classification DE until 1975. The ships were commissioned between 1964 and 1968 and decommissioned between 1988 and 1990.
Description
Frigates fulfill a Protection of Shipping (POS) mission as anti-submarine warfare (ASW) combatants for amphibious expeditionary forces, underway replenishment groups and merchant convoys.
The Garcia class was a larger version of the . The Garcias were followed by the similar Brooke class, which was given guided missile armament.
The Bronstein ocean escort was a response to the development of high speed nuclear submarines in the late 1950s. They were powered by steam turbines instead of diesel engines and incorporated a first class anti-submarine warfare (ASW) weapon system: the SQS-26BX sonar, MK 112 ASROC rocket launcher, and MK 32 torpedo tubes. Gun (naval artillery) armament (MK 33 3 inch/50 caliber) was changed in the Garcia class to two MK 30 5 inch/38 caliber guns.
There were two distinct breeds of ships bearing the DE hull classification, the World War II destroyer escorts (some of which were converted to DERs) and the postwar DE/DEG classes, which were known as ocean escorts despite carrying the same type symbol as the World War II destroyer escorts. All DEs, DEGs, and DERs were reclassified as FFs, FFGs, or FFRs on 30 June 1975 by the United States Navy 1975 ship reclassification.
After decommissioning, , , , and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20least%20squares | In applied statistics, total least squares is a type of errors-in-variables regression, a least squares data modeling technique in which observational errors on both dependent and independent variables are taken into account. It is a generalization of Deming regression and also of orthogonal regression, and can be applied to both linear and non-linear models.
The total least squares approximation of the data is generically equivalent to the best, in the Frobenius norm, low-rank approximation of the data matrix.
Linear model
Background
In the least squares method of data modeling, the objective function, S,
is minimized, where r is the vector of residuals and W is a weighting matrix. In linear least squares the model contains equations which are linear in the parameters appearing in the parameter vector , so the residuals are given by
There are m observations in y and n parameters in β with m>n. X is a m×n matrix whose elements are either constants or functions of the independent variables, x. The weight matrix W is, ideally, the inverse of the variance-covariance matrix of the observations y. The independent variables are assumed to be error-free. The parameter estimates are found by setting the gradient equations to zero, which results in the normal equations
Allowing observation errors in all variables
Now, suppose that both x and y are observed subject to error, with variance-covariance matrices and respectively. In this case the objective function can be writte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial%20sandwich | The concept of the primordial sandwich was proposed by the chemist Günter Wächtershäuser to describe the possible origins of the first cell membranes, and, therefore, the first cell.
According to the two main models of abiogenesis, RNA world and iron-sulfur world, prebiotic processes existed before the development of the cell membrane. The difficulty with this idea, however, is that it is almost impossible to create a complex molecule such as RNA (or even its molecular precursor, pre-RNA) directly from simple organic molecules dissolved in a global ocean (Joyce, 1991), because without some mechanism to concentrate these organic molecules, they would be too dilute to generate the necessary chemical reactions to transform them from simple organic molecules into genuine prebiotic molecules.
To address this problem, Wächtershäuser proposed that concentration might occur by concentration upon ("adsorption to") the surfaces of minerals. With the accumulation of enough amphipathic molecules (such as phospholipids), a bilayer will self-organize, and any molecules caught inside will become the contents of a liposome, and would be concentrated enough to allow chemical reactions to transform organic molecules into prebiotic molecules.
Although developed for his own iron-sulfur world model, the idea of the primordial sandwich has also been adopted by some adherents of the RNA world model.
See also
Primordial sea
Primordial soup
Notes
External links
Minerals and the Origin of Life
A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly%20totient%20number | A highly totient number is an integer that has more solutions to the equation , where is Euler's totient function, than any integer below it. The first few highly totient numbers are
1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 144, 240, 432, 480, 576, 720, 1152, 1440 , with 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 17, 21, 31, 34, 37, 38, 49, 54, and 72 totient solutions respectively. The sequence of highly totient numbers is a subset of the sequence of smallest number with exactly solutions to .
The totient of a number , with prime factorization , is the product:
Thus, a highly totient number is a number that has more ways of being expressed as a product of this form than does any smaller number.
The concept is somewhat analogous to that of highly composite numbers, and in the same way that 1 is the only odd highly composite number, it is also the only odd highly totient number (indeed, the only odd number to not be a nontotient). And just as there are infinitely many highly composite numbers, there are also infinitely many highly totient numbers, though the highly totient numbers get tougher to find the higher one goes, since calculating the totient function involves factorization into primes, something that becomes extremely difficult as the numbers get larger.
Example
There are five numbers (15, 16, 20, 24, and 30) whose totient number is 8. No positive integer smaller than 8 has as many such numbers, so 8 is highly totient.
Table
See also
Highly cototient number
References
Integer sequence |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20National%20Vegetation%20Classification |
The British National Vegetation Classification or NVC is a system of classifying natural habitat types in Great Britain according to the vegetation they contain.
A large scientific meeting of ecologists, botanists, and other related professionals in the United Kingdom resulted in the publication of a compendium of five books: British Plant Communities, edited by John S. Rodwell, which detail the incidence of plant species in twelve major habitat types in the British natural environment. They are the first systematic and comprehensive account of the vegetation types of the country. They cover all natural, semi-natural and major artificial habitats in Great Britain (not Northern Ireland) and represent fifteen years of research by leading plant ecologists.
From the data collated from the books, commercial software products have been developed to help to classify vegetation identified into one of the many habitat types found in Great Britain – these include MATCH, TABLEFIT and MAVIS.
Terminology used in connection with the British National Vegetation Classification
The following is a list of terms used in connection with the British National Vegetation Classification, together with their meanings:
Communities, subcommunities and variants
A community is the fundamental unit of categorisation for vegetation.
A subcommunity is a distinct recognisable subdivision of a community.
A variant is a further subdivision of a subcommunity.
Constant species
A constant species in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA%20soil%20taxonomy | USDA soil taxonomy (ST) developed by the United States Department of Agriculture and the National Cooperative Soil Survey provides an elaborate classification of soil types according to several parameters (most commonly their properties) and in several levels: Order, Suborder, Great Group, Subgroup, Family, and Series. The classification was originally developed by Guy Donald Smith, former director of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's soil survey investigations.
Discussion
A taxonomy is an arrangement in a systematic manner; the USDA soil taxonomy has six levels of classification. They are, from most general to specific: order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family and series. Soil properties that can be measured quantitatively are used in this classification system – they include: depth, moisture, temperature, texture, structure, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, clay mineralogy, organic matter content and salt content. There are 12 soil orders (the top hierarchical level) in soil taxonomy. The names of the orders end with the suffix -sol. The criteria for the different soil orders include properties that reflect major differences in the genesis of soils. The orders are:
Alfisol – soils with aluminium and iron. They have horizons of clay accumulation, and form where there is enough moisture and warmth for at least three months of plant growth. They constitute 10% of soils worldwide.
Andisol – volcanic ash soils. They are young soils. They cover 1% of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethion | Ethion (C9H22O4P2S4) is an organophosphate insecticide. Ethion is known to affect a neural enzyme called acetylcholinesterase and prevent it from working.
Review
Ethion was one of many substances that were approved for use based on data from Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, which prompted the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization to recommend its reanalysis in 1982.
History
In the 1950s, Ethion was first registered in the US as an insecticide. However, the usage of ethion has varied during the years due to overall crop values and weather conditions. For example, 1999 was a very dry year; the drought reduced yields, and the usage of ethion became less economically advantageous. Since 1998, serious studies for the risk assessment of ethion have been conducted by (among others) the EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). The risk assessments for ethion were presented at a July 14, 1999 briefing with stakeholders in Florida, which was followed by an opportunity for public comment on risk management for this pesticide.
Synthesis
Ethion is produced under controlled pH conditions, by reacting dibromomethane with Diethyl dithiophosphoric acid in ethanol. Other methods of manufacturing are the reaction of methylene bromide and sodium diethyl phosphorodithioate, and the reaction of diethyl dithiophosphoric acid and formaldehyde.
Reactivity and mechanism
It is known that ethion is small and lipophilic molecule and because it has these char |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q1 | Q1 or Q-1 may refer to:
Quarter 1, as in the first quarter of a calendar year or fiscal year
first quartile in descriptive statistics
The first quarto, usually meaning the earliest published version, of one of William Shakespeare's works
Q1 Tower, a residential apartment building in Surfers Paradise, Australia
DIGITAL Q1, a digital camera model (Fujifilm)
Q-1 visa, allows individuals traveling to the U.S. to participate in a cultural exchange program
Quake (video game) 1, a 1996 video game
Samsung Q1, an Ultra Mobile Personal Computer (UMPC)
Qualifying 1, or first qualifying in Formula 1
Quran 1, al fātiḥah the 1st chapter of the Islamic Holy book
Transport
Air
Radioplane Q-1, an American experimental unmanned aircraft of the 1950s
The primary United States Air Force designation for a series of unmanned aerial vehicles built by General Atomics, which includes the MQ-1 Predator and the MQ-1C Warrior
Road
Q1 (New York City bus)
Rossion Q1, a sports car from US car maker 1g Racing/Rossion Automotive
Rail
LNER Thompson Class Q1, a class of steam locomotives of the London and North Eastern Railway, UK
PRR Q1, a steam locomotive of the Pennsylvania Railroad, USA
SECR Q1 class, a steam locomotive of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, UK
SR Q1 class, a steam locomotive of the Southern Railway, UK
See also
1Q (disambiguation)
QI, a British comedy television quiz |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q2 | Q2 or Q-2 may refer to:
The second quarter of a calendar year (April, May, June) or fiscal year
The second quarto of William Shakespeare's works
Q2 (statistics), the second quartile in descriptive statistics (i.e. the median)
Q2 Stadium, a sports stadium in Austin, Texas
Quake II, first person shooter game developed by id Software and distributed by Activision
Quran 2, al-baqarah, the 2nd chapter of the Islamic Holy book
Leica Q2, a digital camera
Media and broadcasting
KZJO, a television station in Seattle, Washington, United States, which formerly held the call sign KMYQ and was known on air as "MyQ²"
KTVQ, a television station in Billings, Montana, United States known on air as "Q2"
Q2 (TV channel), a Belgian television station
Q2, a short-lived spinoff network of QVC in the 1990s
Q2, a Star Trek character played by Corbin Bernsen
"Q2" (Star Trek: Voyager), an episode of Star Trek: Voyager
Q2, a contemporary classical music internet radio station run by New York's WQXR
Transportation
Air Cargo Carriers, a cargo airline with the IATA code 2Q
PRR Q2, a class of steam locomotive
Metrobus route Q2, a bus route in Washington, D.C.
Q2 (New York City bus)
Alfa Romeo's limited slip differential
Audi Q2, a mini SUV by German manufacturer
See also
02 (disambiguation)
2Q (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodecimal%20system | Duodecimal system may refer to:
duodecimal, a base-12 number system
Dewey Decimal Classification, a misspelling of the library code |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelonen%20%28TV%20channel%29 | is a Finnish commercial television channel. It started out as Helsinki's local television channel PTV in 1990 on the HTV cable network (now part of DNA Welho), and changed its name first to PTV4. On June 1, 1997, the channel expanded to national coverage and changed its name to Nelonen, the Finnish name of the number four. Nelonen is mostly owned by Sanoma Corporation, which owns the Helsingin Sanomat and Ilta-Sanomat newspapers. Its largest owner was Aatos Erkko. Much of its programming is imported Australian, American, British, and European programs with Finnish captions. Its main market is the 25-44 demographic.
Programming
Finnish series and shows
Amazing Race Suomi
Big Brother
Extreme Duudsonit
Haluatko miljonääriksi?
Koskinen
Mysteerilaulajat
Reikä seinässä
Selviytyjät Suomi
Talent Suomi
The Voice of Finland
Vain elämää
Imported series, telenovelas and animated shows
90210
Accidentally on Purpose
Alias
All in the Family
American Chopper
America's Got Talent
America's Next Top Model
Avatar: The Last Airbender
Bad Girls
Battlestar Galactica
Big Brother Australia (series 12 onwards)
Big City Greens
Big Love
BoBoiBoy
Bob the Builder
Brainiac: Science Abuse
Breaking Bad
Britain's Next Top Model
Brotherhood
Californication
Canada's Next Top Model
Cashmere Mafia
Castle
Camp Lazlo (2006-2009)
Charmed
Commander in Chief
Criminal Minds
Dawson's Creek
Days of Our Lives
Damages
Deadwood
Desperate Housewives
Detroit 1-8-7
Dexter
Digimon
Dirt
Dirty Sexy Money
Dr. Phil
Drop Dead Di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo%20Riccati | Jacopo Francesco Riccati (28 May 1676 – 15 April 1754) was a Venetian mathematician and jurist from Venice. He is best known for having studied the equation which bears his name.
Education
Riccati was educated first at the Jesuit school for the nobility in Brescia, and in 1693 he entered the University of Padua to study law. He received a doctorate in law (LL.D.) in 1696. Encouraged by Stefano degli Angeli to pursue mathematics, he studied mathematical analysis.
Career
Riccati received various academic offers but declined them in order to devote his full attention to the study of mathematical analysis on his own. Peter the Great invited him to Russia as president of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. He was also invited to Vienna as an imperial councillor and was offered a professorship at the University of Padua. He declined all these offers.
He was often consulted by the Senate of Venice on the construction of canals and dikes along rivers.
Some of his work on multinomials was included by Maria Gaetana Agnesi, at Riccati's request, in the book on integral calculus of her Analytical Institutions.
The Riccati equation is named after him.
Personal life
His father, Conte Montino Riccati, came from a noble family who owned land near Venice. His mother was from the powerful Colonna family. His father died in 1686, when Riccati was only ten, leaving the youth a handsome estate.
Jacopo's son, Vincenzo Riccati, a Jesuit, followed his father's footsteps and pioneered the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMR | MMR may refer to:
Science and technology
MMR vaccine, for measles, mumps and rubella
DNA mismatch repair, a genetic repair pathway
Mass miniature radiography, a tuberculosis screening technique
Maternal mortality ratio, the ratio of the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time-period
Maternal mortality rate, the number of maternal deaths in a population divided by the number of women of reproductive age
Mean-motion resonance, an interaction between two orbiting bodies
Mesozoic Marine Revolution, the burst of evolution in the Mesozoic era caused by increased predation pressure
USNC Micro Modular Reactor (MMR) an advanced nuclear reactor technology.
Computing
Meet-me room, a place where networks providers offer interconnectivity to their backbones
Modified Modified READ, an image compression algorithm
Multi-master replication, a method of database replication
Matchmaking rating, a value score given for matchmaking in games
Arts and entertainment
Metal Mind Records, a Polish record label
MetroMedia Radio, a former American radio network
Mercury Meltdown Remix and Mercury Meltdown Revolution, ports of the 2006 puzzle video game Mercury Meltdown
Places
Myanmar (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code)
Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India
Other uses
Merchant Marine Reserve, members of the US Merchant Marine who are also members of the US Navy
Marine Mammal Regulations, of Canada
Master of Marketing Research, a b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20Euler%20equations | In fluid mechanics and astrophysics, the relativistic Euler equations are a generalization of the Euler equations that account for the effects of general relativity. They have applications in high-energy astrophysics and numerical relativity, where they are commonly used for describing phenomena such as gamma-ray bursts, accretion phenomena, and neutron stars, often with the addition of a magnetic field. Note: for consistency with the literature, this article makes use of natural units, namely the speed of light and the Einstein summation convention.
Motivation
For most fluids observable on Earth, traditional fluid mechanics based on Newtonian mechanics is sufficient. However, as the fluid velocity approaches the speed of light or moves through strong gravitational fields, or the pressure approaches the energy density (), these equations are no longer valid. Such situations occur frequently in astrophysical applications. For example, gamma-ray bursts often feature speeds only less than the speed of light, and neutron stars feature gravitational fields that are more than times stronger than the Earth's. Under these extreme circumstances, only a relativistic treatment of fluids will suffice.
Introduction
The equations of motion are contained in the continuity equation of the stress–energy tensor :
where is the covariant derivative. For a perfect fluid,
Here is the total mass-energy density (including both rest mass and internal energy density) of the fluid, is the f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition%20theorem | In mathematics, an addition theorem is a formula such as that for the exponential function:
ex + y = ex · ey,
that expresses, for a particular function f, f(x + y) in terms of f(x) and f(y). Slightly more generally, as is the case with the trigonometric functions and , several functions may be involved; this is more apparent than real, in that case, since there is an algebraic function of (in other words, we usually take their functions both as defined on the unit circle).
The scope of the idea of an addition theorem was fully explored in the nineteenth century, prompted by the discovery of the addition theorem for elliptic functions. To "classify" addition theorems it is necessary to put some restriction on the type of function G admitted, such that
F(x + y) = G(F(x), F(y)).
In this identity one can assume that F and G are vector-valued (have several components). An algebraic addition theorem is one in which G can be taken to be a vector of polynomials, in some set of variables. The conclusion of the mathematicians of the time was that the theory of abelian functions essentially exhausted the interesting possibilities: considered as a functional equation to be solved with polynomials, or indeed rational functions or algebraic functions, there were no further types of solution.
In more contemporary language this appears as part of the theory of algebraic groups, dealing with commutative groups. The connected, projective variety examples are indeed exhausted by abelia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS-3 | BIOS-3 is an experimental closed ecosystem at the Institute of Biophysics in Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
Its construction began in 1965, and was completed in 1972. BIOS-3 consists of a underground steel structure suitable for up to three persons, and was initially used for developing closed ecological human life-support ecosystems. It was divided into 4 compartments, one of which is a crew area. The crew area consists of 3 single-cabins, a galley, lavatory and control room. Initially one other compartment was an algal cultivator, and the other two phytotrons for growing wheat or vegetables. The plants growing in the two phytotrons contributed approximately 25% of the air filtering in the compound. Later, the algal cultivator was converted into a third phytotron. A level of light comparable to sunlight was supplied in each of the 4 compartments by 20 kW xenon lamps, cooled by water jackets. The facility used 400 kW of electricity, supplied by a nearby hydroelectric power station.
Chlorella algae were used to recycle air breathed by humans, absorbing carbon dioxide and replenishing it with oxygen through photosynthesis. The algae were cultivated in stacked tanks under artificial light. To achieve a balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide, one human needed of exposed Chlorella. Air was purified of more complex organic compounds by heating to in the presence of a catalyst. Water and nutrients were stored in advance and were also recycled. By 1968, system efficiency had reached 85% by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20function | In mathematics, an algebraic function is a function that can be defined
as the root of an irreducible polynomial equation. Quite often algebraic functions are algebraic expressions using a finite number of terms, involving only the algebraic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and raising to a fractional power. Examples of such functions are:
Some algebraic functions, however, cannot be expressed by such finite expressions (this is the Abel–Ruffini theorem). This is the case, for example, for the Bring radical, which is the function implicitly defined by
.
In more precise terms, an algebraic function of degree in one variable is a function that is continuous in its domain and satisfies a polynomial equation
where the coefficients are polynomial functions of , with integer coefficients. It can be shown that the same class of functions is obtained if algebraic numbers are accepted for the coefficients of the 's. If transcendental numbers occur in the coefficients the function is, in general, not algebraic, but it is algebraic over the field generated by these coefficients.
The value of an algebraic function at a rational number, and more generally, at an algebraic number is always an algebraic number.
Sometimes, coefficients that are polynomial over a ring are considered, and one then talks about "functions algebraic over ".
A function which is not algebraic is called a transcendental function, as it is for example the case of . A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thue%27s%20theorem | Thue's theorem may refer to the following mathematical theorems named after Axel Thue:
Thue equation has finitely many solutions in integers.
Thue's lemma, which asserts that every modular integer may be written as a modular fraction with numerator and denominator bounded by the square root of the modulus.
Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem, also known as Roth's theorem, is a foundational result in diophantine approximation to algebraic numbers.
The 2-dimensional analog of Kepler's conjecture: the regular hexagonal packing is the densest circle packing in the plane (1890). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation%20of%20covariance%20matrices | In statistics, sometimes the covariance matrix of a multivariate random variable is not known but has to be estimated. Estimation of covariance matrices then deals with the question of how to approximate the actual covariance matrix on the basis of a sample from the multivariate distribution. Simple cases, where observations are complete, can be dealt with by using the sample covariance matrix. The sample covariance matrix (SCM) is an unbiased and efficient estimator of the covariance matrix if the space of covariance matrices is viewed as an extrinsic convex cone in Rp×p; however, measured using the intrinsic geometry of positive-definite matrices, the SCM is a biased and inefficient estimator. In addition, if the random variable has a normal distribution, the sample covariance matrix has a Wishart distribution and a slightly differently scaled version of it is the maximum likelihood estimate. Cases involving missing data, heteroscedasticity, or autocorrelated residuals require deeper considerations. Another issue is the robustness to outliers, to which sample covariance matrices are highly sensitive.
Statistical analyses of multivariate data often involve exploratory studies of the way in which the variables change in relation to one another and this may be followed up by explicit statistical models involving the covariance matrix of the variables. Thus the estimation of covariance matrices directly from observational data plays two roles:
to provide initial estimates tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloxacillin | Cloxacillin is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. This includes impetigo, cellulitis, pneumonia, septic arthritis, and otitis externa. It is not effective for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It can be used by mouth and by injection.
Side effects include nausea, diarrhea, and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. Clostridium difficile diarrhea may also occur. It is not recommended in people who have previously had a penicillin allergy. Use during pregnancy appears to be relatively safe. Cloxacillin is in the penicillin family of medications.
Cloxacillin was patented in 1960 and approved for medical use in 1965. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is not commercially available in the United States.
Mechanism of action
It is semisynthetic and in the same class as penicillin. Cloxacillin is used against staphylococci that produce beta-lactamase, due to its large R chain, which does not allow the beta-lactamases to bind. This drug has a weaker antibacterial activity than benzylpenicillin, and is devoid of serious toxicity except for allergic reactions.
Society and culture
Cloxacillin was discovered and developed by Beecham (now GlaxoSmithKline).
It is sold under a number of trade names, including Cloxapen, Cloxacap, Tegopen and Orbenin.
See also
Dicloxacillin
Flucloxacillin
Nafcillin
Oxacillin
References
External links
Chloroarenes
Enantiopure drugs
Isoxazoles
Peni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%82awa%20G%C3%B3rna | Piława Górna is a town in Dzierżoniów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, in the western part of the Wzgórza Strzelińskie hills. It lies approximately east of Dzierżoniów, and south of the regional capital Wrocław.
According to official figures for 2019, the town has a population of 6,412.
History
The oldest historic mention of Piława Górna comes from the 12th century under the Latin name Pilava Superius. Piława Górna was part of Piast-ruled Poland. In 1189, Bishop of Wrocław Żyrosław II granted Piława to the Knights Hospitaller from Strzegom. After Polish rule, Piława Górna passed under the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Bohemia, Hungary, again Bohemia and the Habsburg monarchy. It was an agricultural village in Lower Silesia.
After its annexation by the Kingdom of Prussia from Austria in the First Silesian War, German settlers developed a clothing industry in the village in 1743. A settlement congregation of the Moravian Brethren was built in Piława Górna, then officially known under the Germanized name Ober-Peilau, on the estate of the Austrian noble Ernst Julius, Count von Seydlitz. Imprisoned for his Protestant faith by the Habsburg rulers of Silesia, when he was freed following the Prussian seizure of Silesia, he named the new settlement Gnadenfrei ("freed by [God's] Grace") to commemorate the event. Later on Gnadenfrei would be merged with Piława Górna. In 1842, Piława Górna had a population of 713. From 1871 to 1945 Peilau/Piława was part |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macs | Macs, MACS, etc. may refer to:
Medicine
Manual Ability Classification System, of manual dexterity in cerebral palsy
Minimal Access Cranial Suspension, a form of facial surgery or rhytidectomy used to reduce wrinkles and lift sagging facial tissue
Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study
Science and technology
Mac computers, a nickname for the Macintosh brand
MACS (software), Model-based Analysis of ChIP-Seq, software for finding peaks in ChIP-Seq data used in computational biology
Magellanic Catalogue of Stars, a catalogue of positions for stars covering large areas around the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds
Magnetic-activated cell sorting
MAssive Cluster Survey, a survey of distant galaxy clusters that are very bright in X-ray
Other
Mac's Convenience Stores, a chain of stores in Canada
"macs" (short story), by Terry Bisson
Metropolitan Area Commuter System, a bus system in Fairbanks, Alaska, US
Mountain Ash Comprehensive School, in Wales
See also
Macks Creek, Missouri
Mac (disambiguation)
Max (disambiguation)
Macx (disambiguation)
Macs (disambiguation)
MAKS (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbidopa | Carbidopa (Lodosyn) is a drug given to people with Parkinson's disease in order to inhibit peripheral metabolism of levodopa. This property is significant in that it allows a greater proportion of administered levodopa to cross the blood–brain barrier for central nervous system effect, instead of being peripherally metabolised into substances unable to cross said barrier.
Pharmacology
Carbidopa inhibits aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase (DOPA decarboxylase or DDC), an enzyme important in the biosynthesis of L-tryptophan to serotonin and in the biosynthesis of L-DOPA to dopamine (DA). DDC exists both outside of (body periphery) and within the confines of the blood–brain barrier.
Carbidopa is used in the treatment of, among other diseases, Parkinson's disease (PD), a condition characterized by death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Increased dopamine availability may increase the effectiveness of the remaining neurons and alleviate symptoms for a time. The pharmacologic objective is to get an exogenous dopamine-precursor known as levodopa/L-DOPA into the dopamine-deficient brains of PD patients. Levodopa/L-DOPA can cross the blood–brain barrier, but dopamine cannot. The use of carbidopa seems counter-intuitive in Parkinson's disease (PD) in that it prevents DDC conversion of levodopa/L-DOPA to dopamine. However, exogenously provided, levadopa/L-DOPA gets metabolized peripherally to its active metabolite dopamine before reaching the blood–brain barrier. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante%20Fascell | Dante Bruno Fascell (March 9, 1917 – November 28, 1998) was an American politician who represented Florida as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1955 to 1993. He served as chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee for nine years.
Early life and education
Dante Fascell was born in Bridgehampton, New York. In 1925, his family moved to Florida. In 1938, he graduated from the University of Miami School of Law. Fascell was a brother of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity and the Kappa Sigma fraternity. While a University of Miami law school student, Fascell was inducted into its Iron Arrow Honor Society, the University of Miami's highest honor.
Fascell joined the Florida National Guard in 1941 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1942, serving in the African, Sicilian, and Italian Campaigns during World War II, eventually rising to the rank of captain.
Political career
Fascell was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 1950. In 1954 he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Democrat in a district representing Dade County, Florida.
Fascell was the sole Democrat representative from the state of Florida (1 of 7) to not sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto. Fascell would later go on to vote in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1960 and 1968, in addition to the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, but not the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 (though he agreed to the Anderson-Aiken amendm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenzing%20AG | The Lenzing Group is an international group with its headquarters in Lenzing, Austria, and production sites in all major markets. Lenzing produces wood-based viscose fibers, modal fibers, lyocell fibers and filament yarn, which are used in the textile industry — in clothing, home textiles and technical textiles — as well as in the nonwovens industry. In addition, the company is active in mechanical and plant engineering. The Lenzing Group markets its products under the brand names TENCEL, VEOCEL, LENZING ECOVERO and LENZING.
History
The company initially focused solely on fiber production, but it needed plastic wrappings for its fiber bales, so Lenzing Plastics was founded to produce them. The plastics division is still active, making 11.7% of total sales in 2009.
The company's history goes back to 1892, when Emil Hamburger, an industrialist, operated a paper mill in Lenzing, Austria.
In 1935/36, the share majority was acquired by the Bunzl family and the company was affiliated to the Bunzl & Biach AG circle of interests, Vienna. The company was expanded and modernized.
Nazi era
After the incorporation of Austria into the German Reich in the Anschluss of 1938, Zellwolle Lenzing AG was founded in Lenzing by Thüringische Zellwolle AG, Schwarza/Saale, with Austrian industry subscribing to 50% of the share capital. At the beginning of July, construction of a new rayon factory was started in Lenzing. Production started in September 1939. The general director was the Nazi mul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided%20differences | In mathematics, divided differences is an algorithm, historically used for computing tables of logarithms and trigonometric functions. Charles Babbage's difference engine, an early mechanical calculator, was designed to use this algorithm in its operation.
Divided differences is a recursive division process. Given a sequence of data points , the method calculates the coefficients of the interpolation polynomial of these points in the Newton form.
Definition
Given n + 1 data points
where the are assumed to be pairwise distinct, the forward divided differences are defined as:
To make the recursive process of computation clearer, the divided differences can be put in tabular form, where the columns correspond to the value of j above, and each entry in the table is computed from the difference of the entries to its immediate lower left and to its immediate upper left, divided by a difference of corresponding x-values:
Notation
Note that the divided difference depends on the values and , but the notation hides the dependency on the x-values. If the data points are given by a function f,
one sometimes writes the divided difference in the notation
Other notations for the divided difference of the function ƒ on the nodes x0, ..., xn are:
Example
Divided differences for and the first few values of :
Properties
Linearity
Leibniz rule
Divided differences are symmetric: If is a permutation then
Polynomial interpolation in the Newton form: if is a polynomial functio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe%20operating%20area | For power semiconductor devices (such as BJT, MOSFET, thyristor or IGBT), the safe operating area (SOA) is defined as the voltage and current conditions over which the device can be expected to operate without self-damage.
SOA is usually presented in transistor datasheets as a graph with VCE (collector-emitter voltage) on the abscissa and ICE (collector-emitter current) on the ordinate; the safe 'area' referring to the area under the curve. The SOA specification combines the various limitations of the device — maximum voltage, current, power, junction temperature, secondary breakdown — into one curve, allowing simplified design of protection circuitry.
Often, in addition to the continuous rating, separate SOA curves are also plotted for short duration pulse conditions (1 ms pulse, 10 ms pulse, etc.).
The safe operating area curve is a graphical representation of the power handling capability of the device under various conditions. The SOA curve takes into account the wire bond current carrying capability, transistor junction temperature, internal power dissipation and secondary breakdown limitations.
Limits of the safe operating area
Where both current and voltage are plotted on logarithmic scales, the borders of the SOA are straight lines:
IC = ICmax — current limit
VCE = VCEmax — voltage limit
IC VCE = Pmax — dissipation limit, thermal breakdown
IC VCEα = const — this is the limit given by the secondary breakdown (bipolar junction transistors only)
SOA specificati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehead%20theorem | In homotopy theory (a branch of mathematics), the Whitehead theorem states that if a continuous mapping f between CW complexes X and Y induces isomorphisms on all homotopy groups, then f is a homotopy equivalence. This result was proved by J. H. C. Whitehead in two landmark papers from 1949, and provides a justification for working with the concept of a CW complex that he introduced there. It is a model result of algebraic topology, in which the behavior of certain algebraic invariants (in this case, homotopy groups) determines a topological property of a mapping.
Statement
In more detail, let X and Y be topological spaces. Given a continuous mapping
and a point x in X, consider for any n ≥ 1 the induced homomorphism
where πn(X,x) denotes the n-th homotopy group of X with base point x. (For n = 0, π0(X) just means the set of path components of X.) A map f is a weak homotopy equivalence if the function
is bijective, and the homomorphisms f* are bijective for all x in X and all n ≥ 1. (For X and Y path-connected, the first condition is automatic, and it suffices to state the second condition for a single point x in X.) The Whitehead theorem states that a weak homotopy equivalence from one CW complex to another is a homotopy equivalence. (That is, the map f: X → Y has a homotopy inverse g: Y → X, which is not at all clear from the assumptions.) This implies the same conclusion for spaces X and Y that are homotopy equivalent to CW complexes.
Combining this with the Hurewic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhydramnios | Polyhydramnios is a medical condition describing an excess of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac. It is seen in about 1% of pregnancies. It is typically diagnosed when the amniotic fluid index (AFI) is greater than 24 cm.
There are two clinical varieties of polyhydramnios: chronic polyhydramnios where excess amniotic fluid accumulates gradually, and acute polyhydramnios where excess amniotic fluid collects rapidly.
The opposite to polyhydramnios is oligohydramnios, not enough amniotic fluid.
Presentation
Associated conditions
Fetuses with polyhydramnios are at risk for a number of other problems including cord prolapse, placental abruption, premature birth and perinatal death. At delivery the baby should be checked for congenital abnormalities.
Causes
In most cases, the exact cause cannot be identified. A single case may have one or more causes, including intrauterine infection (TORCH), rh-isoimmunisation, or chorioangioma of the placenta. In a multiple gestation pregnancy, the cause of polyhydramnios usually is twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Maternal causes include cardiac problems, kidney problems, and maternal diabetes mellitus, which causes fetal hyperglycemia and resulting polyuria (fetal urine is a major source of amniotic fluid).
A recent study distinguishes between mild and severe polyhydramnios and showed that Apgar score of less than 7, perinatal death and structural malformations only occurred in women with severe polyhydramnios.
In another study, all p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligohydramnios | Oligohydramnios is a medical condition in pregnancy characterized by a deficiency of amniotic fluid, the fluid that surrounds the fetus in the abdomen, in the amniotic sac. It is typically diagnosed by ultrasound when the amniotic fluid index (AFI) measures less than 5 cm or when the single deepest pocket (SDP) of amniotic fluid measures less than 2 cm. Amniotic fluid is necessary to allow for normal fetal movement, lung development, and cushioning from uterine compression. Low amniotic fluid can be attributed to a maternal, fetal, placental or idiopathic cause and can result in poor fetal outcomes including death. The prognosis of the fetus is dependent on the etiology, gestational age at diagnosis, and the severity of the oligohydramnios.
The opposite of oligohydramnios is polyhydramnios, or an excess of amniotic fluid.
Etiology
The amount of amniotic fluid available is based on how much fluid is produced and how much is removed from the amniotic sac. In the first trimester, the main sources of amniotic fluid are fetal lung secretions, transportation of maternal plasma across the fetal membranes, and the surface of the placenta. By the second trimester, the fetal kidneys start to produce urine which becomes the main source of the amniotic fluid for the remainder of the pregnancy.
The development of oligohydramnios may be idiopathic or have a maternal, fetal, or placental cause.
Maternal
Conditions such as preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, collagen vascular disease, n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydratase | Dehydratases are a group of lyase enzymes that form double and triple bonds in a substrate through the removal of water. They can be found in many places including the mitochondria, peroxisome and cytosol. There are more than 150 different dehydratase enzymes that are classified into four groups. Dehydratases can act on hydroxyacyl-CoA with or without cofactors, and some have a metal and non-metal cluster act as their active site.
A dehydratase deficiency in the body can lead to a less severe condition of hyperphenylalaninemia, which involves an over presence of phenylalanine in the blood. It is caused by a genetic recessive disorder in the autosomal DNA.
Common dehydratases include:
Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase is found in blood and is involved in the production of the heme group of globins. People exposed to lead will have a decrease in ADA-D activity.
Serine dehydratase is mostly found in the liver and catalyzes the reaction of turning serine into pyruvate and ammonia. In a diet of increased protein, the activity of serine dehydratase is increased.
Arogenate dehydratase is found mostly in the chloroplasts of higher plants. It catalyzes the reaction of turning L-arogenate into L-phenylalanine.
References
External links
Hydrogen biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roga%C5%A1ka%20Slatina | Rogaška Slatina (; ) is a town in eastern Slovenia. It is the largest settlement and the seat of the Municipality of Rogaška Slatina. It is known for its curative mineral water, spa, and crystal glass.
Name
The name Rogaška Slatina literally means 'Rogatec springs', referring to a source of mineral water. The springs were dubbed Roitschocrene 'Rogatec springs' (< Greek κρήνη crene 'spring') in 1687 by Johann Benedikt Gründel. The settlement was known as Rohitsch-Sauerbrunn or Sauerbrunn Curort in German (and in older sources also Roitscher Sauerbrunn). Older sources also contain the Slovene names Slatina Zdravišče and Slatina Rogačka.
History
The Rogaška Slatina area was inhabited in antiquity, and a Roman road led to the settlement. A document from the Archbishopric of Salzburg dating from 1141 mentions a Roman stone next to a spring in the settlement. The 16th-century alchemist Leonhard Thurneysser was the first to describe the spring. The spring was also described by the imperial physician Paul de Sorbait in 1679, by the Carniolan physician Marko Gerbec circa 1700, and by Joseph Karl Kindermann in his 1798 history of Styria (Repertorium der steiermärkischen Geschichte, Geographie, Topographie, Statistik und Naturhistorie). The historian Rudolf Gustav Puff described Rogaška Slatina in a special publication, and 24 lithographs of the town were created by the artist Josip Reiterer in the early 19th century. The chemist Adolf Režek set up a small chemistry laboratory in Rog |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniotic%20fluid | The amniotic fluid is the protective liquid contained by the amniotic sac of a gravid amniote. This fluid serves as a cushion for the growing fetus, but also serves to facilitate the exchange of nutrients, water, and biochemical products between mother and fetus.
For humans, the amniotic fluid is commonly called water or waters (Latin liquor amnii).
Development
Amniotic fluid is present from the formation of the gestational sac. Amniotic fluid is in the amniotic sac. It is generated from maternal plasma, and passes through the fetal membranes by osmotic and hydrostatic forces. When fetal kidneys begin to function around week 16, fetal urine also contributes to the fluid. In earlier times, it was believed that the amniotic fluid was composed entirely of excreted fetal urine.
The fluid is absorbed through the fetal tissue and skin. After 22 to 25 week of pregnancy, keratinization of an embryo's skin occurs. When this process completes around the 25th week, the fluid is primarily absorbed by the fetal gut for the remainder of gestation.
Contents
At first, amniotic fluid is mainly water with electrolytes, but by about the 12–14th week the liquid also contains proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and phospholipids, urea, and extracellular matrix ECM components including collagens and glycosaminoglycans, including hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate, all of which aid in the growth of the fetus.
Volume
The volume of amniotic fluid changes with the growth of fetus. From the 10t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20quantum%20entropy | The joint quantum entropy generalizes the classical joint entropy to the context of quantum information theory. Intuitively, given two quantum states and , represented as density operators that are subparts of a quantum system, the joint quantum entropy is a measure of the total uncertainty or entropy of the joint system. It is written or , depending on the notation being used for the von Neumann entropy. Like other entropies, the joint quantum entropy is measured in bits, i.e. the logarithm is taken in base 2.
In this article, we will use for the joint quantum entropy.
Background
In information theory, for any classical random variable , the classical Shannon entropy is a measure of how uncertain we are about the outcome of . For example, if is a probability distribution concentrated at one point, the outcome of is certain and therefore its entropy . At the other extreme, if is the uniform probability distribution with possible values, intuitively one would expect is associated with the most uncertainty. Indeed, such uniform probability distributions have maximum possible entropy .
In quantum information theory, the notion of entropy is extended from probability distributions to quantum states, or density matrices. For a state , the von Neumann entropy is defined by
Applying the spectral theorem, or Borel functional calculus for infinite dimensional systems, we see that it generalizes the classical entropy. The physical meaning remains the same. A maximally |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloch%20MB.170 | The Bloch MB.170 and its derivatives were French reconnaissance bombers designed and built shortly before the Second World War. They were the best aircraft of this type available to the at the outbreak of the war, with speed, altitude and manoeuvrability that allowed them to evade interception by the German fighters. Although the aircraft could have been in service by 1937, debate over what role to give the aircraft delayed deliveries until 1940.
Too few in number to affect the Battle of France, they continued in service with the Vichy forces after the armistice. The MB.174 is notable as the aircraft flown by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, author of The Little Prince during the campaign. His work (Flight to Arras), published in 1942, is based on a 1940 reconnaissance mission in this type of aircraft.
Design and development
In 1936, the Ministry for the Air initiated a programme of modernisation of French aviation which included a request concerning a two- or three-seat multi-role aircraft that could be used as a light-bomber or attack aircraft or for reconnaissance. A design team at the former Bloch factory at Courbevoie (which had recently become part of the nationalised SNCASO), led by Henri Deplante, proposed the MB.170, a twin-engined, low-winged cantilever monoplane.
The first prototype, the MB 170 AB2-A3 No.01, equipped as a two-seat attack bomber or a three-seat reconnaissance aircraft, made its maiden flight on 15 February 1938. It was powered by two Gnome-Rhône 14N |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycophorin%20C | Glycophorin C (GYPC; CD236/CD236R; glycoprotein beta; glycoconnectin; PAS-2) plays a functionally important role in maintaining erythrocyte shape and regulating membrane material properties, possibly through its interaction with protein 4.1. Moreover, it has previously been shown that membranes deficient in protein 4.1 exhibit decreased content of glycophorin C. It is also an integral membrane protein of the erythrocyte and acts as the receptor for the Plasmodium falciparum protein PfEBP-2 (erythrocyte binding protein 2; baebl; EBA-140).
History
The antigen was discovered in 1960 when three women who lacked the antigen made anti-Gea in response to pregnancy. The antigen is named after one of the patients – a Mrs Gerbich. The following year a new but related antigen was discovered in a Mrs Yus for whom an antigen in this system is also named. In 1972 a numerical system for the antigens in this blood group was introduced.
Genomics
Despite the similar names glycophorin C and D are unrelated to the other three glycophorins which encoded on chromosome 4 at location 4q28-q31. These latter proteins are closely related. Glycophorin A and glycophorin B carry the blood group MN and Ss antigens respectively. There are ~225,000 molecules of GPC and GPD per erythrocyte.
Originally it was thought that glycophorin C and D were the result of a gene duplication event but it was only later realised that they were encoded by the same gene. Glycophorin D (GPD) is generated from the glycoph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance%20parameter | In statistics, a nuisance parameter is any parameter which is unspecified but which must be accounted for in the hypothesis testing of the parameters which are of interest.
The classic example of a nuisance parameter comes from the normal distribution, a member of the location–scale family. For at least one normal distribution, the variance(s), σ2 is often not specified or known, but one desires to hypothesis test on the mean(s). Another example might be linear regression with unknown variance in the explanatory variable (the independent variable): its variance is a nuisance parameter that must be accounted for to derive an accurate interval estimate of the regression slope, calculate p-values, hypothesis test on the slope's value; see regression dilution.
Nuisance parameters are often scale parameters, but not always; for example in errors-in-variables models, the unknown true location of each observation is a nuisance parameter. A parameter may also cease to be a "nuisance" if it becomes the object of study, is estimated from data, or known.
Theoretical statistics
The general treatment of nuisance parameters can be broadly similar between frequentist and Bayesian approaches to theoretical statistics. It relies on an attempt to partition the likelihood function into components representing information about the parameters of interest and information about the other (nuisance) parameters. This can involve ideas about sufficient statistics and ancillary statistics. When t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy%20antigen%20system | Duffy antigen/chemokine receptor (DARC), also known as Fy glycoprotein (FY) or CD234 (Cluster of Differentiation 234), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACKR1 gene.
The Duffy antigen is located on the surface of red blood cells, and is named after the patient in whom it was discovered. The protein encoded by this gene is a glycosylated membrane protein and a non-specific receptor for several chemokines. The protein is also the receptor for the human malarial parasites Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium knowlesi and simian malarial parasite Plasmodium cynomolgi. Polymorphisms in this gene are the basis of the Duffy blood group system.
History
It was noted in the 1920s that black Africans had some intrinsic resistance to malaria, but the basis for this remained unknown. The Duffy antigen gene was the fourth gene associated with the resistance after the genes responsible for sickle cell anaemia, thalassemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
In 1950, the Duffy antigen was discovered in a multiply-transfused hemophiliac named Richard Duffy, whose serum contained the first example of anti-Fya antibody.
In 1951, the antibody to a second antigen, Fyb, was discovered in serum. Using these two antibodies, three common phenotypes were defined: Fy(a+b+), Fy(a+b-), and Fy(a-b+).
Several other types were later discovered bringing the current total up to 6: Fya, Fyb, Fy3, Fy4, Fy5 and Fy6. Only Fya, Fyb and Fy3 are considered clinically important. Reactions to Fy5 have als |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal%20likelihood | A marginal likelihood is a likelihood function that has been integrated over the parameter space. In Bayesian statistics, it represents the probability of generating the observed sample from a prior and is therefore often referred to as model evidence or simply evidence.
Concept
Given a set of independent identically distributed data points where according to some probability distribution parameterized by , where itself is a random variable described by a distribution, i.e. the marginal likelihood in general asks what the probability is, where has been marginalized out (integrated out):
The above definition is phrased in the context of Bayesian statistics in which case is called prior density and is the likelihood. The marginal likelihood quantifies the agreement between data and prior in a geometric sense made precise in de Carvalho et al. (2019). In classical (frequentist) statistics, the concept of marginal likelihood occurs instead in the context of a joint parameter , where is the actual parameter of interest, and is a non-interesting nuisance parameter. If there exists a probability distribution for , it is often desirable to consider the likelihood function only in terms of , by marginalizing out :
Unfortunately, marginal likelihoods are generally difficult to compute. Exact solutions are known for a small class of distributions, particularly when the marginalized-out parameter is the conjugate prior of the distribution of the data. In other cases, some k |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20lift | A gas lift or bubble pump is a type of pump that can raise fluid between elevations by introducing gas bubbles into a vertical outlet tube; as the bubbles rise within the tube they cause a drop in the hydrostatic pressure behind them, causing the fluid to be pulled up. Gas lifts are commonly used as artificial lifts for water or oil, using compressed air or water vapor.
Gas lifts have been used for a variety of applications:
Coffee percolators and electric drip coffeemakers use vaporized water to lift hot water
Airlift pumps use compressed air to lift water
Pulser pumps use a subterranean air chamber to lift underground water
Suction dredges use a variety of the gas lift called an airlift pump to vacuum mud, sand and debris
Mist lifts use vaporized water to draw seawater in ocean thermal energy conversion systems
Petroleum industry uses
In the United States, gas lift is used in 10% of the oil wells that have insufficient reservoir pressure to produce the well. In the petroleum industry, the process involves injecting gas through the tubing-casing annulus. Injected gas aerates the fluid to reduce its density; the formation pressure is then able to lift the oil column and forces the fluid out of the wellbore. Gas may be injected continuously or intermittently, depending on the producing characteristics of the well and the arrangement of the gas-lift equipment.
The amount of gas to be injected to maximize oil production varies based on well conditions and geometries. Too m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler%20%28disambiguation%29 | Doppler (Doppler effect or Doppler shift) is the frequency change of a wave for observer relative to its source.
It may also refer to:
Doppler (surname), a surname and a list of people with the name
Christian Doppler (1803–1853), Austrian mathematician and physicist
Doppler (building), a building in Seattle, home to Amazon.com's corporate headquarters
Doppler (crater), a lunar impact crater
Doppler (novel), a novel by Erlend Loe
3905 Doppler, an asteroid
Doppler, the mascot of the WNBA's Seattle Storm
See also
Dr. Doppler, the villain from Mega Man X3
Doppler beaming
Doppler broadening
Doppler cooling
Doppler cooling limit
Doppler echocardiography
Doppler ultrasound, also called Doppler sonography
Transcranial doppler
Doppler fetal monitor
Doppler LIDAR
Doppler navigation set
Doppler radar
Doppler weather radar
Doppler spectroscopy
Doppler velocity sensor
Laser Doppler velocimetry
Laser Doppler vibrometer
Photoacoustic Doppler effect
Photon Doppler velocimetry
Pulse-Doppler radar
Relativistic Doppler effect |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20extender | In broadcast engineering, a frequency extender is an electronic device that allows high-fidelity analog audio to be sent over regular POTS telephone lines, without the loss of higher audio frequencies (treble). It is an extended concept of a telephone hybrid.
The concept uses frequency shifting to overcome the narrow bandwidth of regular telephone systems. The input signal is sent on one telephone line as-is, or in some cases upshifted to provide extra low-frequency response, and sent on a second line shifted down by 3 kHz, which is normally the upper bandpass limit in telephony. Thus, an audio frequency of 5 kHz is sent at 2 kHz. A receiver on the other end then shifts the second line back up and mixes it with the first. This results in greatly improved audio, adding a full octave of range, and pushing the total bandpass to 6 kHz. The sound is then acceptable for voice, if not for music.
It is also possible to add other lines, each increasing the bandpass by another 3 kHz. However, the law of diminishing returns takes over, because each successive octave is double the size of the last. A third line pushes the bandpass up 50% to 9 kHz, equivalent to AM radio. A fourth line would push it up 33% to 12 kHz. FM radio quality would require five telephone lines to be installed, pushing the bandpass up 25% to 15 kHz. The audio is shifted down by 6,9, and 12 kHz respectively for each additional line.
Frequency extenders have been nearly eliminated by POTS codecs.
See |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrna%20Driedger | Myrna Driedger ( ) (born 1952) is a politician in Manitoba, Canada. She was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1998 to 2023.
Early life
She was born in Benito, Manitoba, and was educated at Benito Collegiate, at the Winnipeg General Hospital School of Nursing and at Red River Community College. Before entering provincial politics, Driedger worked as a nurse for 23 years. She served as CEO of Child Find Manitoba, and was Co-Chair of the province's Abuse Prevention Services Adult Advisory Committee. She has also participated in other groups which provide services to poor and vulnerable children. At one stage, she was Manitoba President of the Canadian Association of Neurological and Neurosurgical Nurses. She is married to Helmut Driedger.
Politics
Driedger was elected to the provincial legislature in a 1998 by-election, in the upscale west Winnipeg riding of Charleswood. A Progressive Conservative, Driedger defeated Liberal candidate Alan McKenzie by 2767 votes to 1524. She was subsequently named legislative assistant to the Minister of Family Services and the Minister of Health.
The Progressive Conservative government of Gary Filmon was defeated in the 1999 provincial election, although Driedger was re-elected in Charleswood by an increased margin. She was again re-elected in the 2003 election, defeating her leading opponent by over one thousand votes. Although the governing New Democratic Party made significant inroads in south-end Winnipeg in 200 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno%20Maderna | Bruno Maderna (born Bruno Grossato, 21 April 1920 – 13 November 1973) was an Italian composer, conductor and academic teacher.
Life
Maderna was born Bruno Grossato in Venice but later decided to take the name of his mother, Caterina Carolina Maderna. At the age of four he began studying the violin with his grandfather. "My grandfather thought that if you could play the violin you could then do anything, even become the biggest gangster. If you play the violin you are always sure of a place in heaven." As a child he played several instruments (violin, drums and accordion) in his father's small variety band. A child prodigy, in the early thirties he was not only performing violin concertos, he was already conducting orchestral concerts: first with the orchestra of La Scala in Milan, then in Trieste, Venice, Padua and Verona. He was originally Jewish.
Orphaned at the age of four, Maderna was adopted by a wealthy woman from Verona, Irma Manfredi, who saw to that he received a solid musical education. He took private lessons in harmony and musical composition from Arrigo Pedrollo from 1935 until 1937 and studied composition with Alessandro Bustini at the Rome Conservatory from 1937 until 1940.
After Rome he returned to Venice, where he attended the advanced course for composers (1940–42) organised by Gian Francesco Malipiero at the Benedetto Marcello Conservatory (his Concerto for Piano and Orchestra dates from this time). He also studied conducting with Antonio Guarnieri at th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-repetition%20frequency | The pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) is the number of pulses of a repeating signal in a specific time unit. The term is used within a number of technical disciplines, notably radar.
In radar, a radio signal of a particular carrier frequency is turned on and off; the term "frequency" refers to the carrier, while the PRF refers to the number of switches. Both are measured in terms of cycle per second, or hertz. The PRF is normally much lower than the frequency. For instance, a typical World War II radar like the Type 7 GCI radar had a basic carrier frequency of 209 MHz (209 million cycles per second) and a PRF of 300 or 500 pulses per second. A related measure is the pulse width, the amount of time the transmitter is turned on during each pulse.
After producing a brief pulse of radio signal, the transmitter is turned off in order for the receiver units to hear the reflections of that signal off distant targets. Since the radio signal has to travel out to the target and back again, the required inter-pulse quiet period is a function of the radar's desired range. Longer periods are required for longer range signals, requiring lower PRFs. Conversely, higher PRFs produce shorter maximum ranges, but broadcast more pulses, and thus radio energy, in a given time. This creates stronger reflections that make detection easier. Radar systems must balance these two competing requirements.
Using older electronics, PRFs were generally fixed to a specific value, or might be switched among |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehresmann%27s%20lemma | In mathematics, or specifically, in differential topology, Ehresmann's lemma or Ehresmann's fibration theorem states that if a smooth mapping , where and are smooth manifolds, is
a surjective submersion, and
a proper map (in particular, this condition is always satisfied if M is compact),
then it is a locally trivial fibration. This is a foundational result in differential topology due to Charles Ehresmann, and has many variants.
See also
Thom's first isotopy lemma
References
Theorems in differential topology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Ogilby | William Ogilby (1805–1873) was an Irish-born zoologist who was at the forefront of classification and naming of animal species in the 1830s and served as Secretary of the Zoological Society of London from 1839 to 1847. He removed to Ireland during the Great Famine and later built the grand but architecturally dismal Altinaghree Castle near Donemana, County Tyrone. Mount Ogilby in Queensland was named for him in 1846.
Birth, family background and education
Probably born in County Londonderry in 1805, William Ogilby was an illegitimate son of Leslie Ogilby (c1764-1845) who owned a bleaching green at Lackagh in the parish of Dungiven. The Ogilbys had been active in the linen trade since the mid-eighteenth century, and William's uncle Robert Ogilby (c1761-1839), having amassed a fortune as a linen factor in Dublin, bought the lease of the 22,000-acre Dungiven Castle estate and was reckoned "the wealthiest commoner in the North of Ireland, possessing it is said between ten and twenty thousand pounds a year". The fortune of William's father was more modest but sufficient to buy the 3,170-acre Terkernaghan and Altnachree estate in Donagheady, County Tyrone, in 1829.
Illegitimate births were commonplace among the Ogilbys in the early nineteenth century, and William seems to have been recognised as his father's heir from an early age. He was educated at a small academy kept by a clergyman in Macclesfield before proceeding to Belfast Academical Institution and thence to Trinity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Focchies | The Battle of Focchies was a significant naval engagement that took place on 12 May 1649, in the harbour of Focchies, Smyrna between a Venetian force of nineteen warships under the command of Giacomo da Riva, and an Ottoman force of eleven warships, ten galleasses, and seventy-two galleys, with the battle resulting in a crushing victory for the Venetian fleet. The battle was an episode in the Cretan War from 1645 to 1669 between the Venetian Republic (along with its allies, the Knights of Malta, the Kingdom of France and the Papal States) and the Ottoman Empire over dominance of various territories in the Mediterranean Sea. The war was one in a series of wars between the two warring powers, which contested for control of the Adriatic and Mediterranean trade routes. The primary territory that was contested during the war was Crete, the largest and most profitable of the overseas holdings of the Venetian Republic. The battle came after a squadron of Venetian ships under the command of Giacomo da Riva, a Venetian admiral, came to the rescue of the blockading Venetian force in the Dardanelles Straits, after the blockade had run into unexpected weather conditions and many ships sunk as a result.
Admiral da Riva moved to engage the Ottoman fleet, attempting to prevent them from sailing to Crete and reinforcing the Ottoman forces that were laying siege to the island. To reinforce his fleet before engaging the Ottomans, da Riva hired several English and Dutch armed merchantmen, prom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulase | Coagulase is a protein enzyme produced by several microorganisms that enables the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. In the laboratory, it is used to distinguish between different types of Staphylococcus isolates. Importantly, S. aureus is generally coagulase-positive, meaning that a positive coagulase test would indicate the presence of S. aureus or any of the other 11 coagulase-positive Staphylococci. A negative coagulase test would instead show the presence of coagulase-negative organisms such as S. epidermidis or S. saprophyticus. However, it is now known that not all S. aureus are coagulase-positive. Whereas coagulase-positive Staphylococci are usually pathogenic, coagulase-negative Staphylococci are more often associated with opportunistic infection.
It is also produced by Yersinia pestis.
Coagulase reacts with prothrombin in the blood. The resulting complex is called staphylothrombin, which enables the enzyme to act as a protease to convert fibrinogen, a plasma protein produced by the liver, to fibrin. This results in clotting of the blood. Coagulase is tightly bound to the surface of the bacterium S. aureus and can coat its surface with fibrin upon contact with blood. The fibrin clot may protect the bacterium from phagocytosis and isolate it from other defenses of the host. The fibrin coat can therefore make the bacteria more virulent. Bound coagulase is part of the larger family of MSCRAMM adhesin proteins.
Coagulase test
The coagulase test has traditionally b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertens%27%20theorems | In analytic number theory, Mertens' theorems are three 1874 results related to the density of prime numbers proved by Franz Mertens.
In the following, let mean all primes not exceeding n.
First theorem
Mertens' first theorem is that
does not exceed 2 in absolute value for any . ()
Second theorem
Mertens' second theorem is
where M is the Meissel–Mertens constant (). More precisely, Mertens proves that the expression under the limit does not in absolute value exceed
for any .
Proof
The main step in the proof of Mertens' second theorem is
where the last equality needs which follows from .
Thus, we have proved that
.
Since the sum over prime powers with converges, this implies
.
A partial summation yields
.
Changes in sign
In a paper on the growth rate of the sum-of-divisors function published in 1983, Guy Robin proved that in Mertens' 2nd theorem the difference
changes sign infinitely often, and that in Mertens' 3rd theorem the difference
changes sign infinitely often. Robin's results are analogous to Littlewood's famous theorem that the difference π(x) − li(x) changes sign infinitely often. No analog of the Skewes number (an upper bound on the first natural number x for which π(x) > li(x)) is known in the case of Mertens' 2nd and 3rd theorems.
Relation to the prime number theorem
Regarding this asymptotic formula Mertens refers in his paper to "two curious formula of Legendre", the first one being Mertens' second theorem's prototype (and the second o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%20ring | The L-ring of the bacterial flagellum is the ring in the lipid outer cell membrane through which the axial filament (rod, hook, and flagellum) passes. that l ring stands for lipopolysaccharide.
References
Bacteria |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative%20genomic%20hybridization | Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a molecular cytogenetic method for analysing copy number variations (CNVs) relative to ploidy level in the DNA of a test sample compared to a reference sample, without the need for culturing cells. The aim of this technique is to quickly and efficiently compare two genomic DNA samples arising from two sources, which are most often closely related, because it is suspected that they contain differences in terms of either gains or losses of either whole chromosomes or subchromosomal regions (a portion of a whole chromosome). This technique was originally developed for the evaluation of the differences between the chromosomal complements of solid tumor and normal tissue, and has an improved resolution of 5–10 megabases compared to the more traditional cytogenetic analysis techniques of giemsa banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) which are limited by the resolution of the microscope utilized.
This is achieved through the use of competitive fluorescence in situ hybridization. In short, this involves the isolation of DNA from the two sources to be compared, most commonly a test and reference source, independent labelling of each DNA sample with fluorophores (fluorescent molecules) of different colours (usually red and green), denaturation of the DNA so that it is single stranded, and the hybridization of the two resultant samples in a 1:1 ratio to a normal metaphase spread of chromosomes, to which the labelled DNA sample |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm%20%28marketing%29 | The "Worm" is a market research analysis tool developed by the Roy Morgan statistics company (known than as Roy Morgan Research, who called it "The Reactor"), with the purpose of gauging an audience's reaction to some visual stimuli over some time period. The name "worm" describes its visual appearance – as a line graph snaking up or down, usually depicted on TV during live political debates
Background
Each member of the audience firstly fills out a questionnaire, used to describe the composition of the audience. Then, each member is given a control device (such as a dial or keypad) with which they select their feelings towards the vision or stimuli (for example, whether they regard the comments currently being made by a speaker favourably or unfavourably). This dial is checked centrally three times per second, and as the audience reacts differently over time, the collective feelings of the audience are gathered.
Australian Federal Elections
The "worm" has been used in the televised political debates in Australian federal elections, including those between then Australian prime minister John Howard and then-leader of the opposition Kevin Rudd in 2007 and between prime minister Julia Gillard and opposition leader Tony Abbott in 2010.
Internationally
In the first UK general election debate on 15 April 2010 between Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown, Conservative leader David Cameron and Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg, "the worm" was used in certain segments. A study p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent%20M%C3%BCllerian%20duct%20syndrome | Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is the presence of Müllerian duct derivatives (fallopian tubes, uterus, and/or the upper part of the vagina) in what would be considered a genetically and otherwise physically normal male animal by typical human based standards. In humans, PMDS typically is due to an autosomal recessive congenital disorder and is considered by some to be a form of pseudohermaphroditism due to the presence of Müllerian derivatives.
Typical features include undescended testes (cryptorchidism) and the presence of a small, underdeveloped uterus in an XY infant or adult. This condition is usually caused by deficiency of fetal anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) effect due to mutations of the gene for AMH or the anti-Müllerian hormone receptor, but may also be as a result of insensitivity to AMH of the target organ.
PMDS can also present in non-human animals.
Presentation
The first visible signs of PMDS after birth is cryptorchidism (undescended testes) either unilaterally or bilaterally. Along with cryptorchidism, is also inguinal hernias which may be presented unilaterally (affects one testicle) or bilaterally (affects both testicles). Adults who have been oblivious to this condition may be presented with haematuria, which is when blood appears in urine because of hormonal imbalances. PMDS Type I, is also referred to as hernia uteri inguinalis, which exhibits one descended testis that has also pulled the fallopian tube and sometimes uterus, through the ing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloproteinase | A metalloproteinase, or metalloprotease, is any protease enzyme whose catalytic mechanism involves a metal. An example is ADAM12 which plays a significant role in the fusion of muscle cells during embryo development, in a process known as myogenesis.
Most metalloproteases require zinc, but some use cobalt. The metal ion is coordinated to the protein via three ligands. The ligands coordinating the metal ion can vary with histidine, glutamate, aspartate, lysine, and arginine. The fourth coordination position is taken up by a labile water molecule.
Treatment with chelating agents such as EDTA leads to complete inactivation. EDTA is a metal chelator that removes zinc, which is essential for activity. They are also inhibited by the chelator orthophenanthroline.
Classification
There are two subgroups of metalloproteinases:
Exopeptidases, metalloexopeptidases (EC number: 3.4.17).
Endopeptidases, metalloendopeptidases (3.4.24). Well known metalloendopeptidases include ADAM proteins and matrix metalloproteinases, and M16 metalloproteinases such as Insulin Degrading Enzyme and Presequence Protease
In the MEROPS database peptidase families are grouped by their catalytic type, the first character representing the catalytic type: A, aspartic; C, cysteine; G, glutamic acid; M, metallo; S, serine; T, threonine; and U, unknown. The serine, threonine and cysteine peptidases utilise the amino acid as a nucleophile and form an acyl intermediate - these peptidases can also readily act |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endopeptidase | Endopeptidase or endoproteinase are proteolytic peptidases that break peptide bonds of nonterminal amino acids (i.e. within the molecule), in contrast to exopeptidases, which break peptide bonds from end-pieces of terminal amino acids. For this reason, endopeptidases cannot break down peptides into monomers, while exopeptidases can break down proteins into monomers. A particular case of endopeptidase is the oligopeptidase, whose substrates are oligopeptides instead of proteins.
They are usually very specific for certain amino acids. Examples of endopeptidases include:
Trypsin - cuts after Arg or Lys, unless followed by Pro. Very strict. Works best at pH 8.
Chymotrypsin - cuts after Phe, Trp, or Tyr, unless followed by Pro. Cuts more slowly after His, Met or Leu. Works best at pH 8.
Elastase - cuts after Ala, Gly, Ser, or Val, unless followed by Pro.
Thermolysin - cuts before Ile, Met, Phe, Trp, Tyr, or Val, unless preceded by Pro. Sometimes cuts after Ala, Asp, His or Thr. Heat stable.
Pepsin - cuts before Leu, Phe, Trp or Tyr, unless preceded by Pro. Also others, quite nonspecific; works best at pH 2.
Glutamyl endopeptidase - cuts after Glu. Works best at pH 8.
Neprilysin
References
See also
Exopeptidase
The Proteolysis Map
EC 3.4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloendopeptidase | A metalloendopeptidase is an enzyme that functions as a metalloproteinase endopeptidase.
References
External links
EC 3.4.24 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity%20Fair%20%281932%20film%29 | Vanity Fair is a 1932 American pre-Code drama film directed by Chester M. Franklin and starring Myrna Loy, Conway Tearle and Anthony Bushell. The film is modernized adaptation of William Makepeace Thackeray's 1848 novel of the same name with the original Regency-era story reset in Twentieth Century Britain. Three years later Thackeray's novel was adapted again as Becky Sharp, the first three-strip technicolor film.
Plot
This film adaptation's storyline begins around 1920 and concludes in 1933. In its opening scene a limousine is traveling down a road outside London. In the car are two passengers, Amelia Sedley (Barbara Kent) and her friend Becky Sharp (Myrna Loy), young ladies who agewise are in their twenties. Amelia is from a rich, well-connected family, while Becky is from very modest means and has no family at all. Given Becky's circumstances, Amelia has invited her to her home for the Christmas holidays.
At the Sedley estate Amelia's family welcomes their guest, but the mother is soon wary of her. Those suspicions are warranted, for Becky aims to use her beauty and guile to gain wealth and privilege by climbing England's social ladder. Her first target for achieving those goals is Joseph, Amelia's much-older brother (Billy Bevan). After Becky tries unsuccessfully to trap him into marriage, Mrs. Sedley sees her cuddling in the home's drawing room with her daughter's fiancé, George Osborne. Disgusted, the mother calls "Miss Sharp" into the adjoining room, where s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide | Neuropeptides are chemical messengers made up of small chains of amino acids that are synthesized and released by neurons. Neuropeptides typically bind to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modulate neural activity and other tissues like the gut, muscles, and heart.
There are over 100 known neuropeptides, representing the largest and most diverse class of signaling molecules in the nervous system. Neuropeptides are synthesized from large precursor proteins which are cleaved and post-translationally processed then packaged into dense core vesicles. Neuropeptides are often co-released with other neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in a single neuron, yielding a multitude of effects. Once released, neuropeptides can diffuse widely to affect a broad range of targets.
Synthesis
Neuropeptides are synthesized from large, inactive precursor proteins called prepropeptides. Prepropeptides contain sequences for a family of distinct peptides and often contain repeated copies of the same peptides, depending on the organism. In addition to the precursor peptide sequences, prepropeptides also contain a signal peptide, spacer peptides, and cleavage sites. The signal peptide sequence guides the protein to the secretory pathway, starting at the endoplasmic reticulum. The signal peptide sequence is removed in the endoplasmic reticulum, yielding a propeptide. The propeptide travels to the Golgi apparatus where it is proteolytically cleaved and processed into multiple peptides. Peptides ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyapunov%20equation | In control theory, the discrete Lyapunov equation (also known as Stein equation) is of the form
where is a Hermitian matrix and is the conjugate transpose of .
The continuous Lyapunov equation is of the form
.
The Lyapunov equation occurs in many branches of control theory, such as stability analysis and optimal control. This and related equations are named after the Russian mathematician Aleksandr Lyapunov.
Application to stability
In the following theorems , and and are symmetric. The notation means that the matrix is positive definite.
Theorem (continuous time version). Given any , there exists a unique satisfying if and only if the linear system is globally asymptotically stable. The quadratic function is a Lyapunov function that can be used to verify stability.
Theorem (discrete time version). Given any , there exists a unique satisfying if and only if the linear system is globally asymptotically stable. As before, is a Lyapunov function.
Computational aspects of solution
The Lyapunov equation is linear, and so if contains entries can be solved in time using standard matrix factorization methods.
However, specialized algorithms are available which can yield solutions much quicker owing to the specific structure of the Lyapunov equation. For the discrete case, the Schur method of Kitagawa is often used. For the continuous Lyapunov equation the Bartels–Stewart algorithm can be used.
Analytic solution
Defining the vectorization operator as s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth%20ventricle | The fourth ventricle is one of the four connected fluid-filled cavities within the human brain. These cavities, known collectively as the ventricular system, consist of the left and right lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle. The fourth ventricle extends from the cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius) to the obex, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
The fourth ventricle has a characteristic diamond shape in cross-sections of the human brain. It is located within the pons or in the upper part of the medulla oblongata. CSF entering the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct can exit to the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord through two lateral apertures and a single, midline median aperture.
Boundaries
The fourth ventricle has a roof at its upper (posterior) surface and a floor at its lower (anterior) surface, and side walls formed by the cerebellar peduncles (nerve bundles joining the structure on the posterior side of the ventricle to the structures on the anterior side). The caudal tip of the fourth ventricle - where it becomes the central canal - is known as the obex; the obex is also a marker for the level of the foramen magnum of the skull and therefore is a marker for the imaginary dividing line between the medulla and spinal cord
The superior portion of the roof (i.e. of the posterior edge) is a thin lamina - the superior medullary velum - connecting the left and right superior cerebellar peduncles together. The inf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPDA | NPDA may refer to:
National Parliamentary Debate Association, one of the two national intercollegiate parliamentary debate organizations in the United States
Nondeterministic pushdown automaton (also abbreviated NDPDA), |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20O%27Bannon | Three ships of the United States Navy have been named USS O’Bannon, after the early Marine Corps hero Presley O'Bannon (1784–1850), hero of the Battle of Derna.
The first was a Wickes-class destroyer, launched in 1919 and struck in 1936.
The second was a Fletcher-class destroyer, launched in 1942 and struck in 1970. She received the Presidential Unit Citation and earned 17 battle stars for World War II service, more than any other destroyer in the war.
The third was a Spruance-class destroyer, launched in 1978 and struck in 2005.
United States Navy ship names |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20GCD%20algorithm | The binary GCD algorithm, also known as Stein's algorithm or the binary Euclidean algorithm, is an algorithm that computes the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two nonnegative integers. Stein's algorithm uses simpler arithmetic operations than the conventional Euclidean algorithm; it replaces division with arithmetic shifts, comparisons, and subtraction.
Although the algorithm in its contemporary form was first published by the Israeli physicist and programmer Josef Stein in 1967, it may have been known by the 2nd century BCE, in ancient China.
Algorithm
The algorithm reduces the problem of finding the GCD of two nonnegative numbers v and u by repeatedly applying these identities:
gcd(0, v) = v, because everything divides zero, and v is the largest number that divides v. Similarly, gcd(u, 0) = u.
gcd(2u, 2v) = 2·gcd(u, v)
gcd(2u, v) = gcd(u, v), if v is odd (2 is not a common divisor). Similarly, gcd(u, 2v) = gcd(u, v) if u is odd.
gcd(u, v) = gcd(|u − v|, min(u, v)), if u and v are both odd.
Implementation
While the above description of the algorithm is mathematically correct, performant software implementations typically differ from it in a few notable ways:
eschewing trial division by in favour of a single bitshift and the count trailing zeros primitive; this is functionally equivalent to repeatedly applying identity 3, but much faster;
expressing the algorithm iteratively rather than recursively: the resulting implementation can be laid out to avoid repeated |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston%20R%C3%A9buffat | Gaston Rébuffat (; 7 May 1921, Marseille – 31 May 1985, Paris) was a French alpinist, mountain guide, and author. He is well known as a member of the first expedition to summit Annapurna 1 in 1950 and the first man to climb all six of the great north faces of the Alps. In 1984, he was made an officer in the French Legion of Honour for his service as a mountaineering instructor for the French military. At the age of 64, Gaston Rébuffat died of cancer in Paris, France. The climbing technique Gaston was named after him. A photo of Rébuffat atop the Aiguille du Roc in the French Alps is on the Voyager Golden Records.
Early life
Gaston Rébuffat was born on 7 May 1921 in Marseilles, France. He began climbing at the age of 14 in the Calanques near Marseilles. At the age of 16, he became a member of the Club Alpin Français (French Alpine Club), where he was introduced to high altitude mountaineering. There he met Lionel Terray, a French mountaineer who would join Rébuffat on the 1950 Annapurna ascent. He later moved to Chamonix, France and became a member of the Compagnie des Guides de Chamonix. He soon began climbing in the Alps, where he would spend much of his career.
Climbing career
Instructor and guide
During World War II, Gaston Rébuffat attended Jeunesse et Montagne, a French youth training organization. He graduated in 1942, earning his mountain guide certification at the age of 21, despite the minimum age for certification being 23. He continued as an instructor for Jeu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytolysis | Cytolysis, or osmotic lysis, occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to diffuse into the cell. Water can enter the cell by diffusion through the cell membrane or through selective membrane channels called aquaporins, which greatly facilitate the flow of water. It occurs in a hypotonic environment, where water moves into the cell by osmosis and causes its volume to increase to the point where the volume exceeds the membrane's capacity and the cell bursts. The presence of a cell wall prevents the membrane from bursting, so cytolysis only occurs in animal and protozoa cells which do not have cell walls. The reverse process is plasmolysis.
In bacteria
Osmotic lysis would be expected to occur when bacterial cells are treated with a hypotonic solution with added lysozyme, which destroys the bacteria's cell walls.
Prevention
Different cells and organisms have adapted different ways of preventing cytolysis from occurring. For example, the paramecium uses a contractile vacuole, which rapidly pumps out excessive water to prevent the build-up of water and the otherwise subsequent lysis.
See also
Cell disruption
Crenation
Lysis
Osmotic pressure
Plasmolysis
Water intoxication
References
Cell biology
Membrane biology
Articles containing video clips |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20von%20Hoverbeck | Johann von Hoverbeck (1 December 1606 – 6 April 1682) was a Prussian diplomat.
Hoverbeck's parents were Nikolaus von Hoverbeck, a derivative of a Flemish noble family, who emigrated in 1570 from Brabant to the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and Ursula Gutteter-Dobrodziejski, a derivative from a patrician family in Kraków. Johann von Hoverbeck, born in Aleksandrowice, a manor in the vicinity of Kraków, since 1614 attended the high school in Danzig (Gdańsk). Since 1624 he undertook an extended educational journey through Europe and visited France (Paris, University of Sedan), the Netherlands, England (University of Oxford, London), Italy and Hungary. He returned home in June, 1630. In 1631 he took up duties in governmental services of Brandenburg and dealt with foreign affairs, especially concerning Poland.
He was an envoy of Brandenburg-Prussia in Poland from 1631 to 1682. He was a political architect and co-signer of the Treaty of Wehlau in 1657 and participated also in the Treaty of Oliva in 1660. During his political career he acted as an advisor to Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg. As a gratification for his diplomatical achievements Frederick William presented to him in 1653 the manor of Eichmedien (Nakomiady) in Masuria, Duchy of Prussia. In 1663 the title of a baron war awarded to Johann von Hoverbeck.
In 1644 Hoverbeck married Anna Sophia, a daughter of Wolf Dietrich von Rochow. Anna Sophia, with whom he had eleven children, died in 1659. His son Johann |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20test | A drug test (also often toxicology screen or tox screen) is a technical analysis of a biological specimen, for example urine, hair, blood, breath, sweat, or oral fluid/saliva—to determine the presence or absence of specified parent drugs or their metabolites. Major applications of drug testing include detection of the presence of performance enhancing steroids in sport, employers and parole/probation officers screening for drugs prohibited by law (such as cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin) and police officers testing for the presence and concentration of alcohol (ethanol) in the blood commonly referred to as BAC (blood alcohol content). BAC tests are typically administered via a breathalyzer while urinalysis is used for the vast majority of drug testing in sports and the workplace. Numerous other methods with varying degrees of accuracy, sensitivity (detection threshold/cutoff), and detection periods exist.
A drug test may also refer to a test that provides quantitative chemical analysis of an illegal drug, typically intended to help with responsible drug use.
Detection periods
The detection windows depend upon multiple factors: drug class, amount and frequency of use, metabolic rate, body mass, age, overall health, and urine pH. For ease of use, the detection times of metabolites have been incorporated into each parent drug. For example, heroin and cocaine can only be detected for a few hours after use, but their metabolites can be detected for several days in urine. T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SACS | SACS may refer to:
SACS, a finite element analysis software by Bentley Systems
SACS (gene), a human gene that encodes the protein Sacsin
The South Atlantic Cable System, a transoceanic submarine communications cable
Saint Alphonsus Catholic School, a Catholic School found at Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines
St Andrew's Cathedral School, an Anglican school in Sydney, Australia
The South African College Schools, a school in Cape Town, South Africa
The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, an educational accreditation body in the southern United States
Success Academy Charter Schools
Suzuki Advanced Cooling System, used in some Suzuki motorcycle engines
See also
Sacs, an alternate name for the Sauk, a native American people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20dot%20laser | A quantum dot laser is a semiconductor laser that uses quantum dots as the active laser medium in its light emitting region. Due to the tight confinement of charge carriers in quantum dots, they exhibit an electronic structure similar to atoms. Lasers fabricated from such an active media exhibit device performance that is closer to gas lasers, and avoid some of the negative aspects of device performance associated with traditional semiconductor lasers based on bulk or quantum well active media. Improvements in modulation bandwidth, lasing threshold, relative intensity noise, linewidth enhancement factor and temperature insensitivity have all been observed. The quantum dot active region may also be engineered to operate at different wavelengths by varying dot size and composition. This allows quantum dot lasers to be fabricated to operate at wavelengths previously not possible using semiconductor laser technology. One challenge in the further advances with quantum dot lasers is the presence of multicarrier Auger processes which increases the nonradiative rate upon population inversion. Auger processes are intrinsic to the material but, in contrast to bulk semiconductors, they can be engineered to some degree in quantum dots at the cost of reducing the radiative rate. Another obstacle to the specific goal of electrically-pumped quantum dot lasing is the generally weak conductivity of quantum dot films.
Devices based on quantum dot active media have found commercial application |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applicative%20programming%20language | In the classification of programming languages, an applicative programming language is built out of functions applied to arguments. Applicative languages are functional, and applicative is often used as a synonym for functional. However, concatenative languages can be functional, while not being applicative.
The semantics of applicative languages are based on beta reduction of terms, and side effects such as mutation of state are not permitted.
Lisp and ML are applicative programming languages.
See also
Applicative universal grammar
Function-level programming
References
Programming language classification
Applicative computing systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Railway%20multiple%20unit%20numbering%20and%20classification | The Southern Railway created classification and numbering systems for its large fleet of electric multiple units, perpetuated by the Southern Region of British Rail until the early 1980s, when the impact of TOPS was felt. Some stock is still allocated Southern-style classifications in a semi-official manner.
Classification
The early AC electric multiple units were referred to by a two-letter code. This was adapted for the DC third-rail system that was adopted by the Southern Railway, with units being given a three-letter code (sometimes two letters) prefixed by the number of cars in each unit, e.g. 4SUB for a four-car suburban unit.
The Southern Region perpetuated this, and the same principles were adopted for diesel-electric multiple units but with single-letter codes. The last type to be officially allocated a designation in this series was the PEP stock of the early 1970s. Some types built since have been given semi-official designations in this style.
This is different from the system used by British Rail (adopted from the LNER) to indicate the type of non-powered coach — see British Rail coach type codes.
AC EMUs
DC EMUs
Diesel-electric multiple units
Unit numbering
Unit numbers were allocated from 1001, following the 1–1000 set numbers of semi-fixed formations of hauled coaching stock. Different types of unit were given numbers:
This series was perpetuated by the Southern Region with modifications, as older set numbers were reused for the following different typ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon%20Bochner | Salomon Bochner (20 August 1899 – 2 May 1982) was an Austrian mathematician, known for work in mathematical analysis, probability theory and differential geometry.
Life
He was born into a Jewish family in Podgórze (near Kraków), then Austria-Hungary, now Poland. Fearful of a Russian invasion in Galicia at the beginning of World War I in 1914, his family moved to Germany, seeking greater security. Bochner was educated at a Berlin gymnasium (secondary school), and then at the University of Berlin. There, he was a student of Erhard Schmidt, writing a dissertation involving what would later be called the Bergman kernel. Shortly after this, he left the academy to help his family during the escalating inflation. After returning to mathematical research, he lectured at the University of Munich from 1924 to 1933. His academic career in Germany ended after the Nazis came to power in 1933, and he left for a position at Princeton University. He was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1945-48. He was appointed as Henry Burchard Fine Professor in 1959, retiring in 1968. Although he was seventy years old when he retired from Princeton, Bochner was appointed as Edgar Odell Lovett Professor of Mathematics at Rice University and went on to hold this chair until his death in 1982. He became Head of Department at Rice in 1969 and held this position until 1976. He died in Houston, Texas. He was an Orthodox Jew.
Mathematical work
In 1925 he started work in the area of alm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20Wolf | Edith Wolf (née Hunkeler, born 30 July 1972) is a Swiss former wheelchair racer, who competed in the T54 classification. Wolf competed at a range of distances from 400m to marathon length events and is a multiple World and Paralympic Games winner. Wolf has also eight major marathon titles to her name having won the women's wheelchair race at the Berlin Marathon (2011), Boston Marathon (2002 and 2006) and New York Marathon (2004, 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2009).
Personal history
Hunkeler was in a car accident at age 22 which left her a paraplegic. She began wheelchair racing two years later.
Athletics career
At the 2004 Olympic Games, she finished 6th in the demonstration sport of Women's 800m wheelchair. She also participated in the 2004 Summer Paralympics, where she won a silver medal in both the 1500 metre and 5000 metre races. At the 2008 Paralympics, she took bronze in the 1500 metres and a gold in the marathon. She advanced to the finals of the 5000 metres, but crashed and caused a pile-up shortly before the end of the race. She broke her collarbone in the accident and was disqualified from participating in the re-run of the race.
She won the women's wheelchair division of the New York City Marathon in 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, and 2009. She was honored by New York Road Runners on November 1, 2018, during TCS New York City Marathon Race Week.
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
Swiss female wheelchair racers
Olympic wheelchair racers for Switzerland
Whe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interneuron | Interneurons (also called internuncial neurons, relay neurons, association neurons, connector neurons, intermediate neurons or local circuit neurons) are neurons that connect to brain regions, i.e. not direct motor neurons or sensory neurons. Interneurons are the central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system (CNS). They play vital roles in reflexes, neuronal oscillations, and neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain.
Interneurons can be further broken down into two groups: local interneurons and relay interneurons. Local interneurons have short axons and form circuits with nearby neurons to analyze small pieces of information. Relay interneurons have long axons and connect circuits of neurons in one region of the brain with those in other regions. However, interneurons are generally considered to operate mainly within local brain areas. The interaction between interneurons allow the brain to perform complex functions such as learning, and decision-making.
Structure
Approximately 20–30% of the neurons in the neocortex are interneurons, while the remaining neurons are pyramidal neurons. Investigations into the molecular diversity of neurons is impeded by the inability to isolate cell populations born at different times for gene expression analysis. An effective means of identifying coetaneous interneurons is neuronal birthdating. This can be achieved using nucleoside analogs such as EdU.
In 2008, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20gyrase | DNA gyrase, or simply gyrase, is an enzyme within the class of topoisomerase and is a subclass of Type II topoisomerases that reduces topological strain in an ATP dependent manner while double-stranded DNA is being unwound by elongating RNA-polymerase or by helicase in front of the progressing replication fork. It is the only known enzyme to actively contribute negative supercoiling to DNA, while it also is capable of relaxing positive supercoils. It does so by looping the template to form a crossing, then cutting one of the double helices and passing the other through it before releasing the break, changing the linking number by two in each enzymatic step. This process occurs in bacteria, whose single circular DNA is cut by DNA gyrase and the two ends are then twisted around each other to form supercoils. Gyrase is also found in eukaryotic plastids: it has been found in the apicoplast of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum and in chloroplasts of several plants. Bacterial DNA gyrase is the target of many antibiotics, including nalidixic acid, novobiocin, albicidin, and ciprofloxacin.
The unique ability of gyrase to introduce negative supercoils into DNA at the expense of ATP hydrolysis is what allows bacterial DNA to have free negative supercoils. The ability of gyrase to relax positive supercoils comes into play during DNA replication and prokaryotic transcription. The helical nature of the DNA causes positive supercoils to accumulate ahead of a translocating enzym |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical%20systems%20theory | Dynamical systems theory is an area of mathematics used to describe the behavior of complex dynamical systems, usually by employing differential equations or difference equations. When differential equations are employed, the theory is called continuous dynamical systems. From a physical point of view, continuous dynamical systems is a generalization of classical mechanics, a generalization where the equations of motion are postulated directly and are not constrained to be Euler–Lagrange equations of a least action principle. When difference equations are employed, the theory is called discrete dynamical systems. When the time variable runs over a set that is discrete over some intervals and continuous over other intervals or is any arbitrary time-set such as a Cantor set, one gets dynamic equations on time scales. Some situations may also be modeled by mixed operators, such as differential-difference equations.
This theory deals with the long-term qualitative behavior of dynamical systems, and studies the nature of, and when possible the solutions of, the equations of motion of systems that are often primarily mechanical or otherwise physical in nature, such as planetary orbits and the behaviour of electronic circuits, as well as systems that arise in biology, economics, and elsewhere. Much of modern research is focused on the study of chaotic systems.
This field of study is also called just dynamical systems, mathematical dynamical systems theory or the mathematical theor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamicism | Dynamicism, also termed dynamic hypothesis or dynamic cognition, is an approach in cognitive science popularized by the work of philosopher Tim van Gelder. It argues that differential equations and dynamical systems are more suited to modeling cognition rather than the commonly used ideas of symbolicism, connectionism, or traditional computer models. It is closely related to dynamical neuroscience.
References
Cognitive science
Cognitive modeling |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving%20average | In statistics, a moving average (rolling average or running average) is a calculation to analyze data points by creating a series of averages of different selections of the full data set. It is also called a moving mean (MM) or rolling mean and is a type of finite impulse response filter. Variations include: simple, cumulative, or weighted forms (described below).
A moving average filter is sometimes called a boxcar filter, especially when followed by decimation.
Given a series of numbers and a fixed subset size, the first element of the moving average is obtained by taking the average of the initial fixed subset of the number series. Then the subset is modified by "shifting forward"; that is, excluding the first number of the series and including the next value in the subset.
A moving average is commonly used with time series data to smooth out short-term fluctuations and highlight longer-term trends or cycles. The threshold between short-term and long-term depends on the application, and the parameters of the moving average will be set accordingly. It is also used in economics to examine gross domestic product, employment or other macroeconomic time series. Mathematically, a moving average is a type of convolution and so it can be viewed as an example of a low-pass filter used in signal processing. When used with non-time series data, a moving average filters higher frequency components without any specific connection to time, although typically some kind of ordering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memwatch | Memwatch is a free programming tool for memory leak detection in C, released under the GNU General Public License.
It is designed to compile and run on any system which has an ANSI C compiler. While it is primarily intended to detect and diagnose memory leaks, it can also be used to analyze a program's memory usage from its provided logging facilities. Memwatch differs from most debugging software because it is compiled directly into the program which will be debugged, instead of being compiled separately and loaded into the program at runtime.
See also
Memory management
Memory debugger
External links
Memwatch home page
Free memory management software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopper%20crystal | A hopper crystal is a form of crystal, the shape of which resembles that of a pyramidal hopper container.
The edges of hopper crystals are fully developed, but the interior spaces are not filled in. This results in what appears to be a hollowed out step lattice formation, as if someone had removed interior sections of the individual crystals. In fact, the "removed" sections never filled in, because the crystal was growing so rapidly that there was not enough time (or material) to fill in the gaps. The interior edges of a hopper crystal still show the crystal form characteristic to the specific mineral, and so appear to be a series of smaller and smaller stepped down miniature versions of the original crystal.
Hoppering occurs when electrical attraction is higher along the edges of the crystal; this causes faster growth at the edges than near the face centers. This attraction draws the mineral molecules more strongly than the interior sections of the crystal, thus the edges develop more quickly. However, the basic physics of this type of growth is the same as that of dendrites but, because the anisotropy in the solid–liquid inter-facial energy is so large, the dendrite so produced exhibits a faceted morphology.
Hoppering is common in many minerals, including lab-grown bismuth, galena, quartz (called skeletal or fenster crystals), gold, calcite, halite (salt), and water (ice).
In 2017, Frito-Lay filed for (and later received) a patent for a salt cube hopper crystal. Becau |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Balian | Roger Balian (born 18 January 1933) is a French-Armenian physicist who has worked on quantum field theory, quantum thermodynamics, and theory of measurement.
Balian is a member of French Académie des sciences (Academy of Sciences). His important work includes the Balian-Low theorem. He teaches statistical physics at the École Polytechnique.
Works
A. Aspect, R. Balian, G. Bastard, J.P. Bouchaud, B. Cabane, F. Combes, T. Encrenaz, S. Fauve, A. Fert, M. Fink, A. Georges, J.F. Joanny, D. Kaplan, D. Le Bihan, P. Léna, H. Le Treut, J-P Poirier, J. Prost et J.L. Puget, Demain la physique, (Odile Jacob, 2009) ()
References
École Polytechnique alumni
Mines Paris - PSL alumni
Corps des mines
1933 births
Living people
French physicists
Armenian physicists
French people of Armenian descent
Members of the French Academy of Sciences |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transglutaminase | Transglutaminases are enzymes that in nature primarily catalyze the formation of an isopeptide bond between γ-carboxamide groups ( -(C=O)NH2 ) of glutamine residue side chains and the ε-amino groups ( -NH2 ) of lysine residue side chains with subsequent release of ammonia ( NH3 ). Lysine and glutamine residues must be bound to a peptide or a protein so that this cross-linking (between separate molecules) or intramolecular (within the same molecule) reaction can happen. Bonds formed by transglutaminase exhibit high resistance to proteolytic degradation (proteolysis). The reaction is
Gln-(C=O)NH2 + NH2-Lys → Gln-(C=O)NH-Lys + NH3
Transglutaminases can also join a primary amine ( RNH2 ) to the side chain carboxyamide group of a protein/peptide bound glutamine residue thus forming an isopeptide bond
Gln-(C=O)NH2 + RNH2 → Gln-(C=O)NHR + NH3
These enzymes can also deamidate glutamine residues to glutamic acid residues in the presence of water
Gln-(C=O)NH2 + H2O → Gln-COOH + NH3
Transglutaminase isolated from Streptomyces mobaraensis -bacteria for example, is a calcium-independent enzyme. Mammalian transglutaminases among other transglutaminases require Ca2+ ions as a cofactor.
Transglutaminases were first described in 1959. The exact biochemical activity of transglutaminases was discovered in blood coagulation protein factor XIII in 1968.
Examples
Nine transglutaminases have been characterised in humans, eight of which catalyse transamidation reactions. These TGases have a thre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose | A hose is a flexible hollow tube designed to carry fluids from one location to another. Hoses are also sometimes called pipes (the word pipe usually refers to a rigid tube, whereas a hose is usually a flexible one), or more generally tubing. The shape of a hose is usually cylindrical (having a circular cross section).
Hose design is based on a combination of application and performance. Common factors are size, pressure rating, weight, length, straight hose or coilhose, and chemical compatibility.
Applications mostly use nylon, polyurethane, polyethylene, PVC, or synthetic or natural rubbers, based on the environment and pressure rating needed. In recent years, hoses can also be manufactured from special grades of polyethylene (LDPE and especially LLDPE). Other hose materials include PTFE (Teflon), stainless steel, and other metals.
Dredge rubber hoses have a long story, which features high strength and flexibility. A flexible dredging hose widely used in dredgers to convey silt or gravel. It is resistant to abrasion and wear to ensure long service life. Types of flexible dredge hose include the floating rubber hose, discharge hose, suction hose, armored hose and ceramic hose.
Reinforced rubber hose
To achieve a better pressure resistance, hoses can be reinforced with fibers or a steel cord. Commonly used reinforcement methods are braiding, spiraling, knitting and wrapping of fabric plies. The reinforcement increases the pressure resistance but also the stiffness. To obt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero%20A.104 | The Aero A.104 was a parasol monoplane light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft built in Czechoslovakia during the 1930s. It was the final derivative of the Aero A.100, and was essentially an Aero Ab.101 with an enclosed cockpit and without the lower wing. Although two different prototypes flew in 1937, it was not mass-produced.
Specifications (A.104)
See also
References
External links
Aero A-104
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
1930s Czechoslovakian bomber aircraft
1930s Czechoslovakian military reconnaissance aircraft
A104
Aircraft first flown in 1937 |
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