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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struct%20%28C%20programming%20language%29 | A struct in the C programming language (and many derivatives) is a composite data type (or record) declaration that defines a physically grouped list of variables under one name in a block of memory, allowing the different variables to be accessed via a single pointer or by the struct declared name which returns the same address. The struct data type can contain other data types so is used for mixed-data-type records such as a hard-drive directory entry (file length, name, extension, physical address, etc.), or other mixed-type records (name, address, telephone, balance, etc.).
The C struct directly references a contiguous block of physical memory, usually delimited (sized) by word-length boundaries. It corresponds to the similarly named feature available in some assemblers for Intel processors. Being a block of contiguous memory, each field within a struct is located at a certain fixed offset from the start.
Because the contents of a struct are stored in contiguous memory, the sizeof operator must be used to get the number of bytes needed to store a particular type of struct, just as it can be used for primitives. The alignment of particular fields in the struct (with respect to word boundaries) is implementation-specific and may include padding, although modern compilers typically support the #pragma pack directive, which changes the size in bytes used for alignment.
In the C++ language, a struct is identical to a C++ class but has a different default visibility: class m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20capital | Liquid capital or fluid capital is the part of a firm's assets that it holds as money. It includes cash balances, bank deposits, and money market investments. Since these assets provide little or no income to the firm, it will ordinarily seek to invest them in activities that offer a higher return on investment, apply them to outstanding debts, or distribute them to the firm's owners.
See also
Circulating capital
Fixed asset
Liquidity
References
Capital management
Corporate development |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202169 | NGC 2169 is an open cluster in the Orion constellation. It was possibly discovered by Giovanni Batista Hodierna before 1654 and discovered by William Herschel on October 15, 1784. NGC 2169 is at a distance of about 3,600 light years away from Earth. It is nicknamed "The '37' Cluster" due to its striking resemblance to the numerals "37". The cluster is composed of components Collinder 38, a I3pn open cluster, and Collinder 83, a III3m open cluster.
References
External links
SEDS entry
2169
Open clusters
Orion (constellation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Battista%20Hodierna | Giovanni Battista Hodierna, also spelled as Odierna (April 13, 1597 – April 6, 1660) was an Italian astronomer at the court of Giulio Tomasi, Duke of Palma (Palma di Montechiaro). He compiled a catalogue of comets and other celestial objects containing some 40 entries, including at least 19 real and verifiable nebulous objects that might be confused with comets.
Biography
Hodierna was born in Ragusa, Sicily and died in Palma di Montechiaro. While serving as a Roman Catholic priest in Ragusa, he also practised astronomy.
In 1654 he published a book entitled De systemate orbis cometici, deque admirandis coeli characteribus that contained a catalogue of celestial objects. The work anticipated Messier's catalogue, but had little impact. Messier seems not to have known of it.
Hodierna was prolific in publication, and his interests spanned many disciplines. In addition to his astronomical observations, he utilized optic microscopes to study insects, publishing on the multifaceted eye of flies and that in bee colonies only the queen is oviparous.
Works
Archimede redivivo colla stadera del momento, dove non solamente si insegna il modo di scoprire le frodi nella falsificazione dell'oro e dell'argento; mas si notifica l'uso delli pesi e delle misure civili presso diverse nazioni del mondo e di questo regno di Sicilia, Decio Cirillo publisher, Palermo, 1644.
Protei cælestis vertigines seu Saturni systema, Nicolo Bua, publisher, Panormita (1657).
La stella nuova e peregrina compars |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodierna%20%28disambiguation%29 | Hodierna is a feminine given name and a family name.
Hodierna may also refer to:
Giovanni Batista Hodierna, astronomer (1597–1660)
Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna ("Ancient and Modern Sweden"), a work of engravings collected by Erik Dahlberg in the middle of the 17th century.
Hodierna of Tripoli, countess of Tripoli
Hodierna of St Albans, mother of Alexander Neckam and wet nurse to Richard I of England
21047 Hodierna |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGC | PGC may refer to:
Pennsylvania Game Commission
Persian Gulf Cup, Iran's highest association football league
PGC (gene)
PGC 1000714, a ring galaxy
PGC-1α, a protein which is the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis
Playwrights Guild of Canada
Postgraduate Certificate, usually written as PgC
Presbyterian Girls' College in Warwick, Australia, now part of Scots PGC College
Primordial germ cell
Prince George's County, Maryland
Principal Galaxies Catalogue
Principle of Generic Consistency, see Alan Gewirth
Professional Graphics Controller
Program chain, which defines the order in which cells, tiles (video, menus, etc.) are played back on a DVD
Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, founded 2007 as the Psychiatric Genome Wide Association Consortium
Punjab Group of Colleges, Pakistan
The University of Pennsylvania Glee Club |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcell | A microcell is a cell in a mobile phone network served by a low power cellular base station (tower), covering a limited area such as a mall, a hotel, or a transportation hub. A microcell is usually larger than a picocell, though the distinction is not always clear. A microcell uses power control to limit the radius of its coverage area.
Typically the range of a microcell is less than two kilometers wide, whereas standard base stations may have ranges of up to 35 kilometres (22 mi). A picocell, on the other hand, is 200 meters or less, and a femtocell is on the order of 10 meters, although AT&T calls its femtocell that has a range of , a "microcell". AT&T uses "AT&T 3G MicroCell" as a trade mark and not necessarily the "microcell" technology, however.
A microcellular network is a radio network composed of microcells.
Rationale
Like picocells, microcells are usually used to add network capacity in areas with very dense phone usage, such as train stations. Microcells are often deployed temporarily during sporting events and other occasions in which extra capacity is known to be needed at a specific location in advance.
Cell size flexibility is a feature of 2G (and later) networks and is a significant part of how such networks have been able to improve capacity. Power controls implemented on digital networks make it easier to prevent interference from nearby cells using the same frequencies. By subdividing cells, and creating more cells to help serve high density areas, a ce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem%20%28ILP%29 | Golem is an inductive logic programming algorithm developed by Stephen Muggleton and Feng. It uses the technique relative least general generalization proposed by Gordon Plotkin. Therefore, only positive examples are used and the search is bottom-up.
Negative examples can be used to reduce the size of the hypothesis by deleting useless literals from the body clause.
Inductive logic programming |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Bernard | Crystal Lynn Bernard (born September 30, 1961) is an American singer-songwriter and actress, best known for her roles as Helen Chappel-Hackett on the sitcom Wings (1990–1997), Amy on It's a Living (1985–1989), and K.C. Cunningham on Happy Days (1983–1984).
Early life
Bernard was born in Garland, Texas, to Southern Baptists. Her father, the televangelist Jerry Wayne Bernard, traveled across the United States preaching and singing. Her mother, Gaylon (née Fussell) Bernard, was a teacher, though in the 1980s she became an artist and sculptor. Bernard became an entertainer at a young age, singing gospel songs with her older sister, Robyn, also an actress. One recording of the two that has survived from those years is a song called "The Monkey Song", on Feudin' Fussin' and Frettin' , recorded when Crystal was eight years old, a recording of a 1972 Thomas Road Baptist Church service led by Jerry Falwell. She has two younger sisters, Scarlett and Angelique Bernard.
Bernard studied acting at Alley Theatre while growing up in Houston, Texas. She attended Spring High School and continued her education at Baylor University, studying acting and international relations.
Career
Television
Bernard got her start in prime time television on the sitcom Happy Days, playing K.C. Cunningham during season 10 (1982–83). Then, after various guest appearances on other series, she joined the cast of the resurrected, syndicated version of the sitcom It's a Living, playing waitress Amy Tompkins. I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural%20diffusion | In cultural anthropology and cultural geography, cultural diffusion, as conceptualized by Leo Frobenius in his 1897/98 publication Der westafrikanische Kulturkreis, is the spread of cultural items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another. It is distinct from the diffusion of innovations within a specific culture. Examples of diffusion include the spread of the war chariot and iron smelting in ancient times, and the use of automobiles and Western business suits in the 20th century.
Types
Five major types of cultural diffusion have been defined:
Expansion diffusion: an innovation or idea that develops in a source area and remains strong there, while also spreading outward to other areas. This can include hierarchical, stimulus, and contagious diffusion.
Relocation diffusion: an idea or innovation that migrates into new areas, leaving behind its origin or source of the cultural trait.
Hierarchical diffusion: an idea or innovation that spreads by moving from larger to smaller places, often with little regard to the distance between places, and often influenced by social elites.
Contagious diffusion: an idea or innovation that spreads based on person-to-person contact within a given population with no regard for hierarchies. HIV/AIDS first spread to urban neighborhoods (Hierarchical diffusion) and then spread outwards (contagious diffusion)
Stimulus diffusion: an idea or inno |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demic%20diffusion | Demic diffusion, as opposed to trans-cultural diffusion, is a demographic term referring to a migratory model, developed by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, of population diffusion into and across an area that had been previously uninhabited by that group and possibly but not necessarily displacing, replacing, or intermixing with an existing population (such as has been suggested for the spread of agriculture across Neolithic Europe and several other Landnahme events).
In its original formulation, the demic diffusion model includes three phases: (1) population growth, prompted by new available resources as in the case of early farmers, and/or other technological developments; (2) a dispersal into regions with lower population density; (3) a limited initial admixture with the people encountered in the process.
Evidence
Theoretical work by Cavalli-Sforza showed that if admixture between expanding farmers and previously-resident groups of hunters and gatherers was not immediate, the process would result in the establishment of broad genetic gradients. Because broad gradients, spanning much of Europe from southeast to northwest, were identified in empirical genetic studies by Cavalli-Sforza, Robert R. Sokal, Guido Barbujani, Lounès Chikhi and others, it seemed likely that the spread of agriculture into Europe occurred by the expansion and the spread of agriculturists, who possibly originated in the Fertile Crescent of the Near East. That is referred to as the Neolithic demic diffusio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202175 | Open Cluster NGC 2175 (also known as OCL 476 or Cr 84) is an open cluster in the Orion constellation, embedded in a diffusion nebula. It was discovered by Giovanni Batista Hodierna before 1654 and independently discovered by Karl Christian Bruhns in 1857. NGC 2175 is at a distance of about 6,350 light years away from Earth.
The nebula surrounding it is Sharpless catalog Sh 2-252.
There is some equivocation in the use of the identifiers NGC 2174 and NGC 2175. These may apply to the entire nebula, to its brightest knot, or to the star cluster it includes. Burnham's Celestial Handbook lists the entire nebula as 2174/2175 and does not mention the star cluster. The NGC Project (working from the original descriptive notes) assigns NGC 2174 to the prominent knot at J2000 , and NGC 2175 to the entire nebula, and by extension to the star cluster. Simbad uses NGC 2174 for the nebula and NGC 2175 for the star cluster.
References
External links
NGC 2175 @ SEDS NGC objects pages
2175
Open clusters
Orion (constellation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna%20Schneider%20Hoover | Erna Schneider Hoover (born June 19, 1926) is an American mathematician notable for inventing a computerized telephone switching method which "revolutionized modern communication". It prevented system overloads by monitoring call center traffic and prioritizing tasks on phone switching systems to enable more robust service during peak calling times. At Bell Laboratories where she worked for over 32 years, Hoover was described as an important pioneer for women in the field of computer technology.
Early life
Erna Schneider was born on June 19, 1926, in Irvington, New Jersey. Her family lived in South Orange, New Jersey and her father was a dentist and her mother was a teacher. She had a younger brother who died from polio at the age of five. She loved swimming, sailing, canoeing, and was interested in science at an early age. According to one source, she read the biography of Marie Curie which suggested to her that she could succeed in a scientific field despite the prevailing ideas about gender roles at the time. She graduated from Columbia High School in nearby Maplewood in 1944, which would later induct her into its hall of fame in 2007.
Hoover attended Wellesley College where she studied classical and medieval philosophy and history. She graduated from Wellesley in 1948 with honors, earning a bachelor's degree, and she was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa and was honored as a Durant Scholar. She earned her PhD from Yale University in philosophy and foundations of mathematics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202451 | NGC 2451 is an open cluster in the Puppis constellation, probably discovered by Giovanni Battista Hodierna before 1654 and John Herschel in 1835. In 1994, it was postulated that this was actually two open clusters that lie along the same line of sight. This was confirmed in 1996. The respective clusters are labeled NGC 2451 A and NGC 2451 B, and they are located at distances of 600 and 1,200 light-years, respectively.
References
External links
NGC 2451 @ SEDS NGC objects pages
2451
Open clusters
Puppis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Iranian%20news%20agencies | This is a list of notable news agencies in Iran:
There are 48 Iranian news sites according to Minister of Islamic Culture and Guidance there will be only IRNA remaining while all five state news websites are being merged into it as of 2023.
Etemad
KhabarOnline News Agency(Khabar online)
AhlulBayt News Agency (ABNA)
Cultural Heritage News Agency (CNA)
Fars News Agency
Eslahatnews
Iranian Agriculture News Agency (IANA)
Iran Book News Agency (IBNA)
Iranian Cultural Heritage News Agency
Iran's Metropolises News Agency (IMNA)
Iranian Labour News Agency (ILNA)
Iranian Students' News Agency (ISNA)
Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA)
Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB)
Islamic Consultative Assembly News Agency (ICANA)
Living in Tehran (LIT)
Maritime News Agency of Iran (MANA)
Mehr News Agency (MNA)
Press TV
Pupils Association News Agency (PANA)
Tabnak
Tasnim News Agency
Gooya
Farau
ESFAHAN -E- ZIBA ONLINE
See also
Media of Iran
International Rankings of Iran in Communication
Notes
Citations
List of journalists registered by Iranian Ministry of Islamic Culture and Guidance
External links
Full list top 100 most visited Iranian domains
News agencies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurung%20people | Gurung (exonym; ) or Tamu (endonym; Gurung: ) are an ethnic group indigenous to the hills and mountains of Gandaki Province of Nepal. Gurung people predominantly live around the Annapurna region in Manang, Mustang, Dolpo, Kaski, Lamjung, Gorkha, Parbat and Syangja districts of Nepal and parts of India. They are one of the main Gurkha tribes.
They are also scattered across India in Sikkim, Assam, Delhi, West Bengal (Darjeeling area) and other regions with a predominant Nepali diaspora population. They speak the Sino-Tibetan Gurung language and most of them practice the Bon religion alongside Tibetan Buddhism and Hinduism. As a result of foreign and Korean Christian missionary activities, some Gurung people have also converted to Christianity.
Gurung caste
The Gurungs had no caste system and within themselves. Yet for several centuries the Gurungs and other hill peoples have been mixing with the caste cultures of Indo-Aryan and they have been influenced by them in various ways. As a result, Gurung caste system has been fragmented into two parts: the four-caste (Plighi/ Char-jat) and sixteen-caste (Kuhgi/ Sora-jat) systems. Within there are more than thirty named clans.
"Bakhkhu" is one of the traditional clothing items worn by the Gurung community. Crafted from sheep's wool, Bakhkhu serves as a versatile garment, offering protection against cold and rain, while also doubling as a mat and a sleeping cover. This traditional attire reflects the Gurung people's profound cult |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monstrance | A monstrance, also known as an ostensorium (or an ostensory), is a vessel used in Roman Catholic, Old Catholic, High Church Lutheran and Anglican churches for the display on an altar of some object of piety, such as the consecrated Eucharistic host during Eucharistic adoration or Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament. It is also used as a reliquary for the public display of relics of some saints. The word monstrance comes from the Latin word monstrare, while the word ostensorium came from the Latin word ostendere. Both terms, meaning "to show", are used for vessels intended for the exposition of the Blessed Sacrament, but ostensorium has only this meaning.
Liturgical context
In the Catholic tradition, at the moment of consecration the elements (called "gifts" for liturgical purposes) are transformed (literally transubstantiated) into the body and blood of Christ. Catholic doctrine holds that the elements are not only spiritually transformed, but are (substantially) transformed into the body and blood of Christ. Although the elements retain the appearance, or accidents of bread and wine, they become the body and blood of Christ. The presence of Jesus Christ God in the Eucharist is known as the doctrine of the Corporeal Presence within the Roman Catholic Magisterium. The Corporeal Presence is believed to be real (in Latin: realiter) and of the whole (totaliter) Christ, in Body, Soul and Spirit. The name "Corporeal Presence" concerns the Corporal reserved to the chalice, paten |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic%20curve | Characteristic curve may refer to:
In electronics, a current–voltage characteristic curve
Semiconductor curve tracer, a device for displaying the above curve
In photography, a plot of film density: see sensitometry
In mathematics, used in the method of characteristics for solving partial differential equations. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWR | BWR or bwr may refer to:
Benedict–Webb–Rubin equation, an equation of state used in fluid dynamics
Black Warrior Review, a non-profit American literary magazine based at the University of Alabama
Boiling water reactor, a type of light water nuclear reactor used for the generation of electrical power
BWR, the Toronto Stock Exchange code for Breakwater Resources, a defunct Canadian mining company
bwr, the ISO 639-3 code for Bura language, Nigeria |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PortMiami | The Port of Miami, styled as PortMiami and formally known as the Dante B. Fascell Port of Miami, is a major seaport located in Biscayne Bay at the mouth of the Miami River in Miami, Florida. It is the largest passenger port in the world and one of the largest cargo ports in the United States.
The port is located on Dodge, Lummus and Sam's Islands, which is the combination of three historic islands (Dodge, Lummus and Sam's Islands) that have since been combined into one. It is connected to Downtown Miami by Port Boulevard—a causeway over the Intracoastal Waterway—and to the neighboring Watson Island via the PortMiami Tunnel. It is named in honor of 19-term Florida Congressman Dante Fascell.
As of 2018, PortMiami accounts for approximately 334,500 jobs and has an annual economic impact of $43 billion to the state of Florida.
History
In the early 1900s, Government Cut was dredged along with a new channel to what now is known as Bicentennial Park in downtown Miami. This new access to the mainland created the Main Channel which greatly improved the shipping access to the new port. From these original dredging spoils which were disposed on the south side of the new Main Channel, new islands were inadvertently created which later became Dodge, Lummus and Sam's Island along with several other smaller islands.
PortMiami's improved shipping access and growth of the South Florida community led to an expansion of the port. On April 5, 1960, Resolution No. 4830, "Joint Resolution Pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-galvanic%20oxygen%20sensor | An electro-galvanic fuel cell is an electrochemical device which consumes a fuel to produce an electrical output by a chemical reaction. One form of electro-galvanic fuel cell based on the oxidation of lead is commonly used to measure the concentration of oxygen gas in underwater diving and medical breathing gases.
Electronically monitored or controlled diving rebreather systems, saturation diving systems, and many medical life-support systems use galvanic oxygen sensors in their control circuits to directly monitor oxygen partial pressure during operation. They are also used in oxygen analysers in recreational, technical diving and surface supplied mixed gas diving to analyse the proportion of oxygen in a nitrox, heliox or trimix breathing gas before a dive.
These cells are lead/oxygen galvanic cells where oxygen molecules are dissociated and reduced to hydroxyl ions at the cathode. The ions diffuse through the electrolyte and oxidize the lead anode. A current proportional to the rate of oxygen consumption is generated when the cathode and anode are electrically connected through a resistor
Function
The cell reaction for a lead/oxygen cell is: 2Pb + O2 → 2PbO, made up of the cathode reaction: O2 + 2H2O + 4e− → 4OH−, and anode reaction: 2Pb + 4OH− → 2PbO + 2H2O + 4e−.
The cell current is proportional to the rate of oxygen reduction at the cathode, but this is not linearly dependent on the partial pressure of oxygen in the gas to which the cell is exposed: Linearity is ac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips%20SAA1099 | The Philips SAA1099 sound generator is a 6-voice sound chip used by some 1980s devices.
It can produce several different waveforms by locking the volume envelope generator to the frequency generator, and also has a noise generator with 3 preset frequencies which can be locked to the frequency generator for greater range. It can output audio in fully independent stereo.
Uses
The following sound cards and computers used the SAA1099:
Silicon Graphics IRIS Professional 4D and IRIS Power 4D machines, released in 1987 and 1988, used the SAA1099 on the IO2 and IO3 board for sound generation. Although this feature was almost never documented or used, the chip is present and usable if addressed directly.
The Creative Music System (C/MS) by Creative Labs, released in 1987, and also marketed at RadioShack as the Game Blaster, released in 1988. These devices contain two SAA1099 chips, for twelve voices.
The Creative Sound Blaster 1.0 card released in 1989 (and 1.5 and 2.0 as an optional addon), included the SAA1099 chips, in addition to the OPL2 chip (aka YM3812), which became much more popular.
The British-made SAM Coupé computer released in 1989, with a single SAA1099 on the motherboard.
Various arcade games and the System 5 family used the SAA1099.
References
External links
Documentation
SAA1099 emulator for Windows and a few demo tunes
SAA1099 emulation library
The Old SGI audio
Sound chips |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20coefficient%20theorem | In algebraic topology, universal coefficient theorems establish relationships between homology groups (or cohomology groups) with different coefficients. For instance, for every topological space , its integral homology groups:
completely determine its homology groups with coefficients in , for any abelian group :
Here might be the simplicial homology, or more generally the singular homology. The usual proof of this result is a pure piece of homological algebra about chain complexes of free abelian groups. The form of the result is that other coefficients may be used, at the cost of using a Tor functor.
For example it is common to take to be , so that coefficients are modulo 2. This becomes straightforward in the absence of 2-torsion in the homology. Quite generally, the result indicates the relationship that holds between the Betti numbers of and the Betti numbers with coefficients in a field . These can differ, but only when the characteristic of is a prime number for which there is some -torsion in the homology.
Statement of the homology case
Consider the tensor product of modules . The theorem states there is a short exact sequence involving the Tor functor
Furthermore, this sequence splits, though not naturally. Here is the map induced by the bilinear map .
If the coefficient ring is , this is a special case of the Bockstein spectral sequence.
Universal coefficient theorem for cohomology
Let be a module over a principal ideal domain (e.g., or a fi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle%20checkpoint | The spindle checkpoint, also known as the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), the metaphase checkpoint, or the mitotic checkpoint, is a cell cycle checkpoint during metaphase of mitosis or meiosis that prevents the separation of the duplicated chromosomes (anaphase) until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle. To achieve proper segregation, the two kinetochores on the sister chromatids must be attached to opposite spindle poles (bipolar orientation). Only this pattern of attachment will ensure that each daughter cell receives one copy of the chromosome. The defining biochemical feature of this checkpoint is the stimulation of the anaphase-promoting complex by M-phase cyclin-CDK complexes, which in turn causes the proteolytic destruction of cyclins and proteins that hold the sister chromatids together.
Overview and importance
The beginning of metaphase is characterized by the connection of the microtubules to the kinetochores of the chromosomes, as well as the alignment of the chromosomes in the middle of the cell. Each chromatid has its own kinetochore, and all of the microtubules that are bound to kinetochores of sister chromatids radiate from opposite poles of the cell. These microtubules exert a pulling force on the chromosomes towards the opposite ends of the cells, while the cohesion between the sister chromatids opposes this force.
At the metaphase to anaphase transition, this cohesion between sister chromatids is d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium%20fluoride | Magnesium fluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula . The compound is a white crystalline salt and is transparent over a wide range of wavelengths, with commercial uses in optics that are also used in space telescopes. It occurs naturally as the rare mineral sellaite.
Production
Magnesium fluoride is prepared from magnesium oxide with sources of hydrogen fluoride such as ammonium bifluoride:
Related metathesis reactions are also feasible:
Structure
The compound crystallizes as tetragonal birefringent crystals. The structure of the magnesium fluoride is similar to that of rutile, featuring octahedral cations and 3-coordinate anions.
In the gas phase, monomeric molecules adopt a linear molecular geometry.
Uses
Optics
Magnesium fluoride is transparent over an extremely wide range of wavelengths. Windows, lenses, and prisms made of this material can be used over the entire range of wavelengths from 0.120 μm (vacuum ultraviolet) to 8.0 μm (infrared). High-quality, synthetic magnesium fluoride is one of two materials (the other being lithium fluoride) that will transmit in the vacuum ultraviolet range at 121 nm (Lyman alpha). Lower-grade magnesium fluoride is inferior to calcium fluoride in the infrared range.
Magnesium fluoride is tough and polishes well but is slightly birefringent and should therefore be cut with the optic axis perpendicular to the plane of the window or lens. Due to its suitable refractive index of 1.37, magnesium fluoride is commonly applied |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvocellular%20cell | Parvocellular cells, also called P-cells, are neurons located within the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus. "Parvus" is Latin for "small", and the name "parvocellular" refers to the small size of the cell compared to the larger magnocellular cells. Phylogenetically, parvocellular neurons are more modern than magnocellular ones.
Function
The parvocellular neurons of the visual system receive their input from midget cells, a type of retinal ganglion cell, whose axons comprise the optic tract. These synapses occur in one of the four dorsal parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. The information from each eye is kept separate at this point, and continues to be segregated until processing in the visual cortex. The electrically-encoded visual information leaves the parvocellular cells via relay cells in the optic radiations, traveling to the primary visual cortex layer 4C-β. The parvocellular neurons are sensitive to colour, and are more capable of discriminating fine details than their magnocellular counterparts. Parvocellular cells have greater spatial resolution, but lower temporal resolution, than the magnocellular cells.
See also
Koniocellular cell
Magnocellular cell
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
References
External links
NIF Search - Parvocellular Cell via the Neuroscience Information Framework
Visual system
Thalamus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnocellular%20cell | Magnocellular cells, also called M-cells, are neurons located within the magnocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. The cells are part of the visual system. They are termed "magnocellular" since they are characterized by their relatively large size compared to parvocellular cells.
Structure
The full details of the flow of signaling from the eye to the visual cortex of the brain that result in the experience of vision are incompletely understood. Many aspects are subject to active controversy and the disruption of new evidence.
In the visual system, signals mostly travel from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and then to the visual cortex. In humans the LGN is normally described as having six distinctive layers. The inner two layers, (1 and 2) are magnocellular cell (M cell) layers, while the outer four layers, (3,4,5 and 6), are parvocellular cell (P cell) layers. An additional set of neurons, known as the koniocellular cell (K cell) layers, are found ventral to each of the M cell and P cell layers. These layers were named this way because cells in the M layers of the LGN are larger than cells in the P layers.
M cells in the LGN receive input from parasol ganglion cells (which some neuroscientists call M cells), and P cells receive input from midget retinal ganglion cells (which some neuroscientists call P cells).
From the LGN, the M pathway continues by sending information to the interblob regions of the 4Cα layer of the V |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit%20equation | In astrodynamics, an orbit equation defines the path of orbiting body around central body relative to , without specifying position as a function of time. Under standard assumptions, a body moving under the influence of a force, directed to a central body, with a magnitude inversely proportional to the square of the distance (such as gravity), has an orbit that is a conic section (i.e. circular orbit, elliptic orbit, parabolic trajectory, hyperbolic trajectory, or radial trajectory) with the central body located at one of the two foci, or the focus (Kepler's first law).
If the conic section intersects the central body, then the actual trajectory can only be the part above the surface, but for that part the orbit equation and many related formulas still apply, as long as it is a freefall (situation of weightlessness).
Central, inverse-square law force
Consider a two-body system consisting of a central body of mass M and a much smaller, orbiting body of mass , and suppose the two bodies interact via a central, inverse-square law force (such as gravitation). In polar coordinates, the orbit equation can be written as
where
is the separation distance between the two bodies and
is the angle that makes with the axis of periapsis (also called the true anomaly).
The parameter is the angular momentum of the orbiting body about the central body, and is equal to , or the mass multiplied by the magnitude of the cross product of the relative position and velocity vectors of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahraini | Bahraini may refer to:
Something of, or related to Bahrain
A person from Bahrain, or of Bahraini descent; see Baharna or Demographics of Bahrain
Bahraini culture
Bahraini cuisine
See also
Bahrani Arabic
List of Bahranis
Language and nationality disambiguation pages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peravia%20Province | Peravia () is a province in the southern region of the Dominican Republic. Before January 1, 2002 it was included in what is the new San José de Ocoa province, and published statistics and maps generally relate it to the old, larger, Peravia.
It is named after the Peravia Valley. Along the Azua Province, Peravia is characterized by its dry climate and its dunes that surround the coast. One popular attraction is the Salinas beach, which recently has grown to be a popular tourist destination with a developed town that has shops and hotels.
Municipalities and municipal districts
The province as of June 20, 2006 is divided into the following municipalities (municipios) and municipal districts (distrito municipal - D.M.) within them:
Baní
Catalina (D.M.)
El Carretón (D.M.)
El Limonal (D.M.)
Paya (D.M.)
Villa Fundación (D.M.)
Matanzas
Sabana Buey (D.M.)
Villa Sombrero (D.M.)
Nizao
Pizarrete (D.M.)
Santana (D.M.)
The following is a sortable table of the municipalities and municipal districts with population figures as of the 2012 census. Urban population are those living in the seats (cabeceras literally heads) of municipalities or of municipal districts. Rural population are those living in the districts (Secciones literally sections) and neighborhoods (Parajes literally places) outside of them.
For comparison with the municipalities and municipal districts of other provinces see the list of municipalities and municipal districts of the Dominican Republic.
Geography
P |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius%20method | In mathematics, the method of Frobenius, named after Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, is a way to find an infinite series solution for a second-order ordinary differential equation of the form
with and .
in the vicinity of the regular singular point .
One can divide by to obtain a differential equation of the form
which will not be solvable with regular power series methods if either or are not analytic at . The Frobenius method enables one to create a power series solution to such a differential equation, provided that p(z) and q(z) are themselves analytic at 0 or, being analytic elsewhere, both their limits at 0 exist (and are finite).
History: Frobenius' Actual Contributions
Frobenius' contribution was not so much in all the possible forms of the series solutions involved (see below). These forms had all been established earlier, by Fuchs. The indicial polynomial (see below) and its role had also been established by Fuchs.
A first contribution by Frobenius to the theory was to show that - as regards a first, linearly independent solution, which then has the form of an analytical power series multiplied by an arbitrary power r of the independent variable (see below) - the coefficients of the generalized power series obey a recurrence relation, so that they can always be straightforwardly calculated.
A second contribution by Frobenius was to show that, in cases in which the roots of the indicial equation differ by an integer, the general form of the second linearly |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Jos%C3%A9%20de%20Ocoa%20Province | San José de Ocoa () is a province in the southern region of the Dominican Republic, and also the name of the province's capital city. It was split from Peravia on January 1, 2000. Published statistics and maps generally include this province in the old, larger, Peravia.
Municipalities and municipal districts
The province as of June 20, 2006 is divided into the following municipalities (municipios) and municipal districts (distrito municipal - D.M.) within them:
Rancho Arriba
Sabana Larga
San José de Ocoa
El Pinar (D.M.)
La Ciénaga (D.M.)
Nizao-Las Auyamas (D.M.)
The following is a sortable table of the municipalities and municipal districts with population figures as of the 2012 census. Urban population are those living in the seats (cabeceras literally heads) of municipalities or of municipal districts. Rural population are those living in the districts (Secciones literally sections) and neighborhoods (Parajes literally places) outside of them.
For comparison with the municipalities and municipal districts of other provinces see the list of municipalities and municipal districts of the Dominican Republic.
References
External links
Oficina Nacional de Estadística, Statistics Portal of the Dominican Republic
Oficina Nacional de Estadística, Maps with administrative division of the provinces of the Dominican Republic, downloadable in PDF format
Provinces of the Dominican Republic
States and territories established in 2000 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrite%20bead | A ferrite bead (also known as a ferrite block, ferrite core, ferrite ring, EMI filter, or ferrite choke) is a type of choke that suppresses high-frequency electronic noise in electronic circuits.
Ferrite beads employ high-frequency current dissipation in a ferrite ceramic to build high-frequency noise suppression devices.
Use
Ferrite beads prevent electromagnetic interference (EMI) in two directions: from a device or to a device. A conductive cable acts as an antenna – if the device produces radio-frequency energy, this can be transmitted through the cable, which acts as an unintentional radiator. In this case, the bead is required for regulatory compliance to reduce EMI. Conversely, if there are other sources of EMI, such as household appliances, the bead prevents the cable from acting as an antenna and receiving interference from these other devices. This is particularly common on data cables and medical equipment.
Large ferrite beads are commonly seen on external cabling. In addition, various smaller ferrite beads are used internally in circuits—on conductors or around the pins of small circuit-board components, such as transistors, connectors, and integrated circuits.
Beads can block low-level unintended radio frequency energy on wires intended to be DC conductors by acting as a low-pass filter. For example, on unbalanced coax transmission lines (such as video cables), the cable is designed to contain the signal, and beads can be used to block stray common mode curr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetochore | A kinetochore (, ) is a disc-shaped protein structure associated with duplicated chromatids in eukaryotic cells where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart. The kinetochore assembles on the centromere and links the chromosome to microtubule polymers from the mitotic spindle during mitosis and meiosis. The term kinetochore was first used in a footnote in a 1934 Cytology book by Lester W. Sharp and commonly accepted in 1936. Sharp's footnote reads: "The convenient term kinetochore (= movement place) has been suggested to the author by J. A. Moore", likely referring to John Alexander Moore who had joined Columbia University as a freshman in 1932.
Monocentric organisms, including vertebrates, fungi, and most plants, have a single centromeric region on each chromosome which assembles a single, localized kinetochore. Holocentric organisms, such as nematodes and some plants, assemble a kinetochore along the entire length of a chromosome.
Kinetochores start, control, and supervise the striking movements of chromosomes during cell division. During mitosis, which occurs after the amount of DNA is doubled in each chromosome (while maintaining the same number of chromosomes) in S phase, two sister chromatids are held together by a centromere. Each chromatid has its own kinetochore, which face in opposite directions and attach to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle apparatus. Following the transition from metaphase to anaphase, the sister chrom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amination | Amination is the process by which an amine group is introduced into an organic molecule. This type of reaction is important because organonitrogen compounds are pervasive.
Reactions
Aminase enzymes
Enzymes that catalyse this reaction are termed aminases. Amination can occur in a number of ways including reaction with ammonia or another amine such as an alkylation, reductive amination and the Mannich reaction.
Acid-catalysed hydroamination
Many alkyl amines are produced industrially by the amination of alcohols using ammonia in the presence of solid acid catalysts. Illustrative is the production of tert-butylamine:
NH3 + CH2=C(CH3)2 → H2NC(CH3)3
The Ritter reaction of isobutene with hydrogen cyanide is not useful in this case because it produces too much waste.
Electrophilic amination
Usually, the amine reacts as the nucleophile with another organic compound acting as the electrophile. This sense of reactivity may be reversed for some electron-deficient amines, including oxaziridines, hydroxylamines, oximes, and other N–O substrates. When the amine is used as an electrophile, the reaction is called electrophilic amination. Electron-rich organic substrates that may be used as nucleophiles for this process include carbanions and enolates.
Miscellaneous methods
Alpha hydroxy acids can be converted into amino acids directly using aqueous ammonia solution, hydrogen gas and a heterogeneous metallic ruthenium catalyst.
Metal-catalyzed hydroamination
In hydroamination, am |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUP | MUP may refer to:
Main Upgrading Programme, a housing programme in Singapore.
Major urinary proteins
Master of Urban Planning
Manchester University Press
Melbourne University Press (or Publishing)
Metropolitan University Prague
Ministry of Internal Affairs (Serbia) (Ministarstvo Unutrašnjih Poslova)
Ministry of the Interior (Croatia) (Ministarstvo Unutarnjih Poslova)
Miss Universe Philippines
Motor unit potential
Multi-use path, a path shared by pedestrians and cyclists
Multiple UNC Provider - a concept related to Microsoft Windows Universal Naming Convention (UNC)
An alternate representation of μP, which is an abbreviation for microprocessor
Popular Unity Movement (French: Mouvement d'Unité Populaire), Tunisian political party
The ISO 639-3 code for the Malvi language |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosi | Mosi or MOSI may refer to:
Mosi (given name)
Mosi (surname)
Molybdenum silicide (MoSi2), an important material in the semiconductor industry
MOSI protocol, an extension of the basic MSI cache coherency protocol
MOSI, Master Out Slave In (data output from master), Serial Peripheral Interface pin and logic signal
Museum of Science and Industry (MOSI), former name of the Science and Industry Museum in Manchester, England
Mosi (beer)
See also
Museum of Science and Industry (disambiguation), several museums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sethi%E2%80%93Ullman%20algorithm | In computer science, the Sethi–Ullman algorithm is an algorithm named after Ravi Sethi and Jeffrey D. Ullman, its inventors, for translating abstract syntax trees into machine code that uses as few registers as possible.
Overview
When generating code for arithmetic expressions, the compiler has to decide which is the best way to translate the expression in terms of number of instructions used as well as number of registers needed to evaluate a certain subtree. Especially in the case that free registers are scarce, the order of evaluation can be important to the length of the generated code, because different orderings may lead to larger or smaller numbers of intermediate values being spilled to memory and then restored. The Sethi–Ullman algorithm (also known as Sethi–Ullman numbering) produces code which needs the fewest instructions possible as well as the fewest storage references (under the assumption that at the most commutativity and associativity apply to the operators used, but distributive laws i.e. do not hold). The algorithm succeeds as well if neither commutativity nor associativity hold for the expressions used, and therefore arithmetic transformations can not be applied. The algorithm also does not take advantage of common subexpressions or apply directly to expressions represented as general directed acyclic graphs rather than trees.
Simple Sethi–Ullman algorithm
The simple Sethi–Ullman algorithm works as follows (for a load/store architecture):
Traverse th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Zeuner | Gustav Anton Zeuner (30 November 1828 – 17 October 1907) was a German physicist, engineer and epistemologist, considered the founder of technical thermodynamics and of the Dresden School of Thermodynamics.
Life
University and Revolution
Zeuner was born in Chemnitz, Saxony. His first training in the subject of engineering was at the Chemnitz Königliche Gewerbeschule (Royal Vocational School), today Chemnitz University of Technology, where he studied from 1843-1848.
In 1848 he moved the short distance to the Bergakademie (Mining Academy) in Freiberg, today also a university of technology, where he studied mining and metallurgy. He developed close links with one of his professors, the famous mineralogist Albin Julius Weisbach, with whom he worked on several projects.
The university course was disrupted, however, during the revolutions which took place all over Germany. Large popular assemblies and mass demonstrations took place, primarily demanding freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, arming of the people, and a national German parliament. Zeuner joined the revolutionaries on the barricades in Dresden during the May Uprising in 1849. Unlike many of his compatriots, some of whom were sentenced to death or sent to the workhouse, Zeuner was pardoned. He was able to complete his course, and even completed his PhD at the University of Leipzig in 1853, but was banned from ever teaching at any Saxon university.
Escape to Zürich
In 1853, Zeuner took over as the editor of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital%20statistics%20%28government%20records%29 | Vital statistics is accumulated data gathered on live births, deaths, migration, foetal deaths, marriages and divorces. The most common way of collecting information on these events is through civil registration, an administrative system used by governments to record vital events which occur in their populations. Efforts to improve the quality of vital statistics will therefore be closely related to the development of civil registration systems in countries. Civil registration followed the practice of churches keeping such records since the 19th century.
This article covers mainly the US, UK and Canada, with references to global standards.
Definitions
A vital statistics system is defined by the United Nations "as the total process of (a) collecting information by civil registration or enumeration on the frequency or occurrence of specified and defined vital events, as well as relevant characteristics of the events themselves and the person or persons concerned, and (b) compiling, processing, analyzing, evaluating, presenting, and disseminating these data in statistical form"
Civil registration is defined by the United Nations as the" continuous, permanent, compulsory, and universal recording of the occurrence and characteristics of vital events (live births, deaths, fetal deaths, marriages, and divorces) and other civil status events pertaining to the population as provided by decree, law or regulation, in accordance with the legal requirements in each country."
History
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPU | NPU may mean:
Science and technology
Natural Product Updates, a journal in chemistry
Net protein utilization, the ratio of amino acid mass converted to proteins to the mass of amino acids supplied
NPU terminology, a medical terminology for the clinical laboratory sciences.
Computing
Network Processing Unit, for packet processing of network packets
Neural Processing Unit, for artificial intelligence processing
Numeric (floating point) Processing Unit
Organisations
Na Píobairí Uilleann, a non-profit organization dedicated to the promotion of the Irish Uilleann pipes and its music.
Neighborhood Planning Units in Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Nineveh Plain Protection Units, an Assyrian regional militia in Iraq
National Police of Ukraine, government agency
National Power Unity, nationalist political party in Latvia.
Universities
National Penghu University of Science and Technology, Penghu, Taiwan
Nilamber Pitamber University, Medininagar, Jharkhand, India.
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Northwestern Polytechnic University, Fremont, California, USA
North Park University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucono%20delta-lactone | Glucono-delta-lactone (GDL), also known as gluconolactone, is an organic compound with the formula . A colorless solid, it is an oxidized derivative of glucose.
It is typically produced by the aerobic oxidation of glucose in the presence of the enzyme glucose oxidase. The conversion cogenerates hydrogen peroxide, which is often the key product of the enzyme:
Gluconolactone spontaneously hydrolyzes to gluconic acid:
Applications
Gluconolactone is a food additive with the E-number E575 used as a sequestrant, an acidifier, or a curing, pickling, or leavening agent. It is a lactone of D-gluconic acid. Pure GDL is a white odorless crystalline powder.
GDL has been marketed for use in feta cheese. GDL is pH-neutral, but hydrolyses in water to gluconic acid which is acidic, adding a tangy taste to foods, though it has roughly a third of the sourness of citric acid. It is metabolized to 6-phospho-D-gluconate; one gram of GDL yields roughly the same amount of metabolic energy as one gram of sugar.
Upon addition to water, GDL is partially hydrolysed to gluconic acid, with the balance between the lactone form and the acid form established as a chemical equilibrium. The rate of hydrolysis of GDL is increased by heat and high pH.
The yeast Saccharomyces bulderi can be used to ferment gluconolactone to ethanol and carbon dioxide. The pH value greatly affects culture growth. Gluconolactone at 1 or 2% in a mineral media solution causes the pH to drop below 3.
It is also a complete |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenocyte | A splenocyte can be any one of the different white blood cell types as long as it is situated in the spleen or purified from splenic tissue.
Splenocytes consist of a variety of cell populations such as T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages, which have different immune functions.
References
Spleen (anatomy)
Mononuclear phagocytes
Leukocytes
Cell biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ependymin | Ependymin is a glycoprotein found in the cerebrospinal fluid of many teleost fish. The humans homolog is called ependymin related 1 that is encoded by the EPDR1 gene.
Ependymin is associated with the consolidation of long-term memory, possibly providing protection from strokes, and contributing to neuronal regeneration. This encoded protein was originally detected in elevated amounts of fluid within the central nervous system of teleost fishes. Along with long-term memory and neuronal regeneration, ependymin has been connected to specific aspects of changes in signaling within nerve cells leading to brain plasticity, as well as behavioral performance in response to environment stress in fishes. For example, this glycoprotein interaction in the extracellular matrix influences cell adhesion and migration processes in the central nervous system of teleost fishes. The presence of ependymin-related proteins can be found in both vertebrates and invertebrates. They have variety of functional roles in non-neural sites of organisms. For example, an ependymin-related gene that is upregulated in colon cancer known as UCC1 was found in human colorectal tumor cells.
References
External links
Glycoproteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex%20conjugate | In mathematics and mathematical optimization, the convex conjugate of a function is a generalization of the Legendre transformation which applies to non-convex functions. It is also known as Legendre–Fenchel transformation, Fenchel transformation, or Fenchel conjugate (after Adrien-Marie Legendre and Werner Fenchel). It allows in particular for a far reaching generalization of Lagrangian duality.
Definition
Let be a real topological vector space and let be the dual space to . Denote by
the canonical dual pairing, which is defined by
For a function taking values on the extended real number line, its is the function
whose value at is defined to be the supremum:
or, equivalently, in terms of the infimum:
This definition can be interpreted as an encoding of the convex hull of the function's epigraph in terms of its supporting hyperplanes.
Examples
For more examples, see .
The convex conjugate of an affine function is
The convex conjugate of a power function is
The convex conjugate of the absolute value function is
The convex conjugate of the exponential function is
The convex conjugate and Legendre transform of the exponential function agree except that the domain of the convex conjugate is strictly larger as the Legendre transform is only defined for positive real numbers.
Connection with expected shortfall (average value at risk)
See this article for example.
Let F denote a cumulative distribution function of a random variable X. Then (integra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillator%20%28cellular%20automaton%29 | In a cellular automaton, an oscillator is a pattern that returns to its original state, in the same orientation and position, after a finite number of generations. Thus the evolution of such a pattern repeats itself indefinitely. Depending on context, the term may also include spaceships as well.
The smallest number of generations it takes before the pattern returns to its initial condition is called the period of the oscillator. An oscillator with a period of 1 is usually called a still life, as such a pattern never changes. Sometimes, still lifes are not taken to be oscillators. Another common stipulation is that an oscillator must be finite.
Examples
In Conway's Game of Life, finite oscillators are known to exist for all periods. Additionally, until July 2022, the only known examples for period 34 were considered trivial because they consisted of essentially separate components that oscillate at smaller periods. For instance, one can create a period 34 oscillator by placing period 2 and period 17 oscillators so that they do not interact. An oscillator is considered non-trivial if it contains at least one cell that oscillates at the necessary period.
External links
List of notable known oscillators at the LifeWiki
A collection of oscillators in the Game of Life (zip file)
Cellular automaton patterns |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeds%20%28cellular%20automaton%29 | Seeds is a cellular automaton in the same family as the Game of Life, initially investigated by Brian Silverman and named by Mirek Wójtowicz. It consists of an infinite two-dimensional grid of cells, each of which may be in one of two states: on or off. Each cell is considered to have eight neighbors (Moore neighborhood), as in Life. In each time step, a cell turns on or is "born" if it was off or "dead" but had exactly two neighbors that were on; all other cells turn off. Thus, in the notation describing the family of cellular automata containing Life, it is described by the rule B2/S.
In Game of Life terminology, a pattern in which all cells that were on turn off at each step is called a phoenix. All patterns in Seeds have this form.
Even though all live cells are constantly dying, the small birth requirement of two cells means that nearly every pattern in Seeds explodes into a chaotic mess that grows to cover the entire universe. Thus, in Wolfram's classification of cellular automata, it is a Class III automaton, in which nearly all patterns evolve chaotically.
However, some patterns are known to behave in a more controlled fashion, repeating the same shape either in the same position of the grid (an oscillator) or translated some number of grid units after several steps (a spaceship). More complex rake and puffer patterns are known which move like spaceships leaving trails of oscillators or other spaceships behind them. Most of these patterns move at a speed of 1 cell p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day%20and%20Night%20%28cellular%20automaton%29 | Day and Night is a cellular automaton rule in the same family as Game of Life. It is defined by rule notation B3678/S34678, meaning that a dead cell becomes live (is born) if it has 3, 6, 7, or 8 live neighbors, and a live cell remains alive (survives) if it has 3, 4, 6, 7, or 8 live neighbors, out of the eight neighbors in the Moore neighborhood. It was invented and named by Nathan Thompson in 1997, and investigated extensively by David I. Bell. The rule is given the name "Day & Night" because its on and off states are symmetric: if all the cells in the Universe are inverted, the future states are the inversions of the future states of the original pattern. A pattern in which the entire universe consists of off cells except for finitely many on cells can equivalently be represented by a pattern in which the whole universe is covered in on cells except for finitely many off cells in congruent locations.
Although the detailed evolution of this cellular automaton is very different from Conway's Game of Life, it exhibits complex behavior similar to that rule: there are many known small oscillators and spaceships, and guns formed by combining oscillators in such a way that they periodically emit spaceships of various types.
References
. See also Bell's Day & Night pattern archive.
Cellular automaton rules |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFO | RFO may refer to:
RF Online, a multiplayer online role-playing computer game
Radio Frequency Overlay, analogue Cable TV over a GPON optical network
Réseau France Outre-mer, a network of radio and television stations operating in French overseas departments and territories
Range Forest Officer, similar to a forest ranger in the U.S.
Forest Range Officer, similar title in India
Read For Ownership, an operation in computer cache coherency protocols
Republicans for Obama
Request for offer
Residual fuel oil, a heavy product from oil refineries
Reason For Outage, a term related to network outage in system administration
Restrictive flow orifice, a tool to limit the danger of uncontrolled flow, for example, in a compressed gas cylinder
Robert-Falcon Ouellette (born 1979), Canadian politician |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%20transform | S transform as a time–frequency distribution was developed in 1994 for analyzing geophysics data. In this way, the S transform is a generalization of the short-time Fourier transform (STFT), extending the continuous wavelet transform and overcoming some of its disadvantages. For one, modulation sinusoids are fixed with respect to the time axis; this localizes the scalable Gaussian window dilations and translations in S transform. Moreover, the S transform doesn't have a cross-term problem and yields a better signal clarity than Gabor transform. However, the S transform has its own disadvantages: the clarity is worse than Wigner distribution function and Cohen's class distribution function.
A fast S transform algorithm was invented in 2010. It reduces the computational complexity from O[N2·log(N)] to O[N·log(N)] and makes the transform one-to-one, where the transform has the same number of points as the source signal or image, compared to storage complexity of N2 for the original formulation. An implementation is available to the research community under an open source license.
A general formulation of the S transform makes clear the relationship to other time frequency transforms such as the Fourier, short time Fourier, and wavelet transforms.
Definition
There are several ways to represent the idea of the S transform. In here, S transform is derived as the phase correction of the continuous wavelet transform with window being the Gaussian function.
S-Transform
Inverse S-T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renshaw%20cell | Renshaw cells are inhibitory interneurons found in the gray matter of the spinal cord, and are associated in two ways with an alpha motor neuron.
They receive an excitatory collateral from the alpha neuron's axon as they emerge from the motor root, and are thus "kept informed" of how vigorously that neuron is firing.
They send an inhibitory axon to synapse with the cell body of the initial alpha neuron and/or an alpha motor neuron of the same motor pool.
In this way, the Renshaw cell action represents a negative feedback mechanism. A Renshaw cell may be supplied by more than one alpha motor neuron collateral and it may synapse on multiple motor neurons.
Function
Although during embryonic development the Renshaw cells lack synapses from the dorsal root, prenatal and postnatal stages show the development of dorsal root originating synapses, which are functional and stimulate action potentials. But these decrease during development while acetylcholine motor axons begin to synapse and proliferate with Renshaw cells, ultimately being primarily stimulated by the motor neurons.
The Renshaw cells are ultimately excited by multiple antidromic motor neuron axons, where the majority of axons originate from synergist motor neurons, and in turn the Renshaw cell synapses with multiple neurons, eliciting IPSP in alpha motor, 1a inhibitory interneurons and gamma motor neurons. The antidromic collateral circuit back to the triggering motor neuron is known as “recurrent inhibition”. Thi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogenomics | Pharmacogenomics is the study of the role of the genome in drug response. Its name (pharmaco- + genomics) reflects its combining of pharmacology and genomics. Pharmacogenomics analyzes how the genetic makeup of a patient affects their response to drugs. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response, by correlating DNA mutations (including single-nucleotide polymorphisms, copy number variations, and insertions/deletions) with pharmacokinetic (drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination), pharmacodynamic (effects mediated through a drug's biological targets), and/or immunogenic endpoints.
Pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with regard to the patients' genotype, to achieve maximum efficiency with minimal adverse effects. It is hoped that by using pharmacogenomics, pharmaceutical drug treatments can deviate from what is dubbed as the "one-dose-fits-all" approach. Pharmacogenomics also attempts to eliminate trial-and-error in prescribing, allowing physicians to take into consideration their patient's genes, the functionality of these genes, and how this may affect the efficacy of the patient's current or future treatments (and where applicable, provide an explanation for the failure of past treatments). Such approaches promise the advent of precision medicine and even personalized medicine, in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for narrow subsets of patients or even for e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needleman%E2%80%93Wunsch%20algorithm | The Needleman–Wunsch algorithm is an algorithm used in bioinformatics to align protein or nucleotide sequences. It was one of the first applications of dynamic programming to compare biological sequences. The algorithm was developed by Saul B. Needleman and Christian D. Wunsch and published in 1970. The algorithm essentially divides a large problem (e.g. the full sequence) into a series of smaller problems, and it uses the solutions to the smaller problems to find an optimal solution to the larger problem. It is also sometimes referred to as the optimal matching algorithm and the global alignment technique. The Needleman–Wunsch algorithm is still widely used for optimal global alignment, particularly when the quality of the global alignment is of the utmost importance. The algorithm assigns a score to every possible alignment, and the purpose of the algorithm is to find all possible alignments having the highest score.
Introduction
This algorithm can be used for any two strings. This guide will use two small DNA sequences as examples as shown in Figure 1:
GCATGCG
GATTACA
Constructing the grid
First construct a grid such as one shown in Figure 1 above. Start the first string in the top of the third column and start the other string at the start of the third row. Fill out the rest of the column and row headers as in Figure 1. There should be no numbers in the grid yet.
Choosing a scoring system
Next, decide how to score each individual pair of letters. Using the example a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huskvarna | Huskvarna (; formerly spelled Husqvarna) constitutes the eastern part of Jönköping, a city in the Swedish province of Småland, and has a population of about 24,000. The distance to central Jönköping is about 5 km. The name Huskvarna translates to House Mill.
Between 1911 and 1970, it was a city municipality of its own. It geographically grew together with Jönköping in the 1950s. Since the local government reform in 1971, it is administratively within Jönköping Municipality.
History
A royal rifle manufacturer was established in Husqvarna, as it was originally spelled, in 1689, and lasted until 1757, when it was sold to private owners. It continued to supply the Swedish and Norwegian armies with rifles (for example, in 1870, some 10,000 rifles were finished), but the company later switched to the production of sewing machines and bicycles. Today, it is known as Husqvarna AB, an internationally known company with a variety of products.
Coat of arms
The arms (1911) depict rifles and their ignition.
Sport
The International Floorball Federation was founded in Huskvarna in 1986.
Notable residents
Mona Johannesson, Swedish model
Denni Avdić, association football player
Emma Sjöberg, Swedish top model. Married to Hans Wiklund
Notes and references
See also
Ebbe power station
Husqvarna (disambiguation)
Husqvarna AB, the company
External links
Huskvarna From official municipal website
article Huskvarna from Nordisk familjebok
Populated lakeshore places in Sweden
Cities i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus | Tus or TUS may refer to:
Tus (biology), a protein that binds to terminator sequences
Thales Underwater Systems, an international defence contractor
Tuscarora language, an Iroquoian language, ISO 639-3 code
Education
Technological University of the Shannon, Ireland
Tokyo University of Science, Japan
People
Anton Tus (born 1931), retired Croatian general
Christos Tusis (born 1986), Greek rapper
Places
Tampa Union Station, a train station in Florida, United States
Tus, Iran, an ancient city in Razavi Khorasan
Tus-e Olya, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran
Tus-e Sofla, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran
Tus Rural District, in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran
Tus citadel, a Sassanid-era citadel in Tus, Iran
Río Tus, a river of Spain
Tucson International Airport, Arizona, U.S. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity%20measure | In statistics and related fields, a similarity measure or similarity function or similarity metric is a real-valued function that quantifies the similarity between two objects. Although no single definition of a similarity exists, usually such measures are in some sense the inverse of distance metrics: they take on large values for similar objects and either zero or a negative value for very dissimilar objects. Though, in more broad terms, a similarity function may also satisfy metric axioms.
Cosine similarity is a commonly used similarity measure for real-valued vectors, used in (among other fields) information retrieval to score the similarity of documents in the vector space model. In machine learning, common kernel functions such as the RBF kernel can be viewed as similarity functions.
Use of different similarity measure formulas
Different types of similarity measures exist for various types of objects, depending on the objects being compared. For each type of object there are various similarity measurement formulas.
Similarity between two data points
There are many various options available when it comes to finding similarity between two data points, some of which are a combination of other similarity methods. Some of the methods for similarity measures between two data points include Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance, Minkowski distance, and Chebyshev distance. The Euclidean distance formula is used to find the distance between two points on a plane, which is v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap%20penalty | A Gap penalty is a method of scoring alignments of two or more sequences. When aligning sequences, introducing gaps in the sequences can allow an alignment algorithm to match more terms than a gap-less alignment can. However, minimizing gaps in an alignment is important to create a useful alignment. Too many gaps can cause an alignment to become meaningless. Gap penalties are used to adjust alignment scores based on the number and length of gaps. The five main types of gap penalties are constant, linear, affine, convex, and profile-based.
Applications
Genetic sequence alignment - In bioinformatics, gaps are used to account for genetic mutations occurring from insertions or deletions in the sequence, sometimes referred to as indels. Insertions or deletions can occur due to single mutations, unbalanced crossover in meiosis, slipped strand mispairing, and chromosomal translocation. The notion of a gap in an alignment is important in many biological applications, since the insertions or deletions comprise an entire sub-sequence and often occur from a single mutational event. Furthermore, single mutational events can create gaps of different sizes. Therefore, when scoring, the gaps need to be scored as a whole when aligning two sequences of DNA. Considering multiple gaps in a sequence as a larger single gap will reduce the assignment of a high cost to the mutations. For instance, two protein sequences may be relatively similar but differ at certain intervals as one protein m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic-crystal%20fiber | Photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) is a class of optical fiber based on the properties of photonic crystals. It was first explored in 1996 at University of Bath, UK. Because of its ability to confine light in hollow cores or with confinement characteristics not possible in conventional optical fiber, PCF is now finding applications in fiber-optic communications, fiber lasers, nonlinear devices, high-power transmission, highly sensitive gas sensors, and other areas. More specific categories of PCF include photonic-bandgap fiber (PCFs that confine light by band gap effects), holey fiber (PCFs using air holes in their cross-sections), hole-assisted fiber (PCFs guiding light by a conventional higher-index core modified by the presence of air holes), and Bragg fiber (photonic-bandgap fiber formed by concentric rings of multilayer film). Photonic crystal fibers may be considered a subgroup of a more general class of microstructured optical fibers, where light is guided by structural modifications, and not only by refractive index differences.
Description
Optical fibers have evolved into many forms since the practical breakthroughs that saw their wider introduction in the 1970s as conventional step index fibers and later as single material fibers where propagation was defined by an effective air cladding structure.
In general, regular structured fibers such as photonic crystal fibers, have a cross-section (normally uniform along the fiber length) consisting of one, two or more material |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodpasture%20syndrome | Goodpasture syndrome (GPS), also known as anti–glomerular basement membrane disease, is a rare autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the basement membrane in lungs and kidneys, leading to bleeding from the lungs, glomerulonephritis, and kidney failure. It is thought to attack the alpha-3 subunit of type IV collagen, which has therefore been referred to as Goodpasture's antigen. Goodpasture syndrome may quickly result in permanent lung and kidney damage, often leading to death. It is treated with medications that suppress the immune system such as corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide, and with plasmapheresis, in which the antibodies are removed from the blood.
The disease was first described by an American pathologist Ernest Goodpasture of Vanderbilt University in 1919 and was later named in his honor.
Signs and symptoms
The anti–glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies primarily attack the kidneys and lungs, although, generalized symptoms like malaise, weight loss, fatigue, fever, and chills are also common, as are joint aches and pains. 60 to 80% of those with the condition experience both lung and kidney involvement; 20-40% have kidney involvement alone, and less than 10% have lung involvement alone. Kidney symptoms usually include blood in the urine, protein in the urine, unexplained swelling of limbs or face, high amounts of urea in the blood, and high blood pressure. Lung symptoms usually antedate kidney symptoms and usually include: coughing up blood, c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septum%20pellucidum | The septum pellucidum (Latin for "translucent wall") is a thin, triangular, vertical double membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain. It runs as a sheet from the corpus callosum down to the fornix.
The septum is not present in the syndrome septo-optic dysplasia.
Structure
The septum pellucidum is located in the septal area in the midline of the brain between the two cerebral hemispheres. The septal area is also the location of the septal nuclei. It is attached to the lower part of the corpus callosum, the large collection of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres. It is attached to the front forward part of the fornix. The lateral ventricles sit on either side of the septum.
The septum pellucidum consists of two layers or laminae of both white and gray matter. During fetal development, there is a space between the two laminae called the cave of septum pellucidum that, in ninety percent of cases, disappears during infancy.
The cavum was occasionally referred to as the fifth ventricle, but this is no longer used because the space is usually not continuous with the ventricular system. The fifth ventricle is recognised as the terminal enlargement of the spinal cord.
Clinical significance
Absence of the septum pellucidum occurs in septo-optic dysplasia, a rare developmental disorder usually characterized by abnormal development of the optic disk and pituitary deficiencies. Symptoms of septo-optic dysplasia ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachymeter%20%28watch%29 | A tachymeter (pronounced ) is a scale sometimes inscribed around the rim of an analog watch with a chronograph. It can be used to conveniently compute the frequency in inverse-hours of an event of a known second-defined period, such as speed (distance over hours) based on travel time (distance over speed), or measure distance based on speed. The spacings between the marks on the tachymeter dial are therefore proportional to , where t is the elapsed time.
The function performed by a tachymeter is independent of the unit of distance (e.g. statute miles, nautical miles, kilometres, metres etc.) as long as the same unit of length is used for all calculations. It can also be used to measure the frequency of any regular event in occurrences per hour, such as the units output by an industrial process. A tachymeter is simply a means of converting elapsed time (in seconds per unit) to rate (in units per hour).
Measuring speed
To use a tachymeter-equipped watch for measuring speed, the chronograph is started at a starting marker of a known distance. At the next marker, the point on the scale adjacent to the second hand indicates the speed (in distance between markers per hour) of travel between the two. The typical tachymeter scale on a watch converts between the number of seconds it takes for an event to happen and the number of times that event will occur in one hour. The formula used to create this type of tachymeter scale is
where T is the tachymeter scale value; t is the ti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20theorems%20called%20fundamental | In mathematics, a fundamental theorem is a theorem which is considered to be central and conceptually important for some topic. For example, the fundamental theorem of calculus gives the relationship between differential calculus and integral calculus. The names are mostly traditional, so that for example the fundamental theorem of arithmetic is basic to what would now be called number theory. Some of these are classification theorems of objects which are mainly dealt with in the field. For instance, the fundamental theorem of curves describe classification of regular curves in space up to translation and rotation.
Likewise, the mathematical literature sometimes refers to the fundamental lemma of a field. The term lemma is conventionally used to denote a proven proposition which is used as a stepping stone to a larger result, rather than as a useful statement in-and-of itself.
Fundamental theorems of mathematical topics
Fundamental theorem of algebra
Fundamental theorem of algebraic K-theory
Fundamental theorem of arithmetic
Fundamental theorem of Boolean algebra
Fundamental theorem of calculus
Fundamental theorem of calculus for line integrals
Fundamental theorem of curves
Fundamental theorem of cyclic groups
Fundamental theorem of dynamical systems
Fundamental theorem of equivalence relations
Fundamental theorem of exterior calculus
Fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups
Fundamental theorem of finitely generated modules over a principal idea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Paralympics | Judo in the 2004 Summer Paralympics was competed by blind or vision-impaired judokas. The only classification was by body weight. The contests were staged in the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall.
Participating countries
Medal table
The competition winner of the men's 60kg class, Sergio Arturo Perez (Cuba), received a warning and reprimand and lost his results and his gold medal after testing positive for the prohibited anti-inflammatory drug prednisolone.
Medal summary
Men
Women
See also
Judo at the 2004 Summer Olympics
References
2004 Summer Paralympics events
2004
Paralympics
Judo competitions in Greece |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronto | Bronto
Bronto, an unofficial unit prefix, used to represent anything from 1015 to 1027 bytes, most often 1027
Bronto Software, a software company
"Bronto-" a prefix used in the classification of many large animals, such as Brontosaurus or Brontotherium
PSA Bronto (Russian: ПСА Бронто) Russian company for the production of special vehicles and SUVs.
See also
Bronte (disambiguation)
Brontosaurus (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorobotics | Biorobotics is an interdisciplinary science that combines the fields of biomedical engineering, cybernetics, and robotics to develop new technologies that integrate biology with mechanical systems to develop more efficient communication, alter genetic information, and create machines that imitate biological systems.
Cybernetics
Cybernetics focuses on the communication and system of living organisms and machines that can be applied and combined with multiple fields of study such as biology, mathematics, computer science, engineering, and much more.
This discipline falls under the branch of biorobotics because of its combined field of study between biological bodies and mechanical systems. Studying these two systems allow for advanced analysis on the functions and processes of each system as well as the interactions between them.
History
Cybernetic theory is a concept that has existed for centuries, dating back to the era of Plato where he applied the term to refer to the "governance of people". The term cybernetique is seen in the mid 1800s used by physicist André-Marie Ampère. The term cybernetics was popularized in the late 1940s to refer to a discipline that touched on, but was separate, from established disciplines, such as electrical engineering, mathematics, and biology.
Science
Cybernetics is often misunderstood because of the breadth of disciplines it covers. In the early 20th century, it was coined as an interdisciplinary field of study that combines biology, s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creode | Creode or chreod is a neologistic portmanteau term coined by the English 20th century biologist C. H. Waddington to represent the developmental pathway followed by a cell as it grows to form part of a specialized organ. Combining the Greek roots for "necessary" and "path," the term was inspired by the property of regulation. When development is disturbed by external forces, the embryo attempts to regulate its growth and differentiation by returning to its normal developmental trajectory.
Developmental biology
Waddington used the term along with canalisation and homeorhesis, which describes a system that returns to a steady trajectory, in contrast to homeostasis, which describes a system which returns to a steady state. Waddington explains development with the metaphor of a ball rolling down a hillside, where the hill's contours channel the ball in a particular direction. In the case of a pathway or creode which is deeply carved in the hillside, external disturbance is unlikely to prevent normal development. He notes that creodes tend to have steeper sides earlier in development, when external disturbance rarely suffices to alter the developmental trajectory. Small differences in placement atop the hill can lead to dramatically different results by the time the ball reaches the bottom. This represents the tendency of neighboring regions of the early embryo to develop into different organs with radically different structures. Since intermediate structures rarely exist betw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanorobotics | Nanoid robotics, or for short, nanorobotics or nanobotics, is an emerging technology field creating machines or robots whose components are at or near the scale of a nanometer (10−9 meters). More specifically, nanorobotics (as opposed to microrobotics) refers to the nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and building nanorobots with devices ranging in size from 0.1 to 10 micrometres and constructed of nanoscale or molecular components. The terms nanobot, nanoid, nanite, nanomachine and nanomite have also been used to describe such devices currently under research and development.
Nanomachines are largely in the research and development phase, but some primitive molecular machines and nanomotors have been tested. An example is a sensor having a switch approximately 1.5 nanometers across, able to count specific molecules in the chemical sample. The first useful applications of nanomachines may be in nanomedicine. For example, biological machines could be used to identify and destroy cancer cells. Another potential application is the detection of toxic chemicals, and the measurement of their concentrations, in the environment. Rice University has demonstrated a single-molecule car developed by a chemical process and including Buckminsterfullerenes (buckyballs) for wheels. It is actuated by controlling the environmental temperature and by positioning a scanning tunneling microscope tip.
Another definition is a robot that allows precise interactions with nanoscale o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous%20carbon | Amorphous carbon is free, reactive carbon that has no crystalline structure. Amorphous carbon materials may be stabilized by terminating dangling-π bonds with hydrogen. As with other amorphous solids, some short-range order can be observed. Amorphous carbon is often abbreviated to aC for general amorphous carbon, aC:H or HAC for hydrogenated amorphous carbon, or to ta-C for tetrahedral amorphous carbon (also called diamond-like carbon).
In mineralogy
In mineralogy, amorphous carbon is the name used for coal, carbide-derived carbon, and other impure forms of carbon that are neither graphite nor diamond. In a crystallographic sense, however, the materials are not truly amorphous but rather polycrystalline materials of graphite or diamond within an amorphous carbon matrix. Commercial carbon also usually contains significant quantities of other elements, which may also form crystalline impurities.
In modern science
With the development of modern thin film deposition and growth techniques in the latter half of the 20th century, such as chemical vapour deposition, sputter deposition, and cathodic arc deposition, it became possible to fabricate truly amorphous carbon materials.
True amorphous carbon has localized π electrons (as opposed to the aromatic π bonds in graphite), and its bonds form with lengths and distances that are inconsistent with any other allotrope of carbon. It also contains a high concentration of dangling bonds; these cause deviations in interatomic spa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic%20proof | In mathematics, an analytic proof is a proof of a theorem in analysis that only makes use of methods from analysis, and which does not predominantly make use of algebraic or geometrical methods. The term was first used by Bernard Bolzano, who first provided a non-analytic proof of his intermediate value theorem and then, several years later provided a proof of the theorem that was free from intuitions concerning lines crossing each other at a point, and so he felt happy calling it analytic (Bolzano 1817).
Bolzano's philosophical work encouraged a more abstract reading of when a demonstration could be regarded as analytic, where a proof is analytic if it does not go beyond its subject matter (Sebastik 2007). In proof theory, an analytic proof has come to mean a proof whose structure is simple in a special way, due to conditions on the kind of inferences that ensure none of them go beyond what is contained in the assumptions and what is demonstrated.
Structural proof theory
In proof theory, the notion of analytic proof provides the fundamental concept that brings out the similarities between a number of essentially distinct proof calculi, so defining the subfield of structural proof theory. There is no uncontroversial general definition of analytic proof, but for several proof calculi there is an accepted notion. For example:
In Gerhard Gentzen's natural deduction calculus the analytic proofs are those in normal form; that is, no formula occurrence is both the principa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20fuel%20cell | A regenerative fuel cell or reverse fuel cell (RFC) is a fuel cell run in reverse mode, which consumes electricity and chemical B to produce chemical A. By definition, the process of any fuel cell could be reversed. However, a given device is usually optimized for operating in one mode and may not be built in such a way that it can be operated backwards. Standard fuel cells operated backwards generally do not make very efficient systems unless they are purpose-built to do so as with high-pressure electrolysers, regenerative fuel cells, solid-oxide electrolyser cells and unitized regenerative fuel cells.
Process description
A hydrogen fueled proton-exchange membrane fuel cell, for example, uses hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen (O2) to produce electricity and water (H2O); a regenerative hydrogen fuel cell uses electricity and water to produce hydrogen and oxygen.
When the fuel cell is operated in regenerative mode, the anode for the electricity production mode (fuel cell mode) becomes the cathode in the hydrogen generation mode (reverse fuel cell mode), and vice versa. When an external voltage is applied, water at the anode side will undergo electrolysis to form oxygen and protons; protons will be transported through the solid electrolyte to the cathode where they can be reduced to form hydrogen. In this reverse mode, the polarity of the cell is opposite to that for the fuel cell mode.
The following reactions describe the chemical process in the hydrogen generation mode:
At ca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative%20reconstruction | Iterative reconstruction refers to iterative algorithms used to reconstruct 2D and 3D images in certain imaging techniques.
For example, in computed tomography an image must be reconstructed from projections of an object. Here, iterative reconstruction techniques are usually a
better, but computationally more expensive alternative to the common filtered back projection (FBP) method, which directly calculates the image in
a single reconstruction step. In recent research works, scientists have shown that extremely fast computations and massive parallelism is possible for iterative reconstruction, which makes iterative reconstruction practical for commercialization.
Basic concepts
The reconstruction of an image from the acquired data is an inverse problem. Often, it is not possible to exactly solve the inverse
problem directly. In this case, a direct algorithm has to approximate the solution, which might cause visible reconstruction artifacts in the image. Iterative algorithms approach the correct solution using multiple iteration steps, which allows to obtain a better reconstruction at the cost of a higher computation time.
There are a large variety of algorithms, but each starts with an assumed image, computes projections from the image, compares the original projection data and updates the image based upon the difference between the calculated and the actual projections.
Algebraic reconstruction
The Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) was the first iterative recon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodamine | Rhodamine is a family of related dyes, a subset of the triarylmethane dyes. They are derivatives of xanthene. Important members of the rhodamine family are Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine 123, and Rhodamine B. They are mainly used to dye paper and inks, but they lack the lightfastness for fabric dyeing.
Use
Aside from their major applications, they are often used as a tracer dye, e.g. to determine the rate and direction of flow and transport of water. Rhodamine dyes fluoresce and can thus be detected easily and inexpensively with instruments called fluorometers. Rhodamine dyes are used extensively in biotechnology applications such as fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and ELISA. Rhodamine 123 is used in biochemistry to inhibit mitochondrion function. Rhodamine 123 appears to bind to the mitochondrial membranes and inhibit transport processes, especially the electron transport chain, thus slowing down cellular respiration. It is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), which is usually overexpressed in cancer cells. Recent reports indicate that rhodamine 123 may also be a substrate of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), or more specifically, MRP1.
In addition to their major applications, rhodamines are used in dye laser as gain media.
Other derivatives
There are many rhodamine derivatives used for imaging purposes, for example Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA), tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) and its isothiocyanate derivative (T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klenow%20fragment | The Klenow fragment is a large protein fragment produced when DNA polymerase I from E. coli is enzymatically cleaved by the protease subtilisin. First reported in 1970, it retains the 5' → 3' polymerase activity and the 3’ → 5’ exonuclease activity for removal of precoding nucleotides and proofreading, but loses its 5' → 3' exonuclease activity.
The other smaller fragment formed when DNA polymerase I from E. coli is cleaved by subtilisin retains the 5' → 3' exonuclease activity but does not have the other two activities exhibited by the Klenow fragment (i.e. 5' → 3' polymerase activity, and 3' → 5' exonuclease activity).
Research
Because the 5' → 3' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I from E. coli makes it unsuitable for many applications, the Klenow fragment, which lacks this activity, can be very useful in research. The Klenow fragment is extremely useful for research-based tasks such as:
Synthesis of double-stranded DNA from single-stranded templates
Filling in receded 3' ends of DNA fragments to make 5' overhang blunt
Digesting away protruding 3' overhangs
Preparation of radioactive DNA probes
The Klenow fragment was also the original enzyme used for greatly amplifying segments of DNA in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process, before being replaced by thermostable enzymes such as Taq polymerase.
The exo- Klenow fragment
Just as the 5' → 3' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I from E.coli can be undesirable, the 3' → 5' exonuclease activity of Klen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner%E2%80%93Eckart%20theorem | The Wigner–Eckart theorem is a theorem of representation theory and quantum mechanics. It states that matrix elements of spherical tensor operators in the basis of angular momentum eigenstates can be expressed as the product of two factors, one of which is independent of angular momentum orientation, and the other a Clebsch–Gordan coefficient. The name derives from physicists Eugene Wigner and Carl Eckart, who developed the formalism as a link between the symmetry transformation groups of space (applied to the Schrödinger equations) and the laws of conservation of energy, momentum, and angular momentum.
Mathematically, the Wigner–Eckart theorem is generally stated in the following way. Given a tensor operator and two states of angular momenta and , there exists a constant such that for all , , and , the following equation is satisfied:
where
is the -th component of the spherical tensor operator of rank ,
denotes an eigenstate of total angular momentum and its z component ,
is the Clebsch–Gordan coefficient for coupling with to get ,
denotes some value that does not depend on , , nor and is referred to as the reduced matrix element.
The Wigner–Eckart theorem states indeed that operating with a spherical tensor operator of rank on an angular momentum eigenstate is like adding a state with angular momentum k to the state. The matrix element one finds for the spherical tensor operator is proportional to a Clebsch–Gordan coefficient, which arises when consider |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callus%20%28cell%20biology%29 | Plant callus (plural calluses or calli) is a growing mass of unorganized plant parenchyma cells. In living plants, callus cells are those cells that cover a plant wound. In biological research and biotechnology callus formation is induced from plant tissue samples (explants) after surface sterilization and plating onto tissue culture medium in vitro (in a closed culture vessel such as a Petri dish). The culture medium is supplemented with plant growth regulators, such as auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin, to initiate callus formation or somatic embryogenesis. Callus initiation has been described for all major groups of land plants.
Callus induction and tissue culture
Plant species representing all major land plant groups have been shown to be capable of producing callus in tissue culture. A callus cell culture is usually sustained on gel medium. Callus induction medium consists of agar and a mixture of macronutrients and micronutrients for the given cell type. There are several types of basal salt mixtures used in plant tissue culture, but most notably modified Murashige and Skoog medium, White's medium, and woody plant medium. Vitamins are also provided to enhance growth such as Gamborg B5 vitamins. For plant cells, enrichment with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is especially important. Plant callus is usually derived from somatic tissues. The tissues used to initiate callus formation depends on plant species and which tissues are available for explant cultur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTT%20assay | The MTT assay is a colorimetric assay for assessing cell metabolic activity. NAD(P)H-dependent cellular oxidoreductase enzymes may, under defined conditions, reflect the number of viable cells present. These enzymes are capable of reducing the tetrazolium dye MTT, which is chemically 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, to its insoluble formazan, which has a purple color. Other closely related tetrazolium dyes including XTT, MTS and the WSTs, are used in conjunction with the intermediate electron acceptor, 1-methoxy phenazine methosulfate (PMS). With WST-1, which is cell-impermeable, reduction occurs outside the cell via plasma membrane electron transport. However, this traditionally assumed explanation is currently contended as proof has also been found of MTT reduction to formazan in lipidic cellular structures without apparent involvement of oxidoreductases.
Tetrazolium dye assays can also be used to measure cytotoxicity (loss of viable cells) or cytostatic activity (shift from proliferation to quiescence) of potential medicinal agents and toxic materials. MTT assays are usually done in the dark since the MTT reagent is sensitive to light.
MTT and related tetrazolium salts
MTT, a yellow tetrazole, is reduced to purple formazan in living cells. A solubilization solution (usually either dimethyl sulfoxide, an acidified ethanol solution, or a solution of the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate in diluted hydrochloric acid) is added to dissolve the ins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASTA | FASTA is a DNA and protein sequence alignment software package first described by David J. Lipman and William R. Pearson in 1985. Its legacy is the FASTA format which is now ubiquitous in bioinformatics.
History
The original FASTA program was designed for protein sequence similarity searching. Because of the exponentially expanding genetic information and the limited speed and memory of computers in the 1980s heuristic methods were introduced aligning a query sequence to entire data-bases. FASTA, published in 1987, added the ability to do DNA:DNA searches, translated protein:DNA searches, and also provided a more sophisticated shuffling program for evaluating statistical significance. There are several programs in this package that allow the alignment of protein sequences and DNA sequences. Nowadays, increased computer performance makes it possible to perform searches for local alignment detection in a database using the Smith–Waterman algorithm.
FASTA is pronounced "fast A", and stands for "FAST-All", because it works with any alphabet, an extension of the original "FAST-P" (protein) and "FAST-N" (nucleotide) alignment tools.
Uses
The current FASTA package contains programs for protein:protein, DNA:DNA, protein:translated DNA (with frameshifts), and ordered or unordered peptide searches. Recent versions of the FASTA package include special translated search algorithms that correctly handle frameshift errors (which six-frame-translated searches do not handle very well) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruloplasmin | Ceruloplasmin (or caeruloplasmin) is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CP gene.
Ceruloplasmin is the major copper-carrying protein in the blood, and in addition plays a role in iron metabolism. It was first described in 1948. Another protein, hephaestin, is noted for its homology to ceruloplasmin, and also participates in iron and probably copper metabolism.
Function
Ceruloplasmin (CP) is an enzyme () synthesized in the liver containing 6 atoms of copper in its structure. Ceruloplasmin carries more than 95% of the total copper in healthy human plasma. The rest is accounted for by macroglobulins. Ceruloplasmin exhibits a copper-dependent oxidase activity, which is associated with possible oxidation of Fe2+ (ferrous iron) into Fe3+ (ferric iron), therefore assisting in its transport in the plasma in association with transferrin, which can carry iron only in the ferric state. The molecular weight of human ceruloplasmin is reported to be 151kDa.
Despite extensive research, much is still unknown about the exact functions of CP, most of the functions are attributed to CP focus on the presence of the Cu centers. These include copper transport to deliver the Cu to extrahepatic tissues, amine oxidase activity that controls the level of biogenic amines in intestinal fluids and plasma, removal of oxygen and other free radicals from plasma, and the export of iron from cells for transport through transferrin.
Mutations have been known to disrupt the binding of c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal | Retinal (also known as retinaldehyde) is a polyene chromophore. Retinal, bound to proteins called opsins, is the chemical basis of visual phototransduction, the light-detection stage of visual perception (vision).
Some microorganisms use retinal to convert light into metabolic energy. In fact, a recent study suggests most living organisms on our planet ~3 billion years ago used retinal to convert sunlight into energy rather than chlorophyll. Since retinal absorbs mostly green light and transmits purple light, this gave rise to the Purple Earth Hypothesis.
There are many forms of vitamin A — all of which are converted to retinal, which cannot be made without them. Retinal itself is considered to be a form of vitamin A when eaten by an animal. The number of different molecules that can be converted to retinal varies from species to species. Retinal was originally called retinene, and was renamed after it was discovered to be vitamin A aldehyde.
Vertebrate animals ingest retinal directly from meat, or they produce retinal from carotenoids — either from α-carotene or β-carotene — both of which are carotenes. They also produce it from β-cryptoxanthin, a type of xanthophyll. These carotenoids must be obtained from plants or other photosynthetic organisms. No other carotenoids can be converted by animals to retinal. Some carnivores cannot convert any carotenoids at all. The other main forms of vitamin A — retinol and a partially active form, retinoic acid — may both be produced f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling%27s%20ulcer | Curling's ulcer is an acute gastric erosion resulting as a complication from severe burns when reduced plasma volume leads to ischemia and cell necrosis (sloughing) of the gastric mucosa. The condition was first described in 1823 and named after Thomas Blizard Curling, who observed ten such patients in 1842.
These stress ulcers (actually shallow multiple erosions) were once a common complication of serious burns, presenting in over 10% of cases, and especially common in child burn victims. They result in perforation and hemorrhage more often than other forms of intestinal ulceration and had correspondingly high mortality rates (at least 80%).
A similar condition involving elevated intracranial pressure is known as Cushing's ulcer.
Treatment
While emergency surgery was once the only treatment, combination therapies including enteral feeding with powerful antacids such as H2-receptor antagonists or, more recently, proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole have made Curling's ulcer a rare complication.
See also
Cushing ulcer
References
External links
Duodenum disorders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond%20dust%20%28disambiguation%29 | Diamond dust is a meteorological phenomenon, also known as ice crystals.
Diamond dust may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
Books
Diamond Dust, an 1880 book by Jennie Fowler Willing
Sweet Diamond Dust: And Other Stories, a 1996 short story collection by Rosario Ferré
Diamond Dust and Other Stories, a 2000 short story collection by Anita Desai
Diamond Dust, a 2002 mystery by Peter Lovesey
Film
Diamond Dust (2018 film), a 2018 Egyptian film
Bleach: The DiamondDust Rebellion, the second animated film adaptation of the anime and manga series Bleach
Music
"Diamond Dust", a 1975 song by Jeff Beck from Blow by Blow
"Diamond Dust", a 2017 song by Way Out West from Tuesday Maybe
Other uses
Diamond dust, a wrestling maneuver innovated by Masato Tanaka
Diamond Dust, the codename of a nuclear test conducted as part of Operation Mandrel and Project Vela Uniform
Diamond Dust, glitter particles developed by artist Stuart Semple
See also
Diamond powder, small diamonds used as an abrasive |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbaki%E2%80%93Witt%20theorem | In mathematics, the Bourbaki–Witt theorem in order theory, named after Nicolas Bourbaki and Ernst Witt, is a basic fixed point theorem for partially ordered sets. It states that if X is a non-empty chain complete poset, and
such that
for all
then f has a fixed point. Such a function f is called inflationary or progressive.
Special case of a finite poset
If the poset X is finite then the statement of the theorem has a clear interpretation that leads to the proof. The sequence of successive iterates,
where x0 is any element of X, is monotone increasing. By the finiteness of X, it stabilizes:
for n sufficiently large.
It follows that x∞ is a fixed point of f.
Proof of the theorem
Pick some . Define a function K recursively on the ordinals as follows:
If is a limit ordinal, then by construction
is a chain in X. Define
This is now an increasing function from the ordinals into X. It cannot be strictly increasing, as if it were we would have an injective function from the ordinals into a set, violating Hartogs' lemma. Therefore the function must be eventually constant, so for some
that is,
So letting
we have our desired fixed point. Q.E.D.
Applications
The Bourbaki–Witt theorem has various important applications. One of the most common is in the proof that the axiom of choice implies Zorn's lemma. We first prove it for the case where X is chain complete and has no maximal element. Let g be a choice function on
Define a function
by
This is a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair%20basketball%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Paralympics | Wheelchair Basketball at the 2004 Summer Paralympics was staged in the Olympic Indoor Hall from September 18 to September 28.
Medalists
Source: Paralympic.org
Classification
Classification is an important element that will ensure athletes can compete in a fair situation.
A certain committee will give athletes who can take part in this sport an eight-level-score specific to basketball, ranging from 1 to 4.5. Lower scores represent a larger disability. The sum score of all players on the court cannot exceed 14.
Teams
Men's
Women's
Competition format
Teams consisted of twelve players, of whom five were on court at any one time. Each player was rated between 0.5 and 4.5 points based on the extent of their disability, with 4.5 representing the least physical limitation. The sum of the rates of all players on court at any time was limited to 14.5 points per team.
Games were played in four periods of ten minutes, with extra time periods of five minutes added as necessary to resolve a tied game.
See also
Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics
References
Wheelchair basketball
2004
International basketball competitions hosted by Greece
2004 in basketball
2004–05 in Greek basketball |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilevel%20security | Multilevel security or multiple levels of security (MLS) is the application of a computer system to process information with incompatible classifications (i.e., at different security levels), permit access by users with different security clearances and needs-to-know, and prevent users from obtaining access to information for which they lack authorization. There are two contexts for the use of multilevel security. One is to refer to a system that is adequate to protect itself from subversion and has robust mechanisms to separate information domains, that is, trustworthy. Another context is to refer to an application of a computer that will require the computer to be strong enough to protect itself from subversion and possess adequate mechanisms to separate information domains, that is, a system we must trust. This distinction is important because systems that need to be trusted are not necessarily trustworthy.
Trusted operating systems
An MLS operating environment often requires a highly trustworthy information processing system often built on an MLS operating system (OS), but not necessarily. Most MLS functionality can be supported by a system composed entirely from untrusted computers, although it requires multiple independent computers linked by hardware security-compliant channels (see section B.6.2 of the Trusted Network Interpretation, NCSC-TG-005). An example of hardware enforced MLS is asymmetric isolation. If one computer is being used in MLS mode, then that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20channel | Potassium channels are the most widely distributed type of ion channel found in virtually all organisms. They form potassium-selective pores that span cell membranes. Potassium channels are found in most cell types and control a wide variety of cell functions.
Function
Potassium channels function to conduct potassium ions down their electrochemical gradient, doing so both rapidly (up to the diffusion rate of K+ ions in bulk water) and selectively (excluding, most notably, sodium despite the sub-angstrom difference in ionic radius). Biologically, these channels act to set or reset the resting potential in many cells. In excitable cells, such as neurons, the delayed counterflow of potassium ions shapes the action potential.
By contributing to the regulation of the cardiac action potential duration in cardiac muscle, malfunction of potassium channels may cause life-threatening arrhythmias. Potassium channels may also be involved in maintaining vascular tone.
They also regulate cellular processes such as the secretion of hormones (e.g., insulin release from beta-cells in the pancreas) so their malfunction can lead to diseases (such as diabetes).
Some toxins, such as dendrotoxin, are potent because they block potassium channels.
Types
There are four major classes of potassium channels:
Calcium-activated potassium channel - open in response to the presence of calcium ions or other signalling molecules.
Inwardly rectifying potassium channel - passes current (positive charge) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiko%20Instruments | (SII) is a Japanese company, which develops and commercializes semiconductor, micromechatronics, and precision machining technologies. It is one of the business units of Seiko Group Corporation (f/k/a Seiko Holdings).
Headquartered in the Makuhari business district, Mihama-ku, Chiba City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan, the company manufactures and sells electronic components (crystal oscillators, micromechatronics devices, piezo inkjet printheads, microbatteries, supercapacitors), precision parts, analysis and measurement instruments, machine tools, factory automation systems, printers, etc.
In 1937, , literally the second workshop for manufacturing Seiko timepieces, was established in Kamedo, Kōtō, Tokyo as a spin-off of the watch manufacturing division from , so had been making the Seiko watches until 2020. The company changed its name to Seiko Instruments & Electronics Ltd. in 1983 and to the current name in 1997. Its Suwa Plant in Suwa, Nagano Prefecture spun off as in 1959 is now known as .
On January 26, 2009, Seiko Instruments and Seiko Holdings announced that the two companies will be merged on October 1, 2009 through a share swap. Seiko Instruments became a wholly owned subsidiary of Seiko Holdings on the date that had been announced before.
Seiko had delegated a large portion of the manufacturing in its watch business to SII. Watches manufactured by SII were sold through the Seiko Watch Corporation, a subsidiary of Seiko Holdings Corporation. On April 1, 2020, the co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumination | Illumination may refer to:
Science and technology
Illumination, an observable property and effect of light
Illumination (lighting), the use of light sources
Global illumination, algorithms used in 3D computer graphics
Spirituality and religion
Divine illumination, the process of human thought needs to be aided by divine grace
Illuminationism, c.q. Illuminationist philosophy, a doctrine according to which the process of human thought needs to be aided by divine grace
Divine light, an aspect of divine presence
Arts and media
Illuminations (short story collection) - a 2022 collection of short stories written by Alan Moore
Illumination (image), the use of light and shadow in art
Illuminated manuscript, the artistic decoration of hand-written texts
The Damnation of Theron Ware, a 1896 novel by Harold Frederic, first published in England as Illumination
Illuminations (poetry collection), by French poet Arthur Rimbaud
Music
Albums
Illumination!, 1964 album by the Elvin Jones/Jimmy Garrison Sextet
Illumination (Walter Davis, Jr. album), 1977 album by American jazz pianist Walter Davis, Jr.
Illumination (The Pastels album), 1997 album by the Scottish band The Pastels
Illumination (Paul Weller album), 2002 album by English singer Paul Weller
Illumination (Earth, Wind & Fire album), 2005 album by American R&B group Earth, Wind & Fire
Illumination (Robert Rich album), 2007
Illumination (Tristania album), 2007 album by Norwegian gothic metal band Tristania
Illumina |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point%20theorem | In mathematics, a fixed-point theorem is a result saying that a function F will have at least one fixed point (a point x for which F(x) = x), under some conditions on F that can be stated in general terms.
In mathematical analysis
The Banach fixed-point theorem (1922) gives a general criterion guaranteeing that, if it is satisfied, the procedure of iterating a function yields a fixed point.
By contrast, the Brouwer fixed-point theorem (1911) is a non-constructive result: it says that any continuous function from the closed unit ball in n-dimensional Euclidean space to itself must have a fixed point, but it doesn't describe how to find the fixed point (See also Sperner's lemma).
For example, the cosine function is continuous in [−1,1] and maps it into [−1, 1], and thus must have a fixed point. This is clear when examining a sketched graph of the cosine function; the fixed point occurs where the cosine curve y = cos(x) intersects the line y = x. Numerically, the fixed point (known as the Dottie number) is approximately x = 0.73908513321516 (thus x = cos(x) for this value of x).
The Lefschetz fixed-point theorem (and the Nielsen fixed-point theorem) from algebraic topology is notable because it gives, in some sense, a way to count fixed points.
There are a number of generalisations to Banach fixed-point theorem and further; these are applied in PDE theory. See fixed-point theorems in infinite-dimensional spaces.
The collage theorem in fractal compression proves that, fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptophysin | Synaptophysin, also known as the major synaptic vesicle protein p38, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYP gene.
Genomics
The gene is located on the short arm of X chromosome (Xp11.23-p11.22). It is 12,406 bases in length and lies on the minus strand. The encoded protein has 313 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 33.845 kDa.
Molecular biology
The protein is a synaptic vesicle glycoprotein with four transmembrane domains weighing 38 kDa. It is present in neuroendocrine cells and in virtually all neurons in the brain and spinal cord that participate in synaptic transmission. It acts as a marker for neuroendocrine tumors, and its ubiquity at the synapse has led to the use of synaptophysin immunostaining for quantification of synapses.
The exact function of the protein is unknown: it interacts with the essential synaptic vesicle protein synaptobrevin, but when the synaptophysin gene is experimentally inactivated in animals, they still develop and function normally. Recent research has shown, however, that elimination of synaptophysin in mice creates behavioral changes such as increased exploratory behavior, impaired object novelty recognition, and reduced spatial learning.
Clinical importance
This gene has been implicated in X-linked intellectual disability.
Using immunohistochemistry, synaptophysin can be demonstrated in a range of neural and neuroendocrine tissues, including cells of the adrenal medulla and pancreatic islets. As a specific |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auer%20rod | Auer rods (or Auer bodies) are large, crystalline cytoplasmic inclusion bodies sometimes observed in myeloid blast cells during acute myeloid leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, high-grade myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative disorders. Composed of fused lysosomes and rich in lysosomal enzymes, Auer rods are azurophilic and can resemble needles, commas, diamonds, rectangles, corkscrews, or (rarely) granules.
Eponym
Although Auer rods are named for American physiologist John Auer, they were first described in 1905 by Canadian physician Thomas McCrae, then at Johns Hopkins Hospital, as Auer himself acknowledged in his 1906 paper. Both McCrae and Auer mistakenly thought that the cells containing the rods were lymphoblasts.
Additional images
References
External links
Image at NIH/MedlinePlus
Slides at wadsworth.org
Image at University of Utah
Leukemia
Histopathology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regge%20calculus | In general relativity, Regge calculus is a formalism for producing simplicial approximations of spacetimes that are solutions to the Einstein field equation. The calculus was introduced by the Italian theoretician Tullio Regge in 1961.
Overview
The starting point for Regge's work is the fact that every four dimensional time orientable Lorentzian manifold admits a triangulation into simplices. Furthermore, the spacetime curvature can be expressed in terms of deficit angles associated with 2-faces where arrangements of 4-simplices meet. These 2-faces play the same role as the vertices where arrangements of triangles meet in a triangulation of a 2-manifold, which is easier to visualize. Here a vertex with a positive angular deficit represents a concentration of positive Gaussian curvature, whereas a vertex with a negative angular deficit represents a concentration of negative Gaussian curvature.
The deficit angles can be computed directly from the various edge lengths in the triangulation, which is equivalent to saying that the Riemann curvature tensor can be computed from the metric tensor of a Lorentzian manifold. Regge showed that the vacuum field equations can be reformulated as a restriction on these deficit angles. He then showed how this can be applied to evolve an initial spacelike hyperslice according to the vacuum field equation.
The result is that, starting with a triangulation of some spacelike hyperslice (which must itself satisfy a certain constraint equat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20shuttle | An air shuttle is a scheduled airline service on short routes with a simplified fare and class structure. No exact definition exists, but the frequency is usually an hour or less and travel time is typically an hour or less. Network airlines may operate shuttle services as one-class or no-frill services, similar to low-cost airlines.
Some shuttles are established by governments, businesses, or organizations which require a high level of service in an otherwise thin corridor. For example, the Federal Aviation Administration's William J. Hughes Technical Center in Atlantic City, New Jersey operates an air shuttle to ferry FAA employees to and from Reagan National Airport (DCA) near Washington, DC four days a week.
Certain markets support commercial shuttles. The pioneer service was the Rio de Janeiro-São Paulo air bridge in Brazil which began 5 July 1959. Other early services include the Eastern Air Shuttle, inaugurated in 1961, which offered no-frills, hourly flights connecting LaGuardia Airport in New York City with Washington National Airport and Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts.
Air shuttles increasingly face competition from high-speed rail and many airlines withdraw from the market or reduce service shortly after competing high-speed rail services start.
Present-day commercial air shuttle services include:
Aeroflot has a frequent service between the cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg in Russia. It is now increasingly competing with Sapsan serv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient%20of%20variation | In probability theory and statistics, the coefficient of variation (CV), also known as Normalized Root-Mean-Square Deviation (NRMSD), Percent RMS, and relative standard deviation (RSD), is a standardized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution or frequency distribution. It is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean (or its absolute value, , and often expressed as a percentage ("%RSD"). The CV or RSD is widely used in analytical chemistry to express the precision and repeatability of an assay. It is also commonly used in fields such as engineering or physics when doing quality assurance studies and ANOVA gauge R&R, by economists and investors in economic models, and in psychology/neuroscience.
Definition
The coefficient of variation (CV) is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean ,
It shows the extent of variability in relation to the mean of the population.
The coefficient of variation should be computed only for data measured on scales that have a meaningful zero (ratio scale) and hence allow relative comparison of two measurements (i.e., division of one measurement by the other). The coefficient of variation may not have any meaning for data on an interval scale. For example, most temperature scales (e.g., Celsius, Fahrenheit etc.) are interval scales with arbitrary zeros, so the computed coefficient of variation would be different depending on the scale used. On the other hand, Kelvin temperature has a meaningful zer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer%20drug | A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests. Designer drugs include psychoactive substances that have been designated by the European Union as new psychoactive substances (NPS) as well as analogs of performance-enhancing drugs such as designer steroids. Some of these were originally synthesized by academic or industrial researchers in an effort to discover more potent derivatives with fewer side effects and shorter duration (and possibly also because it is easier to apply for patents for new molecules) and were later co-opted for recreational use. Other designer drugs were prepared for the first time in clandestine laboratories. Because the efficacy and safety of these substances have not been thoroughly evaluated in animal and human trials, the use of some of these drugs may result in unexpected side effects.
The development of designer drugs may be considered a subfield of drug design. The exploration of modifications to known active drugs—such as their structural analogues, stereoisomers and derivatives—yields drugs that may differ significantly in effects from their "parent" drug (e.g., showing increased potency, or decreased side effects). In some instances, designer drugs have similar effects to other known drugs, but have completely dissimilar chemical structures (e.g. JWH- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Dorman | Andrew Dorman (born 1 May 1982) is a former professional footballer. During his club career, he played for New England Revolution, Crystal Palace and St. Mirren. Born in England, represented the Wales national team.
Born in England of English parents, he grew up in Wales and represented the Wales schools team, eventually gaining full senior international recognition when FIFA amended its rules on eligibility. He has played professionally in the United States, Scotland, and England.
College
Dorman moved to the United States to attend Boston University, where he was a standout for the school's college soccer team.
Club career
New England
After graduating, Dorman was drafted 58th overall in the 2004 MLS SuperDraft by the New England Revolution, and succeeded in making the team's 2004 developmental roster. Dorman made his debut for New England, coming on for Daouda Kanté in a late minutes, in a 3–1 loss against San Jose Earthquakes on 17 April 2004. In his first season with the Revs, Dorman clocked only 365 minutes, but scored two goals and an assist in that time, evincing an attacking flair.
The 2006 season was a break-out year for Dorman, as he played in all 32 games for the Revs, scoring 6 goals and assisting on 10 others. During a season when many Revolution players missed time due to injury, suspension, or international duty, Dorman was forced to play many roles and positions. His diligence and creativity on the attack gained the attention and respect of many around the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidimensional%20analysis | In statistics, econometrics and related fields, multidimensional analysis (MDA) is a data analysis process that groups data into two categories: data dimensions and measurements. For example, a data set consisting of the number of wins for a single football team at each of several years is a single-dimensional (in this case, longitudinal) data set. A data set consisting of the number of wins for several football teams in a single year is also a single-dimensional (in this case, cross-sectional) data set. A data set consisting of the number of wins for several football teams over several years is a two-dimensional data set.
Higher dimensions
In many disciplines, two-dimensional data sets are also called panel data. While, strictly speaking, two- and higher-dimensional data sets are "multi-dimensional", the term "multidimensional" tends to be applied only to data sets with three or more dimensions. For example, some forecast data sets provide forecasts for multiple target periods, conducted by multiple forecasters, and made at multiple horizons. The three dimensions provide more information than can be gleaned from two-dimensional panel data sets.
Software
Computer software for MDA include Online analytical processing (OLAP) for data in relational databases, pivot tables for data in spreadsheets, and Array DBMSs for general multi-dimensional data (such as raster data) in science, engineering, and business.
See also
MultiDimensional eXpressions (MDX)
Multidimensional panel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmark-beta%20method | The Newmark-beta method is a method of numerical integration used to solve certain differential equations. It is widely used in numerical evaluation of the dynamic response of structures and solids such as in finite element analysis to model dynamic systems. The method is named after Nathan M. Newmark, former Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, who developed it in 1959 for use in structural dynamics. The semi-discretized structural equation is a second order ordinary differential equation system,
here is the mass matrix, is the damping matrix, and are internal force per unit displacement and external forces, respectively.
Using the extended mean value theorem, the Newmark- method states that the first time derivative (velocity in the equation of motion) can be solved as,
where
therefore
Because acceleration also varies with time, however, the extended mean value theorem must also be extended to the second time derivative to obtain the correct displacement. Thus,
where again
The discretized structural equation becomes
Explicit central difference scheme is obtained by setting and
Average constant acceleration (Middle point rule) is obtained by setting and
Stability Analysis
A time-integration scheme is said to be stable if there exists an integration time-step so that for any , a finite variation of the state vector at time induces only a non-increasing variation of the state-vector calculated at a subseque |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecQ%20helicase | RecQ helicase is a family of helicase enzymes initially found in Escherichia coli that has been shown to be important in genome maintenance. They function through catalyzing the reaction ATP + H2O → ADP + P and thus driving the unwinding of paired DNA and translocating in the 3' to 5' direction. These enzymes can also drive the reaction NTP + H2O → NDP + P to drive the unwinding of either DNA or RNA.
Function
In prokaryotes RecQ is necessary for plasmid recombination and DNA repair from UV-light, free radicals, and alkylating agents. This protein can also reverse damage from replication errors. In eukaryotes, replication does not proceed normally in the absence of RecQ proteins, which also function in aging, silencing, recombination and DNA repair.
Structure
RecQ family members share three regions of conserved protein sequence referred to as the:
N-terminal – Helicase
middle – RecQ-conserved (RecQ-Ct) and
C-terminal – Helicase-and-RNase-D C-terminal (HRDC) domains.
The removal of the N-terminal residues (Helicase and, RecQ-Ct domains) impairs both helicase and ATPase activity but has no effect on the binding ability of RecQ implying that the N-terminus functions as the catalytic end. Truncations of the C-terminus (HRDC domain) compromise the binding ability of RecQ but not the catalytic function. The importance of RecQ in cellular functions is exemplified by human diseases, which all lead to genomic instability and a predisposition to cancer.
Clinical significance
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAPACK | LAPACK ("Linear Algebra Package") is a standard software library for numerical linear algebra. It provides routines for solving systems of linear equations and linear least squares, eigenvalue problems, and singular value decomposition. It also includes routines to implement the associated matrix factorizations such as LU, QR, Cholesky and Schur decomposition. LAPACK was originally written in FORTRAN 77, but moved to Fortran 90 in version 3.2 (2008). The routines handle both real and complex matrices in both single and double precision. LAPACK relies on an underlying BLAS implementation to provide efficient and portable computational building blocks for its routines.
LAPACK was designed as the successor to the linear equations and linear least-squares routines of LINPACK and the eigenvalue routines of EISPACK. LINPACK, written in the 1970s and 1980s, was designed to run on the then-modern vector computers with shared memory. LAPACK, in contrast, was designed to effectively exploit the caches on modern cache-based architectures and the instruction-level parallelism of modern superscalar processors, and thus can run orders of magnitude faster than LINPACK on such machines, given a well-tuned BLAS implementation. LAPACK has also been extended to run on distributed memory systems in later packages such as ScaLAPACK and PLAPACK.
Netlib LAPACK is licensed under a three-clause BSD style license, a permissive free software license with few restrictions.
Naming scheme
Subroutines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverage%20antenna | The Beverage antenna or "wave antenna" is a long-wire receiving antenna mainly used in the low frequency and medium frequency radio bands, invented by Harold H. Beverage in 1921. It is used by amateur radio, shortwave listening, and longwave radio DXers and military applications.
A Beverage antenna consists of a horizontal wire from one-half to several wavelengths long (tens to hundreds of meters; yards at HF to several kilometres; miles for longwave) suspended above the ground, with the feedline to the receiver attached to one end, and the other end of the wire terminated through a resistor to ground. The antenna has a unidirectional radiation pattern with the main lobe of the pattern at a shallow angle into the sky off the resistor-terminated end, making it ideal for reception of long distance skywave (skip) transmissions from stations over the horizon which reflect off the ionosphere. However the antenna must be built so the wire points in the direction of the transmitter(s) to be received.
The advantages of the Beverage are excellent directivity, a wider bandwidth than resonant antennas, and a strong ability to receive distant and overseas transmitters. Its disadvantages are its physical size, requiring considerable land area, and inability to rotate to change the direction of reception. Installations often use multiple Beverage antennas to provide wide azimuth coverage.
History
Harold Beverage experimented with receiving antennas similar to the Beverage antenna i |
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