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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20machinery | Hydraulic machines use liquid fluid power to perform work. Heavy construction vehicles are a common example. In this type of machine, hydraulic fluid is pumped to various hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders throughout the machine and becomes pressurized according to the resistance present. The fluid is controlled directly or automatically by control valves and distributed through hoses, tubes, or pipes.
Hydraulic systems, like pneumatic systems, are based on Pascal's law which states that any pressure applied to a fluid inside a closed system will transmit that pressure equally everywhere and in all directions. A hydraulic system uses an incompressible liquid as its fluid, rather than a compressible gas.
The popularity of hydraulic machinery is due to the very large amount of power that can be transferred through small tubes and flexible hoses, the high power density and a wide array of actuators that can make use of this power, and the huge multiplication of forces that can be achieved by applying pressures over relatively large areas. One drawback, compared to machines using gears and shafts, is that any transmission of power results in some losses due to resistance of fluid flow through the piping.
History
Joseph Bramah patented the hydraulic press in 1795. While working at Bramah's shop, Henry Maudslay suggested a cup leather packing. Because it produced superior results, the hydraulic press eventually displaced the steam hammer for metal forging.
To supply large |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman%E2%80%93Mandula%20theorem | In theoretical physics, the Coleman–Mandula theorem is a no-go theorem stating that spacetime and internal symmetries can only combine in a trivial way. This means that the charges associated with internal symmetries must always transform as Lorentz scalars. Some notable exceptions to the no-go theorem are conformal symmetry and supersymmetry. It is named after Sidney Coleman and Jeffrey Mandula who proved it in 1967 as the culmination of a series of increasingly generalized no-go theorems investigating how internal symmetries can be combined with spacetime symmetries. The supersymmetric generalization is known as the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem.
History
In the early 1960s, the global symmetry associated with the eightfold way was shown to successfully describe the hadron spectrum for hadrons of the same spin. This led to efforts to expand the global symmetry to a larger symmetry mixing both flavour and spin, an idea similar to that previously considered in nuclear physics by Eugene Wigner in 1937 for an symmetry. This non-relativistic model united vector and pseudoscalar mesons of different spin into a 35-dimensional multiplet and it also united the two baryon decuplets into a 56-dimensional multiplet. While this was reasonably successful in describing various aspects of the hadron spectrum, from the perspective of quantum chromodynamics this success is merely a consequence of the flavour and spin independence of the force between quarks. There were many attempts |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-go%20theorem | In theoretical physics, a no-go theorem is a theorem that states that a particular situation is not physically possible. Specifically, the term describes results in quantum mechanics like Bell's theorem and the Kochen–Specker theorem that constrain the permissible types of hidden variable theories which try to explain the apparent randomness of quantum mechanics as a deterministic model featuring hidden states.
Instances of no-go theorems
Full descriptions of the no-go theorems named below are given in other articles linked to their names. A few of them are broad, general categories under which several theorems fall. Other names are broad and general-sounding but only refer to a single theorem.
Classical electrodynamics
Antidynamo theorems is a general category of theorems that restrict the type of magnetic fields that can be produced by dynamo action.
Earnshaw's theorem states that a collection of point charges cannot be maintained in a stable stationary equilibrium configuration solely by the electrostatic interaction of the charges.
Non-relativistic quantum Mechanics and quantum information
Bell's theorem
Kochen–Specker theorem
PBR theorem
No-hiding theorem
No-cloning theorem
Quantum no-deleting theorem
No-teleportation theorem
No-broadcast theorem
The no-communication theorem in quantum information theory gives conditions under which instantaneous transfer of information between two observers is impossible.
No-programming theorem
Quantum field theory and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey%20Mandula | Jeffrey Ellis Mandula (born 1941 in New York City) is a physicist well known for the Coleman–Mandula theorem from 1967. He got his Ph.D. 1966 under Sidney Coleman at Harvard University. Thereafter he was a professor of applied mathematics at MIT and then of physics at Washington University in St. Louis. Today, he is responsible for the funding of science in the U.S. Department of Energy.
References
A timeline of mathematics and theoretical physics 1967 at superstringtheory.com
Federal Grants Alert: August 30, 2000 (Department of Energy (DOE)) at U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC 20515
21st-century American physicists
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Washington University physicists
Washington University in St. Louis mathematicians
Harvard University alumni
1941 births
Living people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCX | DCX may refer to:
Science and technology
McDonnell Douglas DC-X, an uncrewed prototype spacecraft
Digital customer experience
DCX (gene), which encodes the protein doublecortin
.dcx (DCX), a document image format, the Multipage PCX
610 (number) (Roman numerals)
Other uses
Dixie Chicks, an alternative-country band
Delta Chi Xi, an honorary professional fraternity
DCX (band), a Finnish electro dance music group
Brocade Communications Systems Backbone network switch
See also
DC10 (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20automaton | A continuous automaton can be described as a cellular automaton extended so the valid states a cell can take are not just discrete (for example, the states consist of integers between 0 and 3), but continuous, for example, the real number range [0,1]. The cells however remain discretely separated from each other. One example is called computational verb cellular network (CVCN), of which the states of cells are in the region of [0,1].
Such automata can be used to model certain physical reactions more closely, such as diffusion. One such diffusion model could conceivably consist of a transition function based on the average values of the neighbourhood of the cell. Many implementations of Finite Element Analysis can be thought of as continuous automata, though this degree of abstraction away from the physics of the problem is probably inappropriate.
Continuous spatial automata resemble continuous automata in having continuous values, but they also have a continuous set of locations rather than restricting the values to a discrete grid of cells.
See also
Continuous spatial automaton
Cellular automaton
Reference notes
Cellular automata |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiboreal | Hemiboreal means halfway between the temperate and subarctic (or boreal) zones. The term is most frequently used in the context of climates and ecosystems.
Botany
A hemiboreal forest has some characteristics of a boreal forest to the north, and also shares features with temperate-zone forests to the south. Coniferous trees predominate in the hemiboreal zone, but a significant number of deciduous species, such as aspens, oaks, maples, ash trees, birches, beeches, hazels, and hornbeams, also take root here.
Climate
The term sometimes denotes the form of climate characteristic of the zone of hemiboreal forests—specifically, the climates designated Dfb, Dwb and Dsb in the Köppen climate classification scheme. On occasion, it is applied to all areas that have long, cold winters and warm (but not hot) summers—which also including areas that are semiarid(BS) and arid(BW) based on average annual precipitation. It can also be applied to some areas with a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc), particularly those with continental climate characteristics.
Examples
Examples of locations with hemiboreal climates or ecosystems include:
Much of southern Canada (all of southeastern Canada except for parts of southern Ontario as well as the central Prairie Provinces outside the grasslands)
Within the United States: most parts of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, along with eastern North Dakota and the Adirondacks of New York State and Northern New England. Also, many mountain areas in the w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2%20phase | {{DISPLAYTITLE:G2 phase}}
G2 phase, Gap 2 phase, or Growth 2 phase, is the third subphase of interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding mitosis. It follows the successful completion of S phase, during which the cell’s DNA is replicated. G2 phase ends with the onset of prophase, the first phase of mitosis in which the cell’s chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
G2 phase is a period of rapid cell growth and protein synthesis during which the cell prepares itself for mitosis. Curiously, G2 phase is not a necessary part of the cell cycle, as some cell types (particularly young Xenopus embryos and some cancers) proceed directly from DNA replication to mitosis. Though much is known about the genetic network which regulates G2 phase and subsequent entry into mitosis, there is still much to be discovered concerning its significance and regulation, particularly in regards to cancer. One hypothesis is that the growth in G2 phase is regulated as a method of cell size control. Fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) has been previously shown to employ such a mechanism, via Cdr2-mediated spatial regulation of Wee1 activity. Though Wee1 is a fairly conserved negative regulator of mitotic entry, no general mechanism of cell size control in G2 has yet been elucidated.
Biochemically, the end of G2 phase occurs when a threshold level of active cyclin B1/CDK1 complex, also known as Maturation promoting factor (MPF) has been reached. The activity of this complex is tightly regulated d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylate%20kinase | Adenylate kinase (EC 2.7.4.3) (also known as ADK or myokinase) is a phosphotransferase enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of the various adenosine phosphates (ATP, ADP, and AMP). By constantly monitoring phosphate nucleotide levels inside the cell, ADK plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis.
Substrate and products
The reaction catalyzed is:
ATP + AMP ⇔ 2 ADP
The equilibrium constant varies with condition, but it is close to 1. Thus, ΔGo for this reaction is close to zero. In muscle from a variety of species of vertebrates and invertebrates, the concentration of ATP is typically 7-10 times that of ADP, and usually greater than 100 times that of AMP. The rate of oxidative phosphorylation is controlled by the availability of ADP. Thus, the mitochondrion attempts to keep ATP levels high due to the combined action of adenylate kinase and the controls on oxidative phosphorylation.
Isozymes
To date there have been nine human ADK protein isoforms identified. While some of these are ubiquitous throughout the body, some are localized into specific tissues. For example, ADK7 and ADK8 are both only found in the cytosol of cells; and ADK7 is found in skeletal muscle whereas ADK8 is not. Not only do the locations of the various isoforms within the cell vary, but the binding of substrate to the enzyme and kinetics of the phosphoryl transfer are different as well. ADK1, the most abundant cytosolic ADK isozyme, has a Km about a thousand times higher than the K |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species%20%28disambiguation%29 | A species is one of the basic units of biological classification.
Species may also refer to:
Films
The Species film series
Species (franchise)
Species (film), a 1995 science fiction/horror film
Species II, the sequel to Species
Species III, a direct-to-video sequel
Species: The Awakening, a Sci-Fi channel direct-to-video sequel
Music
Species (EP) by Japanese metal band Crossfaith
Species counterpoint, a way of teaching Counterpoint.
Other
Cloud species, in meteorology, the taxonomic rank below the genus level of cloud classification
Chemical species, a common name for atoms, molecules, molecular fragments, ions, etc.
Combinatorial species, an abstract, systematic method for analysing discrete structures in terms of generating functions
Mineral species, minerals that differ in chemical composition and/or crystal structure
Species, the forms (bread and wine) of the Eucharist, especially in discussion of transubstantiation
See also
Species problem, a mixture of difficult, related questions that often come up when biologists identify species
Specie (disambiguation), an unrelated term used to refer to coins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sackur%E2%80%93Tetrode%20equation | The Sackur–Tetrode equation is an expression for the entropy of a monatomic ideal gas.
It is named for Hugo Martin Tetrode (1895–1931) and Otto Sackur (1880–1914), who developed it independently as a solution of Boltzmann's gas statistics and entropy equations, at about the same time in 1912.
Formula
The Sackur–Tetrode equation expresses the entropy of a monatomic ideal gas in terms of its thermodynamic state—specifically, its volume , internal energy , and the number of particles :
where is the Boltzmann constant, is the mass of a gas particle and is the Planck constant.
The equation can also be expressed in terms of the thermal wavelength :
For a derivation of the Sackur–Tetrode equation, see the Gibbs paradox. For the constraints placed upon the entropy of an ideal gas by thermodynamics alone, see the ideal gas article.
The above expressions assume that the gas is in the classical regime and is described by Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics (with "correct Boltzmann counting"). From the definition of the thermal wavelength, this means the Sackur–Tetrode equation is valid only when
The entropy predicted by the Sackur–Tetrode equation approaches negative infinity as the temperature approaches zero.
Sackur–Tetrode constant
The Sackur–Tetrode constant, written S0/R, is equal to S/kBN evaluated at a temperature of T = 1 kelvin, at standard pressure (100 kPa or 101.325 kPa, to be specified), for one mole of an ideal gas composed of particles of mass equal to the atomic mas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeckendorf%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Zeckendorf's theorem, named after Belgian amateur mathematician Edouard Zeckendorf, is a theorem about the representation of integers as sums of Fibonacci numbers.
Zeckendorf's theorem states that every positive integer can be represented uniquely as the sum of one or more distinct Fibonacci numbers in such a way that the sum does not include any two consecutive Fibonacci numbers. More precisely, if is any positive integer, there exist positive integers , with , such that
where is the th Fibonacci number. Such a sum is called the Zeckendorf representation of . The Fibonacci coding of can be derived from its Zeckendorf representation.
For example, the Zeckendorf representation of 64 is
.
There are other ways of representing 64 as the sum of Fibonacci numbers
but these are not Zeckendorf representations because 34 and 21 are consecutive Fibonacci numbers, as are 5 and 3.
For any given positive integer, its Zeckendorf representation can be found by using a greedy algorithm, choosing the largest possible Fibonacci number at each stage.
History
While the theorem is named after the eponymous author who published his paper in 1972, the same result had been published 20 years earlier by Gerrit Lekkerkerker. As such, the theorem is an example of Stigler's Law of Eponymy.
Proof
Zeckendorf's theorem has two parts:
Existence: every positive integer has a Zeckendorf representation.
Uniqueness: no positive integer has two different Zeckendorf repres |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%202-antiplasmin | Alpha 2-antiplasmin (or α2-antiplasmin or plasmin inhibitor) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) responsible for inactivating plasmin. Plasmin is an important enzyme that participates in fibrinolysis and degradation of various other proteins. This protein is encoded by the SERPINF2 gene.
Role in disease
Very few cases (<20) of A2AP deficiency have been described. As plasmin degrades blood clots, impaired inhibition of plasmin leads to a bleeding tendency, which was severe in the cases reported.
In liver cirrhosis, there is decreased production of alpha 2-antiplasmin, leading to decreased inactivation of plasmin and an increase in fibrinolysis. This is associated with an increase risk of bleeding in liver disease.
Interactions
Alpha 2-antiplasmin has been shown to interact with:
Neutrophil elastase and
Plasmin.
See also
Serpin
References
Further reading
External links
The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: I04.023
Serine protease inhibitors
Fibrinolytic system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obidoxime | Obidoxime is a member of the oxime family used to treat organophosphate poisoning. Oximes are drugs known for their ability to reverse the binding of organophosphorus compounds to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
AChE is an enzyme that removes acetylcholine from the synapse after it creates the required stimulation on the next nerve cell. If it gets inhibited, acetylcholine is not removed after the stimulation and multiple stimulations are made, resulting in muscle contractions and paralysis.
Organophosphates (such as nerve gases are well-known inhibitors of AChE. They bind to a specific place on the enzyme and prevent it from functioning normally by changing the OH group on the serine residue and by protonating (quaternary nitrogen, R4N+) the nearby nitrogen atom located in the histidine residue.
Function
Oximes such as obidoxime, pralidoxime and asoxime (HI-6) are used to restore enzyme functionality. They have greater affinity for the organic phosphate residue than the enzyme and they remove the phosphate group, restore the OH to serine and turn nitrogen from histidine back into its R3N form (tertiary nitrogen). This results in full enzyme recovery and the phosphate-oxime compound is eliminated from the organism via urine. Obidoxime is more potent than pralidoxime and diacetyl-monoxime.
Side effects
Oximes like these do have side effects and they include liver damage, kidney damage, nausea, vomiting, but they are very efficient antidotes to nerve gas poisoning |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinomial | Multinomial may refer to:
Multinomial theorem, and the multinomial coefficient
Multinomial distribution
Multinomial logistic regression
Multinomial test
Multi-index notation
Polynomial |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language%20classification | In linguistics, language classification is the grouping of related languages into the same category. There are two main kinds of language classification: genealogical and typological classification.
Genealogical (or genetic) classification
Languages are grouped by diachronic relatedness into language families. In other words, languages are grouped based on how they were developed and evolved throughout history, with languages which descended from a common ancestor being grouped into the same language family.
Typological classification
Languages are grouped by their structural and functional features.
See also
Genetic relationship
List of language families
References
Language
Linguistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical%20acoustics | Musical acoustics or music acoustics is a multidisciplinary field that combines knowledge from physics, psychophysics, organology (classification of the instruments), physiology, music theory, ethnomusicology, signal processing and instrument building, among other disciplines. As a branch of acoustics, it is concerned with researching and describing the physics of music – how sounds are employed to make music. Examples of areas of study are the function of musical instruments, the human voice (the physics of speech and singing), computer analysis of melody, and in the clinical use of music in music therapy.
The pioneer of music acoustics was Hermann von Helmholtz, a German polymath of the 19th century who was an influential physician, physicist, physiologist, musician, mathematician and philosopher. His book On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music is a revolutionary compendium of several studies and approaches that provided a complete new perspective to music theory, musical performance, music psychology and the physical behaviour of musical instruments.
Methods and fields of study
The physics of musical instruments
Frequency range of music
Fourier analysis
Computer analysis of musical structure
Synthesis of musical sounds
Music cognition, based on physics (also known as psychoacoustics)
Physical aspects
Whenever two different pitches are played at the same time, their sound waves interact with each other – the highs and lows in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Psychopharmacology%20Algorithm%20Project | The International Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project (IPAP) is a non-profit corporation whose purpose is to "enable, enhance, and propagate" use of algorithms for the treatment of some Axis I psychiatric disorders.
Kenneth O Jobson founded the Project. The Dean Foundation provides funding.
IPAP has organized and supported several international conferences on psychopharmacology algorithms. It has also supported the creation of several algorithms based on expert opinion. It is now in the process of creating "evidence-based algorithms," that is algorithms created by experts and annotated with the evidence that leads to these algorithms. A schizophrenia algorithm has been created and one on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was released in July 2005. A general anxiety disorder (GAD) algorithm was released in 2006. Periodic updates of the algorithms are released as the basis of evidence changes. In addition, the algorithms are being translated into various non-English languages (Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, and Thai) as the availability of translators permits.
References
External links
Psychiatry organizations
Biostatistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-IV%20codes | DSM-IV codes are the classification found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision, also known as DSM-IV-TR, a manual published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that includes almost all currently recognized mental health disorders. The DSM-IV codes are thus used by mental health professionals to describe the features of a given mental disorder and indicate how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems.
The coding system utilized by the DSM-IV is designed to correspond with codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, commonly referred to as the ICD-9-CM. Since early versions of the DSM did not correlate with ICD codes and updates of the publications for the ICD and the DSM are not simultaneous, some distinctions in the coding systems may still be present. For this reason, it is recommended that users of these manuals consult the appropriate reference when accessing diagnostic codes
NOS is an abbreviation for Not Otherwise Specified, indicating a cluster of symptoms that do not clearly fit in any single diagnostic category. NOS is often a provisional diagnosis pending additional information or testing.
For an alphabetical list, see DSM-IV codes (alphabetical).
Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence
Mental retardation
317 Mild mental retardation
318.0 Moderate mental retardation
318.1 Severe mental retard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20802.22 | IEEE 802.22, is a standard for wireless regional area network (WRAN) using white spaces in the television (TV) frequency spectrum.
The development of the IEEE 802.22 WRAN standard is aimed at using cognitive radio (CR) techniques to allow sharing of geographically unused spectrum allocated to the television broadcast service, on a non-interfering basis, to bring broadband access to hard-to-reach, low population density areas, typical of rural environments, and is therefore timely and has the potential for a wide applicability worldwide. It is the first worldwide effort to define a standardized air interface based on CR techniques for the opportunistic use of TV bands on a non-interfering basis.
IEEE 802.22 WRANs are designed to operate in the TV broadcast bands while assuring that no harmful interference is caused to the incumbent operation: digital TV and analog TV broadcasting, and low power licensed devices such as wireless microphones.
The standard was expected to be finalized in Q1 2010, but was finally published in July 2011.
IEEE P802.22.1 is a related standard being developed to enhance harmful interference protection for low power licensed devices operating in TV Broadcast Bands..
IEEE P802.22.2 is a recommended practice for the installation and deployment of IEEE 802.22 Systems.
IEEE 802.22 WG is a working group of IEEE 802 LAN/MAN standards committee which was chartered to write the 802.22 standard. The two 802.22 task groups (TG1 and TG2) are writing 802.22.1 a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEL | TEL or Tel may refer to:
Businesses and organisations
Tokyo Electron, a semiconductor equipment manufacturer
TE Connectivity, a technology company, NYSE stock ticker TEL
The European Library, an Internet service
Places
Tel, Azerbaijan
Tel River, in Orissa, India
Tell (archaeology), the term for an artificial mound or hill that developed over an archaeological site
Science and technology
Technology-Enhanced Learning
Tetraethyllead, a gasoline additive to make leaded gasoline
ETV6, previously known as TEL, a gene
Transporter erector launcher, a mobile missile launch platform
Tolman electronic parameter, a property of ligands
tel, a URI scheme for telephone numbers
.tel, an internet top-level domain
tel, a parameter in the hCard microformat
Other uses
Tell (archaeology), or tel, a type of archaeological mound created by human occupation
Test of Economic Literacy, a standardized test of economics
Thomson–East Coast MRT line, a mass rapid transit line in Singapore
Telescopium, a minor constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere
Telugu language, ISO 639-2/3 language code tel
See also
Tell (disambiguation)
El Tel, nickname for Terry Venables, English football manager |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20drawing | Line drawing may mean:
Line art, a style of two-dimensional art featuring only two, unshaded, contrasting colors
Line drawing algorithm, in computer graphics
See also
Box-drawing character, also known as a line-drawing character |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-probability-of-intercept%20radar | A low-probability-of-intercept radar (LPIR) is a radar employing measures to avoid detection by passive radar detection equipment (such as a radar warning receiver (RWR), or electronic support receiver) while it is searching for a target or engaged in target tracking. This characteristic is desirable in a radar because it allows finding and tracking an opponent without alerting them to the radar's presence. This also protects the radar installation from anti-radiation missiles (ARMs).
LPI measures include:
Power management and high duty cycle, meaning the transmitter is on most of the time (long integration times)
Wide bandwidth (or Ultra-wideband)
Frequency Agility, and frequency selection
Advanced/irregular scan patterns
Coded pulses (coherent detection)
High processing gain
Low sidelobe antennas
Rationale
Radar systems work by sending out a signal and then listening for its echo off distant objects. Each of these paths, to and from the target, is subject to the inverse square law of propagation in both the transmitted signal and the signal reflected back. That means that a radar's received energy drops with the fourth power of the distance, which is why radar systems require high powers, often in the megawatt range, to be effective at long range.
The radar signal being sent out is a simple radio signal, and can be received with a simple radio receiver. Military aircraft and ships have defensive receivers, called radar warning receivers (RWR), which detect when an enemy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyavirales | Bunyavirales is an order of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses with mainly tripartite genomes. Member viruses infect arthropods, plants, protozoans, and vertebrates. It is the only order in the class Ellioviricetes. The name Bunyavirales derives from Bunyamwera, where the original type species Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus was first discovered. Ellioviricetes is named in honor of late virologist Richard M. Elliott for his early work on bunyaviruses.
Bunyaviruses belong to the fifth group of the Baltimore classification system, which includes viruses with a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. They have an enveloped, spherical virion. Though generally found in arthropods or rodents, certain viruses in this order occasionally infect humans. Some of them also infect plants. In addition, there is a group of bunyaviruses whose replication is restricted to arthropods and is known as insect-specific bunyaviruses.
A majority of bunyaviruses are vector-borne. With the exception of Hantaviruses and Arenaviruses, all viruses in the Bunyavirales order are transmitted by arthropods (mosquitos, tick, or sandfly). Hantaviruses are transmitted through contact with rodent feces. Incidence of infection is closely linked to vector activity, for example, mosquito-borne viruses are more common in the summer.
Human infections with certain members of Bunyavirales, such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus, are associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality, consequ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glove%20problem | In operations research, the glove problem (also known as the condom problem) is an optimization problem used as an example that the cheapest capital cost often leads to dramatic increase in operational time, but that the shortest operational time need not be given by the most expensive capital cost.
Problem statement
M doctors are each to examine each of N patients, wearing gloves to avoid contamination. Each glove can be used any number of times, but the same side of one glove cannot be exposed to more than one person. Gloves can be re-used any number of times, and more than one can be used simultaneously.
Given M doctors and N patients, the minimum number of gloves G(M, N) required for all the doctors to examine all the patients is given by:
G(M, 1) = M
G(1, N) = N
G(M + 1, N + 1) = M + N
Details
A naive approach would be to estimate the number of gloves as simply G(M, N) = MN. But this number can be significantly reduced by exploiting the fact that each glove has two sides, and it is not necessary to use both sides simultaneously.
A better solution can be found by assigning each person his or her own glove, which is to be used for the entire operation. Every pairwise encounter is then protected by a double layer. Note that the outer surface of the doctor's gloves meets only the inner surface of the patient's gloves. This gives an answer of M + N gloves, which is significantly lower than MN.
The makespan with this scheme is K · max(M, N), where K is the duration of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamadou%20Diallo%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201982%29 | Mamadou Diallo (born 17 April 1982) is a Malian former professional footballer who played as a striker. He spent most of his professional career in France.
Career statistics
Scores and results list Mali's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Diallo goal.
References
External links
Mamadou Diallo Interview
Living people
1982 births
Footballers from Bamako
Men's association football forwards
Malian men's footballers
JS Centre Salif Keita players
USM Alger players
FC Nantes players
Qatar SC players
Al Jazira Club players
Le Havre AC players
CS Sedan Ardennes players
Stade Lavallois players
Royale Union Tubize-Braine players
Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
UAE Pro League players
Qatar Stars League players
Challenger Pro League players
Malian expatriate men's footballers
Mali men's international footballers
2008 Africa Cup of Nations players
2010 Africa Cup of Nations players
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Qatar
Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Mali
Malian expatriate sportspeople in Algeria
Expatriate men's footballers in Algeria
21st-century Malian people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20tail | In statistics and business, a long tail of some distributions of numbers is the portion of the distribution having many occurrences far from the "head" or central part of the distribution. The distribution could involve popularities, random numbers of occurrences of events with various probabilities, etc. The term is often used loosely, with no definition or an arbitrary definition, but precise definitions are possible.
In statistics, the term long-tailed distribution has a narrow technical meaning, and is a subtype of heavy-tailed distribution. Intuitively, a distribution is (right) long-tailed if, for any fixed amount, when a quantity exceeds a high level, it almost certainly exceeds it by at least that amount: large quantities are probably even larger. Note that there is no sense of the "long tail" of a distribution, but only the property of a distribution being long-tailed.
In business, the term long tail is applied to rank-size distributions or rank-frequency distributions (primarily of popularity), which often form power laws and are thus long-tailed distributions in the statistical sense. This is used to describe the retailing strategy of selling many unique items with relatively small quantities sold of each (the "long tail")—usually in addition to selling fewer popular items in large quantities (the "head"). Sometimes an intermediate category is also included, variously called the body, belly, torso, or middle. The specific cutoff of what part of a distribution is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf%20Landauer | Rolf William Landauer (February 4, 1927 – April 27, 1999) was a German-American physicist who made important contributions in diverse areas of the thermodynamics of information processing, condensed matter physics, and the conductivity of disordered media. Born in Germany, he emigrated to the U.S. in 1938, obtained a Ph.D. in physics from Harvard in 1950, and then spent most of his career at IBM.
In 1961 he discovered Landauer's principle, that in any logically irreversible operation that manipulates information, such as erasing a bit of memory, entropy increases and an associated amount of energy is dissipated as heat. This principle is relevant to reversible computing, quantum information and quantum computing. He also is responsible for the Landauer formula relating the electrical resistance of a conductor to its scattering properties. He won the Stuart Ballantine Medal of the Franklin Institute, the Oliver Buckley Prize of the American Physical Society and the IEEE Edison Medal, among many other honors.
Biography
Landauer was born on February 4, 1927, in Stuttgart, Germany. He emigrated to the United States in 1938 to escape Nazi persecution of Jews, graduated in 1943 from Stuyvesant High School, one of New York City's mathematics and science magnet schools, and obtained his undergraduate degree from Harvard in 1945. Following service in the US Navy as an Electrician's Mate, he earned his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1950.
He first worked for two years at NASA, then known |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPMI%201640 | RPMI 1640, simply known as RPMI medium, is a cell culture medium commonly used to culture mammalian cells. RPMI 1640 was developed by George E. Moore, Robert E. Gerner, and H. Addison Franklin in 1966 at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (formerly known as Roswell Park Memorial Institute), from where it derives its name. A modification of McCoy′s 5A medium (or RPMI 1630), it was originally formulated to support lymphoblastoid cells in suspension cultures, but can also support a wide variety of adherent cells.
It was originally developed to culture human leukemic cells. Over the years, the original formulation was modified and refined by researchers and commercial suppliers to enhance its ability to support the growth of many cell types. This medium contains a great deal of phosphate, amino acids and vitamins. RPMI 1640 uses a bicarbonate buffering system and requires a 5–10% CO2 atmosphere to maintain physiological pH. Normally, the medium contains no proteins or growth factors, so it is commonly supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Properly supplemented with serum or an adequate serum replacement, RPMI 1640 allows the cultivation of many cell types, especially human lymphocytes, Jurkat cells, HeLa cells, bone marrow cells, hybridomas and carcinomas.
Composition
Many different formulations exist. Typically, one liter of RPMI 1640 contains:
Glucose (2 g)
A pH indicator (phenol red, 5 mg)
Salts (6 g sodium chloride, 2 g sodium bicarbonate, 1.512 g disodium phosph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Swedish%20sail%20frigates | This is a list of Swedish sail frigates of the period 1640 to 1860
Fenix 30
Danska Fenix 30/32 (ex-Danish Phenix/Foniks, captured 1659)
Hjort 32
Sundsvall 32
Nordstjerna 22
Utter 30
Fredrika Amalia 34
Stenbock 32
Elfsborg 42
Reval 40
Charlotte 38 - Captured by Denmark 1719
Stralsund 30
Anklam 30
St Thomas 30
St Johannes 30
Hvita Örn 30 - Captured by Denmark 1715, renamed Hvide Ørn
Falk 26 - Captured by Denmark 1715
Välkomsten 24
Thais 24
Kiskin 22 - Captured by Russia 1720
Grip 14
(3 frigates) - Scuttled 1715
Wolgast 26
Ruskenfeldt 24
? class
?
Illerim 36 - Captured by the United Kingdom 1716, given to Denmark and renamed Pommern
?
?
Island/Islandsfahrere 30 - Captured by Denmark 1717
Stora Phoenix 24 - Captured by Russia 1720, renamed Fenix (same as Phoenix above?)
Lilla Phoenix
Danska Örn 18 - Captured by Russia 1720
Packa
Svarta Örn 36
Jarramas 30
Vainqueur 30
Delphin
Louisiana
Illerim
Lists of frigates
frigates
frigates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20noise | In signal processing theory, Gaussian noise, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, is a kind of signal noise that has a probability density function (pdf) equal to that of the normal distribution (which is also known as the Gaussian distribution). In other words, the values that the noise can take are Gaussian-distributed.
The probability density function of a Gaussian random variable is given by:
where represents the grey level, the mean grey value and its standard deviation.
A special case is white Gaussian noise, in which the values at any pair of times are identically distributed and statistically independent (and hence uncorrelated). In communication channel testing and modelling, Gaussian noise is used as additive white noise to generate additive white Gaussian noise.
In telecommunications and computer networking, communication channels can be affected by wideband Gaussian noise coming from many natural sources, such as the thermal vibrations of atoms in conductors (referred to as thermal noise or Johnson–Nyquist noise), shot noise, black-body radiation from the earth and other warm objects, and from celestial sources such as the Sun.
Gaussian noise in digital images
Principal sources of Gaussian noise in digital images arise during acquisition e.g. sensor noise caused by poor illumination and/or high temperature, and/or transmission e.g. electronic circuit noise. In digital image processing Gaussian noise can be reduced using a spatial filter, though when |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridization%20probe | In molecular biology, a hybridization probe (HP) is a fragment of DNA or RNA of usually 15–10000 nucleotide long which can be radioactively or fluorescently labeled. HP can be used to detect the presence of nucleotide sequences in analyzed RNA or DNA that are complementary to the sequence in the probe. The labeled probe is first denatured (by heating or under alkaline conditions such as exposure to sodium hydroxide) into single stranded DNA (ssDNA) and then hybridized to the target ssDNA (Southern blotting) or RNA (northern blotting) immobilized on a membrane or in situ.
To detect hybridization of the probe to its target sequence, the probe is tagged (or "labeled") with a molecular marker of either radioactive or (more recently) fluorescent molecules. Commonly used markers are 32P (a radioactive isotope of phosphorus incorporated into the phosphodiester bond in the probe DNA), digoxigenin, a non-radioactive, antibody-based marker, biotin or fluorescein. DNA sequences or RNA transcripts that have moderate to high sequence similarity to the probe are then detected by visualizing the hybridized probe via autoradiography or other imaging techniques. Normally, either X-ray pictures are taken of the filter, or the filter is placed under UV light. Detection of sequences with moderate or high similarity depends on how stringent the hybridization conditions were applied—high stringency, such as high hybridization temperature and low salt in hybridization buffers, permits only hybri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptantia | Reptantia is a clade of decapod crustaceans named in 1880 which includes lobsters, crabs and many other well-known crustaceans.
Classification
In older classifications, Reptantia was one of the two sub-orders of Decapoda alongside Natantia, with Reptantia containing the walking forms, and Natantia containing the swimming forms (prawns, shrimp and boxer shrimp). However, in 1963 Martin Burkenroad found Natantia to be paraphyletic and invalid, and instead split Decapoda into the two sub-orders of Dendrobranchiata (prawns) and Pleocyemata. Pleocyemata contains all the members of the Reptantia (including crabs, lobsters, crayfish, and others), as well as the Stenopodidea ("boxer shrimp"), and Caridea (true shrimp). Reptantia remains a valid monophyletic grouping, but is now no longer ranked as a sub-order.
Anatomy
The name Reptantia means "those that walk", and contains those decapods whose primary mode of locomotion is to walk along a surface using the pereiopods rather than swimming through the water with the pleopods. Despite this, many reptants are able to propel themselves through the water, and many non-reptants can and will walk.
Systematics
The cladogram below shows Reptantia under the sub-order Pleocyemata within the larger order Decapoda, from analysis by Wolfe et al., 2019.
Reptantia comprises the following infraorders:
Achelata (spiny, slipper, and furry lobsters)
Polychelida (benthic crustaceans)
Glypheidea (glypheoid lobsters)
Astacidea (true lobsters, reef lobs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.%20N.%20Oak | Purushottam Nagesh Oak (2 March 1917 – 4 December 2007) was a historical negationist from India.
Among his prominent claims were that Christianity and Islam are both derivatives of Hinduism; that Vatican City, Kaaba, Westminster Abbey and the Taj Mahal were once Hindu temples dedicated to Shiva; and that the Papacy was originally a Vedic Priesthood. While all of these claims are demonstrably false and incompatible with historical and archaeological records, their reception in Indian popular culture has been noted by observers of contemporary Indian society. He ran an 'Institute for Rewriting Indian History' in the 1980s which published a quarterly periodical called Itihas Patrika dedicated to fringe causes; he had also written numerous books, some of which have even lead to court cases in a bid to alter the mainstream history narrative.
Life
Oak was born in a Marathi Brahmin Family in 1917 in Indore in the erstwhile Princely State of Indore, British India. According to his own account, he completed an M.A. (Agra) and a law degree (LL.B. Mumbai), before being inducted as a Class I Gazetted officer in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting wherein he wrote various journalistic pieces. Before joining the army, he also claims to have worked as an English tutor at Fergusson College in Pune. During World War II he enlisted in the Indian National Army, which fought alongside the Japanese against the British. He served in the propaganda sections, but was never captured by the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticular%20cell | A reticular cell is a type of fibroblast that synthesizes collagen alpha-1(III) and uses it to produce reticular fibers. The cell surrounds the fibers with its cytoplasm, isolating them from other tissue components and cells. Reticular cells provide structural support, since they produce and maintain the thin networks of fibers that are a framework for most lymphoid organs.
Reticular cells are found in many organs, including the spleen, lymph nodes and kidneys. They are also found within tissues, such as lymph nodules. There are different types of reticular cells, including epithelial, mesenchymal, and fibroblastic reticular cells. Fibroblastic reticular cells are involved in directing B cells and T cells to specific regions within the tissue whereas epithelial and mesenchymal reticular cells are associated with certain areas of the brain.
See also
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
References
2. Schat, K. A., Kaspers, B., & Kaiser, P. (2014). Structure of the Avian Lymphoid System. In I. Olah, N. Nagy & L. Vervelde (Eds.), Avian Immunology (2nd ed., pp. 11-44). Academic Press.
Cell biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Sempill | Robert Sempill (the elder) (c. 1530–1595), in all probability a cadet of illegitimate birth of the noble house of Sempill or Semple, was a Scottish ballad-writer and satirist.
Very little is known of Sempill's life. He was probably a soldier, and must have held some office at the Scottish court, as his name appears in the Lord Treasurer's books in February 1567 – 1568, and his writings show him to have had an intimate knowledge of court affairs. As a Protestant, he was a bitter opponent of Queen Mary and of the Catholic Church, authoring ballads supporting action against Queen Mary. Sempill was present at the siege of Leith (1559-1560) and at the siege of Edinburgh Castle, serving with the army of James Douglas, Earl of Morton. He was in Paris in 1572, but fled the country after the massacre of St Bartholomew. Three of his poems appear in the Bannatyne Manuscript.
His chief works are:
The Ballat maid vpoun Margret Fleming callit the Flemyng bark
The defence of Crissell Sande-landis
The Claith Merchant or Ballat of Jonet Reid, ane Violet and Ane Quhyt, all three in the Bannatyne manuscript
They are characterized by extreme coarseness, and are probably among his earlier works. His chief political poems are:
The Regentis Tragedie, a broadside of 1570
The Sege of the Castel of Edinburgh (1573), interesting from an historical point of view
Ane Complaint vpon fortoun ... (1581)
The Legend of the Bischop of St Androis Lyfe callit Mr Patrik Adamsone (1583)
Some of his poems and bal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iiyama%20%28company%29 | iiyama is a brand name of . It produces liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors and LED display panels. It was previously an independent Japanese computer electronics company called with its headquarters in Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo. Iiyama was founded in 1972 by Kazuro Katsuyama, named after the city of Iiyama in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. The company was bought in January 2006 by MCJ Corporation, which includes Mouse Computer Corporation. The headquarters of iiyama was moved to Europe in October 2008. The CEO since January 2006 has been Takeichi Shinji.
History
Founded in March 1972 as by 23-year-old bank employee Kazuro Katsuyama, it first started manufacturing television boards and substrates for Mitsubishi at a local plant in Nagano Prefecture. They started producing black and white TVs in 1976 and color TVs in 1979, followed by computer monitors under its own brand name in 1981 which then became its main product range.
The company expanded to the western market in 1987 and in the 1990s opened up offices in Philadelphia, Germany, Poland, France, UK, Sweden, the Czech Republic, Taiwan, and its international head office in the Netherlands, where it is registered as Iiyama Benelux B.V. By 1993 it was the leading monitor supplier in Japan with a 21% market share. The first LCDs were released by iiyama in 1997.
In 2001 it merged with e-yama to create , and its headquarters moved to Nagano City. In 2006 holding company bought Iiyama and renamed it to , moving its base to Chūō, Tok |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari%20F50%20GT | The Ferrari F50 GT (also known as the Ferrari F50 GT1) was a racing derivative of Ferrari F50, intended to compete in the BPR Global GT Series against other series rivals, such as the McLaren F1 GTR. After the series folded, Ferrari was unhappy with homologation specials such as the Porsche 911 GT1 being allowed in the newly formed FIA GT Championship and decided to cancel the project due to lack of funding to compete.
The car was co-developed with Dallara and Michelotto.
History
Following the motorsport theme of the Ferrari F40 LM, Ferrari developed the F50 GT, a prototype based on the F50 that was built to compete in GT1-class racing. The car had a fixed roof, a large rear wing, new front spoiler and many other adjustments. The 4.7 litre V12 engine was tuned to generate around at 10,500 rpm and of torque at 7,500 rpm. A test held in 1996 proved the car to be quicker even than the 333 SP, but this went unnoticed as Ferrari cancelled the F50 GT project because it was unhappy with FIA allowing homologation special cars such as the Porsche 911 GT1 in the series. Ferrari instead focused on Formula One after the BPR Global GT Series folded. The company sold off the three complete chassis out of the six planned chassis that were built–the test car 001, 002 and 003. Chassis 002 and 003 had bodies fitted before being sold. The remaining three tubs were reportedly destroyed.
Performance
Displacement: per cylinder
Power: at 10,500 rpm per cylinder
Torque: at 7,500 rpm
S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naismith | This page includes variants Nasmith, Nasmyth, and Naysmith.
General
Naismith's Rule, used in hiking
Nasmyth telescope
Primary enamel cuticle, also known as Nasmyth's membrane
Places
Naismith, Montana
Nasmyth (crater) on the Moon
Companies
McClure Naismith, Scottish commercial solicitors
Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company (1836–1850), production of heavy machine tools and locomotives, later James Nasmyth and Company (1850–1857), Patricroft Ironworks (1857–1867), Nasmyth, Wilson and Company (1867–1940)
People
Naismith (Nasmith, Nasmyth, Naysmith) is an occupational surname for a cutler, and may refer to:
Naismith
Alby Naismith (1917–1981), Australian rules footballer
Charlie Naismith (1881–unknown), Australian rules footballer
James Naismith (1861–1939), Canadian sports coach and innovator, inventor of basketball
James Naismith (chemist) (born 1968), chemical biologist
Jason Naismith (born 1994), Scottish footballer
Jon Naismith (born 1965), British television producer
Joseph Nasmith (1850-1904), British consulting engineer and author
Kal Naismith (born 1992), Scottish footballer
Laurence Naismith (1908–1992), English actor
Lindley Naismith, New Zealand architect
Steven Naismith (born 1986), Scottish footballer
Wally Naismith (1881–1954), Australian rules footballer
William W. Naismith (1856–1935), Scottish mountaineer
Nasmith
David Nasmith (1799–1839), founder of the City Mission Movement
David Dunbar-Nasmith (1921–1997), Royal Navy admiral
James Nasmith |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genome%20Sciences | Human Genome Sciences (HGS) was a biopharmaceutical corporation founded in 1992 by Craig Venter, Alan Walton and Wally Steinberg. It uses the human DNA sequence to develop protein and antibody drugs. It had drugs under development to treat such diseases as hepatitis C, systemic lupus erythmatosis, anthrax, and cancer. It collaborated with other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies for development partnerships and licensing.
On July 16, 2012, HGS agreed to be purchased by GlaxoSmithKline for $3.6 billion.
Corporate history
The company was founded by Alan Walton, Wally Steinberg, and Craig Venter, who at the time founded the non-profit TIGR to begin sequencing and submitting patents on hundreds of thousands of protein-encoding DNA fragments. In 1992 Wally Steinberg hired William A. Haseltine as the first CEO of Human Genome Sciences, where he served as the founding chairman and chief executive officer for the first twelve years of the company.
In April 1993, SmithKline Beecham invested in Human Genome Sciences to acquire access to the new tools of genomic discovery. The initial $125 million transaction was the largest funding received by a fledgling biotechnology company. A year later, Human Genome Sciences and SmithKline Beecham split another $320 million raised by selling access to the Human Genome Sciences discovery tools to several other pharmaceutical companies, including the Japanese company Takeda, the German company Merck, the US company Schering Plough and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory%20pigment | A respiratory pigment is a metalloprotein that serves a variety of important functions, its main being O2 transport. Other functions performed include O2 storage, CO2 transport, and transportation of substances other than respiratory gases. There are four major classifications of respiratory pigment: hemoglobin, hemocyanin, erythrocruorin–chlorocruorin, and hemerythrin. The heme-containing globin is the most commonly-occurring respiratory pigment, occurring in at least 9 different phyla of animals.
Comparing Respiratory Pigments
Hemoglobin, erythrocruorin, and chlorocruorin are all globins, iron-heme proteins with a common core. Their color comes from the absorption spectra of heme with Fe2+. Erythrocruorin and chlorocruorin are closely related giant globins found used by some invertebrates. Chlorocruorin has a special heme group, giving it different colors.
Globins
The globin is thought to be a very ancient molecule, even acting as a molecular clock of sorts. It has even been used to date the separation of vertebrates and invertebrates more than 1 billion years ago. Globin enjoys a large biological distribution, not only occurring among more than 9 different phyla of animals but occurring in some fungi and bacteria as well, even being identified in nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of some leguminous plants. The isolation of the globin gene from plant root cells has suggested that the globin genes that were inherited from a common ancestor shared by plants and anima |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement%20membrane | The basement membrane, also known as base membrane is a thin, pliable sheet-like type of extracellular matrix that provides cell and tissue support and acts as a platform for complex signalling. The basement membrane sits between epithelial tissues including mesothelium and endothelium, and the underlying connective tissue.
Structure
As seen with the electron microscope, the basement membrane is composed of two layers, the basal lamina and the reticular lamina. The underlying connective tissue attaches to the basal lamina with collagen VII anchoring fibrils and fibrillin microfibrils.
The basal lamina layer can further be subdivided into two layers based on their visual appearance in electron microscopy. The lighter-colored layer closer to the epithelium is called the lamina lucida, while the denser-colored layer closer to the connective tissue is called the lamina densa. The electron-dense lamina densa layer is about 30–70 nanometers thick and consists of an underlying network of reticular collagen IV fibrils which average 30 nanometers in diameter and 0.1–2 micrometers in thickness and are coated with the heparan sulfate-rich proteoglycan perlecan. In addition to collagen, this supportive matrix contains intrinsic macromolecular components. The lamina lucida layer is made up of laminin, integrins, entactins, and dystroglycans. Integrins are a key component of hemidesmosomes which serve to anchor the epithelium to the underlying basement membrane.
To represent the ab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side%20band | A side band or sideband can refer to:
Side project, in music
Sideband, in communications, either of the two bands of frequencies, one just above and one just below a carrier frequency, that result from modulation of a carrier wave |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen%20core | A pollen core is a core sample of a medium containing a stratigraphic sequence of pollen. Analysis of the type and frequency of the pollen in each layer is used to study changes in climate or land use using regional vegetation as a proxy. This analysis is conceptually comparable to the study of ice cores.
Methods
Cores are obtained from deposits where pollen is likely to have been trapped. Cores are generally obtained from lacustrine sediments and peat bogs although soil sediments may also be obtained. Degradation of the pollen exine and bioturbation may reduce the quality of the pollen grains and stratigraphy of the core so researchers frequently select locations where the sediments are under anaerobic conditions.
The cores are then subjected to pollen analysis by palynologists who are able to infer the proportions of major plant types from the concentrations of different pollen types found in the cores.
Coring equipment
There are a number of tools used for coring, often with specialized uses:
Core samplers
Glew corer: A gravity corer used for lake surface sediments to capture the water-sediment interface. Similar to the Kajak-Brinkhurst sampler.
Brown corer:
Frozen finger: A tube is placed into the sediment and then filled with liquid nitrogen causing the sediment around the tube to freeze solid, preserving fine scale structure.
Livingstone piston corer: A long metal tube with a piston at the lower end. Once the core tube is at the desired depth the piston is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDHD | Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial (CybS), also known as succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit D (SDHD), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHD gene. Names previously used for SDHD were PGL and PGL1. Succinate dehydrogenase is an important enzyme in both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. Hereditary PGL-PCC syndrome is caused by a parental imprint of the SDHD gene. Screening can begin by 6 years of age.
Structure
The SDHD gene is located on chromosome 11 at locus 11q23 and it spans 8,978 base pairs. There are pseudogenes for this gene on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 7, and 18. The SDHD gene produces a 17 kDa protein composed of 159 amino acids.
The SDHD protein is one of the two integral transmembrane subunits anchoring the four-subunit succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II) protein complex to the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane. The other transmembrane subunit is SDHC. The SDHC/SDHD dimer is connected to the SDHB electron transport subunit which, in turn, is connected to the SDHA subunit.
Function
SDHD forms part of the transmembrane protein dimer with SDHC that anchors Complex II to the inner mitochondrial membrane. The SDHC/SDHD dimer provides binding sites for ubiquinone and water during electron transport at Complex II. Initially, SDHA oxidizes succinate via deprotonation at the FAD binding site, leaving fumarate, loosely bound to the active site, free to exit the protein. The ele |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinate%20dehydrogenase%20complex%20subunit%20C | Succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C, also known as succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHC gene. This gene encodes one of four nuclear-encoded subunits that comprise succinate dehydrogenase, also known as mitochondrial complex II, a key enzyme complex of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and aerobic respiratory chains of mitochondria. The encoded protein is one of two integral membrane proteins that anchor other subunits of the complex, which form the catalytic core, to the inner mitochondrial membrane. There are several related pseudogenes for this gene on different chromosomes. Mutations in this gene have been associated with pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described.
Structure
The gene that codes for the SDHC protein is nuclear, even though the protein is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The location of the gene in humans is on the first chromosome at q21. The gene is partitioned in 6 exons. The SDHC gene produces an 18.6 kDa protein composed of 169 amino acids.
The SDHC protein is one of the two transmembrane subunits of the four-subunit succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II) protein complex that resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The other transmembrane subunit is SDHD. The SDHC/SDHD dimer is connected to the SDHB electron transport subunit which, in turn, is connected to the SDHA subunit.
Function
The SDHC |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond%20turning | Diamond turning is turning using a cutting tool with a diamond tip. It is a process of mechanical machining of precision elements using lathes or derivative machine tools (e.g., turn-mills, rotary transfers) equipped with natural or synthetic diamond-tipped tool bits. The term single-point diamond turning (SPDT) is sometimes applied, although as with other lathe work, the "single-point" label is sometimes only nominal (radiused tool noses and contoured form tools being options). The process of diamond turning is widely used to manufacture high-quality aspheric optical elements from crystals, metals, acrylic, and other materials. Plastic optics are frequently molded using diamond turned mold inserts. Optical elements produced by the means of diamond turning are used in optical assemblies in telescopes, video projectors, missile guidance systems, lasers, scientific research instruments, and numerous other systems and devices. Most SPDT today is done with computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools. Diamonds also serve in other machining processes, such as milling, grinding, and honing. Diamond turned surfaces have a high specular brightness and require no additional polishing or buffing, unlike other conventionally machined surfaces.
Process
Diamond turning is a multi-stage process. Initial stages of machining are carried out using a series of CNC lathes of increasing accuracy. A diamond-tipped lathe tool is used in the final stages of the manufacturing process to achieve s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZ1 | LZ1 may refer to the following:
Zeppelin LZ 1, the first Zeppelin rigid airship
LZ1 (algorithm), a lossless data compression algorithm
Led Zeppelin (album), the first album by Led Zeppelin
LZ1 (Lanzarote), a road in the Canary Islands
2012 LZ1, a Near-Earth Asteroid
Landing Zone 1, a rocket landing pad operated by SpaceX
See also
LZI (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomus%20body | The glomus body is not to be confused with the glomus cell which is a kind of chemoreceptor found in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies.
A glomus body (or glomus organ) is a component of the dermis layer of the skin, involved in body temperature regulation. The glomus body is a small arteriovenous anastomosis surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Glomus bodies (glomera) are most numerous in the fingers and toes. The role of the glomus body is to shunt blood away (heat transfer) from the skin surface when exposed to cold temperature, thus preventing heat loss, and allowing maximum blood flow to the skin in warm weather to allow heat to dissipate. The glomus body has high sympathetic tone and potentiation leads to near complete vasoconstriction.
Endothelial cells form a single, continuous layer that lines all vascular segments. Junctional complexes keep the endothelial cells together in arteries but are less numerous in veins. The organization of the endothelial cell layer in capillaries can varies greatly, depending on the location.
The arteriovenous shunt of the glomus body is a normal anatomic shunt as opposed to an abnormal arteriovenous fistula. A metarteriole is another type.
See also
Glomus tumor
References
Histology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomus%20cell | Glomus cells are the cell type mainly located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies. Glomus type I cells are peripheral chemoreceptors which sense the oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH levels of the blood. When there is a decrease in the blood's pH, a decrease in oxygen (pO2), or an increase in carbon dioxide (pCO2), the carotid bodies and the aortic bodies signal the dorsal respiratory group in the medulla oblongata to increase the volume and rate of breathing. The glomus cells have a high metabolic rate and good blood perfusion and thus are sensitive to changes in arterial blood gas tension. Glomus type II cells are sustentacular cells having a similar supportive function to glial cells.
Structure
The signalling within the chemoreceptors is thought to be mediated by the release of neurotransmitters by the glomus cells, including dopamine, noradrenaline, acetylcholine, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide and enkephalins. Vasopressin has been found to inhibit the response of glomus cells to hypoxia, presumably because the usual response to hypoxia is vasodilation, which in case of hypovolemia should be avoided. Furthermore, glomus cells are highly responsive to angiotensin II through AT1 receptors, providing information about the body's fluid and electrolyte status.
Function
Glomus type I cells are chemoreceptors which monitor arterial blood for the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and pH.
Glomus type I cells are secretory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QBD%20%28electronics%29 | QBD is the term applied to the charge-to-breakdown measurement of a semiconductor device. It is a standard destructive test method used to determine the quality of gate oxides in MOS devices. It is equal to the total charge passing through the dielectric layer (i.e. electron or hole fluence multiplied by the elementary charge) just before failure. Thus QBD is a measure of time-dependent gate oxide breakdown. As a measure of oxide quality, QBD can also be a useful predictor of product reliability under specified electrical stress conditions.
Test method
Voltage is applied to the MOS structure to force a controlled current through the oxide, i.e. to inject a controlled amount of charge into the dielectric layer. By measuring the time after which the measured voltage drops towards zero (when electrical breakdown occurs) and integrating the injected current over time, the charge needed to break the gate oxide is determined.
This gate charge integral is defined as:
where is the measurement time at the step just prior to destructive avalanche breakdown.
Variants
There are five common variants of the QBD test method:
Linear voltage ramp (V-ramp test procedure involving the Current-Voltage characteristic curve (I-V) using a linearly increasing and/or decreasing voltage as in a sawtooth wave or triangle wave)
Constant current stress (CCS)
Exponential current ramp (ECR) (involving the Current-Voltage characteristic curve (I-V) using an exponentially increasing and/or decr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleocyemata | Pleocyemata is a suborder of decapod crustaceans, erected by Martin Burkenroad in 1963. Burkenroad's classification replaced the earlier sub-orders of Natantia and Reptantia with the monophyletic groups Dendrobranchiata (prawns) and Pleocyemata. Pleocyemata contains all the members of the Reptantia (including crabs, lobsters, crayfish, and others), as well as the Stenopodidea (which contains the so-called "boxer shrimp" or "barber-pole shrimp"), and Caridea, which contains the true shrimp.
Anatomy
All members of the Pleocyemata are united by a number of features, the most important of which is that the fertilised eggs are incubated by the female, and remain stuck to the pleopods (swimming legs) until the zoea larvae are ready to hatch. It is this characteristic that gives the group its name. Pleocyemata also possess a lamellar gill structure as opposed to the branches found in the Dendrobranchiata.
Systematics
The cladogram below shows Pleocyemata as the sister clade to Dendrobranchiata within the larger order Decapoda, from analysis by Wolfe et al., 2019.
Pleocyemata comprises the following infraorders:
Stenopodidea (stenopodidean shrimp)
Caridea (caridean shrimp)
Procarididea
Achelata (spiny, slipper, and furry lobsters)
Polychelida (benthic crustaceans)
Glypheidea (glypheoid lobsters)
Astacidea (true lobsters, reef lobsters, and crayfish)
Axiidea (mud lobsters and ghost shrimp)
Gebiidea (mud lobsters and mud shrimp)
Anomura (squat lobsters, hermit crabs, and relatives)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGDT | LGDT may refer to:
Grand dictionnaire terminologique
Leachianone-G 2''-dimethylallyltransferase, an enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteorhodopsin | Proteorhodopsin (also known as pRhodopsin) is a family of transmembrane proteins that use retinal as a chromophore for light-mediated functionality, in this case, a proton pump. pRhodopsin is found in marine planktonic bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (protae), but was first discovered in bacteria.
Its name is derived from proteobacteria (now called Pseudomonadota) that were named after Ancient Greek Πρωτεύς (Proteus), an early sea god mentioned by Homer as "Old Man of the Sea", Ῥόδος (rhódon) for "rose", due to its pinkish color, and ὄψις (opsis) for "sight". Some members of the family, Homologous rhodopsin-like pigments, i.e. bacteriorhodopsin (of which there are more than 800 types) have Sensory Functions like opsins, integral for visual phototransduction. Many of these sensory functions are unknown – for example, the function of Neuropsin in the human retina. Members are known to have different absorption spectra including green and blue visible light.
History
Proteorhodopsin (PR or pRhodopsin) was first discovered in 2000 within a bacterial artificial chromosome from previously uncultivated marine Gammaproteobacteria, still only referred to by their ribotype metagenomic data, SAR86. More species of Gammaproteobacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative, were found to express the protein.
Distribution
Samples of proteorhodopsin expressing bacteria have been obtained from the Eastern Pacific Ocean, Central North Pacific Ocean and Southern Ocean, Antarctica. Subs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrationism%20and%20diffusionism | The term migrationism, in the history of archaeological theory, was opposed to the term diffusionism (or "immobilism") as a means of distinguishing two approaches to explaining the spread of prehistoric archaeological cultures and innovations in artefact.
Migrationism explains cultural change in terms of human migration, while diffusionism relies on explanations based on trans-cultural diffusion of ideas rather than populations (pots, not people).
Western archaeology the first half of the 20th century relied on the assumption of migration and invasion as driving cultural change. That was criticized by the processualists in the 1960s and 1970s, leading to a new mainstream which rejected "migrationism" as outdated.
Since the 1990s, there has been renewed interest in "migrationist" scenarios, as archaeologists attempted the archaeological reflexes of migrations known to have occurred historically.
Since the 2000s, the developments in archaeogenetics have opened a new avenue for investigation, based on the analysis of ancient DNA.
Kristiansen (1989) argued that the reasons for embracing "immobilism" during the Cold War era were ideological and derived from an emphasis on political solutions displacing military action.
History
"Diffusionism", in its original use in the 19th and early 20th centuries, did not preclude migration or invasion. It was rather the term for assumption of any spread of cultural innovation, including by migration or invasion, as opposed "evolutionism", a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemetrexed | Pemetrexed, sold under the brand name Alimta among others, is a chemotherapy medication for the treatment of pleural mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)..
It is available as a generic medication.
Medical use
In February 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved pemetrexed for treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, a type of tumor of the mesothelium, the thin layer of tissue that covers many of the internal organs, in combination with cisplatin for patients whose disease is either unresectable or who are not otherwise candidates for curative surgery. In September 2008, the FDA granted approval as a first-line treatment, in combination with cisplatin, against locally advanced and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients with non-squamous histology.
Carboplatin
Pemetrexed is also recommended in combination with carboplatin and pembrolizumab for the first-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. However, the relative efficacy or toxicity of pemetrexed-cisplatin versus pemetrexed-carboplatin has not been established beyond what is generally thought about cisplatin or carboplatin doublet drug therapy.
Supplementation
Patients are recommended to take folic acid and vitamin B12 supplement even if levels are normal when they are on pemetrexed therapy. (In clinical trials for mesothelioma, folic acid and B12 supplementation reduced the frequency of adverse events.) It is also recommended for patients to be on a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xtal%20%28disambiguation%29 | Xtal is an informal abbreviation for crystals (as a reference designator on printed circuit boards).
Xtal may also refer to:
X-tal, a San Francisco-based rock band
Xtal DOS, the operating system for the Tatung Einstein personal computer
"Xtal", a track by Aphex Twin from the 1992 album Selected Ambient Works 85–92
XTAL, a market identifier code for the European stock exchange in Tallinn, Estonia
Xtal, a crystal oscillator (on a PCB design schematics)
See also
Crystal (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20filter | Particle filters, or sequential Monte Carlo methods, are a set of Monte Carlo algorithms used to find approximate solutions for filtering problems for nonlinear state-space systems, such as signal processing and Bayesian statistical inference. The filtering problem consists of estimating the internal states in dynamical systems when partial observations are made and random perturbations are present in the sensors as well as in the dynamical system. The objective is to compute the posterior distributions of the states of a Markov process, given the noisy and partial observations. The term "particle filters" was first coined in 1996 by Pierre Del Moral about mean-field interacting particle methods used in fluid mechanics since the beginning of the 1960s. The term "Sequential Monte Carlo" was coined by Jun S. Liu and Rong Chen in 1998.
Particle filtering uses a set of particles (also called samples) to represent the posterior distribution of a stochastic process given the noisy and/or partial observations. The state-space model can be nonlinear and the initial state and noise distributions can take any form required. Particle filter techniques provide a well-established methodology for generating samples from the required distribution without requiring assumptions about the state-space model or the state distributions. However, these methods do not perform well when applied to very high-dimensional systems.
Particle filters update their prediction in an approximate (statistica |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20chlorate | Sodium chlorate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaClO3. It is a white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in water. It is hygroscopic. It decomposes above 300 °C to release oxygen and leaves sodium chloride. Several hundred million tons are produced annually, mainly for applications in bleaching pulp to produce high brightness paper.
Synthesis
Industrially, sodium chlorate is produced by the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solutions. All other processes are obsolete. The sodium chlorate process is not to be confused with the chloralkali process, which is an industrial process for the electrolytic production of sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas.
The overall reaction can be simplified to the equation:
First, chloride is oxidised to form intermediate hypochlorite, ClO−, which undergoes further oxidation to chlorate along two competing reaction paths: (1) Anodic chlorate formation at the boundary layer between the electrolyte and the anode, and (2) Autoxidation of hypochlorite in the bulk electrolyte.
Under electrolysis hydrogen and sodium hydroxide are formed at the cathode and chloride ions are discharged at the anode (mixed metal oxide electrode is often used). The evolved chlorine does not escape as a gas but undergoes hydrolysis:
The hydrolysis of chlorine is considered to be fast. The formation of H+ ions should make the boundary layer at the anode strongly acidic and this is observed at low chloride concentrations. However, larg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk-to-strikeout%20ratio | In baseball statistics, walk-to-strikeout ratio (BB/K) is a measure of a hitter's plate discipline and knowledge of the strike zone. Generally, a hitter with a good walk-to-strikeout ratio must exhibit enough patience at the plate to refrain from swinging at bad pitches and take a base on balls, but he must also have the ability to recognize pitches within the strike zone and avoid striking out. Joe Morgan and Wade Boggs are two examples of hitters with a good walk-to-strikeout ratio. A hit by pitch is not counted statistically as a walk and therefore not counted in the walk-to-strikeout ratio.
The inverse of this, the strikeout-to-walk ratio, is used to compare pitchers.
Leaders
Best single-season walk-to-strikeout ratios from 1913 to 2011:
In 2018, Jose Ramirez had the best BB/K ratio in the major leagues, at 1.33.
References
See also
On-base percentage
Walk percentage
Batting statistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeout-to-walk%20ratio | In baseball statistics, strikeout-to-walk ratio (K/BB) is a measure of a pitcher's ability to control pitches, calculated as strikeouts divided by bases on balls.
A hit by pitch is not counted statistically as a walk, and therefore not counted in the strikeout-to-walk ratio.
The inverse of this calculation is the related statistic for hitters, walk-to-strikeout ratio (BB/K).
Leaders
A pitcher who possesses a great K/BB ratio is usually a dominant power pitcher, such as Randy Johnson, Pedro Martínez, Curt Schilling, or Mariano Rivera. However, in 2005, Minnesota Twins starting pitcher Carlos Silva easily led the major leagues in K/BB ratio with 7.89:1, despite striking out only 71 batters over 188⅓ innings pitched; he walked only nine batters.
Through 2022, the all-time career leaders among starting pitchers were Chris Sale (5.3333), Jacob de Grom (5.3036), and Tommy Bond (5.0363).
Through May 22, 2019, the all-time career leaders among relievers were Koji Uehara (7.94), Sean Doolittle (6.41), and Roberto Osuna (6.33).
The player with the highest single regular season K/BB ratio through 2022 was Minnesota Twins pitcher Phil Hughes in 2014, with a ratio of 11.625 (186 strikeouts and 16 walks). He is followed by Bret Saberhagen (11.00 in 1994) and Cliff Lee (10.28 in 2010).
References
Pitching statistics
Statistical ratios |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroplasmy | Heteroplasmy is the presence of more than one type of organellar genome (mitochondrial DNA or plastid DNA) within a cell or individual. It is an important factor in considering the severity of mitochondrial diseases. Because most eukaryotic cells contain many hundreds of mitochondria with hundreds of copies of mitochondrial DNA, it is common for mutations to affect only some mitochondria, leaving most unaffected.
Although detrimental scenarios are well-studied, heteroplasmy can also be beneficial. For example, centenarians show a higher than average degree of heteroplasmy.
At birth, all copies of mitochondrial DNA are thought to be identical in most humans. Microheteroplasmy is mutations of up to about 2−5% of mitochondrial genomes, and is present in most adults. This refers to hundreds of independent mutations in one organism, with each mutation found in about 1–2% of all mitochondrial genomes. Very low-level heteroplasmic variance is present in essentially all individuals, even those who are healthy, and is likely to be due to both inherited and somatic single base substitutions.
Types of heteroplasmy
In order for heteroplasmy to occur, organelles must contain a genome and, in turn, a genotype. In animals, mitochondria are the only organelles that contain their own genomes, so these organisms will only have mitochondrial heteroplasmy. In contrast, photosynthetic plants contain mitochondria and chloroplasts, each of which contains plastid genomes. Therefore, plant hetero |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoplasmy | Homoplasmy is a term used in genetics to describe a eukaryotic cell whose copies of mitochondrial DNA are all identical. In normal and healthy tissues, all cells are homoplasmic. Homoplasmic mitochondrial DNA copies may be normal or mutated; however, most mutations are heteroplasmic (only occurring in some copies of mitochondrial DNA). It has been discovered, though, that homoplasmic mitochondrial DNA mutations may be found in human tumors.
The term may also refer to uniformity of plant plastid DNA, whether occurring naturally or otherwise.
Inheritance
In almost every species, mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited. This means that all of the offspring of a female will have identical and homoplasmic mitochondrial DNA. It is very rare for females to pass on heteroplasmic or homoplasmic mutations because of the genetic bottleneck, where only a few out of many mitochondria actually are passed on to offspring.
The mussel Mytilus edulis is an anomaly in terms of mitochondrial DNA inheritance. Unlike almost all animals, this species has biparental inheritance for mitochondrial DNA, meaning that both the male and the female contribute mitochondria to the offspring. This was discovered when researchers realized that most individuals of a Mytilus edulis population were heteroplasmic. Researchers also believe that this could be a by-product of species hybridization.
Mutations
There is evidence of both homoplasmic and heteroplasmic inherited mutations that lead to disease, thou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmic%20hybrid | A cytoplasmic hybrid (or cybrid, a portmanteau of the two words) is a eukaryotic cell line produced by the fusion of a whole cell with a cytoplast. Cytoplasts are enucleated cells. This enucleation can be effected by simultaneous application of centrifugal force and treatment of the cell with an agent that disrupts the cytoskeleton. A special case of cybrid formation involves the use of rho-zero cells as the whole cell partner in the fusion. Rho-zero cells are cells which have been depleted of their own mitochondrial DNA by prolonged incubation with ethidium bromide, a chemical which inhibits mitochondrial DNA replication. The rho-zero cells do retain mitochondria and can grow in rich culture medium with certain supplements. They do retain their own nuclear genome. A cybrid is then a hybrid cell which mixes the nuclear genes from one cell with the mitochondrial genes from another cell. Using this powerful tool, it makes it possible to dissociate contribution from the mitochondrial genes vs that of the nuclear genes.
Cybrids are valuable in mitochondrial research and have been used to provide suggestive evidence of mitochondrial involvement in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other conditions.
Legal issues
Research utilizing cybrid embryos has been hotly contested due to the ethical implications of further cybrid research. Recently, the House of Lords passed the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008, which allows the creation of mixed human-animal embr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability%20function | Probability function may refer to:
Probability distribution
Probability axioms, which define a probability function
Probability measure, a real-valued function on a probability space
See also
Probability distribution function (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Inner%20Mongolia | Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of China, with traditions related to Tuvan music and Mongolian music. Popular musicians including the yangqin player Urna Chahar-Tugchi, formerly of Robert Zollitsch’s Gaoshan Liushui, a world music ensemble. The singer-songwriter Tengger has been well known throughout China since his 1986 hit "I am a Mongolian" (Bi mongol hun); he has since formed a band called Blue Wolf.
Musical institutions include the China Inner Mongolia Nationality Music and Dance Opera Troupe and the Morin Khuur Society of China.
Long song
This genre is called "Long song" (Urtyn duu) because each syllable of text is extended for a long duration. A four-minute song may only consist of ten words. Lyrical themes vary depending on context; they can be philosophical, religious, romance, or celebratory, and often use horses as a symbol or theme repeated throughout the song. Eastern Mongols typically use a morin khuur (horse-head fiddle) as accompaniment, sometimes with a type of indigenous flute named limbe. Oirat groups of the Western Mongols typically sing long songs unaccompanied or accompanied with the igil.
Court music
Mongolian court music is being revived in Inner Mongolia. In 1984 in the Ar Khorchin Banner of Inner Mongolia an important discovery was made. 15 notated chapters of the court music of the last Mongolian Great Khan Ligdan (1588–1634) was found in a temple near the ruins of his palace Chagan Haote (Ochirt Tsagan Khot). It was already known that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dru%20Furusawa | is a Japanese voice actor.
Notable voice roles
Voice roles
Television animation
Anime Ganbare Goemon (Mr. Protein)
Cardcaptor Sakura (Yoshiyuki Terada (first season))
Fushigi Yūgi (Nakago)
Kurau Phantom Memory (Inspector Wong)
Initial D (Natsuki Mogi's "papa")
Magical Project S (Andou Toyokawa)
Trigun (Millions Knives)
Bleach (Zabimaru & Koga Gau)
Super Robot Wars Original Generation: Divine Wars (Ingram Prisken)
Flame of Recca (Noroi)
Kamichu! (Tyler)
Lucky Star (Tadao Hiiragi)
Cyborg Kuro-chan (Dr. Go)
Brave Police J-Decker (Deckerd/J-Decker/Fire J-Decker)
Naruto (Yurinojō)
Naruto Shippuden (Fukai) (episode 282 and 283)
Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow (Michy)
Baccano! (Nicholas Wayne)
The Book of Bantorra (Fotona)
Ef: A Tale of Memories (Akira Amamiya)
Rainbow: Nisha Rokubō no Shichinin (Kawamata)
Toradora! (Rikuro Aisaka)
Chrome Shelled Regios (Derk Saiharden)
Phantom ~Requiem for the Phantom~ (Roshenko)
Shuffle! (Mikio Fuyo)
Hell Girl: Two Mirrors (Toshiya Kakinuma)
Bokurano: Ours (Akira Tokosumi)
Original video animation
Hunter × Hunter: G.I. Final (Razor)
Drama CD
Abunai series 2: Abunai Summer Vacation
Abunai series 4: Abunai Campus Love (Yoshitaka Izumi)
Kiken ga Ippai (Kondou)
Mizuki-sensei Ki wo Tsukete (Yukimasa Haneda)
Otawamure wo Prince (Kouki Matsuo)
Shiritsu Takizawa Koukou Seitokai (Satoshi Oozawa)
Suit and Ribbon Tie (Ryuuichi Kijima)
Weiss Kreuz (Ayame)
Theatrical animation
Cardcaptor Sakura (Yoshiyuki Terada)
X/1999 (Seishirō Sakura |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculin | Tuberculin, also known as purified protein derivative, is a combination of proteins that are used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. This use is referred to as the tuberculin skin test and is recommended only for those at high risk. Reliable administration of the skin test requires large amounts of training, supervision, and practice. Injection is done into the skin. After 48 to 72 hours, if there is more than a five to ten millimeter area of swelling, the test is considered positive.
Common side effects include redness, itchiness, and pain at the site of injection. Allergic reactions may occasionally occur. The test may be falsely positive in those who have been previously vaccinated with BCG or have been infected by other types of mycobacteria. The test may be falsely negative within ten weeks of infection, in those less than six months old, and in those who have been infected for many years. Use is safe in pregnancy.
Tuberculin was discovered in 1890 by Robert Koch. Koch, best known for his work on the etiology of tuberculosis (TB), laid down various rigorous guidelines that aided the establishment between a pathogen and the specific disease that followed that were later named Koch's postulates. Although he initially believed it would cure tuberculosis, this was later disproved. Tuberculin is made from an extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Medical uses
The test used in the United States at prese |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCNT | SCNT may refer to:
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Suez Canal Net Ton, a unique unit of measurement representing the revenue-earning capacity of a vessel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocholinesterase%20deficiency | Pseudocholinesterase deficiency is an autosomal recessive inherited blood plasma enzyme abnormality in which the body's production of butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE; pseudocholinesterase aka PCE) is impaired. People who have this abnormality may be sensitive to certain anesthetic drugs, including the muscle relaxants succinylcholine and mivacurium as well as other ester local anesthetics.
Signs and symptoms
The effects are varied depending on the particular drug given. When anesthetists administer standard doses of these anesthetic drugs to a person with pseudocholinesterase deficiency, the patient experiences prolonged paralysis of the respiratory muscles, requiring an extended period of time during which the patient must be mechanically ventilated. Eventually the muscle-paralyzing effects of these drugs will wear off despite the deficiency of the pseudocholinesterase enzyme. If the patient is maintained on a mechanical respirator until normal breathing function returns, there is little risk of harm to the patient.
Because it is rare in the general population, pseudocholinesterase deficiency is sometimes overlooked when a patient does not wake up after surgery. If this happens, there are two major complications that can arise. First, the patient may lie awake and paralyzed while medical providers try to determine the cause of the patient's unresponsiveness. Second, the breathing tube may be removed before the patient is strong enough to breathe properly, potentially causing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushcare%20Group | A Bushcare Group is a volunteer group that conducts bush regeneration to aid biodiversity conservation on public or private bushland in Australia.
Bushcare groups have arisen due to rising community support for conservation and this has driven the allocation of native vegetation remnants to conservation through ecological restoration.
There are numerous Bushcare Groups in Australia working as volunteers to restore remnant patches of native bushland on public lands. For example, in the Blue Mountains just outside Sydney, there are now 50 such Bush Regeneration Groups working to restore bushland. Most suburban councils are involved in bushcare to varying degrees, either by employing professional staff or facilitating volunteer involvement. Around Australia Natural Resource Management Boards and Non Government Organisations offer training and equipment to community volunteers.
References
External links
Blue Mountain Bushcare groups
Else Mitchell Park Bushcare Group
Prospect Hill Bushland Group
Environmental organisations based in Australia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey%20Yard | Bailey Yard is the world's largest railroad classification yard. Employees sort, service and repair locomotives and cars headed all across North America. Owned and operated by the Union Pacific Railroad (UP), Bailey Yard is located in North Platte, Nebraska. The yard is named after former Union Pacific president Edd H. Bailey.
Facilities
Bailey Yard is halfway between Denver and Omaha. It covers a total expanse of and is over in length and wide at its widest point; the facility is about wide on average. Bailey Yard has 200 separate tracks totaling of track, 985 switches, 766 turnouts, and 17 receiving and 16 departure tracks. Union Pacific employs more than 2,600 people in North Platte, most of whom are responsible for the day-to-day operations of Bailey Yard.
An average of 139 trains and over 14,000 railroad cars pass through Bailey Yard every day. The yard sorts approximately 3,000 cars daily using the yard's two humps. The eastbound hump is a tall mound, and the westbound hump is high. These are used to sort four cars per minute into one of the 114 "bowl" tracks -- 49 tracks for the westbound trains, and 65 for eastbound. The bowl tracks are used to form trains headed for destinations across North America, including the East, West and Gulf coasts of the United States, and Canadian and Mexican borders.
The yard also includes 3 locomotive fueling and servicing centers called eastbound run thru, westbound run thru, and a service track that handles more than 8,500 l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%27s%20theorem | In number theory, Chen's theorem states that every sufficiently large even number can be written as the sum of either two primes, or a prime and a semiprime (the product of two primes).
It is a weakened form of Goldbach's conjecture, which states that every even number is the sum of two primes.
History
The theorem was first stated by Chinese mathematician Chen Jingrun in 1966, with further details of the proof in 1973. His original proof was much simplified by P. M. Ross in 1975. Chen's theorem is a giant step towards the Goldbach's conjecture, and a remarkable result of the sieve methods.
Chen's theorem represents the strengthening of a previous result due to Alfréd Rényi, who in 1947 had shown there exists a finite K such that any even number can be written as the sum of a prime number and the product of at most K primes.
Variations
Chen's 1973 paper stated two results with nearly identical proofs. His Theorem I, on the Goldbach conjecture, was stated above. His Theorem II is a result on the twin prime conjecture. It states that if h is a positive even integer, there are infinitely many primes p such that p + h is either prime or the product of two primes.
Ying Chun Cai proved the following in 2002:
Tomohiro Yamada claimed a proof of the following explicit version of Chen's theorem in 2015:
In 2022, Matteo Bordignon implies there are gaps in Yamada's proof, which Bordignon overcomes in his PhD. thesis.
References
Citations
Books
Chapter 10.
External links
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20mitochondrial%20genetics | Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondria are small structures in cells that generate energy for the cell to use, and are hence referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is not transmitted through nuclear DNA (nDNA). In humans, as in most multicellular organisms, mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the mother's ovum. There are theories, however, that paternal mtDNA transmission in humans can occur under certain circumstances.
Mitochondrial inheritance is therefore non-Mendelian, as Mendelian inheritance presumes that half the genetic material of a fertilized egg (zygote) derives from each parent.
Eighty percent of mitochondrial DNA codes for mitochondrial RNA, and therefore most mitochondrial DNA mutations lead to functional problems, which may be manifested as muscle disorders (myopathies).
Because they provide 30 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule in contrast to the 2 ATP molecules produced by glycolysis, mitochondria are essential to all higher organisms for sustaining life. The mitochondrial diseases are genetic disorders carried in mitochondrial DNA, or nuclear DNA coding for mitochondrial components. Slight problems with any one of the numerous enzymes used by the mitochondria can be devastating to the cell, and in turn, to th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgraf%20Fedorov | Evgraf Stepanovich Fedorov (, – 21 May 1919) was a Russian mathematician, crystallographer and mineralogist.
Fedorov was born in the Russian city of Orenburg. His father was a topographical engineer. The family later moved to Saint Petersburg. From the age of fifteen, he was deeply interested in the theory of polytopes, which later became his main research interest. He was a distinguished graduate of the Gorny Institute, which he joined at the age of 26. He was elected the first Director of the Institute in 1905.
He contributed to the identification of conditions under which a group of Euclidean motions must have a translational subgroup whose vectors span the Euclidean space. He undertook investigations into crystal structure as early as 1881. His best-known result is his 1891 derivation of the 230 symmetry space groups which now serve as the mathematical basis of structural analysis. He also proved that there are only 17 possible wallpaper groups which can tile a Euclidean plane. This was then proved independently by George Pólya in 1924. The proof that the list of wallpaper groups was complete only came after the much harder case of space groups had been settled. In 1895, he became a professor of geology at the Moscow Agricultural Institute (now the Timiryazev Academy). Fedorov died from pneumonia in 1919 during the Russian Civil War in Petrograd, RSFSR.
He developed the Fedorov stage for polarizing microscopes, a tool for crystallography which allows a mineral speci |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force%20density | In fluid mechanics, the force density is the negative gradient of pressure. It has the physical dimensions of force per unit volume. Force density is a vector field representing the flux density of the hydrostatic force within the bulk of a fluid. Force density is represented by the symbol f, and given by the following equation, where p is the pressure:
.
The net force on a differential volume element dV of the fluid is:
Force density acts in different ways which is caused by the boundary conditions. There are stick-slip boundary conditions and stick boundary conditions which affect force density.
In a sphere placed in an arbitrary non-stationary flow field of viscous incompressible fluid for stick boundary conditions where the force density's calculations leads to show the generalisation of Faxen's theorem to force multipole moments of arbitrary order.
In a sphere moving in an incompressible fluid in a non-stationary flow with mixed stick-slip boundary condition where the force of density shows an expression of the Faxén type for the total force, but the total torque and the symmetric force-dipole moment.
The force density at a point in a fluid, divided by the density, is the acceleration of the fluid at that point.
The force density f is defined as the force per unit volume, so that the net force can be calculated by:
.
The force density in an electromagnetic field is given in CGS by:
,
where is the charge density, E is the electric field, J is the current densit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20pollen%20sources | The term pollen source is often used in the context of beekeeping and refers to flowering plants as a source of pollen for bees or other insects. Bees collect pollen as a protein source to raise their brood. For the plant, the pollinizer, this can be an important mechanism for sexual reproduction, as the pollinator distributes its pollen. Few flowering plants self-pollinate; some can provide their own pollen (self fertile), but require a pollinator to move the pollen; others are dependent on cross pollination from a genetically different source of viable pollen, through the activity of pollinators. One of the possible pollinators to assist in cross-pollination are honeybees. The article below is mainly about the pollen source from a beekeeping perspective.
The pollen source in a given area depends on the type of vegetation present and the length of their bloom period. What type of vegetation will grow in an area depends on soil texture, soil pH, soil drainage, daily maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, extreme minimum winter temperature, and growing degree days. The plants listed below are plants that would grow in USDA Hardiness zone 5. A good predictor for when a plant will bloom and produce pollen is a calculation of the growing degree days.
The color of pollen below indicates the color as it appears when the pollen arrives at the beehive. After arriving to the colony with a fresh load of pollen, the honey bee unloads its pollen from the pollen basket lo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraparallel%20theorem | In hyperbolic geometry, two lines are said to be ultraparallel if they do not intersect and are not limiting parallel.
The ultraparallel theorem states that every pair of (distinct) ultraparallel lines has a unique common perpendicular (a hyperbolic line which is perpendicular to both lines).
Hilbert's construction
Let r and s be two ultraparallel lines.
From any two distinct points A and C on s draw AB and CB' perpendicular to r with B and B' on r.
If it happens that AB = CB', then the desired common perpendicular joins the midpoints of AC and BB' (by the symmetry of the Saccheri quadrilateral ACB'B).
If not, we may suppose AB < CB' without loss of generality. Let E be a point on the line s on the opposite side of A from C. Take A' on CB' so that A'B' = AB. Through A' draw a line s' (A'E') on the side closer to E, so that the angle B'A'E' is the same as angle BAE. Then s' meets s in an ordinary point D'. Construct a point D on ray AE so that AD = A'D'.
Then D' ≠ D. They are the same distance from r and both lie on s. So the perpendicular bisector of D'D (a segment of s) is also perpendicular to r.
(If r and s were asymptotically parallel rather than ultraparallel, this construction would fail because s' would not meet s. Rather s' would be asymptotically parallel to both s and r.)
Proof in the Poincaré half-plane model
Let
be four distinct points on the abscissa of the Cartesian plane. Let and be semicircles above the abscissa with diameters and respectively |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayflick%20limit | The Hayflick limit, or Hayflick phenomenon, is the number of times a normal somatic, differentiated human cell population will divide before cell division stops. However, this limit does not apply to stem cells.
The concept of the Hayflick limit was advanced by American anatomist Leonard Hayflick in 1961, at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hayflick demonstrated that a normal human fetal cell population will divide between 40 and 60 times in cell culture before entering a senescence phase. This finding refuted the contention by Alexis Carrel that normal cells are immortal.
Each time a cell undergoes mitosis, the telomeres on the ends of each chromosome shorten slightly. Cell division will cease once telomeres shorten to a critical length. Hayflick interpreted his discovery to be aging at the cellular level. The aging of cell populations appears to correlate with the overall physical aging of an organism.
Macfarlane Burnet coined the name "Hayflick limit" in his book Intrinsic Mutagenesis: A Genetic Approach to Ageing, published in 1974.
History
The belief in cell immortality
Prior to Leonard Hayflick's discovery, it was believed that vertebrate cells had an unlimited potential to replicate. Alexis Carrel, a Nobel prize-winning surgeon, had stated "that all cells explanted in tissue culture are immortal, and that the lack of continuous cell replication was due to ignorance on how best to cultivate the cells". He claimed to have cultivated fibroblasts |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midpoint%20method | In numerical analysis, a branch of applied mathematics, the midpoint method is a one-step method for numerically solving the differential equation,
The explicit midpoint method is given by the formula
the implicit midpoint method by
for Here, is the step size — a small positive number, and is the computed approximate value of The explicit midpoint method is sometimes also known as the modified Euler method, the implicit method is the most simple collocation method, and, applied to Hamiltonian dynamics, a symplectic integrator. Note that the modified Euler method can refer to Heun's method, for further clarity see List of Runge–Kutta methods.
The name of the method comes from the fact that in the formula above, the function giving the slope of the solution is evaluated at the midpoint between at which the value of is known and at which the value of needs to be found.
A geometric interpretation may give a better intuitive understanding of the method (see figure at right). In the basic Euler's method, the tangent of the curve at is computed using . The next value is found where the tangent intersects the vertical line . However, if the second derivative is only positive between and , or only negative (as in the diagram), the curve will increasingly veer away from the tangent, leading to larger errors as increases. The diagram illustrates that the tangent at the midpoint (upper, green line segment) would most likely give a more accurate approximation of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcosine%20oxidase | Sarcosine oxidase is an enzyme () that catalyzes the oxidative demethylation of sarcosine to yield glycine, H2O2, 5,10-CH2-tetrahydrofolate in a reaction requiring H4-tetrahydrofolate and oxygen. Corynebacterial sarcosine oxidase is a heterotetramer and is produced as an inducible enzyme when Corynebacterium sp.is grown with sarcosine as source of carbon and energy.
Further reading
External links
EC 1.5.3 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times%20on%20base | In baseball statistics, the term times on base (TOB), is the cumulative total number of times a batter has reached base as a result of a hit, base on balls, or hit by pitch. This statistic does not include times reaching base by way of an error, uncaught third strike, fielder's obstruction or a fielder's choice, making the statistic somewhat of a misnomer.
Times on base leaders in Major League Baseball
Career
As of the end of the 2021 season, the following are the top 10 players in career times on base.
Pete Rose – 5929
Barry Bonds – 5599
Ty Cobb – 5532
Rickey Henderson – 5343
Carl Yastrzemski – 5304
Stan Musial – 5282
Hank Aaron – 5205
Tris Speaker – 4998
Babe Ruth – 4978
Eddie Collins – 4891
Single-season
Babe Ruth, Yankees (1923) – 379
Barry Bonds, Giants (2004) – 376
Ted Williams, Red Sox (1949) – 358
Barry Bonds, Giants (2002) – 356
Billy Hamilton, Phillies (1894) – 355
Babe Ruth, Yankees (1921) – 353
Babe Ruth, Yankees (1924) – 346
Ted Williams, Red Sox (1947) – 345
Three players are tied for ninth:
Lou Gehrig, Yankees (1936) -342
Wade Boggs, Red Sox (1988) – 342
Barry Bonds, Giants (2001) – 342
Single game
Three players have had 9 TOB in a single game:
Max Carey, July 7, 1922 – six hits, three walks (18-inning game)
Johnny Burnett, July 10, 1932 – nine hits (18-inning game)
Stan Hack, August 9, 1942 – five hits, four walks (18-inning game)
Burnett's nine hits are the record for most hits in a single game in MLB history, albeit in extra innin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merritt%20Ruhlen | Merritt Ruhlen (May 10, 1944 – January 29, 2021) was an American linguist who worked on the classification of languages and what this reveals about the origin and evolution of modern humans. Amongst other linguists, Ruhlen's work was recognized as standing outside the mainstream of comparative-historical linguistics. He was the principal advocate and defender of Joseph Greenberg's approach to language classification.
Biography
Born Frank Merritt Ruhlen, 1944, Ruhlen studied at Rice University, the University of Paris, the University of Illinois and the University of Bucharest. He received his PhD in 1973 from Stanford University with a dissertation on the generative analysis of Romanian morphology. Subsequently, Ruhlen worked for several years as a research assistant on the Stanford Universals Project, directed by Joseph Greenberg and Charles Ferguson.
From 1994, he was a lecturer in Anthropological Sciences and Human Biology at Stanford and co-director, along with Murray Gell-Mann (and, until 2005, the late Sergei Starostin), of the Santa Fe Institute Program on the Evolution of Human Languages. From 2005, Ruhlen was on the advisory board of the Genographic Project and held appointment as a visiting professor at the City University of Hong Kong. Ruhlen knew and worked with Joseph Greenberg for three-and-a-half decades and became the principal advocate and defender of Greenberg's methods of language classification.
Books
Ruhlen is the author of several books dealing with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angra%20Nuclear%20Power%20Plant | Angra Nuclear Power Plant is Brazil's only nuclear power plant. It is located at the Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto (CNAAA) on the Itaorna Beach in Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It consists of two pressurized water reactors (PWR), Angra I, with a net output of 609 MWe, first connected to the power grid in 1985 and Angra II, with a net output of 1,275 MWe, connected in 2000.
Work on a third reactor, Angra III, with a projected output of 1,245 MWe, began in 1984 but was halted in 1986. Work started again on 1 June 2010 for entry into service in 2015 and later delayed into the 2020s. A further restart awaits outside investment.
Existing complex
The Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto complex is administered by Eletronuclear, a state company with the monopoly in nuclear power generation in Brazil. The complex employs some 3,000 people and generates another 10,000 indirect jobs in Rio de Janeiro state.
Angra I was purchased from Westinghouse of the USA (its sister power plant is Krško Nuclear Power Plant in Slovenia). The balance of plant design was subcontracted to Gibbs and Hill (USA) in association with PROMON Engenharia S.A. and construction to Brasileira de Engenharia S.A.
The purchase did not include the transfer of sensitive reactor technology. As a result, Angra II was built with pre-Konvoi German technology, as part of a comprehensive nuclear agreement between Brazil and West Germany signed by President Ernesto Geisel in 1975. The complex was |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR%20Class%20C62 | The is a type of 4-6-4 steam locomotive designed by Hideo Shima and built by the Japanese National Railways (JNR). The "C" classification indicates three sets of driving wheels. The C62 was rebuilt with the boilers of older Class D52 2-8-2 locomotives.
History
These were the largest and fastest steam passenger locomotives to run in Japan, and hauled the Tsubame (swallow) express on the Tōkaidō Main Line between and . Only South Africa operated more powerful Cape gauge locomotives. Forty-nine C62s were built from 1948 to 1949. Five C62s hauled the Teine express in Hokkaido between and after they were displaced by electrification of the Tōkaidō Main Line. Two locomotives were used to double-head trains on the 2.5% (1:40) grades between Otaru and , where they were a popular tourist and railfan attraction until 1971. The last examples in regular service were withdrawn in 1973.
A C62 locomotive, C62 17, broke the speed record for a narrow-gauge steam locomotive on 15 December 1954 when it reached on the Tōkaidō Main Line. This locomotive was preserved in a park in Nagoya, and later moved to the SCMaglev and Railway Park in Nagoya.
In popular culture
The C62 has achieved a level of fame due in part to the manga/anime series Galaxy Express 999, in which the express is pulled by an advanced space locomotive that is built to replicate a C62.
The founders of Hudson Soft, rail fan brothers Yuji and Hiroshi Kudo, were fond of the C62 and other 4-6-4 locomotives, so they named th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation%20theory%20of%20the%20Galilean%20group | In nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, an account can be given of the existence of mass and spin (normally explained in Wigner's classification of relativistic mechanics) in terms of the representation theory of the Galilean group, which is the spacetime symmetry group of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics.
In dimensions, this is the subgroup of the affine group on (), whose linear part leaves invariant both the metric () and the (independent) dual metric (). A similar definition applies for dimensions.
We are interested in projective representations of this group, which are equivalent to unitary representations of the nontrivial central extension of the universal covering group of the Galilean group by the one-dimensional Lie group , cf. the article Galilean group for the central extension of its Lie algebra. The method of induced representations will be used to survey these.
We focus on the (centrally extended, Bargmann) Lie algebra here, because it is simpler to analyze and we can always extend the results to the full Lie group through the Frobenius theorem.
is the generator of time translations (Hamiltonian), Pi is the generator of translations (momentum operator), Ci is the generator of Galilean boosts, and Lij stands for a generator of rotations (angular momentum operator). The central charge is a Casimir invariant.
The mass-shell invariant
is an additional Casimir invariant.
In dimensions, a third Casimir invariant is , where
somewhat analogous to the Pau |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GroEL | GroEL is a protein which belongs to the chaperonin family of molecular chaperones, and is found in many bacteria. It is required for the proper folding of many proteins. To function properly, GroEL requires the lid-like cochaperonin protein complex GroES. In eukaryotes the organellar proteins Hsp60 and Hsp10 are structurally and functionally nearly identical to GroEL and GroES, respectively, due to their endosymbiotic origin.
HSP60 is implicated in mitochondrial protein import and macromolecular assembly. It may facilitate the correct folding of imported proteins, and may also prevent misfolding and promote the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under stress conditions in the mitochondrial matrix. HSP60 interacts with HRAS and with HBV protein X and HTLV-1 protein p40tax. HSP60 belongs to the chaperonin (HSP60) family. Note: This description may include information from UniProtKB.
Alternate Names: 60 kDa chaperonin, Chaperonin 60, CPN60, Heat shock protein 60, HSP-60, HuCHA60, Mitochondrial matrix protein P1, P60 lymphocyte protein, HSPD1
Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is a mitochondrial chaperonin that is typically held responsible for the transportation and refolding of proteins from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix. In addition to its role as a heat shock protein, HSP60 functions as a chaperonin to assist in folding linear amino acid chains into their respective three-dimensional structure. Through the extensive study of groEL, H |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GroES | Heat shock 10 kDa protein 1 (Hsp10), also known as chaperonin 10 (cpn10) or early-pregnancy factor (EPF), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPE1 gene. The homolog in E. coli is GroES that is a chaperonin which usually works in conjunction with GroEL.
Structure and function
GroES exists as a ring-shaped oligomer of between six and eight identical subunits, while the 60 kDa chaperonin (cpn60, or groEL in bacteria) forms a structure comprising 2 stacked rings, each ring containing 7 identical subunits. These ring structures assemble by self-stimulation in the presence of Mg2+-ATP. The central cavity of the cylindrical cpn60 tetradecamer provides an isolated environment for protein folding whilst cpn-10 binds to cpn-60 and synchronizes the release of the folded protein in an Mg2+-ATP dependent manner. The binding of cpn10 to cpn60 inhibits the weak ATPase activity of cpn60.
Escherichia coli GroES has also been shown to bind ATP cooperatively, and with an affinity comparable to that of GroEL. Each GroEL subunit contains three structurally distinct domains: an apical, an intermediate and an equatorial domain. The apical domain contains the binding sites for both GroES and the unfolded protein substrate. The equatorial domain contains the ATP-binding site and most of the oligomeric contacts. The intermediate domain links the apical and equatorial domains and transfers allosteric information between them. The GroEL oligomer is a tetradecamer, cylindrically shaped, t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon%27s%20theorem | In geometry, Radon's theorem on convex sets, published by Johann Radon in 1921, states that:Any set of d + 2 points in Rd can be partitioned into two sets whose convex hulls intersect. A point in the intersection of these convex hulls is called a Radon point of the set.For example, in the case d = 2, any set of four points in the Euclidean plane can be partitioned in one of two ways. It may form a triple and a singleton, where the convex hull of the triple (a triangle) contains the singleton; alternatively, it may form two pairs of points that form the endpoints of two intersecting line segments.
Proof and construction
Consider any set of d + 2 points in d-dimensional space. Then there exists a set of multipliers a1, ..., ad + 2, not all of which are zero, solving the system of linear equations
because there are d + 2 unknowns (the multipliers) but only d + 1 equations that they must satisfy (one for each coordinate of the points, together with a final equation requiring the sum of the multipliers to be zero). Fix some particular nonzero solution a1, ..., ad + 2. Let be the set of points with positive multipliers, and let be the set of points with multipliers that are negative or zero. Then and form the required partition of the points into two subsets with intersecting convex hulls.
The convex hulls of and must intersect, because they both contain the point
where
The left hand side of the formula for expresses this point as a convex combination of the points in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop%20%28protein%29 | Hop, occasionally written HOP, is an abbreviation for Hsp70-Hsp90 Organizing Protein. It functions as a co-chaperone which reversibly links together the protein chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90.
Hop belongs to the large group of co-chaperones, which regulate and assist the major chaperones (mainly heat shock proteins). It is one of the best studied co-chaperones of the Hsp70/Hsp90-complex. It was first discovered in yeast and homologues were identified in human, mouse, rat, insects, plants, parasites, and virus. The family of these proteins is referred to as STI1 (stress inducible protein) and can be divided into yeast, plant, and animal STI1 (Hop).
Synonyms
Gene
The gene for human Hop is located on chromosome 11q13.1 and consists of 14 exons.
Structure
STI proteins are characterized by some structural features: All homologues have nine tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs, that are clustered into domains of three TPRs. The TPR motif is a very common structural feature used by many proteins and provides the ability of directing protein-protein interactions. Crystallographic structural information is available for the N-terminal TPR1 and the central TPR2A domains in complex with Hsp90 resp. Hsp70 ligand peptides.
The Hsp70-Hsp90 Organizing Protein (Hop, STIP1 in humans) is the co-chaperone responsible for the transfer of client proteins between Hsp70 and Hsp90. Hop is evolutionarily conserved in Eukaryotes and is found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Drosophila Hop is a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20leakage%20current | Reverse leakage current in a semiconductor device is the current from that semiconductor device when the device is reverse biased.
When a semiconductor device is reverse biased it should not conduct any current, however, due to an increased barrier potential, the free electrons on the p side are dragged to the battery's positive terminal, while holes on the n side are dragged to the battery's negative terminal.
This produces a current of minority charge carriers and hence its magnitude is extremely small.
For constant temperatures, the reverse current is almost constant although the applied reverse voltage is increased up to a certain limit. Hence, it is also called reverse saturation current.
The term is particularly applicable to mostly semiconductor junctions, especially diodes and thyristors.
Reverse leakage current is also known as "zero gate voltage drain current" with MOSFETs. The leakage current increased with temperature. As an example, the Fairchild Semiconductor FDV303N has a reverse leakage of up to 1 microamp at room temperature rising to 10 microamps with a junction temperature of 50 degrees Celsius.
For all basic purposes, leakage currents are very small, and, thus, are normally negligible.
Semiconductors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockfj%C3%A4rd | Mockfjärd is a locality situated in Gagnef Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden with 1,937 inhabitants in 2010 and 1,919 in 2013.
References
Populated places in Dalarna County
Populated places in Gagnef Municipality |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaloblastic%20anemia | Megaloblastic anemia is a type of macrocytic anemia. An anemia is a red blood cell defect that can lead to an undersupply of oxygen. Megaloblastic anemia results from inhibition of DNA synthesis during red blood cell production. When DNA synthesis is impaired, the cell cycle cannot progress from the G2 growth stage to the mitosis (M) stage. This leads to continuing cell growth without division, which presents as macrocytosis.
Megaloblastic anemia has a rather slow onset, especially when compared to that of other anemias.
The defect in red cell DNA synthesis is most often due to hypovitaminosis, specifically vitamin B12 deficiency or folate deficiency. Loss of micronutrients may also be a cause.
Megaloblastic anemia not due to hypovitaminosis may be caused by antimetabolites that poison DNA production directly, such as some chemotherapeutic or antimicrobial agents (for example azathioprine or trimethoprim).
The pathological state of megaloblastosis is characterized by many large immature and dysfunctional red blood cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow and also by hypersegmented neutrophils (defined as the presence of neutrophils with six or more lobes or the presence of more than 3% of neutrophils with at least five lobes). These hypersegmented neutrophils can be detected in the peripheral blood (using a diagnostic smear of a blood sample).
Causes
Vitamin B12 deficiency:
Achlorhydria-induced malabsorption
Deficient intake
Deficient intrinsic factor, a molecule produ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan%20Film%20and%20Video%20Classification%20Board | The Saskatchewan Film and Video Classification Board is a board of the Saskatchewan Department of Justice responsible for providing film and video classification documents to movie theatres in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The Board was formerly responsible for reviewing films and granting film ratings, but since 1 October 1997 these duties have been done by the British Columbia Film Classification Office on Saskatchewan's behalf.
In 1994, the Board briefly achieved international notoriety when it banned the BDSM-based comedy film Exit to Eden from being shown in Saskatchewan theaters. This was the first time a major Hollywood film had been banned in Canada since Pretty Baby was temporarily banned in some jurisdictions in 1978. After a significant public outcry, the ban was lifted a few days later.
The Board is empowered by Saskatchewan's Film and Video Classification Act.
Film Ratings
General (G): A film is to be classified as General if the contents are considered acceptable for all age groups. Films with this rating are allowed to include: occasional violence, occasional swearing and coarse language, the most innocent of sexually suggestive scenes and nudity. If a film includes any of the above, a warning accompanying the films advertisements may be required.
Parental Guidance (PG): A film is to be classified as Parental Guidance where the themes or content of the film may not be suitable for all children, although there is no age restriction.
14A: A film i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20Film%20Classification%20Board | The Maritime Film Classification Board is a government organization responsible for reviewing films and granting film ratings in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.
Created on May 1, 1994, it is jointly funded by all three provinces through the Council of Atlantic Premiers. Nova Scotia is the lead administrator of the program, which provides office space and employees through its Alcohol and Gaming Authority.
Prior to 1994, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia provided their own ratings for theatrical films and rating stickers for videos. However, the New Brunswick ratings were usually identical to those provided by the Nova Scotia Film Classification Board, thus the decision to amalgamate services. Prince Edward Island had no classification board and usually used the ratings from New Brunswick.
Under new legislation in all three provinces, each province can continue to individually regulate and enforce the exhibition and distribution of films, as well as licence theatres and video stores, this specifically includes banning operations, designating adult video stores, etc.
Rating categories
The following ratings were adopted on April 1, 2005 and are currently in use:
General (G) – Suitable for viewers of all ages.
Parental Guidance (PG) – Parental guidance is advised. Theme or content may not be suitable for all children.
14 Accompaniment (14A) – Suitable for viewing by persons 14 years of age and older. Persons under 14 must be accompanied by an adult. Ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-excited%20linear%20prediction | Code-excited linear prediction (CELP) is a linear predictive speech coding algorithm originally proposed by Manfred R. Schroeder and Bishnu S. Atal in 1985. At the time, it provided significantly better quality than existing low bit-rate algorithms, such as residual-excited linear prediction (RELP) and linear predictive coding (LPC) vocoders (e.g., FS-1015). Along with its variants, such as algebraic CELP, relaxed CELP, low-delay CELP and vector sum excited linear prediction, it is currently the most widely used speech coding algorithm. It is also used in MPEG-4 Audio speech coding. CELP is commonly used as a generic term for a class of algorithms and not for a particular codec.
Background
The CELP algorithm is based on four main ideas:
Using the source-filter model of speech production through linear prediction (LP) (see the textbook "speech coding algorithm");
Using an adaptive and a fixed codebook as the input (excitation) of the LP model;
Performing a search in closed-loop in a "perceptually weighted domain".
Applying vector quantization (VQ)
The original algorithm as simulated in 1983 by Schroeder and Atal required 150 seconds to encode 1 second of speech when run on a Cray-1 supercomputer. Since then, more efficient ways of implementing the codebooks and improvements in computing capabilities have made it possible to run the algorithm in embedded devices, such as mobile phones.
CELP decoder
Before exploring the complex encoding process of CELP we introduce the d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothness | In mathematical analysis, the smoothness of a function is a property measured by the number of continuous derivatives it has over some domain, called differentiability class. At the very minimum, a function could be considered smooth if it is differentiable everywhere (hence continuous). At the other end, it might also possess derivatives of all orders in its domain, in which case it is said to be infinitely differentiable and referred to as a C-infinity function (or function).
Differentiability classes
Differentiability class is a classification of functions according to the properties of their derivatives. It is a measure of the highest order of derivative that exists and is continuous for a function.
Consider an open set on the real line and a function defined on with real values. Let k be a non-negative integer. The function is said to be of differentiability class if the derivatives exist and are continuous on . If is -differentiable on , then it is at least in the class since are continuous on . The function is said to be infinitely differentiable, smooth, or of class , if it has derivatives of all orders on . (So all these derivatives are continuous functions over .) The function is said to be of class , or analytic, if is smooth (i.e., is in the class ) and its Taylor series expansion around any point in its domain converges to the function in some neighborhood of the point. is thus strictly contained in . Bump functions are examples of functions in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%E2%80%93off%20keying | On–off keying (OOK) denotes the simplest form of amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation that represents digital data as the presence or absence of a carrier wave. In its simplest form, the presence of a carrier for a specific duration represents a binary one, while its absence for the same duration represents a binary zero. Some more sophisticated schemes vary these durations to convey additional information. It is analogous to unipolar encoding line code.
On–off keying is most commonly used to transmit Morse code over radio frequencies (referred to as CW (continuous wave) operation), although in principle any digital encoding scheme may be used. OOK has been used in the ISM bands to transfer data between computers, for example.
OOK is more spectrally efficient than frequency-shift keying, but more sensitive to noise when using a regenerative receiver or a poorly implemented superheterodyne receiver.
For a given data rate, the bandwidth of a BPSK (Binary Phase Shift keying) signal and the bandwidth of OOK signal are equal.
In addition to RF carrier waves, OOK is also used in optical communication systems (e.g. IrDA and fiber-optic communication).
In aviation, some possibly unmanned airports have equipment that let pilots key their VHF radio a number of times in order to request an Automatic Terminal Information Service broadcast, or turn on runway lights.
OOK is also used in remote garage and gate keys, often operating at 433.92 MHz, in combination with rolling codes.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Computer%20%26%20Robotics%20Museum | The American Computer & Robotics Museum (ACRM), formerly known as the American Computer Museum, is a museum of the history of computing, communications, artificial intelligence and robotics that is located in Bozeman, Montana, United States.
The museum's mission is "... to explore the past and imagine the future of the Information Age through thought-provoking exhibits, innovative storytelling, and the bold exchange of ideas."
History of the museum
The American Computer & Robotics Museum was founded by George and Barbara Keremedjiev as a non-profit organization in May 1990 in Bozeman, Montana. It is likely the oldest extant museum dedicated to the history of computers in the world. The museum's artifacts trace over 4,000 years of computing history and information technology. George Keremedjiev passed away in November 2018, but his wife Barbara, the Museum Board, and the museum's Executive Director continue working toward his goals to "collect, preserve, interpret, and display the artifacts and history of the information age."
Exhibits on display
The museum has several permanent exhibits on display. The Benchmarks of the Information Age provides an overview of information technology from roughly 1860 B.C.E. with the development of ancient writing systems up to 1976 C.E. with the Apple I personal computer. Another significant exhibit is the NASA Apollo program, including NASA artifacts on loan from the National Air and Space Museum, such as an Apollo Guidance Computer and a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALD | ALD or Ald may refer to:
Medicine, science and technology
Adrenoleukodystrophy, a disease linked to the X chromosome
Alcoholic liver disease
Aldolase or ALD, an enzyme occurring naturally in animals
Assistive listening device used to improve hearing ability
Atomic layer deposition, a thin-film deposition technique
Asymmetric Laplace distribution, in probability theory and statistics
Places
Alderley Edge railway station, Cheshire, UK (National Rail code ALD)
Alderney, a Channel Island, Chapman code
Alderson station, West Virginia, US (Amtrak station code ALD)
Allahabad Junction railway station, Uttar Pradesh, India (station code ALD)
Alerta Airport, Peru (IATA code ALD)
Politics
Autonomy Liberty Democracy, a coalition of centre-left political parties in Aosta Valley, Italy
Arakan League for Democracy, a political party active in Rakhine State, Myanmar (Burma)
Businesses
Aimé Leon Dore, American fashion brand
ALD Automotive, a French fleet managing and operational car leasing company
Other uses
Ald (unit), an old Mongolian measure equal to the length between a man's outstretched arms
Alderman, a member of a municipal assembly or council
Assistant lighting designer, in the theatre
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
ALD, the Liberty dollar (private currency)
See also
Aldehyde, an organic compound
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), a type of enzyme
Aldolase, or Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, an enzyme
ALD-52, a chemical analogue of lysergic acid diethyla |
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