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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helly%27s%20theorem | Helly's theorem is a basic result in discrete geometry on the intersection of convex sets. It was discovered by Eduard Helly in 1913, but not published by him until 1923, by which time alternative proofs by and had already appeared. Helly's theorem gave rise to the notion of a Helly family.
Statement
Let be a finite collection of convex subsets of , with . If the intersection of every of these sets is nonempty, then the whole collection has a nonempty intersection; that is,
For infinite collections one has to assume compactness:
Let be a collection of compact convex subsets of , such that every subcollection of cardinality at most has nonempty intersection. Then the whole collection has nonempty intersection.
Proof
We prove the finite version, using Radon's theorem as in the proof by . The infinite version then follows by the finite intersection property characterization of compactness: a collection of closed subsets of a compact space has a non-empty intersection if and only if every finite subcollection has a non-empty intersection (once you fix a single set, the intersection of all others with it are closed subsets of a fixed compact space).
The proof is by induction:
Base case: Let . By our assumptions, for every there is a point that is in the common intersection of all with the possible exception of . Now we apply Radon's theorem to the set which furnishes us with disjoint subsets of such that the convex hull of intersects the convex hull of . Suppos |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkson%27s%20paradox | Berkson's paradox, also known as Berkson's bias, collider bias, or Berkson's fallacy, is a result in conditional probability and statistics which is often found to be counterintuitive, and hence a veridical paradox. It is a complicating factor arising in statistical tests of proportions. Specifically, it arises when there is an ascertainment bias inherent in a study design. The effect is related to the explaining away phenomenon in Bayesian networks, and conditioning on a collider in graphical models.
It is often described in the fields of medical statistics or biostatistics, as in the original description of the problem by Joseph Berkson.
Examples
Overview
The most common example of Berkson's paradox is a false observation of a negative correlation between two desirable traits, i.e., that members of a population which have some desirable trait tend to lack a second. Berkson's paradox occurs when this observation appears true when in reality the two properties are unrelated—or even positively correlated—because members of the population where both are absent are not equally observed. For example, a person may observe from their experience that fast food restaurants in their area which serve good hamburgers tend to serve bad fries and vice versa; but because they would likely not eat anywhere where both were bad, they fail to allow for the large number of restaurants in this category which would weaken or even flip the correlation.
Original illustration
Berkson's origin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%20%28grape%29 | Norton is grown in the Midwestern United States, the Mid-Atlantic States, and northeastern Georgia. DNA data are consistent with 'Norton' being a hybrid with ancestry including V. aestivalis and V. vinifera.
Norton was first cultivated in Richmond, Virginia, and is the official grape of the State of Missouri, and is considered the cornerstone of the Missouri wine industry. Daniel Norton first purveyed the Norton cultivar during the early 19th century from his vineyards in Virginia, USA.
History
The Norton cultivar was introduced by Daniel Norborne Norton of Richmond, Virginia, who selected it from among what he believed were seedlings of a long forgotten grape variety called Bland, though there is some doubt as to whether it was the actual source of the seed which yielded Norton. The male parent, presumably, was a wild vine of Vitis aestivalis. Another cultivar, called Cynthiana, closely resembles Norton, but has traditionally been considered a separate variety. Genetic studies, however, have shown the two to be indistinguishable.
This grape became available commercially in 1830 and very soon after that came to dominate wine production in the eastern and midwestern states like Missouri and Ohio in the United States. Since this grape lacks the distinct, "foxy" flavors that are typical of Native American Vitis labrusca grapes, it is quite suitable for making dry wine. Vineyards were pulled up and Concord grapes were planted in their place, for juice and jam. After prohibit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelobacteraceae | The "Pelobacteraceae" are a bacterial family in the order Desulfuromonadales. The species are anaerobic and have a fermentative metabolism.
References
External links
LPSN: Pelobacter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycosis%20fungoides | Mycosis fungoides, also known as Alibert-Bazin syndrome or granuloma fungoides, is the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. It generally affects the skin, but may progress internally over time. Symptoms include rash, tumors, skin lesions, and itchy skin.
While the cause remains unclear, most cases are not hereditary. Most cases are in people over 20 years of age, and it is more common in men than women. Treatment options include sunlight exposure, ultraviolet light, topical corticosteroids, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.
History
Mycosis fungoides was first described in 1806 by French dermatologist Jean-Louis-Marc Alibert. The name mycosis fungoides is very misleading—it loosely means "mushroom-like fungal disease". The disease, however, is not a fungal infection but rather a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It was so named because Alibert described the skin tumors of a severe case as having a mushroom-like appearance.
Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of mycosis fungoides are categorized into three clinical stages: the patch stage, the plaque stage, and the tumour stage. The patch stage is defined by flat, reddish patches of varying sizes that may have a wrinkled appearance. They can also look yellowish in people with darker skin. The plaque stage follows the patch stage of mycosis fungoides. It is characterized by the presence of raised lesions that appear reddish-brown; in darker skin tones, plaques may have a greyish or silver appearance. Both patch and pla |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFRR%20Records | FFRR Records (sometimes credited as Full Frequency Range Recordings) is a dance music label originally founded by London Records in 1986, with A&R run by English DJ Pete Tong, from the start. Originally a part of London Records' label roster, FFRR is currently a sublabel of Parlophone, a division of Warner Music Group. Its activities were mostly halted in the early 2000s, until the label was revived in 2011. Its catalog was sold off in 2017, but the label was revived a second time in 2021, this time with a new identity.
The original incarnation of FFRR was founded in 1986, and also had two subsidiaries: Double F Double R Records and Ffrreedom Records. The first singles from the label were UK releases of three Run-DMC singles in 1986, but the tone for the label's initial run was set by their A&R man Pete Tong's project, the compilation "The House Sound of Chicago III", which saw the comp series move from London Records.
Early artist releases on the label reflected the Dance genre, which then included Hip-Hop, blending together the 80s pop of Bananarama and Sabrina with US hip-hop and hip-house groups like Salt n' Pepa and Ultramagnetic MCs. Alongside these mostly singles-releases, a string of genre-defining compilations showcasing scenes like Chicago House music and the Baleraric sounds from Ibiza's dancefloors. As the label's profile grew, its label-branded compilations (with the iconic ear logo on the cover) became more notable - The Silver on Black (1989), Gold on Bla |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20equation | In theoretical physics and applied mathematics, a field equation is a partial differential equation which determines the dynamics of a physical field, specifically the time evolution and spatial distribution of the field. The solutions to the equation are mathematical functions which correspond directly to the field, as functions of time and space. Since the field equation is a partial differential equation, there are families of solutions which represent a variety of physical possibilities. Usually, there is not just a single equation, but a set of coupled equations which must be solved simultaneously. Field equations are not ordinary differential equations since a field depends on space and time, which requires at least two variables.
Whereas the "wave equation", the "diffusion equation", and the "continuity equation" all have standard forms (and various special cases or generalizations), there is no single, special equation referred to as "the field equation".
The topic broadly splits into equations of classical field theory and quantum field theory. Classical field equations describe many physical properties like temperature of a substance, velocity of a fluid, stresses in an elastic material, electric and magnetic fields from a current, etc. They also describe the fundamental forces of nature, like electromagnetism and gravity. In quantum field theory, particles or systems of "particles" like electrons and photons are associated with fields, allowing for infinite degre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devotio%20Moderna | Devotio Moderna (Latin; lit., Modern Devotion) was a movement for religious reform, calling for apostolic renewal through the rediscovery of genuine pious practices such as humility, obedience, simplicity of life, and integration into the community. It began in the late 14th century, largely through the work of Gerard Groote, and flourished in the Low Countries and Germany in the 15th century, but came to an end with the Protestant Reformation. It is most known today through its influence on Thomas à Kempis, the author of The Imitation of Christ, a book which has proved highly influential for centuries.
This movement largely believed in austerity for Christians at every level, from clergy to layman, and many followers of Devotio Moderna frowned upon such things as church-led celebrations of certain events.
Origins
1300s
The origins of the movement likely stem from the Congregation of Windesheim, though it has so far proved elusive to locate the precise origin of the movement. Broadly, it may be seen to rise out of widespread dissatisfaction with the Church (both in terms of the structure of the church and the personal lives of the clergy) in 14th-century Europe. Geert Groote (1340–1384) was among many in being highly dissatisfied with the state of the Church and what he perceived as the gradual loss of monastic traditions and the lack of moral values among the clergy. He sought to rediscover certain pious practices.
Devotio Moderna began as a lay movement; around 1374, G |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampurna%20Vikas%20Dal | Sampurna Vikas Dal (SVD) is a political party in the Indian state of Bihar. SVD was formed by ex-Rajya Sabha MP and former Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) leader Ranjan Prasad Yadav on October 20, 2003. Yadav differed with RJD leader Laloo Prasad Yadav when the latter appointed his wife, Rabri Devi, as the Chief Minister of the state. It contested three seats in 2004 Indian general election.
References
Political parties in Bihar
2003 establishments in Bihar
Political parties established in 2003 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak%20derivative | In mathematics, a weak derivative is a generalization of the concept of the derivative of a function (strong derivative) for functions not assumed differentiable, but only integrable, i.e., to lie in the Lp space .
The method of integration by parts holds that for differentiable functions and we have
A function u' being the weak derivative of u is essentially defined by the requirement that this equation must hold for all infinitely differentiable functions vanishing at the boundary points ().
Definition
Let be a function in the Lebesgue space . We say that in is a weak derivative of if
for all infinitely differentiable functions with .
Generalizing to dimensions, if and are in the space of locally integrable functions for some open set , and if is a multi-index, we say that is the -weak derivative of if
for all , that is, for all infinitely differentiable functions with compact support in . Here is defined as
If has a weak derivative, it is often written since weak derivatives are unique (at least, up to a set of measure zero, see below).
Examples
The absolute value function , which is not differentiable at has a weak derivative known as the sign function, and given by This is not the only weak derivative for u: any w that is equal to v almost everywhere is also a weak derivative for u. (In particular, the definition of v(0) above is superfluous and can be replaced with any desired real number r.) Usually, this is not a problem, since in t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alister%20Hardy | Sir Alister Clavering Hardy (10 February 1896 – 22 May 1985) was an English marine biologist, an expert on marine ecosystems spanning organisms from zooplankton to whales. He had the artistic skill to illustrate his books with his own drawings, maps, diagrams, and paintings.
Hardy served as zoologist on the RRS Discoverys voyage to explore the Antarctic between 1925 and 1927. On the voyage he invented the Continuous Plankton Recorder; it enabled any ship to collect plankton samples during an ordinary voyage.
After retiring from his academic work, Hardy founded the Religious Experience Research Centre in 1969; he won the Templeton Prize for this in 1985.
Camoufleur and artist
Hardy was born in Nottingham, the son of Richard Hardy, an architect, and his wife, Elizabeth Hannah Clavering. He was educated not far away at Oundle School. He had intended to go to Oxford University in 1914, but on the outbreak of war he instead volunteered for the army, and was made a camoufleur, a camouflage officer. Hardy wrote that he had been
He was selected for camouflage work by the artist Solomon J. Solomon, who apparently mistook him for a different Hardy who was a professional artist. Hardy however did have sufficient artistic skill to serve his military and scientific work. He illustrated his New Naturalist books with his own line drawings, maps, diagrams, photographs, and paintings. For example, plate 2 of Fish and Fisheries illustrates the depicted "Rare and Unusual Fish in British W |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov%C4%87en | Lovćen (, ) is a mountain and national park in southwestern Montenegro. It is the inspiration behind the names Montenegro and Crna Gora, both of which mean "Black Mountain" and refer to the appearance of Mount Lovćen when covered in dense forests.
The name Crna Gora was first mentioned in a charter issued by Stefan Milutin in 1276 and was used for several regions across medieval Serbian lands, including Skopska Crna Gora and Užička Crna Gora.
Mount Lovćen rises from the borders of the Adriatic basin, closing the long and twisting bays of Boka Kotorska and making the hinterland to the coastal town of Kotor. The mountain has two imposing peaks, Štirovnik; and Jezerski vrh; .
The mountain slopes are rocky, with numerous fissures, pits and deep depressions giving its scenery a specific look. This is a karst landscape carved from limestone and dolomite. Lovćen stands on the border between two completely different natural wholes, the sea and the mainland, and so it is under the influence of both climates. The specific connection of the life conditions has caused the development of the different biological systems. There are 1,158 plant species on Lovćen, four of which are endemic.
National park
The national park encompasses the central and the highest part of the mountain massif and covers an area of . It was proclaimed a national park in 1952. Besides Lovćen's natural features, the significant historical, cultural and architectural heritage of the area are protected by the n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%20202%20modem | The Bell 202 modem was an early (1976) modem standard developed by the Bell System. It specifies audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) to encode and transfer data at a rate of 1200 bits per second (bit/s), half-duplex. It has separate sets of circuits for 1200 bit/s and 300 bit/s rates. These signalling protocols, also used in third-party modems, are referred to generically as Bell 202 modulation, and any device employing it as Bell-202-compatible.
Bell 202 AFSK uses a 1200 Hz tone for mark (typically a binary 1) and 2200 Hz for space (typically a binary 0).
In North America, Bell 202 AFSK modulation is used to transmit Caller ID information over POTS lines in the public telephone network. It is also employed in some commercial settings.
In addition, Bell 202 is the basis for the most commonly used physical layer for the HART Communication Protocol - a communication protocol widely used in the process industries.
Surplus Bell 202 modems were used by amateur radio operators to construct the first packet radio stations, despite its low signalling speed. A modified Bell 202 AFSK modulation, a common physical layer for AX.25, remains the standard for amateur VHF operation in most areas. Notably, Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) transmissions are encoded this way on VHF. On HF, APRS uses Bell 103 modulation.
The Bell 202 standard was adopted around 1980 as the communications standard for subsea oil and gas production control systems, pioneered by the then FSSL (Ferr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%20no%20Tomonori | was an early Heian waka poet of the court, a member of the sanjūrokkasen or Thirty-six Poetry Immortals. He was a compiler of the Kokin Wakashū, though he certainly did not see it to completion as the anthology includes a eulogy to him composed by Ki no Tsurayuki, his cousin and colleague in the compilation effort. Ki no Tomonori is the author of several poems in the Kokin Wakashū, and a few of his poems appear in later official collections. A collection of his poems from various sources appeared as the tomonori shū.
Tomonori's most famous waka is "Hisakata no", included in Hyakunin Isshu that was compiled in the 13th century:
Hisakata no (From afar literally, but a pillow word for light)
Hikari nodokeki (Of peaceful light)
Haru no hi ni (On the day of spring)
Shizugokoro naku (Without quiet minds)
Hana no chiruran (Do the cherry flowers fall?)
This waka has been made a choral song "Hisakata No (In the Peaceful Light)" by Ruth Morris Gray and is sung by various choral groups of the world.
References
Japanese poets
Hyakunin Isshu poets
Ki clan
850s births
900s deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatase | Aromatase (), also called estrogen synthetase or estrogen synthase, is an enzyme responsible for a key step in the biosynthesis of estrogens. It is CYP19A1, a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily, which are monooxygenases that catalyze many reactions involved in steroidogenesis. In particular, aromatase is responsible for the aromatization of androgens into estrogens. The enzyme aromatase can be found in many tissues including gonads (granulosa cells), brain, adipose tissue, placenta, blood vessels, skin, and bone, as well as in tissue of endometriosis, uterine fibroids, breast cancer, and endometrial cancer. It is an important factor in sexual development.
Function
Aromatase is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum where it is regulated by tissue-specific promoters that are in turn controlled by hormones, cytokines, and other factors. It catalyzes the last steps of estrogen biosynthesis from androgens (specifically, it transforms androstenedione to estrone and testosterone to estradiol). These steps include three successive hydroxylations of the 19-methyl group of androgens, followed by simultaneous elimination of the methyl group as formate and aromatization of the A-ring.
Androstenedione + 3O2 + 3NADPH + 3H+ Estrone + Formate + 4H2O + 3NADP+
Testosterone + 3O2 + 3NADPH + 3H+ 17β-estradiol + Formate + 4H2O + 3NADP+
Expression
Aromatase is expressed in the gonads, placenta, brain, adipose tissue, bone, and other tissues. It is almost undetectable in adult human l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%20theorem | Several theorems are named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy. Cauchy theorem may mean:
Cauchy's integral theorem in complex analysis, also Cauchy's integral formula
Cauchy's mean value theorem in real analysis, an extended form of the mean value theorem
Cauchy's theorem (group theory)
Cauchy's theorem (geometry) on rigidity of convex polytopes
The Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem concerning partial differential equations
The Cauchy–Peano theorem in the study of ordinary differential equations
Cauchy's limit theorem
Augustin-Louis Cauchy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge%20Newbery | Jorge Alejandro Newbery Malagarie (27 May 1875 – 1 March 1914) was an Argentine aviator, civil servant, engineer and scientist.
Early and personal life
His father, Ralph Lamartine Newbery Purcell (born 1848) was a dentist who emigrated from Long Island, New York, and settled in Argentina after the American Civil War, in which he fought on the Union side of the Battle of Gettysburg and was recognized for his courage.
Historical context
Newbery was in the public eye between the 1890s and the first fifteen years of the 20th century, a very important time for Argentina which was characterised by an enormous immigration of Europeans which multiplied the country's demographic importance by a factor of five. The population of Argentina, which represented 0.12% of the global population in 1869, would come to make up 0.57% of mankind in 1930. and the expansion of an economy of agricultural export which increased the GDP per capita from $334 in 1875 to $1,151 in 1913.
The Newbery years were years of unshakeable faith in the possibilities of Argentina, when Rubén Darío wrote in his famous Canto a la Argentina y otros poemas: "Argentina, your day has come!" These years saw the appearance of tango, Vaslav Nijinsky dancing in the Teatro Colón, the opening of the Buenos Aires Metro, the arrival of Guglielmo Marconi in Argentina in order to carry out the first radio-telephonic communication with Ireland and Canada.
Biography
Son of American-born dentist Ralph Newbery, Jorge was born 2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxoglutarate%20dehydrogenase%20complex | The oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDC) or α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is an enzyme complex, most commonly known for its role in the citric acid cycle.
Units
Much like pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), this enzyme forms a complex composed of three components:
Three classes of these multienzyme complexes have been characterized: one specific for pyruvate, a second specific for 2-oxoglutarate, and a third specific for branched-chain α-keto acids. The oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex has the same subunit structure and thus uses the same coenzymes as the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (TTP, CoA, lipoate, FAD and NAD). Only the E3 subunit is shared in common between the three enzymes.
Properties
Metabolic pathways
This enzyme participates in three different pathways:
Citric acid cycle (KEGG link: MAP00020)
Lysine degradation (KEGG link: MAP00310)
Tryptophan metabolism (KEGG link: MAP00380)
Kinetic properties
The following values are from Azotobacter vinelandii (1):
KM: 0.14 ± 0.04 mM
Vmax : 9 ± 3 μmol.min−1.mg−1
Citric acid cycle
Reaction
The reaction catalyzed by this enzyme in the citric acid cycle is:
α-ketoglutarate + NAD+ + CoA → Succinyl CoA + CO2 + NADH
This reaction proceeds in three steps:
decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate,
reduction of NAD+ to NADH,
and subsequent transfer to CoA, which forms the end product, succinyl CoA.
ΔG°' for this reaction is -7.2 kcal mol−1. Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20charge | The adenylate energy charge is an index used to measure the energy status of biological cells.
ATP or Mg-ATP is the principal molecule for storing and transferring energy in the cell : it is used for biosynthetic pathways, maintenance of transmembrane gradients, movement, cell division, etc... More than 90% of the ATP is produced by phosphorylation of ADP by the ATP synthase. ATP can also be produced by “substrate level phosphorylation” reactions (ADP phosphorylation by (1,3)-bisphosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate, phosphocreatine), by the succinate-CoA ligase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylkinase, and by adenylate kinase, an enzyme that maintains the three adenine nucleotides in equilibrium (ATP + AMP <=> 2 ADP).
The energy charge is related to ATP, ADP and AMP concentrations. It was first defined by Atkinson and Walton who found that it was necessary to take into account the concentration of all three nucleotides, rather than just ATP and ADP, to account for the energy status in metabolism. Since the adenylate kinase maintains two ADP molecules in equilibrium with one ATP (2 ADP <=> ATP + AMP), Atkinson defined the adenylate energy charge as:
The energy charge of most cells varies between 0.7 and 0.95 - oscillations in this range are quite frequent. Daniel Atkinson showed that when the energy charge increases from 0.6 to 1.0, the citrate lyase and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase, two enzymes controlling anabolic (ATP-demanding) pathways are activated, while t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulet | An apulet is a component of the Cell computer architecture consisting of a bundle comprising a data object and the code necessary to perform an action upon it. The Cell architecture calls for several APUs (Attached Processing Units) which do the primary processing of the system, under the control of a single Processing Element (PE). Each APU is loaded with its apulet by the PE and can pass its results to the next APU.
See also
Core Multiplexing Technology
CPGA
BINAC
References
Cell BE architecture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Sprague | William Sprague may refer to:
William Sprague (1609–1675), original American settler
William Buell Sprague (1795–1876), American clergyman and compiler of Annals of the American Pulpit
William Sprague III (1799–1856), American politician from Rhode Island, uncle of William Sprague IV
William Sprague (Michigan politician) (1809–1868), politician from Michigan
William P. Sprague (1827–1899), politician from Ohio
William Sprague IV (1830–1915), politician from Rhode Island, nephew of William Sprague III
William George Robert Sprague (1863–1933), London theatre designer
William C. Sprague (fl. 1890s–1910s), founder of The American Boy magazine
See also
Sprague (surname) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality%20of%20the%20District%20of%20Lunenburg | The Municipality of the District of Lunenburg, is a district municipality in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, Canada. Statistics Canada classifies the district municipality as a municipal district.
Lunenburg surrounds the towns of Bridgewater, Lunenburg, and Mahone Bay, which are incorporated separately and not part of the district municipality.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Municipality of the District of Lunenburg had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Ethnicity
Language
See also
List of municipalities in Nova Scotia
Notes
References
External links
Communities in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia
District municipalities in Nova Scotia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLP%20%28disambiguation%29 | OLP may refer to:
One Liberty Plaza
Off-line programming (robotics)
Our Lady Peace, a Canadian alternative rock band
Our Lady of Peace (disambiguation)
OLP Guitars
Ontario Liberal Party, a provincial political party in Ontario, Canada
Royal Mail Online Postage, a service provided by Royal Mail in the UK
Ordinal linguistic personification, the sense that ordered sequences have personalities
Open License Program, a Microsoft volume license service
Oral lichen planus of the oral mucosa
Places
Old Loggers Path, Pennsylvania, USA
Olympic Dam Airport (IATA airport code: OLP) in South Australia
Olp, a village within Sort municipal term, Pallars Sobirà, Spain
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion%20of%20Boom%20%28album%29 | Legion of Boom is the third studio album by American electronic music duo The Crystal Method. It was released on January 13, 2004, by V2 Records. The album features contributions from Milla Jovovich and Kyuss lead singer John Garcia, and also contains guitar riffs courtesy of Limp Bizkit guitarist Wes Borland (who also co-produced three tracks) and vocal talents by beatboxer Rahzel. Its title is likely a reference to the supervillain team Legion of Doom.
Background
The album was nominated for a Grammy in the "Best Electronica/Dance Album" category in 2005, the first year that any award was given out for that category.
An edited version of "Born Too Slow" was featured in the soundtrack for the video games Need for Speed: Underground and Donkey Konga 2. The song "I Know It's You" was used in the pilot episode of the TV show Numbers. Also, the song "Bound Too Long" was featured on the soundtrack to the movie Cursed, and "Starting Over" was used in an episode of the TV show Alias and an episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. "Weapons of Mass Distortion" was featured in the teaser and theatrical trailers of The Bourne Ultimatum and a different version of the same song, renamed "Weapons of Mad Distortion" was used in the film Blade: Trinity.
The album also contains the only known time either members of The Crystal Method have provided vocals for a song. The song that features this is "I Know It's You", which has Ken Jordan singing through a vocoder.
Critical reception
Upon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BESM%20%28disambiguation%29 | BESM is a line of Soviet-made mainframe computers.
BESM may also refer to:
BESm (N1, N12-bis(ethyl)spermine), a derivative of spermine
Best estimate stress model, a method for estimating rock stress in rock mechanics
Big Eyes, Small Mouth, a role-playing game |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Ap%C3%A9ry | Roger Apéry (; 14 November 1916, Rouen – 18 December 1994, Caen) was a French mathematician most remembered for Apéry's theorem, which states that is an irrational number. Here, denotes the Riemann zeta function.
Biography
Apéry was born in Rouen in 1916 to a French mother and Greek father. His childhood was spent in Lille until 1926, when the family moved to Paris, where he studied at the Lycée Ledru-Rollin and the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. He was admitted at the École normale supérieure in 1935. His studies were interrupted at the start of World War II; he was mobilized in September 1939, taken prisoner of war in June 1940, repatriated with pleurisy in June 1941, and hospitalized until August 1941. He wrote his doctoral thesis in algebraic geometry under the direction of Paul Dubreil and René Garnier in 1947.
In 1947 Apéry was appointed Maître de conférences (lecturer) at the University of Rennes. In 1949 he was appointed Professor at the University of Caen, where he remained until his retirement.
In 1979 he published an unexpected proof of the irrationality of , which is the sum of the inverses of the cubes of the positive integers. An indication of the difficulty is that the corresponding problem for other odd powers remains unsolved. Nevertheless, many mathematicians have since worked on the so-called Apéry sequences to seek alternative proofs that might apply to other odd powers (Frits Beukers, Alfred van der Poorten, Marc Prévost, Keith Ball, Tanguy Rivoal, Wadim Z |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerstin%20Ekman | Kerstin Lillemor Ekman, née Hjorth, (born 27 August 1933) is a Swedish novelist.
Life and career
Kerstin Ekman wrote a string of successful detective novels (among others De tre små mästarna and Dödsklockan) but later went on to psychological and social themes. Among her later works is Mörker och blåbärsris (1972) (set in northern Sweden) and Händelser vid vatten (1993), in which she returned to the form of the detective novel.
Ekman was elected member of the Swedish Academy in 1978, but left the Academy in 1989, together with Lars Gyllensten and Werner Aspenström, due to the debate following death threats posed to Salman Rushdie. In 2018, the Academy granted her resignation, the rules of membership having changed to allow members to resign.
In 1998, she was awarded the Litteris et Artibus medal.
Partial bibliography
See the article on Swedish Wikipedia for a complete bibliography.
Blackwater (Händelser vid vatten, 1993), translated by Joan Tate, 1996
Under the Snow (De tre små mästarna, 1961), translated by Joan Tate, 1997
The Forest of Hours (Rövarna i Skuleskogen, 1988), translated 1998
Grand final i skojarbranschen (2011)
Då var allt levande och lustigt : om Clas Bjerkander : Linnélärjunge, präst och naturforskare i Västergötland (2015)
The Women and the Town (Kvinnorna och staden) Tetralogy
Witches' Rings (Häxringarna, 1974), translated by Linda Schenck, 1997
The Spring (Springkällan, 1976), translated by Linda Schenck, 1999
Angel House (Änglahuset, 1979 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20traffic%20advisory%20frequency | Common traffic advisory frequency (CTAF) is the name given to the VHF radio frequency used for air-to-air communication at United States, Canadian and Australian non-towered airports.
Many towered airports close their towers overnight, keeping the airport open for cargo operations and other activity. Pilots use the common frequency to coordinate their arrivals and departures safely, giving position reports and acknowledging other aircraft in the airfield traffic pattern.
In many locations, smaller airports use pilot-controlled lighting systems when it is uneconomical or inconvenient to have automated systems or staff to turn on the taxiway and runway lights. In Canada, the lighting system is accessed through an aircraft radio control of aerodrome lighting (ARCAL) frequency, which is often shared with the CTAF.
Two common CTAF allocations are UNICOM and MULTICOM. UNICOM is a licensed non-government base station that provides air-to-ground and ground-to-air communication, and may also serve as a CTAF when in operation. MULTICOM is a frequency allocation without a physical base station that is reserved as a CTAF for airports without other facilities.
Australia
In Australia, there are many landing strips in remote locations that have CTAF operations 24 hours a day, seven days a week. There are also CTAF(R) landing strips which require the aircraft intending to enter the area of operation to be fitted with a radio. The most common CTAF frequency is 126.7 MHz at non-towered ae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental%20robotics | Developmental robotics (DevRob), sometimes called epigenetic robotics, is a scientific field which aims at studying the developmental mechanisms, architectures and constraints that allow lifelong and open-ended learning of new skills and new knowledge in embodied machines. As in human children, learning is expected to be cumulative and of progressively increasing complexity, and to result from self-exploration of the world in combination with social interaction. The typical methodological approach consists in starting from theories of human and animal development elaborated in fields such as developmental psychology, neuroscience, developmental and evolutionary biology, and linguistics, then to formalize and implement them in robots, sometimes exploring extensions or variants of them. The experimentation of those models in robots allows researchers to confront them with reality, and as a consequence, developmental robotics also provides feedback and novel hypotheses on theories of human and animal development.
Developmental robotics is related to but differs from evolutionary robotics (ER). ER uses populations of robots that evolve over time, whereas DevRob is interested in how the organization of a single robot's control system develops through experience, over time.
DevRob is also related to work done in the domains of robotics and artificial life.
Background
Can a robot learn like a child? Can it learn a variety of new skills and new knowledge unspecified at design t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold%20voltage | The threshold voltage, commonly abbreviated as Vth or VGS(th), of a field-effect transistor (FET) is the minimum gate-to-source voltage (VGS) that is needed to create a conducting path between the source and drain terminals. It is an important scaling factor to maintain power efficiency.
When referring to a junction field-effect transistor (JFET), the threshold voltage is often called pinch-off voltage instead. This is somewhat confusing since pinch off applied to insulated-gate field-effect transistor (IGFET) refers to the channel pinching that leads to current saturation behaviour under high source–drain bias, even though the current is never off. Unlike pinch off, the term threshold voltage is unambiguous and refers to the same concept in any field-effect transistor.
Basic principles
In n-channel enhancement-mode devices, a conductive channel does not exist naturally within the transistor, and a positive gate-to-source voltage is necessary to create one such. The positive voltage attracts free-floating electrons within the body towards the gate, forming a conductive channel. But first, enough electrons must be attracted near the gate to counter the dopant ions added to the body of the FET; this forms a region with no mobile carriers called a depletion region, and the voltage at which this occurs is the threshold voltage of the FET. Further gate-to-source voltage increase will attract even more electrons towards the gate which are able to create a conductive channel from |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subthreshold%20conduction | Subthreshold conduction or subthreshold leakage or subthreshold drain current is the current between the source and drain of a MOSFET when the transistor is in subthreshold region, or weak-inversion region, that is, for gate-to-source voltages below the threshold voltage.
The amount of subthreshold conduction in a transistor is set by its threshold voltage, which is the minimum gate voltage required to switch the device between on and off states. However, as the drain current in a MOS device varies exponentially with gate voltage, the conduction does not immediately become zero when the threshold voltage is reached. Rather it continues showing an exponential behavior with respect to the subthreshold gate voltage. When plotted against the applied gate voltage, this subthreshold drain current exhibits a log-linear slope, which is defined as the subthreshold slope. Subthreshold slope is used as a figure of merit for the switching efficiency of a transistor.
In digital circuits, subthreshold conduction is generally viewed as a parasitic leakage in a state that would ideally have no conduction. In micropower analog circuits, on the other hand, weak inversion is an efficient operating region, and subthreshold is a useful transistor mode around which circuit functions are designed.
Historically, in CMOS circuits, the threshold voltage has been insignificant compared to the full range of gate voltage between the ground and supply voltages, which allowed for gate voltages significa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-- | C-- (pronounced C minus minus) is a C-like programming language, designed to be generated mainly by compilers for high-level languages rather than written by human programmers. It was created by functional programming researchers Simon Peyton Jones and Norman Ramsey. Unlike many other intermediate languages, it is represented in plain ASCII text, not bytecode or another binary format.
There are two main branches:
C--, the original branch, with the final version 2.0 released in May 2005
Cmm, the fork actively used as the intermediate representation (IR) in the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC)
Design
C-- is a "portable assembly language", designed to ease the implementation of compilers that produce high-quality machine code. This is done by delegating low-level code-generation and program optimization to a C-- compiler. The language's syntax borrows heavily from C while omitting or changing standard C features such as variadic functions, pointer syntax, and aspects of C's type system, because they hamper essential features of C-- and ease of code-generation.
The name of the language is an in-joke, indicating that C-- is a reduced form of C, in the same way that "C++" was chosen to connote an improved version of C. (In C, -- and ++ mean "decrement" and "increment," respectively.)
Work on C-- began in the late 1990s. Since writing a custom code generator is a challenge in itself, and the compiler backends available to researchers at that time were complex and poorly document |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Endorphin | β-Endorphin (beta-endorphin) is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide and peptide hormone that is produced in certain neurons within the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It is one of three endorphins that are produced in humans, the others of which include α-endorphin and γ-endorphin.
There are multiple forms of β-endorphins with the full sequence of Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu (31 amino acids) denoted as β-endorphin(1-31) and variants truncated to the first 26 and 27 amino acids as β-endorphin(1-26) and β-endorphin(1-27). The first 16 amino acids are identical to α-endorphin. β-Endorphin is considered to be a part of the endogenous opioid and endorphin classes of neuropeptides; all of the established endogenous opioid peptides contain the same N-terminal amino acid sequence, Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe, followed by either or .
Function of β-endorphin has been known to be associated with hunger, thrill, pain, maternal care, sexual behavior, and reward cognition. In the broadest sense, β-endorphin is primarily utilized in the body to reduce stress and maintain homeostasis. In behavioral research, studies have shown that β-endorphin is released via volume transmission into the ventricular system in response to a variety of stimuli, and novel stimuli in particular.
Formation and structure
β-Endorphin is found in neurons of the hypothalamus, as well as the pituitary gland. It |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20Schr%C3%B6dinger%20equation | In theoretical physics, the (one-dimensional) nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) is a nonlinear variation of the Schrödinger equation. It is a classical field equation whose principal applications are to the propagation of light in nonlinear optical fibers and planar waveguides and to Bose–Einstein condensates confined to highly anisotropic, cigar-shaped traps, in the mean-field regime. Additionally, the equation appears in the studies of small-amplitude gravity waves on the surface of deep inviscid (zero-viscosity) water; the Langmuir waves in hot plasmas; the propagation of plane-diffracted wave beams in the focusing regions of the ionosphere; the propagation of Davydov's alpha-helix solitons, which are responsible for energy transport along molecular chains; and many others. More generally, the NLSE appears as one of universal equations that describe the evolution of slowly varying packets
of quasi-monochromatic waves in weakly nonlinear media that have dispersion. Unlike the linear Schrödinger equation, the NLSE never describes the time evolution of a quantum state. The 1D NLSE is an example of an integrable model.
In quantum mechanics, the 1D NLSE is a special case of the classical nonlinear Schrödinger field, which in turn is a classical limit of a quantum Schrödinger field. Conversely, when the classical Schrödinger field is canonically quantized, it becomes a quantum field theory (which is linear, despite the fact that it is called ″quantum nonlinear Schrödinger |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine%20Tewson | Josephine Ann Tewson (26 February 1931 – 18 August 2022) was an English actress, known for her roles in British television sitcoms and comedies. She portrayed Edna Hawkins ("Mrs H") on Shelley (1979-1982), Jane Travers in Clarence (1988), and Miss Lucinda Davenport in Last of the Summer Wine (2003-2010). She portrayed the frequently put-upon neighbor Elizabeth "Liz" Warden in Keeping Up Appearances (1990-1995). Tewson's professional career lasted more than 65 years, from 1952 until her retirement in 2019.
Early life and education
Tewson, an only child, was born on her father’s twenty seventh birthday in Hampstead, London on 26 February 1931. Her father, William (1904-1965) was a professional musician and played the double bass in the BBC Symphony Orchestra; her mother, Kate (née Morley, 1908-1999), was a nurse, the daughter of footballer Haydn Morley, who captained The Wednesday in the 1890 FA Cup Final. After grammar school, Tewson studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art from which she graduated in 1952.
Early career
Tewson began acting on the London stage in the 1950's and remained active in theater productions throughout her professional career. She appeared on television during the 1960's with semi-regular appearances on shows like Z-Cars, the The Dick Emery Show, and The Charlie Drake Show. She was a regular comedy performer in sketches on David Frost on Sunday and Hark at Barker (1969-1970).
She later appeared in Mostly Monkhouse, a BBC Radio comedy with David J |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design%20rule%20checking | In electronic design automation, a design rule is a geometric constraint imposed on circuit board, semiconductor device, and integrated circuit (IC) designers to ensure their designs function properly, reliably, and can be produced with acceptable yield. Design rules for production are developed by process engineers based on the capability of their processes to realize design intent. Electronic design automation is used extensively to ensure that designers do not violate design rules; a process called design rule checking (DRC). DRC is a major step during physical verification signoff on the design, which also involves LVS (layout versus schematic) checks, XOR checks, ERC (electrical rule check), and antenna checks. The importance of design rules and DRC is greatest for ICs, which have micro- or nano-scale geometries; for advanced processes, some fabs also insist upon the use of more restricted rules to improve yield.
Design rules
Design rules are a series of parameters provided by semiconductor manufacturers that enable the designer to verify the correctness of a mask set. Design rules are specific to a particular semiconductor manufacturing process. A design rule set specifies certain geometric and connectivity restrictions to ensure sufficient margins to account for variability in semiconductor manufacturing processes, so as to ensure that most of the parts work correctly.
The most basic design rules are shown in the diagram on the right. The first are single layer rule |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojan%20Djordjic | Bojan Djordjic (, ; born 6 February 1982) is a former Swedish professional footballer who played as a winger.
Starting off his career with IF Brommapojkarna in the late 1990s, Djordjic soon joined Manchester United, with which he was named the 1999–2000 Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year, and AIK, with which he won the 2009 Allsvenskan and 2009 Svenska Cupen. He represented clubs in Sweden, England, Denmark, Serbia, Scotland, Hungary and Belgium before finishing his career with Chennaiyin in the Indian Super League in 2015.
Although born in the former Yugoslavia, Djordjic was a youth international for Sweden between 1998 and 2003, representing the Swedish U17s, U19s and U21s a combined total of 44 times, scoring 3 goals.
Club career
Early career and Manchester United
Born in Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia to professional footballer Ranko Đorđić, Bojan started his career at IF Brommapojkarna before moving to Manchester United in 1999 as a youth player. Although considered a budding talent, having been awarded the club's Jimmy Murphy Player of the Year Award at the age of 18, he only made two competitive appearances for the club. He also scored with a chip in a 2–0 win against Celtic in Tom Boyd's testimonial at Celtic Park on 15 May 2001, after coming on as a substitute for Ryan Giggs.
He was loaned to Sheffield Wednesday, Aarhus GF and Red Star Belgrade, where he scored his first senior goal against Odense BK in the 2003–04 UEFA Cup.
Rangers
He signed for Rangers in Scot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil%20Mete%20Soner | Halil Mete Soner is a Turkish American mathematician born in Ankara.
Soner's current research interests are nonlinear partial differential equations; asymptotic analysis of Ginzburg-Landau type systems, viscosity solutions, and mathematical finance.
Education
After graduating from the Ankara Science High School (Ankara Fen Lisesi), he started his university education at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, later transferred to Boğaziçi University, Istanbul in 1977. He received a B.Sc. in mathematics and another in electrical engineering simultaneously in 1981, both in first-rank. Soner then attended Brown University in Providence, RI, U.S. on a research fellowship, where he obtained his M.Sc. (1983) and Ph.D. (1986) in applied mathematics.
Career
In 1985, Soner was research associate at the Institute for Mathematics and Applied Sciences in Minneapolis, MN and, assistant professor and then professor between 1986-1998 in the Department of Mathematical Sciences at the Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, PA. During 1997-1998 he was Research Associate at the Feza Gursey Institute for Basic Sciences in Istanbul and visiting professor of Mathematics at the Boğaziçi University, Istanbul and the University of Paris, Paris, France. From 1998 for two years, Soner was “Paul M. Whythes `55” Professor of Finance and Engineering in the Department of Operations Research and Financial Engineering at Princeton University. Then, he moved to Koç University where he served as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer%20fabrication | Wafer fabrication is a procedure composed of many repeated sequential processes to produce complete electrical or photonic circuits on semiconductor wafers in semiconductor device fabrication process. Examples include production of radio frequency (RF) amplifiers, LEDs, optical computer components, and microprocessors for computers. Wafer fabrication is used to build components with the necessary electrical structures.
The main process begins with electrical engineers designing the circuit and defining its functions, and specifying the signals, inputs/outputs and voltages needed. These electrical circuit specifications are entered into electrical circuit design software, such as SPICE, and then imported into circuit layout programs, which are similar to ones used for computer aided design. This is necessary for the layers to be defined for photomask production. The resolution of the circuits increases rapidly with each step in design, as the scale of the circuits at the start of the design process is already being measured in fractions of micrometers. Each step thus increases circuit density for a given area.
The silicon wafers start out blank and pure. The circuits are built in layers in clean rooms. First, photoresist patterns are photo-masked in micrometer detail onto the wafers' surface. The wafers are then exposed to short-wave ultraviolet light and the unexposed areas are thus etched away and cleaned. Hot chemical vapors are deposited on to the desired zones and baked |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamalz | Vitamalz is a German malt beer without alcohol.
Miscellaneous
Vitamalz comes in brown 0.33l or 0.5l bottles. The logo shows six circles in decreasing size with a color gradient going from dark blue to red to white, featured on a yellow background.
The beer itself is of dark brown color. It almost looks like cola, though it develops a light brown foam.
Due to the German beer purity law or Deutsches Reinheitsgebot, first established in 1516 Vitamalz cannot be sold in Germany as beer. It must be called malt drink (in German: Malztrunk). The colloquial name is Dunkelbier (dark beer) or Kinderbier (children's beer) in some areas of Germany and Austria.
Ingredients
Vitamalz contains water, barley malt, glucose syrup, carbonic acid, food coloring E150c and hops. It does not contain alcohol. According to the bottle, it should be consumed within one year of purchase. The website claims it has about as many calories as an orange juice; in fact, at 43 kcal per 100 ml, it is about on par with both alcoholic lager and most soft drinks with added sugar.
The company recommends it for young people and pregnant women because of its nutritional value. Unfortunately, no information on said value can be found, other than the fact that it contains several B-Vitamins, which support the metabolism.
Taste
Due to its containing brewing water, barley malt and hop, the taste of malt beer is related to that of alcohol-free lager; however it is notably sweeter, dominated by the glucose syrup whic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crna%20na%20Koro%C5%A1kem | Črna na Koroškem (; ) is a town in northern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Črna na Koroškem. It lies in the traditional Slovenian province of Carinthia, close to the border with Austria. Since 2005 it has been part of the larger Carinthia Statistical Region.
Name
The settlement was first attested in written sources in 1309 under the German name Swarzenpach (and as Swartzenpach in 1318 and Swarczenpach in 1470)—all literally 'black creek'. The Slovene name Črna (literally, 'black') arose through ellipsis from *Črna (voda/reka) 'Black Creek'. The designation "black" may have referred to water with dark silt, water that flowed through a spruce woods, or deep water with no visible bottom. The stream in question is known as Javorje Creek () today. The name of the settlement was changed from Črna to Črna na Koroškem in 1970. In the past the German name was Schwarzenbach.
History
A chapel at Črna in the Duchy of Carinthia was first mentioned in an 1137 deed. The settlement has a long ironworking history. A foundry was established by one Mehior Puc, who moved to Črna from the Lavant Valley in 1620, started mining iron ore and built two smelting furnaces, which were among the first in the Eastern Alps. This operation was sold to the Counts of Thurn-Valsassina from nearby Bleiburg in 1624, who built a new ironworking operation on the Meža River at Mušenik to the north of the town in the 18th century. After the Austrian Southern Railway company had built a railway con |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%20chickadee | The Mexican chickadee (Poecile sclateri) is a small songbird, a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is still often placed in the genus Parus with most other tits, but mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data and morphology suggest that separating Poecile more adequately expresses these birds' relationships (Gill et al., 2005). The American Ornithologists' Union had been treating Poecile as distinct genus for some time already.
Adults are 12.5–13.5 cm long with a wingspan of 18–21 cm and a weight of 7.5–11 g. Both sexes have a black cap, white cheeks, and a short black bill. Their backs and flanks are gray and they have paler grayish underparts. Similar in appearance to the black-capped chickadee and mountain chickadee, the Mexican chickadee can be distinguished by its longer black bib, which extends from its chin down onto its upper breast. A whitish band below the bib extends down the center of the belly.
It is a permanent resident of wooded highlands in western, central and northeastern Mexico, the range extends north into extreme southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Although primarily nonmigratory, Mexican chickadees sometimes fly to lower elevations during the cold of winter.
The Mexican chickadee's song is distinct from other chickadees; it is a complex burry trilled whistle of chischu-wur and a rich cheelee. They travel in pairs or small groups, and may join multi-species feeding flocks.
The nest is constructed by the female in a snag or tree cavity up |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Derna%20%281805%29 | The Battle of Derna at Derna, Cyrenaica, was the decisive victory in April–May 1805 of a mercenary army recruited and led by United States Marines under the command of U.S. Army Lieutenant William Eaton, diplomatic Consul to Tripoli, and U.S. Marine Corps First Lieutenant Presley Neville O'Bannon. The battle involved a forced 521-mile (839-km) march through the North African desert from Alexandria, Egypt, to the eastern port city of Derna, Libya, which was defended by a much larger force.
The Battle of Derna and the broader First Barbary War highlighted the challenges faced by the United States in dealing with piracy and asserting its interests in the Mediterranean during the early years of its existence as a nation.
Background
In 1804, the former Consul to Tunis, William Eaton (1764–1811), returned to the Mediterranean Sea with the title of Naval Agent to the Barbary States. Eaton had been granted permission from the United States government and President Thomas Jefferson to back the claim of Hamet Karamanli, the rightful heir to the throne of Tripoli who had been deposed by his brother Yusuf Karamanli, who had assassinated his older brother by shooting him in front of his mother.
Hamet was out of the country at the time and decided to remain in exile. Upon his return to the area, Eaton sought out Hamet, who was in exile in Egypt. Hamet agreed to Eaton's proposal to restore him to the throne.
Commodore Samuel Barron, the new naval commander in the Mediterranean Sea, pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20equation | In mathematics, a differential equation is an equation that relates one or more unknown functions and their derivatives. In applications, the functions generally represent physical quantities, the derivatives represent their rates of change, and the differential equation defines a relationship between the two. Such relations are common; therefore, differential equations play a prominent role in many disciplines including engineering, physics, economics, and biology.
The study of differential equations consists mainly of the study of their solutions (the set of functions that satisfy each equation), and of the properties of their solutions. Only the simplest differential equations are soluble by explicit formulas; however, many properties of solutions of a given differential equation may be determined without computing them exactly.
Often when a closed-form expression for the solutions is not available, solutions may be approximated numerically using computers. The theory of dynamical systems puts emphasis on qualitative analysis of systems described by differential equations, while many numerical methods have been developed to determine solutions with a given degree of accuracy.
History
Differential equations came into existence with the invention of calculus by Newton and Leibniz. In Chapter 2 of his 1671 work Methodus fluxionum et Serierum Infinitarum, Isaac Newton listed three kinds of differential equations:
In all these cases, is an unknown function of (or of and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal%20Majesty | Eternal Majesty is a French black metal band.
It was formed by four brothers under the original name of Enchantress Moon.
Statistics
Genre: Black metal
Country: France
Status: Active
Time: 1995 -
Discography
Albums
2002 - From War to Darkness (CD)
2003 - From War to Darkness (Picture disk)
2006 - Wounds of Hatred and Slavery (CD)
2020 - Black Metal Excommunication (CD) (Cassette Tape) (Vinyl)
Other Releases
1997 - Dark Empire (Demo tape)
1998 - Split demo with Antaeus
2000 - Evil Consecration (Live tape)
2000 - None Shall Escape the Wrath (Split CD with Krieg, Judas Iscariot, and Macabre Omen)
2001 - Unholy Chants of darkness (Split LP with Temple of Baal)
2001 - SPK Kommando (Split EP with Deviant, Antaeus and Hell Militia)
2005 - Night Evilness (Mcd) label Diahableries
2006 - Wounds of Hatred and Slavery (Album Candlelight/appease me...)
Band members
Navint (Deviant) - Vocals - (1995 - )
Sagoth (Madonagun, Antaeus, Autolyse-Dark Electro) - Bass - (1995 - )
Thorgon (Madonagun, Antaeus, Deviant, Autolyse-Dark Electro) - Drums - (1995 - )
Martyr (Atrox) - Guitars - (1995 - )
External links
https://eternalmajesty.bandcamp.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20060307003643/http://www.candlelightrecords.co.uk/candleweb/redesign/candle_eternal.htm
https://www.instagram.com/eternalmajestyofficial/?hl=fr
French black metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1995
French musical quartets |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical%20space%20form%20conjecture | In geometric topology, the spherical space form conjecture (now a theorem) states that a finite group acting on the 3-sphere is conjugate to a group of isometries of the 3-sphere.
History
The conjecture was posed by Heinz Hopf in 1926 after determining the fundamental groups of three-dimensional spherical space forms as a generalization of the Poincaré conjecture to the non-simply connected case.
Status
The conjecture is implied by Thurston's geometrization conjecture, which was proven by Grigori Perelman in 2003. The conjecture was independently proven for groups whose actions have fixed points—this special case is known as the Smith conjecture. It is also proven for various groups acting without fixed points, such as cyclic groups whose orders are a power of two (George Livesay, Robert Myers) and cyclic groups of order 3 (J. Hyam Rubinstein).
See also
Killing–Hopf theorem
References
Conjectures that have been proved
Geometric topology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous%20membrane | The serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth tissue membrane of mesothelium lining the contents and inner walls of body cavities, which secrete serous fluid to allow lubricated sliding movements between opposing surfaces. The serous membrane that covers internal organs is called a visceral membrane; while the one that covers the cavity wall is called the parietal membrane. Between the two opposing serosal surfaces is often a potential space, mostly empty except for the small amount of serous fluid.
The Latin anatomical name is tunica serosa. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, also known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from movements. Serosa is entirely different from the adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. The serous membrane covering the heart and lining the mediastinum is referred to as the pericardium, the serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity and surrounding the lungs is referred to as the pleura, and that lining the abdominopelvic cavity and the viscera is referred to as the peritoneum.
Structure
Serous membranes have two layers. The parietal layers of the membranes line the walls of the body cavity (pariet- refers to a cavity wall). The visceral layer of the membrane covers the organs (the viscera). Between the parietal and visceral layers is a very thin, fluid-filled serous space, or cavity.
Visceral and parieta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray%20%28mathematics%29 | In differential geometry, a spray is a vector field H on the tangent bundle TM that encodes a quasilinear second order system of ordinary differential equations on the base manifold M. Usually a spray is required to be homogeneous in the sense that its integral curves t→ΦHt(ξ)∈TM obey the rule ΦHt(λξ)=ΦHλt(ξ) in positive reparameterizations. If this requirement is dropped, H is called a semispray.
Sprays arise naturally in Riemannian and Finsler geometry as the geodesic sprays whose integral curves are precisely the tangent curves of locally length minimizing curves.
Semisprays arise naturally as the extremal curves of action integrals in Lagrangian mechanics. Generalizing all these examples, any (possibly nonlinear) connection on M induces a semispray H, and conversely, any semispray H induces a torsion-free nonlinear connection on M. If the original connection is torsion-free it coincides with the connection induced by H, and homogeneous torsion-free connections are in one-to-one correspondence with full sprays.
Formal definitions
Let M be a differentiable manifold and (TM,πTM,M) its tangent bundle. Then a vector field H on TM (that is, a section of the double tangent bundle TTM) is a semispray on M, if any of the three following equivalent conditions holds:
(πTM)*Hξ = ξ.
JH=V, where J is the tangent structure on TM and V is the canonical vector field on TM\0.
j∘H=H, where j:TTM→TTM is the canonical flip and H is seen as a mapping TM→TTM.
A semispray H on M is a (fu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derna%2C%20Bihor | Derna () is a commune in northeastern Bihor County, Crișana, Romania, 50 km from the county seat, Oradea and 35 km from Marghita. It borders the communes of Popești, Chișlaz, Brusturi and Spinuș. It is composed of five villages: Derna, Dernișoara (Alsóderna), Sacalasău (Sástelek), Sacalasău Nou (Újsástelek) and Tria (Terje).
Demographics
At the 2011 census, 72.5% of inhabitants were Romanians, 19.4% Slovaks, 6.8% Hungarians and 1.1% Roma.
Natives
Miron Cozma (born 1954), former labor-union organizer and politician, and leader of the Jiu Valley coal miners' union
References
Communes in Bihor County
Localities in Crișana |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulkerson%20Prize | The Fulkerson Prize for outstanding papers in the area of discrete mathematics is sponsored jointly by the Mathematical Optimization Society (MOS) and the American Mathematical Society (AMS). Up to three awards of $1,500 each are presented at each (triennial) International Symposium of the MOS. Originally, the prizes were paid out of a memorial fund administered by the AMS that was established by friends of the late Delbert Ray Fulkerson to encourage mathematical excellence in the fields of research exemplified by his work. The prizes are now funded by an endowment administered by MPS.
Winners
Source: Mathematical Optimization Society
1979:
Richard M. Karp for classifying many important NP-complete problems.
Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken for the four color theorem.
Paul Seymour for generalizing the max-flow min-cut theorem to matroids.
1982:
D.B. Judin, Arkadi Nemirovski, Leonid Khachiyan, Martin Grötschel, László Lovász and Alexander Schrijver for the ellipsoid method in linear programming and combinatorial optimization.
G. P. Egorychev and D. I. Falikman for proving van der Waerden's conjecture that the matrix with all entries equal has the smallest permanent of any doubly stochastic matrix.
1985:
Jozsef Beck for tight bounds on the discrepancy of arithmetic progressions.
H. W. Lenstra Jr. for using the geometry of numbers to solve integer programs with few variables in time polynomial in the number of constraints.
Eugene M. Luks for a polynomial time gr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanoplasty | Tympanoplasty is the surgical operation performed to reconstruct hearing mechanism of middle ear.
Classification
Tympanoplasty is classified into five different types, originally described by Horst Ludwig Wullstein (1906–1987) in 1956.
Type 1 involves repair of the tympanic membrane alone, when the middle ear is normal. A type 1 tympanoplasty is synonymous to myringoplasty.
Type 2 involves repair of the tympanic membrane and middle ear in spite of slight defects in the middle ear ossicles.
Type 3 involves removal of ossicles and epitympanum when there are large defects of the malleus and incus. The tympanic membrane is repaired and directly connected to the head of the stapes.
Type 4 describes a repair when the stapes foot plate is movable, but the crura are missing. The resulting middle ear will only consist of the Eustachian tube and hypotympanum.
Type 5 is a repair involving a fixed stapes footplate. Also called fenestration operation.
Myringoplasty
The term 'myringoplasty' refers to repair of the tympanic membrane alone. There are several options for treating a perforated eardrum. If the perforation is from recent trauma, many ear, nose and throat specialists will elect to watch and see if it heals on its own. After that, surgery may be considered.
Ossicular reconstruction
This procedure is required if there is a damage to the bone chain of the middle ear. Commonly affected bone is the long process of incus, where it gets necrosed. The bone chain can be repaired |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl%20pyrocarbonate | Diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), also called diethyl dicarbonate (IUPAC name), is used in the laboratory to inactivate RNase enzymes in water and on laboratory utensils. It does so by the covalent modification of histidine (most strongly), lysine, cysteine, and tyrosine residues.
DEPC-treated (and therefore RNase-free) water is used in handling of RNA in the laboratory to reduce the risk of RNA being degraded by RNases.
Water is usually treated with 0.1% v/v DEPC for at least 2 hours at 37 °C and then autoclaved (at least 15 min) to inactivate traces of DEPC. Inactivation of DEPC in this manner yields CO2 and ethanol. Higher concentrations of DEPC are capable of deactivating larger amounts of RNase, but remaining traces or byproducts may inhibit further biochemical reactions such as in vitro transcription. Furthermore, chemical modification of RNA such as carboxymethylation is possible when traces of DEPC or its byproducts are present, resulting in impaired recovery of intact RNA even after buffer exchange (after precipitation).
DEPC is unstable in water and susceptible to hydrolysis to carbon dioxide and ethanol, especially in the presence of a nucleophile. For this reason, DEPC cannot be used with Tris or HEPES buffers. In contrast, it can be used with phosphate-buffered saline or MOPS. A handy rule is that enzymes or chemicals which have active -O:, -N: or -S: cannot be treated with DEPC to become RNase-free, as DEPC reacts with these species. Furthermore, DEPC degradation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEPC | DEPC can refer to:
Diethylpyrocarbonate, a chemical used in the laboratory to inactivate RNAse enzymes
1,2-Erucoyl-sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine, a phospholipid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticobulbar%20tract | In neuroanatomy, the corticobulbar (or corticonuclear) tract is a two-neuron white matter motor pathway connecting the motor cortex in the cerebral cortex to the medullary pyramids, which are part of the brainstem's medulla oblongata (also called "bulbar") region, and are primarily involved in carrying the motor function of the non-oculomotor cranial nerves. The corticobulbar tract is one of the pyramidal tracts, the other being the corticospinal tract.
Structure
The corticobulbar tract originates in the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe, just superior to the lateral fissure and rostral to the central sulcus in the precentral gyrus (Brodmann area 4). The corticobulbar tract however also includes fibres from disparate regions from across the cerebral cortex (not limited to the frontal lobes).
The tract descends through the corona radiata and then the genu of the internal capsule (with a few fibers in the posterior limb of the internal capsule) to the midbrain. In the midbrain, the internal capsule becomes the cerebral peduncles. The white matter is located in the ventral portion of the cerebral peduncles, called the crus cerebri. The middle third of the crus cerebri contains the corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers. The corticobulbar fibers exit at the appropriate level of the brainstem to synapse on the lower motor neurons of the cranial nerves. In addition to endings in these motor neurons, fibers of the corticobulbar tract also end in the sensory nuclei of the br |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotech%3A%20Crystal%20Dreams | Robotech: Crystal Dreams is a canceled Robotech video game for the Nintendo 64 developed by GameTek.
Plot
Crystal Dreams follows the adventures of Kyle Bartley, a disgraced Robotech Defense Force veritech mecha pilot turned mercenary who fights to protect the Earth and the SDF-3 from new Zentraedi enemies.
Development
After purchasing the license for Robotech video games from Activision, GameTek submitted a pitch for the game to Nintendo. Nintendo approved the project, and a team of ten was assembled to work on the game. It was announced in May 1995 as a launch games for Nintendo 64 with the working title, Robotech Academy. By mid-1996 the name had changed to Robotech: Crystal Dreams.
Nintendo provided support to GameTek in learning the Nintendo 64 hardware. According to art director Mimi Doggett, "They know we're just getting used to this new hardware, so they've been patiently supportive. They're not pushing us to get the game out - they'd rather we take our time to make sure that it's good."
Originally planned for a December 1996 release, it was rescheduled to the second quarter of 1997. Following further delays, the release was pushed back again, to December 1997. GameTek filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in early December 1997, more than two years into development. The company stated that development of Robotech: Crystal Dreams would not be affected by the bankruptcy. By the end of 1997 Ocean had acquired the rights to the game and said they intended to finish and rele |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneous%20catalysis | Heterogeneous catalysis is catalysis where the phase of catalysts differs from that of the reactants or products. The process contrasts with homogeneous catalysis where the reactants, products and catalyst exist in the same phase. Phase distinguishes between not only solid, liquid, and gas components, but also immiscible mixtures (e.g. oil and water), or anywhere an interface is present.
Heterogeneous catalysis typically involves solid phase catalysts and gas phase reactants. In this case, there is a cycle of molecular adsorption, reaction, and desorption occurring at the catalyst surface. Thermodynamics, mass transfer, and heat transfer influence the rate (kinetics) of reaction.
Heterogeneous catalysis is very important because it enables faster, large-scale production and the selective product formation. Approximately 35% of the world's GDP is influenced by catalysis. The production of 90% of chemicals (by volume) is assisted by solid catalysts. The chemical and energy industries rely heavily on heterogeneous catalysis. For example, the Haber–Bosch process uses metal-based catalysts in the synthesis of ammonia, an important component in fertilizer; 144 million tons of ammonia were produced in 2016.
Adsorption
Adsorption is an essential step in heterogeneous catalysis. Adsorption is the process by which a gas (or solution) phase molecule (the adsorbate) binds to solid (or liquid) surface atoms (the adsorbent). The reverse of adsorption is desorption, the adsorbate splitt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous%20catalysis | In chemistry, homogeneous catalysis is catalysis where the catalyst is in same phase as reactants, principally by a soluble catalyst a in solution. In contrast, heterogeneous catalysis describes processes where the catalysts and substrate are in distinct phases, typically solid-gas, respectively. The term is used almost exclusively to describe solutions and implies catalysis by organometallic compounds. Homogeneous catalysis is an established technology that continues to evolve. An illustrative major application is the production of acetic acid. Enzymes are examples of homogeneous catalysts.
Examples
Acid catalysis
The proton is a pervasive homogeneous catalyst because water is the most common solvent. Water forms protons by the process of self-ionization of water. In an illustrative case, acids accelerate (catalyze) the hydrolysis of esters:
CH3CO2CH3 + H2O CH3CO2H + CH3OH
At neutral pH, aqueous solutions of most esters do not hydrolyze at practical rates.
Transition metal-catalysis
Hydrogenation and related reactions
A prominent class of reductive transformations are hydrogenations. In this process, H2 added to unsaturated substrates. A related methodology, transfer hydrogenation, involves by transfer of hydrogen from one substrate (the hydrogen donor) to another (the hydrogen acceptor). Related reactions entail "HX additions" where X = silyl (hydrosilylation) and CN (hydrocyanation). Most large-scale industrial hydrogenations – margarine, ammonia, benzene-to-cyclohex |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-wave%20mixing | Four-wave mixing (FWM) is an intermodulation phenomenon in nonlinear optics, whereby interactions between two or three wavelengths produce two or one new wavelengths. It is similar to the third-order intercept point in electrical systems. Four-wave mixing can be compared to the intermodulation distortion in standard electrical systems. It is a parametric nonlinear process, in that the energy of the incoming photons is conserved. FWM is a phase-sensitive process, in that the efficiency of the process is strongly affected by phase matching conditions.
Mechanism
When three frequencies (f1, f2, and f3) interact in a nonlinear medium, they give rise to a fourth frequency (f4) which is formed by the scattering of the incident photons, producing the fourth photon.
Given inputs f1, f2, and f3, the nonlinear system will produce
From calculations with the three input signals, it is found that 12 interfering frequencies are produced, three of which lie on one of the original incoming frequencies. Note that these three frequencies which lie at the original incoming frequencies are typically attributed to self-phase modulation and cross-phase modulation, and are naturally phase-matched unlike FWM.
Sum- and difference-frequency generation
Two common forms of four-wave mixing are dubbed sum-frequency generation and difference-frequency generation. In sum-frequency generation three fields are input and the output is a new high frequency field at the sum of the three input frequencies. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol%20red | Phenol red (also known as phenolsulfonphthalein or PSP) is a pH indicator frequently used in cell biology laboratories.
Chemical structure and properties
Phenol red exists as a red crystal that is stable in air. Its solubility is 0.77 grams per liter (g/L) in water and 2.9 g/L in ethanol. It is a weak acid with pKa = 8.00 at .
A solution of phenol red is used as a pH indicator, often in cell culture. Its color exhibits a gradual transition from yellow (λmax = 443 nm) to red (λmax = 570 nm) over the pH range 6.8 to 8.2. Above pH 8.2, phenol red turns a bright pink (fuchsia) color.
In crystalline form, and in solution under very acidic conditions (low pH), the compound exists as a zwitterion as in the structure shown above, with the sulfate group negatively charged, and the ketone group carrying an additional proton. This form is sometimes symbolically written as and is orange-red. If the pH is increased (pKa = 1.2), the proton from the ketone group is lost, resulting in the yellow, negatively charged ion denoted as HPS−. At still higher pH (pKa = 7.7), the phenol's hydroxy group loses its proton, resulting in the red ion denoted as PS2−.
In several sources, the structure of phenol red is shown with the sulfur atom being part of a cyclic group, similar to the structure of phenolphthalein. However, this cyclic structure could not be confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
Several indicators share a similar structure to phenol red, including bromothymol blue, thymol blue, bromo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artinite | Artinite is a hydrated basic magnesium carbonate mineral with formula: . It forms white silky monoclinic prismatic crystals that are often in radial arrays or encrustations. It has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 and a specific gravity of 2.
It occurs in low-temperature hydrothermal veins and in serpentinized ultramafic rocks. Associated minerals include brucite, hydromagnesite, pyroaurite, chrysotile, aragonite, calcite, dolomite and magnesite.
It was first reported in 1902 in Lombardy, Italy. It was named for Italian mineralogist, Ettore Artini (1866–1928).
References
Magnesium minerals
Carbonate minerals
Hydroxide minerals
Hydrates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechatelierite | Lechatelierite is silica glass, amorphous SiO2, non-crystalline mineraloid. It is named for Henry Louis Le Chatelier.
Structure
Lechatelierite is a mineraloid as it does not have a crystal structure. Although not a true mineral, it is often classified in the quartz mineral group.
Formation
One common way in which lechatelierite forms naturally is by very high temperature melting of quartz sand during a lightning strike. The result is an irregular, branching, often foamy hollow tube of silica glass called a fulgurite. Not all fulgurites are lechatelierite; the original sand must be nearly pure silica.
Lechatelierite also forms as the result of high pressure shock metamorphism during meteorite impact cratering and is a common component of a type of glassy ejecta called tektites. Most tektites are blobs of impure glassy material, but tektites from the Sahara Desert in Libya and Egypt, known as Libyan desert glass, are composed of almost pure silica that is almost pure lechatelierite. High pressure experiments have shown that shock pressures of 85 GPa are needed to produce lechatelierite in quartz grains embedded in granite.
Lechatelierite was formed during the impact of a meteorite into a layer of Coconino Sandstone at Meteor Crater in Arizona. During the rapid pressure reduction following the impact, steam expanded the newly formed lechatelierite. The shattered and expanded glass has a density less than that of water.
Lechatelierite may also form artificially, a unique ex |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okazaki | Okazaki may refer to:
Okazaki (surname)
Okazaki, Aichi, a city in Japan
Okazaki Castle, a castle in Japan
Okazaki fragments, DNA fragments formed during DNA replication (biology)
See also
Okasaki |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragnet%20%28policing%29 | A dragnet is any system of coordinated measures for apprehending criminals or suspects; including road barricades and traffic stops, widespread DNA tests, and general increased police alertness. The term derives from a fishing technique of dragging a fishing net across the sea bottom, or through a promising area of open water.
While a dragnet can refer to any kind of focused police presence, the traditional definition involves defining an area (such as a building or a city block) and/or category (such as those of a specific ethnic group within an area) and conducting at least a brief investigation of each person within. Thus, if a criminal is traced to a specific location, everyone in that location might be searched for incriminating evidence. Since the 1950s, such "dragnets" have generally been held to be unconstitutional as unreasonable search and seizure actions in the United States.
While traditional "stop and frisk" dragnets have largely fallen into disuse, New York's strategy for controlling serious crime by stopping many of those loitering in areas that such loitering is thought to be associated with lesser crimes has been called a dragnet. Similarly, controversy remains over other activities held to be dragnets as well. An active area of legal controversy, for example, is that of warrantless wiretaps. If all cell phones are monitored by machine for certain words or phrases thought to be associated with terrorism, and the results are used to cue focused investigati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient%20of%20multiple%20correlation | In statistics, the coefficient of multiple correlation is a measure of how well a given variable can be predicted using a linear function of a set of other variables. It is the correlation between the variable's values and the best predictions that can be computed linearly from the predictive variables.
The coefficient of multiple correlation takes values between 0 and 1. Higher values indicate higher predictability of the dependent variable from the independent variables, with a value of 1 indicating that the predictions are exactly correct and a value of 0 indicating that no linear combination of the independent variables is a better predictor than is the fixed mean of the dependent variable.
The coefficient of multiple correlation is known as the square root of the coefficient of determination, but under the particular assumptions that an intercept is included and that the best possible linear predictors are used, whereas the coefficient of determination is defined for more general cases, including those of nonlinear prediction and those in which the predicted values have not been derived from a model-fitting procedure.
Definition
The coefficient of multiple correlation, denoted R, is a scalar that is defined as the Pearson correlation coefficient between the predicted and the actual values of the dependent variable in a linear regression model that includes an intercept.
Computation
The square of the coefficient of multiple correlation can be computed using the vecto |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FANUC | FANUC ( or ; often styled Fanuc) is a Japanese group of companies that provide automation products and services such as robotics and computer numerical control wireless systems. These companies are principally of Japan, Fanuc America Corporation of Rochester Hills, Michigan, USA, and FANUC Europe Corporation S.A. of Luxembourg.
FANUC is one of the largest makers of industrial robots in the world. FANUC had its beginnings as part of Fujitsu developing early numerical control (NC) and servo systems. FANUC is acronym for Fuji Automatic NUmerical Control.
FANUC is organized into 3 business units: FA (Factory Automation), ROBOT, and ROBOMACHINE. These three units are unified with SERVICE as "one FANUC". Service is an integral part of FANUC and the company famously supports products for as long as customers use them.
History
In 1955, Fujitsu Ltd. approached Seiuemon Inaba (:ja:稲葉清右衛門), who was then a young engineer, to lead a new subsidiary purposed to make the field of numerical control. This nascent form of automation involved sending instructions encoded into punched cards or magnetic tape to motors that controlled the movement of tools, effectively creating programmable versions of the lathes, presses, and milling machines. Within three years after spending heavily in R&D, he and his team of 500 employees shipped Fujitsu's first numerical-control machine to Makino Milling Machine Co. In 1972, the Computing Control Division became independent and FANUC Ltd. was established. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage%20display | Phage display is a laboratory technique for the study of protein–protein, protein–peptide, and protein–DNA interactions that uses bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to connect proteins with the genetic information that encodes them. In this technique, a gene encoding a protein of interest is inserted into a phage coat protein gene, causing the phage to "display" the protein on its outside while containing the gene for the protein on its inside, resulting in a connection between genotype and phenotype. The proteins that the phages are displaying can then be screened against other proteins, peptides or DNA sequences, in order to detect interaction between the displayed protein and those of other molecules. In this way, large libraries of proteins can be screened and amplified in a process called in vitro selection, which is analogous to natural selection.
The most common bacteriophages used in phage display are M13 and fd filamentous phage, though T4, T7, and λ phage have also been used.
History
Phage display was first described by George P. Smith in 1985, when he demonstrated the display of peptides on filamentous phage (long, thin viruses that infect bacteria) by fusing the virus's capsid protein to one peptide out of a collection of peptide sequences. This displayed the different peptides on the outer surfaces of the collection of viral clones, where the screening step of the process isolated the peptides with the highest binding affinity. In 1988, Stephen Parml |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookmarking | Bookmarking (also "gene bookmarking" or "mitotic bookmarking") refers to a potential mechanism of transmission of gene expression programs through cell division.
During mitosis, gene transcription is silenced and most transcription factors are removed from chromatin. The term bookmarking compares transcription to reading from a book. The pause in transcription during mitosis is like closing the book. "Molecular bookmarks" are the factors that allow transcription to resume in an orderly fashion in newborn cells following mitosis (when the book is re-opened).
Bookmarks fulfill the following criteria:
at some point prior to the onset of mitosis, the promoters of genes that exist in a transcription-competent state become "marked" in some way,
this "mark" persists both during and after mitosis, and
the marking transmits gene expression memory by preventing the mitotic compaction of DNA at this locus, or by facilitating reassembly of transcription complexes on the promoter, or both.
Bookmarking as selective maintenance of an open chromatin state
The term bookmarking was originally coined to describe the non-compaction of some gene promoters during mitosis. More recently genome accessibility during interphase and mitosis has been directly compared on a genome-wide scale. While gene promoters tend to be better preserved than distal regulatory elements, substantial variation exists at individual sites.
Bookmarking by DNA methylation, histone post-translation modification, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Walden | Patrick George Walden (born 5 October 1978) is best known as the former guitarist for Babyshambles. Prior to joining Babyshambles, Walden belonged to a variety of London groups, among which were Fluid, the Six Cold Thousand, and The White Sport. He played guitar for The White Sport alongside another future Babyshambles member, drummer Adam Ficek. Walden also worked as a live guitarist and as a session musician, playing bass and guitar for numerous recording artists. Among those acts were Whitey, James Blunt, 500 and Crave, Ed Laliq, and, very briefly, The Honeymoon.
Career
Babyshambles
In the early summer of 2004, when Pete Doherty once again found himself cast out of The Libertines because of his drug use, he brought Babyshambles to the fore with Walden on lead guitar. The band's line-up underwent several changes before stabilizing during the late summer of 2004 with Doherty on vocals, Patrick Walden on guitar, Gemma Clarke on drums and Drew McConnell on bass. Walden co-wrote a number of Babyshambles songs with Pete Doherty. One of them, "The Man Who Came To Stay," was released as the B-side to the Killamangiro single in November 2004. Other Doherty/Walden compositions include Top-10 single "Fuck Forever" and "Loyalty Song," "352 Days," "In Love With a Feeling," "Up the Morning," "Pipe Down," "32 December," and "8 Dead Boys." He co-wrote six of the sixteen tracks that made it onto Down in Albion, Babyshambles' debut album.
At Babyshambles' live shows, he usually performe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipokine | The adipokines, or adipocytokines (Greek , fat; , cell; and , movement) are cytokines (cell signaling proteins) secreted by adipose tissue. Some contribute to an obesity-related low-grade state of inflammation or to the development of metabolic syndrome, a constellation of diseases including, but not limited to, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. The first adipokine to be discovered was leptin in 1994. Since that time, hundreds of adipokines have been discovered.
Members include:
Leptin
Adiponectin
Apelin
chemerin
interleukin-6 (IL-6)
monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)
plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4)
tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)
visfatin
omentin
vaspin (SERPINA12)
progranulin
CTRP-4
Interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and inducible protein 10 (IP-10 or CXCL10) have been shown to be associated with excessive body weight.
See also
Adipose tissue
Hepatokines
Myokines
Notes
External links
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode%20%28statistics%29 | In statistics, the mode is the value that appears most often in a set of data values. If is a discrete random variable, the mode is the value at which the probability mass function takes its maximum value (i.e, ). In other words, it is the value that is most likely to be sampled.
Like the statistical mean and median, the mode is a way of expressing, in a (usually) single number, important information about a random variable or a population. The numerical value of the mode is the same as that of the mean and median in a normal distribution, and it may be very different in highly skewed distributions.
The mode is not necessarily unique to a given discrete distribution, since the probability mass function may take the same maximum value at several points , , etc. The most extreme case occurs in uniform distributions, where all values occur equally frequently.
A mode of a continuous probability distribution is often considered to be any value at which its probability density function has a locally maximum value. When the probability density function of a continuous distribution has multiple local maxima it is common to refer to all of the local maxima as modes of the distribution, so any peak is a mode. Such a continuous distribution is called multimodal (as opposed to unimodal).
In symmetric unimodal distributions, such as the normal distribution, the mean (if defined), median and mode all coincide. For samples, if it is known that they are drawn from a symmetric unimod |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber%20cement | Rubber cement (cow gum in British English) is an adhesive made from elastic polymers (typically latex) mixed in a solvent such as acetone, hexane, heptane or toluene to keep it fluid enough to be used. This makes it part of the class of drying adhesives: as the solvents quickly evaporate, the rubber solidifies, forming a strong yet flexible bond.
Composition
Rubber cement is simply a mixture of solid rubber in a volatile solvent that will dissolve it. When the cement is applied, the solvent evaporates, leaving the rubber as the adhesive. Almost any rubber (pre-vulcanized or not) can be used. The rubbers used might be natural rubber, gum mastic or gum arabic. Early solvents used included chloroform and benzene. A small percentage of alcohol is often added to the mix.
In the United States, current formulations include n-heptane. In the United Kingdom, a product called Marabu-Fixogum uses acetone, while a product called Copydex uses ammonia.
Many special compositions include hardeners and/or vulcanizing agents designed to improve the cohesion of the rubber. Water-based formulae, often stabilised by ammonia, are also available.
Usage
Rubber cement is favoured in handicrafts applications, where easy and damage-free removal of adhesive is desired. For example, rubber cement is used as the marking fluid in erasable pens.
Because rubber cements are designed to peel easily or rub off without damaging the paper or leaving any trace of adhesive behind, they are ideal for use in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental%20pathology | Experimental pathology, also known as investigative pathology, is the scientific study of disease processes through the microscopic or molecular examination of organs, tissues, cells, or body fluids from diseased organisms. It is closely related, both historically and in modern academic settings, to the medical field of pathology.
External link
American Society for Investigative Pathology
Pathology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeoglobus | Archaeoglobus is a genus of the phylum Euryarchaeota. Archaeoglobus can be found in high-temperature oil fields where they may contribute to oil field souring.
Metabolism
Archaeoglobus grow anaerobically at extremely high temperatures between 60 and 95 °C, with optimal growth at 83 °C (ssp. A. fulgidus VC-16). They are sulfate-reducing archaea, coupling the reduction of sulfate to sulfide with the oxidation of many different organic carbon sources, including complex polymers.
A. lithotrophicus live chemolitho-autotrophically from hydrogen, sulfate and carbon dioxide. Also A. profundus grow lithotrophically, but while this species needs acetate and CO2 for biosynthesis they are heterotroph.
The complete A. fulgidus genome sequence revealed the presence of a nearly complete set of genes for methanogenesis. The function of these genes in A. fulgidus remains unknown, while the lack of the enzyme methyl-CoM reductase does not allow for methanogenesis to occur by a mechanism similar to that found in other methanogens.
Description and significance
Archaeoglobus members are hyperthermophiles that can be found in hydrothermal vents, oil deposits, and hot springs. They can produce biofilm when subjected to environmental stresses such as extreme pH or temperature, high concentrations of metal, or the addition of antibiotics, xenobiotics, or oxygen. These archaeons are known to cause the corrosion of iron and steel in oil and gas processing systems by producing iron sulphide. Thei |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley%2C%20British%20Columbia | Kimberley is a city in southeast British Columbia, Canada along Highway 95A between the Purcell and Rocky Mountains. Kimberley was named in 1896 after the Kimberley mine in South Africa. From 1917 to 2001, it was the home to the world's largest lead-zinc mine, the Sullivan Mine. Now it is mainly a tourist destination and home to the Kimberley Alpine Resort, a ski area and Kimberley's Underground Mining Railway that features a underground mining interpretive centre complete with operational narrow-gauge railway equipment. Recreational pursuits include world-class skiing, snowboarding, snowmobiling, fishing, whitewater rafting, kayaking, biking, hiking and golfing on championship golf courses. The city has the largest urban park in Canada. At , the Kimberley Nature Park is the largest incorporated park in Canada.
SunMine, was the largest solar PV plant in Western Canada when built in 2015 on the site of the former Sullivan Mine concentrator.
History
Kimberley incorporated as a city on March 29, 1944. It amalgamated with the former Village of Marysville on November 1, 1968. Following the routing of Highway 95 away from the city, in 1972 Kimberley transformed into the Bavarian City of the Rockies to entice motorists passing through the region to visit. Kimberley's Mine was the Sullivan Mine, and it was the largest lead-zinc mine in the world. The mine ceased operation in 2001.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Kimberley had a pop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSCC | NSCC may refer to:
Medicine
Neoplastic spinal cord compression
Non-small-cell lung carcinoma
Organisations
National Securities Clearing Corporation
North Seattle Community College
North Shore Community College
Northwest State Community College
Nova Scotia Community College
United States Naval Sea Cadet Corps
Other
North Star College Cup |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adarand%20Constructors%2C%20Inc.%20v.%20Pe%C3%B1a | Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña, 515 U.S. 200 (1995), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case which held that racial classifications, imposed by the federal government, must be analyzed under a standard of "strict scrutiny," the most stringent level of review which requires that racial classifications be narrowly tailored to further compelling governmental interests. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote the majority opinion of the Court, which effectively overturned Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC, in which the Court had created a two tiered system for analyzing racial classifications. Adarand held the federal government to the same standards as the state and local governments through a process of "reverse incorporation," in which the 5th Amendment's Due Process Clause was held to bind the federal government to the same standards as state and local governments are bound under the 14th Amendment.
Background
At the time this case was litigated, many contracts led by agencies of the United States federal government contained financial incentives for the prime contractor to employ subcontractors that were owned or controlled by "socially and economically disadvantaged individuals." The US Small Business Administration would certify certain businesses as disadvantaged. That usually meant that the business was owned by racial or ethnic minority groups or by women. In this particular case the contract stated that "the contractor shall presume that socially and economically |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harnack%27s%20principle | In the mathematical field of partial differential equations, Harnack's principle or Harnack's theorem is a corollary of Harnack's inequality which deals with the convergence of sequences of harmonic functions.
Given a sequence of harmonic functions on an open connected subset of the Euclidean space , which are pointwise monotonically nondecreasing in the sense that
for every point of , then the limit
automatically exists in the extended real number line for every . Harnack's theorem says that the limit either is infinite at every point of or it is finite at every point of . In the latter case, the convergence is uniform on compact sets and the limit is a harmonic function on .
The theorem is a corollary of Harnack's inequality. If is a Cauchy sequence for any particular value of , then the Harnack inequality applied to the harmonic function implies, for an arbitrary compact set containing , that is arbitrarily small for sufficiently large and . This is exactly the definition of uniform convergence on compact sets. In words, the Harnack inequality is a tool which directly propagates the Cauchy property of a sequence of harmonic functions at a single point to the Cauchy property at all points.
Having established uniform convergence on compact sets, the harmonicity of the limit is an immediate corollary of the fact that the mean value property (automatically preserved by uniform convergence) fully characterizes harmonic functions among continuous functions.
The pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20vocoder | A phase vocoder is a type of vocoder-purposed algorithm which can interpolate information present in the frequency and time domains of audio signals by using phase information extracted from a frequency transform. The computer algorithm allows frequency-domain modifications to a digital sound file (typically time expansion/compression and pitch shifting).
At the heart of the phase vocoder is the short-time Fourier transform (STFT), typically coded using fast Fourier transforms. The STFT converts a time domain representation of sound into a time-frequency representation (the "analysis" phase), allowing modifications to the amplitudes or phases of specific frequency components of the sound, before resynthesis of the time-frequency domain representation into the time domain by the inverse STFT. The time evolution of the resynthesized sound can be changed by means of modifying the time position of the STFT frames prior to the resynthesis operation
allowing for time-scale modification of the original sound file.
Phase coherence problem
The main problem that has to be solved for all cases of manipulation of the STFT is the fact that individual signal components (sinusoids, impulses) will be spread over multiple frames and multiple STFT frequency locations (bins). This is because the STFT analysis is done using overlapping analysis windows. The windowing results in spectral leakage such that the information of individual sinusoidal components is spread over adjacent STFT bins. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoregressive%20model | In statistics, econometrics, and signal processing, an autoregressive (AR) model is a representation of a type of random process; as such, it is used to describe certain time-varying processes in nature, economics, behavior, etc. The autoregressive model specifies that the output variable depends linearly on its own previous values and on a stochastic term (an imperfectly predictable term); thus the model is in the form of a stochastic difference equation (or recurrence relation which should not be confused with differential equation). Together with the moving-average (MA) model, it is a special case and key component of the more general autoregressive–moving-average (ARMA) and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models of time series, which have a more complicated stochastic structure; it is also a special case of the vector autoregressive model (VAR), which consists of a system of more than one interlocking stochastic difference equation in more than one evolving random variable.
Contrary to the moving-average (MA) model, the autoregressive model is not always stationary as it may contain a unit root.
Definition
The notation indicates an autoregressive model of order p. The AR(p) model is defined as
where are the parameters of the model, and is white noise. This can be equivalently written using the backshift operator B as
so that, moving the summation term to the left side and using polynomial notation, we have
An autoregressive model can thus be view |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aba%C3%BAj-Torna%20County | Abaúj-Torna (, , ) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its capital was Kassa (present-day Košice). Its territory is now divided between Hungary and Slovakia.
Geography
Around 1910, Abaúj-Torna county shared borders with Gömör-Kishont, Szepes, Sáros, Zemplén and Borsod counties. The rivers Hernád and Bódva flowed through the county. Its area was around 1910.
History
The county Abaúj-Torna was a combination of Abaúj and Torna counties.
Its first creation was during the period of military dictatorship and centralisation in the Kingdom of Hungary following the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, existing from 13 September 1850 until the restoration of the traditional counties of Hungry in October 1860. It formed part of the District of Kaschau during this period.
The two counties were joined a second time in 1881.
In the aftermath of World War I, the northern part of Abaúj-Torna county became part of newly formed Czechoslovakia (as ), as recognized by the concerned states in the 1920 Treaty of Trianon. It continued to exist as an administrative unit until 1922. The southern half stayed in Hungary as the county Abaúj-Torna, with capital Szikszó.
Following the provisions of the First Vienna Award, most of the Czechoslovak part was returned to Hungary in November 1938. It was added to the county of Abaúj-Torna, with capital Kassa (present-day Košice). After World War II, the Trianon border was restored and the county was renamed to Abaúj County. In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSTC | SSTC may refer to:
Security Services Technical Committee; see
Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India
Solid state Tesla coil, a Tesla coil that uses semiconductors in place of the traditional spark gap
Silver Strand Training Complex, near San Diego, California, U.S.
Starship Troopers Chronicles, a CGI animated television series
State Science and Technology Commission, a ministry of the People's Republic of China
Sylhet Science And Technology College, Sylhet, Bangladesh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakiranti%20languages | The Mahakiranti or Maha-Kiranti ('Greater Kiranti') languages are a proposed intermediate level of classification of the Sino-Tibetan languages, consisting of the Kiranti languages and neighbouring languages thought to be closely related to them. Researchers disagree on which languages belong in Mahakiranti, or even whether Mahakiranti is a valid group. The group was originally proposed by George van Driem, who retracted his proposal in 2004 after a field study in Bhutan.
Conceptions of Mahakiranti
van Driem (2001) posits that the Mahakiranti languages besides Kiranti proper are Newar, Baram, and Thangmi. Baram and Thangmi are clearly related, but it is not yet clear if the similarities they share with Newar demonstrate a 'Para-Kiranti' family, as van Driem suggests, or if they are borrowings. He sees Lepcha, Lhokpu, and the Magaric languages (in the narrow sense, whether or not Chepangic proves to be Magar) as the Bodic languages closest to Mahakiranti.
van Driem's conception of Mahakiranti
Mahakiranti
Kiranti
Newaric (Parakiranti)
Newar
Baram
Thangmi
Matisoff's Mahakiranti includes the Newar and the Magaric languages along with Kiranti. He groups Mahakiranti with the Tibeto-Kanauri languages (in which he includes Lepcha) as Himalayish.
Bradley (1997) adds Magar and Chepang to van Driem's Mahakiranti and calls the result Himalayan. This, along with his "Bodish" (equivalent to Tibeto-Kanauri), constitutes his Bodic family.
Ethnologue (15th ed.) posits Magaric, C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20principle | In the mathematical fields of partial differential equations and geometric analysis, the maximum principle is any of a collection of results and techniques of fundamental importance in the study of elliptic and parabolic differential equations.
In the simplest case, consider a function of two variables such that
The weak maximum principle, in this setting, says that for any open precompact subset of the domain of , the maximum of on the closure of is achieved on the boundary of . The strong maximum principle says that, unless is a constant function, the maximum cannot also be achieved anywhere on itself.
Such statements give a striking qualitative picture of solutions of the given differential equation. Such a qualitative picture can be extended to many kinds of differential equations. In many situations, one can also use such maximum principles to draw precise quantitative conclusions about solutions of differential equations, such as control over the size of their gradient. There is no single or most general maximum principle which applies to all situations at once.
In the field of convex optimization, there is an analogous statement which asserts that the maximum of a convex function on a compact convex set is attained on the boundary.
Intuition
A partial formulation of the strong maximum principle
Here we consider the simplest case, although the same thinking can be extended to more general scenarios. Let be an open subset of Euclidean space and let be a fu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%20Glacier | Smith Glacier is a low-gradient Antarctic glacier, over 160 km (100 mi) long, draining from Toney Mountain in an ENE direction to Amundsen Sea. A northern distributary, Kohler Glacier, drains to Dotson Ice Shelf but the main flow passes to the sea between Bear Peninsula and Mount Murphy, terminating at Crosson Ice Shelf.
The Smith Glacier is located in the western region of Antarctica. Latitude: 75° 2' 59'' S. Longitude 111° 12' 0'' W.
Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and USN air photos, 1959–65. Named by US-ACAN after Philip M. Smith (Smith Bluffs), Deputy Director, Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, who in the period 1956–71 participated in many expeditions to Antarctica in field and supervisory capacities.
In 2001, Dr. Andrew Shepherd, a research fellow at the Center for Polar Observation and Modeling at University College London, said that Smith Glacier was losing mass quickly and contributing to the slow rise of the oceans.
In 2011, Hamish Pritchard, a scientist with the British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge, UK, said that Smith Glacier was thinning at a rate of 27 feet per year.
In 2016, a study published in the journal Nature Communication, which relied on airborne radar measurements, found that melting of the ice shelves’ grounding zones between the years 2000 and 2009 removed between 984 and about 1,607 feet of solid ice beneath the Smith Glacier. The Smith Glacier lost more ice than any other glacier studied for the report. The researchers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyworks%20Solutions | Skyworks Solutions, Inc. is an American semiconductor company headquartered in Irvine, California, United States, and a constituent of the S&P 500.
In 2009, Skyworks Solutions Inc. took over Axiom Microdevices Inc., a company that provides CMOS-based mobile phone power amplifiers, for an undisclosed amount. On October 5, 2015, Skyworks Solutions entered a definitive agreement to acquire PMC-Sierra for $2 billion in cash. However, Skyworks walked away from the deal, having been outbid by Microsemi. In 2018, Skyworks purchased Avnera for US$405 million. On April 22, 2021, Skyworks Solutions entered into a definitive agreement with Silicon Labs to acquire their Infrastructure & Automotive business for $2.75 billion. Since 2021, Skyworks Solutions only manufactures semiconductors for use in mobile communication systems and radio frequency.
See also
Comparison of open-source wireless drivers
References
External links
Fabless semiconductor companies
Semiconductor companies of the United States
Electronics companies established in 2002
2002 establishments in Massachusetts
Woburn, Massachusetts
Companies based in Irvine, California
Companies listed on the Nasdaq |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20construct | A DNA construct is an artificially-designed segment of DNA borne on a vector that can be used to incorporate genetic material into a target tissue or cell. A DNA construct contains a DNA insert, called a transgene, delivered via a transformation vector which allows the insert sequence to be replicated and/or expressed in the target cell. This gene can be cloned from a naturally occurring gene, or synthetically constructed. The vector can be delivered using physical, chemical or viral methods. Typically, the vectors used in DNA constructs contain an origin of replication, a multiple cloning site, and a selectable marker. Certain vectors can carry additional regulatory elements based on the expression system involved.
DNA constructs can be as small as a few thousand base pairs (kbp) of DNA carrying a single gene, using vectors such as plasmids or bacteriophages, or as large as hundreds of kbp for large-scale genomic studies using an artificial chromosome. A DNA construct may express wildtype protein, prevent the expression of certain genes by expressing competitors or inhibitors, or express mutant proteins, such as deletion mutations or missense mutations. DNA constructs are widely adapted in molecular biology research for techniques such as DNA sequencing, protein expression, and RNA studies.
History
The first standardized vector, pBR220, was designed in 1977 by researchers in Herbert Boyer’s lab. The plasmid contains various restriction enzyme sites and a stable antibioti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrofamily | In historical linguistics, a macrofamily, also called a superfamily or phylum, is a proposed genetic relationship grouping together language families (also isolates) in a larger scale classification. However, Campbell regards this term as superfluous, preferring "language family" for those classifications for which there is consensus and "distant genetic relationship" for those for which there is no, or not yet, consensus, whether due to lack of documentation or scholarship of the constituent languages, or to an estimated time depth thought by many linguists to be too great for reconstruction.
More rarely, the term has also been applied to an exceptionally old, large and diverse language family, such as Afro-Asiatic.
Examples of proposed macro-families range from relatively recent such as East Asian, Macro-Jê, Macro-Waikurúan, Macro-Mayan, Macro-Siouan, Penutian, Na-Dene and Congo-Saharan (Niger-Saharan) to older ones such as Austric, Dené–Caucasian, Eurasiatic, Nostratic or Ural-Altaic.
See also
Language family
List of language families
Father Tongue hypothesis
Classification of Southeast Asian languages
Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas
Borean languages
References
Historical linguistics
Paleolinguistics
Proposed language families |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition%20point | In the field of fluid dynamics the point at which the boundary layer changes from laminar to turbulent is called the transition point. Where and how this transition occurs depends on the Reynolds number, the pressure gradient, pressure fluctuations due to sound, surface vibration, the initial turbulence level of the flow, boundary layer suction, surface heat flows, and surface roughness. The effects of a boundary layer turned turbulent are an increase in drag due to skin friction. As speed increases, the upper surface transition point tends to move forward. As the angle of attack increases, the upper surface transition point also tends to move forward.
Position
The exact position of the transition point is hard to determine due to it being dependent on a large amount of factors. Several methods to predict it to a certain degree of accuracy do exist, however. Most of these methods revolve around analysing the stability of the (laminar) boundary layer using stability theory: a laminar boundary layer may become unstable due to small disturbances, turning it turbulent. One such method assessing the transition point this way is the eN method.
eN method
The eN method works by superimposing small disturbances on the flow, considering it to be laminar. The assumption is made that both the original and the newly disturbed flow satisfy the Navier-Stokes equations. This disturbed flow can be linearised and described with a perturbation equation. This equation may have unstable soluti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal%20classification | Mammalia is a class of animal within the phylum Chordata. Mammal classification has been through several iterations since Carl Linnaeus initially defined the class. No classification system is universally accepted; McKenna & Bell (1997) and Wilson & Reader (2005) provide useful recent compendiums. Many earlier ideas from Linnaeus et al. have been completely abandoned by modern taxonomists, among these are the idea that bats are related to birds or that humans represent a group outside of other living things. Competing ideas about the relationships of mammal orders do persist and are currently in development. Most significantly in recent years, cladistic thinking has led to an effort to ensure that all taxonomic designations represent monophyletic groups. The field has also seen a recent surge in interest and modification due to the results of molecular phylogenetics.
George Gaylord Simpson's classic "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (Simpson, 1945) taxonomy text laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century.
Since Simpson's 1945 classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an offi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voigt%20notation | In mathematics, Voigt notation or Voigt form in multilinear algebra is a way to represent a symmetric tensor by reducing its order. There are a few variants and associated names for this idea: Mandel notation, Mandel–Voigt notation and Nye notation are others found. Kelvin notation is a revival by Helbig of old ideas of Lord Kelvin. The differences here lie in certain weights attached to the selected entries of the tensor. Nomenclature may vary according to what is traditional in the field of application.
For example, a 2×2 symmetric tensor X has only three distinct elements, the two on the diagonal and the other being off-diagonal. Thus it can be expressed as the vector
.
As another example:
The stress tensor (in matrix notation) is given as
In Voigt notation it is simplified to a 6-dimensional vector:
The strain tensor, similar in nature to the stress tensor—both are symmetric second-order tensors --, is given in matrix form as
Its representation in Voigt notation is
where , , and are engineering shear strains.
The benefit of using different representations for stress and strain is that the scalar invariance
is preserved.
Likewise, a three-dimensional symmetric fourth-order tensor can be reduced to a 6×6 matrix.
Mnemonic rule
A simple mnemonic rule for memorizing Voigt notation is as follows:
Write down the second order tensor in matrix form (in the example, the stress tensor)
Strike out the diagonal
Continue on the third column
Go back to the first eleme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20interest%20%28futures%29 | Open interest (futures) is the number of "open" contracts or open interest of derivatives in the futures market. Open interest in a derivative is the sum of all contracts that have not expired, been exercised or physically delivered. Moreover, the open interest is the number of long positions or, equivalently, the number of short positions.
Open interest is used as a technical indicator as it is a measure of market activity. Little or no open interest means there is no one opening positions, or nearly all the positions have been closed. High open interest means there are many contracts still open and means that new or additional money coming into the market.
External links
Open Interest - Investopedia
Open Interest - trading educators
Financial economics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty%20acid%20metabolism | Fatty acid metabolism consists of various metabolic processes involving or closely related to fatty acids, a family of molecules classified within the lipid macronutrient category. These processes can mainly be divided into (1) catabolic processes that generate energy and (2) anabolic processes where they serve as building blocks for other compounds.
In catabolism, fatty acids are metabolized to produce energy, mainly in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). When compared to other macronutrient classes (carbohydrates and protein), fatty acids yield the most ATP on an energy per gram basis, when they are completely oxidized to CO2 and water by beta oxidation and the citric acid cycle. Fatty acids (mainly in the form of triglycerides) are therefore the foremost storage form of fuel in most animals, and to a lesser extent in plants.
In anabolism, intact fatty acids are important precursors to triglycerides, phospholipids, second messengers, hormones and ketone bodies. For example, phospholipids form the phospholipid bilayers out of which all the membranes of the cell are constructed from fatty acids. Phospholipids comprise the plasma membrane and other membranes that enclose all the organelles within the cells, such as the nucleus, the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus. In another type of anabolism, fatty acids are modified to form other compounds such as second messengers and local hormones. The prostaglandins made from arachidonic acid stored i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiolysis | Thiolysis is a reaction with a thiol (R-SH) that cleaves one compound into two. Thiolysis involves the addition of coenzyme A to one of the products. This reaction is similar to hydrolysis, which involves water instead of a thiol. This reaction is seen in β-oxidation of fatty acids. The depolymerisation of condensed tannins with the use of benzyl mercaptan as nucleophile is also called thiolysis.
References
Substitution reactions
Tannins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum%20albumin | Serum albumin, often referred to simply as blood albumin, is an albumin (a type of globular protein) found in vertebrate blood. Human serum albumin is encoded by the ALB gene. Other mammalian forms, such as bovine serum albumin, are chemically similar.
Serum albumin is produced by the liver, occurs dissolved in blood plasma and is the most abundant blood protein in mammals. Albumin is essential for maintaining the oncotic pressure needed for proper distribution of body fluids between blood vessels and body tissues; without albumin, the high pressure in the blood vessels would force more fluids out into the tissues. It also acts as a plasma carrier by non-specifically binding several hydrophobic steroid hormones and as a transport protein for hemin and fatty acids. Too much or too little circulating serum albumin may be harmful. Albumin in the urine usually denotes the presence of kidney disease. Occasionally albumin appears in the urine of normal persons following long periods of standing (postural albuminuria).
Function
Albumin functions primarily as a carrier protein for steroids, fatty acids, and thyroid hormones in the blood and plays a major role in stabilizing extracellular fluid volume by contributing to oncotic pressure (known also as colloid osmotic pressure) of plasma.
Because smaller animals (for example rats) function at a lower blood pressure, they need less oncotic pressure to balance this, and thus need less albumin to maintain proper fluid distribution.
A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit-linked%20note | A credit-linked note (CLN) is a form of funded credit derivative. It is structured as a security with an embedded credit default swap allowing the issuer to transfer a specific credit risk to credit investors. The issuer is not obligated to repay the debt if a specified event occurs. This eliminates a third-party insurance provider.
It is a structured note issued by a special purpose company or trust, designed to offer investors par value at maturity unless the referenced entity defaults. In the case of default, the investors receive a recovery rate.
The trust will also have entered into a default swap with a dealer. In case of default, the dealer will pay the trust par minus the recovery rate, in exchange for an annual fee which is passed on to the investors in the form of a higher yield on their note.
The purpose of the arrangement is to pass the risk of specific default onto investors willing to bear that risk in return for the higher yield it makes available. The CLNs themselves are typically backed by very highly rated collateral, such as U.S. Treasury securities.
The Italian dairy products giant, Parmalat, notoriously dressed up its books by creating a credit-linked note for itself, betting on its own credit worthiness.
In Hong Kong and Singapore, credit-linked notes have been marketed as "minibonds" and sold to individual investors. After Lehman Brothers, the major issuer of minibond in Hong Kong and Singapore, filed for bankruptcy in September 2008, many retail |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity-addition%20formula | In relativistic physics, a velocity-addition formula is an equation that specifies how to combine the velocities of objects in a way that is consistent with the requirement that no object's speed can exceed the speed of light. Such formulas apply to successive Lorentz transformations, so they also relate different frames. Accompanying velocity addition is a kinematic effect known as Thomas precession, whereby successive non-collinear Lorentz boosts become equivalent to the composition of a rotation of the coordinate system and a boost.
Standard applications of velocity-addition formulas include the Doppler shift, Doppler navigation, the aberration of light, and the dragging of light in moving water observed in the 1851 Fizeau experiment.
The notation employs as velocity of a body within a Lorentz frame , and as velocity of a second frame , as measured in , and as the transformed velocity of the body within the second frame.
History
The speed of light in a fluid is slower than the speed of light in vacuum, and it changes if the fluid is moving along with the light. In 1851, Fizeau measured the speed of light in a fluid moving parallel to the light using an interferometer. Fizeau's results were not in accord with the then-prevalent theories. Fizeau experimentally correctly determined the zeroth term of an expansion of the relativistically correct addition law in terms of as is described below. Fizeau's result led physicists to accept the empirical validity of the rather |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20algebraic%20modeling%20system | The general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) is a high-level modeling system for mathematical optimization. GAMS is designed for modeling and solving linear, nonlinear, and mixed-integer optimization problems. The system is tailored for complex, large-scale modeling applications and allows the user to build large maintainable models that can be adapted to new situations. The system is available for use on various computer platforms. Models are portable from one platform to another.
GAMS was the first algebraic modeling language (AML) and is formally similar to commonly used fourth-generation programming languages. GAMS contains an integrated development environment (IDE) and is connected to a group of third-party optimization solvers. Among these solvers are BARON, COIN-OR solvers, CONOPT, COPT Cardinal Optimizer, CPLEX, DICOPT, MOSEK, SNOPT, SULUM, and XPRESS.
GAMS allows the users to implement a sort of hybrid algorithm combining different solvers. Models are described in concise, human-readable algebraic statements. GAMS is among the most popular input formats for the NEOS Server. Although initially designed for applications related to economics and management science, it has a community of users from various backgrounds of engineering and science.
Timeline
1976 GAMS idea is presented at the International Symposium on Mathematical Programming (ISMP), Budapest
1978 Phase I: GAMS supports linear programming. Supported platforms: Mainframes and Unix Workstations
1979 Ph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea%20Smyrni | Nea Smyrni (, Néa Smýrni, "New Smyrna") is a municipality and a town in South Athens, Greece. At the 2011 census, it had 73,076 inhabitants. It was named after the former Greek city Smyrna (today's İzmir in Turkey), whence many refugees arrived and settled in the Nea Smyrni area following the 1922 catastrophe of Asia Minor and the Great fire of Smyrna, as a result of the Greco-Turkish war.
History
Although there are few details about the ancient history of the area, in 2012, during works, ancient graves were unearthed on the side of Agias Sofias Street. The specific manner of burial is known as 'burial by the roadside'. These ancient findings have already been unveiled by public authorities and are able to be visited.
Nea Smyrni began to be inhabited at the beginning of the 20th century. Up until that point, it had not been inhabited in a systematic manner. At the time, it was intersected by an avenue which connected Athens and Phalerum, the ancient port of the city.
After the Asia Minor Disaster, the government decided to construct a settlement in the area for the refugees from Smyrna. Construction of this settlement began in 1926. In 1928, the population was just 210. By 1933, the area had become a true town with a population of 6,500. By 1940, there were 15,000 inhabitants. In 1944, with the end of the war, Nea Smyrni became a municipality.
Nea Smyrni was the site of multiple clashes between British Army forces and ELAS resistance forces during the so-called Dekemvria |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saha%20ionization%20equation | In physics, the Saha ionization equation is an expression that relates the ionization state of a gas in thermal equilibrium to the temperature and pressure. The equation is a result of combining ideas of quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics and is used to explain the spectral classification of stars. The expression was developed by physicist Meghnad Saha in 1920.
Description
For a gas at a high enough temperature (here measured in energy units, i.e. keV or J) and/or density, the thermal collisions of the atoms will ionize some of the atoms, making an ionized gas. When several or more of the electrons that are normally bound to the atom in orbits around the atomic nucleus are freed, they form an independent electron gas cloud co-existing with the surrounding gas of atomic ions and neutral atoms. With sufficient ionization, the gas can become the state of matter called plasma.
The Saha equation describes the degree of ionization for any gas in thermal equilibrium as a function of the temperature, density, and ionization energies of the atoms. The Saha equation only holds for weakly ionized plasmas for which the Debye length is small. This means that the screening of the Coulomb interaction of ions and electrons by other ions and electrons is negligible. The subsequent lowering of the ionization potentials and the "cutoff" of the partition function is therefore also negligible.
For a gas composed of a single atomic species, the Saha equation is written:
where:
is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurize | Serious Samurize (or simply Samurize) is a freeware system monitoring and desktop enhancement engine for Microsoft Windows.
The core of Samurize is the desktop client that displays PC statistics (similar to a widget or gadget) anywhere on the screen. There is also a taskbar client, a clock client, a server, and a screensaver. The client's main purpose is to display information about the computer, such as CPU usage, available RAM/HD space, network conditions, uptime, etc.. It can also be extended by using VBScript, JScript, Perl, Python, Ruby scripts and DLL plugins, which provide virtually unlimited possibilities. There are scripts and plugins which can get weather reports, news headlines, music controllers, etc..
Samurize includes a WYSIWYG config editor used to create the configs. A "config" consists of a collection of "meters", and is saved into an INI file in the "configs" folder of the Samurize installation path. "Configs" can be packed to be shared with other users by using an included tool.
History
Work on Samurize started early in 2002. The first iteration of Samurize was version 0.63c, at which point work began on Serious Samurize, which was released at version 0.80a, breaking compatibility with older configurations.
The earliest predecessor of Samurize was NMeter, created in 2000. NMeter was followed by CureInfo in 2001 and in March 2002 Samurize development began. The development proceeded rapidly with almost one new version each month until version 1.0 was p |
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