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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDAX | The VDAX-NEW Index expresses the variation margin – the implied volatility – of the DAX anticipated on the derivatives market. The VDAX indicates in percentage points the volatility to be expected in the next 30 days for the DAX. The basis for the calculation of this index is provided by the DAX option contracts.
It is analogous to the VIX implied volatility index on the S&P 500.
See also
DAX
MDAX
SDAX
TecDAX
External links
VDAX-NEW
German stock market indices |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool%27n%27Quiet | AMD Cool'n'Quiet is a CPU dynamic frequency scaling and power saving technology introduced by AMD with its Athlon XP processor line. It works by reducing the processor's clock rate and voltage when the processor is idle. The aim of this technology is to reduce overall power consumption and lower heat generation, allowing for slower (thus quieter) cooling fan operation. The objectives of cooler and quieter result in the name Cool'n'Quiet. The technology is similar to Intel's SpeedStep and AMD's own PowerNow!, which were developed with the aim of increasing laptop battery life by reducing power consumption.
Due to their different usage, Cool'n'Quiet refers to desktop and server chips, while PowerNow! is used for mobile chips; the technologies are similar but not identical. This technology was also introduced on "e-stepping" Opterons, however it is called Optimized Power Management, which is essentially a re-tooled Cool'n'Quiet scheme designed to work with registered memory.
Cool'n'Quiet is fully supported in the Linux kernel from version 2.6.18 onward (using the powernow-k8 driver) and FreeBSD from 6.0-CURRENT onward.
Implementation
In-order to take advantage of Cool'n'Quiet Technology in Microsoft's Operating Systems:
Cool'n'Quiet should be Enabled in system BIOS
In Windows XP and 2000: Operating Systems "Minimal Power Management" profile must be active in "Power Schemes". A PPM driver was also released by AMD that facilitates this.
In Windows Vista and 7: "Minimum proce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Dynamics%20F-16XL | The General Dynamics F-16XL is a derivative of the F-16 Fighting Falcon with a cranked-arrow delta wing. It entered the United States Air Force's (USAF) Enhanced Tactical Fighter (ETF) competition in 1981 but lost to the F-15E Strike Eagle. The two prototypes were shelved until being turned over to NASA for additional aeronautical research in 1988. Both aircraft were fully retired in 2009 and stored at Edwards Air Force Base.
Development
SCAMP
Shortly after winning the lightweight fighter program, General Dynamics Fort Worth began investigating possible derivatives with the goal of enhancing both air-to-air and air-to-ground mission capabilities while retaining parts commonality with the . Under the leadership of Harry Hillaker (designer of the original ), the Supersonic Cruise and Maneuver Prototype (SCAMP) project was started. Several wing designs were considered, including one using a forward-swept wing, but the large "cranked-arrow" wing (similar to that of the Saab 35 Draken) was pursued due to its much more efficient lift-to-drag ratio at supersonic speeds.
The company worked closely with NASA's Langley Research Center and invested significant R&D funds for wind tunnel testing. Over several years the design was refined which led to the final design by late 1980.
Enhanced Tactical Fighter competition
In 1980, the USAF signed on as a partner, providing the fuselages of the third and fifth production s for conversion. These two fuselages became the only examples of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20Delegation%20Discovery%20System | The Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS) is an algorithm for applying string transformation rules to application-unique strings to extract specific syntax elements. It is used for finding information, such as authoritative domain name servers, for Uniform Resource Identifiers and Uniform Resource Names. An earlier specification applied only to URNs, and was called the Resolver Discovery Service (RDS).
DDDS defines a mechanism for using the Domain Name System (DNS) as the database for arbitrary identifier schemes. The primary logical DNS container used to hold DDDS information is the NAPTR record.
DDDS is defined in RFC 3401, RFC 3402, RFC 3403, RFC 3404, and RFC 3405.
RFC 3401 expresses the system as follows:
The Dynamic Delegation Discovery System is used to implement lazy binding of strings to data, in order to support dynamically configured delegation systems. The DDDS functions by mapping some unique string to data stored within a DDDS Database by iteratively applying string transformation rules until a terminal condition is reached.
Telephone Number Mapping (ENUM), specified in RFC 6116, is defined as a DDDS application to resolve telephone numbers into DNS data.
References
Domain Name System |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALP | ALP or AlP may refer to:
Science and technology
Chemicals and particles
AlP, molecular formula for aluminium phosphide
Alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme
Axion-like particle, pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson
Computer science
Algorithmic probability
Association for Logic Programming
Computing
IBM ALP, Assembly Language Processor, for 32-bit OS/2
Access Linux Platform, a mobile operating system
Appliance Link Protocol, used by Sun Ray computers
Arts and entertainment
Alien Loves Predator, a webcomic
Anna Livia Plurabelle, character in the book Finnegans Wake
Arthur Loves Plastic, American electronic music band
Political parties
Antigua Labour Party, in Antigua and Barbuda
Australian Labor Party, in Australia
Alberta Liberal Party, in Canada
American Labor Party (defunct), in the United States
Transport
ALP (automobile), manufactured in Belgium in 1920
Air Alpes, a defunct French airline
Aleppo International Airport, Syria
Alpine (Amtrak station), Texas, United States
Althorpe railway station, North Lincolnshire, England
Alphington railway station, Melbourne, Australia
Other uses
Aerial Ladder Platform, a type of firefighting apparatus
Afghan Local Police
Association of Lincoln Presenters, an American historical society
Average Labor Productivity
See also
Alp (disambiguation)
Alps (disambiguation)
ALPS (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condomi | Condomi is a German condom manufacturer based in Cologne, which began production in 1988. For many years, Condomi used a production technique that did not involve the use of the milk protein casein. This meant Condomi was one of the few condom lines that were casein-free and suitable for Vegetarians and Vegans.
Condomi is currently owned by Unimill Condoms, which is a subsidiary of Ansell.
Condomi's products come in a variety of styles and flavours including strawberry, chocolate, spearmint, and coconut.
External links
Condomi website
Scandinavian Condomi agent
Condom brands
Manufacturing companies based in Cologne
German brands |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmagupta%20theorem | In geometry, Brahmagupta's theorem states that if a cyclic quadrilateral is orthodiagonal (that is, has perpendicular diagonals), then the perpendicular to a side from the point of intersection of the diagonals always bisects the opposite side. It is named after the Indian mathematician Brahmagupta (598-668).
More specifically, let A, B, C and D be four points on a circle such that the lines AC and BD are perpendicular. Denote the intersection of AC and BD by M. Drop the perpendicular from M to the line BC, calling the intersection E. Let F be the intersection of the line EM and the edge AD. Then, the theorem states that F is the midpoint AD.
Proof
We need to prove that AF = FD. We will prove that both AF and FD are in fact equal to FM.
To prove that AF = FM, first note that the angles FAM and CBM are equal, because they are inscribed angles that intercept the same arc of the circle. Furthermore, the angles CBM and CME are both complementary to angle BCM (i.e., they add up to 90°), and are therefore equal. Finally, the angles CME and FMA are the same. Hence, AFM is an isosceles triangle, and thus the sides AF and FM are equal.
The proof that FD = FM goes similarly: the angles FDM, BCM, BME and DMF are all equal, so DFM is an isosceles triangle, so FD = FM. It follows that AF = FD, as the theorem claims.
See also
Brahmagupta's formula for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral
References
External links
Brahmagupta's Theorem at cut-the-knot
Brahmagupta
Theorems about qu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner%20quasiprobability%20distribution | The Wigner quasiprobability distribution (also called the Wigner function or the Wigner–Ville distribution, after Eugene Wigner and Jean-André Ville) is a quasiprobability distribution. It was introduced by Eugene Wigner in 1932 to study quantum corrections to classical statistical mechanics. The goal was to link the wavefunction that appears in Schrödinger's equation to a probability distribution in phase space.
It is a generating function for all spatial autocorrelation functions of a given quantum-mechanical wavefunction .
Thus, it maps on the quantum density matrix in the map between real phase-space functions and Hermitian operators introduced by Hermann Weyl in 1927, in a context related to representation theory in mathematics (see Weyl quantization). In effect, it is the Wigner–Weyl transform of the density matrix, so the realization of that operator in phase space. It was later rederived by Jean Ville in 1948 as a quadratic (in signal) representation of the local time-frequency energy of a signal, effectively a spectrogram.
In 1949, José Enrique Moyal, who had derived it independently, recognized it as the quantum moment-generating functional, and thus as the basis of an elegant encoding of all quantum expectation values, and hence quantum mechanics, in phase space (see Phase-space formulation). It has applications in statistical mechanics, quantum chemistry, quantum optics, classical optics and signal analysis in diverse fields, such as electrical engineering, seis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD4 | In molecular biology, CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) is a glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor (TCR). CD4 is found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It was discovered in the late 1970s and was originally known as leu-3 and T4 (after the OKT4 monoclonal antibody that reacted with it) before being named CD4 in 1984. In humans, the CD4 protein is encoded by the CD4 gene.
CD4+ T helper cells are white blood cells that are an essential part of the human immune system. They are often referred to as CD4 cells, T-helper cells or T4 cells. They are called helper cells because one of their main roles is to send signals to other types of immune cells, including CD8 killer cells, which then destroy the infectious particle. If CD4 cells become depleted, for example in untreated HIV infection, or following immune suppression prior to a transplant, the body is left vulnerable to a wide range of infections that it would otherwise have been able to fight.
Structure
Like many cell surface receptors/markers, CD4 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily.
It has four immunoglobulin domains (D1 to D4) that are exposed on the extracellular surface of the cell:
D1 and D3 resemble immunoglobulin variable (IgV) domains.
D2 and D4 resemble immunoglobulin constant (IgC) domains.
The immunoglobulin variable (IgV) domain of D1 adopts an immunoglobulin-like β-sandwich fold with seven β-strands in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlander | Outlander(s) may refer to:
Art, entertainment, and media
Outlander (novel), a 1991 novel by Diana Gabaldon
Outlander (book series), Gabaldon's novel and its sequels, and derivative works
Outlander (TV series), a 2014 television series on Starz based on the Outlander book series
Outlander (film), a 2008 science fiction film directed by Howard McCain and starring James Caviezel
Outlanders (book series), a post-apocalyptic science fiction book series
Outlander (video game), a 1992 action video game developed by Mindscape for the Genesis and Super NES platforms
Outlanders (video game), a 2019 video game developed by Pomelo Games
Outlanders (manga), a manga that ran from 1985 to 1987
Outlander, a 1970 album by Welsh musician Meic Stevens
The Outlander, the English translation of two novels by Canadian writer Germaine Guèvremont
The Outlander (film), a film adaptation of the Guèvremont work by Érik Canuel
The Outlander, a novel by Gil Adamson
Other uses
Mitsubishi Outlander, a sport utility vehicle
Mitsubishi Outlander Sport, another name for the Mitsubishi ASX sport utility vehicle
, a German word meaning foreigner or legal alien
See also
Lander (disambiguation)
Outland (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorema | Teorema, also known as Theorem (UK), is a 1968 Italian allegorical film written and directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini and starring Terence Stamp, Laura Betti, Silvana Mangano, Massimo Girotti and Anne Wiazemsky. Pasolini's sixth film, it was the first time he worked primarily with professional actors. In this film, an upper-class Milanese family is introduced to, and then abandoned by, a divine force. Themes include the timelessness of divinity and the spiritual corruption of the bourgeoisie.
Teorema has been sometimes incorrectly cited as the source for the 1986 American comedy film Down and Out in Beverly Hills; though there are similar themes, the latter is inspired by a much older stage play from around 1932.
Plot
A mysterious figure known only as "The Visitor" appears in the lives of a typical bourgeois Italian family. His arrival is heralded at the gates of the family's Milanese estate by an arm-flapping postman. The enigmatic stranger soon engages in sexual affairs with all members of the household: the devoutly religious maid, the sensitive son, the sexually repressed mother, the timid daughter and, finally, the tormented father. The stranger gives unstintingly of himself, asking nothing in return. He stops the passionate maid from committing suicide with a gas hose and tenderly consoles her; he befriends and sleeps with the frightened son, soothing his doubts and anxiety and endowing him with confidence; he becomes emotionally intimate with the overprotected daughter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20polymerase%20II | RNA polymerase II (RNAP II and Pol II) is a multiprotein complex that transcribes DNA into precursors of messenger RNA (mRNA) and most small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and microRNA. It is one of the three RNAP enzymes found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. A 550 kDa complex of 12 subunits, RNAP II is the most studied type of RNA polymerase. A wide range of transcription factors are required for it to bind to upstream gene promoters and begin transcription.
Discovery
Early studies suggested a minimum of two RNAPs: one which synthesized rRNA in the nucleolus, and one which synthesized other RNA in the nucleoplasm, part of the nucleus but outside the nucleolus. In 1969, biochemists Robert G. Roeder and William Rutter discovered there are total three distinct nuclear RNA polymerases, an additional RNAP that was responsible for transcription of some kind of RNA in the nucleoplasm. The finding was obtained by the use of ion-exchange chromatography via DEAE coated Sephadex beads. The technique separated the enzymes by the order of the corresponding elutions, Ι,ΙΙ,ΙΙΙ, by increasing the concentration of ammonium sulfate. The enzymes were named according to the order of the elutions, RNAP I, RNAP II, RNAP IΙI. This discovery demonstrated that there was an additional enzyme present in the nucleoplasm, which allowed for the differentiation between RNAP II and RNAP III.
RNA polymerase II (RNAP2) undergoes regulated transcriptional pausing during early elongation. Various studies has sho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleaguered%20Castle | Beleaguered Castle is a patience or solitaire card game played with a deck of 52 playing cards. It is sometimes described as "Freecell without cells" because its game play is somewhat akin to the popular solitaire computer game of that name but without extra empty spaces to maneuver. Beleaguered Castle is also called Laying Siege and Sham Battle.
History
Beleaguered Castle is first recorded by Dick in 1883 and has been a regular feature in games compendia since then.
Rules
First, the player removes the aces from the deck and aligns them vertically without overlapping them to form the foundations. Then cards are dealt to the left and right of the aces, forming eight rows of six overlapping cards each, in a distinctive tableau layout with wings on either side of the foundations.
The top card of each row (the exposed card) is available for play either on the foundations or on any other row. The foundations are built up to kings by suit. Cards in the rows are built down in sequence regardless of suit. Once a row becomes empty, it can be filled by any card.
The game is won when all of the cards are built onto the foundations.
Variants
The following are cited as variants by Parlett:
Citadel, in which any card can be dealt onto the foundations during dealing. The other cards that aren't built are played as in Beleaguered Castle.
Fortress (or Fort) and the closely related Chessboard (or Fives) both have five rows on each side of the foundations and allow building of sequence |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pospiviroidae | The Pospiviroidae are a incertae sedis family of ssRNA viroids with 5 genera and 39 species, including the first viroid to be discovered, PSTVd, which is part of genus Pospiviroid. Their secondary structure is key to their biological activity. The classification of this family is based on differences in the conserved central region sequence. Pospiviroidae replication occurs in an asymmetric fashion via host cell RNA polymerase, RNase, and RNA ligase. its hosts are plants, specifically dicotyledons and some monocotyledons
Genome
Members of the family Pospiviroidae have circular ssRNA of 246–375 nt. They assume rod-like or quasi-rod-like conformations containing a central conserved region (CCR) and a terminal conserved hairpin (TCH) or a terminal conserved region (TCR). The genome of viroids does not encode any proteins.
Replication
Its replication is nuclear and mediated by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II, which is redirected to use RNA templates through an asymmetric RNA–RNA rolling-circle mechanism. (+) polarity circRNA molecules (by convention the most abundant strand in vivo) are repeatedly transcribed into oligomeric complementary (−) RNAs. Such intermediates serve as templates for generating oligomeric (+) RNAs that are cleaved by a host enzyme of the RNase III class. The termini of the resulting linear monomers are ligated by the host DNA ligase 1 to generate the mature circular viroid RNA.
Taxonomy
Apscaviroid
Apple dimple fruit viroid
Apple scar skin viroid
A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%20Medical%20and%20Classification%20Center | The Iowa Medical and Classification Center (IMCC) is a medium security correctional facility located in the Johnson County community Oakdale in Coralville, Iowa. It houses about 900 inmates.
The main role of the IMCC is to serve as a reception and classification center for adults being sent to prison. Inmates here are assigned to one of the various prisons in Iowa. For this purpose, the center has a medium security general population unit. IMCC is also the home of the Iowa Forensic Psychiatric Hospital which holds up to 28 patients while being evaluated for mental competency. IMCC also provides medical, educational, and social services to other Iowa prisons. It holds a medium security general population of about 300 Incarcerated Individuals, who work to maintain the facility.
In February 2007 a portion of the perimeter fence surrounding the center was damaged in an ice storm. After making temporary plans, officials have proposed replacing all the perimeter fences at the facility - the proposal is currently being studied by the Iowa Legislature.
In early May 2020, James McKinney the facility's warden since 2015 suddenly resigned. Newspaper reports indicated that an investigation showed proper safeguards against COVID-19 were not being enforced. His replacement and the current warden of the IMCC is Mike Heinricy.
See also
List of Iowa state prisons
References
Prisons in Iowa
Buildings and structures in Johnson County, Iowa
Coralville, Iowa
1969 establishments in Io |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20unit | The entropy unit is a non-S.I. unit of thermodynamic entropy, usually denoted "e.u." or "eU" and equal to one calorie per kelvin per mole, or 4.184 joules per kelvin per mole. Entropy units are primarily used in chemistry to describe enthalpy changes.
Sources
Units of measurement |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20F.%20Moore | James F. Moore studies co-evolution in social and economic systems. He is best known for pioneering the Business ecosystem approach to studying networks of organizations that together constitute a system of mutual support and that co-evolve contributions.
The business ecosystem is a form of organization distinct from and parallel to markets and firms. Moore argues that Business ecosystem is an essential unit of analysis for competition law, economics, sociology and management—a concept and unit of analysis that has been found necessary and helpful in business strategy and practice for many years.
His recent work involves an in-depth study of the multiple and interconnected nano science, semiconductor, System-on-Chips, global telecommunications services, smartphones and Internet-of-things devices, and app ecosystems.
Academia
Moore was a Senior Fellow at Harvard Law School's Berkman Center for Internet & Society from 2000 to 2004. He studied the interaction of law, technology and economic development in Africa.
Moore is on the Dean's Council of the Harvard School of Public Health and is a member of the International Advisory Board of the Harvard AIDS Institute and the Harvard AIDS Initiative.
Activism
In the spring of 2003 Moore began advocating against the US invasion of Iraq and wrote "The Second Superpower Rears its Beautiful Head" which imagines how citizens worldwide might someday join through Internet technology, engage international institutions, and help set glob |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMX | TMX may refer to:
TMX Group, owner of Toronto Stock Exchange and Montreal Derivatives Exchange
Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX)
Montreal Exchange (MX)
Telmex, NYSE ticker symbol
Tesla Model X, battery electric mid-size luxury crossover SUV
Translation Memory eXchange file format
Transaction Management eXecutive, old NCR system
Tickle Me Elmo#TMX, a Sesame Street doll
Kodak T-MAX 100 film edge marking
Tandem Mirror Experiment
TMX Finance, US company
Tamoxifen, breast cancer medication
Trans Mountain Expansion Project in Trans Mountain Pipeline
Honda Tricycle Motor Extreme, a line of Motorcycles in the Philippines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rete | Rete may refer to:
Net (device), in Latin
The Network (), a former Italian political party
Rete algorithm, an efficient pattern matching algorithm for implementing production rule systems
Part of an astrolabe, a historical astronomical instrument
Net-like anatomic structures: Rete canalis hypoglossi, Rete carpale dorsale, Rete mirabile, Rete ovarii, Rete patellare, Rete pegs and ridges, Rete testes, Rete venosum.
See also
Plexus
Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI), an Italian company, owner of Italy's railway network |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARS%20code | The SPARS code is a three-position alphabetic classification system developed in the early 1980s by the Society of Professional Audio Recording Services (SPARS) for commercial compact disc releases to denote aspects of the sound recording and reproduction process, distinguishing between the use of analog equipment and digital equipment. The code's three positions refer to recording, mixing, and mastering respectively. The first two positions may be coded either "A" for analog or "D" for digital; the third position (mastering) is always "D" on digital CDs. The scheme was not originally intended to be limited to use on digital packaged media: it was also available for use in conjunction with analog releases such as vinyl or cassette (where the final character would always be "A"), but this was seldom done in practice.
The system was first implemented in 1984. Due to increasing complexity of recording and mixing processes developed over the code's first decade of use, SPARS decided to withdraw endorsement of the code in 1991 because they felt the code was overly simplistic and did not accurately reflect the complexity of typical recording and mixing processes in use at the time. However, many record labels continued to use the code and SPARS decided to re-endorse the SPARS code in 1995.
Codes
The three letters of the code have the following meanings:
First letter – the type of audio recorder (usually a tape recorder) used during initial recording (analog or digital)
Second le |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation%20controller | An irrigation controller is a device to operate automatic irrigation systems such as lawn sprinklers and drip irrigation systems. Most controllers have a means of setting the frequency of irrigation, the start time, and the duration of watering. Some controllers have additional features such as multiple programs to allow different watering frequencies for different types of plants, rain delay settings, input terminals for sensors such as rain and freeze sensors, soil moisture sensors, weather data, remote operation, etc.
There are two basic types of controllers, electric and hydraulic. Most automatic irrigation valves are diaphragm valves in which the water above the diaphragm must be discharged for the valve to open. In a hydraulic system, the controller and valves are connected via small plastic tubes approximately 4 mm (¼ in) in diameter. The controller opens the tube connected to the valve, allowing that valve to open.
Most newer systems employ electromechanical or electronic controllers. In this scenario, the controller is connected to an electrical circuit that operates a solenoid attached to each valve (solenoid valve). When the solenoid is actuated, the water above the diaphragm is relieved and the valve opens.
Although sophisticated controllers that allow irrigation schedules to be automatically adjusted according to the weather have been available for many years, until recently these controllers were out of reach of the average consumer. One type is evapot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%20jus | Au jus () is a French culinary term meaning "with juice". It refers to meat dishes prepared or served together with a light broth or gravy, made from the fluids secreted by the meat as it is cooked. In French cuisine, cooking au jus is a natural way to enhance the flavour of dishes, mainly chicken, veal, and lamb. In American cuisine, the term is sometimes used to refer to a light sauce for beef recipes, which may be served with the food or placed on the side for dipping.
Ingredients and preparation
To prepare a natural jus, the cook may skim off the fat from the juices left after cooking and bring the remaining meat stock and water to a boil. Jus can be frozen for six months or longer, but the flavour may suffer after this time.
Au jus recipes in the United States often use soy sauce, Worcestershire sauce, salt, pepper, white or brown sugar, garlic, beets, carrots, onions, or other ingredients to make something more like a gravy. The American jus is sometimes prepared separately, rather than being produced naturally by the food being cooked. An example could be a beef jus made by reducing beef stock to a concentrated form (also known as Glace de Viande) to accompany a meat dish. It is typically served with the French dip sandwich.
Jus can also be made by extracting the juice from the original meat and combining it with another liquid e.g. red wine (thus forming a red wine jus).
A powdered product described as jus is also sold and is rubbed into the meat before cooking o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheopecty | In continuum mechanics, rheopecty or rheopexy is the rare property of some non-Newtonian fluids to show a time-dependent increase in viscosity (time-dependent viscosity); the longer the fluid undergoes shearing force, the higher its viscosity. Rheopectic fluids, such as some lubricants, thicken or solidify when shaken. The opposite and much more common type of behaviour, in which fluids become less viscous the longer they undergo shear, is called thixotropy.
Examples of rheopectic fluids include gypsum pastes and printer inks. In the body synovial fluid exhibits the extraordinary property of inverse thixotropy or rheopexy.
There is ongoing research into new ways to make and use rheopectic materials. There is great interest in possible military uses of this technology. Moreover, the high end of the sports market has also begun to respond to it. Body armor and combat vehicle armor are key areas where efforts are being made to use rheopectic materials. Work is also being done to use these materials in other kinds of protective equipment, which is seen as potentially useful to reduce apparent impact stress in athletics, motor sports, transportation accidents, and all forms of parachuting. In particular, footwear with rheopectic shock absorption is being pursued as a dual-use technology that can provide better support to those who must frequently run, leap, climb, or descend.
Confusion between rheopectic and dilatant fluids
An incorrect example often used to demonstrate rheope |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacemaker%20action%20potential | A pacemaker action potential is the kind of action potential that provides a reference rhythm for the network. This contrasts with pacemaker potential or current which drives rhythmic modulation of firing rate.
Some pacemaker action generate rhythms for the heart beat (sino-atrial node) or the circadian rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Cardiac electrophysiology
Action potentials |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Brook%20%28creek%29 | The Crystal Brook is an ephemeral stream located in the Mid North region of the Australian state of South Australia.
Course and features
The stream was named in 1839 by the explorer Edward John Eyre for its clear water. Eyre is recorded as saying that it "so forcibly reminded me of the beautiful bubbling brooks at home (England) that I at once named it the Chrystal Brook".
In most of its length it is normally a dry creek; it rises in the Wirrabara Forest area and is one of the major tributaries to the Broughton River, which it joins about from the latter's mouth. At Bowman Park there is a permanent spring, and this is probably the 'Crystal' water that Eyre was referring to when he named the stream. The brook only flows for its whole length following exceptional rains or a wetter than usual winter or spring.
See also
References
Rivers of South Australia
Mid North (South Australia) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Brook | Crystal Brook may refer to several places:
Australia
Crystal Brook (creek), in South Australia
Crystal Brook, Queensland, a locality in the Whitsunday Region
Crystal Brook, South Australia, a town north of Adelaide
Crystalbrook, Queensland, a locality in Shire of Mareeba
United States
Crystal Brook (Beaver Kill tributary), Delaware County, New York
Crystal Brook (East Brook tributary), Delaware County, New York |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Brinkenstj%C3%A4rna | Michael Brinkenstjärna (born 23 February 1966) is a Swedish DJ, musician and talent manager. He grew up in Furulund in Kävlinge Municipality, Skåne, southern Sweden.
He started out as a DJ in the 1980s. As a talent manager, he represented Aqua and Leila K among other artists. In 2012, he published a book about his talent manager career, Ett jävla liv.
References
Talent managers
Aqua (band)
Swedish businesspeople
Living people
1966 births
Swedish music managers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20ML%20of%20New%20Jersey | Standard ML of New Jersey (SML/NJ; Standard Meta-Language of New Jersey) is a free and open-source compiler and programming environment for the Standard ML programming language. Aside from its runtime system, which is written in C, SML/NJ is written in Standard ML. It was originally developed jointly by Bell Laboratories and Princeton University.
Its name is a reference both to the American state of New Jersey in which Princeton and Bell Labs are located and to Standard Oil of New Jersey, the famous oil monopoly of the early 20th century.
Features
SML/NJ extends the SML'97 Basis Library with several additional top-level structures:
System info – the SysInfo structure provides information about the runtime system, such as the operating system kind, type and version and whether or not the machine supports multiprocessing.
Weak pointers – the Weak structure provides support for weak pointers.
Lazy suspensions – the Susp structure implements the suspensions necessary for lazy evaluation (as opposed to eager evaluation).
Compiler internals – the Internals structure provides access to several of the compiler internals, including methods to instantiate and modify the signal table.
Unsafe access – the Unsafe structure provides unsafe access to data structures and runtime-system functions.
Visible compiler structures – SML/NJ also includes structures that provide access to the ML compiler, which contains substructures for execution profiling, control of compiler error-messag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelogenin | Amelogenins are a group of protein isoforms produced by alternative splicing or proteolysis from the AMELX gene, on the X chromosome, and also the AMELY gene in males, on the Y chromosome. They are involved in amelogenesis, the development of enamel. Amelogenins are type of extracellular matrix protein, which, together with ameloblastins, enamelins and tuftelins, direct the mineralization of enamel to form a highly organized matrix of rods, interrod crystal and proteins.
Although the precise role of amelogenin(s) in regulating the mineralization process is unknown, it is known that amelogenins are abundant during amelogenesis. Developing human enamel contains about 70% protein, 90% of which are amelogenins.
Function
Amelogenins are believed to be involved in the organizing of enamel rods during tooth development. The latest research indicates that these proteins regulate the initiation and growth of hydroxyapatite crystals during the mineralization of enamel. In addition, amelogenins appear to aid in the development of cementum by directing cementoblasts to the tooth's root surface.
Variants
The amelogenin gene has been most widely studied in humans, where it is a single copy gene, located on the X and Y chromosomes at Xp22.1–Xp22.3 and Yp 11.2 [5]. The amelogenin gene's location on sex chromosomes has implications for variability both between the X chromosome form (AMELX) and the Y chromosome form (AMELY), and between alleles of AMELY among different populations. This i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamelin | Enamelin is an enamel matrix protein (EMPs), that in humans is encoded by the ENAM gene. It is part of the non-amelogenins, which comprise 10% of the total enamel matrix proteins. It is one of the key proteins thought to be involved in amelogenesis (enamel development). The formation of enamel's intricate architecture is thought to be rigorously controlled in ameloblasts through interactions of various organic matrix protein molecules that include: enamelin, amelogenin, ameloblastin, tuftelin, dentine sialophosphoprotein, and a variety of enzymes. Enamelin is the largest protein (~168kDa) in the enamel matrix of developing teeth and is the least abundant (encompasses approximately 1-5%) of total enamel matrix proteins. It is present predominantly at the growing enamel surface.
Structure
Enamelin is thought to be the oldest member of the enamel matrix protein (EMP) family, with animal studies showing remarkable conservation of the gene phylogenetically. All other EMPs are derived from enamelin, such as amelogenin. EMPs belong to a larger family of proteins termed 'secretory calcium-binding phosphoproteins' (SCPP).
Similar to other enamel matrix proteins, enamelin undergoes extensive post-translational modifications (mainly phosphorylation), processing, and secretion by proteases. Enamelin has three putative phosphoserines (Ser54, Ser191, and Ser216 in humans) phosphorylated by a Golgi-associated secretory pathway kinase (FAM20C) based on their distinctive Ser-x-Glu (S-x-E) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameloblastin | Ameloblastin (abbreviated AMBN and also known as Sheathlin or Amelin) is an enamel matrix protein that in humans is encoded by the AMBN gene.
Function
Ameloblastin is a specific protein found in tooth enamel. Although less than 5% of enamel consists of protein, ameloblastins constitute 5–10% of all enamel protein, making it the second most abundant enamel matrix protein. This protein is formed by ameloblasts during the early secretory to late maturation stages of amelogenesis. Although not completely understood, the function of ameloblastins is believed to be in controlling the elongation of enamel crystals and generally directing enamel mineralization during tooth development. Ameloblastin helps in the growth of a crystalline enameloid layer consisting of randomly oriented short enamel crystals. Ameloblastin cleavage products are found in the sheath space between rod and interrod enamel, while intact ameloblastin accumulates on the enamel rods. This difference in localization is thought to maintain the boundary between rod and interrod enamel.
Ameloblastin is generally implicated in enamel development, but may also have a role in root development. Other possible actions include bone remodeling and repair, although this function has yet to be definitively proven.
Other significant proteins in enamel are amelogenins, enamelins, and tuftelins.
Clinical significance
Mutations in AMBN cause amelogenesis imperfecta, a disease characterized by abnormal enamel formation result |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuftelin | Tuftelin is an acidic phosphorylated glycoprotein found in tooth enamel. In humans, the Tuftelin protein is encoded by the TUFT1 gene. It is an acidic protein that is thought to play a role in dental enamel mineralization and is implicated in caries susceptibility. It is also thought to be involved with adaptation to hypoxia, mesenchymal stem cell function, and neurotrophin nerve growth factor mediated neuronal differentiation.
Classification
There are two kinds of enamel proteins: Amelogenins & Nonamelogenins. Tuftelin falls under nonamelogenins.
Function
This protein is formed for a short time during amelogenesis. The function of tuftelins is under contention, but it is proposed that it acts to start the mineralization process of enamel during tooth development.
Other significant proteins in enamel are amelogenins, enamelins, and ameloblastins.
Research
The human encoding gene for tuftelin (TUFT1) was cloned by Profs. Danny Deutsch and Aharon Palmon from the Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine in Jerusalem.
Interactions
Tuftelin has been shown to interact with TFIP11.
References
Further reading
Teeth |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage%20%28crystal%29 | Cleavage, in mineralogy and materials science, is the tendency of crystalline materials to split along definite crystallographic structural planes. These planes of relative weakness are a result of the regular locations of atoms and ions in the crystal, which create smooth repeating surfaces that are visible both in the microscope and to the naked eye. If bonds in certain directions are weaker than others, the crystal will tend to split along the weakly bonded planes. These flat breaks are termed "cleavage". The classic example of cleavage is mica, which cleaves in a single direction along the basal pinacoid, making the layers seem like pages in a book. In fact, mineralogists often refer to "books of mica".
Diamond and graphite provide examples of cleavage. Each is composed solely of a single element, carbon. In diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to four others in a tetrahedral pattern with short covalent bonds. The planes of weakness (cleavage planes) in a diamond are in four directions, following the faces of the octahedron. In graphite, carbon atoms are contained in layers in a hexagonal pattern where the covalent bonds are shorter (and thus even stronger) than those of diamond. However, each layer is connected to the other with a longer and much weaker van der Waals bond. This gives graphite a single direction of cleavage, parallel to the basal pinacoid. So weak is this bond that it is broken with little force, giving graphite a slippery feel as layers shear apart. As a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide%20excision%20repair | Nucleotide excision repair is a DNA repair mechanism. DNA damage occurs constantly because of chemicals (e.g. intercalating agents), radiation and other mutagens. Three excision repair pathways exist to repair single stranded DNA damage: Nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER), and DNA mismatch repair (MMR). While the BER pathway can recognize specific non-bulky lesions in DNA, it can correct only damaged bases that are removed by specific glycosylases. Similarly, the MMR pathway only targets mismatched Watson-Crick base pairs.
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a particularly important excision mechanism that removes DNA damage induced by ultraviolet light (UV). UV DNA damage results in bulky DNA adducts - these adducts are mostly thymine dimers and 6,4-photoproducts. Recognition of the damage leads to removal of a short single-stranded DNA segment that contains the lesion. The undamaged single-stranded DNA remains and DNA polymerase uses it as a template to synthesize a short complementary sequence. Final ligation to complete NER and form a double stranded DNA is carried out by DNA ligase. NER can be divided into two subpathways: global genomic NER (GG-NER or GGR) and transcription coupled NER (TC-NER or TCR). The two subpathways differ in how they recognize DNA damage but they share the same process for lesion incision, repair, and ligation.
The importance of NER is evidenced by the severe human diseases that result from in-born genetic mutations of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graetz%20number | In fluid dynamics, the Graetz number (Gz) is a dimensionless number that characterizes laminar flow in a conduit. The number is defined as:
where
DH is the diameter in round tubes or hydraulic diameter in arbitrary cross-section ducts
L is the length
Re is the Reynolds number and
Pr is the Prandtl number.
This number is useful in determining the thermally developing flow entrance length in ducts. A Graetz number of approximately 1000 or less is the point at which flow would be considered thermally fully developed.
When used in connection with mass transfer the Prandtl number is replaced by the Schmidt number, Sc, which expresses the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the mass diffusivity.
The quantity is named after the physicist Leo Graetz.
References
Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobamovirus | Tobamovirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Virgaviridae. Many plants, including tobacco, potato, tomato, and squash, serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this genus include: necrotic lesions on leaves. The name Tobamovirus comes from the host and symptoms of the first virus discovered (Tobacco mosaic virus).
There are four informal subgroups within this genus: these are the tobamoviruses that infect the brassicas, cucurbits, malvaceous, and solanaceous plants. The main differences between these groups are genome sequences, and respective range of host plants. There are 37 species in this genus.
Structure
Tobamoviruses are non-enveloped, with helical rod geometries, and helical symmetry. The diameter is around 18 nm, with a length of 300–310 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 6.3–6.5kb in length.
Genome
The RNA genome encodes at least four polypeptides: these are the non-structural protein and the read-through product which are involved in virus replication (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp); the movement protein (MP) which is necessary for the virus to move between cells and the coat protein (CP). The read-through portion of the RdRp may be expressed as a separate protein in TMV. The virus is able to replicate without the movement or coat proteins, but the other two are essential. The non-structural protein has domains suggesting it is involved in RNA capping and the read-through product has a motif for an RNA polymera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy%20wrestling | Fantasy wrestling is an umbrella term representing the genre of role-playing and statistics-based games which are set in the world of professional wrestling. Several variants of fantasy wrestling exist which may be differentiated by the way they are transmitted (through websites, message boards, e-mail, postal mail, face-to-face, etc.), the method in which the storyline is determined, (via roleplay, "angles", strategy- or statistics-based systems, etc.) and how the roster is composed (are characters created by the players, are real wrestlers "imported" into the game, etc.).
Fantasy wrestling's roots lie in the play-by-mail wrestling games often featured in professional wrestling magazines that became prominent in the mid-to-late 1980s during one of professional wrestling's boom periods. By the late 1980s, fantasy wrestling games had started to appear on the internet. In the early 1990s, the advent of national bulletin board services like Prodigy, AOL, and Compuserve allowed players to use e-mail and bulletin boards to more easily trade information and post roleplays. As technology progressed and the internet evolved, fantasy wrestling enthusiasts took advantage, using websites and newsgroups to connect and build broader communities for gameplay.
History and progression
Creation of character(s)
In order to begin fantasy wrestling, one must create a custom character. Some people will elect to use pro-wrestlers over their own, custom characters; this can be either allowed or |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC%20class%20I | MHC class I molecules are one of two primary classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (the other being MHC class II) and are found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the bodies of vertebrates. They also occur on platelets, but not on red blood cells. Their function is to display peptide fragments of proteins from within the cell to cytotoxic T cells; this will trigger an immediate response from the immune system against a particular non-self antigen displayed with the help of an MHC class I protein. Because MHC class I molecules present peptides derived from cytosolic proteins, the pathway of MHC class I presentation is often called cytosolic or endogenous pathway.
In humans, the HLAs corresponding to MHC class I are HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C.
Function
Class I MHC molecules bind peptides generated mainly from degradation of cytosolic proteins by the proteasome. The MHC I:peptide complex is then inserted via endoplasmic reticulum into the external plasma membrane of the cell. The epitope peptide is bound on extracellular parts of the class I MHC molecule. Thus, the function of the class I MHC is to display intracellular proteins to cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). However, class I MHC can also present peptides generated from exogenous proteins, in a process known as cross-presentation.
A normal cell will display peptides from normal cellular protein turnover on its class I MHC, and CTLs will not be activated in response to them due to central and perip |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage%20%28embryo%29 | In embryology, cleavage is the division of cells in the early development of the embryo, following fertilization. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant overall growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula, or of the blastocyst in mammals.
Depending mostly on the concentration of yolk in the egg, the cleavage can be holoblastic (total or entire cleavage) or meroblastic (partial cleavage). The pole of the egg with the highest concentration of yolk is referred to as the vegetal pole while the opposite is referred to as the animal pole.
Cleavage differs from other forms of cell division in that it increases the number of cells and nuclear mass without increasing the cytoplasmic mass. This means that with each successive subdivision, there is roughly half the cytoplasm in each daughter cell than before that division, and thus the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic material increases.
Mechanism
The rapid cell cycles are facilitated by maintaining high levels of proteins that control cell cycle progression such as the cyclins and their associated cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). The complex cyclin B/CDK1 also known as MPF (maturation promoting factor) promotes entry into mitosis.
The processes of karyokinesis (mitosis) and cytokinesis work together to result in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogonium | A spermatogonium (: spermatogonia) is an undifferentiated male germ cell. Spermatogonia undergo spermatogenesis to form mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis.
There are three subtypes of spermatogonia in humans:
Type A (dark) cells, with dark nuclei. These cells are reserve spermatogonial stem cells which do not usually undergo active mitosis.
Type A (pale) cells, with pale nuclei. These are the spermatogonial stem cells that undergo active mitosis. These cells divide to produce Type B cells.
Type B cells, which undergo growth and become primary spermatocytes.
Anticancer drugs
Anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin and vincristine can adversely affect male fertility by damaging the DNA of proliferative spermatogonial stem cells. Experimental exposure of rat undifferentiated spermatogonia to doxorubicin and vincristine indicated that these cells are able to respond to DNA damage by increasing their expression of DNA repair genes, and that this response likely partially prevents DNA break accumulation. In addition to a DNA repair response, exposure of spermatogonia to doxorubicin can also induce programmed cell death (apoptosis).
Additional images
See also
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
References
Germ cells |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyatheaceae | The Cyatheaceae are a family of ferns, the scaly tree ferns, one of eight families in the order Cyatheales in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the family may defined much more broadly (Cyatheaceae sensu lato) as the only family in the Cyatheales, with the PPG I family treated as the subfamily Cyatheoideae. The narrower circumscription is used in this article.
The family includes the world's tallest tree ferns, which reach heights up to 20 m. They are also very ancient plants, appearing in the fossil record in the late Jurassic, though the modern genera likely appeared in the Cenozoic. Cyatheaceae are the largest family of tree ferns, including about 640 species. Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae, together with Metaxyaceae and Cibotiaceae, do not form a strongly supported monophyletic group and could be paraphyletic, but several individual subgroups are well supported as being monophyletic. Cyatheaceae are leptosporangiate ferns, the most familiar group of monilophytes.
The Cyatheaceae usually have a single, erect or creeping rhizome (stem). Their fronds (leaves) are also very large, although not as large as the tree ferns of the Marattiaceae. Some species have fronds reaching 3–4 m in length, and have a final crown width of some 6 m. The fronds are circinate before unfolding and usually pinnately or bipinnately compound, with deeply pinnately lobed leaflets. The large leaves are covered in scales and hairs, and bear sori (spore c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicksoniaceae | Dicksoniaceae is a group of tropical, subtropical and warm temperate ferns, treated as a family in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), and counting 30-40 species. Alternatively, the family may be sunk into a very broadly defined family Cyatheaceae sensu lato as the subfamily Dicksonioideae. Most of the genera in the family are terrestrial ferns or have very short trunks compared to tree ferns of the family Cyatheaceae sensu stricto. However, some of the larger species can reach several metres in height. A number of others are epiphytes. They are found mostly in tropical regions in the Southern Hemisphere, as far south as southern New Zealand. Larger tree ferns in the genus Cibotium were formerly included in Dicksoniaceae, but are now segregated as the family Cibotiaceae.
Description
Species in the family are generally characterized by large pinnate fronds, 1–4 m long. The family includes several species of tree ferns, which grow a single trunk, notably the species in Dicksonia. All members of the family have long, tapering hairs composed of cells arranged end to end, unlike the scales characteristic of the Cyatheaceae s.l.
Evolution
The family is thought to have arisen in the Early Cretaceous, based on molecular evidence. Lophosoria is known from fossil spores and leaf fragments from South America dating to the Aptian. The oldest fossil of Dicksonia is known from the Eocene of Antarctica. The widespread Jurassic-Cretaceous herbaceous fern genus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond%20cubic | In crystallography, the diamond cubic crystal structure is a repeating pattern of 8 atoms that certain materials may adopt as they solidify. While the first known example was diamond, other elements in group 14 also adopt this structure, including α-tin, the semiconductors silicon and germanium, and silicon–germanium alloys in any proportion. There are also crystals, such as the high-temperature form of cristobalite, which have a similar structure, with one kind of atom (such as silicon in cristobalite) at the positions of carbon atoms in diamond but with another kind of atom (such as oxygen) halfway between those (see :Category:Minerals in space group 227).
Although often called the diamond lattice, this structure is not a lattice in the technical sense of this word used in mathematics.
Crystallographic structure
Diamond's cubic structure is in the Fdm space group (space group 227), which follows the face-centered cubic Bravais lattice. The lattice describes the repeat pattern; for diamond cubic crystals this lattice is "decorated" with a motif of two tetrahedrally bonded atoms in each primitive cell, separated by of the width of the unit cell in each dimension. The diamond lattice can be viewed as a pair of intersecting face-centered cubic lattices, with each separated by of the width of the unit cell in each dimension. Many compound semiconductors such as gallium arsenide, β-silicon carbide, and indium antimonide adopt the analogous zincblende structure, where each at |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric%20spectroscopy | Dielectric spectroscopy (which falls in a subcategory of impedance spectroscopy) measures the dielectric properties of a medium as a function of frequency. It is based on the interaction of an external field with the electric dipole moment of the sample, often expressed by permittivity.
It is also an experimental method of characterizing electrochemical systems. This technique measures the impedance of a system over a range of frequencies, and therefore the frequency response of the system, including the energy storage and dissipation properties, is revealed. Often, data obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is expressed graphically in a Bode plot or a Nyquist plot.
Impedance is the opposition to the flow of alternating current (AC) in a complex system. A passive complex electrical system comprises both energy dissipater (resistor) and energy storage (capacitor) elements. If the system is purely resistive, then the opposition to AC or direct current (DC) is simply resistance. Materials or systems exhibiting multiple phases (such as composites or heterogeneous materials) commonly show a universal dielectric response, whereby dielectric spectroscopy reveals a power law relationship between the impedance (or the inverse term, admittance) and the frequency, ω, of the applied AC field.
Almost any physico-chemical system, such as electrochemical cells, mass-beam oscillators, and even biological tissue possesses energy storage and dissipation properties. EIS ex |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spessartine | Spessartine is a nesosilicate, manganese aluminium garnet species, Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3. This mineral is sometimes mistakenly referred to as spessartite.
Spessartine's name is a derivative of Spessart in Bavaria, Germany, the type locality of the mineral. It occurs most often in granite pegmatite and allied rock types and in certain low-grade metamorphic phyllites. Sources include Australia, Myanmar, India, Afghanistan, Israel, Madagascar, Namibia, Nigeria, Mozambique, Tanzania and the United States. Spessartine of an orange-yellow has been called Mandarin garnet and is found in Madagascar. Violet-red spessartines are found in rhyolites in Colorado and Maine. In Madagascar, spessartines are exploited either in their bedrock or in alluvium. The orange garnets result from sodium-rich pegmatites. Spessartines are found in bedrock in the highlands in the Sahatany valley. Those in alluvium are generally found in southern Madagascar or in the Maevatanana region.
Spessartine forms a solid solution series with the garnet species almandine. Well-formed crystals from this series, varying in color from very dark-red to bright yellow-orange, were found in Latinka, Rhodope Mountains, Kardzhali Province, Bulgaria. Spessartine, like the other garnets, always occurs as a blend with other species. Gems with high spessartine content tend toward a light orange hue, while almandine prevalence induces red or brownish hues.
Images
See also
Andradite
Gemstone
Grossular
Mineral collecting
Py |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumortierite | Dumortierite is a fibrous variably colored aluminium boro-silicate mineral, Al7BO3(SiO4)3O3. Dumortierite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system typically forming fibrous aggregates of slender prismatic crystals. The crystals are vitreous and vary in color from brown, blue, and green to more rare violet and pink. Substitution of iron and other tri-valent elements for aluminium result in the color variations. It has a Mohs hardness of 7 and a specific gravity of 3.3 to 3.4. Crystals show pleochroism from red to blue to violet. Dumortierite quartz is blue colored quartz containing abundant dumortierite inclusions.
Dumortierite was first described in 1881 for an occurrence in Chaponost, in the Rhône-Alps of France and named for the French paleontologist Eugène Dumortier (1803–1873). It typically occurs in high temperature aluminium rich regional metamorphic rocks, those resulting from contact metamorphism and also in boron rich pegmatites. The most extensive investigation on dumortierite was done on samples from the high grade metamorphic Gfohl unit in Austria by Fuchs et al. (2005).
It is used in the manufacture of high grade porcelain. It is sometimes mistaken for sodalite and has been used as imitation lapis lazuli.
Sources of Dumortierite include Austria, Brazil, Canada, France, Italy, Madagascar, Namibia, Nevada, Norway, Peru, Poland, Russia, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka.
See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people
References
Mineral galleries
Dumortie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilvaite | Ilvaite is a sorosilicate of iron and calcium with formula: . Both manganese and magnesium substitute in the structure. Ilvaite crystallizes in the monoclinic system in black prismatic crystals and columnar masses. It is black to brownish black to gray and opaque. It has a Mohs hardness of 5.5 to 6 and a specific gravity of 3.8 to 4.1. Ilvaite is structurally related to lawsonite.
It occurs in contact metamorphic rocks and skarn ore deposits. It also occurs less commonly in syenites.
Ilvaite was first described in 1811 on the island of Elba and the name ilvaite from the Latin name Ilva of the island. Sometimes referred to as yenite.
References
Webmineral
Mineral galleries
Mindat w/ locations
Mineralienatlas
Calcium minerals
Iron(II,III) minerals
Sorosilicates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectolite | Pectolite is a white to gray mineral, NaCa2Si3O8(OH), sodium calcium hydroxide inosilicate. It crystallizes in the triclinic system typically occurring in radiated or fibrous crystalline masses. It has a Mohs hardness of 4.5 to 5 and a specific gravity of 2.7 to 2.9. The gemstone variety, larimar, is a pale to sky blue.
Occurrence
It was first described in 1828 at Mount Baldo, Trento Province, Italy, and named from the Greek pektos – "compacted" and lithos – "stone".
It occurs as a primary mineral in nepheline syenites, within hydrothermal cavities in basalts and diabase and in serpentinites in association with zeolites, datolite, prehnite, calcite and serpentine. It is found in a wide variety of worldwide locations.
See also
Serandite - the manganese analogue
References
External links
Mineral galleries
Sodium minerals
Calcium minerals
Inosilicates
Gemstones
Triclinic minerals
Luminescent minerals
Minerals in space group 2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organoboron%20chemistry | Organoboron chemistry or organoborane chemistry studies organoboron compounds, also called organoboranes. These chemical compounds combine boron and carbon; typically, they are organic derivatives of borane (BH3), as in the trialkyl boranes.
Organoboranes and -borates enable many chemical transformations in organic chemistry — most importantly, hydroboration and carboboration. Most reactions transfer a nucleophilic boron substituent to an electrophilic center either inter- or intramolecularly. In particular, α,β-unsaturated borates and borates with an α leaving group are highly susceptible to intramolecular 1,2-migration of a group from boron to the electrophilic α position. Oxidation or protonolysis of the resulting organoboranes generates many organic products, including alcohols, carbonyl compounds, alkenes, and halides.
Properties of the B-C bond
The C-B bond has low polarity (electronegativity 2.55 for carbon and 2.04 for boron). Alkyl boron compounds are in general stable, though easily oxidized.
Boron often forms electron-deficient compounds without a full octet, such as the triorganoboranes. These compounds are strong electrophiles, but typically too sterically hindered to dimerize. Electron donation from vinyl and aryl groups can lend the C-B bond some double bond character.
Classes of organoboron compounds
Organoboranes and hydrides
The most-studied class of organoboron compounds has the formula BRnH3−n. These compounds are catalysts, reagents, and sy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%20series%20theorem | In mathematics, the Riemann series theorem, also called the Riemann rearrangement theorem, named after 19th-century German mathematician Bernhard Riemann, says that if an infinite series of real numbers is conditionally convergent, then its terms can be arranged in a permutation so that the new series converges to an arbitrary real number, or diverges. This implies that a series of real numbers is absolutely convergent if and only if it is unconditionally convergent.
As an example, the series 1 − 1 + 1/2 − 1/2 + 1/3 − 1/3 + ⋯ converges to 0 (for a sufficiently large number of terms, the partial sum gets arbitrarily near to 0); but replacing all terms with their absolute values gives 1 + 1 + 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/3 + ⋯, which sums to infinity. Thus the original series is conditionally convergent, and can be rearranged (by taking the first two positive terms followed by the first negative term, followed by the next two positive terms and then the next negative term, etc.) to give a series that converges to a different sum: 1 + 1/2 − 1 + 1/3 + 1/4 − 1/2 + ⋯ = ln 2. More generally, using this procedure with p positives followed by q negatives gives the sum ln(p/q). Other rearrangements give other finite sums or do not converge to any sum.
History
It is a basic result that the sum of finitely many numbers does not depend on the order in which they are added. For example, . The observation that the sum of an infinite sequence of numbers can depend on the ordering of the summands is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSCAM | DSCAM and Dscam are both abbreviations for Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule. In humans, DSCAM refers to a gene that encodes one of several protein isoforms.
Down syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy 21, is the most common birth defect associated with intellectual disability. DSCAM plays a crucial role in the development of DS: it is expressed in the developing nervous system, with the highest level of expression occurring in the fetal brain. When over-expressed in the developing fetal central nervous system, it leads to Down syndrome.
A homologue of the Dscam protein in Drosophila melanogaster has 38,016 isoforms arising from four variable exon clusters (12, 48, 33 and 2 alternatives, respectively). By comparison, the entire Drosophila melanogaster genome only has 15,016 genes. The diversity of isoforms from alternative splicing of the Dscam1 gene in D. melanogaster allows every neuron in the fly to display a unique set of Dscam proteins on its cell surface. Dscam interaction stimulates neuronal self-avoidance mechanisms that are essential for normal neural circuit development.
History/discovery
The DSCAM protein structure is conserved, with roughly more than 20% amino acid identity across the deuterostomes and protostomes, and assuming an ancestral homologous gene, places the origin of the DSCAM gene at >600 million years ago. Since then, the DSCAM gene has been duplicated at least once in vertebrates and insects.
DSCAM was first identified in an effort to characterize |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorastrolite | Chlorastrolite, also known as Isle Royale Greenstone, is a green or bluish green stone. Chlorastrolite has finely radiating or stellate (for examples, see crystal habits) masses that have a "turtleback" pattern. The stellate masses tend to be chatoyant, meaning they have a varying luster. This chatoyancy can be subtranslucent to opaque. Cholorastrolite is a variety of pumpellyite: . Chlorastrolite was once thought to be an impure variety of prehnite or thomsonite.
Occurrences
Chlorastrolite occurs as amygdaloid structures and fracture fillings in basalt, and when the water and wave action has worn away the basalt, they are found as beach pebbles and granules in loose sediments. It is found in the Keweenaw Peninsula of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and Isle Royale in Lake Superior. Isle Royale is a National Park, and so it is illegal to collect specimens there. It is difficult to identify an unpolished pebble of chlorastrolite. Most gem quality chlorastrolite stones are very small, and it is rare to find one that is larger than a half inch. The largest gem quality stone is in the Smithsonian Museum and measures 1.5 by 3 inches.
It was first described from Isle Royale, Lake Superior by C. T. Jackson and J. D. Whitney in 1847. Chlorastrolite, also known as greenstone, is the official state gem of Michigan.
Other names
Green starstone is most common in Michigan's Upper Peninsula.
Greenstone or Isle Royale greenstone and Lake Superior greenstone.
Turtle back is a name someti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20stochastic%20processes%20topics | In the mathematics of probability, a stochastic process is a random function. In practical applications, the domain over which the function is defined is a time interval (time series) or a region of space (random field).
Familiar examples of time series include stock market and exchange rate fluctuations, signals such as speech, audio and video; medical data such as a patient's EKG, EEG, blood pressure or temperature; and random movement such as Brownian motion or random walks.
Examples of random fields include static images, random topographies (landscapes), or composition variations of an inhomogeneous material.
Stochastic processes topics
This list is currently incomplete. See also :Category:Stochastic processes
Basic affine jump diffusion
Bernoulli process: discrete-time processes with two possible states.
Bernoulli schemes: discrete-time processes with N possible states; every stationary process in N outcomes is a Bernoulli scheme, and vice versa.
Bessel process
Birth–death process
Branching process
Branching random walk
Brownian bridge
Brownian motion
Chinese restaurant process
CIR process
Continuous stochastic process
Cox process
Dirichlet processes
Finite-dimensional distribution
First passage time
Galton–Watson process
Gamma process
Gaussian process – a process where all linear combinations of coordinates are normally distributed random variables.
Gauss–Markov process (cf. below)
GenI process
Girsanov's theorem
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit | Slit or SLIT may refer to:
Science and technology
Slit (protein), in genetics, the midline repellent signaling molecule
Slitting, a shearing operation that cuts a large roll of material into narrower rolls
Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), immunotherapy that involves putting allergen extracts under the tongue
Other uses
Slit trench, a defensive fighting position in warfare
Slit Woods, a Site of Special Scientific Interest in County Durham, England
Arrowslit or loophole, a defensive slot in the wall of a building that allows archers to fire at invaders if the building is threatened
See also
Slit experiment (disambiguation)
Caso Degollados ('Slit-Throat Case'), a Chilean politically-motivated series of murders
Slat (disambiguation)
Slot (disambiguation)
Slut (disambiguation)
Silt (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetology%20of%20Moby-Dick | The cetology in Herman Melville's 1851 novel, Moby-Dick, is a running theme that appears most importantly in Ishmael's zoological classification of whales, in Chapter 32, "Cetology". The purpose of that chapter, the narrator says, is "to attend to a matter almost indispensable to a thorough appreciative understanding of the more special leviathanic revelations and allusions of all sorts which are to follow." Further descriptions of whales and their anatomy occur in seventeen other chapters, including "The Sperm Whale's Head -- Contrasted View" (Chapter 74) and "The Right Whale's Head -- Contrasted View" (Chapter 75).
Although writing a work of fiction, Melville included extensive material that presents the properties of whales in a seemingly scientific form. Many of the observations are taken from Melville's reading in whaling sources in addition to his own experiences in whaling in the 1840s. They include descriptions of a range of species in the order of Cetacea. The detailed descriptions are a digression from the story-line, but critics argue that their objectivity and encyclopedic form balance the spiritual elements of the novel and ground its cosmic speculations. These chapters, however, are the most likely to be omitted in abridged versions.
Description
Ishmael's observations are not a complete scientific study, even by standards of the day. The cetological chapters do add variety and give readers information that helps them understand the story, but Melville also ha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Golden%20Oblad | Alex Golden Oblad (November 26, 1909 – September 19, 2000) was a prominent chemist and chemical engineer principally recognized for his pioneering work in catalysis and catalytic chemistry.
Oblad was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and raised in Sugar House. Educated first at the University of Utah and subsequently receiving a Ph.D. from Purdue University, he spent the bulk of his career working for energy and engineering companies developing innovative chemical processes. His career began at Standard Oil of Indiana in the 1930s and included increasingly important research and management positions at Mobil Oil, Houdri Process Company, Air Products and Chemicals, and the M.W. Kellogg Company, of which Dr. Oblad became Vice President of Research.
Among his most recognized achievements was development of catalytic cracking (a process he worked on with Eugene Houdry and others) that made economically feasible the low-cost, mass production of high-octane gasoline. After a distinguished career in industry, Oblad accepted a teaching and research position at the University of Utah as Distinguished Professor of Fuels Engineering, where he also served for several years as acting college dean. Dr. Oblad received honorary doctorate degrees from both the University of Utah and Purdue University in recognition of his contributions to each institution.
A lifelong member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and dedicated husband and father of six, Oblad died in 200 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasminogen%20activator%20inhibitor-1 | Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) also known as endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor (serpin E1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SERPINE1 gene. Elevated PAI-1 is a risk factor for thrombosis and atherosclerosis.
PAI-1 is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that functions as the principal inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase (uPA), the activators of plasminogen and hence fibrinolysis (the physiological breakdown of blood clots). It is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) protein (SERPINE1).
The other PAI, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) is secreted by the placenta and only present in significant amounts during pregnancy. In addition, protease nexin acts as an inhibitor of tPA and urokinase. PAI-1, however, is the main inhibitor of the plasminogen activators.
Genetics
The PAI-1 gene is SERPINE1, located on chromosome 7 (7q21.3-q22). There is a common polymorphism known as 4G/5G in the promoter region. The 5G allele is slightly less transcriptionally active than the 4G.
Function
PAI-1's main function entails the inhibition of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), an enzyme responsible for the cleavage of plasminogen to form plasmin. Plasmin mediates the degradation of the extracellular matrix either by itself or in conjunction with matrix metalloproteinases. In this scenario, PAI-1 inhibits uPA via active site binding, preventing the formation of plasmin. Additional inhibition is mediated by PAI-1 bindi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocyte-macrophage%20colony-stimulating%20factor | Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), also known as colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2), is a monomeric glycoprotein secreted by macrophages, T cells, mast cells, natural killer cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts that functions as a cytokine. The pharmaceutical analogs of naturally occurring GM-CSF are called sargramostim and molgramostim.
Unlike granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, which specifically promotes neutrophil proliferation and maturation, GM-CSF affects more cell types, especially macrophages and eosinophils.
Function
GM-CSF is a monomeric glycoprotein that functions as a cytokine—it is a white blood cell growth factor. GM-CSF stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and monocytes. Monocytes exit the circulation and migrate into tissue, whereupon they mature into macrophages and dendritic cells. Thus, it is part of the immune/inflammatory cascade, by which activation of a small number of macrophages can rapidly lead to an increase in their numbers, a process crucial for fighting infection.
GM-CSF also has some effects on mature cells of the immune system. These include, for example, enhancing neutrophil migration and causing an alteration of the receptors expressed on the cells surface.
GM-CSF signals via signal transducer and activator of transcription, STAT5. In macrophages, it has also been shown to signal via STAT3. The cytokine activates macrophages to inhibit fungal survival. It |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%20relation | In a plasma, the Boltzmann relation describes the number density of an isothermal charged particle fluid when the thermal and the electrostatic forces acting on the fluid have reached equilibrium.
In many situations, the electron density of a plasma is assumed to behave according to the Boltzmann relation, due to their small mass and high mobility.
Equation
If the local electrostatic potentials at two nearby locations are φ1 and φ2, the Boltzmann relation for the electrons takes the form:
where ne is the electron number density, Te is the temperature of the plasma, and kB is the Boltzmann constant.
Derivation
A simple derivation of the Boltzmann relation for the electrons can be obtained using the momentum fluid equation of the two-fluid model of plasma physics in absence of a magnetic field. When the electrons reach dynamic equilibrium, the inertial and the collisional terms of the momentum equations are zero, and the only terms left in the equation are the pressure and electric terms. For an isothermal fluid, the pressure force takes the form
while the electric term is
.
Integration leads to the expression given above.
In many problems of plasma physics, it is not useful to calculate the electric potential on the basis of the Poisson equation because the electron and ion densities are not known a priori, and if they were, because of quasineutrality the net charge density is the small difference of two large quantities, the electron and ion charge densities. If th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedenbergite | Hedenbergite, CaFeSi2O6, is the iron rich end member of the pyroxene group having a monoclinic crystal system. The mineral is extremely rarely found as a pure substance, and usually has to be synthesized in a lab. It was named in 1819 after M.A. Ludwig Hedenberg, who was the first to define hedenbergite as a mineral. Contact metamorphic rocks high in iron are the primary geologic setting for hedenbergite. This mineral is unique because it can be found in chondrites and skarns (calc–silicate metamorphic rocks). Since it is a member of the pyroxene family, there is a great deal of interest in its importance to general geologic processes.
Properties
Hedenbergite has a number of specific properties. Its hardness is usually between five and six with two cleavage plains and conchoidal fracture. Color varies between black, greenish black, and dark brown with a resinous luster. Hedenbergite is a part of a pyroxene solid solution chain consisting of diopside and augite, and is the iron rich end member. One of the best indicators that you have located hedenbergite is the radiating prisms with a monoclinic crystal system. Hedenbergite is found primarily in metamorphic rocks.
Composition and structure
The pyroxene quadrilateral easily records the compositions of different pyroxenes contained in igneous rocks, such as diopside, hedenbergite, enstatite, ferrosilite. Hedenbergite is almost never found isolated. From the chemical formulas above, we can tell that the main differenc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Pachypodium | The history of the genus Pachypodium as a scientific classification began in 1830, when the genus was first used in a taxonomical system by John D. Lindley, who placed a single species, P. tuberosum, in it. Lindley believed that this species was identical with one identified in 1781 as Echites succulenta, which would make "Pachypodium" a taxonomical synonym of "Echites".
Lindley's new genus did not immediately gain broad acceptance; in 1937, George Don gave precedence to the genus Echites in naming two species that had been classified in both that genus and Pachypodium; he assigned only one species, P. tomentosum, to Pachypodium. In 1844, however, Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle placed several species in the genus. More were added in 1867 and 1871, when P. namaguanum and P. lealii, respectively, were added.
In 1882, John Gilbert Baker identified the first species of the genus from Madagascar, P. rosulatum. Several more species from Madagascar followed shortly afterwards.
The first monograph on Pachypodium was published in 1907 by Julien Constantin and Georges Bois. It listed 17 species in the genus, 10 from Madagascar and 7 from central Africa. 20 species were listed in 1934, of which 14 were from Madagascar and only 6 from central Africa. By 1976, the number had returned to 17, with 12 of those being from Madagascar and 5 from central Africa.
Several new species were added in the 1990s, and several classifications previously reduced to synonym or subspecies were eleva |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heulandite | Heulandite is the name of a series of tecto-silicate minerals of the zeolite group. Prior to 1997, heulandite was recognized as a mineral species, but a reclassification in 1997 by the International Mineralogical Association changed it to a series name, with the mineral species being named:
Heulandite-Ca
Heulandite-Na
Heulandite-K
Heulandite-Sr
Heulandite-Ba (described in 2002).
Heulandite-Ca, the most common of these, is a hydrous calcium and aluminium silicate, . Small amounts of sodium and potassium are usually present replacing part of the calcium. Strontium replaces calcium in the heulandite-Sr variety. The appropriate species name depends on the dominant element. The species are visually indistinguishable, and the series name heulandite is still used whenever testing has not been performed.
Crystallography and properties
Crystals are monoclinic. They may have a characteristic coffin-shaped habit, but may also form simple rhombic prisms. Frequently, a crust of fine crystals will form with only the ends of the rhombs visible, making the crystals look like wedges. They have a perfect cleavage parallel to the plane of symmetry, on which the lustre is markedly pearly; on other faces the lustre is of the vitreous type. The mineral is usually colourless or white, but may be orange, brown, yellow, brick-red, or green due to inclusions of celadonite. It varies from transparent to translucent. Isomorphous with heulandite is the strontium and barium zeolite brewsterite |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic%20Programming%20Associates | Logic Programming Associates (LPA) is a company specializing in logic programming and artificial intelligence software. LPA was founded in 1980 and is widely known for its range of Prolog compilers and more recently for VisiRule.
LPA was established to exploit research at the Department of Computing and Control at Imperial College London into logic programming carried out under the supervision of Prof Robert Kowalski. One of the first implementations made available by LPA was micro-PROLOG which ran on popular 8-bit home computers such as the Sinclair ZX Spectrum and Apple II. This was followed by micro-PROLOG Professional one of the first Prolog implementations for MS-DOS.
As well as continuing with Prolog compiler technology development, LPA has a track record of creating innovative associated tools and products to address specific challenges and opportunities.
History
In 1989, LPA developed the Flex expert system toolkit, which incorporated frame-based reasoning with inheritance, rule-based programming and data-driven procedures. Flex has its own English-like Knowledge Specification Language (KSL) which means that knowledge and rules are defined in an easy-to-read and understand way.
Flex was quickly establshed as the leading Prolog-based expert system toolkit supporting frames, rules and procedures. Flex was licenced to other Prolog providors on other hardware platforms such as Telecomputing Plc to supplement Top One on IBM and ICL mainframes.
Other implementation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Pacific%20languages | The family of Central Pacific or Central Oceanic languages, also known as Fijian–Polynesian, are a branch of the Oceanic languages.
Classification
Ross et al. (2002) classify the languages as a linkage as follows:
Western
Rotuman
Western Fijian linkage: Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua, Western Fijian (Nadroga, Waya)
East Central Pacific linkage
Eastern Fijian linkage: Bauan (standard Fijian), Gone Dau, Lauan and Lomaiviti
Polynesian family
The West Fijian languages are more closely related to Rotuman, and East Fijian to Polynesian, than they are to each other, but subsequent contact has caused them to reconverge. Rotuman has been influenced by Polynesian languages.
References
Languages of Oceania
Central–Eastern Oceanic languages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern%20Oceanic%20languages | The over 200 Central–Eastern Oceanic languages form a branch of the Oceanic language family within the Austronesian languages.
Languages
Traditional classifications have posited a Remote Oceanic branch within this family, but this was abandoned in Lynch et al. (2002), as no defining features could be found for such a group of languages.
Southeast Solomons
Southern Oceanic linkage (languages of New Caledonia and Vanuatu, such as Paicî)
Central Pacific (Polynesian and the indigenous Austronesian languages of Fiji)
Micronesian
In 2007 Ross & Næss moved the Utupua-Vanikoro languages from Central-Eastern to the newly established Temotu branch of Oceanic.
See also
Remote Oceanic languages
References
Lynch, John, Malcolm Ross & Terry Crowley. (2002). The Oceanic languages. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.
Languages of Oceania
Oceanic languages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20band | In audiology and psychoacoustics the concept of critical bands, introduced by Harvey Fletcher in 1933 and refined in 1940, describes the frequency bandwidth of the "auditory filter" created by the cochlea, the sense organ of hearing within the inner ear. Roughly, the critical band is the band of audio frequencies within which a second tone will interfere with the perception of the first tone by auditory masking.
Psychophysiologically, beating and auditory roughness sensations can be linked to the inability of the auditory frequency-analysis mechanism to resolve inputs whose frequency difference is smaller than the critical bandwidth and to the resulting irregular "tickling" of the mechanical system (basilar membrane) that resonates in response to such inputs. Critical bands are also closely related to auditory masking phenomena – reduced audibility of a sound signal when in the presence of a second signal of higher intensity within the same critical band. Masking phenomena have wide implications, ranging from a complex relationship between loudness (perceptual frame of reference) and intensity (physical frame of reference) to sound compression algorithms.
Auditory filters
Filters are used in many aspects of audiology and psychoacoustics including the peripheral auditory system. A filter is a device that boosts certain frequencies and attenuates others. In particular, a band-pass filter allows a range of frequencies within the bandwidth to pass through while stopping those |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast%20Asian%20coral%20reefs | Southeast Asian coral reefs have the highest levels of biodiversity for the world's marine ecosystems. They serve many functions, such as forming the livelihood for subsistence fishermen and even function as jewelry and construction materials. Corals inhabit coastal waters off of every continent except Antarctica, with an abundance of reefs residing along Southeast Asian coastline in several countries including Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand. Coral reefs are developed by the carbonate-based skeletons of a variety of animals and algae. Slowly and overtime, the reefs build up to the surface in oceans. Coral reefs are found in shallow, warm salt water. The sunlight filters through clear water and allows microscopic organisms to live and reproduce. Coral reefs are actually composed of tiny, fragile animals known as coral polyps. Coral reefs are significantly important because of the biodiversity. Although the number of fish are decreasing, the remaining coral reefs contain more unique sea creatures. The variety of species living on a coral reef is greater than anywhere else in the world. An estimation of 70-90% of fish caught are dependent on coral reefs in Southeast Asia and reefs support over 25% of all known marine species. However, those sensitive coral reefs are facing detrimental effects on them due to variety of factors: overfishing, sedimentation and pollution, bleaching, and even tourist-related damage.
Depletion
For 50 percent of Southeast Asia's coral reefs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminoma | A seminoma is a germ cell tumor of the testicle or, more rarely, the mediastinum or other extra-gonadal locations. It is a malignant neoplasm and is one of the most treatable and curable cancers, with a survival rate above 95% if discovered in early stages.
Testicular seminoma originates in the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules. About half of germ cell tumors of the testicles are seminomas. Treatment usually requires removal of one testicle. However, fertility usually isn't affected. All other sexual functions will remain intact.
Signs and symptoms
The average age of diagnosis is between 35 and 50 years. This is about 5 to 10 years older than men with other germ cell tumors of the testes. In most cases, they produce masses that are readily felt on testicular self-examination; however, in up to 11 percent of cases, there may be no mass able to be felt, or there may be testicular atrophy. Testicular pain is reported in up to one fifth of cases. Low back pain may occur after metastasis to the retroperitoneum.
Some cases of seminoma can present as a primary tumour outside the testis, most commonly in the mediastinum. In the ovary, the tumor is called a dysgerminoma, and in non-gonadal sites, particularly the central nervous system, it is called a germinoma.
Diagnosis
Blood tests may detect the presence of placental alkaline phosphatase (ALP, ALKP, ALPase, Alk Phos) in fifty percent of cases. However, Alk Phos cannot usefully stand alone as a marker for sem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendzina | Rendzina (or rendsina) is a soil type recognized in various soil classification systems, including those of Britain and Germany as well as some obsolete systems. They are humus-rich shallow soils that are usually formed from carbonate- or occasionally sulfate-rich parent material. Rendzina soils are often found in karst and mountainous regions.
The term rendzina originated via Russian from the Polish rędzina (the word "rędzina" comes from the old Polish word "rzędzić" (to speak, to talk).
In the World Reference Base for Soil Resources, rendzina soils would be classified as leptosols, chernozems, kastanozems, or phaeozems, depending on their specific characteristics.
Development and distribution
Rendzina soils typically develop from solid or unconsolidated rocky material that is carbonate- or sulphate-rich. Limestone is by far the most common, but others include dolomite, gypsum, marble, chalk and marlstone.
Alongside physical weathering, which breaks down the structure of rocky material, chemical weathering, in particular the dissolution of carbonate, contributes to rendzina development. When water with dissolved carbon dioxide comes into contact with carbonate minerals, the carbonate is dissolved and leaches out with the water. The overall reaction is as follows:
CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(aq) → 2 HCO3−(aq) + Ca2+(aq)
Loss of soluble minerals leaves the upper part of the soil enriched in insoluble materials, particularly clay minerals. At the same time, biological activit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffreys%20prior | In Bayesian probability, the Jeffreys prior, named after Sir Harold Jeffreys, is a non-informative prior distribution for a parameter space; its density function is proportional to the square root of the determinant of the Fisher information matrix:
It has the key feature that it is invariant under a change of coordinates for the parameter vector . That is, the relative probability assigned to a volume of a probability space using a Jeffreys prior will be the same regardless of the parameterization used to define the Jeffreys prior. This makes it of special interest for use with scale parameters.
In maximum likelihood estimation of exponential family models, penalty terms based on the Jeffreys prior were shown to reduce asymptotic bias in point estimates.
Reparameterization
One-parameter case
If and are two possible parametrizations of a statistical model, and is a continuously differentiable function of , we say that the prior is "invariant" under a reparametrization if
that is, if the priors and are related by the usual change of variables theorem.
Since the Fisher information transforms under reparametrization as
defining the priors as and gives us the desired "invariance".
Multiple-parameter case
Analogous to the one-parameter case, let and be two possible parametrizations of a statistical model, with a continuously differentiable function of . We call the prior "invariant" under reparametrization if
where is the Jacobian matrix with entries
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIDNP | CIDNP (chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization), often pronounced like "kidnip", is a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique that is used to study chemical reactions that involve radicals. It detects the non-Boltzmann (non-thermal) nuclear spin state distribution produced in these reactions as enhanced absorption or emission signals.
CIDNP was discovered in 1967 by Bargon and Fischer, and, independently, by Ward and Lawler. Early theories were based on dynamic nuclear polarisation (hence the name) using the Overhauser Effect. The subsequent experiments, however, have found that in many cases DNP fails to explain CIDNP polarization phase. In 1969 an alternative explanation which relies on the nuclear spins affecting the probability of a radical pair recombining or separating.
It is related to chemically induced dynamic electron polarization (CIDEP) insofar as the radical-pair mechanism explains both phenomena.
Concept and experimental set-up
The effect is detected by NMR spectroscopy, usually using 1H NMR spectrum, as enhanced absorption or emission signals ("negative peaks"). The effect arises when unpaired electrons (radicals) are generated during a chemical reaction involving heat or light within the NMR tube. The magnetic field in the spectrometer interacts with the magnetic fields that are caused by the spins of the protons. The two spins of protons produce two slightly different energy levels. In normal conditions, slightly more nuclei, about 10 parts in a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%20distribution | In probability theory and statistics, the chi distribution is a continuous probability distribution over the non-negative real line. It is the distribution of the positive square root of a sum of squared independent Gaussian random variables. Equivalently, it is the distribution of the Euclidean distance between a multivariate Gaussian random variable and the origin. It is thus related to the chi-squared distribution by describing the distribution of the positive square roots of a variable obeying a chi-squared distribution.
If are independent, normally distributed random variables with mean 0 and standard deviation 1, then the statistic
is distributed according to the chi distribution. The chi distribution has one positive integer parameter , which specifies the degrees of freedom (i.e. the number of random variables ).
The most familiar examples are the Rayleigh distribution (chi distribution with two degrees of freedom) and the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of the molecular speeds in an ideal gas (chi distribution with three degrees of freedom).
Definitions
Probability density function
The probability density function (pdf) of the chi-distribution is
where is the gamma function.
Cumulative distribution function
The cumulative distribution function is given by:
where is the regularized gamma function.
Generating functions
The moment-generating function is given by:
where is Kummer's confluent hypergeometric function. The characteristic function is given by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal%20growth%20factor%20receptor | The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; ErbB-1; HER1 in humans) is a transmembrane protein that is a receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family (EGF family) of extracellular protein ligands.
The epidermal growth factor receptor is a member of the ErbB family of receptors, a subfamily of four closely related receptor tyrosine kinases: EGFR (ErbB-1), HER2/neu (ErbB-2), Her 3 (ErbB-3) and Her 4 (ErbB-4). In many cancer types, mutations affecting EGFR expression or activity could result in cancer.
Epidermal growth factor and its receptor was discovered by Stanley Cohen of Vanderbilt University. Cohen shared the 1986 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Rita Levi-Montalcini for their discovery of growth factors.
Deficient signaling of the EGFR and other receptor tyrosine kinases in humans is associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's, while over-expression is associated with the development of a wide variety of tumors. Interruption of EGFR signalling, either by blocking EGFR binding sites on the extracellular domain of the receptor or by inhibiting intracellular tyrosine kinase activity, can prevent the growth of EGFR-expressing tumours and improve the patient's condition.
Function
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane protein that is activated by binding of its specific ligands, including epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α). ErbB2 has no known direct activating ligand, and may be in an activated state cons |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGFR | EGFR may refer to:
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a transmembrane receptor protein in humans
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a measure of renal function |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20J.%20Korsmeyer | Stanley Joel Korsmeyer (June 8, 1950 – March 31, 2005) was an American research scientist known for his work on B cell lymphomas and apoptosis. Born and educated in the US state of Illinois, Korsmeyer spent most of his career as a professor at Washington University School of Medicine and later the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute. He rose to prominence in the early 1980s as a research fellow at the National Cancer Institute. There he co-discovered the genetic cause of most cases of the cancer follicular lymphoma – the misregulation of the gene Bcl-2. Korsmeyer went on to start his own laboratory at Washington University in St. Louis, further studying the role of Bcl-2 in cell biology. His group's work expanded the paradigm of cancer-causing genes, providing the first example of how interfering with programmed cell death could lead to cancer development. Korsmeyer authored over 250 scientific papers over the course of his career. He was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences at the age of 45. Korsmeyer died of lung cancer in 2005, at the age of 54.
Early life and education
Stanley Joel Korsmeyer was born in Beardstown, Illinois, on June 8, 1950, to Willard and Carnell Korsmeyer. His parents were longtime hog farmers – Willard Korsmeyer inherited the farm started by his great-great grandparents, and Carnell Korsmeyer was a past president of the National Pork Board. From an early age, Stanley Korsmeyer – who preferred "Stan" – showed an interest in veterinary medicine. H |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunked%20radio%20system | A trunked radio system is a two-way radio system that uses a control channel to automatically assign frequency channels to groups of user radios. In a traditional half-duplex land mobile radio system a group of users (a talkgroup) with mobile and portable two-way radios communicate over a single shared radio channel, with one user at a time talking. These systems typically have access to multiple channels, up to 40-60, so multiple groups in the same area can communicate simultaneously. In a conventional (non-trunked) system, channel selection is done manually; before use, the group must decide which channel to use, and manually switch all the radios to that channel. This is an inefficient use of scarce radio channel resources because the user group must have exclusive use of their channel regardless of how much or how little they are transmitting. There is also nothing to prevent multiple groups in the same area from choosing the same channel, causing conflicts and 'cross-talk'. A trunked radio system is an advanced alternative in which the channel selection process is done automatically by a central controller (computer).
Trunking is a more automated and complex radio system, but provides the benefits of less user intervention to operate the radio and greater spectral efficiency with large numbers of users. Instead of assigning a radio channel to one particular user group at a time, users are instead assigned to a logical grouping, a talkgroup. When any user in that group |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chladni%27s%20law | Chladni's law, named after Ernst Chladni, relates the frequency of modes of vibration for flat circular surfaces with fixed center as a function of the numbers m of diametric (linear) nodes and n of radial (circular) nodes. It is stated as the equation
where C and p are coefficients which depend on the properties of the plate.
For flat circular plates, p is roughly 2, but Chladni's law can also be used to describe the vibrations of cymbals, handbells, and church bells in which case p can vary from 1.4 to 2.4. In fact, p can even vary for a single object, depending on which family of modes is being examined.
References
External links
A Study of Vibrating Plates by Derek Kverno and Jim Nolen (Archived 27 July 2011)
Waves
Quantum mechanics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axotomy | In cellular neuroscience, an axotomy () is the cutting or otherwise severing of an axon. This type of denervation is often used in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival as a method to better understand nervous system diseases.
Axotomy may cause neuronal cell death, especially in embryonic or neonatal animals, as this is the period in which neurons are dependent on their targets for the supply of survival factors. In mature animals, where survival factors are derived locally or via autocrine loops, axotomy of peripheral neurons and motoneurons can lead to a robust regenerative response without any neuronal death. In both cases, autophagy is observed to markedly increase. Autophagy could either clear the way for neuronal degeneration or it could be a medium for cell destruction.
Axotomy response
Peripheral (extrinsic)
Upon injury of a peripheral axon, the entire neuron immediately reacts in order to regenerate the axon. This reaction requires an increased metabolic activity and is initiated by chromatolysis. Chromatolysis is characterized as the dissolution of protein-producing structures in the cell body of a neuron and is a term used to characterize apoptosis of neuronal cells. During chromatolysis, the soma and nucleus round and enlarge, the Nissl bodies and Golgi bodies both disintegrate, and the cytocentrum is cleared. In most cases, the axotomy response in peripheral axons ends in cell healing and regeneration, though it may occ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betavoltaic%20device | A betavoltaic device (betavoltaic cell or betavoltaic battery) is a type of nuclear battery which generates electric current from beta particles (electrons) emitted from a radioactive source, using semiconductor junctions. A common source used is the hydrogen isotope tritium.
Unlike most nuclear power sources which use nuclear radiation to generate heat which then is used to generate electricity, betavoltaic devices use a non-thermal conversion process, converting the electron-hole pairs produced by the ionization trail of beta particles traversing a semiconductor.
Betavoltaic power sources (and the related technology of alphavoltaic power sources) are particularly well-suited to low-power electrical applications where long life of the energy source is needed, such as implantable medical devices or military and space applications.
History
Betavoltaics were invented in the 1970s. Some pacemakers in the 1970s used betavoltaics based on promethium, but were phased out as cheaper lithium batteries were developed.
Early semiconducting materials weren't efficient at converting electrons from beta decay into usable current, so higher energy, more expensive—and potentially hazardous—isotopes were used. The more efficient semiconducting materials used can be paired with relatively benign isotopes such as tritium, which produce less radiation.
The Betacel was considered the first successfully commercialized betavoltaic battery.
Proposals
The primary use for betavoltaics is for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive%20Multimedia%20Association | The Interactive Multimedia Association (IMA) was an industry association which developed a set of audio algorithms. The most important is the ADPCM algorithm which is in use by Apple and Microsoft.
The Interactive Multimedia Association ceased operations around 1998. An archived copy of the document IMA Recommended Practices for Enhancing Digital Audio Compatibility in Multimedia Systems (version 3.0), which describes the IMA ADPCM algorithm, is available.
External links
RFC 3551, page 13 - IMA ADPCM (DVI4)
References
Standards organizations in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijndael%20S-box | The Rijndael S-box is a substitution box (lookup table) used in the Rijndael cipher, on which the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cryptographic algorithm is based.
Forward S-box
The S-box maps an 8-bit input, , to an 8-bit output, . Both the input and output are interpreted as polynomials over GF(2). First, the input is mapped to its multiplicative inverse in , Rijndael's finite field. Zero, as the identity, is mapped to itself. This transformation is known as the Nyberg S-box after its inventor Kaisa Nyberg. The multiplicative inverse is then transformed using the following affine transformation:
where is the S-box output and is the multiplicative inverse as a vector.
This affine transformation is the sum of multiple rotations of the byte as a vector, where addition is the XOR operation:
where represents the multiplicative inverse, is the bitwise XOR operator, is a left bitwise circular shift, and the constant is given in hexadecimal.
An equivalent formulation of the affine transformation is
where , , and are 8 bit arrays, is 01100011, and subscripts indicate a reference to the indexed bit.
Another equivalent is:
where is polynomial multiplication of and taken as bit arrays.
Inverse S-box
The inverse S-box is simply the S-box run in reverse. For example, the inverse S-box of b8 is 9a. It is calculated by first calculating the inverse affine transformation of the input value, followed by the multiplicative inverse. The inverse affine transforma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst%20noise | Burst noise is a type of electronic noise that occurs in semiconductors and ultra-thin gate oxide films. It is also called random telegraph noise (RTN), popcorn noise, impulse noise, bi-stable noise, or random telegraph signal (RTS) noise.
It consists of sudden step-like transitions between two or more discrete voltage or current levels, as high as several hundred microvolts, at random and unpredictable times. Each shift in offset voltage or current often lasts from several milliseconds to seconds, and sounds like popcorn popping if hooked up to an audio speaker.
Burst noise was first observed in early point contact diodes, then re-discovered during the commercialization of one of the first semiconductor op-amps; the 709. No single source of burst noise is theorized to explain all occurrences, however the most commonly invoked cause is the random trapping and release of charge carriers at thin film interfaces or at defect sites in bulk semiconductor crystal. In cases where these charges have a significant impact on transistor performance (such as under a MOS gate or in a bipolar base region), the output signal can be substantial. These defects can be caused by manufacturing processes, such as heavy ion implantation, or by unintentional side-effects such as surface contamination.
Individual op-amps can be screened for burst noise with peak detector circuits, to minimize the amount of noise in a specific application.
Burst noise is modeled mathematically by means of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosonic%20wave | In physics, magnetosonic waves, also known as magnetoacoustic waves, are low-frequency compressive waves driven by mutual interaction between an electrically conducting fluid and a magnetic field. They are associated with compression and rarefaction of both the fluid and the magnetic field, as well as with an effective tension that acts to straighten bent magnetic field lines. The properties of magnetosonic waves are highly dependent on the angle between the wavevector and the equilibrium magnetic field and on the relative importance of fluid and magnetic processes in the medium. They only propagate with frequencies much smaller than the ion cyclotron or ion plasma frequencies of the medium, and they are nondispersive at small amplitudes.
There are two types of magnetosonic waves, fast magnetosonic waves and slow magnetosonic waves, which—together with Alfvén waves—are the normal modes of ideal magnetohydrodynamics. The fast and slow modes are distinguished by magnetic and gas pressure oscillations that are either in-phase or anti-phase, respectively. This results in the phase velocity of any given fast mode always being greater than or equal to that of any slow mode in the same medium, among other differences.
Magnetosonic waves have been observed in the Sun's corona and provide an observational foundation for coronal seismology.
Characteristics
Magnetosonic waves are a type of low-frequency wave present in electrically conducting, magnetized fluids, such as plasmas and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20Class%20144 | The British Rail Class 144 Pacer was a diesel multiple unit (DMU) passenger train built at Derby between 1986 and 1987. BR, seeking to procure improved derivatives of the earlier Class 141, placed an order with the manufacturers British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL) and Walter Alexander to construct their own variant, the Class 144. A total of 23 units were constructed. All units have now retired from mainline service, though the majority of the units have been acquired for preservation on heritage railways and in other uses. As of December 2022, 19 out of the 23 units have been purchased following withdrawal for this purpose, of which 14 units are in operational condition.
Background
By the beginning of the 1980s, British Rail (BR) operated a large fleet of first generation DMUs, which had been constructed in prior decades to various designs. While formulating its long-term strategy for this sector of its operations, British Rail planners recognised that there would be considerable costs incurred by undertaking refurbishment programmes necessary for the continued use of these aging multiple units, particularly due to the necessity of handling and removing hazardous materials such as asbestos. In light of the high costs involved in retention, planners examined the prospects for the development and introduction of a new generation of DMUs to succeed the first generation.
In the concept stage, two separate approaches were devised, one involving a so-called railbus that pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRENDA | BRENDA (The Comprehensive Enzyme Information System) is an information system representing one of the most comprehensive enzyme repositories. It is an electronic resource that comprises molecular and biochemical information on enzymes that have been classified by the IUBMB. Every classified enzyme is characterized with respect to its catalyzed biochemical reaction. Kinetic properties of the corresponding reactants (that is, substrates and products) are described in detail. BRENDA contains enzyme-specific data manually extracted from primary scientific literature and additional data derived from automatic information retrieval methods such as text mining. It provides a web-based user interface that allows a convenient and sophisticated access to the data.
History
BRENDA was founded in 1987 at the former German Research Centre for Biotechnology (now the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research) in Braunschweig and was originally published as a series of books. Its name was originally an acronym for the BRaunschweig ENzyme DAtabase. From 1996 to 2007, BRENDA was located at the University of Cologne. There, BRENDA developed into a publicly accessible enzyme information system. In 2007, BRENDA returned to Braunschweig. Currently, BRENDA is maintained and further developed at the BRICS ( Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology) at the TU Braunschweig.
In 2018 BRENDA was appointed to ELIXIR Core Data Resource with fundamental importance to biological and biomedical resea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannock%20people | The Bannock tribe were originally Northern Paiute but are more culturally affiliated with the Northern Shoshone. They are in the Great Basin classification of Indigenous People. Their traditional lands include northern Nevada, southeastern Oregon, southern Idaho, and western Wyoming. Today they are enrolled in the federally recognized Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho, located on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation.
History
The Northern Paiute have a history of trade with surrounding tribes. In the 1700s, the bands in eastern Oregon traded with the tribes to the north, who by 1730 had acquired the horse. In the mid-18th century, some bands developed a horse culture and split off to become the Bannock tribe. The horse gave the tribe a greater range, from Oregon to northern Nevada, southern Idaho, and western Wyoming. They forayed from there on the Bannock Trail to Montana and Canada to hunt buffalo.
The Bannock have traditionally made pottery, utensils from bighorn sheep horns, and carrying bags from salmon skin. Their petroglyphs date back before European contact, and, after the introduction of glass beads, they transferred their geometric design to beadwork. For water transport, they have made tule reed rafts. Prior to the late 19th century, Bannock people fished for salmon on the Snake River in Idaho and in the fall, they hunted buffalo herds. Buffalo hides have provided material for tipis.
The Bannock are prominent in American history due to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%E2%80%93Newton%20equation | The Schrödinger–Newton equation, sometimes referred to as the Newton–Schrödinger or Schrödinger–Poisson equation, is a nonlinear modification of the Schrödinger equation with a Newtonian gravitational potential, where the gravitational potential emerges from the treatment of the wave function as a mass density, including a term that represents interaction of a particle with its own gravitational field. The inclusion of a self-interaction term represents a fundamental alteration of quantum mechanics. It can be written either as a single integro-differential equation or as a coupled system of a Schrödinger and a Poisson equation. In the latter case it is also referred to in the plural form.
The Schrödinger–Newton equation was first considered by Ruffini and Bonazzola in connection with self-gravitating boson stars. In this context of classical general relativity it appears as the non-relativistic limit of either the Klein–Gordon equation or the Dirac equation in a curved space-time together with the Einstein field equations.
The equation also describes fuzzy dark matter and approximates classical cold dark matter described by the Vlasov–Poisson equation in the limit that the particle mass is large.
Later on it was proposed as a model to explain the quantum wave function collapse by Lajos Diósi and Roger Penrose, from whom the name "Schrödinger–Newton equation" originates. In this context, matter has quantum properties, while gravity remains classical even at the fundamental |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Mitchison | Timothy John Mitchison is a cell biologist and systems biologist and Hasib Sabbagh Professor of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School in the United States. He is known for his discovery, with Marc Kirschner, of dynamic instability in microtubules, for studies of the mechanism of cell division, and for contributions to chemical biology.
Education and early life
Mitchison was educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School and completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in Biochemistry at the University of Oxford where he was an undergraduate student of Merton College, Oxford, from 1976 to 1979. He moved to the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) in 1979 for his PhD which was supervised by Marc Kirschner and investigated the dynamic instability of microtubules.
Career and research
Mitchison returned to the UK for postdoctoral research at the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) in London. In 1988 he returned to San Francisco where he was appointed assistant professor at UCSF. In 1994 he wrote an opinion piece for the journal Chemistry & Biology titled "Towards a pharmacological genetics" which helped to launch the field of chemical genetics. In 1997 he moved to Harvard University to become co-director of the Institute for Chemistry and Cell Biology at Harvard Medical School, where he pioneered phenotype-based screening, discovering the small molecule monastrol – the first small-molecule inhibitor of mitosis that does not target tubulin. Monastrol was shown |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ%20Biotechnology%20Index | The NASDAQ Biotechnology Index is a stock market index made up of securities of NASDAQ-listed companies classified according to the Industry Classification Benchmark as either the Biotechnology or the Pharmaceutical industry. A list of the 213 components of the index is published online.
Criteria
In order to remain included within the index, the components must meet the following criteria:
The security U.S. listing must be exclusively on the NASDAQ National Market (unless the security was dually listed on another U.S. market prior to January 1, 2004 and has continuously maintained such listing).
The issuer of the security must be classified according to the Industry Classification Benchmark as either Biotechnology or Pharmaceuticals.
The security may not be issued by an issuer currently in bankruptcy proceedings.
The security must have a market capitalization of at least $200 million.
The security must have an average daily trading volume of at least 100,000 shares.
The issuer of the security may not have entered into a definitive agreement or other arrangement which would likely result in the security no longer being Index.
The issuer of the security may not have annual financial statements with an audit opinion that is currently withdrawn.
The issuer of the security must have "seasoned" on NASDAQ or another recognized market for at least 6 months; in the case of spin-offs, the operating history of the spin-off will be considered.
Investing in the index
This index |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20rot | Software rot (bit rot, code rot, software erosion, software decay, or software entropy) is either a slow deterioration of software quality over time or its diminishing responsiveness that will eventually lead to software becoming faulty, unusable, or in need of upgrade. This is not a physical phenomenon; the software does not actually decay, but rather suffers from a lack of being responsive and updated with respect to the changing environment in which it resides.
The Jargon File, a compendium of hacker lore, defines "bit rot" as a jocular explanation for the degradation of a software program over time even if "nothing has changed"; the idea behind this is almost as if the bits that make up the program were subject to radioactive decay.
Causes
Several factors are responsible for software rot, including changes to the environment in which the software operates, degradation of compatibility between parts of the software itself, and the appearance of bugs in unused or rarely used code.
Environment change
When changes occur in the program's environment, particularly changes which the designer of the program did not anticipate, the software may no longer operate as originally intended. For example, many early computer game designers used the CPU clock speed as a timer in their games. However, newer CPU clocks were faster, so the gameplay speed increased accordingly, making the games less usable over time.
Onceability
There are changes in the environment not related to the pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecA | RecA is a 38 kilodalton protein essential for the repair and maintenance of DNA. A RecA structural and functional homolog has been found in every species in which one has been seriously sought and serves as an archetype for this class of homologous DNA repair proteins. The homologous protein is called RAD51 in eukaryotes and RadA in archaea.
RecA has multiple activities, all related to DNA repair. In the bacterial SOS response, it has a co-protease function in the autocatalytic cleavage of the LexA repressor and the λ repressor.
RecA's association with DNA repair is based on its central role in homologous recombination. The RecA protein binds strongly and in long clusters to ssDNA to form a nucleoprotein filament. The protein has more than one DNA binding site, and thus can hold a single strand and double strand together. This feature makes it possible to catalyze a DNA synapsis reaction between a DNA double helix and a complementary region of single-stranded DNA. The RecA-ssDNA filament searches for sequence similarity along the dsDNA. A disordered DNA loop in RecA, Loop 2, contains the residues responsible for DNA homologous recombination. In some bacteria, RecA posttranslational modification via phosphorylation of a serine residue on Loop 2 can interfere with homologous recombination.
The search process induces stretching of the DNA duplex, which enhances sequence complementarity recognition (a mechanism termed conformational proofreading). The reaction initiates the ex |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersive%20mass%20transfer | Dispersive mass transfer, in fluid dynamics, is the spreading of mass from highly concentrated areas to less concentrated areas. It is one form of mass transfer.
Dispersive mass flux is analogous to diffusion, and it can also be described using Fick's first law:
where c is mass concentration of the species being dispersed, E is the dispersion coefficient, and x is the position in the direction of the concentration gradient. Dispersion can be differentiated from diffusion in that it is caused by non-ideal flow patterns (i.e. deviations from plug flow) and is a macroscopic phenomenon, whereas diffusion is caused by random molecular motions (i.e. Brownian motion) and is a microscopic phenomenon. Dispersion is often more significant than diffusion in convection-diffusion problems. The dispersion coefficient is frequently modeled as the product of the fluid velocity, U, and some characteristic length scale, α:
Transport phenomena |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Lemli%E2%80%93Opitz%20syndrome | Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome is an inborn error of cholesterol synthesis. It is an autosomal recessive, multiple malformation syndrome caused by a mutation in the enzyme 7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase encoded by the DHCR7 gene. It causes a broad spectrum of effects, ranging from mild intellectual disability and behavioural problems to lethal malformations.
Signs and symptoms
SLOS can present itself differently in different cases, depending on the severity of the mutation and other factors. Originally, SLOS patients were classified into two categories (classic and severe) based on physical and mental characteristics, alongside other clinical features. Since the discovery of the specific biochemical defect responsible for SLOS, patients are given a severity score based on their levels of cerebral, ocular, oral, and genital defects. It is then used to classify patients as having mild, classical, or severe SLOS.
Physical characteristics
The most common facial features of SLOS include microcephaly, bitemporal narrowing (reduced distance between temples), ptosis, a short and upturned nose, micrognathia, epicanthal folds, and capillary hemangioma of the nose. Other physical characteristics include:
low-set and posteriorly rotated ears
high-arched, narrow, hard palate
cleft lip/palate
agenesis or hypoplasia of the corpus callosum
cerebellar hypoplasia
increased ventricular size
decreased frontal lobe size
polydactyly of hands or feet
short, proximally placed thumb
other f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%20solid | The Einstein solid is a model of a crystalline solid that contains a large number of independent three-dimensional quantum harmonic oscillators of the same frequency. The independence assumption is relaxed in the Debye model.
While the model provides qualitative agreement with experimental data, especially for the high-temperature limit, these oscillations are in fact phonons, or collective modes involving many atoms. Albert Einstein was aware that getting the frequency of the actual oscillations would be difficult, but he nevertheless proposed this theory because it was a particularly clear demonstration that quantum mechanics could solve the specific heat problem in classical mechanics.
Historical impact
The original theory proposed by Einstein in 1907 has great historical relevance. The heat capacity of solids as predicted by the empirical Dulong–Petit law was required by classical mechanics, the specific heat of solids should be independent of temperature. But experiments at low temperatures showed that the heat capacity changes, going to zero at absolute zero. As the temperature goes up, the specific heat goes up until it approaches the Dulong and Petit prediction at high temperature.
By employing Planck's quantization assumption, Einstein's theory accounted for the observed experimental trend for the first time. Together with the photoelectric effect, this became one of the most important pieces of evidence for the need of quantization. Einstein used the levels of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20spectroscopy | Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei. This spectroscopy is based on the measurement of absorption of electromagnetic radiations in the radio frequency region from roughly 4 to 900 MHz. Absorption of radio waves in the presence of magnetic field is accompanied by a special type of nuclear transition, and for this reason, such type of spectroscopy is known as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. The sample is placed in a magnetic field and the NMR signal is produced by excitation of the nuclei sample with radio waves into nuclear magnetic resonance, which is detected with sensitive radio receivers. The intramolecular magnetic field around an atom in a molecule changes the resonance frequency, thus giving access to details of the electronic structure of a molecule and its individual functional groups.
As the fields are unique or highly characteristic to individual compounds, in modern organic chemistry practice, NMR spectroscopy is the definitive method to identify monomolecular organic compounds.
The principle of NMR usually involves three sequential steps:
The alignment (polarization) of the magnetic nuclear spins in an applied, constant magnetic field B0.
The perturbation of this alignment of the nuclear spins by a weak oscillating magnetic field, usually referred to as a radio-frequency (RF) pulse.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGMP-specific%20phosphodiesterase%20type%205 | Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 is an enzyme () from the phosphodiesterase class. It is found in various tissues, most prominently the corpus cavernosum and the retina. It has also been recently discovered to play a vital role in the cardiovascular system.
The phosphodiesterase (PDE) isozymes, found in several tissues including the rod and cone photoreceptor cells of the retina, belong to a large family of cyclic nucleotide PDEs that catalyze cAMP and cGMP hydrolysis.
The interest in PDEs as molecular targets of drug action has grown with the development of isozyme-selective PDE inhibitors that offer potent inhibition of selected isozymes without the side-effects attributed to nonselective inhibitors such as theophylline.
Sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil, and avanafil are PDE5 inhibitors that are significantly more potent and selective than zaprinast and other early PDE5 inhibitors.
Action of PDE5
PDE5 is an enzyme that accepts cGMP and breaks it down. Sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil are inhibitors of this enzyme, which bind to the catalytic site of PDE5. Both inhibitors bind with high affinity and specificity, and cGMP-binding to the allosteric sites stimulates binding of PDE5 inhibitors at the catalytic site. The kinetics of inhibitor binding and inhibition of catalysis imply the existence of two PDE5 conformers, and results of native gel electrophoresis reveal that PDE5 exists in two apparently distinct conformations, i.e., an ex |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%20prism | A Nicol prism is a type of polarizer. It is an optical device made from calcite crystal used to convert ordinary light into plane polarized light. It is made in such a way that it eliminates one of the rays by total internal reflection, i.e. the ordinary ray is eliminated and only the extraordinary ray is transmitted through the prism.
It was the first type of polarizing prism, invented in 1828 by William Nicol (1770–1851) of Edinburgh.
Mechanism
The Nicol prism consists of a rhombohedral crystal of Iceland spar (a variety of calcite) that has been cut at an angle of 68° with respect to the crystal axis, cut again diagonally, and then rejoined, using a layer of transparent Canada balsam as a glue.
Unpolarized light ray enters through the side face of the crystal, and is split into two orthogonally polarized, differently directed rays by the birefringence property of calcite. The ordinary ray, or o-ray, experiences a refractive index of no = 1.658 in the calcite and undergoes a total internal reflection at the calcite–glue interface because of its angle of incidence at the glue layer (refractive index n = 1.550) exceeds the critical angle for the interface. It passes out the top side of the upper half of the prism with some refraction. The extraordinary ray, or e-ray, experiences a lower refractive index (ne = 1.486) in the calcite crystal and is not totally reflected at the interface because it strikes the interface at a sub-critical angle. The e-ray merely undergoes a s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophysin%20I | Neurophysin I is a carrier protein with a size of 10 KDa and contains 90 to 97 amino acids. It is a cleavage product (formed by splitting of a compound molecule into a simpler one) of preprooxyphysin. It is a neurohypophysial hormone that is transported in vesicles with oxytocin, the other cleavage product, along axons, from magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus to the posterior lobe of the pituitary. Although it is stored in neurosecretory granules with oxytocin and released with oxytocin, its biological action is unclear.
Function
Neurophysin I is the carrier protein for oxytocin. It is produced in the cell bodies of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei and transported to its site of release in the axon terminals of the posterior pituitary. Neurophysin I neurons are more prevalent in the paraventricular nuclei while Neurophysin II neurons are more prevalent in the supraoptic nuclei. Vasopressin, a hormone similar in structure to oxytocin, is analogously bound and transported by Neurophysin II. Both hormones are nine residues long, and share seven of these residues. Oxytocin possesses Ile-3 and Leu-8 whereas vasopressin possesses Phe-3 and Arg-8. Both Ile and Phe are hydrophobic amino acids and undergo analogous binding to neurophysins.
Structure
The amino acid sequence of Neurophysin I is:
NH2 - Ala - Ala - Pro - Asp - Leu - Asp - Val - Arg - Lys - Cys - Leu - Pro - Cys - Gly - Pro - Gly - Gly - Lys - Gly - Arg - Cys - Phe - Gly - Pro - Asn - Ile - Cys - Cys - |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchi | Buchi can mean:
Items
Bachi, special Japanese drumsticks
Butsi, the Hispanised term for jin deui (pastry made from glutinous rice) in the Philippines
Büchi automaton, finite state automata extended to infinite inputs
Büchi arithmetic, a mathematical logical fragment
People
Given names
Buchi Atuonwu, Nigerian reggae gospel artist
Buchi (comedian), stage name of Onyebuchi Ojieh, Nigerian comedian
Buchi Emecheta, (d. 2017) Nigerian British writer
Family names
George Büchi (1921–1998), an organic chemist
Julius Richard Büchi (1924–1984), developer of the Büchi automaton
Hernán Büchi (born 1949), Finance Minister of Chile (1985–1989)
Albert Büchi (1907–1988), a Swiss professional road bicycle racer
Nicknames
Yutaka Izubuchi, anime designer and director
Nigerian Igbo first names such as Onyebuchi, Nnabuchi, Maduabuchi, a suffix that translates as "...is God."
Fictional characters
Buchi in One Piece |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Horna | Luis Horna Biscari (; born 14 September 1980, in Lima) is a former tour professional tennis player from Peru, who turned professional in 1998. Known by his nickname "Lucho", he won 2 career singles titles, reached the quarterfinals of the 2004 Madrid Masters and achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 33 in August 2004.
Together with Pablo Cuevas, Horna also won the men's doubles at the 2008 French Open. At the 2003 French Open, he defeated Roger Federer in the first round.
Career
Juniors
Horna was an outstanding junior player, reaching as high as No. 4 in the world in singles 1997 (and No. 3 in doubles). He made the final of the boys singles at the French Open in 1997 losing to Daniel Elsner. Horna won the French Open and Wimbledon doubles with José de Armas and Nicolás Massú respectively.
1998–2001
Horna turned professional in 1998 and he moved up over 1,000 places in the rankings with victories in the Ecuadorian, where he defeated Sergio Roitman as a qualifier and three Futures events in Peru and in 1999 made his first ATP Challenger final in Aschaffenburg. In 2000 he was finalist in Salinas and again in Aschaffenburg and it was not until 2001 that Horna was able to get his first win on the ATP tour in Umag defeating Martin Damm. He also made another Challenger final in Curitiba losing to Flávio Saretta.
2002–2004
2002 was a successful year for Horna when he became the first Peruvian since Jaime Yzaga to finish in the top 100 in the end of season rankings, |
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