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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Noether%27s%20theorem | In algebraic geometry, Max Noether's theorem may refer to the results of Max Noether:
Several closely related results of Max Noether on canonical curves
AF+BG theorem, or Max Noether's fundamental theorem, a result on algebraic curves in the projective plane, on the residual sets of intersections
Max Noether's theorem on curves lying on algebraic surfaces, which are hypersurfaces in P3, or more generally complete intersections
Noether's theorem on rationality for surfaces
Max Noether theorem on the generation of the Cremona group by quadratic transformations
See also
Noether's theorem, usually referring to a result derived from work of Max's daughter Emmy Noether
Noether inequality
Special divisor
Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-sulfur%20protein | Iron–sulfur proteins are proteins characterized by the presence of iron–sulfur clusters containing sulfide-linked di-, tri-, and tetrairon centers in variable oxidation states. Iron–sulfur clusters are found in a variety of metalloproteins, such as the ferredoxins, as well as NADH dehydrogenase, hydrogenases, coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase, succinate – coenzyme Q reductase and nitrogenase. Iron–sulfur clusters are best known for their role in the oxidation-reduction reactions of electron transport in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Both Complex I and Complex II of oxidative phosphorylation have multiple Fe–S clusters. They have many other functions including catalysis as illustrated by aconitase, generation of radicals as illustrated by SAM-dependent enzymes, and as sulfur donors in the biosynthesis of lipoic acid and biotin. Additionally, some Fe–S proteins regulate gene expression. Fe–S proteins are vulnerable to attack by biogenic nitric oxide, forming dinitrosyl iron complexes. In most Fe–S proteins, the terminal ligands on Fe are thiolate, but exceptions exist.
The prevalence of these proteins on the metabolic pathways of most organisms leads some scientists to theorize that iron–sulfur compounds had a significant role in the origin of life in the iron–sulfur world theory.
Structural motifs
In almost all Fe–S proteins, the Fe centers are tetrahedral and the terminal ligands are thiolato sulfur centers from cysteinyl residues. The sulfide groups are either two- or |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale%27s%20principle | In neuroscience, Dale's principle (or Dale's law) is a rule attributed to the English neuroscientist Henry Hallett Dale. The principle basically states that a neuron performs the same chemical action at all of its synaptic connections to other cells, regardless of the identity of the target cell. However, there has been disagreement about the precise wording.
Because of an ambiguity in the original statement, there are actually two versions of the principle, one that has been shown definitively to be false, and another that remains a valuable rule of thumb. The term "Dale's principle" was first used by Sir John Eccles in 1954, in a passage reading, "In conformity with Dale's principle (1934, 1952) that the same chemical transmitter is released from all the synaptic terminals of a neurone…" Some modern writers have understood the principle to state that neurons release one and only one transmitter at all of their synapses, which is false. Others, including Eccles himself in later publications, have taken it to mean that neurons release the same set of transmitters at all of their synapses.
Dale himself never stated his "principle" in an explicit form. The source that Eccles referred to was a lecture published by Dale in 1934, called Pharmacology and nerve endings, describing some of the early research into the physiology of neurotransmission. At that time, only two chemical transmitters were known, acetylcholine and noradrenaline (then thought to be adrenaline). In th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptogen | Adaptogens or adaptogenic substances are used in herbal medicine for the purported stabilization of physiological processes and promotion of homeostasis.
History
The term "adaptogens" was coined in 1947 by Soviet toxicologist Nikolai Lazarev to describe substances that may increase resistance to stress. The term "adaptogenesis" was later applied in the Soviet Union to describe remedies thought to increase the resistance of organisms to biological stress. Most of the studies conducted on adaptogens were performed in the Soviet Union, Korea, and China before the 1980s. The term was not accepted in pharmacological, physiological, or mainstream clinical practices in the European Union.
Sources
Compounds studied for putative adaptogenic properties are often derived from the following plants:
Eleutherococcus senticosus
Oplopanax elatus
Panax ginseng
Rhaponticum cartamoides
Rhodiola rosea
Schisandra chinensis
References
Herbalism
Pharmaceutics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature%20Reviews%20Molecular%20Cell%20Biology | Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed review journal published by Nature Portfolio. It was established in October 2000 and covers all aspects of molecular and cell biology. The editor-in-chief is Kim Baumann.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 113.915, ranking it 1st out of 194 journals in the category "Cell Biology".
References
External links
Nature Research academic journals
Academic journals established in 2000
Molecular and cellular biology journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Review journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20Digestibility%20Corrected%20Amino%20Acid%20Score | Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) is a method of evaluating the quality of a protein based on both the amino acid requirements of humans and their ability to digest it.
The PDCAAS rating was adopted by the US FDA and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) in 1993 as "the preferred 'best'" method to determine protein quality.
In 2013, FAO proposed changing to Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score.
Methodology
Using the PDCAAS method, the protein quality rankings are determined by comparing the amino acid profile of the specific food protein against a standard amino acid profile with the highest possible score being a 1.0. This score means, after digestion of the protein, it provides per unit of protein 100% or more of the indispensable amino acids required.
The formula for calculating the PDCAAS percentage is: (mg of limiting amino acid in 1 g of test protein / mg of same amino acid in 1 g of reference protein) x fecal true digestibility percentage.
The PDCAAS value is different from measuring the quality of protein from the protein efficiency ratio (PER) and the biological value (BV) methods. The PER was based upon the amino acid requirements of growing rats, which differ significantly from those of humans. The PDCAAS allows evaluation of food protein quality based on the needs of humans as it measures the quality of a protein based on the amino acid requirements (adjusted for digestibil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkner | Völkner or Volkner is a German-language surname and a derivative of the personal name Volk. It may refer to:
Carl Sylvius Völkner (c. 1819 – 1865), German-born Protestant missionary in New Zealand
Christian Friedrich von Völkner (1728–1796), German translator and historian in Russia
Iris Völkner (1960), German rower
Jirí Volkner (1931–2018), Czechoslovak sprint canoer
References
Surnames from given names
German-language surnames |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20urban%20areas%20in%20the%20Republic%20of%20Ireland | This is a list of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland by population. In 2022, the Central Statistics Office (CSO), the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage and Tailte Éireann created of a new unit of urban geography called Built Up Areas (BUAs) which were used to produce data for urban areas in the 2022 census of Ireland.
There were 867 BUAs, representing the entire settlement area of each town and city (including suburbs and environs). The 250 largest cities, towns and villages are listed below with data from the 2022 census.
Cities and towns list
Notes
See also
List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland for the 2016 census
List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland for the 2011 census
List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland for the 2006 census
List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland for the 2002 census
List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland
List of localities in Northern Ireland by population
List of settlements on the island of Ireland by population
References
External links
Ireland
Urban |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otsu%27s%20method | In computer vision and image processing, Otsu's method, named after , is used to perform automatic image thresholding. In the simplest form, the algorithm returns a single intensity threshold that separate pixels into two classes, foreground and background. This threshold is determined by minimizing intra-class intensity variance, or equivalently, by maximizing inter-class variance. Otsu's method is a one-dimensional discrete analogue of Fisher's Discriminant Analysis, is related to Jenks optimization method, and is equivalent to a globally optimal k-means performed on the intensity histogram. The extension to multi-level thresholding was described in the original paper, and computationally efficient implementations have since been proposed.
Otsu's method
The algorithm exhaustively searches for the threshold that minimizes the intra-class variance, defined as a weighted sum of variances of the two classes:
Weights and are the probabilities of the two classes separated by a threshold ,and and are variances of these two classes.
The class probability is computed from the bins of the histogram:
For 2 classes, minimizing the intra-class variance is equivalent to maximizing inter-class variance:
which is expressed in terms of class probabilities and class means , where the class means , and are:
The following relations can be easily verified:
The class probabilities and class means can be computed iteratively. This idea
yields an effective algorithm.
Algorith |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogen%20iodide | Cyanogen iodide or iodine cyanide (ICN) is a pseudohalogen composed of iodine and the cyanide group. It is a highly toxic inorganic compound. It occurs as white crystals that react slowly with water to form hydrogen cyanide.
Synthesis
Cyanogen iodide is prepared by combining I2 and a cyanide, most commonly sodium cyanide in ice-cold water. The product is extracted with diethyl ether.
I2 + NaCN → NaI + ICN
Applications
Cyanogen iodide has been used in taxidermy as a preservative because of its toxicity.
History
Cyanogen iodide was first synthesized in 1824 by the French chemist Georges-Simon Serullas (1774–1832).
Cyanogen iodide was considered one of the impurities in commercially sold iodine before the 1930s.
Hazards
Cyanogen iodide is toxic if inhaled or ingested and may be fatal if swallowed or absorbed through the skin. Cyanogen iodide may cause convulsions, paralysis and death from respiratory failure. It is a strong irritant and may cause burns to the eyes and skin if contacted. If cyanogen iodide is heated enough to undergo complete decomposition, it may releases toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides, cyanide and iodide. A fire may cause the release of poisonous gas. Cyanogen iodide decomposes when contacted with acids, bases, ammonia, alcohols, and with heating. ICN slowly reacts with water or carbon dioxide to produce hydrogen cyanide.
It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNP | RNP may refer to:
Medicine
Ribonucleoprotein, a compound of ribonucleic acid and protein
Ribonucleoprotein particle, intracellular compartments involved in post-transcriptional fate
Registered nurse practitioner
Military
Royal Navy Police, in the United Kingdom
Other
Rede Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa, the academic Internet system of Brazil
Required navigation performance for a specific procedure or block of airspace
Rosa nel Pugno (RnP), or Rose in the Fist, a former Italian political federation around 2006
Radio Northwick Park, a London hospital radio station
Owosso Community Airport, Michigan, US, IATA code
Radon–Nikodym property, in mathematics, a property of some Banach spaces, related to integration and differentiability
Rassemblement National Populaire, a French fascist party active during World War Two |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20school%20districts%20in%20Nebraska | The following is a list of school districts in Nebraska:
Nebraska school district classification
Nebraska public school districts are divided into four classes:
Class 3 (district has 1 to 499,999 inhabitants)
Class 4 (district has more than 100,000 inhabitants in primary cities; Lincoln Public Schools is the only district in this class)
Class 5 (district has more than 200,000 inhabitants in metropolitan cities; Omaha Public Schools is the only district in this class)
Class 8 (State-operated school districts)
Three additional classes of Nebraska school districts, Class 1 (grades K-8; affiliated with one or more Class 2-5 districts and/or joined with a Class 6 district for tax purposes) and Class 6 (grades 6–12; was joined with one or more Class 1 districts) were dissolved on June 15, 2006, and Class 2 (district has 1,000 or fewer inhabitants) was dissolved in 2018.
All unlabeled districts on this list are class 3; others will be specified.
History
The highest number of school districts the state ever had was over 7,000. In 1921 the state legislature passed a law that caused the first wave of school district consolidation. Increased highway transportation and a desire for a strong education in all parts of the state prompted more consolidations. After the law passed 5% of the area school districts closed or merged up to World War II. 6,604 school districts remained in the 1950-1951 school year.
Post-World War II de-ruralization meant that school district populations declin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliadin | Gliadin (a type of prolamin) is a class of proteins present in wheat and several other cereals within the grass genus Triticum. Gliadins, which are a component of gluten, are essential for giving bread the ability to rise properly during baking. Gliadins and glutenins are the two main components of the gluten fraction of the wheat seed. This gluten is found in products such as wheat flour. Gluten is split about evenly between the gliadins and glutenins, although there are variations found in different sources.
Both gliadins and glutenins are not water-soluble, but gliadins are soluble in 70% aqueous ethanol. There are three main types of gliadin (α, γ, and ω), to which the body is intolerant in coeliac (or celiac) disease. Diagnosis of this disease has recently been improving.
Gliadin can cross the intestinal epithelium. Breast milk of healthy human mothers who eat gluten-containing foods presents high levels of non-degraded gliadin.
Types
The α, γ, and ω gliadin types are separated and distinguished based on their amino acid sequences in the N-terminal cysteine domain.
α-/β-gliadins – soluble in low-percentage alcohols.
γ-gliadins – ancestral form of cysteine-rich gliadin with only intrachain disulfide bridges
ω-gliadins – soluble in higher percentages, 30–50% acidic acetonitrile.
Chemistry
The gliadins are intrinsically disordered proteins meaning that they have continuously altering shapes making it difficult to study them. The performed image analysis and comput |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table%20wine | Table wine (rarely abbreviated TW) is a wine term with two different meanings: a style of wine and a quality level within wine classification.
In the United States, the term primarily designates a wine style: an ordinary wine which is not fortified or expensive and is not usually sparkling.
In the European Union wine regulations, the term is the lower of two overall quality categories, the higher of which is quality wines produced in specified regions (QWPSR). All levels of national wine classification systems within the EU correspond to either TW or QWPSR, although the terms that actually appear on wine labels are defined by national wine laws with the EU regulations as a framework.
Most EU countries have a national classification called table wine in the country's official language. Examples include vin de table in France, vino da tavola in Italy, vino de mesa in Spain, vinho de mesa in Portugal, Tafelwein in Germany, and επιτραπέζιος οίνος (epitrapézios oínos) in Greece. These classifications generally represent the lowest level of classification in their country.
United States
The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau and Code of Federal Regulations define table wine as grape wine having a maximum alcoholic content of 14 percent alcohol by volume. Wines between 14% and 24% ABV are known as dessert wines. Table wine may also be designated using terms such as light wine, light white wine, red table wine, sweet table wine, etc.
European Union
European Union guideline |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Thomson%20%28cell%20biologist%29 | James Alexander Thomson is an American developmental biologist best known for deriving the first human embryonic stem cell line in 1998 and for deriving human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) in 2007.
Research
Human embryonic stem cells [which are cells that reproduce over and over and over again until they eventually die. they are what other cells 'stem' from] can divide without limit, and yet maintain the potential to make all the cells of the body. This remarkable potential makes them useful for basic research on the function of the human body, for drug discovery and testing, and as a source of cells and tissues for transplantation medicine. In 1998, Thomson's Lab was the first to report the successful isolation of human embryonic stem cells. On November 6, 1998, Science published this research in an article titled "Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts", results which Science later featured in its “Scientific Breakthrough of the Year” article, 1999.
In spite of their great medical potential, however, human embryonic stem cells generated enormous controversy because their derivation involved the destruction of a human embryo. In 2007, Thomson's group (contemporaneously with Dr. Shinya Yamanaka) reported a method for converting human skin cells into cells that very closely resemble human embryonic stem cells. Published in Science in late 2007 in an article titled "Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Somatic Cells", the results |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibronic%20coupling | Vibronic coupling (also called nonadiabatic coupling or derivative coupling) in a molecule involves the interaction between electronic and nuclear vibrational motion. The term "vibronic" originates from the combination of the terms "vibrational" and "electronic", denoting the idea that in a molecule, vibrational and electronic interactions are interrelated and influence each other. The magnitude of vibronic coupling reflects the degree of such interrelation.
In theoretical chemistry, the vibronic coupling is neglected within the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. Vibronic couplings are crucial to the understanding of nonadiabatic processes, especially near points of conical intersections. The direct calculation of vibronic couplings used to be uncommon due to difficulties associated with its evaluation, but has recently gained popularity due to increased interest in the quantitative prediction of internal conversion rates, as well as the development of cheap but rigorous ways to analytically calculate the vibronic couplings, especially at the TDDFT level.
Definition
Vibronic coupling describes the mixing of different electronic states as a result of small vibrations.
Evaluation
The evaluation of vibronic coupling often involves complex mathematical treatment.
Numerical gradients
The form of vibronic coupling is essentially the derivative of the wave function. Each component of the vibronic coupling vector can be calculated with numerical differentiation methods using wav |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-fronted%20tern | The white-fronted tern (Sterna striata), also known as tara, sea swallow, black-billed tern, kahawai bird, southern tern, or swallow tail, was first described by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1789. A medium-sized tern with an all-white body including underwing and forked tail, with grey hues on the over the upper side of the wing. In breeding adults a striking black cap covers the head from forehead to nape, leaving a small white strip above the black bill.
This is the most abundant tern in New Zealand. It can be observed feeding on shoaling fish along the entire coastline and many of the smaller outlying islands. Breeding occurs from October to January on rocky cliffs, offshore islands and along the coast where pairs will nest on shingle, sand, shell or rock. Flocks may contain hundreds of breeding pairs that will nest in close proximity to one another. Large numbers of juveniles and some adults migrate to the south-east coast of Australia and parts of Tasmania in the autumn, with small numbers establishing breeding colonies on Flinders and Cape Barren Islands in the Bass Strait.
Due to mammalian predators introduced to New Zealand, such as ferrets and stoats, the white-fronted tern has recently been given the New Zealand national conservation status of at risk/in decline.
Taxonomy
The white-fronted tern was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulator%20%28device%29 | In robotics, a manipulator is a device used to manipulate materials without direct physical contact by the operator. The applications were originally for dealing with radioactive or biohazardous materials, using robotic arms, or they were used in inaccessible places. In more recent developments they have been used in diverse range of applications including welding automation, robotic surgery and in space. It is an arm-like mechanism that consists of a series of segments, usually sliding or jointed called cross-slides, which grasp and move objects with a number of degrees of freedom.
In industrial ergonomics a manipulator is a lift-assist device used to help workers lift, maneuver and place articles in process that are too heavy, too hot, too large or otherwise too difficult for a single worker to manually handle. As opposed to simply vertical lift assists (cranes, hoists, etc.) manipulators have the ability to reach in to tight spaces and remove workpieces. A good example would be removing large stamped parts from a press and placing them in a rack or similar dunnage. In welding, a column boom manipulator is used to increase deposition rates, reduce human error and other costs in a manufacturing setting.
Additionally, manipulator tooling gives the lift assist the ability to pitch, roll, or spin the part for appropriate placement. An example would be removing a part from a press in the horizontal and then pitching it up for vertical placement in a rack or rolling a par |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson%20limit | The Henderson limit is the X-ray dose (energy per unit mass) a cryo-cooled crystal can absorb before the diffraction pattern decays to half of its original intensity. Its value is defined as 2 × 107 Gy (J/kg).
Decay of diffraction patterns with increasing X-ray dose
Although the process is still not fully understood, diffraction patterns of crystals typically decay with X-ray exposure due to a number of processes which non-uniformly and irreversibly modify molecules that compose the crystal. These modifications induce disorder and thus decrease the intensity of Bragg diffraction. The processes behind these modifications include primary damage via the photo electric effect, covalent modification by free radicals, oxidation (methionine residues), reduction (disulfide bonds) and decarboxylation (glutamate, aspartate residues).
Practical significance
Although generalizable, the limit is defined in the context of biomolecular X-ray crystallography, where a typical experiment consists of exposing a single frozen crystal of a macromolecule (generally protein, DNA or RNA) to an intense X-ray beam. The beams that are diffracted are then analyzed towards obtaining an atomically resolved model of the crystal. Such decay presents itself as a problem for crystallographers who require that the diffraction intensities decay as little as possible, to maximize the signal to noise ratio in order to determine accurate atomic models that describe the crystal.
References
Molecular biol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang%E2%80%93Barsky%20algorithm | In computer graphics, the Liang–Barsky algorithm (named after You-Dong Liang and Brian A. Barsky) is a line clipping algorithm. The Liang–Barsky algorithm uses the parametric equation of a line and inequalities describing the range of the clipping window to determine the intersections between the line and the clip window. With these intersections it knows which portion of the line should be drawn. So this algorithm is significantly more efficient than Cohen–Sutherland. The idea of the Liang–Barsky clipping algorithm is to do as much testing as possible before computing line intersections.
The algorithm uses the parametric form of a straight line:
A point is in the clip window, if
and
which can be expressed as the 4 inequalities
where
To compute the final line segment:
A line parallel to a clipping window edge has for that boundary.
If for that , , then the line is completely outside and can be eliminated.
When , the line proceeds outside to inside the clip window, and when , the line proceeds inside to outside.
For nonzero , gives for the intersection point of the line and the window edge (possibly projected).
The two actual intersections of the line with the window edges, if they exist, are described by and , calculated as follows. For , look at boundaries for which (i.e. outside to inside). Take to be the largest among . For , look at boundaries for which (i.e. inside to outside). Take to be the minimum of .
If , the line is entirely outside the clip wi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20Crystal%20Institute | The former Glenn H. Brown Liquid Crystal Institute (LCI) at Kent State University is now renamed the Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute. The AMLCI is a center of study for liquid crystal technology and education, blending basic and applied research on liquid crystals. This approach has resulted in technological advances and new applications such as display tablets, optical shutters, variable transmission windows, projection display devices, and flexible displays. Established in 1965, the institute is now directed by Dr. Torsten Hegmann and is housed at KSU's Liquid Crystal and Materials Sciences building, completed in 1996.
The LCI is home to the Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, which offers masters and Ph.D. studies in the physics and chemistry of liquid crystals and their applications. The program is open to incoming students with degrees in physics, chemistry, engineering, and materials science.
Directors
There have been five directors of the Liquid Crystal Institute.
Glenn H. Brown (1965 - 1983)
Dr. Glenn H. Brown founded the Liquid Crystal Institute in 1965. In 1986 the Kent State University Board of Trustees honored him by naming the institute after him.
J. William Doane (1983 - 1996)
John L. West (1996 - 2003, 2016 - 2019)
Oleg D. Lavrentovich (2003 - 2011)
Hiroshi Yokoyama (2011 - 2016)
Torsten Hegmann (2019–Present)
References
External links
AMLCI Home
Kent State University
Liquid crystals
1965 establishments in Ohio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indel | Indel (insertion-deletion) is a molecular biology term for an insertion or deletion of bases in the genome of an organism. Indels ≥ 50 bases in length are classified as structural variants.
In coding regions of the genome, unless the length of an indel is a multiple of 3, it will produce a frameshift mutation. For example, a common microindel which results in a frameshift causes Bloom syndrome in the Jewish or Japanese population. Indels can be contrasted with a point mutation. An indel inserts or deletes nucleotides from a sequence, while a point mutation is a form of substitution that replaces one of the nucleotides without changing the overall number in the DNA. Indels can also be contrasted with Tandem Base Mutations (TBM), which may result from fundamentally different mechanisms. A TBM is defined as a substitution at adjacent nucleotides (primarily substitutions at two adjacent nucleotides, but substitutions at three adjacent nucleotides have been observed).
Indels, being either insertions, or deletions, can be used as genetic markers in natural populations, especially in phylogenetic studies. It has been shown that genomic regions with multiple indels can also be used for species-identification procedures.
An indel change of a single base pair in the coding part of an mRNA results in a frameshift during mRNA translation that could lead to an inappropriate (premature) stop codon in a different frame. Indels that are not multiples of 3 are particularly uncommon in cod |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMS%20locomotive%20numbering%20and%20classification | A number of different numbering and classification schemes were used for the locomotives owned by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) and its constituent companies; this page explains the principal systems that were used.
The following abbreviations for the constituent companies are used on this page:
Principal constituents
Caledonian Railway (CR), Furness Railway (FR), Glasgow and South Western Railway (GSWR), Highland Railway (HR), Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (LYR), London and North Western Railway (LNWR), Maryport and Carlisle Railway (MCR), Midland Railway (MR), North London Railway (NLR) and North Staffordshire Railway (NSR)
Minor companies
Cleator and Workington Junction Railway (C&WJR), Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway (G&PJR), Knott End Railway (KER), Stratford-upon-Avon and Midland Junction Railway (S&MJR), and Wirral Railway (WR)
Later additions
Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (S&DJR) - absorbed October 1936
For information about individual classes and locomotives, see Locomotives of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.
Numbering
Constituent companies
London and North Western Railway
The LNWR inherited its numbering system from one of its constituents, the Grand Junction Railway. In short, locomotives were numbered in a series commencing at 1. No gaps were allowed in the series, so a new locomotive would either be numbered at the end of the series or would reuse the number of an older locomotive.
Older locomotives would then be eithe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial%20bursa | A synovial bursa, usually simply bursa (: bursae or bursas), is a small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of viscous synovial fluid (similar in consistency to that of a raw egg white). It provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint. This helps to reduce friction between the bones and allows free movement. Bursae are found around most major joints of the body.
Structure
Based on location, there are three types of bursa: subcutaneous, submuscular and subtendinous. A subcutaneous bursa is located between the skin and an underlying bone. It allows skin to move smoothly over the bone. Examples include the prepatellar bursa located over the kneecap and the olecranon bursa at the tip of the elbow. A submuscular bursa is found between a muscle and an underlying bone, or between adjacent muscles. These prevent rubbing of the muscle during movements. A large submuscular bursa, the trochanteric bursa, is found at the lateral hip, between the greater trochanter of the femur and the overlying gluteus maximus muscle. A subtendinous bursa is found between a tendon and a bone. Examples include the subacromial bursa that protects the tendon of shoulder muscle as it passes under the acromion of the scapula, and the suprapatellar bursa that separates the tendon of the large anterior thigh muscle from the distal femur just above the knee.
An adventitious bursa is a non-native bursa. When any surface of the body is subjected |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20fertilization | Internal fertilization is the union of an egg and sperm cell during sexual reproduction inside the female body. Internal fertilization, unlike its counterpart, external fertilization, brings more control to the female with reproduction. For internal fertilization to happen there needs to be a method for the male to introduce the sperm into the female's reproductive tract.
Most taxa that reproduce by internal fertilization are gonochoric. In mammals, reptiles, and certain other groups of animals, this is done by copulation, an intromittent organ being introduced into the vagina or cloaca. In most birds, the cloacal kiss is used, the two animals pressing their cloacas together while transferring sperm. Salamanders, spiders, some insects and some molluscs undertake internal fertilization by transferring a spermatophore, a bundle of sperm, from the male to the female. Following fertilization, the embryos are laid as eggs in oviparous organisms, or continue to develop inside the reproductive tract of the mother to be born later as live young in viviparous organisms.
Evolution of internal fertilization
Internal fertilization evolved many times in animals. According to David B. Dusenbery all the features with internal fertilization were most likely a result from oogamy. It has been argued that internal fertilization evolve because of sexual selection through sperm competition.
In amphibians internal fertilization evolved from external fertilization.
Methods of internal fertil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagyurishte | Panagyurishte (, also transliterated Panagjurište, ) is a town in Pazardzhik Province, Southern Bulgaria, situated in a small valley in the Sredna Gora mountains. It is 91 km east of Sofia, 43 km north of Pazardzhik. The town is the administrative centre of the homonymous Panagyurishte Municipality. Panagyurishte is an important industrial and economic center. According to the 2021 census, it has a population of 15,275 inhabitants.
Geography
The town is located in a mountainous area. It lies in the Sredna Gora Mountains. To the north of it, near Panagyurski kolonii, is Mount Bratizha (1519 m). The Luda Yana river flows through the town, which joins with its other part after the village of Popintsi to form the Luda Yana River. The railway station is the last station on the Plovdiv-Panagyurishte railway line. Through the town passes a road, which connects Dospat (in the Rhodope Mountains) through Zlatishki Pass in the Balkan Mountains with the main road A2 - Hemus motorway (at the village of Dzhurovo, Pravets Municipality). Panagyurishte is the administrative centre of the municipality, which includes 9 other settlements. Neighbouring settlements are: the resort settlement Panagyurski kolonii (15 km to the north), the village of Oborishte (10 km to the west), the village of Banya (11 km first to the south and then to the west), the village of Bata (8 km to the south) and the town of Strelcha (12 km to the east).
History
There are dozens of Thracian mounds in the vicinity of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewal%20theory | Renewal theory is the branch of probability theory that generalizes the Poisson process for arbitrary holding times. Instead of exponentially distributed holding times, a renewal process may have any independent and identically distributed (IID) holding times that have finite mean. A renewal-reward process additionally has a random sequence of rewards incurred at each holding time, which are IID but need not be independent of the holding times.
A renewal process has asymptotic properties analogous to the strong law of large numbers and central limit theorem. The renewal function (expected number of arrivals) and reward function (expected reward value) are of key importance in renewal theory. The renewal function satisfies a recursive integral equation, the renewal equation. The key renewal equation gives the limiting value of the convolution of with a suitable non-negative function. The superposition of renewal processes can be studied as a special case of Markov renewal processes.
Applications include calculating the best strategy for replacing worn-out machinery in a factory and comparing the long-term benefits of different insurance policies. The inspection paradox relates to the fact that observing a renewal interval at time t gives an interval with average value larger than that of an average renewal interval.
Renewal processes
Introduction
The renewal process is a generalization of the Poisson process. In essence, the Poisson process is a continuous-time Markov p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey%20%28disambiguation%29 | Honey is a sweet, edible fluid produced by bees.
Honey or Honeys may also refer to:
Places
United States
Honey Lake, California
Honey Branch, a tributary of the Stony Brook in New Jersey
Honey Creek (Pennsylvania)
Honey Hill, South Carolina, site of the American Civil War Battle of Honey Hill
Honey Creek (Texas), a number of streams (and other entities)
Elsewhere
Honey, Puebla, a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Puebla
Mount Honey, Campbell Island, New Zealand
People
Honey (surname)
Honey Bruce (1927–2005), American stripper and showgirl
Honey Craven (1904–2003), American equestrian, ringmaster and horse show manager
Honey Irani (born 1950), Indian film actress and screenwriter
Honey Lantree, drummer of the English beat/pop group The Honeycombs
Honey Mahogany (born 1983), American drag performer
Honey Piazza (born 1952), American blues piano player
Honey Rose (born 1991), Indian film actress
Honey Singh (born 1983), Indian rapper, singer, music producer and actor
Arts, entertainment, and media
Honey (magazine), a British women's magazine published 1960–1986
Honey, a U.S. women's magazine founded by Harris Publications in 1999
Honey So Sweet (Japanese title "Honey"), a 2012 manga series by Amu Meguro
Honey (TV channel), African lifestyle channel
The Honeys (play), by Roald Dahl
"Honey" (Fear the Walking Dead), an episode of the television series Fear the Walking Dead
"Honey Honey", an episode of the second season of the animated tele |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenstein%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Eisenstein's theorem, named after the German mathematician Gotthold Eisenstein, applies to the coefficients of any power series which is an algebraic function with rational number coefficients. Through the theorem, it is readily demonstrable, for example, that the exponential function must be a transcendental function.
Theorem
Suppose that
is a formal power series with rational coefficients an, which has a non-zero radius of convergence in the complex plane, and within it represents an analytic function that is in fact an algebraic function. Then Eisenstein's theorem states that there exists a non-zero integer A, such that Anan are all integers.
This has an interpretation in terms of p-adic numbers: with an appropriate extension of the idea, the p-adic radius of convergence of the series is at least 1, for almost all p (i.e., the primes outside a finite set S). In fact that statement is a little weaker, in that it disregards any initial partial sum of the series, in a way that may vary according to p. For the other primes the radius is non-zero.
History
Eisenstein's original paper is the short communication
Über eine allgemeine Eigenschaft der Reihen-Entwicklungen aller algebraischen Functionen
(1852), reproduced in Mathematische Gesammelte Werke, Band II, Chelsea Publishing Co., New York, 1975,
p. 765–767.
More recently, many authors have investigated precise and effective bounds quantifying the above almost all.
See, e.g., Sections 11.4 and 11.55 of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolus | Alveolus (; pl. alveoli, adj. alveolar) is a general anatomical term for a concave cavity or pit.
Uses in anatomy and zoology
Pulmonary alveolus, an air sac in the lungs
Alveolar cell or pneumocyte
Alveolar duct
Alveolar macrophage
Mammary alveolus, a milk sac in the mammary glands
Alveolar gland
Dental alveolus, also known as "tooth socket", a socket in the jaw that holds the roots of teeth
Alveolar ridge, the jaw structure that contains the dental alveoli
Alveolar canals
Alveolar process
Arteries:
Superior alveolar artery (disambiguation)
Anterior superior alveolar arteries
Posterior superior alveolar artery
Inferior alveolar artery
Nerves:
Anterior superior alveolar nerve
Middle superior alveolar nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve
Uses in botany, microbiology and related disciplines
Surface cavities or pits, such as on the stem of Myrmecodia species
Pits on honeycombed surfaces such as receptacles of many angiosperms
Pits on the fruiting bodies of fungi such as Boletus or the ascocarps of fungi such as typical ascomycetes
Pits on the valves of the tests of many diatoms
Membrane supporting vesicles of the alveolates
Uses in linguistics
Alveolar consonant, a linguistic vocalization depending upon touching tongue to alveolar ridge
Alveolar stop
See also
Alveolar soft part sarcoma, a very rare type of soft-tissue sarcoma,
Acinus, considered by some (but not all) sources to be synonymous with Alveolus
Human anatomy
Animal anatomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20theorem%20of%20Galois%20theory | In mathematics, the fundamental theorem of Galois theory is a result that describes the structure of certain types of field extensions in relation to groups. It was proved by Évariste Galois in his development of Galois theory.
In its most basic form, the theorem asserts that given a field extension E/F that is finite and Galois, there is a one-to-one correspondence between its intermediate fields and subgroups of its Galois group. (Intermediate fields are fields K satisfying F ⊆ K ⊆ E; they are also called subextensions of E/F.)
Explicit description of the correspondence
For finite extensions, the correspondence can be described explicitly as follows.
For any subgroup H of Gal(E/F), the corresponding fixed field, denoted EH, is the set of those elements of E which are fixed by every automorphism in H.
For any intermediate field K of E/F, the corresponding subgroup is Aut(E/K), that is, the set of those automorphisms in Gal(E/F) which fix every element of K.
The fundamental theorem says that this correspondence is a one-to-one correspondence if (and only if) E/F is a Galois extension.
For example, the topmost field E corresponds to the trivial subgroup of Gal(E/F), and the base field F corresponds to the whole group Gal(E/F).
The notation Gal(E/F) is only used for Galois extensions. If E/F is Galois, then Gal(E/F) = Aut(E/F). If E/F is not Galois, then the "correspondence" gives only an injective (but not surjective) map from to , and a surjective (but not injective) m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20acceleration | Plasma acceleration is a technique for accelerating charged particles, such as electrons, positrons, and ions, using the electric field associated with electron plasma wave or other high-gradient plasma structures (like shock and sheath fields). The plasma acceleration structures are created either using ultra-short laser pulses or energetic particle beams that are matched to the plasma parameters. These techniques offer a way to build high performance particle accelerators of much smaller size than conventional devices. The basic concepts of plasma acceleration and its possibilities were originally conceived by Toshiki Tajima and John M. Dawson of UCLA in 1979. The initial experimental designs for a "wakefield" accelerator were conceived at UCLA by Chandrashekhar J. Joshi et al. Current experimental devices show accelerating gradients several orders of magnitude better than current particle accelerators over very short distances, and about one order of magnitude better (1 GeV/m vs 0.1 GeV/m for an RF accelerator) at the one meter scale.
Plasma accelerators have immense promise for innovation of affordable and compact accelerators for various applications ranging from high energy physics to medical and industrial applications. Medical applications include betatron and free-electron light sources for diagnostics or radiation therapy and protons sources for hadron therapy. Plasma accelerators generally use wakefields generated by plasma density waves. However, plasma accelerat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%20locomotive%20class%20AA20 | The AA20 was a one-off steam locomotive constructed by the Soviet Union.
Wheel arrangement
The AA20 was a "4-14-4" (Russian notation: 2-7-2) locomotive (using the Whyte notation classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement). It featured four leading wheels, fourteen coupled driving wheels (seven axles) in a rigid frame, and four trailing wheels.
Equivalent classifications in other notations would have been:
UIC classification: 2G2 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
French classification: 272
Turkish classification: 711
Swiss classification: 7/11
Russian classification: 2-7-2
History
Prerequisites for the appearance of a steam locomotive
By the 1930s On Soviet railways, the requirements for traction and train speed increased significantly . The existing steam locomotives of type 0-5-0 ( series E ) and type 1-5-0 , the adhesion weight of which did not exceed 85 tons, were no longer able to fully cope with the increased volume of transportation. There was an urgent need to replace them with much more powerful locomotives.
Different groups of specialists proposed different solutions. So, some suggested leaving five driving wheel pairs on the locomotive and only increasing the load from the axle on the rails , while strengthening the railway track . Others insisted on keeping the load from the driving wheel sets within 20 tons, while increasing their number. Both groups of specialists did not take into account that at that time the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitase | Aconitase (aconitate hydratase; ) is an enzyme that catalyses the stereo-specific isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a non-redox-active process.
Structure
Aconitase, displayed in the structures in the right margin of this page, has two slightly different structures, depending on whether it is activated or inactivated. In the inactive form, its structure is divided into four domains. Counting from the N-terminus, only the first three of these domains are involved in close interactions with the [3Fe-4S] cluster, but the active site consists of residues from all four domains, including the larger C-terminal domain. The Fe-S cluster and a anion also reside in the active site. When the enzyme is activated, it gains an additional iron atom, creating a [4Fe-4S] cluster. However, the structure of the rest of the enzyme is nearly unchanged; the conserved atoms between the two forms are in essentially the same positions, up to a difference of 0.1 angstroms.
Function
In contrast with the majority of iron-sulfur proteins that function as electron carriers, the iron-sulfur cluster of aconitase reacts directly with an enzyme substrate. Aconitase has an active [Fe4S4]2+ cluster, which may convert to an inactive [Fe3S4]+ form. Three cysteine (Cys) residues have been shown to be ligands of the [Fe4S4] centre. In the active state, the labile iron ion of the [Fe4S4] cluster is not coordinated by Cys but by water molecules.
The iron-res |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20capacity%20ratio | In thermal physics and thermodynamics, the heat capacity ratio, also known as the adiabatic index, the ratio of specific heats, or Laplace's coefficient, is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure () to heat capacity at constant volume (). It is sometimes also known as the isentropic expansion factor and is denoted by (gamma) for an ideal gas or (kappa), the isentropic exponent for a real gas. The symbol is used by aerospace and chemical engineers.
where is the heat capacity, the molar heat capacity (heat capacity per mole), and the specific heat capacity (heat capacity per unit mass) of a gas. The suffixes and refer to constant-pressure and constant-volume conditions respectively.
The heat capacity ratio is important for its applications in thermodynamical reversible processes, especially involving ideal gases; the speed of sound depends on this factor.
Thought experiment
To understand this relation, consider the following thought experiment. A closed pneumatic cylinder contains air. The piston is locked. The pressure inside is equal to atmospheric pressure. This cylinder is heated to a certain target temperature. Since the piston cannot move, the volume is constant. The temperature and pressure will rise. When the target temperature is reached, the heating is stopped. The amount of energy added equals , with representing the change in temperature.
The piston is now freed and moves outwards, stopping as the pressure inside the chamber reaches at |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20hammerhead | The great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran) is the largest species of hammerhead shark, belonging to the family Sphyrnidae, attaining an average length of and reaching a maximum length of . It is found in tropical and warm temperate waters worldwide, inhabiting coastal areas and the continental shelf. The great hammerhead can be distinguished from other hammerheads by the shape of its "hammer" (called the "cephalofoil"), which is wide with an almost straight front margin, and by its tall, sickle-shaped first dorsal fin. A solitary, strong-swimming apex predator, the great hammerhead feeds on a wide variety of prey ranging from crustaceans and cephalopods, to bony fish, to smaller sharks. Observations of this species in the wild suggest that the cephalofoil functions to immobilize stingrays, a favored prey. This species has a viviparous mode of reproduction, bearing litters of up to 50 pups every two years.
Although potentially dangerous, the great hammerhead rarely attacks humans and can sometimes behave inquisitively toward divers. This shark is heavily fished for its large fins, which are valuable on the Chinese market as the main ingredient of shark fin soup. As a result, great hammerhead populations are declining substantially worldwide, and it has been assessed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as of 2019.
Taxonomy and phylogeny
The great hammerhead was first described as Zygaena mokarran in 1837 by German naturalist Ed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yae%20Fujimoto | , known as Yae, is a Japanese singer, mainly known outside Japan for having performed the theme songs for the GameCube role-playing video game Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles.
Biography
Yae is the second daughter of the singer and musician and the activist .
She studied modern dance during high school, and decided to become a singer in 1999. She started singing in restaurants and bars, by which time she had formed a band and expanded her musical style. In June 2000, she debuted with the album "new Aeon".
In March 2018, as a member of the activist team "MOTHER EARTH", he was appointed as an ambassador for the Ministry of the Environment's "Let's connect and support Mori Satokawa Sea project".
Discography
Albums
2000 new Aeon
2003 Blue Line
2004 Yae -flowing to the sky-
2004 aloha nui
2006 Yae: Live
Singles and extended plays
2000 Kaze No Michi
2003 Na mo naki Kimi he
2003 Kaze No Ne and Hoshizukiyo (Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles, opening and ending theme songs)
2005 Koi no Sanbusaku
2010 あいをよる おもいをつむぐ
Other appearances
2001 Blasa,
2004 and ,
References
External links
Yae's official site
Profile at Square Enix Music Online
1975 births
Living people
Video game musicians
Singers from Tokyo
Anime singers
Anime musicians
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoxolone | Enoxolone (INN, BAN; also known as glycyrrhetinic acid or glycyrrhetic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derivative of the beta-amyrin type obtained from the hydrolysis of glycyrrhizic acid, which was obtained from the herb liquorice. It is used in flavoring and it masks the bitter taste of drugs like aloe and quinine. It is effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer and also has expectorant (antitussive) properties. It has some additional pharmacological properties with possible antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and antibacterial activities.
Mechanism of action
Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits the enzymes (15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and delta-13-prostaglandin) that metabolize the prostaglandins PGE-2 and PGF-2α to their respective, inactive 15-keto-13,14-dihydro metabolites. This increases prostaglandins in the digestive system. Prostaglandins inhibit gastric secretion, stimulate pancreatic secretion and mucous secretion in the intestines, and markedly increase intestinal motility. They also cause cell proliferation in the stomach. The effect on gastric acid secretion, and promotion of mucous secretion and cell proliferation shows why licorice has potential in treating peptic ulcers.
Licorice should not be taken during pregnancy, because PGF-2α stimulates activity of the uterus during pregnancy and can cause abortion.
The structure of glycyrrhetinic acid is similar to that of cortisone. Both molecules are flat and similar at positions 3 and 11. This might be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20irreducibility%20theorem | In number theory, Hilbert's irreducibility theorem, conceived by David Hilbert in 1892, states that every finite set of irreducible polynomials in a finite number of variables and having rational number coefficients admit a common specialization of a proper subset of the variables to rational numbers such that all the polynomials remain irreducible. This theorem is a prominent theorem in number theory.
Formulation of the theorem
Hilbert's irreducibility theorem. Let
be irreducible polynomials in the ring
Then there exists an r-tuple of rational numbers (a1, ..., ar) such that
are irreducible in the ring
Remarks.
It follows from the theorem that there are infinitely many r-tuples. In fact the set of all irreducible specializations, called Hilbert set, is large in many senses. For example, this set is Zariski dense in
There are always (infinitely many) integer specializations, i.e., the assertion of the theorem holds even if we demand (a1, ..., ar) to be integers.
There are many Hilbertian fields, i.e., fields satisfying Hilbert's irreducibility theorem. For example, number fields are Hilbertian.
The irreducible specialization property stated in the theorem is the most general. There are many reductions, e.g., it suffices to take in the definition. A result of Bary-Soroker shows that for a field K to be Hilbertian it suffices to consider the case of and absolutely irreducible, that is, irreducible in the ring Kalg[X,Y], where Kalg is the algebraic closure of K.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphon | An orphon is a gene located outside the main chromosomal locus, i.e., it may be dispersed to an unconnected genomic location.
Orphons have been found in both protein-coding and non-protein-coding gene families, which suggests that most gene transcription processes do not constitute a restriction on the development of orphons. Extensive polymorphism in this feature between individuals of the same species was shown. The gene class was first discovered in yeast, sea urchins, and fruitflies, and has since been reported from the genome of many other eukaryote groups including molluscs, amphibians, and mammals including humans.
References
Genes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20point%20%28thermodynamics%29 | In thermodynamics, a critical point (or critical state) is the end point of a phase equilibrium curve. One example is the liquid–vapor critical point, the end point of the pressure–temperature curve that designates conditions under which a liquid and its vapor can coexist. At higher temperatures, the gas cannot be liquefied by pressure alone. At the critical point, defined by a critical temperature Tc and a critical pressure pc, phase boundaries vanish. Other examples include the liquid–liquid critical points in mixtures, and the ferromagnet–paramagnet transition (Curie temperature) in the absence of an external magnetic field.
Liquid–vapor critical point
Overview
For simplicity and clarity, the generic notion of critical point is best introduced by discussing a specific example, the vapor–liquid critical point. This was the first critical point to be discovered, and it is still the best known and most studied one.
The figure to the right shows the schematic P-T diagram of a pure substance (as opposed to mixtures, which have additional state variables and richer phase diagrams, discussed below). The commonly known phases solid, liquid and vapor are separated by phase boundaries, i.e. pressure–temperature combinations where two phases can coexist. At the triple point, all three phases can coexist. However, the liquid–vapor boundary terminates in an endpoint at some critical temperature Tc and critical pressure pc. This is the critical point.
The critical point of water o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20Note | The Deep Note is the sound trademark of THX Ltd., being a distinctive synthesized crescendo that glissandos from a relatively narrow frequency spread (about 200–400 Hz) to a broader frequency spread (of about three octaves). It was created by James A. Moorer, a former employee of Lucasfilm's Computer Division (later known as Pixar Animation Studios) in late 1982. The sound is used on trailers for THX-certified movie theaters, home video releases, video games, and in-car entertainment systems.
The Deep Note was partially previewed on the opening track of the 1983 album The Digital Domain: A Demonstration, where it was included among sound effects that were combined with the Deep Note itself. The Deep Note debuted later that same year at the premiere of Return of the Jedi in Los Angeles.
Description
The U.S. trademark registration for the first version of the sound contains this description of it:
In 1992, the Deep Note was registered as a trademark by the United States Patent and Trademark Office.
The sound is perceived as louder than it actually is; sound designer and re-recording mixer Gary Rydstrom explains that, "from a technical standpoint, 'Deep Note' just feels loud because it has a spectrum of frequencies that grows from small to large."
Although Moorer had initially claimed that the score consisted of about 20,000 lines of code, he subsequently corrected the statement and elaborated:
Millennium version (2000)
In fall 1999, THX released the trailer Broadway 2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome%20display | Ribosome display is a technique used to perform in vitro protein evolution to create proteins that can bind to a desired ligand. The process results in translated proteins that are associated with their mRNA progenitor which is used, as a complex, to bind to an immobilized ligand in a selection step. The mRNA-protein hybrids that bind well are then reverse transcribed to cDNA and their sequence amplified via PCR. The result is a nucleotide sequence that can be used to create tightly binding proteins.
Ribosome display process
Ribosome display begins with a native library of DNA sequences coding for polypeptides. Each sequence is transcribed, and then translated in vitro into polypeptide. However, the DNA library coding for a particular library of binding proteins is genetically fused to a spacer sequence lacking a stop codon before its end. The lack of a stop codon prevents release factors from binding and triggering the disassembly of the translational complex. So, this spacer sequence stays attached to the peptidyl tRNA and occupies the ribosomal tunnel, and thus allows the protein of interest to protrude out of the ribosome and fold. What results is a complex of mRNA, ribosome, and protein which can bind to surface-bound ligand. This complex is stabilized with the lowering of temperature and the addition of cations such as Mg2+.
During the subsequent binding, or panning, stages, the complex is introduced to surface-bound ligand. This can be accomplished several ways, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock%20hardening | Shock hardening is a process used to strengthen metals and alloys, wherein a shock wave produces atomic-scale defects in the material's crystalline structure. As in cold work, these defects interfere with the normal processes by which metallic materials yield (plasticity), making materials stiffer, but more brittle. When compared to traditional cold work, such an extremely rapid process results in a different class of defect, producing a much harder material for a given change in shape. If the shock wave applies too great a force for too long, however, the rarefaction front that follows it can form voids in the material due to hydrostatic tension, weakening the material and often causing it to spall. Since voids nucleate at large defects, such as oxide inclusions and grain boundaries, high-purity samples with a large grain size (especially single crystals) are able to withstand greater shock without spalling, and can therefore be made much harder.
Shock hardening has been observed in many contexts:
Explosive forging uses the detonation of a high explosive charge to create a shockwave. This effect is used to harden rail track cast components and, coupled with the Misznay-Schardin effect, in the operation of explosively forged penetrators. Greater hardening can be achieved by using a lower quantity of an explosive with greater brisance, so that the force applied is greater but the material spends less time in hydrostatic tension.
Laser shock, similar to inertial confine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundancy%20%28information%20theory%29 | In information theory, redundancy measures the fractional difference between the entropy of an ensemble , and its maximum possible value . Informally, it is the amount of wasted "space" used to transmit certain data. Data compression is a way to reduce or eliminate unwanted redundancy, while forward error correction is a way of adding desired redundancy for purposes of error detection and correction when communicating over a noisy channel of limited capacity.
Quantitative definition
In describing the redundancy of raw data, the rate of a source of information is the average entropy per symbol. For memoryless sources, this is merely the entropy of each symbol, while, in the most general case of a stochastic process, it is
in the limit, as n goes to infinity, of the joint entropy of the first n symbols divided by n. It is common in information theory to speak of the "rate" or "entropy" of a language. This is appropriate, for example, when the source of information is English prose. The rate of a memoryless source is simply , since by definition there is no interdependence of the successive messages of a memoryless source.
The absolute rate of a language or source is simply
the logarithm of the cardinality of the message space, or alphabet. (This formula is sometimes called the Hartley function.) This is the maximum possible rate of information that can be transmitted with that alphabet. (The logarithm should be taken to a base appropriate for the unit of measurement |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonado | Carbonado, commonly known as black diamond, is one of the toughest forms of natural diamond. It is an impure, high-density, micro-porous form of polycrystalline diamond consisting of diamond, graphite, and amorphous carbon, with minor crystalline precipitates filling pores and occasional reduced metal inclusions. Titanium nitride (TiN, osbornite) has been found in carbonado. It is found primarily in alluvial deposits where it is most prominent in mid-elevation equatorial regions such as Central African Republic and in Brazil, where the vast majority of carbonado diamondites have been found. Its natural colour is black or dark grey, and it is more porous than other diamonds.
Unusual properties
Carbonado diamonds are typically pea-sized or larger porous aggregates of many tiny black crystals. The most characteristic carbonados are mined in the Central African Republic and in Brazil, in neither place associated with kimberlite, the source of typical gem diamonds. Lead isotope analyses have been interpreted as documenting crystallization of carbonados about 3 billion years ago; yet carbonado is found in younger sedimentary rocks.
Mineral grains included within diamonds have been studied extensively for clues to diamond origin. Some typical diamonds contain inclusions of common mantle minerals such as pyrope and forsterite, but such mantle minerals have not been observed in carbonado. In contrast, some carbonados contain authigenic inclusions of minerals characteristic of the Ea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A2M | A2M may refer to:
The a2 Milk Company, an ASX listed company which sells dairy products, including baby formula
α2-Macroglobulin, a gene with the ability to inhibit all four classes of proteinases by a unique "trapping" mechanism
Artificial Mind and Movement, a Canadian games development company
Ass to mouth, a sexual act
See also
American Association of Independent Music, abbreviated to A2IM |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling%20error | In statistics, sampling errors are incurred when the statistical characteristics of a population are estimated from a subset, or sample, of that population. Since the sample does not include all members of the population, statistics of the sample (often known as estimators), such as means and quartiles, generally differ from the statistics of the entire population (known as parameters). The difference between the sample statistic and population parameter is considered the sampling error. For example, if one measures the height of a thousand individuals from a population of one million, the average height of the thousand is typically not the same as the average height of all one million people in the country.
Since sampling is almost always done to estimate population parameters that are unknown, by definition exact measurement of the sampling errors will not be possible; however they can often be estimated, either by general methods such as bootstrapping, or by specific methods incorporating some assumptions (or guesses) regarding the true population distribution and parameters thereof.
Description
Sampling Error
The sampling error is the error caused by observing a sample instead of the whole population. The sampling error is the difference between a sample statistic used to estimate a population parameter and the actual but unknown value of the parameter.
Effective Sampling
In statistics, a truly random sample means selecting individuals from a population with an equiva |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredholm%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Fredholm's theorems are a set of celebrated results of Ivar Fredholm in the Fredholm theory of integral equations. There are several closely related theorems, which may be stated in terms of integral equations, in terms of linear algebra, or in terms of the Fredholm operator on Banach spaces.
The Fredholm alternative is one of the Fredholm theorems.
Linear algebra
Fredholm's theorem in linear algebra is as follows: if M is a matrix, then the orthogonal complement of the row space of M is the null space of M:
Similarly, the orthogonal complement of the column space of M is the null space of the adjoint:
Integral equations
Fredholm's theorem for integral equations is expressed as follows. Let be an integral kernel, and consider the homogeneous equations
and its complex adjoint
Here, denotes the complex conjugate of the complex number , and similarly for . Then, Fredholm's theorem is that, for any fixed value of , these equations have either the trivial solution or have the same number of linearly independent solutions , .
A sufficient condition for this theorem to hold is for to be square integrable on the rectangle (where a and/or b may be minus or plus infinity).
Here, the integral is expressed as a one-dimensional integral on the real number line. In Fredholm theory, this result generalizes to integral operators on multi-dimensional spaces, including, for example, Riemannian manifolds.
Existence of solutions
One of Fredholm's theorems, closely |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RF%20switch | An RF switch or microwave switch is a device to route high frequency signals through transmission paths. RF (radio frequency) and microwave switches are used extensively in microwave test systems for signal routing between instruments and devices under test (DUT). Incorporating a switch into a switch matrix system enables you to route signals from multiple instruments to single or multiple DUTs. This allows multiple tests to be performed with the same setup, eliminating the need for frequent connects and disconnects. The entire testing process can be automated, increasing the throughput in high-volume production environments.
Like other electrical switches, RF and microwave switches provide different configurations for many different applications. Below is a list of typical switch configurations and usage:
Single pole, double throw (SPDT or 1:2) switches route signals from one input to two output paths.
Multiport switches or single pole, multiple throw (SPnT) switches allow a single input to multiple (three or more) output paths.
Transfer switches or double pole, double throw (DPDT) switches can serve various purposes.
Bypass switches insert or remove a test component from a signal path.
RF CMOS switches are crucial to modern wireless telecommunication, including wireless networks and mobile communication devices. Infineon's bulk CMOS RF switches sell over 1billion units annually, reaching a cumulative 5billion units, .
Technologies
The two main kinds of RF and micr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Montenegro | One Montenegro (full legal name: One Crna Gora DOO) is a mobile phone operator in Montenegro.
History
In November 1995, PTT of Montenegro and European Telecom Luxembourg signed a contract on establishing a limited liability company in the aim of obtaining a mobile telephony license in Montenegro. Then in January 1996, consortium ETL and PTT of Montenegro obtained a 20-year concession for establishing a GSM 900 mobile network in Montenegro. Then ProMonte was founded two months later, in March 1996. ProMonte went live on July 10, 1996. The first mobile telephony call made in Montenegro was on July 10, 1996. In December 2001, ProMonte obtained a 15-year license, letting it use GSM 900 and DCS 1800. At the same time, PTT of Montenegro sold ETL its 9% of ProMonte shares. On August 11, 2004, Telenor has completed the acquisition of an additional 55.9% of the shares in ProMonte, and became the 100% owner of ProMonte. ProMonte was rebranded as Telenor on May 18, 2010.
In January 2018, the company's management confirmed media reports that there is interest in sale of Telenor's business in Southeast Europe, including Telenor Montenegro. In March 2018, Telenor sold its business in Southeast Europe (Bulgaria, Hungary, Montenegro and Serbia) to the investment fund PPF, for a sum of 2.8 billion euros.
As of December 2021. Telenor in Montenegro is part of 4iG. After the purchase, 4iG transferred the ownership to Antenna Hungária. The company has more than 1,900 employees.
On March 1, 2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20pressure%20cell%20press | The French pressure cell press, or French press, is an apparatus used in biological experimentation to disrupt the plasma membrane of cells by passing them through a narrow valve under high pressure. The French press can also be used for disintegration of chloroplasts, homogenates of animal tissue, and other biological particles. It is capable of disrupting cell walls while leaving the cell nucleus undisturbed. The French press was invented by Charles Stacy French of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.
The press uses an external hydraulic pump to drive a piston within a larger cylinder that contains the liquid sample. The highly pressurized sample is then squeezed past a needle valve. As the sample passes through the valve, the fluid experiences shear stress and decompression, causing cellular disruption. The major components of a French press are made of stainless steel to prevent sample contamination.
A French press is commonly used to break the resilient plasma membrane and cell walls of bacteria and other microorganisms for isolation of proteins and other cellular components. The disruption of cells in a French press generates 'inside-out' membrane vesicles which are required for many in vitro biochemical assays. The cell is typically chilled overnight before use to preserve enzymatic activities.
Disadvantages of the press include that it is not well suited for processing large sample volumes, and is somewhat difficult to operate as a result of the large weight |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill%20Them%20All%20and%20Come%20Back%20Alone | Kill Them All and Come Back Alone (Italian: Ammazzali tutti e torna solo) is a 1968 Italian Spaghetti Western film directed by Enzo G. Castellari. It stars American actors Chuck Connors and Frank Wolff, and features a film score by Francesco De Masi.
Synopsis
During the American Civil War, Clyde McKay recruits a group of skilled fighters and unrepentant murderers to steal a box of gold from a Union Western camp that the Confederate States of America are coveting on. McKay is ordered by Confederate Intelligence Captain Lynch that once he has completed his mission he is to "kill them all and come back alone". Lynch leads the unsuspecting group on their mission, which faces not only the Union Army, but a large amount of double-crosses along the way.
Cast
Chuck Connors as Clyde McKay/Link
Frank Wolff as Captain Lynch
Franco Citti as Hoagy
Leo Anchóriz as Deker/Dexter
Giovanni Cianfriglia (as Ken Wood) as Blade
Alberto Dell'Acqua as the Kid
Hercules Cortez as Bogard
Furio Menicori (as Men Fury) as Buddy
Alfonso Rojas as Sergeant
John Bartha as Prison camp captain
Vincenzo Maggio as Soldier
Osiride Pevarello as Soldier
Sergio Citti as Soldier
Antonio Molino Rojo as Soldier
Pietro Torrisi as Soldier
Ugo Adinolfi
C. Fantoni
Releases
Wild East Productions released this on a limited edition DVD in 2008.
References
External links
1968 films
Spaghetti Western films
1960s Italian-language films
English-language Italian films
1960s English-language films
Films dir |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Forsberg | Michael Forsberg is conservation photographer who has dedicated 25 years of his life to photograph America's Great Plains, once one of the greatest grassland ecosystems on Earth. He is best known for his images of the Great Plains, wildlife, landscapes, sandhill cranes, and watersheds. His images have been featured in publications including National Geographic, Audubon, Outdoor Photographer, and the Nature Conservancy.
See also
Conservation photography
Nature photography
Wildlife photography
References
External links
Michael Forsberg Photography
International League of Conservation Photographers
North American Nature Photographers Association
A gallery of 24 photographs from The Great Plains: America's Lingering Wild
American photographers
Artists from Nebraska
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halotrichite | Halotrichite, also known as feather alum, is a highly hydrated sulfate of aluminium and iron. Its chemical formula is FeAl2(SO4)4·22H2O. It forms fibrous monoclinic crystals. The crystals are water-soluble.
It is formed by the weathering and decomposition of pyrite commonly near or in volcanic vents. The locations of natural occurrences include: the Atacama Desert, Chile; Dresden in Saxony, Germany; San Juan County, Utah; Iceland and Mont Saint-Hilaire, Canada.
The name is from Latin: halotrichum for salt hair which accurately describes the precipitate/evaporite mineral.
Gallery
References
Saint-Hilaire
Mineral Atlas
Iron(II) minerals
Aluminium minerals
Sulfate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot%20305 | The Peugeot 305 is a medium-sized car produced by the French automaker Peugeot from 1977 to 1989. It was offered as a four-door saloon, five-door estate, and as a three-door van derivative.
History
Origins
During the mid 1970s, the motoring press speculated that a new Peugeot would soon arrive, in order to update the company's model lineup, in an attempt to make the Peugeot more internationally appealing. Since Peugeot had only recently discontinued their long-running 404 model, many people thought that the purpose of the new car would to fill the gap, previously occupied by the 404, between the 304 and 504 models, to compete against cars like the Ford Cortina/Taunus and Renault 12. It therefore would have been natural for the new car to be called the 405, commencing a new "05" generation of Peugeot models. The car was to be developed from and use the running gear from the smaller 304, but in terms of size and price, it was to succeed the already-defunct 404, especially considering that the top model in the new range would cost more than the entry-level 504, and that the 304 would remain in production some time after the new car was introduced. Instead of being called the 405, the new car was called the 305. When it made its press début in November 1977, the motoring press were initially confused as to why it was called a 305 rather than a 405, but it sold well anyway.
It was similar in size to its French competitor the Renault 18, which was launched around the same time. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin%20mononucleotide | Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as the prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases, including NADH dehydrogenase, as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors. During the catalytic cycle, a reversible interconversion of the oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH•), and reduced (FMNH2) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases. FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers. In its role as blue-light photo receptor, (oxidized) FMN stands out from the 'conventional' photo receptors as the signaling state and not an E/Z isomerization.
It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues. It requires more energy to produce, but is more soluble than riboflavin. In cells, FMN occurs freely circulating but also in several covalently bound forms. Covalently or non-covalently bound FMN is a cofactor of many enzymes playing an important pathophysiological role in cellular metabolism. For example dissociation of flavin mononucleotide from mitochondrial complex I has been shown to occur during ischemia/reperfusion brain injury during stroke.
Food additive
Flavin mononucleotide is also used as an orange-red food colour additive, designated in Europe as E number E101a.
E106, a very closely related food dye, is riboflavin-5′-phosphate sodium |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkness%20%28surname%29 | Harkness is a Scottish surname. Its etymology is probably from the Old English personal name Hereca (a derivative of the various compound names with the first element here army) plus the Old English næss headland, cape. The name is first recorded along the Cumbrian border (1350). By the 15th century they were firmly established in Nithsdale area of Dumfriesshire. James Harkness of Locherben led the rescue in 1684 of a group of Covenanters who were being taken for trial in Edinburgh. For this act his brother was hanged the following year.
Tartans
There are two tartans that are recognized for the Harknesses of Nithsdale clan. One is the traditional red, and the other is the "ancient" blue. Both tartans were created by Harvey Harkness Rulien in 1982.
Family name
People with the surname include:
Alistair Harkness - an Australian politician
Anna M. Harkness - an American philanthropist
Anthony Harkness - an American inventor
Charles W. Harkness - heir to Standard Oil fortune and namesake of Harkness Tower at Yale University
Daniel Harkness - an American university professor
Daniel M. Harkness - an American businessman and early Standard Oil investor
Deborah Harkness - Author and historian
Douglas Harkness - a Canadian politician
Edward Harkness - an American philanthropist
Georgia Harkness - an American Christian theologian
H. W. Harkness – an American mycologist and natural historian
Hilary Harkness – an American painter
James Harkness (disambiguation)
Jerry Harkness (1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGMP-dependent%20protein%20kinase | cGMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase G (PKG) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is activated by cGMP. It phosphorylates a number of biologically important targets and is implicated in the regulation of smooth muscle relaxation, platelet function, sperm metabolism, cell division, and nucleic acid synthesis.
Genes and proteins
PKG are serine/threonine kinases that are present in a variety of eukaryotes ranging from the unicellular organism Paramecium to humans. Two PKG genes, coding for PKG type I (PKG-I) and type II (PKG-II), have been identified in mammals. The N-terminus of PKG-I is encoded by two alternatively spliced exons that specify for the PKG-Iα and PKG-Iβ isoforms. PKG-Iβ is activated at ~10-fold higher cGMP concentrations than PKG-Iα. The PKG-I and PKG-II are homodimers of two identical subunits (~75 kDa and ~85 kDa, respectively) and share common structural features.
Each subunit is composed of three functional domains:
(1) an N-terminal domain that mediates homodimerization, suppression of the kinase activity in the absence of cGMP, and interactions with other proteins including protein substrates
(2) a regulatory domain that contains two non-identical cGMP-binding sites
(3) a kinase domain that catalyzes the phosphate transfer from ATP to the hydroxyl group of a serine/threonine side chain of the target protein
Binding of cGMP to the regulatory domain induces a conformational change which stops the inhibition of the catalytic cor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituparna%20Sengupta | Rituparna Sengupta is Indian actress and producer who is known for her work in Bengali, Odia and Hindi cinema. One of the most successful actresses of Bengali cinema, she rode the crest of her box office success in the late 1990s. She has received several awards including a National Award, two Filmfare Awards East, and four BFJA Awards.
Initially promoted as the carbon copy of Satabdi Roy, Sengupta made her screen debut opposite Kushal Chakraborty in the Bengali fantasy TV series Shwet Kapot (1989) directed by the latter and broadcast on DD Bangla. She made her big screen debut opposite Bijay Mohanty in the Odia film Kotia Manish Gotiye Jaga (1991) directed by Vijay Bhaskar. Throughout her career, she featured in a host of National Award-winning Bengali films such as Shwet Patharer Thala (1992), Lathi (1996), Dahan (1997), Paromitar Ek din, (2000), Mondo Meyer Upakhyan (2002) and Anuranan (2006). She made her Bollywood debut with Partho Ghosh's Teesra Kaun (1994). She had a very successful on screen collaboration with Prosenjit, Chiranjeet and Manna. She featured opposite Prosenjit for the first time in Bhijoy Bhaskar's Nagpanchami (1994) which was a major commercial success. Her other major hits opposite Prosenjit include Abujh Mon (1996), Moner Manush (1997), Pabitra Papi (1997), Baba Keno Chakar (1998), Daay Dayitwa (1999), Sindur Khela (1999), Sudhu Ekbar Bolo (1999), Tumi Ele Tai (1999), Sasurbari Zindabad (2000) and Praktan (2016). Her first collaboration with Chiranje |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMK | CAMK, also written as CaMK or CCaMK, is an abbreviation for the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase class of enzymes. CAMKs are activated by increases in the concentration of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) and calmodulin. When activated, the enzymes transfer phosphates from ATP to defined serine or threonine residues in other proteins, so they are serine/threonine-specific protein kinases. Activated CAMK is involved in the phosphorylation of transcription factors and therefore, in the regulation of expression of responding genes. CAMK also works to regulate the cell life cycle (i.e. programmed cell death), rearrangement of the cell's cytoskeletal network, and mechanisms involved in the learning and memory of an organism.
Types
There are 2 common types of CAM Kinase proteins: specialized and multi-functional CAM kinases.
Substrate-specific CAM Kinases only have one target that they can phosphorylate, such as myosin light chain kinases. This group of proteins includes CAMK III. More on CAMKIII can be found following this link.
Multi-functional CAM Kinases have multiple targets they can phosphorylate and are found in processes including the secretion of neurotransmitters, metabolism of glycogen, and the regulation of various transcription factors. CAMK II is the main protein in this subset. More on CAMKII can be found following this link.
Substrate phosphorylation
Once calcium concentrations in the cell rise, CAM kinases become saturated and bind the maximum of fou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Oceanic%20languages | The Western Oceanic languages is a linkage of Oceanic languages, proposed and studied by .
Classification
The West Oceanic linkage is made up of three sub-linkages:
North New Guinea linkage
Meso-Melanesian linkage
Papuan Tip linkage
The center of dispersal was evidently near the Willaumez Peninsula on the north coast of New Britain.
Notes
References
Oceanic languages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channeling | Channeling, or channelling, may refer to:
Science
Channelling (physics), the process that constrains the path of a charged particle in a crystalline solid
Metabolite or substrate channeling in biochemistry and cell physiology
Other
Legal channeling, a contractual or legal redirection of responsibilities from an organization to another
Mediumship, influences attributed to esoteric communications via a person described as a medium or channel
Chopping and channeling of an automobile's body
See also
Channel (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFPL%20%28AM%29 | CFPL is a radio station owned by Corus Entertainment and based in London, Ontario, Canada. Transmitter power is 10,000 watts daytime, 5,000 watts nighttime. Broadcast frequency is 980 AM. CFPL uses a four-tower directional antenna with differing patterns during the day and night. The station primarily airs news, and talk programming, as well as London Knights hockey and Toronto Blue Jays games. The studios are located in downtown London, while its transmitter is located south of London at Wellington Road and Scotland Drive.
History
Originally CJGC, the station first went on the air at approximately 698 kHz, at a time when wavelength was usually used rather than frequency. It later changed to 910 kHz, then, to avoid interference from a Mexican station at 909, moved to 595 kHz, which it maintained until it merged with CKOK Windsor to become CKLW in April 1933. During the 1920s and early 1930s, CJGC airtime was used from time to time by CNRL, a phantom station of the Canadian National Railways.
In September 1933, the merger was dissolved and a new transmitter at 730 kHz went on the air with the call sign CFPL. The station was an affiliate of the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission from 1933 to 1936 when it became an affiliate of the new Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. It was an affiliate of the CBC's Dominion Network from 1944 to 1962 before that network was integrated into CBC Radio and then remained a CBC Radio affiliate for several years. The station changed frequency |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARP | PARP may refer to:
Poly ADP ribose polymerase, an enzyme
Procyclic acidic repetitive protein, a type of protein in Trypanosoma parasites
Parp (onomatopoeic), a sound |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly%20%28ADP-ribose%29%20polymerase | Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a family of proteins involved in a number of cellular processes such as DNA repair, genomic stability, and programmed cell death.
Members of PARP family
The PARP family comprises 17 members (10 putative). They vary greatly in structure and function within the cell.
PARP1, PARP2, VPARP (PARP4), Tankyrase-1 and -2 (PARP-5a or TNKS, and PARP-5b or TNKS2) have a confirmed PARP activity.
Others include PARP3, , TIPARP (or "PARP7"), PARP8, , PARP10, , PARP12, , , and PARP16.
Structure
PARP is composed of four domains of interest: a DNA-binding domain, a caspase-cleaved domain (see below), an auto-modification domain, and a catalytic domain.
The DNA-binding domain is composed of two zinc finger motifs. In the presence of damaged DNA (base pair-excised), the DNA-binding domain will bind the DNA and induce a conformational shift. It has been shown that this binding occurs independent of the other domains. This is integral in a programmed cell death model based on caspase cleavage inhibition of PARP. The auto-modification domain is responsible for releasing the protein from the DNA after catalysis. Also, it plays an integral role in cleavage-induced inactivation.
Functions
The main role of PARP (found in the cell nucleus) is to detect and initiate an immediate cellular response to metabolic, chemical, or radiation-induced single-strand DNA breaks (SSB) by signaling the enzymatic machinery involved in the SSB repair.
Once PARP detects a S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenase | A hydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyses the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen (H2), as shown below:
Hydrogen uptake () is coupled to the reduction of electron acceptors such as oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxide (), and fumarate. On the other hand, proton reduction () is coupled to the oxidation of electron donors such as ferredoxin (FNR), and serves to dispose excess electrons in cells (essential in pyruvate fermentation). Both low-molecular weight compounds and proteins such as FNRs, cytochrome c3, and cytochrome c6 can act as physiological electron donors or acceptors for hydrogenases.
Structural classification
It has been estimated that 99% of all organisms utilize hydrogen, H2. Most of these species are microbes and their ability to use H2 as a metabolite arises from the expression of metalloenzymes known as hydrogenases. Hydrogenases are sub-classified into three different types based on the active site metal content: iron-iron hydrogenase, nickel-iron hydrogenase, and iron hydrogenase.
Hydrogenases catalyze, sometimes reversibly, H2 uptake. The [FeFe] and [NiFe] hydrogenases are true redox catalysts, driving H2 oxidation and proton (H+) reduction (equation ), the [Fe] hydrogenases catalyze the reversible heterolytic cleavage of H2 shown by reaction ().
Although originally believed to be "metal-free", the [Fe]-only hydrogenases contain Fe at the active site and no iron-sulfur clusters. [NiFe] and [FeFe] hydrogenases have some common features in th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid-beta%20precursor%20protein | Amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons. It functions as a cell surface receptor and has been implicated as a regulator of synapse formation, neural plasticity, antimicrobial activity, and iron export. It is coded for by the gene APP and regulated by substrate presentation. APP is best known as the precursor molecule whose proteolysis generates amyloid beta (Aβ), a polypeptide containing 37 to 49 amino acid residues, whose amyloid fibrillar form is the primary component of amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients.
Genetics
Amyloid-beta precursor protein is an ancient and highly conserved protein. In humans, the gene APP is located on chromosome 21 and contains 18 exons spanning 290 kilobases. Several alternative splicing isoforms of APP have been observed in humans, ranging in length from 639 to 770 amino acids, with certain isoforms preferentially expressed in neurons; changes in the neuronal ratio of these isoforms have been associated with Alzheimer's disease. Homologous proteins have been identified in other organisms such as Drosophila (fruit flies), C. elegans (roundworms), and all mammals. The amyloid beta region of the protein, located in the membrane-spanning domain, is not well conserved across species and has no obvious connection with APP's native-state biological functions.
Mutations in critical regions of amyloid precursor protein, in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenger%20receptor%20%28immunology%29 | Scavenger receptors are a large and diverse superfamily of cell surface receptors. Its properties were first recorded in 1970 by Drs. Brown and Goldstein, with the defining property being the ability to bind and remove modified low density lipoproteins (LDL). Today scavenger receptors are known to be involved in a wide range of processes, such as: homeostasis, apoptosis, inflammatory diseases and pathogen clearance. Scavenger receptors are mainly found on myeloid cells and other cells that bind to numerous ligands, primarily endogenous and modified host-molecules together with pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs), and remove them. The Kupffer cells in the liver are particularly rich in scavenger receptors, includes SR-A I, SR-A II, and MARCO.
Function
The scavenger receptor superfamily is defined by its ability to recognize and bind a broad range of common ligands. These ligands include: polyanionic ligands including lipoproteins, apoptotic cells, cholesterol ester, phospholipids, proteoglycans, ferritin, and carbohydrates. This broad recognition range allows scavenger receptors to play an important role in homeostasis and the combating of diseases. This is accomplished via the recognition of various PAMP's and DAMP's, which leads to the removal or scavenging of pathogens with the recognition of PAMP's and the removal of apoptotic cells, self reactive antigens and the products of oxidative stress with the recognition of DAMP's.
In atherosclerotic lesions, macroph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Mode | Edna "E" Mode is a fictional character in Pixar's animated superhero film The Incredibles (2004) and its sequel Incredibles 2 (2018). She is an eccentric fashion designer renowned for designing the costumes of several famous superheroes, having worked particularly closely with Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl (Bob and Helen Parr), with whom she has maintained a strong friendship. When the couple resumes their superheroic careers after fifteen years, Edna is summoned out of retirement to aid both characters, first by equipping Mr. Incredible with a new costume and then by restoring Elastigirl's confidence in herself as a superheroine.
Edna was created by writer/director Brad Bird to explain how The Incredibles' superheroes obtain their costumes, a topic he believes is rarely explored in superhero films convincingly. Bird also decided to voice the character himself after several actresses originally considered for the role failed to replicate Edna's unique accent. (Lily Tomlin, his choice, told him he was best.) The director understood that, in addition to fashion expertise, the character would need to demonstrate proficiency in science, engineering and technology in order to create costumes capable of withstanding the trials of superheroic activities, and ultimately conceived her as a short, confident character of both German and Japanese descent based on these countries' reputations as small yet powerful nations. Inspired by Q from the James Bond franchise, Edna is widely beli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20presidents%20of%20the%20United%20States%20by%20date%20of%20death | The following is a list of presidents of the United States by date of death, plus additional lists of presidential death related statistics. Of the 45 people who have served as President of the United States since the office came into existence in 1789, 39 have diedeight of them while in office.
The oldest president at the time of death was George H. W. Bush, who died at the age of . John F. Kennedy, assassinated at the age of , was the nation's shortest-lived president; the youngest to have died by natural causes was James K. Polk, who died of cholera at the age of .
Presidents in order of death
Died same day, date, year, age
Same day
July 4, 1826: Thomas Jefferson at 12:50 p.m., and John Adams at 6:20 p.m.
Same date
March 8: Millard Fillmore in 1874 and William Howard Taft in 1930
July 4: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson in 1826, and James Monroe in 1831
December 26: Harry S. Truman in 1972 and Gerald Ford in 2006
Same calendar year
1826: Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, both on July 4
1862: John Tyler and Martin Van Buren, on January 18 and July 24 respectively
1901: Benjamin Harrison and William McKinley, on March 13 and September 14 respectively
Same age (rounded down to nearest year)
93: Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan
90: John Adams and Herbert Hoover
78: Andrew Jackson and Dwight D. Eisenhower
71: John Tyler and Grover Cleveland
67: George Washington, Benjamin Harrison and Woodrow Wilson
64: Franklin Pierce and Lyndon B. Johnson
63: Ulysses S. Gran |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geobiology | Geobiology is a field of scientific research that explores the interactions between the physical Earth and the biosphere. It is a relatively young field, and its borders are fluid. There is considerable overlap with the fields of ecology, evolutionary biology, microbiology, paleontology, and particularly soil science and biogeochemistry. Geobiology applies the principles and methods of biology, geology, and soil science to the study of the ancient history of the co-evolution of life and Earth as well as the role of life in the modern world. Geobiologic studies tend to be focused on microorganisms, and on the role that life plays in altering the chemical and physical environment of the pedosphere, which exists at the intersection of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and/or cryosphere. It differs from biogeochemistry in that the focus is on processes and organisms over space and time rather than on global chemical cycles.
Geobiological research synthesizes the geologic record with modern biologic studies. It deals with process - how organisms affect the Earth and vice versa - as well as history - how the Earth and life have changed together. Much research is grounded in the search for fundamental understanding, but geobiology can also be applied, as in the case of microbes that clean up oil spills.
Geobiology employs molecular biology, environmental microbiology, organic geochemistry, and the geologic record to investigate the evolutionary interconnectedness of life an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiresolution%20analysis | A multiresolution analysis (MRA) or multiscale approximation (MSA) is the design method of most of the practically relevant discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) and the justification for the algorithm of the fast wavelet transform (FWT). It was introduced in this context in 1988/89 by Stephane Mallat and Yves Meyer and has predecessors in the microlocal analysis in the theory of differential equations (the ironing method) and the pyramid methods of image processing as introduced in 1981/83 by Peter J. Burt, Edward H. Adelson and James L. Crowley.
Definition
A multiresolution analysis of the Lebesgue space consists of a sequence of nested subspaces
that satisfies certain self-similarity relations in time-space and scale-frequency, as well as completeness and regularity relations.
Self-similarity in time demands that each subspace Vk is invariant under shifts by integer multiples of 2k. That is, for each the function g defined as also contained in .
Self-similarity in scale demands that all subspaces are time-scaled versions of each other, with scaling respectively dilation factor 2k-l. I.e., for each there is a with .
In the sequence of subspaces, for k>l the space resolution 2l of the l-th subspace is higher than the resolution 2k of the k-th subspace.
Regularity demands that the model subspace V0 be generated as the linear hull (algebraically or even topologically closed) of the integer shifts of one or a finite number of generating functions or . Those integer s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20allocations%20changes%20under%20NARBA | The North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) took effect on March 29, 1941, requiring nearly all radio stations in North America to change frequency. This article details the major Canadian allocations changes under NARBA.
The principal reason for Canada in entering the NARBA negotiations was to gain more clear-channel allocations for Canadian stations, particularly for the CBC, which at that time was both Canada's public broadcaster and also its broadcasting regulator. Up to that point, these allocations had been dominated by commercial stations from the United States. Canada had only six clear-channel frequencies: 540, 690, 730, 840, 910, and 1050, of which 540, 730, and 910 were shared with Mexico, and 1050 was shared with the United States.
The result of the treaty for Canada was to add new clear-channel allocations at 740, 990, and 1010; with the expansion of the AM band to 1605 kHz, Canada would later add 1580.
Most stations throughout North America were minimally affected by the allocations changes. Their channels simply moved up (or in a few cases down) the dial to a new frequency which was shared (or not) with the same stations as were there before. Major Canadian cities, however, saw more changes, as the creation of the three new clear channels invited a reshuffle of channels among the existing broadcasters. (No new Canadian stations were licensed as a part of this process.) The major changes were as follows:
In the Maritimes, CBA in Sackvi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNY | PNY or pny may refer to:
PNY Technologies, an American manufacturer of computer components
PNY, an alternative name of Beta-amyrin synthase, an enzyme
PNY, the IATA airport code for the Pondicherry Airport
pny, the ISO 639-3 code for the Pinyin language |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20twenty-first%20problem | The twenty-first problem of the 23 Hilbert problems, from the celebrated list put forth in 1900 by David Hilbert, concerns the existence of a certain class of linear differential equations with specified singular points and monodromic group.
Statement
The original problem was stated as follows (English translation from 1902):
Proof of the existence of linear differential equations having a prescribed monodromic group
In the theory of linear differential equations with one independent variable z, I wish to indicate an important problem one which very likely Riemann himself may have had in mind. This problem is as follows: To show that there always exists a linear differential equation of the Fuchsian class, with given singular points and monodromic group. The problem requires the production of n functions of the variable z, regular throughout the complex z-plane except at the given singular points; at these points the functions may become infinite of only finite order, and when z describes circuits about these points the functions shall undergo the prescribed linear substitutions. The existence of such differential equations has been shown to be probable by counting the constants, but the rigorous proof has been obtained up to this time only in the particular case where the fundamental equations of the given substitutions have roots all of absolute magnitude unity. has given this proof, based upon Poincaré's theory of the Fuchsian zeta-functions. The theory of linear diffe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary%20event | In probability theory, the complement of any event A is the event [not A], i.e. the event that A does not occur. The event A and its complement [not A] are mutually exclusive and exhaustive. Generally, there is only one event B such that A and B are both mutually exclusive and exhaustive; that event is the complement of A. The complement of an event A is usually denoted as A′, Ac, A or . Given an event, the event and its complementary event define a Bernoulli trial: did the event occur or not?
For example, if a typical coin is tossed and one assumes that it cannot land on its edge, then it can either land showing "heads" or "tails." Because these two outcomes are mutually exclusive (i.e. the coin cannot simultaneously show both heads and tails) and collectively exhaustive (i.e. there are no other possible outcomes not represented between these two), they are therefore each other's complements. This means that [heads] is logically equivalent to [not tails], and [tails] is equivalent to [not heads].
Complement rule
In a random experiment, the probabilities of all possible events (the sample space) must total to 1— that is, some outcome must occur on every trial. For two events to be complements, they must be collectively exhaustive, together filling the entire sample space. Therefore, the probability of an event's complement must be unity minus the probability of the event. That is, for an event A,
Equivalently, the probabilities of an event and its complement must always |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolyzed%20protein | Hydrolyzed protein is a solution derived from the hydrolysis of a protein into its component amino acids and peptides. While many means of achieving this exist, most common is prolonged heating with hydrochloric acid, sometimes with an enzyme such as pancreatic protease to simulate the naturally occurring hydrolytic process.
Uses
Protein hydrolysis is a useful route to the isolation of individual amino acids. Examples include cystine from hydrolysis of hair, tryptophane from casein, histidine from red blood cells, and arginine from gelatin.
Common hydrolyzed products used in food are hydrolyzed vegetable protein and yeast extract, which are used as flavor enhancers because the hydrolysis of the protein produces free glutamic acid. Some hydrolyzed beef protein powders are used for specialized diets.
Protein hydrolysis can be used to modify the allergenic properties of infant formula. Reducing the size of cow milk proteins in the formula makes it more suitable for consumption by babies suffering from milk protein intolerance. The US FDA has approved a label for this usage of partially-hydrolyzed proteins in 2017, but a meta-analysis published the same year shows insufficient evidence for this use.
Hydrolyzed protein is also used in certain specially formulated hypoallergenic pet foods, notably dog foods for dogs and puppies that suffer from allergies caused by certain protein types in standard commercial dog food brands. The protein contents of the foods are split into pept |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%28II%29%20acetate | Lead(II) acetate, also known as lead acetate, lead diacetate, plumbous acetate, sugar of lead, lead sugar, salt of Saturn, or Goulard's powder, is a white crystalline chemical compound with a slightly sweet taste. Its chemical formula is usually expressed as or , where Ac represents the acetyl group. Like many other lead compounds, it is toxic. Lead acetate is soluble in water and glycerin. With water it forms the trihydrate, , a colourless or white efflorescent monoclinic crystalline substance.
The substance is used as a reagent to make other lead compounds and as a fixative for some dyes. In low concentrations, it is the principal active ingredient in progressive types of hair colouring dyes. Lead(II) acetate is also used as a mordant in textile printing and dyeing, and as a drier in paints and varnishes. It was historically used as a sweetener and preservative in wines and in other foods and for cosmetics.
Production
Lead(II) acetate can be made by boiling elemental lead in acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. This method will also work with lead(II) carbonate or lead(II) oxide.
Lead(II) acetate can also be made by dissolving lead(II) oxide in acetic acid:
Lead(II) acetate can also be made via a single displacement reaction between copper acetate and lead metal:
Structure
The crystal structure of anhydrous lead(II) acetate has been described as a 2D coordination polymer. In comparison, lead(II) acetate trihydrate's structure is a 1D coordination polymer. In the trihydr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease-activated%20receptor | Protease-activated receptors (PAR) are a subfamily of related G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by cleavage of part of their extracellular domain. They are highly expressed in platelets, and also on endothelial cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, myocytes, neurons, and tissues that line the gastrointestinal tract.
Protease-activated receptors PAR are not to be mistaken with PAR proteins, a group of regulators of cellular polarity named after their associated partitioning phenotype.
Classification
There are four mammalian members of the protease-activated receptor (PAR) family: PAR1 - encoded by the gene F2R, PAR2 - F2RL1, PAR3 - F2RL2 and PAR4 - F2RL3, all these genes have their locus on chromosome 5 except of PAR4, which is on chromosome 19. The protease specificities, expression patterns, and functions of each PAR vary across a range of tissues and cell types. They are also members of the seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily, and are expressed throughout the body.
History
When scientists were researching the process of blood clotting in the late 1980s, they made the discovery of protease-activated receptors (PARs). A novel protein that was activated by thrombin, a crucial part of the clotting cascade, was discovered by a research team at the University of California, San Francisco in 1991. The team was directed by Shaun Coughlin. This protein, which was eventually given the designation protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), was the firs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon%20condensate | In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the gluon condensate is a non-perturbative property of the QCD vacuum which could be partly responsible for giving masses to light mesons.
If the gluon field tensor is represented as Gμν, then the gluon condensate is the vacuum expectation value . It is not clear yet whether this condensate is related to any of the known phase changes in quark matter. There have been scattered studies of other types of gluon condensates, involving a different number of gluon fields.
For more on the context in which this quantity occurs, see the article on the QCD vacuum.
See also
Quantum chromodynamics
QCD vacuum and chiral condensates
Vacuum in quantum field theory
Quark–gluon plasma
QCD matter
References
Quantum chromodynamics
Quark matter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyapatite | Hydroxyapatite (IMA name: hydroxylapatite) (Hap, HAp, or HA) is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite with the formula , often written to denote that the crystal unit cell comprises two entities. It is the hydroxyl endmember of the complex apatite group. The ion can be replaced by fluoride or chloride, producing fluorapatite or chlorapatite. It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system. Pure hydroxyapatite powder is white. Naturally occurring apatites can, however, also have brown, yellow, or green colorations, comparable to the discolorations of dental fluorosis.
Up to 50% by volume and 70% by weight of human bone is a modified form of hydroxyapatite, known as bone mineral. Carbonated calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite is the main mineral of which dental enamel and dentin are composed. Hydroxyapatite crystals are also found in pathological calcifications such as those found in breast tumors, as well as calcifications within the pineal gland (and other structures of the brain) known as corpora arenacea or "brain sand".
Chemical synthesis
Hydroxyapatite can be synthesized via several methods, such as wet chemical deposition, biomimetic deposition, sol-gel route (wet-chemical precipitation) or electrodeposition. The hydroxyapatite nanocrystal suspension can be prepared by a wet chemical precipitation reaction following the reaction equation below:
The ability to synthetically replicate hydroxyapatite has invaluable clinical implications, especially in den |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichtelite | Fichtelite is a rare white mineral found in fossilized wood from Bavaria. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system. It is a cyclic hydrocarbon: dimethyl-isopropyl-perhydrophenanthrene, C19H34. It is very soft with a Mohs hardness of 1, the same as talc. Its specific gravity is very low at 1.032, just slightly denser than water.
It was first described in 1841 and named for the location, Fichtelgebirge, Bavaria, Germany. It has been reported from fossilized pine wood from a peat bog and in organic-rich modern marine sediments.
References
Organic minerals
Diterpenes
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 4
Phenanthrenes
Minerals described in 1841 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defaka%20language | Defaka is an endangered and divergent Nigerian language of uncertain classification. It is spoken in the Opobo–Nkoro LGA of Rivers State, in the Defaka or Afakani ward of Nkọrọ town and Ịwọma Nkọrọ. The low number of Defaka speakers, coupled with the fact that other languages dominate the region where Defaka is spoken, edges the language near extinction on a year-to-year basis. It is generally classified in an Ijoid branch of the Niger–Congo family. However, the Ijoid proposal is problematic. Blench (2012) notes that "Defaka has numerous external cognates and might be an isolate or independent branch of Niger–Congo which has come under Ịjọ influence."
People
Ethnically, the Defaka people are distinct from the Nkoroo, but they have assimilated to Nkoroo culture to such a degree that their language seems to be the only sign of a distinct Defaka identity. Use of the Defaka language however is quickly receding in favour of the language of the Nkoroo, an Ijaw language. Nowadays, most Defaka speakers are elderly people, and even among these, Defaka is rarely spoken — the total number of Defaka speakers is at most 200 nowadays (SIL/Ethnologue 15th ed.). The decrease in use of Defaka is stronger in Nkoroo town than in the Iwoma area. Since the language communities between Defaka and Nkoroo are so intertwined, it is hard to determine which language influences the other. All children grow up speaking Nkoroo (an Ijo language) as a first language. The next most used language among the D |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID3%20algorithm | In decision tree learning, ID3 (Iterative Dichotomiser 3) is an algorithm invented by Ross Quinlan used to generate a decision tree from a dataset. ID3 is the precursor to the C4.5 algorithm, and is typically used in the machine learning and natural language processing domain
Algorithm
The ID3 algorithm begins with the original set as the root node. On each iteration of the algorithm, it iterates through every unused attribute of the set and calculates the entropy or the information gain of that attribute. It then selects the attribute which has the smallest entropy (or largest information gain) value. The set is then split or partitioned by the selected attribute to produce subsets of the data. (For example, a node can be split into child nodes based upon the subsets of the population whose ages are less than 50, between 50 and 100, and greater than 100.) The algorithm continues to recurse on each subset, considering only attributes never selected before.
Recursion on a subset may stop in one of these cases:
every element in the subset belongs to the same class; in which case the node is turned into a leaf node and labelled with the class of the examples.
there are no more attributes to be selected, but the examples still do not belong to the same class. In this case, the node is made a leaf node and labelled with the most common class of the examples in the subset.
there are no examples in the subset, which happens when no example in the parent set was found to m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4.5%20algorithm | C4.5 is an algorithm used to generate a decision tree developed by Ross Quinlan. C4.5 is an extension of Quinlan's earlier ID3 algorithm. The decision trees generated by C4.5 can be used for classification, and for this reason, C4.5 is often referred to as a statistical classifier. In 2011, authors of the Weka machine learning software described the C4.5 algorithm as "a landmark decision tree program that is probably the machine learning workhorse most widely used in practice to date".
It became quite popular after ranking #1 in the Top 10 Algorithms in Data Mining pre-eminent paper published by Springer LNCS in 2008.
Algorithm
C4.5 builds decision trees from a set of training data in the same way as ID3, using the concept of information entropy. The training data is a set of already classified samples. Each sample consists of a p-dimensional vector , where the represent attribute values or features of the sample, as well as the class in which falls.
At each node of the tree, C4.5 chooses the attribute of the data that most effectively splits its set of samples into subsets enriched in one class or the other. The splitting criterion is the normalized information gain (difference in entropy). The attribute with the highest normalized information gain is chosen to make the decision. The C4.5 algorithm then recurses on the partitioned sublists.
This algorithm has a few base cases.
All the samples in the list belong to the same class. When this happens, it simply crea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGD | OGD may refer to:
8-oxoguanine deaminase (8-OGD), an enzyme
Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, a diagnostic endoscopic procedure
Ogden-Hinckley Airport (IATA airport code), Ogden, Utah, United States
Organization and Guidance Department, an organizational committee of the Workers' Party of Korea, the ruling party of North Korea
Open government data
OGD Pictures, a Nigerian film company founded by Tade Ogidan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution | Distribution may refer to:
Mathematics
Distribution (mathematics), generalized functions used to formulate solutions of partial differential equations
Probability distribution, the probability of a particular value or value range of a variable
Cumulative distribution function, in which the probability of being no greater than a particular value is a function of that value
Frequency distribution, a list of the values recorded in a sample
Inner distribution, and outer distribution, in coding theory
Distribution (differential geometry), a subset of the tangent bundle of a manifold
Distributed parameter system, systems that have an infinite-dimensional state-space
Distribution of terms, a situation in which all members of a category are accounted for
Distributivity, a property of binary operations that generalises the distributive law from elementary algebra
Distribution (number theory)
Distribution problems, a common type of problems in combinatorics where the goal is to enumerate the number of possible distributions of objects to recipients, subject to various conditions; see Twelvefold way
Computing and telecommunications
Distribution (concurrency), the projection operator in a history monoid, a representation of the histories of concurrent computer processes
Data distribution or dissemination, to distribute information without direct feedback
Digital distribution, publishing media digitally
Distributed computing, the coordinated use of physically distributed computers ( |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speeds%20of%20sound%20of%20the%20elements | The speed of sound in any chemical element in the fluid phase has one temperature-dependent value. In the solid phase, different types of sound wave may be propagated, each with its own speed: among these types of wave are longitudinal (as in fluids), transversal, and (along a surface or plate) extensional.
Speed of sound, solid phase
Speed of sound, fluid phases
See also
Notes
Ref. CRC: Values are "at room temperature" unless noted, and "for normal atmospheric pressure" ("at 1 atm" for gases).
Ref. WEL: Values refer to "where possible". Midpoint values are substituted if ranges were given in their original reference. Not specified further, it is assumed from the values that all (except fluids) are for the speed of sound in a thin rod.
References
Sources
WEL
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from this source:
G.V. Samsonov (Ed.) in Handbook of the physicochemical properties of the elements, IFI-Plenum, New York, USA, 1968.
CRC
As quoted from various sources in an online version of:
David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Speed of Sound in Various Media
CR2
As quoted from this source in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Thermal Properties of Mercury
Vukalovich, M. P., et al., Thermophysical Properties of Mercur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20cru | Grand cru may refer to:
Grand cru (wine), a regional wine classification
Grand cru (food and drink) a non-official descriptor for other products such as beer and chocolate
Grand Cru (cipher), a block cipher
Grand Cru, a 2010 film starring Hailee Steinfeld
Grand cru, a 2015 album by Danish rapper L.O.C.
See also
Grand Crew, a TV situation comedy whose title is a pun on "Grand Cru"
Grand Kru County, a county in the nation of Liberia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palytoxin | Palytoxin, PTX or PLTX is an intense vasoconstrictor, and is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.
Palytoxin is a polyhydroxylated and partially unsaturated compound (8 double bonds) with a long carbon chain. It has water-soluble and fat-soluble parts, 40 hydroxy groups and 64 chiral centers. Due to chirality and possible double bond cis-trans isomerism, it has over 1021 alternative stereoisomers. It is thermostable, and treatment with boiling water does not remove its toxicity. It remains stable in aqueous solutions for prolonged periods but rapidly decomposes and loses its toxicity in acidic or alkaline solutions. It has multiple analogues with a similar structure like ostreocin-D, mascarenotoxin-A and -B.
Palytoxin occurs at least in tropics and subtropics where it is made by Palythoa corals and Ostreopsis dinoflagellates, or possibly by bacteria occurring in these organisms. It can be found in many more species like fish and crabs due to the process of biomagnification. It can also be found in organisms living close to palytoxin producing organisms like sponges, mussels, starfish and cnidaria.
People are rarely exposed to palytoxin. Exposures have happened in people who have eaten sea animals like fish and crabs, but also in aquarium hobbyists who have handled Palythoa corals incorrectly and in those who have been exposed to certain algal blooms.
Palytoxin targets the sodium-pot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Low%20Frequency%20in%20Stereo | The Low Frequency in Stereo are a post-rock group that was founded in February 2000 in Haugesund, Norway.
The band is known both in Norway and internationally and have played renowned festivals like Quart, Dour and South By Southwest
Senior Editor of Rolling Stone David Fricke described their concert in Austin, Texas in 2005 as "a mixture of the long solo elements in The Doors set to the riptide of Joy Division's "Transmission" with the surf guitar twang of Dick Dale."
Current line-up
Per Steinar Lie - bass, vocals
Ørjan Haaland - drums, vocals
Hanne Andersen - guitar, organ, vocals
Njål Clementsen - guitar, vocals
Linn Frøkedal - guitar, organ, vocals
Former members
Per Plambech Hansen - guitar (2000–2005)
Discography
Albums
The Low Frequency in Stereo (2002)
Travelling Ants who Got Eaten by Moskus (2004)
The Last Temptation Of...The Low Frequency in Stereo Vol. 1 (2006)
Futuro (2009)
Pop Obskura (2013)
Live
Live at MoldeJazz feat. Kjetil Møster (LP, 2014)
EPs
Die Electro Voice/Low Frequency 7" (2001)
Moonlanding EP 10" (2001)
Astro Kopp EP (2005)
Singles
Monkey Surprise (2006)
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20061108131218/http://www.lowfrequencyinstereo.com/
https://web.archive.org/web/20050404200349/http://www.lowfrequency.dk/
http://www.myspace.com/lowfrequencyinstereo
http://www.rec90.com/
Norwegian post-rock groups
Rune Grammofon artists
Musical groups established in 2000
2000 establishments in Norway
Musical groups from Haugesund |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan%E2%80%93K%C3%A4hler%20theorem | In mathematics, the Cartan–Kähler theorem is a major result on the integrability conditions for differential systems, in the case of analytic functions, for differential ideals . It is named for Élie Cartan and Erich Kähler.
Meaning
It is not true that merely having contained in is sufficient for integrability. There is a problem caused by singular solutions. The theorem computes certain constants that must satisfy an inequality in order that there be a solution.
Statement
Let be a real analytic EDS. Assume that is a connected, -dimensional, real analytic, regular integral manifold of with (i.e., the tangent spaces are "extendable" to higher dimensional integral elements).
Moreover, assume there is a real analytic submanifold of codimension containing and such that has dimension for all .
Then there exists a (locally) unique connected, -dimensional, real analytic integral manifold of that satisfies .
Proof and assumptions
The Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorem is used in the proof, so the analyticity is necessary.
References
Jean Dieudonné, Eléments d'analyse, vol. 4, (1977) Chapt. XVIII.13
R. Bryant, S. S. Chern, R. Gardner, H. Goldschmidt, P. Griffiths, Exterior Differential Systems, Springer Verlag, New York, 1991.
External links
R. Bryant, "Nine Lectures on Exterior Differential Systems", 1999
E. Cartan, "On the integration of systems of total differential equations," transl. by D. H. Delphenich
E. Kähler, "Introduction to the theory of systems of differ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throw%20Momma%20from%20the%20Train | Throw Momma from the Train is a 1987 American crime comedy film starring and directed by Danny DeVito in his theatrical directorial debut. The film co-stars Billy Crystal, Anne Ramsey, Rob Reiner, Branford Marsalis, Kim Greist and Kate Mulgrew.
The title comes from Patti Page's 1956 hit song, "Mama from the Train (A Kiss, A Kiss)". The film was inspired by the 1951 Alfred Hitchcock thriller Strangers on a Train, which is also seen in the film.
The film received mixed reviews, but was a commercial success. Anne Ramsey was singled out for praise for her portrayal of the overbearing Mrs. Lift; she won a Saturn Award and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.
Plot
Novelist Larry Donner struggles with writer's block due to his resentment towards his ex-wife Margaret, who took all the credit for his manuscript and received acclaim for it, while Larry, struggling to make ends meet, takes a job teaching creative writing at a community college. Owen Lift is a timid, middle-aged man who still lives with his overbearing, harsh and paranoid mother. Owen fantasizes about killing his mother but can't summon the courage to bring his desires to fruition.
As a student in Larry's class, Owen is given advice by Larry to view an Alfred Hitchcock film to gain some insight into plot development for his murder stories. He sees Strangers on a Train, in which two strangers conspire to commit a murder for each other, figuring their lack of conne |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoin%20%28organic%20compound%29 | Benzoin ( or ) is an organic compound with the formula PhCH(OH)C(O)Ph. It is a hydroxy ketone attached to two phenyl groups. It appears as off-white crystals, with a light camphor-like odor. Benzoin is synthesized from benzaldehyde in the benzoin condensation. It is chiral and it exists as a pair of enantiomers: (R)-benzoin and (S)-benzoin.
Benzoin is not a constituent of benzoin resin obtained from the benzoin tree (Styrax) or tincture of benzoin. The main component in these natural products is benzoic acid.
History
Benzoin was first reported in 1832 by Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Woehler during their research on oil of bitter almond, which is benzaldehyde with traces of hydrocyanic acid. The catalytic synthesis by the benzoin condensation was improved by Nikolay Zinin during his time with Liebig.
Uses
The main use of benzoin is as a precursor to benzil, which is used as a photoinitiator. The conversion proceeds by organic oxidation using copper(II), nitric acid, or oxone. In one study, this reaction is carried out with atmospheric oxygen and basic alumina in dichloromethane.
Benzoin also sees wide spread use in powder coating formulations, where it acts as a degassing agent during the curing stage. This action prevents surface defects such as 'pinholing'.
Benzoin can be used in the preparation of several pharmaceutical drugs including oxaprozin, ditazole, and phenytoin.
Preparation
Benzoin is prepared from benzaldehyde via the benzoin condensation.
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality%20of%20the%20District%20of%20Clare | Clare, officially named the Municipality of the District of Clare, is a district municipality in western Nova Scotia, Canada. Statistics Canada classifies the district municipality as a municipal district.
Geography
The Municipality of the District of Clare occupies the western half of Digby County. Most of the municipality's settled areas are located along St. Marys Bay, a sub-basin of the Gulf of Maine.
History
The township was settled in 1768 by Acadian families who had returned to Nova Scotia from exile.
Prior to the establishment of Clare the Mi'kmaw knew the area as Wagweiik. The mouth of Salmon River is thought to be a traditional summer settlement of the Mi'kmaw and several artifacts have been found there, as well as at Meteghan, Major's Point and other sites [2]. Place names like Hectanooga, Mitihikan (Meteghan), and Chicaben (Church Point) are found in the area. They also had a principal settlement by River Allen near Cape Sainte-Marie used for fishing and as a canoe route [3]. The Mi'kmaw also used a fishing weir system for catching mackerel and herring that they taught to the new settlers, which they continued to use until well into the 1900s, and fish drying techniques that continue today. They also caught eels, seals, clams, urchins and other sea life, as well as berries, medicinal plants and other coastal resources. As new settlers arrived in the 1760s–1780s, the Mi'kmaw were instrumental in helping the new Acadians survive and become skilled in surviving t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam7%20algorithm | Adam7 is an interlacing algorithm for raster images, best known as the interlacing scheme optionally used in PNG images. An Adam7 interlaced image is broken into seven subimages, which are defined by replicating this 8×8 pattern across the full image.
The subimages are then stored in the image file in numerical order.
Adam7 uses seven passes and operates in both dimensions, compared to only four passes in the vertical dimension used by GIF. This means that an approximation of the entire image can be perceived much more quickly in the early passes, particularly if interpolation algorithms such as bicubic interpolation are used.
History
Adam7 is named after Adam M. Costello, who suggested the method on February 2, 1995, and after the seven steps involved.
It is a rearrangement of this five-pass scheme that had earlier been proposed by Lee Daniel Crocker:
Alternative speculative proposals at the time included square spiral interlacing and using Peano curves, but these were rejected as being overcomplicated.
Passes
The pixels included in each pass, and the total pixels encoded at that point are as follows:
When rendering, the image will generally be interpolated at earlier stages, rather than just these pixels being rendered.
Related algorithms
Adam7 is a multiscale model of the data, similar to a discrete wavelet transform with Haar wavelets, though it starts from an 8×8 block, and downsamples the image, rather than decimating (low-pass filtering, then downsampling). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%20white | Lead white is a thick, opaque, and heavy white pigment composed primarily of basic lead carbonate, , with a crystalline molecular structure. It was the most widely produced and used white pigment in different parts of the world from antiquity until the nineteenth century, when it was displaced by zinc white and later by titanium white. Lead white has maintained relatively consistent production methods across times and regions, yet it has a wide range of applications in different contexts, such as home decoration, art production, and cosmetics. Given its affordability and distinctive visual qualities, lead white was particularly favored and generously used by artists in their paintings. However, most art supply companies now explicitly advise against the use of lead white because of the risk that it poses of lead poisoning. Even after this drawback was known, it continued to be used in paintings and cosmetics.
Production methods
As one of the oldest synthetically produced pigments, lead white has been artificially produced in different cultures and periods using roughly the same production methods. A common technique in antiquity involved placing lead shavings above vinegar within specially designed clay pots, allowing the acidic vapors to react with the lead. As early as 300 B.C., such preparation of lead white from metallic lead and vinegar was probably used in China and later introduced to Japan in the seventh century. In seventeenth century Holland, the "Dutch" or "stack |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotropism | Chemotropism is defined as the growth of organisms navigated by chemical stimulus from outside of the organism. It has been observed in bacteria, plants and fungi. A chemical gradient can influence the growth of the organism in a positive or negative way. Positive growth is characterized by growing towards a stimulus and negative growth is growing away from the stimulus.
Chemotropism is slightly different from Chemotaxis, the major difference being that chemotropism is related to growth, while chemotaxis is related to locomotion. A chemotropic process may have an underlying chemotactic component, as is the case with mating yeast.
Chemotropism in plants
One prime example of chemotropism is seen in plant fertilization and pollen tube elongation of angiosperms, flowering plants. Unlike animals, plants cannot move, and therefore need a delivery mechanism for sexual reproduction. Pollen, which contains the male gametophyte is transferred to another plant via insects or wind. If the pollen is compatible it will germinate and begin to grow. The ovary releases chemicals that stimulates a positive chemotropic response from the developing pollen tube. In response the tube develops a defined tip growth area that promotes directional growth and elongation of the pollen tube due to a calcium gradient. The steep calcium gradient is localized in the tip and promotes elongation and orientation of the growth. This calcium gradient is essential for the growth to occur; it has been shown tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality%20of%20the%20District%20of%20Argyle | Argyle, officially named the Municipality of the District of Argyle, is a district municipality in Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia. Statistics Canada classifies the district municipality as a municipal district.
The district municipality occupies the eastern portion of the county and is one of three municipal units - the other two being the Town of Yarmouth and the Municipality of the District of Yarmouth. Argyle is a bilingual community, in which native speakers of English and French each account for about half of the population. As of 2016, 60% of the population speaks both French and English, one of the highest rates of bilingualism in Canada.
History
Originally inhabited by the Mi'kmaq, it was called "Bapkoktek". In 1766, after his service in the French and Indian Wars, Lt. Ranald MacKinnon was given a land grant of . He called it Argyle (Argyll) because he was reminded of his previous home in the Highlands of Scotland. The township was granted in 1771.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Municipality of the District of Argyle had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Education:
No certificate, diploma or degree: 41.64%
High school certificate: 16.38%
Apprenticeship or trade certificate or diploma: 14.16%
Community college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma: 19.36%
University cer |
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