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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repressor%20lexA | Repressor LexA or LexA (Locus for X-ray sensitivity A) is a transcriptional repressor () that represses SOS response genes coding primarily for error-prone DNA polymerases, DNA repair enzymes and cell division inhibitors. LexA forms de facto a two-component regulatory system with RecA, which senses DNA damage at stalled replication forks, forming monofilaments and acquiring an active conformation capable of binding to LexA and causing LexA to cleave itself, in a process called autoproteolysis.
DNA damage can be inflicted by the action of antibiotics, bacteriophages, and UV light. Of potential clinical interest is the induction of the SOS response by antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin. Bacteria require topoisomerases such as DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV for DNA replication. Antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin are able to prevent the action of these molecules by attaching themselves to the gyrate–DNA complex, leading to replication fork stall and the induction of the SOS response. The expression of error-prone polymerases under the SOS response increases the basal mutation rate of bacteria. While mutations are often lethal to the cell, they can also enhance survival. In the specific case of topoisomerases, some bacteria have mutated one of their amino acids so that the ciprofloxacin can only create a weak bond to the topoisomerase. This is one of the methods that bacteria use to become resistant to antibiotics. Ciprofloxacin treatment can therefore potentially lead to the gen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Kirschner | Marc Wallace Kirschner (born February 28, 1945) is an American cell biologist and biochemist and the founding chair of the Department of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School. He is known for major discoveries in cell and developmental biology related to the dynamics and function of the cytoskeleton, the regulation of the cell cycle, and the process of signaling in embryos, as well as the evolution of the vertebrate body plan. He is a leader in applying mathematical approaches to biology. He is the John Franklin Enders University Professor at Harvard University. In 2021 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.
Education and early life
Kirschner was born in Chicago, Illinois, on February 28, 1945. He graduated from Northwestern University with a B.A. in chemistry in 1966. He received a Graduate Research Fellowship from the National Science Foundation in 1966 and earned a doctorate in biochemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1971.
Career and research
He held postdoctoral positions at UC Berkeley and at the University of Oxford in England. He became assistant professor at Princeton University in 1972. In 1978 he was made professor at the University of California, San Francisco. In 1993, he moved to Harvard Medical School, where he served as the chair of the new Department of Cell Biology for a decade. He became the founding chair of the HMS Department of Systems Biology in 2003. He was named the John Franklin Enders University Professor in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%20differential%20equation | In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation is called a Bernoulli differential equation if it is of the form
where is a real number. Some authors allow any real , whereas others require that not be 0 or 1. The equation was first discussed in a work of 1695 by Jacob Bernoulli, after whom it is named. The earliest solution, however, was offered by Gottfried Leibniz, who published his result in the same year and whose method is the one still used today.
Bernoulli equations are special because they are nonlinear differential equations with known exact solutions. A notable special case of the Bernoulli equation is the logistic differential equation.
Transformation to a linear differential equation
When , the differential equation is linear. When , it is separable. In these cases, standard techniques for solving equations of those forms can be applied. For and , the substitution reduces any Bernoulli equation to a linear differential equation
For example, in the case , making the substitution in the differential equation produces the equation , which is a linear differential equation.
Solution
Let and
be a solution of the linear differential equation
Then we have that is a solution of
And for every such differential equation, for all we have as solution for .
Example
Consider the Bernoulli equation
(in this case, more specifically a Riccati equation).
The constant function is a solution.
Division by yields
Changing variables gives the equation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-LRU | Pseudo-LRU or PLRU is a family of cache algorithms which improve on the performance of the Least Recently Used (LRU) algorithm by replacing values using approximate measures of age rather than maintaining the exact age of every value in the cache.
PLRU usually refers to two cache replacement algorithms: tree-PLRU and bit-PLRU.
Tree-PLRU
Tree-PLRU is an efficient algorithm to select an item that most likely has not been accessed very recently, given a set of items and a sequence of access events to the items.
This technique is used in the CPU cache of the Intel 486 and in many processors in the PowerPC family, such as Freescale's PowerPC G4 used by Apple Computer.
The algorithm works as follows: consider a binary search tree for the items in question. Each node of the tree has a one-bit flag denoting "go left to insert a pseudo-LRU element" or "go right to insert a pseudo-LRU element". To find a pseudo-LRU element, traverse the tree according to the values of the flags. To update the tree with an access to an item N, traverse the tree to find N and, during the traversal, set the node flags to denote the direction that is opposite to the direction taken.
This algorithm can be sub-optimal since it is an approximation. For example, in the above diagram with A, C, B, D cache lines, if the access pattern was: C, B, D, A, on an eviction, B would chosen instead of C. This is because both A and C are in the same half and accessing A directs the algorithm to the other half that d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvircept%20sudotox | Alvircept sudotox is a form of recombinant CD4 derived from Pneumonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, or 'PE40, which has a size of 59,187 daltons and is an anti-viral agent.
References
Glycoproteins
Clusters of differentiation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic%20angle%20spinning | In solid-state NMR spectroscopy, magic-angle spinning (MAS) is a technique routinely used to produce better resolution NMR spectra. MAS NMR consists in spinning the sample (usually at a frequency of 1 to 130 kHz) at the magic angle θm (ca. 54.74°, where cos2θm=1/3) with respect to the direction of the magnetic field.
Three main interactions responsible in solid state NMR (dipolar, chemical shift anisotropy, quadrupolar) often lead to very broad and featureless NMR lines. However, these three interactions in solids are orientation-dependent and can be averaged to some extent by MAS:
The nuclear dipolar interaction has a dependence, where is the angle between the internuclear axis and the main magnetic field. As a result, the dipolar interaction vanish at the magic angle θm and the interaction contributing to the line broadening is removed. Even though all internuclear vectors cannot be all set to the magic angle, rotating the sample around this axis produces the same effect, provided the frequency is comparable to that of the interaction. In addition, a set of spinning sidebands appear on the spectra, which are sharp lines separated from the isotropic resonance frequency by a multiple of the spinning rate.
The chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) represents the orientation-dependence of the chemical shift. Powder patterns generated by the CSA interaction can be averaged by MAS, resulting to one single resonance centred at the isotropic chemical shift (centre of mass of the p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20state%20highways%20in%20Idaho | The Idaho Transportation Department (ITD) is responsible for the establishment and classification of a state highway network, including of roads that are classified as Interstate Highways, U.S. Highways, and state highways within the state of Idaho in the United States. The current state highway marker consists of a white background, black numbering, and a solid black geographic outline of the state of Idaho.
History
During the 1920s, in lieu of numbering its highways, Idaho had a system of lettered Sampson Trails. They were marked by businessman Charles B. Sampson of Boise at no expense to the state, using orange-colored shields. By 1929, the trails system had included of marked highways that covered most of the state. By the mid-1930s, the state had adopted a more standard system of numbered state highways.
In 1978, the ITD began using brown state highway markers to denote scenic Idaho highways, in addition to the main highway markers that featured a black background and white lettering and the name "IDAHO" in black lettering inside a white geographic outline of the state. The brown markers were discontinued around 2012, and in April 2020, ITD changed the coloring of the main state highway marker to its current color scheme, also adding a wide version of the marker for three-digit highways and removing the word "IDAHO" from all markers in the process.
Sampson Trails
The following Sampson Trails were marked:
A, Boise to Wyoming via Twin Falls and Pocatello; became US |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium-doped%20yttrium%20orthovanadate | Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate (Nd:YVO4) is a crystalline material formed by adding neodymium ions to yttrium orthovanadate. It is commonly used as an active laser medium for diode-pumped solid-state lasers. It comes as a transparent blue-tinted material. It is birefringent, therefore rods made of it are usually rectangular.
As in all neodymium-doped laser crystals, the lasing action of Nd:YVO4 is due to its content of neodymium ions, which may be excited by visible or infrared light, and undergo an electronic transition resulting in emission of coherent infrared light at a lower frequency, usually at 1064 nm (other transitions in Nd are available, and can be selected for by external optics).
Basic properties
Atomic density: ~1.37×1020 atoms/cm3
Crystal structure:
zircon tetragonal (tetragonal bipyramidal)
space group D4h
a=b=7.12, c=6.29
Density: 4.22 g/cm3
Mohs hardness: Glass-like, ~5
Thermal expansion coefficient:
αa=4.43×10−6/K
αc=11.37×10−6/K
Thermal conductivity:
parallel to C-axis: 5.23 W·m−1·K−1
perpendicular to C-axis: 5.10 W·m−1·K−1
Optical properties
Lasing wavelengths: 914 nm, 1064 nm, 1342 nm
Crystal class: positive uniaxial, no=na=nb, ne=nc,
no=1.9573, ne=2.1652, at 1064 nm
no=1.9721, ne=2.1858, at 808 nm
no=2.0210, ne=2.2560, at 532 nm
Fluorescence lifetime (spontaneous emission lifetime) as a function of Nd ions concentration:
Absorption cross-section at 808 nm: 5.5×10−20 cm²
Emission cross-section at 1064 nm: 30×10−19 cm² (Reference: JOSA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20state%20highways%20in%20Vermont | The following is a list of state highways in Vermont as designated by the Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTrans). The classification of these state highways fall under three primary categories: Interstate Highways, U.S. Highways, and Vermont routes. Routes in Vermont are abbreviated as "VT #" by VTrans and also abbreviated as "VT Route #" and "Route #" in common usage. A small number of minor state highways, typically bypassing old alignments or short connector routes, are instead assigned names and unsigned four-digit numbers beginning with 9. Most state highways are maintained by VTrans; however, portions of some routes and some entire routes are maintained by local governments, such as towns or cities, instead. These town-maintained routes are internally called "state-designated town highways" and are typically designated as "class 1 town highways". Many of Vermont's state-numbered highways retain their numbers from when they were part of the New England road marking system of the 1920s; for instance, VT 9 was part of Route 9 of the New England system.
Prior to 1995, Vermont used the standard circular highway shield to sign all of its routes, which had black numerals on a white circle over a black background. In 1995, Vermont introduced a new shield for state-maintained highways—a green shield with the word "Vermont" at the top. The circular highway shield continues to be used for locally maintained routes. Some state-maintained routes are still signed with the circula |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20tensor | In electromagnetism, the electromagnetic tensor or electromagnetic field tensor (sometimes called the field strength tensor, Faraday tensor or Maxwell bivector) is a mathematical object that describes the electromagnetic field in spacetime. The field tensor was first used after the four-dimensional tensor formulation of special relativity was introduced by Hermann Minkowski. The tensor allows related physical laws to be written very concisely, and allows for the quantization of the electromagnetic field by Lagrangian formulation described below.
Definition
The electromagnetic tensor, conventionally labelled F, is defined as the exterior derivative of the electromagnetic four-potential, A, a differential 1-form:
Therefore, F is a differential 2-form—that is, an antisymmetric rank-2 tensor field—on Minkowski space. In component form,
where is the four-gradient and is the four-potential.
SI units for Maxwell's equations and the particle physicist's sign convention for the signature of Minkowski space , will be used throughout this article.
Relationship with the classical fields
The Faraday differential 2-form is given by
This is the exterior derivative of its 1-form antiderivative
,
where has ( is a scalar potential for the irrotational/conservative vector field ) and has ( is a vector potential for the solenoidal vector field ).
Note that
where is the exterior derivative, is the Hodge star, (where is the electric current density, and is the electric charg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnside%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Burnside's theorem in group theory states that if G is a finite group of order where p and q are prime numbers, and a and b are non-negative integers, then G is solvable. Hence each
non-Abelian finite simple group has order divisible by at least three distinct primes.
History
The theorem was proved by using the representation theory of finite groups. Several special cases of the theorem had previously been proved by Burnside, Jordan, and Frobenius. John Thompson pointed out that a proof avoiding the use of representation theory could be extracted from his work on the N-group theorem, and this was done explicitly by for groups of odd order, and by for groups of even order. simplified the proofs.
Proof
The following proof — using more background than Burnside's — is by contradiction. Let paqb be the smallest product of two prime powers, such that there is a non-solvable group G whose order is equal to this number.
G is a simple group with trivial center and a is not zero.
If G had a nontrivial proper normal subgroup H, then (because of the minimality of G), H and G/H would be solvable, so G as well, which would contradict our assumption. So G is simple.
If a were zero, G would be a finite q-group, hence nilpotent, and therefore solvable.
Similarly, G cannot be abelian, otherwise it would be solvable. As G is simple, its center must therefore be trivial.
There is an element g of G which has qd conjugates, for some d > 0.
By the first statement of Syl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrating%20factor | In mathematics, an integrating factor is a function that is chosen to facilitate the solving of a given equation involving differentials. It is commonly used to solve ordinary differential equations, but is also used within multivariable calculus when multiplying through by an integrating factor allows an inexact differential to be made into an exact differential (which can then be integrated to give a scalar field). This is especially useful in thermodynamics where temperature becomes the integrating factor that makes entropy an exact differential.
Use
An integrating factor is any expression that a differential equation is multiplied by to facilitate integration. For example, the nonlinear second order equation
admits as an integrating factor:
To integrate, note that both sides of the equation may be expressed as derivatives by going backwards with the chain rule:
Therefore,
where is a constant.
This form may be more useful, depending on application. Performing a separation of variables will give
This is an implicit solution which involves a nonelementary integral. This same method is used to solve the period of a simple pendulum.
Solving first order linear ordinary differential equations
Integrating factors are useful for solving ordinary differential equations that can be expressed in the form
The basic idea is to find some function, say , called the "integrating factor", which we can multiply through our differential equation in order to bring |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga%20Ladyzhenskaya | Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya (; 7 March 1922 – 12 January 2004) was a Russian mathematician who worked on partial differential equations, fluid dynamics, and the finite difference method for the Navier–Stokes equations. She received the Lomonosov Gold Medal in 2002. She is the author of more than two hundred scientific works, among which are six monographs.
Biography
Ladyzhenskaya was born and grew up in the small town of Kologriv, the daughter of a mathematics teacher who is credited with her early inspiration and love of mathematics. The artist Gennady Ladyzhensky was her grandfather's brother, also born in this town. In 1937 her father, Aleksandr Ivanovich Ladýzhenski, was arrested by the NKVD and executed as an "enemy of the people".
Ladyzhenskaya completed high school in 1939, unlike her older sisters who weren't permitted to do the same. She was not admitted to the Leningrad State University due to her father's status and attended a pedagogical institute. After the German invasion of June 1941, she taught school in Kologriv. She was eventually admitted to Moscow State University in 1943 and graduated in 1947.
She began teaching in the Physics department of the university in 1950 and defended her PhD there, in 1951, under Sergei Sobolev and Vladimir Smirnov. She received a second doctorate from the Moscow State University in 1953. In 1954, she joined the mathematical physics laboratory of the Steklov Institute and became its head in 1961.
Ladyzhenskaya had a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrilase | Nitrilase enzymes (nitrile aminohydrolase; ) catalyse the hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids and ammonia, without the formation of "free" amide intermediates. Nitrilases are involved in natural product biosynthesis and post translational modifications in plants, animals, fungi and certain prokaryotes. Nitrilases can also be used as catalysts in preparative organic chemistry. Among others, nitrilases have been used for the resolution of racemic mixtures. Nitrilase should not be confused with nitrile hydratase (nitrile hydro-lyase; ) which hydrolyses nitriles to amides. Nitrile hydratases are almost invariably co-expressed with an amidase, which converts the amide to the carboxylic acid. Consequently, it can sometimes be difficult to distinguish nitrilase activity from nitrile hydratase plus amidase activity.
Mechanism
Nitrilase was first discovered in the early 1960s for its ability to catalyze the hydration of a nitrile to a carboxylic acid. Although it was known at the time that nitrilase could operate with wide substrate specificity in producing the corresponding acid, later studies reported the first NHase (nitrile hydratase) activity exhibited by nitrilase. That is, amide compounds could also be formed via nitrile hydrolysis. Further research has revealed several conditions that promote amide formation, which are outlined below.
Early release of the enzyme-bound substrate after the first water hydrolysis followed by delayed addition of the second water
Low tem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permease | The permeases are membrane transport proteins, a class of multipass transmembrane proteins that allow the diffusion of a specific molecule in or out of the cell in the direction of a concentration gradient, a form of facilitated diffusion.
The permease binding is the first step of translocation. LacY protein from Escherichia coli is an example of a permease.
See also
Lactose permease
Beta-galactoside permease
It was originally discovered in the 1930s by Joy Adames. It is a transporter protein that helps in various aspects of cellular life including DNA replication, translation of RNA, and diffusion.
Amino acid permease
A permease (porter) is a protein or protein complex that catalyzes a vectorial reaction, irrespective of whether or not it also catalyzes a chemical or electron transfer reaction that drives the vectorial process.
References
External links
Transport proteins
Transmembrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversified%20financial | Diversified financials is a specific category of the Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) that is used by the financial community. It includes a range of consumer and commercially oriented companies offering a wide variety of financial products and services, including various lending products (such as home equity loans and credit cards), insurance, and securities and investment products.
Many of these firms in this category are non-banking financial companies, specialist organisations like stock exchanges or financial holding companies that were created through consolidation of banks, insurance companies and brokerage firms to become universal banks.
References
Financial services |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20school%20districts%20in%20Washington |
This is a complete list of school districts of in the state of Washington.
A
Aberdeen School District 5
Adna School District 226
Almira School District 17
Anacortes School District 103
Arlington School District 16
Asotin-Anatone School District 420
Auburn School District 408
B
Bainbridge Island School District 303
Battle Ground School District 119
Bellevue School District 405
Bellingham School District 501
Benge School District 122
Bethel School District 403
Bickleton School District 203
Blaine School District 503
Boistfort School District 234
Bremerton School District 100-C
Brewster School District 111
Bridgeport School District 75
Brinnon School District 46
Burlington-Edison School District 100
C
Camas School District 117
Cape Flattery School District 401
Carbonado School District 19
Cascade School District 228
Cashmere School District 222
Castle Rock School District 401
Centerville School District 215
Central Kitsap School District 401
Central Valley School District 356
Centralia School District 401
Chehalis School District 302
Cheney School District 360
Chewelah School District 36
Chimacum School District 49
Clarkston School District 250
Cle Elum-Roslyn School District 404
Clover Park School District 400
Colfax School District 300
College Place School District 250
Colton School District 306
Columbia School District (Stevens) 206
Columbia School District (Walla Walla) 400
Colville School District 115
Concrete School District 11
Conway Consolidated School District 317
C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-the-record%20messaging | Off-the-Record Messaging (OTR) is a cryptographic protocol that provides encryption for instant messaging conversations. OTR uses a combination of AES symmetric-key algorithm with 128 bits key length, the Diffie–Hellman key exchange with 1536 bits group size, and the SHA-1 hash function. In addition to authentication and encryption, OTR provides forward secrecy and malleable encryption.
The primary motivation behind the protocol was providing deniable authentication for the conversation participants while keeping conversations confidential, like a private conversation in real life, or off the record in journalism sourcing. This is in contrast with cryptography tools that produce output which can be later used as a verifiable record of the communication event and the identities of the participants. The initial introductory paper was named "Off-the-Record Communication, or, Why Not To Use PGP".
The OTR protocol was designed by cryptographers Ian Goldberg and Nikita Borisov and released on 26 October 2004. They provide a client library to facilitate support for instant messaging client developers who want to implement the protocol. A Pidgin and Kopete plugin exists that allows OTR to be used over any IM protocol supported by Pidgin or Kopete, offering an auto-detection feature that starts the OTR session with the buddies that have it enabled, without interfering with regular, unencrypted conversations. Version 4 of the protocol has been in development since 2017 by a team led |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric%20heating | Dielectric heating, also known as electronic heating, radio frequency heating, and high-frequency heating, is the process in which a radio frequency (RF) alternating electric field, or radio wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material. At higher frequencies, this heating is caused by molecular dipole rotation within the dielectric.
Mechanism
Molecular rotation occurs in materials containing polar molecules having an electrical dipole moment, with the consequence that they will align themselves in an electromagnetic field. If the field is oscillating, as it is in an electromagnetic wave or in a rapidly oscillating electric field, these molecules rotate continuously by aligning with it. This is called dipole rotation, or dipolar polarisation. As the field alternates, the molecules reverse direction. Rotating molecules push, pull, and collide with other molecules (through electrical forces), distributing the energy to adjacent molecules and atoms in the material. The process of energy transfer from the source to the sample is a form of radiative heating.
Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of the atoms or molecules in a material, so agitating the molecules in this way increases the temperature of the material. Thus, dipole rotation is a mechanism by which energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation can raise the temperature of an object. There are also many other mechanisms by which this conversion occurs.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallya | Mallya (also spelt as Mallaya) is a surname from coastal Karnataka in India. It is found among Hindus of the Goud Saraswat Brahmin community, especially of Madhva Section following Gokarna Math and Kashi Math.
History
Narayanatirtha, a Vaishnava Swamy from Udupi during the 15th Century extensively propagated Dvaita philosophy in Goa, with this the majority of Saraswats in Sasashti region became followers of Gokarna-Parthagali Math. Thus the establishment of Gokarna Matha by Narayana Tirtha Swamiji led major Goud Saraswat families (especially Kamat and Pai families) in the region to become followers of this matha.
Notable people
The following is a list of notable people with last name Mallya.
Sid Mallya (born 1987), director of the Indian Premier League cricket team Royal Challengers Bangalore and son of Vijay Mallya
U. Srinivas Mallya (1902–1965), Indian politician and architect of modern Dakshina Kannada district
Vijay Mallya (born 1955), Indian businessman and son of Vittal Mallya
Vittal Mallya (1925–1983), Indian entrepreneur and father of Vijay Mallya
Narayana Purushothama Mallaya (born 1929), Indian author known for his activism for Konkani language and literature
References
Surnames of Indian origin
Karnataka society
Konkani-language surnames |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20free%20time | Molecules in a fluid constantly collide with each other. The mean free time for a molecule in a fluid is the average time between collisions. The mean free path of the molecule is the product of the average speed and the mean free time. These concepts are used in the kinetic theory of gases to compute transport coefficients such as the viscosity.
In a gas the mean free path may be much larger than the average distance between molecules. In a liquid these two lengths may be very similar.
Scattering is a random process. It is often modeled as a Poisson process, in which the probability of a collision in a small time interval is . For a Poisson process like this, the average time since the last collision, the average time until the next collision and the average time between collisions are all equal to .
References
Statistical mechanics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup%20validation | Backup validation is the process whereby owners of computer data may examine how their data was backed up in order to understand what their risk of data loss might be. It also speaks to optimization of such processes, charging for them as well as estimating future requirements, sometimes called capacity planning.
History
Over the past several decades (leading up to 2005), organizations (banks, governments, schools, manufacturers and others) have increased their reliance more on "Open Systems" and less on "Closed Systems". For example, 25 years ago, a large bank might have most if not all of its critical data housed in an IBM mainframe computer (a "Closed System"), but today, that same bank might store a substantially greater portion of its critical data in spreadsheets, databases, or even word processing documents (i.e., "Open Systems"). The problem with Open Systems is, primarily, their unpredictable nature. The very nature of an Open System is that it is exposed to potentially thousands if not millions of variables ranging from network overloads to computer virus attacks to simple software incompatibility. Any one, or indeed several in combination, of these factors may result in either lost data and/or compromised data backup attempts. These types of problems do not generally occur on Closed Systems, or at least, in unpredictable ways. In the "old days", backups were a nicely contained affair. Today, because of the ubiquity of, and dependence upon, Open Systems, an entire |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams%27s%20p%20%2B%201%20algorithm | In computational number theory, Williams's p + 1 algorithm is an integer factorization algorithm, one of the family of algebraic-group factorisation algorithms. It was invented by Hugh C. Williams in 1982.
It works well if the number N to be factored contains one or more prime factors p such that p + 1 is smooth, i.e. p + 1 contains only small factors. It uses Lucas sequences to perform exponentiation in a quadratic field.
It is analogous to Pollard's p − 1 algorithm.
Algorithm
Choose some integer A greater than 2 which characterizes the Lucas sequence:
where all operations are performed modulo N.
Then any odd prime p divides whenever M is a multiple of , where
and
is the Jacobi symbol.
We require that , that is, D should be a quadratic non-residue modulo p. But as we don't know p beforehand, more than one value of A may be required before finding a solution. If , this algorithm degenerates into a slow version of Pollard's p − 1 algorithm.
So, for different values of M we calculate , and when the result is not equal to 1 or to N, we have found a non-trivial factor of N.
The values of M used are successive factorials, and is the M-th value of the sequence characterized by .
To find the M-th element V of the sequence characterized by B, we proceed in a manner similar to left-to-right exponentiation:
x := B
y := (B ^ 2 − 2) mod N
for each bit of M to the right of the most significant bit do
if the bit is 1 then
x := (x × y − B) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcoast | Wildcoast (stylized WiLDCOAST) is an international non-profit environmental organization that conserves coastal and marine ecosystems and wildlife.
Headquartered in Del Mar, California, Wildcoast established a Mexican division in 2007, Costasalvaje A.C. in Ensenada to manage its conservation programs in Latin America.
Charity Navigator awarded Wildcoast its four-star charity ranking. The organization received the Excellence in Organizational Development Award from Nonprofit Management Solutions in 2006. It also received the San Diego Earthworks E.A.R.T.H. Award in 2007. In 2008, Wildcoast received the Green Wave Award from the Surfer's Path Magazine.
Campaigns
Demanding an end to ocean pollution - Wildcoast's Clean Water Now! page
Protecting sharks from exploitation - Wildcoast's Sharks... Killing Machines or Victims? page
Defending the sea from toxic waste and overfishing - Wildcoast's Defiende el Mar page
Saving endangered sea turtles - Wildcoast's Sea Turtles page
Preserving the beautiful San Ignacio Lagoon - Wildcoast's Laguna San Ignacio page
Conservation programs
Wildlands conservation
One of Wildcoast's primary missions is to preserve spectacular, undeveloped coastal areas throughout the peninsula of Baja California such as Bahía de los Ángeles, Bahía Concepción, Bahía Magdalena, Laguna San Ignacio and the North Central Pacific Coast. These are some of the most ecologically important coastal areas remaining on the planet and are teeming with wildlife inc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribozyme | Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of performing a specific chemical reaction, often but not always catalytic. This is similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).
However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,
there is only little evidence for naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.
Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.
With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deox |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKF | UKF may refer to:
Unscented Kalman filter, a special case of an algorithm to handle measurements containing noise and other inaccuracies
UK funky, a genre of electronic dance music from the United Kingdom
UKF Music, an electronic music brand based in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom First, a small short-lived populist, Eurosceptic British political party
Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa, a university in Nitra, Slovakia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium%20orthovanadate | Yttrium orthovanadate (YVO4) is a transparent crystal. Undoped YVO4 is also used to make efficient high-power polarizing prisms similar to Glan–Taylor prisms.
There are two principal applications for doped Yttrium orthovanadate:
Doped with neodymium it forms Nd:YVO4, an active laser medium used in diode-pumped solid-state lasers.
Doped with europium it forms Eu:YVO4, the dominant red phosphor used in cathode ray tubes especially in color TVs.
Basic properties
Crystal structure:
Zircon tetragonal (tetragonal bipyramidal)
Space group D4h
Lattice parameters a = b = 7.119 Å, c = 6.290 Å
Density: 4.24 g/cm3
Melting point: 1810–1940 °C
Mohs hardness: glass-like, ~5
Knoop hardness: 480 kg/mm2
Thermal expansion coefficient:
αa = 4.43×10−6/K
αc = 11.37×10−6/K
Thermal conductivity coefficient:
parallel to c-axis: 5.23 W·m−1·K−1
perpendicular to c-axis: 5.10 W·m−1·K−1
Refractive indices, birefringence ( Δn = ne - no) and walk-off angle at 45° (ρ):
at 0.63 μm:
ne = 2.2154
no = 1.9929
Δn = 0.2225
ρ = 6.04
at 1.30 μm:
ne = 2.1554
no = 1.9500
Δn = 0.2054
ρ= 5.72
at 1.55 μm:
ne = 2.1486
no = 1.9447
Δn = 0.2039
ρ = 5.69
Sellmeier equation (λ in μm):
ne2=4.59905 + 0.110534/(λ2 − 0.04813) − 0.012267612 λ2
no2=3.77834 + 0.069736/(λ2 − 0.04724) − 0.0108133 λ2
See also
Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate
References
Vanadates
Yttrium compounds
Optical materials
Crystals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20Information%20Resource | The Protein Information Resource (PIR), located at Georgetown University Medical Center, is an integrated public bioinformatics resource to support genomic and proteomic research, and scientific studies. It contains protein sequences databases
History
PIR was established in 1984 by the National Biomedical Research Foundation as a resource to assist researchers and customers in the identification and interpretation of protein sequence information. Prior to that, the foundation compiled the first comprehensive collection of macromolecular sequences in the Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, published from 1964 to 1974 under the editorship of Margaret Dayhoff. Dayhoff and her research group pioneered in the development of computer methods for the comparison of protein sequences, for the detection of distantly related sequences and duplications within sequences, and for the inference of evolutionary histories from alignments of protein sequences.
Winona Barker and Robert Ledley assumed leadership of the project after the death of Dayhoff in 1983. In 1999, Cathy H. Wu joined the National Biomedical Research Foundation, and later on Georgetown University Medical Center, to head the bioinformatics efforts of PIR, and has served first as Principal Investigator and, since 2001, as Director.
For four decades, PIR has provided many protein databases and analysis tools freely accessible to the scientific community, including the Protein Sequence Database, the first international |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20rattle | Terminal respiratory secretions (or simply terminal secretions), known colloquially as a death rattle, are sounds often produced by someone who is near death as a result of fluids such as saliva and bronchial secretions accumulating in the throat and upper chest. Those who are dying may lose their ability to swallow and may have increased production of bronchial secretions, resulting in such an accumulation. Usually, two or three days earlier, the symptoms of approaching death can be observed as saliva accumulates in the throat, making it very difficult to take even a spoonful of water. Related symptoms can include shortness of breath and rapid chest movement. While death rattle is a strong indication that someone is near death, it can also be produced by other problems that cause interference with the swallowing reflex, such as brain injuries.
It is sometimes misinterpreted as the sound of the person choking to death or gargling.
Timing
This symptom most commonly appears sometime during the last 24 hours of the person's life, although some people live somewhat longer.
Management
The dying person is usually unaware of the noisy breathing and is not disturbed by it, but some healthcare providers attempt to minimize the sound for the emotional comfort of family members and caregivers. This may be done through repositioning the person, reducing the volume of IV fluids being given, or giving anticholinergic drugs to reduce secretions. In hospice and palliative care, drugs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia%20%28band%29 | Utopia was an American rock band formed in 1973 by Todd Rundgren. During its first three years, the group was a progressive rock band with a somewhat fluid membership known as Todd Rundgren's Utopia. Most of the members in this early incarnation also played on Rundgren's solo albums of the period up to 1975. By 1976, the group was known simply as Utopia and featured a stable quartet of Rundgren, Kasim Sulton, Roger Powell and John "Willie" Wilcox. This version of the group gradually abandoned progressive rock for more straightforward rock and pop.
In 1980, they had a top 40 hit with "Set Me Free". Though often thought of as a Rundgren-oriented project, all four members of Utopia wrote, sang, produced and performed on their albums; "Set Me Free", for example, was written and sung by Sulton. The group broke up in 1986, but reunited briefly in 1992. In 2011 the earlier prog-rock incarnation known as Todd Rundgren's Utopia was revived for a series of live shows. In 2018 Rundgren, Sulton, and Wilcox reunited for a tour with new keyboardist Gil Assayas under the moniker Todd Rundgren's Utopia.
History
Todd Rundgren's Utopia
On his 1973 album A Wizard, a True Star, Rundgren had sung the line "Wait another year, Utopia is here."
For a short period of time (1973–74) Todd Rundgren's Utopia consisted of Rundgren plus Hunt Sales and Tony Fox Sales together with the late David Mason (a musician from Florida, not to be confused with the former Traffic guitarist of the same name) and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHYZ-FM | CHYZ-FM is the college radio station for Université Laval, located in Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada. Its frequency is 94.3 MHz on the FM dial.
Formerly known as Radio Campus Laval, CHYZ-FM broadcasts in French. The station is run by volunteers, most of whom are Laval students. Station programming follows mostly a music radio format of many music genres.
After it was founded in 1991, when student radio programs from various university faculties merged to form Radio Campus Laval, the station launched its programming on closed circuit and cable FM. When it began broadcasting on the FM band in 1997, it became known by its call letters CHYZ. In 2000, it started broadcasting via the Internet. Since October 2005, CHYZ has been broadcasting with a 6000-watt antenna from a site at the university and, as a result, can now be heard on the FM band throughout the Greater Quebec City Area.
References
External links
CHYZ
Hyz
Hyz
Université Laval
Hyz
Radio stations established in 1997
1997 establishments in Quebec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudlee%20Creek | Cudlee Creek is a small town near Adelaide, South Australia. It is located in the Adelaide Hills Council local government area.
History
The name Cudlee Creek is probably derived from the Kaurna word kadli, meaning the Dingo Creek.
The first European inhabitants of Cudlee Creek settled in 1838, when William Kelly, from the Isle of Man, came to the area and established the Sulby Glen estate. A district history states that Sulby Glen was "...well-known for cheese-making. Quite a lot of wheat was grown; fruit trees were planted and a lot of potatoes marketed". It became a significant exporter of apples and pears, and a cold store, built in 1922 for a fruit-growers' cooperative, is the most prominent building in the town.
In 2019, a big bushfire burnt out parts of the town and the areas around it.
Geography
Cudlee Creek is located south of Chain of Ponds on the road out of Adelaide via Athelstone (Gorge Road). The ABS 2006 census records 764 people living in 304 dwellings.
Facilities
Cudlee Creek has a Soldiers Memorial Hall, Caravan Park, Pub, Tennis Courts, Golf Course and a Country Fire Station.
Points of interest:
Gorge Wildlife Park, one of the largest privately owned animal parks in Australia (opened 1965)
An old icecreamery now converted to a restaurant (opened 1890) known as the Cudlee Cafe
The popular walking trail, the Heysen Trail passes through the town
The local Primary School, Millbrook Primary School, closed in 2010 after 131 years. The population of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUKA | KUKA is a German manufacturer of industrial robots and factory automation systems owned by Chinese appliance manufacturer Midea Group.
The KUKA Robotics Corporation has 25 subsidiaries in the United States, Australia, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, India, Russia and in various European countries. The company name, KUKA, is an acronym for .
KUKA Systems GmbH, a division of KUKA, is a supplier of engineering services and automated manufacturing systems with around 3,900 employees in twelve countries globally. KUKA Systems’ plants/equipments are being used by automotive manufacturers such as BMW, GM, Chrysler, Ford, Volvo, Volkswagen, Daimler AG and Valmet Automotive and by manufacturers from other industrial sectors such as Airbus, Astrium and Siemens. The range includes products and services for task automation in the industrial processing of metallic and non-metallic materials for various industries including automotive, energy, aerospace, rail vehicles, and agricultural machinery.
History
The acetylene factory Augsburg was founded in 1898 in Augsburg, Germany, by Johann Josef Keller and Jakob Knappich for the production of low-cost domestic and municipal lighting, household appliances and automobile headlights. In 1905, the production was extended to the innovative autonomous welding equipment. After the First World War, Keller and Knappich resumed production of safety-, manual- and power-winches and began the manufacturing of large containe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrierless%20amplitude%20phase%20modulation | Carrierless amplitude phase modulation (CAP) is a variant of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). Instead of modulating the amplitude of two carrier waves, CAP generates a QAM signal by combining two PAM signals filtered through two filters designed so that their impulse responses form a Hilbert pair. If the impulse responses of the two filters are chosen as sine and a cosine, the only mathematical difference between QAM and CAP waveforms is that the phase of the carrier is reset at the beginning of each symbol. If the carrier frequency and symbol rates are similar, the main advantage of CAP over QAM is simpler implementation. The modulation of the baseband signal with the quadrature carriers is not necessary with CAP, because it is part of the transmit pulse.
Applications
CAP finds application in HDSL and in early proprietary ADSL variants. For HDSL, the American ANSI standard specifies 2B1Q rather than CAP, while the European ETSI ETR 152 and the international ITU-T G.991.2 standards specify both CAP and 2B1Q. For ADSL deployments CAP was the de facto standard up until 1996, deployed in 90 percent of ADSL installs. The standardized variants of ADSL, ANSI T1.413 Issue 2 and G.dmt, as well as the successors ADSL2, ADSL2+, VDSL2, and G.fast, do not specify CAP, but rather discrete multi-tone (DMT) modulation.
CAP used for ADSL divides the available frequency spectrum into three bands. The range from 0 to 4 kHz is allocated for POTS transmissions. The range of 25 kHz to 160 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXP3 | FOXP3 (forkhead box P3), also known as scurfin, is a protein involved in immune system responses. A member of the FOX protein family, FOXP3 appears to function as a master regulator of the regulatory pathway in the development and function of regulatory T cells. Regulatory T cells generally turn the immune response down. In cancer, an excess of regulatory T cell activity can prevent the immune system from destroying cancer cells. In autoimmune disease, a deficiency of regulatory T cell activity can allow other autoimmune cells to attack the body's own tissues.
While the precise control mechanism has not yet been established, FOX proteins belong to the forkhead/winged-helix family of transcriptional regulators and are presumed to exert control via similar DNA binding interactions during transcription. In regulatory T cell model systems, the FOXP3 transcription factor occupies the promoters for genes involved in regulatory T-cell function, and may inhibit transcription of key genes following stimulation of T cell receptors.
Structure
The human FOXP3 genes contain 11 coding exons. Exon-intron boundaries are identical across the coding regions of the mouse and human genes. By genomic sequence analysis, the FOXP3 gene maps to the p arm of the X chromosome (specifically, Xp11.23).
Physiology
Foxp3 is a specific marker of natural T regulatory cells (nTregs, a lineage of T cells) and adaptive/induced T regulatory cells (a/iTregs), also identified by other less specific markers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mcrypt | mcrypt is a replacement for the popular Unix crypt command. crypt was a file encryption tool that used an algorithm very close to the World War II Enigma cipher. Mcrypt provides the same functionality but uses several modern algorithms such as AES. Libmcrypt, Mcrypt's companion, is a library of code that contains the actual encryption functions and provides an easy method for use. The last update to libmcrypt was in 2007, despite years of unmerged patches. Maintained alternatives include ccrypt, libressl, and others.
Examples of mcrypt usage in a Linux command-line environment:
mcrypt --list # See available encryption algorithms.
mcrypt -a blowfish myfilename # Encrypts myfilename to myfilename.nc
# using the Blowfish encryption algorithm.
# You are prompted two times for a passphrase.
mcrypt -d mytextfile.txt.nc # Decrypts mytextfile.txt.nc to mytextfile.txt.
mcrypt -V -d -a enigma -o scrypt --bare # Can en/decrypt files crypted with SunOS crypt.
mcrypt --help
It implements numerous cryptographic algorithms, mostly block ciphers and stream ciphers, some of which fall under export restrictions in the United States. Algorithms include DES, Blowfish, ARCFOUR, Enigma, GOST, LOKI97, RC2, Serpent, Threeway, Twofish, WAKE, and XTEA.
See also
bcrypt
crypt (Unix)
ccrypt
scrypt
References
External links
The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphasiastrum | Diphasiastrum is a genus of clubmosses in the plant family Lycopodiaceae. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is placed in the subfamily Lycopodioideae. It is closely related to the genus Lycopodium, and some botanists treat it within a broad view of that genus as a section, Lycopodium sect. Complanata. Some species superficially resemble diminutive gymnosperms and have been given common names such as ground-pine or ground-cedar.
There are 16 species, and numerous natural hybrids in the genus; many of the hybrids are fertile, allowing their occurrence to become frequent, sometimes more so than the parent species. The basal chromosome count for this genus is n=23, which is distinctively different from other lycopods.
Several species have been used economically for their spores, which are harvested as Lycopodium powder.
Species
, the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World recognized the following species:
Diphasiastrum alpinum (L.) Holub – alpine clubmoss; circumpolar, subarctic and alpine
Diphasiastrum angustiramosum (Alderw.) Holub – New Guinea
Diphasiastrum carolinum (Lawalrée) Holub
Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub – flat-stemmed clubmoss, northern running-pine, or ground cedar; circumpolar, cool temperate
Diphasiastrum digitatum (Dill. ex A.Br.) Holub – fan clubmoss, southern running-pine, or running cedar; eastern Canada, northeastern United States, Appalachian Mountains
Diphasiastrum falcatum B.Øllg. & P.G.Windisch
Dip |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%20pressure | Ram pressure is a pressure exerted on a body moving through a fluid medium, caused by relative bulk motion of the fluid rather than random thermal motion. It causes a drag force to be exerted on the body. Ram pressure is given in tensor form as
,
where is the density of the fluid; is the momentum flux per second in the direction through a surface with normal in the direction. are the components of the fluid velocity in these directions. The total Cauchy stress tensor is the sum of this ram pressure and the isotropic thermal pressure (in the absence of viscosity).
In the simple case when the relative velocity is normal to the surface, and momentum is fully transferred to the object, the ram pressure becomes
.
Derivation
The Eulerian form of the Cauchy momentum equation for a fluid is
for isotropic pressure , where is fluid velocity, the fluid density, and the gravitational acceleration. The Eulerian rate of change of momentum in direction at a point is thus (using Einstein notation):
Substituting the conservation of mass, expressed as
,
this is equivalent to
using the product rule and the Kronecker delta . The first term in the brackets is the isotropic thermal pressure, and the second is the ram pressure.
In this context, ram pressure is momentum transfer by advection (flow of matter carrying momentum across a surface into a body). The mass per unit second flowing into a volume bounded by a surface is
and the momentum per second it carries into the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-throughput | High-throughput may refer to:
High-throughput computing, a computer science concept
High-throughput screening, a bioinformatics concept
High-throughput biology, a cell biology concept
High-throughput sequencing, DNA sequencing
Measuring data throughput, a communications concept
See also
Throughput |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate%20rock | Carbonate rocks are a class of sedimentary rocks composed primarily of carbonate minerals. The two major types are limestone, which is composed of calcite or aragonite (different crystal forms of CaCO3), and dolomite rock (also known as dolostone), which is composed of mineral dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2). They are usually classified based on texture and grain size. Importantly, carbonate rocks can exist as metamorphic and igneous rocks, too. When recrystallized carbonate rocks are metamorphosed, marble is created. Rare igneous carbonate rocks even exist as intrusive carbonatites and, even rarer, there exists volcanic carbonate lava.
Carbonate rocks are also crucial components to understanding geologic history due to processes such as diagenesis in which carbonates undergo compositional changes based on kinetic effects. The correlation between this compositional change and temperature can be exploited to reconstruct past climate as is done in paleoclimatology. Carbonate rocks can also be used for understanding various other systems as described below.
Limestone
Limestone is the most common carbonate rock and is a sedimentary rock made of calcium carbonate with two main polymorphs: calcite and aragonite. While the chemical composition of these two minerals is the same, their physical properties differ significantly due to their different crystalline form. The most common form found in the seafloor is calcite, while aragonite is more found in biological organisms.
Calcite
Calci |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor%20Manufacturing%20International%20Corporation | Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC) is a partially state-owned publicly listed Chinese pure-play semiconductor foundry company. It is the largest contract chip maker in mainland China.
SMIC is headquartered in Shanghai and incorporated in the Cayman Islands. It has wafer fabrication sites throughout mainland China, offices in the United States, Italy, Japan, and Taiwan, and a representative office in Hong Kong. It provides integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing services from 350 nm to 7 nm process technologies.
State-owned civilian and military telecommunications equipment provider Datang Telecom Group as well as the China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund are major shareholders of SMIC. Notable customers include Huawei, Qualcomm, Broadcom, and Texas Instruments. SMIC expanded in the early 2020s by building four 28 nm process fabs across China as a result of a joint venture with China's state semiconductor fund; the fabs were expected to come online in 2023 and 2024.
History
SMIC was founded on April 3, 2000, and is headquartered in Shanghai. It was incorporated in the Cayman Islands as a limited liability company. It quickly built a fully-owned plant in Shanghai, acquired a Motorola plant in Tianjin, and then began to build a fully-owned plant in Beijing. SMIC also became involved in two projects in Chengdu and Wuhan, which reversed a common pattern in Chinese development of government building, operating, then transferring industrial |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20ecology | Fire ecology is a scientific discipline concerned with the effects of fire on natural ecosystems. Many ecosystems, particularly prairie, savanna, chaparral and coniferous forests, have evolved with fire as an essential contributor to habitat vitality and renewal. Many plant species in fire-affected environments use fire to germinate, establish, or to reproduce. Wildfire suppression not only endangers these species, but also the animals that depend upon them.
Wildfire suppression campaigns in the United States have historically molded public opinion to believe that wildfires are harmful to nature. Ecological research has shown, however, that fire is an integral component in the function and biodiversity of many natural habitats, and that the organisms within these communities have adapted to withstand, and even to exploit, natural wildfire. More generally, fire is now regarded as a 'natural disturbance', similar to flooding, windstorms, and landslides, that has driven the evolution of species and controls the characteristics of ecosystems.
Fire suppression, in combination with other human-caused environmental changes, may have resulted in unforeseen consequences for natural ecosystems. Some large wildfires in the United States have been blamed on years of fire suppression and the continuing expansion of people into fire-adapted ecosystems as well as climate change. Land managers are faced with tough questions regarding how to restore a natural fire regime, but allowing wil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Waters | Crystal Waters (born November 19, 1961) is an American house and dance music singer and songwriter, best known for her 1990s dance hits "Gypsy Woman", "100% Pure Love", and 2007's "Destination Calabria" with Alex Gaudino. All three of her studio albums produced a Top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100. In December 2016, Billboard magazine ranked her as one of the most successful dance artists of all time. Her accolades include six ASCAP Songwriter awards, three American Music Award nominations, an MTV Video Music Award nod, four Billboard Music Awards and twelve No. 1 Billboard Dance Chart hits. Her hit song "Gypsy Woman” has been sampled hundreds of times. Though her music sales have yet to be re-certified, Waters has sold over 7 million records worldwide.
Life and career
Early life
Born in Deptford Township, New Jersey, Waters is the daughter of Junior Waters, a famed jazz musician, and his wife Betty. Her great-aunt, Ethel Waters, was one of the first black American vocalists to appear in mainstream Hollywood musicals. Her family moved to New Jersey for a while but they again moved to Washington, D.C. At age eleven she began writing poetry and took her writing seriously enough to be inducted into the Poetry Society of America when she was 14, the youngest person ever to receive that honor.
She studied business and computer science at Howard University, but her creative work as a musician dropped off as she found less time for it. After earning her college degree in 1989, W |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsanilic%20acid | Arsanilic acid, also known as aminophenyl arsenic acid or aminophenyl arsonic acid, is an organoarsenic compound, an amino derivative of phenylarsonic acid whose amine group is in the 4-position. A crystalline powder introduced medically in the late 19th century as Atoxyl, its sodium salt was used by injection in the early 20th century as the first organic arsenical drug, but it was soon found prohibitively toxic for human use.
Arsanilic acid saw long use as a veterinary feed additive promoting growth and to prevent or treat dysentery in poultry and swine. In 2013, its approval by US government as an animal drug was voluntarily withdrawn by its sponsors. Still sometimes used in laboratories, arsanilic acid's legacy is principally through its influence on Paul Ehrlich in launching the antimicrobial chemotherapy approach to treating infectious diseases of humans.
Chemistry
Synthesis was first reported in 1863 by Antoine Béchamp and became the basis of the Bechamp reaction. The process involves the reaction of aniline and arsenic acid via an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.
C6H5NH2 + H3AsO4 → H2O3AsC6H4NH2 + H2O
Arsanilic acid occurs as a zwitterion, H3N+C6H4AsO3H−, yet is typically represented with the non-zwitterionic formula H2NC6H4AsO3H2.
History
Roots and synthesis
Since at least 2000 BC, arsenic and inorganic arsenical compounds were both medicine and poison. In the 19th century, inorganic arsenicals became the preeminent medicines, for instan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug%20flow | In fluid mechanics, plug flow is a simple model of the velocity profile of a fluid flowing in a pipe. In plug flow, the velocity of the fluid is assumed to be constant across any cross-section of the pipe perpendicular to the axis of the pipe. The plug flow model assumes there is no boundary layer adjacent to the inner wall of the pipe.
The plug flow model has many practical applications. One example is in the design of chemical reactors. Essentially no back mixing is assumed with "plugs" of fluid passing through the reactor. This results in differential equations that need to be integrated to find the reactor conversion and outlet temperatures. Other simplifications used are perfect radial mixing and a homogeneous bed structure.
An advantage of the plug flow model is that no part of the solution of the problem can be perpetuated "upstream". This allows one to calculate the exact solution to the differential equation knowing only the initial conditions. No further iteration is required. Each "plug" can be solved independently provided the previous plug's state is known.
The flow model in which the velocity profile consists of the fully developed boundary layer is known as pipe flow. In laminar pipe flow, the velocity profile is parabolic.
Determination
For flows in pipes, if flow is turbulent then the laminar sublayer caused by the pipe wall is so thin that it is negligible. Plug flow will be achieved if the sublayer thickness is much less than the pipe diameter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lempel | Abraham Lempel (; 10 February 1936 – 4 February 2023) was an Israeli computer scientist and one of the fathers of the LZ family of lossless data compression algorithms.
Biography
Lempel was born on 10 February 1936 in Lwów, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine). He studied at Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, and received a B.Sc. in 1963, an M.Sc. in 1965, and a D.Sc. in 1967. Since 1977 he held the title of full professor, and was a professor emeritus at Technion.
His historically-important works start with the presentation of the LZ77 algorithm in a paper entitled "A Universal Algorithm for Sequential Data Compression" in the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory (May 1977), co-authored by Jacob Ziv.
Lempel was the recipient of the 1998 Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society; and the 2007 IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal for "pioneering work in data compression, especially the Lempel-Ziv algorithm".
Lempel founded HP Labs—Israel in 1994, and served as its director until October 2007.
Lempel died on 4 February 2023, one week before his 87th birthday.
Works
The LZ77 and LZ78 algorithms authored by Lempel and Jacob Ziv have led to a number of derivative works, including the Lempel–Ziv–Welch algorithm, used in the GIF image format, and the Lempel-Ziv-Markov chain algorithm, used in the 7-Zip and xz compressors. The algorithms have also been used as originally published in formats such as DEFLATE, used in the PNG image form |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20State%20Statistics%20Service%20%28Russia%29 | The Federal State Statistics Service (, Росстат/Rosstat) is the governmental statistics agency in Russia.
Since 2017, it is again part of the Ministry of Economic Development, having switched several times in the previous decades between that ministry and being directly controlled by the federal government.
History
Goskomstat (, or, in English, the State Committee for Statistics) was the centralised agency dealing with statistics in the Soviet Union. Goskomstat was created in 1987 to replace the Central Statistical Administration, while maintaining the same basic functions in the collection, analysis, publication and distribution of state statistics, including economic, social and population statistics. This renaming amounted to a formal demotion of the status of the agency.
In addition to overseeing the collection and evaluation of state statistics, Goskomstat (and its predecessors) was responsible for planning and carrying out the population and housing censuses. It carried out seven such censuses, in 1926, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979 and 1989.
House No. 39, on Ulitsa Myasnitskaya, Tsentrosoyuz building, home to Goskomstat, was designed by the Swiss-born architect Le Corbusier.
References
External links
Official website
Official website
Interstate Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States
Government agencies of Russia
Economy of the Soviet Union
Government of the Soviet Union
1987 establishments in the Soviet Union
State Committees of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9nier%20Cell | The Chénier Cell, also known as the South Shore Gang, was a Montreal-based Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) terrorist cell responsible for a decade of bombing, armed robbery and kidnapping that led to the October Crisis.
Background
The Chénier Cell was named after the Lower Canada Rebellion patriote movement leader Jean-Olivier Chénier. A violent Quebec sovereignty movement, the Chénier Cell attempted to usurp the elected Government of Quebec and create a Québécois people's uprising to establish a new Quebec state independent of Canada. The four known members of the Chénier Cell were: Paul Rose, Jacques Rose, Francis Simard and Bernard Lortie.
Timeline
On October 5, 1970, members of another Montreal-based FLQ cell, the Liberation Cell, kidnapped the United Kingdom Trade Commissioner James Richard Cross from his Montreal home.
On October 8, 1970, the FLQ Manifesto was broadcast by CBC/Radio-Canada as one of the many demands required for the release of James Cross. The manifesto criticised big business, the Catholic Church, René Lévesque, Robert Bourassa and declared Pierre Trudeau "a queer".
On October 10, 1970, the Chénier Cell kidnapped the Vice-Premier of Quebec and Labour Minister, Pierre Laporte. The kidnappers approached Laporte, while he was playing football with his nephew on his front yard and forced him into their vehicle at gunpoint. The members of the Chénier Cell believed many other Québécois people would follow them in an uprising to create an independent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrna%20krila | Srebrna krila () are a Croatian pop-rock band from Zagreb that are popular across the ex-Yugoslav states.
The band was created in 1978, with Vlado Kalember as the lead singer. Most of their Kalember-era hits were written by Đorđe Novković.
In 1988 the band represented Yugoslavia at the Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Mangup", placing at number 6.
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the band went through a series of different incarnations. Kalember left the band after their 1986 album 30 u hladu. The band disappeared for several years after the death of its leader Muc in 2000.
Srebrna krila reunited on 1 June 2012 and announced the return to the scene.
At the end of August 2012 they announced a new comeback album called "Srebrna Krila 2012".
Members of the group
Vlado Kalember: vocals, bass guitar (1978–1987, 2012–present)
Dado Jelavić: guitars (1978–1981, 1983–1988, 2012–present)
Adi Karaselimović: drums (1978–1981)
Duško Mandić: guitars (1978–1984)
Mustafa "Muc" Ismailovski: keyboards (1979–2000)
Slavko Pintarić Pišta: drums (1981–1994, 2012–present)
Lidija Asanović: vocals (1987–1989)
Oleg Colnago: bass guitar (1987–1989)
Vlatka Pokos: vocals (1989–1994)
Vlatka Grakalić: vocals (1994–2000)
Barbara Vujević: vocals (1994–1996)
Daniel Popović: guitars (1981, 5 days)
Minea: vocals (1994)
Discography
Srebrna Krila (1979)
Ja sam samo jedan od mnogih sa gitarom (1980)
Sreo sam ljubav iz prve pjesme (1980)
Ša-la-la (1981)
Julija i Romeo (compilation) (19 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostabilization | Thermostabilization may refer to:
In the food industry - preservation by heat, usually under pressure. The heat destroys all microorganisms and alters the catalytic activity of the enzymes.
In molecular biology - the resistance to heat of a molecule (enzyme). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiliaceae | Tiliaceae () is a family of flowering plants. It is not a part of the APG, APG II and APG III classifications, being sunk in Malvaceae mostly as the subfamilies Tilioideae, Brownlowioideae and Grewioideae, but has an extensive historical record of use.
All through its existence the family has had a very lively history, with various authors taking very different views on what should be part of this family. As a result, it is recommended when this name is encountered to check what the author means.
However, in the northern temperate regions the name is unambiguous as the only representative is Tilia, the lime or linden.
APG II system
The APG II system, does not recognise this as a family but submerges it in the Malvaceae sensu lato, which unites the four families Bombacaceae, Malvaceae sensu stricto, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae. Modern botanical taxonomy, such as the relevant volume in the Kubitzki series which conforms to APG, treats most of the plants that traditionally constitute the family (see above) in the subfamilies Tilioideae, Brownlowioideae, and Grewioideae within this extended family Malvaceae sensu lato. Cladistically, the traditional family Tiliaceae is polyphyletic.
de Candolle system
In the de Candolle system the circumscription of the family was:
family Tiliaceae
genus I. Sparmannia [sic: now Sparrmannia]
genus II? Abatia
genus III. Heliocarpus
genus IV. Antichorus
genus V. Corchorus
genus VI. Honckenya [sic, see Clappertonia]
genus VII. Triumfetta
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%20Martin-L%C3%B6f | Per Erik Rutger Martin-Löf (; ; born 8 May 1942) is a Swedish logician, philosopher, and mathematical statistician. He is internationally renowned for his work on the foundations of probability, statistics, mathematical logic, and computer science. Since the late 1970s, Martin-Löf's publications have been mainly in logic. In philosophical logic, Martin-Löf has wrestled with the philosophy of logical consequence and judgment, partly inspired by the work of Brentano, Frege, and Husserl. In mathematical logic, Martin-Löf has been active in developing intuitionistic type theory as a constructive foundation of mathematics; Martin-Löf's work on type theory has influenced computer science.
Until his retirement in 2009, Per Martin-Löf held a joint chair for Mathematics and Philosophy at Stockholm University.
His brother Anders Martin-Löf is now emeritus professor of mathematical statistics at Stockholm University; the two brothers have collaborated in research in probability and statistics. The research of Anders and Per Martin-Löf has influenced statistical theory, especially concerning exponential families, the expectation-maximization method for missing data, and model selection.
Per Martin-Löf received his PhD in 1970 from Stockholm University, under Andrey Kolmogorov.
Martin-Löf is an enthusiastic bird-watcher; his first scientific publication was on the mortality rates of ringed birds.
Randomness and Kolmogorov complexity
In 1964 and 1965, Martin-Löf studied in Moscow un |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Gofman | John William Gofman (21 September 1918 – 15 August 2007) was an American scientist and advocate. He was Professor Emeritus of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of California at Berkeley.
Gofman pioneered the field of clinical lipidology, and in 2007 was honored by the Journal of Clinical Lipidology with the title of "Father of Clinical Lipidology". With Frank T. Lindgren and other research associates, Gofman discovered and described three major classes of plasma lipoproteins, fat molecules that carry cholesterol in the blood. The team he led at the Donner Laboratory went on to demonstrate the role of lipoproteins in the causation of heart disease.
Gofman was instrumental in inducing the health-physics scientific community both to acknowledge the cancer risks of ionizing radiation and to adopt the Linear No-Threshold (LNT) model as a means of estimating actual cancer risks from low-level radiation and as the foundation of the international guidelines for radiation protection. However, his conclusions were that the dose-response relationship was not linear, but supra-linear.
Gofman's earliest research was in nuclear physics and chemistry, in close connection with the Manhattan Project. He codiscovered several radioisotopes, notably uranium-233 and its fissionability; he was the third person ever to work with plutonium and, having devised an early process for separating plutonium from fission products at J. Robert Oppenheimer's request, he was the first chemist eve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20paramagnetic%20resonance | Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a method for studying materials that have unpaired electrons. The basic concepts of EPR are analogous to those of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), but the spins excited are those of the electrons instead of the atomic nuclei. EPR spectroscopy is particularly useful for studying metal complexes and organic radicals. EPR was first observed in Kazan State University by Soviet physicist Yevgeny Zavoisky in 1944, and was developed independently at the same time by Brebis Bleaney at the University of Oxford.
Theory
Origin of an EPR signal
Every electron has a magnetic moment and spin quantum number , with magnetic components or . In the presence of an external magnetic field with strength , the electron's magnetic moment aligns itself either antiparallel () or parallel () to the field, each alignment having a specific energy due to the Zeeman effect:
where
is the electron's so-called g-factor (see also the Landé g-factor), for the free electron,
is the Bohr magneton.
Therefore, the separation between the lower and the upper state is for unpaired free electrons. This equation implies (since both and are constant) that the splitting of the energy levels is directly proportional to the magnetic field's strength, as shown in the diagram below.
An unpaired electron can change its electron spin by either absorbing or emitting a photon of energy such that the resonance condition, , is ob |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical%20anion | In organic chemistry, a radical anion is a free radical species that carries a negative charge. Radical anions are encountered in organic chemistry as reduced derivatives of polycyclic aromatic compounds, e.g. sodium naphthenide. An example of a non-carbon radical anion is the superoxide anion, formed by transfer of one electron to an oxygen molecule. Radical anions are typically indicated by .
Polycyclic radical anions
Many aromatic compounds can undergo one-electron reduction by alkali metals. The electron is transferred from the alkali metal ion to an unoccupied antibonding p-p п* orbital of the aromatic molecule. This transfer is usually only energetically favorable if the aprotic solvent efficiently solvates the alkali metal ion. Effective solvents are those that bind to the alkali metal cation: diethyl ether < THF < 1,2-dimethoxyethane < HMPA. In principle any unsaturated molecule can form a radical anion, but the antibonding orbitals are only energetically accessible in more extensive conjugated systems. Ease of formation is in the order benzene < naphthalene < anthracene < pyrene, etc. Salts of the radical anions are often not isolated as solids but used in situ. They are usually deeply colored.
Naphthalene in the form of
Lithium naphthalene is obtained from the reaction of naphthalene with lithium.
Sodium naphthalene is obtained from the reaction of naphthalene with sodium.
Sodium 1-methylnaphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene are more soluble than sodium napht |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proflavine | Proflavine, also called proflavin and diaminoacridine, is an acriflavine derivative, a disinfectant bacteriostatic against many gram-positive bacteria. It has been used in the form of the dihydrochloride and hemisulfate salts as a topical antiseptic, and was formerly used as a urinary antiseptic.
Proflavine is also known to have a mutagenic effect on DNA by intercalating between nucleic acid base pairs. It differs from most other mutagenic components by causing basepair-deletions or basepair-insertions and not substitutions. In the presence of light, proflavine can induce double-stranded breaks in DNA.
Proflavine absorbs strongly in the blue region at 445 nm (in water at pH 7) with molar extinction coefficient of c. 40,000.
Proflavin is a fluorescent dye that is sometimes used in microscopic in-vivo imaging due to its intercalation properties. However, there was concern that women exposed to proflavin could develop cervical cancer since they have mutagenesis potential. However, the retrospective analysis performed by Pantano et. al. demonstrated that there is no increased cervical cancer risk after exposure to proflavin.
References
Antiseptics
Acridines
DNA intercalaters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20river%20zonation | The classification of European rivers comes from the fish fauna found in them. Changes in taxonomic composition relate to physical and chemical changes that occur longitudinally.
Zonation (from headwater to estuary)
Trout zone
This zone has a characteristic steep gradient, fast flowing water and cool temperature. The fast flow rate causes turbulence which keeps the water well oxygenated. Fish species found in this zone usually lay adhesive eggs that can stick to the substrate, this is to help prevent eggs being carried down stream by the water flow.
Characteristic fish species are:
Brown trout (Salmo trutta)
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Bullhead (Cottus gobio)
Loach (Barbatula barbatula)
Grayling zone
Similar in physical characteristics to the Trout zone, although the temperature is usually slightly higher. Fish species in this zone also lay adhesive eggs.
Characteristic fish species include all of the above species, with the addition of;
Grayling (Thymallus thymallus)
Minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus)
Chub (Leuciscus cephalus)
Dace (Leuciscus leuciscus)
Barbel zone
This zone is essentially lowland, but retains some characteristics of upland rivers. It has a gentle gradient with a moderate water flow and temperature. It also has a good oxygen content and a mixed substrate of silt and gravel in which plants can take root. Most of the fish species found in this zone lay their eggs in the vegetation on the river bed, this provides them with good protection and allows |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broyden%E2%80%93Fletcher%E2%80%93Goldfarb%E2%80%93Shanno%20algorithm | In numerical optimization, the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) algorithm is an iterative method for solving unconstrained nonlinear optimization problems. Like the related Davidon–Fletcher–Powell method, BFGS determines the descent direction by preconditioning the gradient with curvature information. It does so by gradually improving an approximation to the Hessian matrix of the loss function, obtained only from gradient evaluations (or approximate gradient evaluations) via a generalized secant method.
Since the updates of the BFGS curvature matrix do not require matrix inversion, its computational complexity is only , compared to in Newton's method. Also in common use is L-BFGS, which is a limited-memory version of BFGS that is particularly suited to problems with very large numbers of variables (e.g., >1000). The BFGS-B variant handles simple box constraints.
The algorithm is named after Charles George Broyden, Roger Fletcher, Donald Goldfarb and David Shanno.
Rationale
The optimization problem is to minimize , where is a vector in , and is a differentiable scalar function. There are no constraints on the values that can take.
The algorithm begins at an initial estimate for the optimal value and proceeds iteratively to get a better estimate at each stage.
The search direction pk at stage k is given by the solution of the analogue of the Newton equation:
where is an approximation to the Hessian matrix at , which is updated iteratively at each stage, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIVPACS | RIVPACS (River Invertebrate Prediction and Classification System) is an aquatic biomonitoring system for assessing water quality in freshwater rivers in the United Kingdom. It is based on the macroinvertebrate species (such as freshwater shrimp, freshwater sponges, worms, crayfish, aquatic snails, freshwater mussels, insects, and many others) found at the study site during sampling. Some of these species are tolerant to pollution, low dissolved oxygen, and other stressors, but others are sensitive; organisms vary in their tolerances. Therefore, different species will usually be found, in different proportions, at different river sites of varying quality. Some organisms are especially good indicator species. The species found at the reference sites collectively make up the species assemblage for that site and are the basis for a statistical comparison between reference sites and non-reference sites. The comparison between the expected species and the observed species can then be used to estimate this aspect of the ecological health of a river.
The system is meant to be standardized, easy to use, and relatively low cost. It can complement other types of water quality monitoring such as chemical monitoring. RIVPACS supports the implementation of the Water Framework Directive as its official tool for macroinvertebrate classification
Reference sites can be chosen and adjusted several ways. Usually they represent the best conditions within the region or area under study, and are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman%20equation | The Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz voltage equation, sometimes called the Goldman equation, is used in cell membrane physiology to determine the reversal potential across a cell's membrane, taking into account all of the ions that are permeant through that membrane.
The discoverers of this are David E. Goldman of Columbia University, and the Medicine Nobel laureates Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Bernard Katz.
Equation for monovalent ions
The GHK voltage equation for monovalent positive ionic species and negative:
This results in the following if we consider a membrane separating two -solutions:
It is "Nernst-like" but has a term for each permeant ion:
= the membrane potential (in volts, equivalent to joules per coulomb)
= the selectivity for that ion (in meters per second)
= the extracellular concentration of that ion (in moles per cubic meter, to match the other SI units)
= the intracellular concentration of that ion (in moles per cubic meter)
= the ideal gas constant (joules per kelvin per mole)
= the temperature in kelvins
= Faraday's constant (coulombs per mole)
is approximately 26.7 mV at human body temperature (37 °C); when factoring in the change-of-base formula between the natural logarithm, ln, and logarithm with base 10 , it becomes , a value often used in neuroscience.
The ionic charge determines the sign of the membrane potential contribution. During an action potential, although the membrane potential changes about 100mV, the concentrations of ions inside and ou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrtomium | Cyrtomium is a genus of about 35 species of ferns in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Dryopteridoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Species are native to Asia, Africa (including Madagascar), and the Pacific Ocean islands (Hawaii). It is very closely related to the genus Polystichum, with 2016 research suggesting it should be included in a clade sister to Polystichum s.s.
Species
, the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World accepted the following species:
Cyrtomium aequibasis (C.Chr.) Ching
Cyrtomium anomophyllum (Zenker) Fraser-Jenk.
Cyrtomium atropunctatum Kurata
Cyrtomium caryotideum (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) C.Presl
Cyrtomium chingianum P.S.Wang
Cyrtomium confertifolium Ching & K.H.Shing
Cyrtomium conforme Ching
Cyrtomium devexiscapulae (Koidz.) Ching
Cyrtomium elongatum S.K.Wu & P.K.Lôc
Cyrtomium falcatum (L.f.) C.Presl (Japanese holly fern or holly fern)
Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm.
Cyrtomium grossum Christ
Cyrtomium guizhouense H.S.Kung & P.S.Wang
Cyrtomium hemionitis Christ
Cyrtomium laetevirens (Hiyama) Nakaike
Cyrtomium latifalcatum S.K.Wu & Mitsuta
Cyrtomium lonchitoides (Christ) Christ
Cyrtomium luctuosum J.P.Roux
Cyrtomium macrophyllum (Makino) Tagawa
Cyrtomium membranifolium Ching & K.H.Shing ex H.S.Kung & P.S.Wang
Cyrtomium micropterum (Kunze) Ching
Cyrtomium nephrolepioides (Christ) Copel.
Cyrtomium obliquum Ching & K.H.Shing
Cyrtomium omeiense China & Shing
Cyrtomium pachyphyllum (Rosenst.) C.Chr.
Cy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20inversion | In computer science, loop inversion is a compiler optimization and loop transformation in which a while loop is replaced by an if block containing a do..while loop. When used correctly, it may improve performance due to instruction pipelining.
Example in C
int i, a[100];
i = 0;
while (i < 100) {
a[i] = 0;
i++;
}
is equivalent to:
int i, a[100];
i = 0;
if (i < 100) {
do {
a[i] = 0;
i++;
} while (i < 100);
}
Despite the seemingly greater complexity of the second example, it may actually run faster on modern CPUs because they use an instruction pipeline. By nature, any jump in the code causes a pipeline stall, which is a detriment to performance.
Additionally, loop inversion allows safe loop-invariant code motion.
Example in three-address code
i := 0
L1: if i >= 100 goto L2
a[i] := 0
i := i + 1
goto L1
L2:
If i had been initialized at 100, the instructions executed at runtime would have been:
if i >= 100
goto L2
Let us assume that i had been initialized to some value less than 100. Now let us look at the instructions executed at the moment after i has been incremented to 99 in the loop:
goto L1
if i < 100
a[i] := 0
i := i + 1
goto L1
if i >= 100
goto L2
<<at L2>>
Now, let's look at the optimized version:
i := 0
if i >= 100 goto L2
L1: a[i] := 0
i := i + 1
if i < 100 goto L1
L2:
Again, let's look at the instructions executed if i is initia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QSound | QSound is the original name for a positional three-dimensional (3D) sound processing algorithm from QSound Labs that creates 3D audio effects from multiple monophonic sources and sums the outputs to two channels for presentation over regular stereo speakers. QSound was eventually re-dubbed "Q1" after the introduction of "Q2", a positional 3D algorithm for headphones. When multi-speaker surround system support was later added to the positional 3D process, the QSound positional 3D audio process became known simply as "Q3D". QSound was founded by Larry Ryckman (CEO), Danny Lowe and John Lees. Jimmy Iovine served as senior vice president of music and Shelly Yakus as vice president of audio engineering in its formative years.
Technology
QSound is essentially a filtering algorithm. It manipulates timing, amplitude, and frequency response to produce a binaural image. Systems like QSound rely on the fact that a sound arriving from one side of the listener will reach one ear before the other and that when it reaches the furthest ear, it is lower in amplitude and spectrally altered due to obstruction by the head. However, the ideal algorithm was arrived at empirically, with parameters adjusted according to the outcomes of many listening tests.
3D positional processing like QSound, the multi-channel QSystem professional processor used in the production of pop music and film audio, is distinct from stereo expansion like QSound QXpander or SRS Sound Retrieval System. Positional 3D aud |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivatization | Derivatization is a technique used in chemistry which converts a chemical compound into a product (the reaction's derivate) of similar chemical structure, called a derivative.
Generally, a specific functional group of the compound participates in the derivatization reaction and transforms the educt to a derivate of deviating reactivity, solubility, boiling point, melting point, aggregate state, or chemical composition. Resulting new chemical properties can be used for quantification or separation of the educt.
Derivatization techniques are frequently employed in chemical analysis of mixtures and in surface analysis, e.g. in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy where newly incorporated atoms label characteristic groups.
Derivatization reactions
Several characteristics are desirable for a derivatization reaction:
The reaction is reliable and proceeds to completion. Less unreacted starting material will simplify analysis. Also, this allows a small amount of analyte to be used.
The reaction is general, allowing a wide range of substrates, yet specific to a single functional group, reducing complicating interference.
The products are relatively stable, and form no degradation products within a reasonable period, facilitating analysis.
Some examples of good derivatization reactions are the formation of esters and amides via acyl chlorides.
Classical qualitative organic analysis
Classical qualitative organic analysis usually involves reacting an unknown sample with various reage |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Carl%20Friedrich%20von%20Mangoldt | Hans Carl Friedrich von Mangoldt (1854 in Weimar– 1925 in Danzig) was a German mathematician who contributed to the solution of the prime number theorem.
Biography
Mangoldt completed his Doctorate of Philosophy (Ph.D) in 1878 at the University of Berlin, where his supervisors were Ernst Kummer and Karl Weierstrass. He contributed to the solution of the prime number theorem by providing rigorous proofs of two statements in Bernhard Riemann's seminal paper "On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude". Riemann himself had only given partial proofs of these statements. Mangoldt worked as professor at the RWTH Aachen and was succeeded by Otto Blumenthal.
See also
Prime-counting function
Cartan–Hadamard theorem
Riemann–von Mangoldt formula
Von Mangoldt function
Notes
1854 births
1925 deaths
19th-century German mathematicians
20th-century German mathematicians
Number theorists
Academic staff of RWTH Aachen University
Scientists from Weimar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoserine | Homoserine (also called isothreonine) is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2OH. L-Homoserine is not one of the common amino acids encoded by DNA. It differs from the proteinogenic amino acid serine by insertion of an additional -CH2- unit into the backbone. Homoserine, or its lactone form, is the product of a cyanogen bromide cleavage of a peptide by degradation of methionine.
Homoserine is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of three essential amino acids: methionine, threonine (an isomer of homoserine), and isoleucine. Its complete biosynthetic pathway includes glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and the aspartate metabolic pathway. It forms by two reductions of aspartic acid via the intermediacy of aspartate semialdehyde. Specifically, the enzyme homoserine dehydrogenase, in association with NADPH, catalyzes a reversible reaction that interconverts L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde to L-homoserine. Then, two other enzymes, homoserine kinase and homoserine O-succinyltransferase use homoserine as a substrate and produce phosphohomoserine and O-succinyl homoserine respectively.
Applications
Commercially, homoserine can serve as precursor to the synthesis of isobutanol and 1,4-butanediol. Purified homoserine is used in enzyme structural studies. Also, homoserine has played important roles in studies to elucidate peptide synthesis and synthesis of proteoglycan glycopeptides. Bacterial cell lines can make copious |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP%20site | In biochemistry and molecular genetics, an AP site (apurinic/apyrimidinic site), also known as an abasic site, is a location in DNA (also in RNA but much less likely) that has neither a purine nor a pyrimidine base, either spontaneously or due to DNA damage. It has been estimated that under physiological conditions 10,000 apurinic sites and 500 apyrimidinic may be generated in a cell daily.
AP sites can be formed by spontaneous depurination, but also occur as intermediates in base excision repair. In this process, a DNA glycosylase recognizes a damaged base and cleaves the N-glycosidic bond to release the base, leaving an AP site. A variety of glycosylases that recognize different types of damage exist, including oxidized or methylated bases, or uracil in DNA. The AP site can then be cleaved by an AP endonuclease, leaving 3'-hydroxyl and deoxyribose-5-phosphate termini (see DNA structure). In alternative fashion, bifunctional glycosylase-lyases can cleave the AP site, leaving a 5' phosphate adjacent to a 3' α,β-unsaturated aldehyde. Both mechanisms form a single-strand break, which is then repaired by either short-patch or long-patch base excision repair.
If left unrepaired, AP sites can lead to mutation during semiconservative replication. They can cause replication fork stalling and are bypassed by translesion synthesis. In E. coli, adenine is preferentially inserted across from AP sites, known as the "A rule". The situation is more complex in higher eukaryotes, with dif |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamus%20%28video%20game%29 | Shamus is a flip-screen shooter with light action-adventure game elements written by Cathryn Mataga (credited as William Mataga) and published by Synapse Software. The original Atari 8-bit family version was released on disk and tape in 1982.
According to Synapse co-founder Ihor Wolosenko, Shamus made the company famous by giving it a reputation for quality.
The game was ported to the Apple II, VIC-20, Commodore 64, TRS-80 Color Computer, TI-99/4A, and IBM PC. Several of these were published by Atarisoft. It was later sold on cartridge by Atari Corporation following the launch of the Atari XEGS in 1987. "Funeral March of a Marionette", the theme song from Alfred Hitchcock Presents, plays on the title screen.
Shamus was followed by a sequel in 1983, Shamus: Case II, with the same characters but different gameplay. In 1999, Mataga released a remake for the Game Boy Color and later both Shamus and Shamus: Case II for iOS.
Gameplay
Inspired by the arcade game Berzerk, the objective of the game is to navigate the eponymous robotic detective through a 4-skill level, 128-room maze of electrified walls. The ultimate goal at the end of this journey is "The Shadow's Lair". Shamus differs from Berzerk in having a persistent world instead of rooms that are randomly generated each time they are entered. There are also items to collect: bottles containing extra lives, mystery question marks, and keys which open exits.
Opposing the player are a number of robotic adversaries, including |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative%20%28chemistry%29 | In chemistry, a derivative is a compound that is derived from a similar compound by a chemical reaction.
In the past, derivative also meant a compound that can be imagined to arise from another compound, if one atom or group of atoms is replaced with another atom or group of atoms, but modern chemical language now uses the term structural analog for this meaning, thus eliminating ambiguity. The term "structural analogue" is common in organic chemistry.
In biochemistry, the word is used for compounds that at least theoretically can be formed from the precursor compound.
Chemical derivatives may be used to facilitate analysis. For example, melting point (MP) analysis can assist in identification of many organic compounds. A crystalline derivative may be prepared, such as a semicarbazone or 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (derived from aldehydes or ketones), as a simple way of verifying the identity of the original compound, assuming that a table of derivative MP values is available. Prior to the advent of spectroscopic analysis, such methods were widely used.
In analytical chemistry, derivatization can be used to convert analytes into other species for improving detection. For example, polar groups such as N-H or O-H can be converted into less polar groups. This reaction reduces the boiling point of the molecule, allowing non-volatile compounds to be analyzed by gas chromatography.
See also
Derivatization
Precursor (chemistry)
Product (chemistry)
Structural analog
References
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%20battery | A D battery (D cell or IEC R20) is a standardized size of a dry cell. A D cell is cylindrical with an electrical contact at each end; the positive end has a nub or bump. D cells are typically used in high current drain applications, such as in large flashlights, radio receivers, and transmitters, and other devices that require an extended running time. A D cell may be either rechargeable or non-rechargeable. Its terminal voltage and capacity depend upon its cell chemistry.
The National Carbon Company introduced the first D cell in 1898. Before smaller cells became more common, D cells were widely known as flashlight batteries. The U.S. military designation for this battery has been BA-30 since sometime before World War II. During World War II, it was designated the Type C battery by the U.S. Navy, leading to confusion with the smaller C cell battery (BA-42).
In 2007, D batteries accounted for 8% of alkaline primary battery sales (numerically) in the US. In 2008, Swiss purchases of D batteries amounted to 3.4% of primary and 1.4% of secondary (rechargeable) sales.
Dimensions and capacity
D batteries have a nominal diameter of 33.2 ± 1 millimeters (1.3 inches).
The overall length is 61.5 millimeters (2.42 inches).
Names
Common
Other
U2 / HP2 / SP2 UK
Type 373 Russia
MN/MX1300
Mono
Goliath
BA-30 US WWII
#1 China
UM 1 JIS
6135-99-464-1938 / 6135-99-109-9428 (NSN)
Flashlight Battery / Torch Battery
B006 (NiMH)
Torcia Italy
Góliátelem Hungary
Pila Grande Arge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick-borne%20encephalitis%20virus | Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a positive-strand RNA virus associated with tick-borne encephalitis in the genus Flavivirus.
Classification
Taxonomy
TBEV is a member of the genus Flavivirus. Other close relatives, members of the TBEV serocomplex, include Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, Kyasanur Forest disease virus, Alkhurma virus, Louping ill virus and Langat virus.
Subtypes
TBEV has three subtypes:
Western European subtype (formerly Central European encephalitis virus, CEEV; principal tick vector: Ixodes ricinus);
Siberian subtype (formerly West Siberian virus; principal tick vector: Ixodes persulcatus);
Far Eastern subtype (formerly Russian Spring Summer encephalitis virus, RSSEV; principal tick vector: Ixodes persulcatus).
The reference strain is the Sofjin strain.
Virology
Structure
TBEV is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, contained in a 40-60 nm spherical, enveloped capsid. The TBEV genome is approximately 11kb in size, which contains a 5' cap, a single open reading frame with 3' and 5' UTRs, and is without polyadenylation. Like other flaviviruses, the TBEV genome codes for ten viral proteins, three structural, and seven nonstructural (NS).
The structural proteins are C (capsid), PrM (premembrane), which is cleaved to produce the final membrane protein, (M), and envelope protein (E). The seven nonstructural proteins are: NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5. The role of some nonstructural proteins is known, NS5 serves as RNA-dependent R |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPT | EPT may refer to:
Science and technology
Extended Page Table, in Intel x86 microprocessors
Ethanolaminephosphotransferase, an enzyme
Ethylpropyltryptamine, a psychedelic drug
Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera, used to test water quality
Other uses
CaMLA English Placement Test, a language proficiency test
Effective performance time, in aviation medicine
Electroputere, a Romanian rolling stock manufacturer
Epsilon Pi Tau, an honor society
European Poker Tour
Estrogen Progestin Therapy, a Hormone replacement therapy
Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (), the public broadcaster of Greece
Tunisia Polytechnic School (French: ) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual%20entropy | Residual entropy is the difference in entropy between a non-equilibrium state and crystal state of a substance close to absolute zero. This term is used in condensed matter physics to describe the entropy at zero kelvin of a glass or plastic crystal referred to the crystal state, whose entropy is zero according to the third law of thermodynamics. It occurs if a material can exist in many different states when cooled. The most common non-equilibrium state is vitreous state, glass.
A common example is the case of carbon monoxide, which has a very small dipole moment. As the carbon monoxide crystal is cooled to absolute zero, few of the carbon monoxide molecules have enough time to align themselves into a perfect crystal (with all of the carbon monoxide molecules oriented in the same direction). Because of this, the crystal is locked into a state with different corresponding microstates, giving a residual entropy of , rather than zero.
Another example is any amorphous solid (glass). These have residual entropy, because the atom-by-atom microscopic structure can be arranged in a huge number of different ways across a macroscopic system.
History
One of the first examples of residual entropy was pointed out by Pauling to describe water ice. In water, each oxygen atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms. However, when water freezes it forms a tetragonal structure where each oxygen atom has four hydrogen neighbors (due to neighboring water molecules). The hydrogen atoms sitting be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflavone | Isoflavones are substituted derivatives of isoflavone, a type of naturally occurring isoflavonoids, many of which act as phytoestrogens in mammals. Isoflavones are produced almost exclusively by the members of the bean family, Fabaceae (Leguminosae).
Although isoflavones and closely related phytoestrogens are sold as dietary supplements, there is little scientific evidence for either the safety of long-term supplementation or of health benefits from these compounds. Some studies have identified potential risks from high intake of isoflavones, such as in women with a history of breast cancer, but this concern has not been substantiated with high-quality clinical research.
Organic chemistry and biosynthesis
Isoflavone is an isomer of flavone, which is chromone substituted with a phenyl group in the 2-position. In isoflavone, the phenyl group is in the 3-position.
Substituted isoflavone derivatives are related to the parent by the replacement of two or three hydrogen atoms with hydroxyl groups.
Isoflavone differs from flavone (2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyr-4-one) in location of the phenyl group.
Isoflavones are produced via a branch of the general phenylpropanoid pathway that produces flavonoid compounds in higher plants. Soybeans are the most common source of isoflavones in human food; the major isoflavones in soybean are genistein and daidzein. The phenylpropanoid pathway begins from the amino acid phenylalanine, and an intermediate of the pathway, naringenin, is sequentially |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized%20solar%20cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC, DSC, DYSC or Grätzel cell) is a low-cost solar cell belonging to the group of thin film solar cells. It is based on a semiconductor formed between a photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte, a photoelectrochemical system. The modern version of a dye solar cell, also known as the Grätzel cell, was originally co-invented in 1988 by Brian O'Regan and Michael Grätzel at UC Berkeley and this work was later developed by the aforementioned scientists at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) until the publication of the first high efficiency DSSC in 1991. Michael Grätzel has been awarded the 2010 Millennium Technology Prize for this invention.
The DSSC has a number of attractive features; it is simple to make using conventional roll-printing techniques, is semi-flexible and semi-transparent which offers a variety of uses not applicable to glass-based systems, and most of the materials used are low-cost. In practice it has proven difficult to eliminate a number of expensive materials, notably platinum and ruthenium, and the liquid electrolyte presents a serious challenge to making a cell suitable for use in all weather. Although its conversion efficiency is less than the best thin-film cells, in theory its price/performance ratio should be good enough to allow them to compete with fossil fuel electrical generation by achieving grid parity. Commercial applications, which were held up due to chemical stability problems, had been forecas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutenin | Glutenin (a type of glutelin) is a major protein within wheat flour, making up 47% of the total protein content. The glutenins are protein aggregates of high-molecular-mass (HMW) and low-molecular-mass (LMW) subunits with molar masses from about 200,000 to a few million, which are stabilized by intermolecular disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions and other forces. Glutenin is responsible for the strength and elasticity of dough.
Wheat gluten proteins consist of two major fractions: the gliadins and the glutenins. Gliadins are monomeric proteins, which can be separated into four groups: alpha-, beta-, gamma- and omega-gliadins. They are structurally similar to LMW glutenins. Glutenins occur as multimeric aggregates of high-molecular-mass and low-molecular-mass subunits held together by disulfide bonds. The way the glutenins form their disulfide bond network is predicted to be regulated by the hydrophobicity in the peptide sections where their cysteins are located, explaining why the gliadins are monomeric despite sharing similar conserved cysteine motifs as the LMW-glutenins.
Breadmaking qualities are largely dependent on the number and composition of HMW glutenin subunits. It has been demonstrated that alleles Glu-A1b (Ax2∗) and Glu-D1d (Dx5 + Dy10) are normally associated with superior end-use quality, especially dough strength.
References
External links
family:"gliadin glutenin family" - UniProt query
Gluten
Glycoproteins
Seed storage proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2600%20hertz | 2600 hertz (2600 Hz) is a frequency in hertz (cycles per second) that was used in telecommunication signaling in mid-20th century long-distance telephone networks using carrier systems.
Tone signaling carrier systems operated in the standard telephony voice frequency range ( to ). They replaced direct current (D.C.) signaling on toll trunk lines because they could be used with any type of toll facility over any length of transmission line that was suitable for voice transmissions. This included transmission through line repeaters and other facilities that would distort, block, or otherwise prohibit D.C. loop-disconnect signaling, such as rotary dial pulses, and on-hook/off-hook signaling. Common frequencies for this purpose were , , , , and , the latter being just outside the voice range. These signaling systems were continuous tone methods, so that the idle condition of a trunk line could easily be detected by the presence of the appropriate signaling frequency, in contrast to conditions of a quiet line which could be due to pauses in speech, or arise from line faults. The tones were typically transmitted in the same physical and logical channel, which characterizes these systems as in-band signaling methods, which do not require additional bandwidth for control of the network and benefit from a single amplification facility for speech and signaling.
The most common single-frequency signaling (SF) system in use in the United States from the 1950s to the 1970s used the freq |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null%20dust%20solution | In mathematical physics, a null dust solution (sometimes called a null fluid) is a Lorentzian manifold in which the Einstein tensor is null. Such a spacetime can be interpreted as an exact solution of Einstein's field equation, in which the only mass–energy present in the spacetime is due to some kind of massless radiation.
Mathematical definition
By definition, the Einstein tensor of a null dust solution has the form
where is a null vector field. This definition makes sense purely geometrically, but if we place a stress–energy tensor on our spacetime of the form
,
then Einstein's field equation is satisfied, and such a stress–energy tensor has a clear physical interpretation in terms of massless radiation. The vector field specifies the direction in which the radiation is moving; the scalar multiplier specifies its intensity.
Physical interpretation
Physically speaking, a null dust describes either gravitational radiation, or some kind of nongravitational radiation which is described by a relativistic classical field theory (such as electromagnetic radiation), or a combination of these two. Null dusts include vacuum solutions as a special case.
Phenomena which can be modeled by null dust solutions include:
a beam of neutrinos assumed for simplicity to be massless (treated according to classical physics),
a very high-frequency electromagnetic wave,
a beam of incoherent electromagnetic radiation.
In particular, a plane wave of incoherent electromagnetic radiation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20mirror | Membrane mirrors are mirrors made on thin films of material, such as metallized PET film. They can be used as components in adaptive optics systems.
See also
Solar sail
References
Spacecraft propulsion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20New%20Transistor%20Heroes | The New Transistor Heroes is the debut studio album by Scottish indie pop band Bis, released on 7 April 1997.
The intro to the opening song "Tell It to the Kids" was recorded by friend of the band Mark Percival, credited in the album notes as Marky P.
Track listing
Notes
This is the UK CD release; it matches the UK and US LP releases.
The US LP came with a bonus 7-inch with the songs "Kkeerroolleeeenn", "Team Theme" and "Rollerblade Zero".
The US and Australian CD releases add the songs "Team Theme", "Rollerblade Zero" and "Kkeerroolleeeenn" to the end. "Kkeerroolleeeenn" is an unlisted "hidden" track.
The Thai CD release adds the song "Kandy Pop" to the end.
The Japanese CD release adds the songs "Kandy Pop", "This is Fake D.I.Y" and "School Disco" to the end.
The Japanese MiniDisc release features only the songs found on the UK CD.
The Australian 2CD release includes all tracks from the UK CD, plus "Kkeerroolleeeenn" on disc 1, and a repackaged version of the Sweet Shop Avengerz EP as disc 2 (five tracks only).
Personnel
Bis
Manda Rin
John Disco
Sci-Fi Steven
Technical
Rik Flick – producer, engineer
Manda Rin – artwork
Charts
References
1997 debut albums
Bis (Scottish band) albums
Wiiija albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korg%20KARMA | The Korg KARMA music workstation was released in 2001 as a specialised member of the Korg Triton family. KARMA stands for Kay's Algorithmic Real-time Music Architecture. The unit features up to 62 note polyphony and is 16-part multitimbral. Its sound engine is based on the Korg Triton workstation, although it has fewer features.
Construction
The center section is made of brushed aluminum, and the side cheeks are constructed from plastic.
Sequencer
The unit also features a 16-track sequencer with a maximum storage of 200,000 events and 200 songs
Drum kits
413 drum sounds
55 drum kits
16 User drum kits
Expansions
KORG KARMA's presets can be expanded with KORG EXB cards such as EXB-PCM01 (Pianos/Classic Keyboards), EXB-PCM02 (Studio Essentials), EXB-PCM03 (Future Loop Construction), EXB-PCM04 (Dance Extreme), EXB-PCM05 (Vintage Archives), EXB-PCM06/07 (Orchestral Collection), EXB-PCM08 (Concert Grand Piano), EXB-PCM09 (Trance Attack).
Moreover, the sound engine can be extended using the valuable 6-voice DSP tone generator derived from the KORG Z1 - EXB-MOSS.
Notable users
Rick Wakeman
Phil Collins
Herbie Hancock
Peter Gabriel
Vangelis
Yes
Pete Townshend
Keith Emerson
Jean-Michel Jarre
Tuomas Holopainen
Jordan Rudess
References
External links
Korg Website
Karma-Lab Website - Korg KARMA page
Karma-Lab Wiki - Korg KARMA articles
Karma-Lab Korg KARMA Video and Audio clips
KARMA
Music workstations
Synthesizers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points%20classification%20in%20the%20Giro%20d%27Italia | The points classification in the Giro d'Italia is one of the secondary classifications in the Giro d'Italia. It is determined by points awarded for placings in the daily stages, regardless of time gaps. From 1967 to 1969 the leader wore a red jersey but in 1970 it was changed to mauve, and named the maglia ciclamino (from Italian: mauve jersey), the name of the colour in Italian being derived from the alpine flower the cyclamen. The red jersey was re-introduced in 2010, as the maglia rosso passione. However, in April 2017 RCS Sport, the organisers of the Giro, announced that the maglia ciclamino would be revived for the 2017 Giro d'Italia.
History
The first points classification in the Giro was used in 1958, called Trofeo A. Carli. The first rider in each stage was given 15 points, down to one point for the fifteenth rider. There was no jersey associated, and the next year it was not used again.
The ranking points system was reintroduced in 1966, when there was no associated jersey, while for the two subsequent editions a red jersey was awarded to the leader of the classification. From 1969 to 2009, the jersey was mauve, but often referred to as cyclamen.
Points are given to riders who finish among the first in a stage, independent of the time difference. There are also points given to the first cyclists to reach the intermediate sprints. There is an intermediate sprints competition, with names changing from year to year, (Intergiro, Expo Milano 2015, Traguardo Volante), |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20symmetry%20breaking | In theoretical physics, explicit symmetry breaking is the breaking of a symmetry of a theory by terms in its defining equations of motion (most typically, to the Lagrangian or the Hamiltonian) that do not respect the symmetry. Usually this term is used in situations where these symmetry-breaking terms are small, so that the symmetry is approximately respected by the theory. An example is the spectral line splitting in the Zeeman effect, due to a magnetic interaction perturbation in the Hamiltonian of the atoms involved.
Explicit symmetry breaking differs from spontaneous symmetry breaking. In the latter, the defining equations respect the symmetry but the ground state (vacuum) of the theory breaks it.
Explicit symmetry breaking is also associated with electromagnetic radiation. A system of accelerated charges results in electromagnetic radiation when the geometric symmetry of the electric field in free space is explicitly broken by the associated electrodynamic structure under time varying excitation of the given system. This is quite evident in an antenna where the electric lines of field curl around or have rotational geometry around the radiating terminals in contrast to linear geometric orientation within a pair of transmission lines which does not radiate even under time varying excitation.
Perturbation theory in quantum mechanics
A common setting for explicit symmetry breaking is perturbation theory in quantum mechanics. The symmetry is evident in a base Hamiltonia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20English%20districts%20by%20population%20density | This is a list of the districts of England ordered by population density, based on population estimates for from the Office for National Statistics. The densities are calculated by dividing the latest Population Estimate by the Standard Area Measurement.
Less than 100 / km²
See also
List of English districts by population
List of English districts by area
List of English districts and their ethnic composition
References
Districts of England
Districts of England by Population Density
English districts |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microconnect%20distributed%20antenna | Microconnect distributed antennas (MDA) are small-cell local area (100 metre radius) transmitter-receivers usually fitted to lampposts and other street furniture in order to provide Wireless LAN, GSM and GPRS connectivity. They are therefore less obtrusive than the usual masts and antennas used for these purposes and meet with less public opposition.
Service provided
The service provided by microconnect distributed antennas cover a market in heavily populated urban area addressing mobile and radio connection. Also MDA is suited for bustling cities and historical areas where mobile connection and ability is impaired. Having many low power, small antennae preforms and covers an area equal to or better than a traditional Macrocellular site. The centrally located radio base station connects to the antennae by fibre optical cable. Each antenna point contains a 63–65 GHz wireless unit alongside a large memory store providing proxy and cache services. Also users will be able to obtain 64 kbit uplink/ 384kbit downlink service. Multiple operators can share this infrastructure. So that different service providers can this technology to benefit their customers.
Four part MDA System
The four part MDA system is, the DAS (Distributed Antenna System) Master unit, access network optical fibre, and the Remote Radio over Fibre (RoF) Unit (Remote Antennae Points). Followed by the Supervisory and Management facilities. This system is compatible GSM (2g and 2.5G) and 3G network requirements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Liverpool%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics | Liverpool Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Liverpool, Merseyside, who currently play in the Premier League. They have played at their current home ground, Anfield, since their foundation in 1892. Liverpool joined the Football League in 1894, and were founding members of the Premier League in 1992.
This list encompasses the major honours won by Liverpool, records set by the club, their managers and their players. The player records section includes details of the club's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions. It also records notable achievements by Liverpool players on the international stage, and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club. Attendance records at Anfield are also included in the list.
The club have won 19 top-flight titles, and also hold the record for the most European Cup victories by an English team, winning the competition six times. The club's record appearance maker is Ian Callaghan, who made 857 appearances between 1958 and 1978. Ian Rush is the club's record goalscorer, scoring 346 goals in total.
All statistics are correct as of 21 February 2023.
Honours
Liverpool have won honours both domestically and in European cup competitions. They have won the English top league 19 times and the League Cup a record nine times. In their first season, 1892–93, they won the Lancashire League title and the Liverpool District Cup, and their most recent success |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20cell | In semiconductor design, standard-cell methodology is a method of designing application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) with mostly digital-logic features. Standard-cell methodology is an example of design abstraction, whereby a low-level very-large-scale integration (VLSI) layout is encapsulated into an abstract logic representation (such as a NAND gate).
Cell-based methodology – the general class to which standard cells belong – makes it possible for one designer to focus on the high-level (logical function) aspect of digital design, while another designer focuses on the implementation (physical) aspect. Along with semiconductor manufacturing advances, standard-cell methodology has helped designers scale ASICs from comparatively simple single-function ICs (of several thousand gates), to complex multi-million gate system-on-a-chip (SoC) devices.
Construction of a standard cell
A standard cell is a group of transistor and interconnect structures that provides a boolean logic function (e.g., AND, OR, XOR, XNOR, inverters) or a storage function (flipflop or latch). The simplest cells are direct representations of the elemental NAND, NOR, and XOR boolean function, although cells of much greater complexity are commonly used (such as a 2-bit full-adder, or muxed D-input flipflop.) The cell's boolean logic function is called its logical view: functional behavior is captured in the form of a truth table or Boolean algebra equation (for combinational logic), or a state transi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20parainfluenza%20viruses | Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are the viruses that cause human parainfluenza. HPIVs are a paraphyletic group of four distinct single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. These viruses are closely associated with both human and veterinary disease. Virions are approximately 150–250 nm in size and contain negative sense RNA with a genome encompassing about 15,000 nucleotides.
The viruses can be detected via cell culture, immunofluorescent microscopy, and PCR. HPIVs remain the second main cause of hospitalisation in children under 5 years of age for a respiratory illness (only Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes more respiratory hospitalisations for this age group).
Classification
The first HPIV was discovered in the late 1950s. The taxonomic division is broadly based on antigenic and genetic characteristics, forming four major serotypes or clades, which today are considered distinct viruses. These include:
HPIVs belong to two genera: Respirovirus (HPIV-1 & HPIV-3) and Rubulavirus (HPIV-2 & HPIV-4).
Viral structure and organisation
HPIVs are characterised by producing enveloped virions and containing single stranded negative sense RNA. Non-infectious virions have also been reported to contain RNA with positive polarity. HPIV genomes are about 15,000 nucleotides in length and encode six key structural proteins.
The structural gene sequence of HPIVs is as follows: 3′-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5′ (the protein prefixes and further details are outlined in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del%20%28disambiguation%29 | Del is a vector differential operator represented by the symbol ∇ (nabla).
Del or DEL can also refer to:
Mathematics
A name for the partial derivative symbol ∂
Dynamic epistemic logic
Abbreviations
DEL or Del, for Delaware, one of the United States
Del, for the constellation Delphinus
Del., for a non-voting delegate to the United States House of Representatives
People
Del (given name), a list of people with the given name or nickname
Del Shannon, stage name of American rock and country singer-songwriter Charles Weedon Westover (1934–1990)
Del tha Funkee Homosapien (short for "Delvon"), American hip hop artist
Del Fontaine (1904–1935), Canadian boxer and convicted murderer born Raymond Henry Bousquet
Fictional characters
Del Boy, lead character in the BBC comedy series Only Fools and Horses
Del Dingle, fictional character in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale
Del, robot alligator villager from the video game series Animal Crossing
Mascots
Del, one of the mascots of PBS Kids since 2013
Computing
DEL, Data-Entry Language, predecessor of the Lua programming language
Del (command), a DOS, OS/2, and Microsoft Windows shell command
, HTML tags used to mark text for deletion
Delete character, also known as rubout
Delete key, abbreviated Del on computer keyboards
Acronyms
Department for Employment and Learning, part of the Northern Ireland government
Deutsche Eishockey Liga, the premier ice hockey league in Germany
DNA Encoded Chemical Library, a technology fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalase | The enzyme Trehalase is a glycoside hydrolase, produced by cells in the brush border of the small intestine, which catalyzes the conversion of trehalose to glucose. It is found in most animals.
The non-reducing disaccharide trehalose (α-D-glucopyranosyl-1,1-α-D-glucopyranoside) is one of the most important storage carbohydrates, and is produced by almost all forms of life except mammals. The disaccharide is hydrolyzed into two molecules of glucose by the enzyme trehalase. There are two types of trehalases found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, viz. neutral trehalase (NT) and acid trehalase (AT) classified according to their pH optima [4]. NT has an optimum pH of 7.0, while that of AT is 4.5.
Recently it has been reported that more than 90% of total AT activity in S. cerevisiae is extracellular and cleaves extracellular trehalose into glucose in the periplasmic space.
Trehalose hydrolysis
One molecule of trehalose is hydrolyzed to two molecules of glucose by the enzyme trehalase. Enzymatic hydrolysis of trehalose was first observed in Aspergillus niger by Bourquelot in 1893. Fischer reported this reaction in S. cerevisiae in 1895. Since then the trehalose hydrolyzing enzyme, trehalase (α, α-trehalose-1-C-glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.28) has been reported from many other organisms including plants and animals. Though trehalose is not known to be produced by mammals, trehalase enzyme is found to be present in the kidney brush border membrane and the intestinal villi membranes. In th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate%20isomerase | Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), alternatively known as phosphoglucose isomerase/phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) or phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), is an enzyme ( ) that in humans is encoded by the GPI gene on chromosome 19.
This gene encodes a member of the glucose phosphate isomerase protein family. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. In the cytoplasm, the gene product functions as a glycolytic enzyme (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase) that interconverts glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and fructose-6-phosphate (F6P). Extracellularly, the encoded protein (also referred to as neuroleukin) functions as a neurotrophic factor that promotes survival of skeletal motor neurons and sensory neurons, and as a lymphokine that induces immunoglobulin secretion. The encoded protein is also referred to as autocrine motility factor (AMF) based on an additional function as a tumor-secreted cytokine and angiogenic factor. Defects in this gene are the cause of nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, and a severe enzyme deficiency can be associated with hydrops fetalis, immediate neonatal death and neurological impairment. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]
Structure
Functional GPI is a 64-kDa dimer composed of two identical monomers. The two monomers interact notably through the two protrusions in a hugging embrace. The active site of each monomer is for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20transcription%20factor | General transcription factors (GTFs), also known as basal transcriptional factors, are a class of protein transcription factors that bind to specific sites (promoter) on DNA to activate transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA. GTFs, RNA polymerase, and the mediator (a multi-protein complex) constitute the basic transcriptional apparatus that first bind to the promoter, then start transcription. GTFs are also intimately involved in the process of gene regulation, and most are required for life.
A transcription factor is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences (enhancer or promoter), either alone or with other proteins in a complex, to control the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA by promoting (serving as an activator) or blocking (serving as a repressor) the recruitment of RNA polymerase. As a class of protein, general transcription factors bind to promoters along the DNA sequence or form a large transcription preinitiation complex to activate transcription. General transcription factors are necessary for transcription to occur.
Types
In bacteria, transcription initiation requires an RNA polymerase and a single GTF: sigma factor.
In archaea and eukaryotes, transcription initiation requires an RNA polymerase and a set of multiple GTFs to form a transcription preinitiation complex. Transcription initiation by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II involves the following GTFs:
TFIIA – stabilizes the interaction betwee |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep%20spindle | Sleep spindles are bursts of neural oscillatory activity that are generated by interplay of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) and other thalamic nuclei during stage 2 NREM sleep in a frequency range of ~11 to 16 Hz (usually 12–14 Hz) with a duration of 0.5 seconds or greater (usually 0.5–1.5 seconds). After generation as an interaction of the TRN neurons and thalamocortical cells, spindles are sustained and relayed to the cortex by thalamo-thalamic and thalamo-cortical feedback loops regulated by both GABAergic and NMDA-receptor mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission. Sleep spindles have been reported (at face value) for all tested mammalian species. Considering animals in which sleep-spindles were studied extensively (and thus excluding results mislead by pseudo-spindles), they appear to have a conserved (across species) main frequency of roughly 9–16 Hz. Only in humans, rats and dogs is a difference in the intrinsic frequency of frontal and posterior spindles confirmed, however (spindles recorded over the posterior part of the scalp are of higher frequency, on average above 13 Hz).
Research supports that spindles (sometimes referred to as "sigma bands" or "sigma waves") play an essential role in both sensory processing and long term memory consolidation. Until recently, it was believed that each sleep spindle oscillation peaked at the same time throughout the neocortex. It was determined that oscillations sweep across the neocortex in circular patterns around the neo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20school%20districts%20in%20Sonoma%20County%2C%20California | List of school districts in Sonoma County, California. Statistics are as of the 2008–09 academic year.
Cazadero area:
Fort Ross (K-8, 1 school, 40 students, website)
Montgomery (K-8, 1 school, 38 students)
Cloverdale Unified (K-12, 5 schools, 1520 students, website)
Cotati-Rohnert Park Unified (K-12, 13 schools, 6,654 students)
Forestville Union (K-8, 2 schools, 486 students, website)
Geyserville Unified (K-12, 5 schools, 273 students, website)
Guerneville (K-8, 2 schools, 302 students, website)
Harmony Union (K-8, 3 schools, 834 students)
Healdsburg area:
Alexander Valley Union (K-6, 1 school, 120 students, website)
Healdsburg Unified (K-12, 4 schools, 2,267 students, website)
West Side Union (K-6, 1 school, 163 students, website)
Horicon (K-8, 1 school, 86 students)
Kashia (K-8, 1 school, 11 students)
Kenwood (K-6, 1 school, 153 students, website)
Monte Rio Union (K-8, 1 school, 104 students, website)
Petaluma area:
Cinnabar (K-6, 1 school, 205 students, website)
Dunham (K-6, 1 school, 174 students, website)
Liberty (K-6, 2 schools, 635 students, website)
Old Adobe Union (K-6, 5 schools, 1,832 students, website)
Petaluma City Schools (website):
Petaluma City (Elementary) (K-6, 8 schools, 2,272 students)
Petaluma Joint Union High (7-12, 10 schools, 5,731 students)
Two Rock Union (K-6, 1 school, 152 students, website)
Waugh (K-6, 2 schools, 899 students, website)
Wilmar Union (K-6, 1 school, 224 students, website)
Santa Rosa area:
Bellevue Union (K-6, 4 schools, 1,725 stude |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution%20model | In biology, a substitution model, also called models of DNA sequence evolution, are Markov models that describe changes over evolutionary time. These models describe evolutionary changes in macromolecules (e.g., DNA sequences) represented as sequence of symbols (A, C, G, and T in the case of DNA). Substitution models are used to calculate the likelihood of phylogenetic trees using multiple sequence alignment data. Thus, substitution models are central to maximum likelihood estimation of phylogeny as well as Bayesian inference in phylogeny. Estimates of evolutionary distances (numbers of substitutions that have occurred since a pair of sequences diverged from a common ancestor) are typically calculated using substitution models (evolutionary distances are used input for distance methods such as neighbor joining). Substitution models are also central to phylogenetic invariants because they are necessary to predict site pattern frequencies given a tree topology. Substitution models are also necessary to simulate sequence data for a group of organisms related by a specific tree.
Phylogenetic tree topologies and other parameters
Phylogenetic tree topologies are often the parameter of interest; thus, branch lengths and any other parameters describing the substitution process are often viewed as nuisance parameters. However, biologists are sometimes interested in the other aspects of the model. For example, branch lengths, especially when those branch lengths are combined with in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20imprinting | Molecular imprinting is a technique to create template-shaped cavities in polymer matrices with predetermined selectivity and high affinity. This technique is based on the system used by enzymes for substrate recognition, which is called the "lock and key" model. The active binding site of an enzyme has a shape specific to a substrate. Substrates with a complementary shape to the binding site selectively bind to the enzyme; alternative shapes that do not fit the binding site are not recognized.
Molecularly imprinted materials are prepared using a template molecule and functional monomers that assemble around the template and subsequently get cross-linked to each other. The monomers, which are self-assembled around the template molecule by interaction between functional groups on both the template and monomers, are polymerized to form an imprinted matrix (commonly known in the scientific community as a molecular imprinted polymer (MIP)). The template is subsequently removed in part or entirely, leaving behind a cavity complementary in size and shape to the template. The obtained cavity can work as a selective binding site for the templated molecule.
In recent decades, the molecular imprinting technique has been developed for use in drug delivery, separations, biological and chemical sensing, and more. Taking advantage of the shape selectivity of the cavity, use in catalysis for certain reactions has also been facilitated.
History
The first example of molecular imprinting |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavellite | Wavellite is an aluminium basic phosphate mineral with formula Al3(PO4)2(OH, F)3·5H2O. Distinct crystals are rare, and it normally occurs as translucent green radial or spherical clusters.
Discovery and occurrence
Wavellite was first described in 1805 for an occurrence at High Down, Filleigh, Devon, England and named by William Babington in 1805 in honor of Dr. William Wavell (1750–1829), a Devon-based physician, botanist, historian, and naturalist, who brought the mineral to the attention of fellow mineralogists.
It occurs in association with crandallite and variscite in fractures in aluminous metamorphic rock, in hydrothermal regions and in phosphate rock deposits. It is found in a wide variety of locations notably in the Mount Ida, Arkansas area in the Ouachita Mountains.
It is sometimes used as a gemstone.
See also
List of minerals
Apatite, fluoro-phosphate of calcium
Pyromorphite, chloro-phosphate of lead
Turquoise, a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminium
References
External links
Aluminium minerals
Phosphate minerals
Halide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Luminescent minerals
Gemstones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HERG | hERG (the human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene) is a gene () that codes for a protein known as Kv11.1, the alpha subunit of a potassium ion channel. This ion channel (sometimes simply denoted as 'hERG') is best known for its contribution to the electrical activity of the heart: the hERG channel mediates the repolarizing IKr current in the cardiac action potential, which helps coordinate the heart's beating.
When this channel's ability to conduct electrical current across the cell membrane is inhibited or compromised, either by application of drugs or by rare mutations in some families, it can result in a potentially fatal disorder called long QT syndrome. Conversely, genetic mutations that increase the current through these channels can lead to the related inherited heart rhythm disorder Short QT syndrome. A number of clinically successful drugs in the market have had the tendency to inhibit hERG, lengthening the QT and potentially leading to a fatal irregularity of the heartbeat (a ventricular tachyarrhythmia called torsades de pointes). This has made hERG inhibition an important antitarget that must be avoided during drug development.
hERG has also been associated with modulating the functions of some cells of the nervous system and with establishing and maintaining cancer-like features in leukemic cells.
Function
hERG forms the major portion of one of the ion channel proteins (the 'rapid' delayed rectifier current (IKr)) that conducts potassium (K+) ions out of the muscle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20nitride | Indium nitride () is a small bandgap semiconductor material which has potential application in solar cells and high speed electronics.
The bandgap of InN has now been established as ~0.7 eV depending on temperature (the obsolete value is 1.97 eV).
The effective electron mass has been recently determined by high magnetic field measurements, m* =0.055 m0.
Alloyed with GaN, the ternary system InGaN has a direct bandgap span from the infrared (0.69 eV) to the ultraviolet (3.4 eV).
Currently there is research into developing solar cells using the nitride based semiconductors. Using one or more alloys of indium gallium nitride (InGaN), an optical match to the solar spectrum can be achieved. The bandgap of InN allows a wavelengths as long as 1900 nm to be utilized. However, there are many difficulties to be overcome if such solar cells are to become a commercial reality: p-type doping of InN and indium-rich InGaN is one of the biggest challenges. Heteroepitaxial growth of InN with other nitrides (GaN, AlN) has proved to be difficult.
Thin layers of InN can be grown using metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD).
Superconductivity
Thin polycrystalline films of indium nitride can be highly conductive and even superconductive at liquid helium temperatures. The superconducting transition temperature Tc depends on each sample's film structure and carrier density and varies from 0 K to about 3 K. With magnesium doping the Tc can be 3.97 K. The superconductivity persists und |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Tomasulo | Robert Marco Tomasulo (October 31, 1934 – April 3, 2008) was a computer scientist, and the inventor of the Tomasulo algorithm. Tomasulo was the recipient of the 1997 Eckert–Mauchly Award "[f]or the ingenious Tomasulo algorithm, which enabled out-of-order execution processors to be implemented."
Robert Tomasulo attended Regis High School in New York City. He graduated from Manhattan College and then earned an engineering degree from Syracuse University. In 1956 he joined IBM research. After nearly a decade gaining broad experience in a variety of technical and leadership roles, he transitioned to mainframe development, including the IBM System/360 Model 91 and its successors. Following his 25-year career with IBM, Bob worked on an incubator project at Storage Technology Corporation to develop the first CMOS-based mainframe system; co-founded NetFrame, a mid-80s startup to develop one of the earliest microprocessor-based server systems; and worked as a consultant on processor architecture and microarchitecture for Amdahl Consulting.
On January 30, 2008, Tomasulo spoke at the University of Michigan College of Engineering about his career and the history and development of out-of-order execution.
Notes
External links
Lecture, 2008
Personal Profile on the computer.org
1934 births
2008 deaths
American computer scientists
Regis High School (New York City) alumni
Manhattan College alumni
Syracuse University alumni |
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