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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Johnson%20%28disambiguation%29
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Samuel Johnson (1709–1784) was an English literary figure and compiler of A Dictionary of the English Language; often referred to as "Dr. Johnson."
Samuel, Sammy or Sam Johnson may also refer to:
Arts and letters
Samuel Johnson (dramatist) (1691–1773), author of Hurlothrumbo
Samuel Johnson (American educator) (1696–1772), American colonial intellectual and educator; first president of King's College (now Columbia University)
Samuel Johnson (pamphleteer) (1649–1703), English political writer
Samuel Johnson Jr. (1757–1836), American schoolteacher and lexicographer
Samuel Johnson (Nigerian historian) (1846–1901), Anglican priest and historian of the Yoruba
Business
Samuel Curtis Johnson Sr. (1833–1919), American businessman
Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr. (1928–2004), American businessman
S. Curtis Johnson or Samuel Curtis Johnson, American businessman
Politics
Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr. (1838–1915), American businessman, rancher and presidential grandfather
Samuel Johnson (Michigan politician) (1839–1916), member of the Michigan House of Representatives
Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. (1877–1937), Texas politician and presidential father
Sam Johnson (Oregon politician) (1911–1984), Oregon businessman, legislator, and philanthropist
Sam Houston Johnson (1914–1978), younger brother of U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson
Sam Johnson (1930–2020), Texas congressman
I. Sam Johnson (1840–1906), American lawyer and politician from New York
Samuel William Johnson (assemblyman) (1828–189
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia%20Vennersten
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Cecilia Birgitta Vennersten-Ingemansson (born 26 September 1970) is a Swedish pop singer.
Cecilia Vennersten performed the Mariah Carey song "Hero" on Sikta mot stjärnorna in 1994.
Her career started with a second place finish in the Swedish qualifier for the Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Det vackraste". Her first album, named Cecilia Vennersten, released the same year, was a great success in Sweden and Norway. In 1997, her second album, Till varje leende, en tår, was released. She participated in Melodifestivalen 2005 with the ballad "Var mig nära", but she didn't quality for the final. In 2006, her third album, Under stjärnornas parasoll, was released.
Discography
Albums
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Singers from Gothenburg
Swedish pop singers
21st-century Swedish singers
Melodifestivalen contestants of 2005
Melodifestivalen contestants of 1995
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zircophyllite
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Zircophyllite is a complex mineral, formula . It crystallizes in the triclinic - pinacoidal crystal class as dark brown to black micaceous plates. It has perfect 001 cleavage, a Mohs hardness of 4 to 4.5 and a specific gravity of 3.34. Its indices of refraction are nα=1.708 nβ=1.738 nγ=1.747 and it has a 2V optical angle of 62°.
It occurs with natrolite in alkali pegmatites. It was discovered in 1972 in the Korgeredabinsh massif, Tuva, Russia and is named for its zirconium content and its relationship to astrophyllite. It is also known from the Mont Saint-Hilaire intrusive complex of Québec, Canada.
Zircophyllite is radioactive, but the radioactivity is barely detectable.
References
Inosilicates
Potassium minerals
Sodium minerals
Manganese minerals
Iron minerals
Zirconium minerals
Titanium minerals
Niobium minerals
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2
Minerals described in 1972
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Formylmethionine
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N-Formylmethionine (fMet, HCO-Met, For-Met) is a derivative of the amino acid methionine in which a formyl group has been added to the amino group. It is specifically used for initiation of protein synthesis from bacterial and organellar genes, and may be removed post-translationally.
fMet plays a crucial part in the protein synthesis of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts. It is not used in cytosolic protein synthesis of eukaryotes, where eukaryotic nuclear genes are translated. It is also not used by Archaea. In the human body, fMet is recognized by the immune system as foreign material, or as an alarm signal released by damaged cells, and stimulates the body to fight against potential infection.
Function in protein synthesis
fMet is a starting residue in the synthesis of proteins in bacteria, and, consequently, is located at the N-terminus of the growing polypeptide. fMet is delivered to the ribosome (30S) - mRNA complex by a specialized tRNA (tRNAfMet) which has a 3'-UAC-5' anticodon that is capable of binding with the 5'-AUG-3' start codon located on the mRNA. fMet is thus coded by the same codon as methionine; however, AUG is also the translation initiation codon. When the codon is used for initiation, fMet is used instead of methionine, thereby forming the first amino acid as the peptide chain is synthesized. When the same codon appears later in the mRNA, normal methionine is used. Many organisms use variations of this basic mechanism.
The addition of the fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegel%27s%20theorem%20on%20integral%20points
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In mathematics, Siegel's theorem on integral points states that for a smooth algebraic curve C of genus g defined over a number field K, presented in affine space in a given coordinate system, there are only finitely many points on C with coordinates in the ring of integers O of K, provided g > 0.
The theorem was first proved in 1929 by Carl Ludwig Siegel and was the first major result on Diophantine equations that depended only on the genus and not any special algebraic form of the equations. For g > 1 it was superseded by Faltings's theorem in 1983.
History
In 1929, Siegel proved the theorem by combining a version of the Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem, from diophantine approximation, with the Mordell–Weil theorem from diophantine geometry (required in Weil's version, to apply to the Jacobian variety of C).
In 2002, Umberto Zannier and Pietro Corvaja gave a new proof by using a new method based on the subspace theorem.
Effective versions
Siegel's result was ineffective (see effective results in number theory), since Thue's method in diophantine approximation also is ineffective in describing possible very good rational approximations to algebraic numbers. Effective results in some cases derive from Baker's method.
See also
Diophantine geometry
References
Diophantine equations
Theorems in number theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetic%20algorithm
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A memetic algorithm (MA) in computer science and operations research, is an extension of the traditional genetic algorithm (GA) or more general evolutionary algorithm (EA). It may provide a sufficiently good solution to an optimization problem. It uses a suitable heuristic or local search technique to improve the quality of solutions generated by the EA and to reduce the likelihood of premature convergence.
Memetic algorithms represent one of the recent growing areas of research in evolutionary computation. The term MA is now widely used as a synergy of evolutionary or any population-based approach with separate individual learning or local improvement procedures for problem search. Quite often, MAs are also referred to in the literature as Baldwinian evolutionary algorithms (EAs), Lamarckian EAs, cultural algorithms, or genetic local search.
Introduction
Inspired by both Darwinian principles of natural evolution and Dawkins' notion of a meme, the term memetic algorithm (MA) was introduced by Pablo Moscato in his technical report in 1989 where he viewed MA as being close to a form of population-based hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) coupled with an individual learning procedure capable of performing local refinements. The metaphorical parallels, on the one hand, to Darwinian evolution and, on the other hand, between memes and domain specific (local search) heuristics are captured within memetic algorithms thus rendering a methodology that balances well between generality and p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Parobeck
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Michael J. Parobeck (July 7, 1965 – July 2, 1996) was an American comics artist best known for his work on the Batman Adventures comic book. His artwork featured a fluid animation-inspired drawing style coupled with clear, clean layouts well-suited to the book.
Early life
Mike Parobeck, one of six siblings, grew up in Lancaster, Ohio. He studied at the Central Academy of Commercial Art in Cincinnati.
Career
Parobeck got to know DC Comics editor Brian Augustyn, to whom he repeatedly sent photocopies of his sample artwork. Augustyn eventually contacted Parobeck to give him a job penciling a few pages of a Doctor Light story in Secret Origins #37. This led to his first regular series work on El Diablo, with writer Gerard Jones, which lasted sixteen issues. Other important series on which he worked were The Fly for DC's short-lived Impact Comics imprint, as well as the 1992 Justice Society of America series, on both of which he worked together with writer Len Strazewski, and the Elongated Man mini-series, also from 1992.
His big breakthrough toward both critical and commercial success came with his work on Batman Adventures, a comic book tie-in to the animated TV series Batman: The Animated Series, on which he took over from Ty Templeton with issue 7. Parobeck and was the regular artist until his death. Parobeck named issue 14 as his favorite issue to have drawn, as that issue focused on Robin, who was Parobeck's favorite character to draw.
Personal life
By 1995, Parobeck
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutbaal
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Mutbaal (Akk. "man of Baal") was a Canaanite king of the Amarna Period. He is identified in the Amarna letters as a son of Labaya, the ruler of the hill country north of Jerusalem, including the territory in the vicinity of the city of Shachmu (biblical Shechem).
Mutbaal may be the son whose association with the Habiru raiders Labaya denounced in EA 254. He ruled in Pella on the eastern side of the Jordan river. After his father's death at the hands of the citizens of Gina, Mutbaal and his brother continued their assaults on other Canaanite rulers and their holdings, employing Habiru mercenaries. Eventually Biryawaza of Damascus was ordered by the Egyptian court to take armed action against the sons of Labaya. (EA 250)
List of Mutbaal's 2 letters to Pharaoh
EA 255
Mutbaal letter no. 1 of 2, title: "No destination too far"
Letter 255 by Mutbaal, about caravans, seems to imply that his location in western Jordan, (as "Mayor of Pihilu"-(modern Pella, Jordan)), was an important trade route to the east to Babylonia, or north to Mittani.
Say [t]o the king, [my] lord and my Sun: Thus Mut-Bahl[u], your servant, the dirt at your feet, the mire you tread on. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord, 7 times and 7 times. The king, my lord, sent Haaya to me to say, "A caravan to Hanagalbat-(Mitanni), is this (man) to send on, and (all of you) send it on!" Who am I that I would not send on a caravan of the king, my lord, seeing that [La]b 'ayu, my father, [used to ser]ve the king, his
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Quest
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Crystal Quest is an action game written by Patrick Buckland for the Macintosh and published by Casady & Greene in 1987. It was ported to the Apple IIGS in 1989 by Rebecca Heineman. Ports were also made to the Amiga, Game Boy, iOS, and Palm. It was the first game to support the color displays of the Macintosh II.
The game was based on the original shareware game Crystal Raider, one of the supporters of which had been Michael Greene, founder of Greene, Inc. (later to merge with CasadyWare to become Casady & Greene). A sequel, similar to the original game, Crystal Crazy, was released in 1993.
On February 7, 2006 Crystal Quest was released on Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade.
Game Mechanics LLC licensed Crystal Quest and launched on Kickstarter to raise money to create a new version in February 2015. As of November 23, 2016, Crystal Quest is available for Steam.
Development
Crystal Quest is easier to play in color mode on the Macintosh version as opposed to monochrome, as more RAM is used, causing enemies to move slower. Improvements and features in Crystal Quest over its predecessor Crystal Raider include a two-player mode, support for color, improved sound, and a demo mode. A glitch in the demo mode for early copies of Crystal Quest caused system errors on one out of ten Mac IIs, and those affected could call Greene Inc. for a replacement copy of the game.
Reception
Macworld reviewed the Macintosh version of Crystal Quest, praising its action gameplay and colorful graphics,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20101.2
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Radio 101.2 was a radio station in the Belarusian capital of Minsk. In 1995 and 1996 the radio station, which is at the frequency 101.2, was broadcasting news and was not affiliated with the national government. The editorial staff was assembled mostly by hiring the journalists of the closed station .
Soros Foundation helped to buy the equipment for newly started radio in 1995. The station was closed on formally technical reasons and was transferred over to the Belarusian Republican Youth Union, who still uses the radio today. The government has claimed that the station, and its frequency, was interfering with the radio communications of the Minsk police force. Independent groups claimed that this was another method by the government of Alexander Lukashenko to suppress the freedom of the press inside Belarus.
The technical problems that were claimed to be the reason to close the broadcast never happened again. On July 9, 1997, Lukashenko authorized giving 101.2 frequency to the state-controlled Radio Style.
Broadcast
Radio 101.2 was commercially successful, it had a wide audience and attracted big sponsors. Its analytical programmes criticized the authorities, the news blocks published information about the demonstrations, names of the detained. However, the media strived to be objective, it published governmental releases and invited the state officials to comment the actual issues.
Reception
Music journalist Źmicier Padbiareski said in 2000 that the example of Radio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20serum%20albumin
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Human serum albumin is the serum albumin found in human blood. It is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma; it constitutes about half of serum protein. It is produced in the liver. It is soluble in water, and it is monomeric.
Albumin transports hormones, fatty acids, and other compounds, buffers pH, and maintains oncotic pressure, among other functions.
Albumin is synthesized in the liver as preproalbumin, which has an N-terminal peptide that is removed before the nascent protein is released from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The product, proalbumin, is in turn cleaved in the Golgi apparatus to produce the secreted albumin.
The reference range for albumin concentrations in serum is approximately 35–50 g/L (3.5–5.0 g/dL). It has a serum half-life of approximately 21 days. It has a molecular mass of 66.5 kDa.
The gene for albumin is located on chromosome 4 in locus 4q13.3 and mutations in this gene can result in anomalous proteins. The human albumin gene is 16,961 nucleotides long from the putative 'cap' site to the first poly(A) addition site. It is split into 15 exons that are symmetrically placed within the 3 domains thought to have arisen by triplication of a single primordial domain.
Human serum albumin (HSA) is a highly water-soluble globular monomeric plasma protein with a relative molecular weight of 67 KDa, consisting of 585 amino acid residues, one sulfhydryl group and 17 disulfide bridges. Among nanoparticulate carriers, HSA nanoparticles have long
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier-to-noise%20ratio
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In telecommunications, the carrier-to-noise ratio, often written CNR or C/N, is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a modulated signal. The term is used to distinguish the CNR of the radio frequency passband signal from the SNR of an analog base band message signal after demodulation. For example, with FM radio, the strength of the 100 MHz carrier with modulations would be considered for CNR, whereas the audio frequency analogue message signal would be for SNR; in each case, compared to the apparent noise. If this distinction is not necessary, the term SNR is often used instead of CNR, with the same definition.
Digitally modulated signals (e.g. QAM or PSK) are basically made of two CW carriers (the I and Q components, which are out-of-phase carriers). In fact, the information (bits or symbols) is carried by given combinations of phase and/or amplitude of the I and Q components. It is for this reason that, in the context of digital modulations, digitally modulated signals are usually referred to as carriers. Therefore, the term carrier-to-noise-ratio (CNR), instead of signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), is preferred to express the signal quality when the signal has been digitally modulated.
High C/N ratios provide good quality of reception, for example low bit error rate (BER) of a digital message signal, or high SNR of an analog message signal.
Definition
The carrier-to-noise ratio is defined as the ratio of the received modulated carrier signal power C to the received noise power
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPLC
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FPLC may refer to:
Fast protein liquid chromatography, a technique used to separate or purify proteins from complex mixtures
Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (French: Forces Patriotiques pour la Libération du Congo), the military wing of the Union of Congolese Patriots
French Protestant Church of London
Franklin Pierce Law Center, a law school located in Concord, New Hampshire, USA
Full Product Life Cycle (see Systems Development Life Cycle)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20sclerosis
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Nuclear sclerosis is an age-related change in the density of the crystalline lens nucleus that occurs in all older animals. It is caused by compression of older lens fibers in the nucleus by new fiber formation. The denser construction of the nucleus causes it to scatter light. Although nuclear sclerosis may describe a type of early cataract in human medicine, in veterinary medicine the term is also known as lenticular sclerosis and describes a bluish-grey haziness at the nucleus that usually does not affect vision, except for unusually dense cases. Immature senile cataract has to be differentiated with nuclear sclerosis while making its diagnosis.
Veterinary Medicine
In veterinary practice, nuclear sclerosis is a consistent finding in dogs greater than six years old. Nuclear sclerosis appears as a bilateral bluish-grey haziness at the nucleus, or center of the lens, caused by an increase in the refractive index of that part of the lens due to its increased density. It is often confused with other types of cataract. The condition is differentiated from other types of cataract by its clinical appearance, by shining a penlight into the eye (retroillumination). With nuclear sclerosis, a reflection from the tapetum will be seen, while a localized cataract may block reflection and appear as a shadow in the lens.
There is no treatment for this condition currently.
References
External links
Images
Dog diseases
Eye diseases
Medical signs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectro-temporal%20receptive%20field
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The spectro-temporal receptive field or spatio-temporal receptive field (STRF) of a neuron represents which types of stimuli excite or inhibit that neuron. "Spectro-temporal" refers most commonly to audition, where the neuron's response depends on frequency versus time, while "spatio-temporal" refers to vision, where the neuron's response depends on spatial location versus time. Thus they are not exactly the same concept, but both are referred to as STRF and serve a similar role in the analysis of neural responses.
If linearity is assumed, the neuron can be modeled as having a time-varying firing rate equal to the convolution of the stimulus with the STRF.
Auditory STRFs
The example STRF here is for an auditory neuron from the area CM (caudal medial) of a male zebra finch, when played conspecific birdsong. The colour of this plot shows the effect of sound on this neuron: this neuron tends to be excited by sound from about 2.5 kHz to 7 kHz heard by the animal 12 ms ago, but it is inhibited by sound in the same frequency range from about 18 ms ago.
Visual STRFs
See
Dario L. Ringach Receptive Fields in Macaque Primary Visual Cortex Spatial Structure and Symmetry of Simple-Cell (2002)
J. H. van Hateren and D. L. Ruderman Independent component analysis of natural image sequences yields spatio-temporal filters similar to simple cells in primary visual cortex (2002)
Idealized computational models for auditory receptive fields
A computational theory for early auditory rece
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%E2%80%93vector%E2%80%93tensor%20decomposition
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In cosmological perturbation theory, the scalar–vector–tensor decomposition is a decomposition of the most general linearized perturbations of the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric into components according to their transformations under spatial rotations. It was first discovered by E. M. Lifshitz in 1946. It follows from Helmholtz's Theorem (see Helmholtz decomposition.) The general metric perturbation has ten degrees of freedom. The decomposition states that the evolution equations for the most general linearized perturbations of the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric can be decomposed into four scalars, two divergence-free spatial vector fields (that is, with a spatial index running from 1 to 3), and a traceless, symmetric spatial tensor field with vanishing doubly and singly longitudinal components. The vector and tensor fields each have two independent components, so this decomposition encodes all ten degrees of freedom in the general metric perturbation. Using gauge invariance four of these components (two scalars and a vector field) may be set to zero.
If the perturbed metric where is the perturbation, then the decomposition is as follows,
where the Latin indices i and j run over spatial components (1,…,3). The tensor field is traceless under the spatial part of the background metric (i.e. ). The spatial vector and tensor undergo further decomposition. The vector is written
where and ( is the covariant derivative defined with respect to th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20q
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The max q, or maximum dynamic pressure, condition is the point when an aerospace vehicle's atmospheric flight reaches the maximum difference between the fluid dynamics total pressure and the ambient static pressure. For an airplane, this occurs at the maximum speed at minimum altitude corner of the flight envelope. For a space vehicle launch, this occurs at the crossover point between dynamic pressure increasing with speed and static pressure decreasing with increasing altitude. This is an important design factor of aerospace vehicles, since the aerodynamic structural load on the vehicle is proportional to dynamic pressure.
Dynamic pressure
Dynamic pressure q is defined in incompressible fluid dynamics as
where ρ is the local air density, and v is the vehicle's velocity. The dynamic pressure can be thought of as the kinetic energy density of the air with respect to the vehicle, and for incompressible flow equals the difference between total pressure and static pressure.
This quantity appears notably in the lift and drag equations.
For a car traveling at at sea level (where the air density is about ,) the dynamic pressure on the front of the car is , about 0.38% of the static pressure ( at sea level).
For an airliner cruising at at an altitude of (where the air density is about ), the dynamic pressure on the front of the plane is , about 41% of the static pressure ().
In rocket launches
For a launch of a space vehicle from the ground, dynamic pressure is:
zero at lif
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zharchikhite
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Zharchikhite is a halide mineral, a hydroxyl fluoride of aluminium; formula AlF(OH)2. It forms colourless, transparent crystals. Discovered in 1968, it is named after its original locality, the Zharchinskoya Deposit, which is in Buryatia, Russia.
References
Webmineral - Zharchikhite
Aluminium minerals
Fluorine minerals
Monoclinic minerals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidental%20release%20source%20terms
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Accidental release source terms are the mathematical equations that quantify the flow rate at which accidental releases of liquid or gaseous pollutants into the ambient environment which can occur at industrial facilities such as petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, natural gas processing plants, oil and gas transportation pipelines, chemical plants, and many other industrial activities. Governmental regulations in many countries require that the probability of such accidental releases be analyzed and their quantitative impact upon the environment and human health be determined so that mitigating steps can be planned and implemented.
There are a number of mathematical calculation methods for determining the flow rate at which gaseous and liquid pollutants might be released from various types of accidents. Such calculational methods are referred to as source terms, and this article on accidental release source terms explains some of the calculation methods used for determining the mass flow rate at which gaseous pollutants may be accidentally released.
Accidental release of pressurized gas
When gas stored under pressure in a closed vessel is discharged to the atmosphere through a hole or other opening, the gas velocity through that opening may be choked (i.e., it has attained a maximum) or it may be non-choked.
Choked velocity, also referred to as sonic velocity, occurs when the ratio of the absolute source pressure to the absolute downstream pressure is equal to o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After%20Innocence
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After Innocence is a 2005 American documentary film about men who were exonerated from death row by DNA evidence. Directed by Jessica Sanders, the film won the Special Jury Prize at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival.
The featured exonerees are Dennis Maher; Calvin Willis; Scott Hornoff; Wilton Dedge; Vincent Moto; Nick Yarris; Ronald Cotton; and Herman Atkins. Also featured are Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld of the Innocence Project and Lola Vollen of the Life After Exoneration Program.
Awards
Sundance Film Festival—Special Jury Prize; Grand Jury Prize (nominated)
Seattle International Film Festival—Women in Cinema Lena Sharpe Award
Newport Beach Film Festival—Special Jury Prize
Independent Film Festival of Boston—Audience Award
Full Frame Documentary Film Festival—Content + Intent = Change Award
Nantucket Film Festival—Best Storytelling In A Documentary
See also
List of wrongful convictions in the United States
Innocence Project
List of miscarriage of justice cases
Race in the United States criminal justice system
Capital punishment in the United States
Innocent prisoner's dilemma
Miscarriage of justice
False confession
Overturned convictions in the United States
Capital punishment debate in the United States
List of exonerated death row inmates
References
External links
Homepage
After Innocence at Working Films
"For the Wrongly Convicted, New Trials Once the Cell Opens", The New York Times, January 25, 2005. (PDF link)
2005 films
American documentary films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrone%20Robotics
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Perrone Robotics is a robotics software company based out of Charlottesville, Virginia and formed in 2001. The company formed Team Jefferson as a low budget side project in 2004 to build an autonomous robotic dune buggy for participation in the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge. The company was at the 2006 JavaOne conference with their robotic dune buggy 'Tommy' and received a Duke Award in the emerging technology category for Tommy & MAX.
The company has reformed Team Jefferson to participate in the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge with partners such as Fair-Isaac Corporation, Sun Microsystems, and the University of Virginia.
The CEO spoke at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) 2007 in Las Vegas describing the emerging consumer robotics market and how to 'roboticize' consumer products .
References
External links
www.perronerobotics.com
Robotics companies of the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%2024-cells
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In geometry, a truncated 24-cell is a uniform 4-polytope (4-dimensional uniform polytope) formed as the truncation of the regular 24-cell.
There are two degrees of truncations, including a bitruncation.
Truncated 24-cell
The truncated 24-cell or truncated icositetrachoron is a uniform 4-dimensional polytope (or uniform 4-polytope), which is bounded by 48 cells: 24 cubes, and 24 truncated octahedra. Each vertex joins three truncated octahedra and one cube, in an equilateral triangular pyramid vertex figure.
Construction
The truncated 24-cell can be constructed from polytopes with three symmetry groups:
F4 [3,4,3]: A truncation of the 24-cell.
B4 [3,3,4]: A cantitruncation of the 16-cell, with two families of truncated octahedral cells.
D4 [31,1,1]: An omnitruncation of the demitesseract, with three families of truncated octahedral cells.
Zonotope
It is also a zonotope: it can be formed as the Minkowski sum of the six line segments connecting opposite pairs among the twelve permutations of the vector (+1,−1,0,0).
Cartesian coordinates
The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of a truncated 24-cell having edge length sqrt(2) are all coordinate permutations and sign combinations of:
(0,1,2,3) [4!×23 = 192 vertices]
The dual configuration has coordinates at all coordinate permutation and signs of
(1,1,1,5) [4×24 = 64 vertices]
(1,3,3,3) [4×24 = 64 vertices]
(2,2,2,4) [4×24 = 64 vertices]
Structure
The 24 cubical cells are joined via their square faces to the trunc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%BCppel%20associated%20box
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The Krüppel associated box (KRAB) domain is a category of transcriptional repression domains present in approximately 400 human zinc finger protein-based transcription factors (KRAB zinc finger proteins). The KRAB domain typically consists of about 75 amino acid residues, while the minimal repression module is approximately 45 amino acid residues. It is predicted to function through protein-protein interactions via two amphipathic helices. The most prominent interacting protein is called TRIM28 initially visualized as SMP1, cloned as KAP1 and TIF1-beta. Substitutions for the conserved residues abolish repression.
Over 10 independently encoded KRAB domains have been shown to be effective repressors of transcription, suggesting this activity to be a common property of the domain. KRAB domains can be fused with dCas9 CRISPR tools to form even stronger repressors.
Evolution
The KRAB domain had initially been identified in 1988 as a periodic array of leucine residues separated by six amino acids 5’ to the zinc finger region of KOX1/ZNF10 coined heptad repeat of leucines (also known as a leucine zipper). Later, this domain was named in association with the C2H2-Zinc finger proteins Krüppel associated box (KRAB). The KRAB domain is confined to genomes from tetrapod organisms. The KRAB containing C2H2-ZNF genes constitute the largest sub-family of zinc finger genes. More than half of the C2H2-ZNF genes are associated with a KRAB domain in the human genome. They are more prone to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porome%20language
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Porome, also known as Kibiri, is a Papuan language of southern Papua New Guinea.
Classification
Porome was classified as a language isolate by Stephen Wurm. Although Malcolm Ross linked it to the Kiwaian languages, there is no evidence for a connection apart from the pronouns 1sg amo and 2sg do (cf. proto-Kiwaian *mo and *oro).
Distribution
There are over a thousand speakers in Babaguina (), Doibo (), Ero (), Paile, Tipeowo, and Wowa () villages in West Kikori Rural LLG and East Kikori Rural LLG of Gulf Province, near the Aird Hills and Kikori River tributaries.
Phonology
Porome has 9 native consonants. /s/ occurs in loanwords. There are no glottal consonants.
{| class="wikitable"
| p || t || k~g~ɣ
|-
| b || d ||
|-
| v || ||
|-
| m || n ||
|-
| || r ||
|-
| || (s) ||
|}
There are five vowels, which are /a, e, i, o, u/.
Like the surrounding languages, Porome is a tonal language. It has 5 tones.
High-level: kóí ‘cloth’
Low-level: kòì ‘selfish’
Rising: mèrí ‘road’
Falling: mérì ‘pandanus’
Peaking: pàkúmì ‘feather’
Pronouns
The independent pronouns and subject suffixes to the verb are as follows:
{|
! !!sg!!du!!pl
|-
!1
|amo, -me||amó-kai||amó, -ke/-ki
|-
!2
|do, -ke||aia-kai||a, -ka
|-
!3
|da, -a/-bV||abo-kai||abo, -abo
|}
Vocabulary
Selected Porome vocabulary from Petterson (2010):
Body parts
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Porome !! Gloss
|-
| kikimi || head
|-
| kikimikuro || hair
|-
| pakai || forehead
|-
| ipiri kukuro || eyebrow, eyelashes
|-
| ipiri ||
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20boubou
|
The black boubou (Laniarius nigerrimus), also known as Somali boubou, Erlanger's boubou or coastal boubou, is a medium-size bushshrike. It was split from the tropical boubou as a result of DNA sequence analysis, and this change in status was recognized by the International Ornithological Committee in 2008. Two colour morphs are recognized, a predominantly black one, the black boubou, and an extremely rare black and yellow morph which was formerly considered a separate species, the Bulo Burti boubou (Laniarius liberatus). The black boubou is found in Somalia and northern Kenya.
Description
The adult has glossy blue-black except for white spots on the rump, visible when the wings are spread and the rump feathers are erected. The underparts are white with a buffy or pinkish tinge on the breast and flanks. The bill is black; the eyes are dark reddish brown. The wings have white median coverts. The juvenile is similar but duller, with a greyish-brown bill, the upperparts mottled by yellowish-ochre to tawny feather tips, and dusky-barred flanks. The Somali boubou differs from tropical boubou in that it is smaller and has less white in the wing.
Bulo Burti boubou
The "Bulo Burti boubou", formerly recognized as a distinct species, Laniarius liberatus, was only known from one individual trapped in 1988 in central Somalia, 140 km inland in Hiiraan (region) near Buuloburde (Buulobarde, Bulo Burti) on the Shebelle River, and was described using blood and feather samples to provide a D
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backjumping
|
In backtracking algorithms, backjumping is a technique that reduces search space, therefore increasing efficiency. While backtracking always goes up one level in the search tree when all values for a variable have been tested, backjumping may go up more levels. In this article, a fixed order of evaluation of variables is used, but the same considerations apply to a dynamic order of evaluation.
Definition
Whenever backtracking has tried all values for a variable without finding any solution, it reconsiders the last of the previously assigned variables, changing its value or further backtracking if no other values are to be tried. If is the current partial assignment and all values for have been tried without finding a solution, backtracking concludes that no solution extending
exists. The algorithm then "goes up" to , changing 's value if possible, backtracking again otherwise.
The partial assignment is not always necessary in full to prove that no value of leads to a solution. In particular, a prefix of the partial assignment may have the same property, that is, there exists an index such that cannot be extended to form a solution with whatever value for . If the algorithm can prove this fact, it can directly consider a different value for instead of reconsidering as it would normally do.
The efficiency of a backjumping algorithm depends on how high it is able to backjump. Ideally, the algorithm could jump from to whichever variable is such that the current as
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine%20encephalopathy
|
Glycine encephalopathy is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of glycine metabolism. After phenylketonuria, glycine encephalopathy is the second most common disorder of amino acid metabolism. The disease is caused by defects in the glycine cleavage system, an enzyme responsible for glycine catabolism. There are several forms of the disease, with varying severity of symptoms and time of onset. The symptoms are exclusively neurological in nature, and clinically this disorder is characterized by abnormally high levels of the amino acid glycine in bodily fluids and tissues, especially the cerebrospinal fluid.
Glycine encephalopathy is sometimes referred to as "nonketotic hyperglycinemia" (NKH), as a reference to the biochemical findings seen in patients with the disorder, and to distinguish it from the disorders that cause "ketotic hyperglycinemia" (seen in propionic acidemia and several other inherited metabolic disorders). To avoid confusion, the term "glycine encephalopathy" is often used, as this term more accurately describes the clinical symptoms of the disorder.
Signs and symptoms
It typically presents as a severe encephalopathy with myoclonic seizures, is rapidly progressive and eventually results in respiratory arrest. Standard evaluation for inborn errors of metabolism and other causes of this presentation does not reveal any abnormality (no acidosis, no hypoglycaemia, or hyperammonaemia and no other organ affected). Pronounced and sustained hiccups in an encephalopa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinodorus%20macrophyllus
|
Echinodorus macrophyllus is a species of aquatic plants in the Alismataceae. It is native to Brazil and Bolivia.
Description
Petioles 2 - 3 x longer than the blade, membraneously alate on the base, thin to densely pilose under the blade. Pubescence simple or stellate and absent on young or submerged plants. Blade membraneous, sagittato-cordate or triangularly obovate with long blunt lobes, approximately as wide as the midrib length and widest at the base. Blade (6.5) - 20 – 30 cm long and (7_ - 20 – 30 cm wide with 11 - 13 veins (7 - 15 are possible). No pellucid markings.
Stem upright, about twice as long as the leaves, cylindrical, between the whorls triangular, pubescent under whorls as well as petioles.
Inflorescence rarely racemose, usually paniculate having 6 - 13 whorls containing 6 - 9 flowers each. Bracts lanceolate, densely ribbed. Bracts in the first whorl as long as the pedicels, in the other whorls they are a third shorter. Pedicels 1 - 3.5 cm long, sepals broadly ovate, leather-like, densely ribbed, 5 – 6 mm long, petals white, obovate, 15 – 18 mm long, stamens 20 - 24, filaments longer than the anthers, pistils numerous, style longer than the ovary.
Aggregate fruit globular, echinate, 6 – 8 mm in diameter. Achenes flat, subovately-cuneate, 3 x 1.5 mm with 3 - 5 (usually 3) lateral ribs and 2 - 3 oblong and further 3 - 5 small round glands. Stylar beak usually straight, approximately 0.75 mm.
Cultivation
Grow at tropical temperatures with plenty of light
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFSL
|
CFSL is a Canadian radio station licensed to Weyburn, Saskatchewan. Owned by Golden West Broadcasting, it broadcasts a country format on the assigned frequency of 1190 kHz, and serves the southeast portion of the province. The station shares studios with CKRC-FM and CHWY-FM at 305 Souris Avenue in downtown Weyburn.
History
CFSL signed on in 1957 under the ownership of Soo Line Broadcasting Ltd., serving both Weyburn and Estevan (until the launch of its sister station CJSL in Estevan in 1961). Starting on 1340 kHz, it moved to its current frequency at 1190 kHz around 1991.
Soo Line Broadcasting, and both CJSL and CFSL would be acquired by Golden West Broadcasting in 1995. In 2006, CFSL would gain a sister FM station, CKRC-FM.
Programming
CFSL currently broadcasts a full service country format. CFSL also carries Toronto Blue Jays baseball games.
References
External links
Fsl
Fsl
Fsl
Weyburn
Radio stations established in 1957
1957 establishments in Saskatchewan
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform%20binary%20search
|
Uniform binary search is an optimization of the classic binary search algorithm invented by Donald Knuth and given in Knuth's The Art of Computer Programming. It uses a lookup table to update a single array index, rather than taking the midpoint of an upper and a lower bound on each iteration; therefore, it is optimized for architectures (such as Knuth's MIX) on which
a table lookup is generally faster than an addition and a shift, and
many searches will be performed on the same array, or on several arrays of the same length
C implementation
The uniform binary search algorithm looks like this, when implemented in C.
#define LOG_N 4
static int delta[LOG_N];
void make_delta(int N)
{
int power = 1;
int i = 0;
do {
int half = power;
power <<= 1;
delta[i] = (N + half) / power;
} while (delta[i++] != 0);
}
int unisearch(int *a, int key)
{
int i = delta[0] - 1; /* midpoint of array */
int d = 0;
while (1) {
if (key == a[i]) {
return i;
} else if (delta[d] == 0) {
return -1;
} else {
if (key < a[i]) {
i -= delta[++d];
} else {
i += delta[++d];
}
}
}
}
/* Example of use: */
#define N 10
int main(void)
{
int a[N] = {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, 15, 17, 19};
make_delta(N);
for (int i = 0; i < 20; ++i)
printf("%d is at index %d\n", i, unisearch(a, i));
return 0;
}
References
Knut
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20X%20%28mtDNA%29
|
Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is found in North America, Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa.
Haplogroup X diverged from haplogroup N, roughly 30,000 years ago (just prior to or during the Last Glacial Maximum). It is in turn ancestral to subclades X2 and X1, which arose 16-21 thousand and 14-24 thousand years ago, respectively.
Distribution
Haplogroup X is found in approximately 2% of native Europeans, and 13% of all native North Americans. Additionally, the Haplogroup is present in around 3% of Assyrians, with high concentrations in Erzurum, Armenia as well. Notably, the haplogroup is especially common, at 14.3%, among the natives of Bahariya Oasis (Western Desert, Egypt. The X1 subclade is much less frequent, and is largely restricted to North Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Near East.
Subclade X2 appears to have undergone extensive population expansion and dispersal around or soon after the Last Glacial Maximum, roughly 20,000 years ago. It is more strongly represented in the Near East, the Caucasus, and southern Europe, and somewhat less strongly present in the rest of Europe. The highest concentrations are found in the Ojibwe (25%), Sioux (15%), Nuu-Chah-Nulth (12%), Georgia (8%), Orkney (7%), and amongst the Druze Assyrian community in Israel (27%). Subclades of X2 are not present in South Americans Amerindian populations. The oldest known human associated with X2 is Kennewick Man, whose 9000-year old re
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfric
|
Wulfric or Wolfric is an Old English masculine given name, composed of wulf "wolf" and the suffix -ric "realm, power". In some English language contexts, Ulric is a derivative of Wulfric (although Ulric may also be a variant of Ulrich). Wulfric is a cognate of the Norse name Rikiwulf.
People
Wulfric Spot (died ), Earl of Mercia and Chief Councillor of State to King Ethelred
Wulfric of Haselbury ( - 1154), hermit and miracle worker
Fictional characters
The chief protagonist in Wulfric the Weapon Thane by Charles W. Whistler
The middle name of Albus Dumbledore, a main character in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series
Wulfric Bedwyn, Duke of Bewcastle, in Mary Balogh's Slightly series
Wulfric, one of the main characters in Outlander (film)
Wulfric, a main character in World Without End (Follett novel) by Ken Follett
Wulfric, the eighth and last Gym Leader to be challenged in Pokémon X and Y
Wulfric the Wild, a common-born ally of the King Alfred the Great, primary protagonist in Gary Whitta's novel Abomination
Wulfric, a rare blade awakened from the Beastly Core Crystal in Xenoblade Chronicles 2.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Paris%E2%80%93Tours
|
These are the results for the 2005 edition of the Paris–Tours cycling classic. Erik Zabel equalised the three-wins record of riders such as Guido Reybrouck.
Final classification
09-10-2005: St. Arnould en Yvelines–Tours, 254 km.
External links
Race website
2005 in French sport
2005 UCI ProTour
2005
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin
|
The melanocortins are a family of neuropeptide hormones which are the ligands of the melanocortin receptors The melanocortin system consists of melanocortin receptors, ligands, and accessory proteins. The genes of the melanocortin system are found in chordates. Melanocortins were originally named so because their earliest known function was in melanogenesis. It is now known that the melanocortin system regulates diverse functions throughout the body, including inflammatory response, fibrosis, melanogenesis, steroidogenesis, energy homeostasis, sexual function, and exocrine gland function.
There are four endogenous melanocortin agonists which are derived from post-transcriptional processing of the precursor molecule proopiomelanocortin (POMC) (Figure 1). They are Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), b-MSH, and g-MSH. In addition to agonists which activate melanocortin receptors , there are two antagonists which inhibit receptor activity, Agouti and Agouti-related protein (Agrp). Lastly, the ligand β-defensin 3 acts as a neutral melanocortin receptor antagonist.
Receptors
The 5 melanocortin receptors are seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors with differing ligand affinities, tissue and cell type expression, and downstream functions (Figure 2). MC1R is expressed on melanocytes, macrophages, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, monocytes and numerous other immune cells, but is also present in brain, testis, and int
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percutaneous%20tibial%20nerve%20stimulation
|
Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS), also referred to as posterior tibial nerve stimulation, is the least invasive form of neuromodulation used to treat overactive bladder (OAB) and the associated symptoms of urinary urgency, urinary frequency and urge incontinence. These urinary symptoms may also occur with interstitial cystitis and following a radical prostatectomy. Outside the United States, PTNS is also used to treat fecal incontinence.
PTNS can be used as a primary therapy. Treatment for overactive bladder and fecal incontinence may begin with pharmacological therapies before PTNS is administered. Unlike the variety of OAB drugs available PTNS is more effective and produces far fewer side-effects. Nearly 80% of patients discontinue use (mean of 4.8 months) of drugs within the first year with as high as 17% of discontinuation being due to adverse side-effects. Neuromodulation is emerging as an effective modality to treat patients who are not successful with conservative methods and its demonstrated efficacy has been the topic of multiple publications.
Medical uses
Urinary incontinence
PTNS appears to be effective at improving the number of times a person who has overactive bladder syndrome needs to urinate, although the mechanism for this is unclear. It appears to work as well as medication, but with fewer side effects.
Fecal incontinence
A meta-review that considered mostly low quality studies found tentative evidence of a benefit for PTNS in fecal incontin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral%20eukaryogenesis
|
Viral eukaryogenesis is the hypothesis that the cell nucleus of eukaryotic life forms evolved from a large DNA virus in a form of endosymbiosis within a methanogenic archaeon or a bacterium. The virus later evolved into the eukaryotic nucleus by acquiring genes from the host genome and eventually usurping its role. The hypothesis was first proposed by Philip Bell in 2001 and was further popularized with the discovery of large, complex DNA viruses (such as Mimivirus) that are capable of protein biosynthesis.
Viral eukaryogenesis has been controversial for several reasons. For one, it is sometimes argued that the posited evidence for the viral origins of the nucleus can be conversely used to suggest the nuclear origins of some viruses. Secondly, this hypothesis has further inflamed the longstanding debate over whether viruses are living organisms.
Hypothesis
The viral eukaryogenesis hypothesis posits that eukaryotes are composed of three ancestral elements: a viral component that became the modern nucleus; a prokaryotic cell (an archaeon according to the eocyte hypothesis) which donated the cytoplasm and cell membrane of modern cells; and another prokaryotic cell (here bacterium) that, by endocytosis, became the modern mitochondrion or chloroplast.
In 2006, researchers suggested that the transition from RNA to DNA genomes first occurred in the viral world. A DNA-based virus may have provided storage for an ancient host that had previously used RNA to store its genetic info
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-phase-matching
|
Quasi-phase-matching is a technique in nonlinear optics which allows a positive net flow of energy from the pump frequency to the signal and idler frequencies by creating a periodic structure in the nonlinear medium. Momentum is conserved, as is necessary for phase-matching, through an additional momentum contribution corresponding to the wavevector of the periodic structure. Consequently, in principle any three-wave mixing process that satisfies energy conservation can be phase-matched. For example, all the optical frequencies involved can be collinear, can have the same polarization, and travel through the medium in arbitrary directions. This allows one to use the largest nonlinear coefficient of the material in the nonlinear interaction.
Quasi-phase-matching ensures that there is positive energy flow from the pump frequency to signal and idler frequencies even though all the frequencies involved are not phase locked with each other. Energy will always flow from pump to signal as long as the phase between the two optical waves is less than 180 degrees. Beyond 180 degrees, energy flows back from the signal to the pump frequencies. The coherence length is the length of the medium in which the phase of pump and the sum of idler and signal frequencies are 180 degrees from each other. At each coherence length the crystal axes are flipped which allows the energy to continue to positively flow from the pump to the signal and idler frequencies.
The most commonly used techniqu
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media%20in%20Richmond%2C%20Virginia
|
According to Nielsen Media statistics for 2015–2016, the Richmond, Virginia market area is the 56th largest Designated Market Area in the United States, with 549,730 TV households. Richmond is served by a variety of communication media:
Print media
Daily
The local daily newspaper in Richmond is the Richmond Times-Dispatch.
Weekly
Style Weekly (alternative weekly)
Chesterfield Observer
Monthly / bi-monthly / quarterly
NORTH of the JAMES Magazine (monthly)
Boomer Magazine (bi-monthly)
Chesterfield Living, West Ends Best, Hanover Lifestyle (bi-monthly)
Greater Richmond Grid Magazine (bi-monthly)
OurHealth Richmond Magazine (bi-monthly)
Richmond Magazine (monthly)
RVA Magazine (quarterly)
Virginia Business (monthly)
Whurk (monthly)
News and newsmagazines
The Richmond Free Press and the Richmond Voice are weekly newspapers that cover the news from a predominantly African American perspective. The only Hispanic magazine in the state, La Voz Hispana de Virginia provides significant cultural and news content in both English and Spanish. There are also two major publications from the Jewish community of Richmond, published in English; The Reflector is the semi-weekly newspaper of the Jewish Federation of Richmond and Virginia Jewish Life (formerly Virginia Jewish News) is an independent monthly magazine published by the Chabad community of Richmond, but highlighting stories of general Jewish interest in Virginia. City Edition was a civic-minded newspaper that listed muni
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukari%20Fukui
|
is a Japanese actress, voice actress and gravure idol known by the nickname in Japan.
Filmography
Anime
7 of Seven as Nanarin
Dragonaut -The Resonance- as Saki Kurata
Gundam Reconguista in G as Raraiya Monday
Highschool of the Dead as Shizuka Marikawa
Kare Kano as Rika Sena
Kenkō Zenrakei Suieibu Umishō as Mirei Shizuoka
Kill la Kill as Sukuyo Mankanshoku
Mouse as Yayoi Kuribayashi
Macademi Wasshoi! as Falce The Variable Wand
Mushishi as Fuki
Petite Princess Yucie as Cocoloo
Re: Hamatora as Mio (Episode 1)
School Rumble as Sarah Adiemus
Strawberry Panic as Kagome Byakudan
Saint October as Natsuki Shirafuji
Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann as Nia Teppelin
Umi Monogatari: Anata ga Ite Kureta Koto as Warin
OVA
FLCL as Junko Miyaji
School Rumble OVA as Sarah Adiemus
Top o Nerae 2! as Nono
Air Gear as Kururu Sumeragi
Video games
Baldr Force EXE as Segawa Minori
Dissidia: Final Fantasy as Tina Branford
Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy as Tina Branford
Dissidia Final Fantasy NT as Tina Branford
Dissidia Final Fantasy Opera Omnia as Tina Branford, Oerba Dia Vanille
Final Fantasy Explorers as Tina Branford
Final Fantasy XIII as Oerba Dia Vanille
Final Fantasy XIII-2 as Oerba Dia Vanille
Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII as Oerba Dia Vanille
God Eater (and its extended versions God Eater Burst and God Eater Resurrection) as Shio
Luminous Arc 2: Will as Rina
Rune Factory 3 as Sia
True Tears as Gion Inoue
Tartaros Online as Nagi
Toukiden 2 as Benizuki
World of Final Fantasy as Tina Branfor
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine%20discoid%20lupus%20erythematosus
|
Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is an uncommon autoimmune disease of the basal cell layer of the skin. It occurs in humans and cats, more frequently occurring in dogs. It was first described in dogs by Griffin and colleagues in 1979. DLE is one form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). DLE occurs in dogs in two forms: a classical facial predominant form or generalized with other areas of the body affected. Other non-discoid variants of CLE include vesicular CLE, exfoliative CLE and mucocutaneous CLE. It does not progress to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in dogs. SLE can also have skin symptoms, but it appears that the two are either separate diseases. DLE in dogs differs from SLE in humans in that plasma cells predominate histologically instead of T lymphocytes. Because worsening of symptoms occurs with increased ultraviolet light exposure, sun exposure most likely plays a role in DLE, although certain breeds (see below) are predisposed. After pemphigus foliaceus, DLE is the second most common autoimmune skin disease in dogs.
Symptoms
The most common initial symptom is scaling and loss of pigment on the nose. The surface of the nose becomes smooth gray, and ulcerated, instead of the normal black cobblestone texture. Over time the lips, the skin around the eyes, the ears, and the genitals may become involved. Lesions may progress to ulceration and lead to tissue destruction. DLE is often worse in summer due to increased sun exposure.
Diagnosis
DLE is easily
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medazepam
|
Medazepam is a drug that is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It is known by the following brand names: Azepamid, Nobrium, Tranquirax (mixed with bevonium), Rudotel, Raporan, Ansilan and Mezapam. Medazepam is a long-acting benzodiazepine drug. The half-life of medazepam is 36–200 hours.
Pharmacology
Medazepam acts as a prodrug to diazepam, as well as nordazepam, temazepam and oxazepam.
Benzodiazepine drugs including medazepam increase the inhibitory processes in the cerebral cortex by allosteric modulation of the GABA receptor. Benzodiazepines may also act via micromolar benzodiazepine-binding sites as Ca2+ channel blockers and significantly inhibited depolarization-sensitive calcium uptake in experiments with cell components from rat brains. This has been conjectured as a mechanism for high dose effects against seizures in a study. It has major active benzodiazepine metabolites, which gives it a more prolonged therapeutic effect after administration.
See also
Benzodiazepine
Benzodiazepine dependence
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Long-term effects of benzodiazepines
References
External links
Inchem - Medazepam
Benzodiazepines
Chloroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIO
|
HIO may refer to:
Hillsboro Airport, in Washington County, Oregon, United States
Hypoiodous acid, an oxidising agent
Hybrid input-output algorithm, in coherent diffraction imaging
Oslo University College, the largest state university college in Norway
Østfold University College, a further and higher education institution in south-eastern Norway
Tsoa language, spoken in Botswana and Zimbabwe
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSin3%20interaction%20domain
|
The mSin3 interaction domain (SID) is an interaction domain which is present on several transcriptional repressor proteins including TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) and Mad. It interacts with the paired amphipathic alpha-helix 2 (PAH2) domain of mSin3, a transcriptional repressor domain that is attached to transcription repressor proteins such as the mSin3A corepressor.
Action of histone deacetylase 1 and 2 (HDAC1/2) is induced by the interaction of mSin3A with a multi-protein complex containing HDAC1/2. Transcription is also repressed by histone deacetylase-independent means.
External links
A 13-Amino Acid Amphipathic α-Helix Is Required for the Functional Interaction between the Transcriptional Repressor Mad1 and mSin3A
Protein domains
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%20telluride
|
Mercury telluride (HgTe) is a binary chemical compound of mercury and tellurium. It is a semi-metal related to the II-VI group of semiconductor materials. Alternative names are mercuric telluride and mercury(II) telluride.
HgTe occurs in nature as the mineral form coloradoite.
Physical properties
All properties are at standard temperature and pressure unless stated otherwise. The lattice parameter is about 0.646 nm in the cubic crystalline form. The bulk modulus is about 42.1 GPa. The thermal expansion coefficient is about 5.2×10−6/K. Static dielectric constant 20.8, dynamic dielectric constant 15.1. Thermal conductivity is low at 2.7 W·m2/(m·K). HgTe bonds are weak leading to low hardness values. Hardness 2.7×107 kg/m2.
Doping
N-type doping can be achieved with elements such as boron, aluminium, gallium, or indium. Iodine and iron will also dope n-type. HgTe is naturally p-type due to mercury vacancies. P-type doping is also achieved by introducing zinc, copper, silver, or gold.
Topological insulation
Mercury telluride was the first topological insulator discovered, in 2007. Topological insulators cannot support an electric current in the bulk, but electronic states confined to the surface can serve as charge carriers.
Chemistry
HgTe bonds are weak. Their enthalpy of formation, around −32kJ/mol, is less than a third of the value for the related compound cadmium telluride. HgTe is easily etched by acids, such as hydrobromic acid.
Growth
Bulk growth is from a mercury
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppenheimer%20Diamond
|
The Oppenheimer Diamond, a nearly perfectly formed yellow diamond crystal, is one of the largest uncut diamonds in the world, and measures approximately . It was discovered in the Dutoitspan Mine, Kimberley, South Africa, in 1964. Harry Winston acquired the stone and presented it to the Smithsonian Institution in memory of Sir Ernest Oppenheimer.
See also
List of diamonds
References
External links
Oppenheimer Diamond at the Smithsonian, with better closeup photos
Another view
Third closeup
Oppenheimer family
Jewelry in the Smithsonian Institution
Diamonds originating in South Africa
1964 in South Africa
Yellow diamonds
Individual diamonds
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-score
|
In statistical analysis of binary classification, the F-score or F-measure is a measure of a test's accuracy. It is calculated from the precision and recall of the test, where the precision is the number of true positive results divided by the number of all positive results, including those not identified correctly, and the recall is the number of true positive results divided by the number of all samples that should have been identified as positive. Precision is also known as positive predictive value, and recall is also known as sensitivity in diagnostic binary classification.
The F1 score is the harmonic mean of the precision and recall. It thus symmetrically represents both precision and recall in one metric. The more generic score applies additional weights, valuing one of precision or recall more than the other.
The highest possible value of an F-score is 1.0, indicating perfect precision and recall, and the lowest possible value is 0, if either precision or recall are zero.
Etymology
The name F-measure is believed to be named after a different F function in Van Rijsbergen's book, when introduced to the Fourth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-4, 1992).
Definition
The traditional F-measure or balanced F-score (F1 score) is the harmonic mean of precision and recall:
.
Fβ score
A more general F score, , that uses a positive real factor , where is chosen such that recall is considered times as important as precision, is:
.
In terms of Type I and type II
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent%20classification
|
A patent classification is a system for examiners of patent offices or other people to categorize (code) documents, such as published patent applications, according to the technical features of their content. Patent classifications make it feasible to search quickly for documents about earlier disclosures similar to or related to the invention for which a patent is applied for, and to track technological trends in patent applications.
Searches based on patent classifications can identify documents of different languages by using the codes (classes) of the system, rather than words. Patent classification systems were originally developed for sorting paper documents, but are nowadays used for searching patent databases.
The International Patent Classification (IPC) is agreed internationally. The United States Patent Classification (USPC) is fixed by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The Derwent classification system is fixed by an enterprise. The German Patent Classification (DPK) was fixed by the German Patent Office (Deutsches Patentamt).
In October 2010, the European Patent Office (EPO) and USPTO launched a joint project to create the Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) in order to harmonise the patent classifications systems between the two offices. CPC from 2013 replaces the European Classification (ECLA), which was based on the IPC but adapted by the EPO.
See also
European Convention on the International Classification of Patents for Inventi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Larson
|
Paul Larson (Per-Åke Larson) is a computer scientist. He is most famous for inventing the linear hashing algorithm with Witold Litwin. Paul Larson is currently a senior researcher in the Database Group of Microsoft Research. He is frequent chair and committee member of conferences such as VLDB, SIGMOD, and ICDE.
In 2005 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.
References
Larson PA. "Dynamic Hash Tables." Communications of the ACM. April 1988, 31(4):446-57 pdf.
External links
Paul Larson MSR Page
UW MSR Summer Institute 2010
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Microsoft employees
American computer scientists
Database researchers
Academic staff of the University of Waterloo
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharizdun
|
In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy roleplaying game, Tharizdun () is the god of Eternal Darkness, Decay, Entropy, Malign Knowledge, Insanity, and Cold. He originated in the World of Greyhawk campaign setting but has since also appeared in other settings.
He was imprisoned ages ago by a coalition of deities to prevent the destruction of existence itself. Although imprisoned, Tharizdun still has a degree of his original multiverse-threatening power. His holy symbols are a dark spiral rune and a two-tiered inverted ziggurat known as an obex. His holy number is 333.
Publication history
Created by Gary Gygax based on Robert J. Kuntz's dark god "Tharzduun", Tharizdun first appeared in the module Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun. He would later appear in Gygax's series of Gord novels. Writer Michal Tresca speculated that Tharizdun might have been inspired by Clark Ashton Smith's Demon Lord and ruler of the Seven Hells, Thasaidon, who appeared first in The Tomb-Spawn, Weird Tales, Vol. 23, No. 5, May 1934.
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 1st edition (1977–1988)
Tharizdun's existence was first revealed in the module The Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun (1982), by Gary Gygax. Tharizdun was subsequently detailed in the World of Greyhawk Fantasy Game Setting (1983).
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition (1989–1999)
Tharizdun was one of the deities described in the From the Ashes set (1992), for the Greyhawk campaign, and appeared again in Greyhawk: The Adventure Begins (1998).
His role in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Gayle%20%28album%29
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Crystal Gayle is the debut studio album by American country music artist Crystal Gayle, although she had previously recorded material which was not released until later. It was released on February 7, 1975. The album peaked at #25 on the Billboard Country Albums chart, and included three charting Hot Country Singles: "Wrong Road Again" at #6, "Beyond You" at #27, and "This Is My Year for Mexico" at #21.
Also included is her first rendition of "When I Dream," which would become a big hit three years later on the release of her 1978 album When I Dream. The recording of "Beyond You" is the same one that reappears on 1979's We Should Be Together. The song was later covered by Ava Barber, who included a version on her 1976 album Country as Grits. It was composed by Gayle and her then husband and manager, Bill Gatzimos.
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle – vocals
Jimmy Colvard - electric and rhythm guitar
Allen Reynolds - rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Lloyd Green - steel guitar, dobro
Buddy Spicher - fiddle
Joe Allen - bass
Charles Cochrane - keyboards, string arrangements
Bobby Wood - keyboards
Jimmy Isbell, Kenny Malone - drums, percussion
Garth Fundis - baritone horn, backing vocals, engineer
Technical
Lloyd Ziff - art direction
Ria Lewerke - design
Doug Metzler - photography
References
Crystal Gayle albums
1975 debut albums
Albums produced by Allen Reynolds
United Artists Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20Must%20Believe%20in%20Magic
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We Must Believe in Magic is the fourth studio album by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released on June 24, 1977, it became her highest selling album, reaching #2 on the Billboard Country Albums chart and #12 on the main Billboard album chart (her first album to enter the main chart and her only album to make the Top 30 there to date). It was certified platinum by the RIAA in 1978. The album also has the distinction of being the first platinum album recorded by a female artist in country music. It was also Gayle's first album to chart in the UK, where it reached #15, and was certified silver by the BPI. In the Netherlands, it stayed on the charts for two weeks and peaked at #29.
The album contains Gayle's huge international chart hit "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue", which was not only her third #1 Country chart hit, but also reached #2 on the Billboard 100, becoming her biggest hit. Another track, "River Road", charted at #64 on the Country Singles chart when it appeared on the Favorites compilation album in 1980.
Track listing
Charts
Production
Produced by Allen Reynolds
Engineered by Garth Fundis
Personnel
Gene Chrisman, Jimmy Isbell, Kenny Malone – drums, percussion
Joe Allen, Mike Leech – bass guitar
David Kirby, Johnny Christopher, Jimmy Colvard, Reggie Young, Allen Reynolds – guitars
Lloyd Green – steel guitar
Bobby Wood, Hargus "Pig" Robbins – keyboards
Charles Cochran - keyboards, string and horn arrangements
Shane Keister – synthesizers
New Grass
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Kemp%20%28Egyptologist%29
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Barry John Kemp, (born 14 May 1940) is an English archaeologist and Egyptologist. He is Professor Emeritus of Egyptology at the University of Cambridge and directing excavations at Amarna in Egypt. His widely renowned book Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilisation is a core text of Egyptology and many Ancient History courses.
Early life and education
Kemp was born on 14 May 1940. He studied Egyptology at the University of Liverpool, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1962.
Academic career
In 1962, Kemp joined the University of Cambridge as an assistant lecturer. He was promoted to lecturer in 1969, Reader in Egyptology in 1990, and made Professor of Egyptology in 2005. He was also a Fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge from 1990 to 2007. He retired from full-time academia in 2007, and was made professor emeritus. Since 2008, he has been a senior fellow of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research at Cambridge.
From 1977 until 2008, he was the director of excavation and archaeological survey at Amarna for the Egypt Exploration Society. He continues his research of the Amarna Period of ancient Egypt as director of the Amarna Project and secretary of the Amarna Trust. He has also contributed to many highly regarded and widely used Egyptology texts, including Civilisations of the Ancient Near East, edited by Jack Sasson. He is a co-author of Bruce Trigger's Ancient Egypt: A Social History, which incorporates the work of many leading Egyptologists and ad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When%20I%20Dream
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When I Dream is the fifth studio album by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. It was released on June 2, 1978, at the height of her career. It was her second consecutive #2 country album on the Billboard charts. Two singles from the album reached #1 on the Country Singles chart: "Talking in Your Sleep" (also a Top 20 Pop hit) and "Why Have You Left the One You Left Me For". The title song, "When I Dream", is a longer re-recorded version of a song that appeared originally on her 1975 debut album Crystal Gayle, and reached #3. A fourth single, "Heart Mender", peaked at #58. "Hello I Love You" was featured in the 1982 movie, Six Pack, starring Kenny Rogers, Erin Gray and Diane Lane.
The album achieved a gold disc the year it was released but was certified platinum by the RIAA in 1982. It was also Gayle's second album to chart in the UK, where it reached #25, and was awarded a silver disc by the BPI.
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle - vocals
Biff Watson, Billy Sanford, David Kirby, Johnny Christopher, Ray Edenton, Reggie Young, Rod Smarr, Sonny Curtis - guitar
Bob Moore, Joe Allen, Mike Leech, Richard "Spady" Brannan, Tommy Cogbill - bass
Lloyd Green - steel guitar, resonator guitar
Chris Leuzinger - slide guitar
Bobby Emmons, Bobby Wood, Charles Cochran, Dwight Scott, Hargus "Pig" Robbins, Richard Durrett - keyboards
Cindy Reynolds - harp
Gene Chrisman, Jimmy Isbell, Kenny Malone, Vic Mastrianni - drums, percussion
Production
Produced by Allen Reynolds
Recorde
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALS162%20time%20signal
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ALS162 is a French longwave time signal and standard-frequency radio station and is used for the dissemination of the Metropolitan French national legal time to the public. TéléDiffusion de France broadcast the ALS162 time signal, provided by LNE-SYRTE and LNE-LTFB time laboratories under ANFR (state body for radio frequencies) responsibility, from the Allouis longwave transmitter at 162 kHz, with a power of 800 kW.
The current time signal is generated by extremely accurate caesium atomic clocks and phase-modulated on the 162 kHz ( wavelength) carrier signal in a way that is inaudible when listening to the signal using normal Longwave receivers. The ALS162 phase-modulated time signal service requires a more complex receiver than the popular German DCF77 amplitude-modulated time signal service, but the much more powerful transmitter (16 times DCF77's 50 kW) gives it a much greater range of 3,500 km.
The signal transmission is almost continuous, but there is a regularly scheduled interruption for maintenance and tests every Tuesday morning from 08:00 to 12:00.
The transmitter building contains two caesium atomic clocks which are used to generate the time signal and which are monitored through the SYREF system and GPS common-view measurements, to align with the official French UTC(OP) time scale. The ALS162 time signal exactitude should be in excess of 1 millisecond uncertainty. The monitoring of the ALS162 signal is jointly conducted by LNE-SYRTE, LNE-LTFB and the trade body
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastatic%20calcification
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Metastatic calcification is deposition of calcium salts in otherwise normal tissue, because of elevated serum levels of calcium, which can occur because of deranged metabolism as well as increased absorption or decreased excretion of calcium and related minerals, as seen in hyperparathyroidism.
In contrast, dystrophic calcification is caused by abnormalities or degeneration of tissues resulting in mineral deposition, though blood levels of calcium remain normal. These differences in pathology also mean that metastatic calcification is often found in many tissues throughout a person or animal, whereas dystrophic calcification is localized.
Metastatic calcification can occur widely throughout the body but principally affects the interstitial tissues of the vasculature, kidneys, lungs, and gastric mucosa. For the latter three, acid secretions or rapid changes in pH levels contribute to the formation of salts.
Causes
Hypercalcemia, elevated blood calcium, has numerous causes, including
Elevated levels of parathyroid hormone due to hyperparathyroidism, leading to bone resorption and subsequent hypercalcemia by reducing phosphate concentration.
Secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein by certain tumors.
Resorption of bone due to
Primary bone marrow tumors (e.g. multiple myeloma and leukemia)
Metastasis of other tumors, breast cancer for example, to bone.
Paget disease
Immobilization
Vitamin D related disorders
Vitamin D intoxication
Williams syndrome (increas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uroporphyrinogen%20III%20decarboxylase
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Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase (uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, or UROD) is an enzyme () that in humans is encoded by the UROD gene.
Function
Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase is a homodimeric enzyme () that catalyzes the fifth step in heme biosynthesis, which corresponds to the elimination of carboxyl groups from the four acetate side chains of uroporphyrinogen III to yield coproporphyrinogen III:
uroporphyrinogen III coproporphyrinogen III + 4 CO2
Clinical significance
Mutations and deficiency in this enzyme are known to cause familial porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatoerythropoietic porphyria. At least 65 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered.
Mechanism
At low substrate concentrations, the reaction is believed to follow an ordered route, with the sequential removal of CO2 from the D, A, B, and C rings, whereas at higher substrate/enzyme levels a random route seems to be operative. The enzyme functions as a dimer in solution, and both the enzymes from human and tobacco have been crystallized and solved at good resolutions.
UroD is regarded as an unusual decarboxylase, since it performs decarboxylations without the intervention of any cofactors, unlike the vast majority of decarboxylases. Its mechanism has recently been proposed to proceed through substrate protonation by an arginine residue. A 2008 report demonstrated that the uncatalyzed rate for UroD's reaction is 10−19 s−1, so at pH 10 the rate acceleration of UroD relative to the u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sf21
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Sf21 (officially called IPLB-Sf21-AE) is a continuous cell line developed from ovaries of the Fall Army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda, a moth species that is an agricultural pest on corn and other grass species. It was originally developed in the United States at the Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. Sf9 is a substrain (clone) of these cells that was isolated from Sf21 by researchers at Texas A&M University.
Both the clone and parent strains of the cells have been extensively used in research on viruses, especially baculoviruses in their use for producing recombinant proteins.
References
External links
Cellosaurus entry for Sf21
Insect cell lines
Spodoptera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorny
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Gorny/Górny (masculine), Gornaya/Górna (feminine), or Gornoye/Górne (neuter) may refer to:
Places
Gorny District, a district of the Sakha Republic, Russia
Gorny (inhabited locality) (Gornaya, Gornoye), name of several inhabited localities in Russia
Gorny (air base)
Gorny Camp Directorate of Gulag
Other
Gorny (surname)
Gorny Institute, common name of the National Mineral Resources University
See also
Gorny Institute, a stratovolcano named after the university
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peirce%27s%20criterion
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In robust statistics, Peirce's criterion is a rule for eliminating outliers from data sets, which was devised by Benjamin Peirce.
Outliers removed by Peirce's criterion
The problem of outliers
In data sets containing real-numbered measurements, the suspected outliers are the measured values that appear to lie outside the cluster of most of the other data values. The outliers would greatly change the estimate of location if the arithmetic average were to be used as a summary statistic of location. The problem is that the arithmetic mean is very sensitive to the inclusion of any outliers; in statistical terminology, the arithmetic mean is not robust.
In the presence of outliers, the statistician has two options. First, the statistician may remove the suspected outliers from the data set and then use the arithmetic mean to estimate the location parameter. Second, the statistician may use a robust statistic, such as the median statistic.
Peirce's criterion is a statistical procedure for eliminating outliers.
Uses of Peirce's criterion
The statistician and historian of statistics Stephen M. Stigler wrote the following about Benjamin Peirce:
"In 1852 he published the first significance test designed to tell an investigator whether an outlier should be rejected (Peirce 1852, 1878). The test, based on a likelihood ratio type of argument, had the distinction of producing an international debate on the wisdom of such actions (Anscombe, 1960, Rider, 1933, Stigler, 1973a)."
Peir
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Irvine%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201958%29
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James Alan Irvine (born 12 July 1958) is a Scottish former professional footballer and coach.
Irvine played as a winger for Queen's Park, Everton, Crystal Palace, Dundee United and Blackburn Rovers.
As a coach, Irvine worked in various roles at Blackburn Rovers, Preston North End, Newcastle United and Everton before becoming a manager, firstly with Preston and then Sheffield Wednesday. After three years in charge of the Everton Academy, he became head coach of West Bromwich Albion. He rejoined Blackburn as assistant manager in November 2015, and was later caretaker manager of Norwich City and assistant manager at West Ham United.
Early life
Born in Glasgow, Scotland, Irvine studied for qualification as an insurance broker whilst playing for Queen's Park. Irvine is a boyhood Leeds United fan, citing fellow Scot Eddie Gray as his favourite player.
Club career
After Queen's Park, Irvine went on to play for Everton, Crystal Palace, Dundee United and Blackburn Rovers.
He helped Everton win the 1983–84 FA Cup: despite being left out of the final match day squad, he had started all 7 previous FA cup matches up to and including the semi-final, scoring goals in the 3rd round and 5th round ties. Irvine also started the 1984 League Cup Final and League Cup Final Replay with Everton ultimately losing 1–0 to Liverpool.
In 1992, he was part of the Blackburn team that won promotion to the new FA Premier League. He announced his retirement from playing just before the 1992–93 season be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caverna%20dos%20Ecos
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Caverna dos Ecos (GO-018), also called "Gruta dos Ecos" (English: Echo Cave), is a mica schist cavern in central Goiás, Brazil. It is located between Cocalzinho de Goiás and Brasília, 134 km from Goiânia. It is near the settlement of Girassol, just after the boundary with the Federal District.
Geology
It was discovered in March 1975 and is 1,380 meters long with a descent of 142 meters deep. The entrance is located at an elevation of 1050 meters. It contains a lake formed by rain water called Lago dos Ecos, the largest subterranean lake in South America, which is approximately 300 meters long, 50 wide and between 10 and 15 meters deep, being one of the longest in the world. It is formed by mica and schist, which explains the absence of speleothems.
Caverna dos Ecos is a remarkable subterranean karstic feature as no other Brazilian cave of similar size is known from similar lithologies, mica schist, quartzite, and marble, with 70% of its volume developed in schists and quartzite. This cave, a geological curiosity, developed originally in limestone, but migrated to overlying mica-schists due to breakdown. Visits can only be made with an experienced guide.
See also
List of caves in Brazil
References
External links
Scientific paper on the cave at Caves.org
Caves of Goiás
Wild caves
Limestone caves
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20plant%20systematics
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The history of plant systematics—the biological classification of plants—stretches from the work of ancient Greek to modern evolutionary biologists. As a field of science, plant systematics came into being only slowly, early plant lore usually being treated as part of the study of medicine. Later, classification and description was driven by natural history and natural theology. Until the advent of the theory of evolution, nearly all classification was based on the scala naturae. The professionalization of botany in the 18th and 19th century marked a shift toward more holistic classification methods, eventually based on evolutionary relationships.
Antiquity
The peripatetic philosopher Theophrastus (372–287 BC), as a student of Aristotle in Ancient Greece, wrote Historia Plantarum, the earliest surviving treatise on plants, where he listed the names of over 500 plant species. He did not articulate a formal classification scheme, but relied on the common groupings of folk taxonomy combined with growth form: tree shrub; undershrub; or herb.
The De Materia Medica of Dioscorides was an important early compendium of plant descriptions (over five hundred), classifying plants chiefly by their medicinal effects.
Medieval
The Byzantine emperor Constantine VII sent a copy of Dioscorides' pharmacopeia to the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Rahman III who ruled Córdoba in the 9th century, and also sent a monk named Nicolas to translate the book into Arabic. It was in use from its publication in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint%20learning
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In constraint satisfaction backtracking algorithms, constraint learning is a technique for improving efficiency. It works by recording new constraints whenever an inconsistency is found. This new constraint may reduce the search space, as future partial evaluations may be found inconsistent without further search. Clause learning is the name of this technique when applied to propositional satisfiability.
Definition
Backtracking algorithms work by choosing an unassigned variable and recursively solve the problems obtained by assigning a value to this variable. Whenever the current partial solution is found inconsistent, the algorithm goes back to the previously assigned variable, as expected by recursion. A constraint learning algorithm differs because it tries to record some information, before backtracking, in the form of a new constraint. This can reduce the further search because the subsequent search may encounter another partial solution that is inconsistent with this new constraint. If the algorithm has learned the new constraint, it will backtrack from this solution, while the original backtracking algorithm would do a subsequent search.
If the partial solution is inconsistent, the problem instance implies the constraint stating that cannot be true for all at the same time. However, recording this constraint is not useful, as this partial solution will not be encountered again due to the way backtracking proceeds.
On the other hand, if a subset of this evaluatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystals%20of%20Zong
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Crystals of Zong is a maze-chase game written by Sean McKinnon for the Commodore 64 and published by Cymbal Software in 1983.
Gameplay
Each level consists of nine single-screen rooms arranged in a 3×3 grid. At the centre of each room is a locked treasure area. The treasure areas in eight of the rooms contain different treasures and one of the rooms contains a ladder to the next level. The player's task is to navigate the maze-like corridors of the rooms to unlock the treasure areas and get the treasure. The player can descend to the next level via the ladder once they've unlocked it, collecting all the treasures is not necessary to proceed.
Various monsters inhabit the rooms. The monsters start out slow and dim-witted, but become faster and smarter on later levels. Contact with a monster kills the player instantly. In each room, there is a sword, collecting which temporarily gives the player the ability to kill the monsters. After some time, the monsters return.
There is a time limit to each level in the form a torch health bar, which decreases slowly as time passes. It can be replenished by collecting the torch power up, and paused altogether once the lantern, one of the treasures, is obtained.
References
External links
1983 video games
Maze games
Commodore 64 games
Commodore 64-only games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDB%20Human%20Genome%20Database
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The GDB Human Genome Database was a community curated collection of human genomic data. It was a key database in the Human Genome Project and was in service from 1989 to 2008.
History
In 1989 the Howard Hughes Medical Institute provided funding to establish a central repository for human genetic mapping data. This project ultimately resulted in the creation of the GDB Human Genome DataBase in September 1990. In order to ensure a high degree of quality, records within GDB were subjected to a curation process by human genetics specialists, including the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee.
Established under the leadership of Peter Pearson and Dick Lucier, GDB received financial support from the US Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. Located at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, GDB became a source of high quality mapping data which were made available both online as well as through numerous printed publications. The project was supported internationally by the EU, Japan, and other countries.
The GDB had several directors in its time. Peter Pearson, David T. Kingsbury, Stantley Letovsky, Peter Li, and A. Jamie Cuticchia.
Funds from the US Department of Energy that were previously allocated for GDB were transferred in 1998 due to the shift in emphasis in the human genome project. However that same year, A. Jamie Cuticchia obtained funding from Canadian public and private sources to continue the operations of GDB. While the data curation co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral%20thyrohyoid%20ligament
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The lateral thyrohyoid ligament (lateral hyothyroid ligament) is a round elastic cord, which forms the posterior border of the thyrohyoid membrane and passes between the tip of the superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage and the extremity of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve typical lies lateral to this ligament.
Triticeal cartilage
A small cartilaginous nodule (cartilago triticea), sometimes bony, is frequently found in the lateral thyrohyoid ligament.
References
External links
- "Larynx, anterior view"
- "Larynx, lateral view"
Human head and neck
Ligaments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrohyoid%20membrane
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The thyrohyoid membrane (or hyothyroid membrane) is a broad, fibro-elastic sheet of the larynx. It connects the upper border of the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone.
Structure
The thyrohyoid membrane is attached below to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage and to the front of its superior cornu, and above to the upper margin of the posterior surface of the body and greater cornu of the hyoid bone. It passes behind the posterior surface of the body of the hyoid. It is separated from the hyoid bone by a mucous bursa, which allows for the upward movement of the larynx during swallowing.
Its middle thicker part is termed the median thyrohyoid ligament. Its lateral thinner portions are pierced by the superior laryngeal vessels and the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Its anterior surface is in relation with the thyrohyoid muscle, sternohyoid muscle, and omohyoid muscles, and with the body of the hyoid bone. It is pierced by the superior laryngeal nerve. It is also pierced the superior thyroid artery, where there is a thickening of the membrane.
Clinical significance
Superior laryngeal artery
The thyrohyoid membrane needs to be manipulated to access the superior thyroid artery.
History
The thyrohyoid membrane refers to the two structures it connects: the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone. It may also be known as the hyothyroid membrane, where the two structures are reversed.
Additional images
References
External links
()
- "Larynx, ante
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jensen%E2%80%93Shannon%20divergence
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In probability theory and statistics, the Jensen–Shannon divergence is a method of measuring the similarity between two probability distributions. It is also known as information radius (IRad) or total divergence to the average. It is based on the Kullback–Leibler divergence, with some notable (and useful) differences, including that it is symmetric and it always has a finite value. The square root of the Jensen–Shannon divergence is a metric often referred to as Jensen–Shannon distance.
Definition
Consider the set of probability distributions where is a set provided with some σ-algebra of measurable subsets. In particular we can take to be a finite or countable set with all subsets being measurable.
The Jensen–Shannon divergence (JSD) is a symmetrized and smoothed version of the Kullback–Leibler divergence . It is defined by
where is a mixture distribution of and .
The geometric Jensen–Shannon divergence (or G-Jensen–Shannon divergence) yields a closed-form formula for divergence between two Gaussian distributions by taking the geometric mean.
A more general definition, allowing for the comparison of more than two probability distributions, is:
where
and are weights that are selected for the probability distributions , and is the Shannon entropy for distribution . For the two-distribution case described above,
Hence, for those distributions
Bounds
The Jensen–Shannon divergence is bounded by 1 for two probability distributions, given that one uses the base
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral%20giant%20interneuron
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The lateral giant interneuron (LG) is an interneuron in the abdominal nerve cord of crayfish, lobsters, shrimp of the order Decapoda and their relatives in the crustacean class Malacostraca. It is part of the system that controls a special kind of escape reflex of these organisms known as the "caridoid escape reaction."
When the sensory hairs of the tail fan of crayfish are stimulated, the LG activates the motor neurons that control flexion movements of the abdomen in a way that propels the crayfish away from the source of the stimulation. The LG bypasses the main neural system that controls locomotion, thus shortening the reaction time.
The lateral giant connection to motor giant fast flexor neurons was the first known example of an electrical synapse .
See also
Mauthner cell
Medial giant interneuron
Squid giant axon
References
Neurons
Crayfish
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Life%20Equation
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The Anti-Life Equation is a fictional concept appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. In Jack Kirby's Fourth World setting, the Anti-Life Equation is a formula for total control over the minds of sentient beings that is sought by Darkseid, who, for this reason, sends his forces to Earth, as he believes part of the equation exists in the subconsciousness of humanity. Various comics have defined the equation in different ways, but a common interpretation is that the equation may be seen as a mathematical proof of the futility of living, or of life as incarceration of spirit, per predominant religious and modern cultural suppositions.
History
Jack Kirby's original comics established the Anti-Life Equation as giving the being who learns it power to dominate the will of all sentient and sapient races. It is called the Anti-Life Equation because "if someone possesses absolute control over you — you're not really alive". Most stories featuring the Equation use this concept. The Forever People's Mother Box found the Anti-Life Equation in Sonny Sumo, but Darkseid, unaware of this, stranded him in ancient Japan. A man known as Billion-Dollar Bates had control over the Equation's power even without the Mother Box's aid, but was accidentally killed by one of his own guards.
When Metron and Swamp Thing attempt to breach the Source, which drives Swamp Thing temporarily mad, Darkseid discovers that part of the formula is love. Upon being told by the Dominators of their p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysis%20%28disambiguation%29
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Lysis is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell. Lysis may also refer to:
Lysis (dialogue), a dialogue of Plato about friendship (philia)
Lysis of Taras ( 5th century BCE), Greek philosopher
Lysis, one of the stages of the lytic cycle, one of the two cycles of viral reproduction
Alkaline lysis, a method used in molecular biology to isolate plasmid DNA from bacteria
See also
Lysias (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Scott%20%28mathematician%29
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Elizabeth Leonard Scott (November 23, 1917 – December 20, 1988) was an American mathematician specializing in statistics.
Scott was born in Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Her family moved to Berkeley, California when she was 4 years old. She attended the University of California, Berkeley where she studied astronomy. She earned her Ph.D. in 1949 in astronomy, and received a permanent position in the Department of Mathematics at Berkeley in 1951.
She wrote over 30 papers on astronomy and 30 on weather modification research analysis, incorporating and expanding the use of statistical analyses in these fields. She also used statistics to promote equal opportunities and equal pay for female academics.
In 1957 Scott noted a bias in the observation of galaxy clusters. She noticed that for an observer to find a very distant cluster, it must contain brighter-than-normal galaxies and must also contain a large number of galaxies. She proposed a correction formula to adjust for (what came to be known as) the Scott effect.
Dr. Scott was a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics.
The Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies awards a prize in her honor, the Elizabeth L. Scott Award, for "fostering opportunities in statistics for women".
References
1917 births
1988 deaths
American statisticians
Women statisticians
Fellows of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics
Presidents of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics
20th-century American mathematicians
20th-century women
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%20population%20statistics
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Berlin is the most populous city in the European Union, as calculated by city-proper population (not metropolitan area).
Demographics
Population by borough
Historical development of Berlin's population
The spike in population in 1920 is a result of the Greater Berlin Act.
Population by nationality
On 31 December 2010 the largest groups by foreign nationality were citizens from Turkey (104,556), Poland (40,988), Serbia (19,230), Italy (15,842), Russia (15,332), United States (12,733), France (13,262), Vietnam (13,199), Croatia (10,104), Bosnia and Herzegovina (10,198), UK (10,191), Greece (9,301), Austria (9,246), Ukraine (8,324), Lebanon (7,078), Spain (7,670), Bulgaria (9,988), the People's Republic of China (5,632), Thailand (5,037). There is also a large Arabic community, mostly from Lebanon, Palestine and Iraq. Additionally, Berlin has one of the largest Vietnamese communities outside Vietnam, with about 83,000 people of Vietnamese origin.
See also
Demographics of Berlin
Demographics of Cologne
Demographics of Hamburg
Demographics of Munich
References
External links
Berlin State Statistical Office
Berlin State Statistical Office (old homepage)
Schwenk, Herbert, Berliner Stadtentwicklung von A bis Z: Kleines Handbuch zum Werden und Wachsen der deutschen Hauptstadt, 2nd edition. Berlin: Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein, 1998.
Geography of Berlin
History of Berlin
Demographics of Germany
Demographics by city
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome%20microdissection
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Chromosome microdissection is a technique that physically removes a large section of DNA from a complete chromosome. The smallest portion of DNA that can be isolated using this method comprises 10 million base pairs - hundreds or thousands of individual genes.
Scientists who study chromosomes are known as cytogeneticists. They are able to identify each chromosome based on its unique pattern of dark and light bands. Certain abnormalities, however, cause chromosomes to have unusual banding patterns. For example, one chromosome may have a piece of another chromosome inserted within it, creating extra bands. Or, a portion of a chromosome may be repeated over and over again, resulting in an unusually wide, dark band (known as a homogeneously staining region). Some chromosomal aberrations have been linked to cancer and inherited genetic disorders, and the chromosomes of many tumor cells exhibit irregular bands. To understand more about what causes these conditions, scientists hope to determine which genes and DNA sequences are located near these unusual bands. Chromosome microdissection is a specialized way of isolating these regions by removing the DNA from the band and making that DNA available for further study.
To prepare cells for chromosome microdissection, a scientist first treats them with a chemical that forces them into metaphase: a phase of the cell's life-cycle where the chromosomes are tightly coiled and highly visible. Next, the cells are dropped onto a microscope s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription%20factor%20II%20D
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Transcription factor II D (TFIID) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex. RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. It consists of RNA polymerase II, a subset of general transcription factors, and regulatory proteins known as SRB proteins. Before the start of transcription, the transcription Factor II D (TFIID) complex binds to the core promoter DNA of the gene through specific recognition of promoter sequence motifs, including the TATA box, Initiator, Downstream Promoter, Motif Ten, or Downstream Regulatory elements.
Functions
Coordinates the activities of more than 70 polypeptides required for initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
Binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly
Serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex
Acts as a channel for regulatory signals
Structure
TFIID is itself composed of TBP and several subunits called TATA-binding protein Associated Factors (TBP-associated factors, or TAFs). In a test tube, only TBP is necessary for transcription at promoters that contain a TATA box. TAFs, however, add promoter selectivity, especially if there is no TATA box sequence for TBP to bind to. TAFs are included in two distinct complexes, TFIID and B-TFIID. The TFIID complex is composed of TBP and more than eight TAFs. But, the majo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%20Hyun
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Cho Hyun is a football player from South Korea.
He was a member of the South Korea U-20 team in early 1990s and went on to play as a professional in the K-League.
Club career statistics
External links
1974 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
South Korean men's footballers
Suwon Samsung Bluewings players
Ulsan Hyundai FC players
K League 1 players
Dongguk University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional%20nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20spectroscopy
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Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D NMR) is a set of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods which give data plotted in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one. Types of 2D NMR include correlation spectroscopy (COSY), J-spectroscopy, exchange spectroscopy (EXSY), and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY). Two-dimensional NMR spectra provide more information about a molecule than one-dimensional NMR spectra and are especially useful in determining the structure of a molecule, particularly for molecules that are too complicated to work with using one-dimensional NMR.
The first two-dimensional experiment, COSY, was proposed by Jean Jeener, a professor at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, in 1971. This experiment was later implemented by Walter P. Aue, Enrico Bartholdi and Richard R. Ernst, who published their work in 1976.
Fundamental concepts
Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency (RF) pulses with delay periods in between them. The timing, frequencies, and intensities of these pulses distinguish different NMR experiments from one another. Almost all two-dimensional experiments have four stages: the preparation period, where a magnetization coherence is created through a set of RF pulses; the evolution period, a determined length of time during which no pulses are delivered and the nuclear spins are allowed to freely precess (rotate); the mixing period, where the coherence is manipulated by a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectified%20tesseract
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In geometry, the rectified tesseract, rectified 8-cell is a uniform 4-polytope (4-dimensional polytope) bounded by 24 cells: 8 cuboctahedra, and 16 tetrahedra. It has half the vertices of a runcinated tesseract, with its construction, called a runcic tesseract.
It has two uniform constructions, as a rectified 8-cell r{4,3,3} and a cantellated demitesseract, rr{3,31,1}, the second alternating with two types of tetrahedral cells.
E. L. Elte identified it in 1912 as a semiregular polytope, labeling it as tC8.
Construction
The rectified tesseract may be constructed from the tesseract by truncating its vertices at the midpoints of its edges.
The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of the rectified tesseract with edge length 2 is given by all permutations of:
Images
Projections
In the cuboctahedron-first parallel projection of the rectified tesseract into 3-dimensional space, the image has the following layout:
The projection envelope is a cube.
A cuboctahedron is inscribed in this cube, with its vertices lying at the midpoint of the cube's edges. The cuboctahedron is the image of two of the cuboctahedral cells.
The remaining 6 cuboctahedral cells are projected to the square faces of the cube.
The 8 tetrahedral volumes lying at the triangular faces of the central cuboctahedron are the images of the 16 tetrahedral cells, two cells to each image.
Alternative names
Rit (Jonathan Bowers: for rectified tesseract)
Ambotesseract (Neil Sloane & John Horton Conway)
Rectif
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level%20sensor
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Level sensors detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids, including slurries, granular materials, and powders that exhibit an upper free surface. Substances that flow become essentially horizontal in their containers (or other physical boundaries) because of gravity whereas most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to a peak. The substance to be measured can be inside a container or can be in its natural form (e.g., a river or a lake). The level measurement can be either continuous or point values. Continuous level sensors measure level within a specified range and determine the exact amount of substance in a certain place, while point-level sensors only indicate whether the substance is above or below the sensing point. Generally the latter detect levels that are excessively high or low.
There are many physical and application variables that affect the selection of the optimal level monitoring method for industrial and commercial processes. The selection criteria include the physical: phase (liquid, solid or slurry), temperature, pressure or vacuum, chemistry, dielectric constant of medium, density (specific gravity) of medium, agitation (action), acoustical or electrical noise, vibration, mechanical shock, tank or bin size and shape. Also important are the application constraints: price, accuracy, appearance, response rate, ease of calibration or programming, physical size and mounting of the instrument, monitoring or control of continuous or discr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20efficiency
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In thermodynamics, the thermal efficiency () is a dimensionless performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy, such as an internal combustion engine, steam turbine, steam engine, boiler, furnace, refrigerator, ACs etc.
For a heat engine, thermal efficiency is the ratio of the net work output to the heat input; in the case of a heat pump, thermal efficiency (known as the coefficient of performance) is the ratio of net heat output (for heating), or the net heat removed (for cooling) to the energy input (external work). The efficiency of a heat engine is fractional as the output is always less than the input while the COP of a heat pump is more than 1. These values are further restricted by the Carnot theorem.
Overview
In general, energy conversion efficiency is the ratio between the useful output of a device and the input, in energy terms. For thermal efficiency, the input, , to the device is heat, or the heat-content of a fuel that is consumed. The desired output is mechanical work, , or heat, , or possibly both. Because the input heat normally has a real financial cost, a memorable, generic definition of thermal efficiency is
From the first law of thermodynamics, the energy output cannot exceed the input, and by the second law of thermodynamics it cannot be equal in a non-ideal process, so
When expressed as a percentage, the thermal efficiency must be between 0% and 100%. Efficiency must be less than 100% because there are inefficiencies such as friction and h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin%20telluride
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Tin telluride is a compound of tin and tellurium (SnTe); is a IV-VI narrow band gap semiconductor and has direct band gap of 0.18 eV. It is often alloyed with lead to make lead tin telluride, which is used as an infrared detector material.
Tin telluride normally forms p-type semiconductor (Extrinsic semiconductor) due to tin vacancies and is a low temperature
superconductor.
SnTe exists in three crystal phases. At Low temperatures, where the concentration of hole carriers is less than 1.5x1020 cm−3 , Tin Telluride exists in rhombohedral phase also known as α-SnTe.
At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, Tin Telluride exists in NaCl-like cubic crystal phase, known as β-SnTe.
While at 18 kbar pressure, β-SnTe transforms to γ-SnTe, orthorhombic phase, space group Pnma. This phase change is characterized by 11 percent increase in density and 360 percent increase in resistance for γ-SnTe.
Tin telluride is a thermoelectric material. Theoretical studies
imply that the n-type performance may be particularly good.
Thermal properties
Standard enthalpy of formation: - 14.6 ± 0.3 kcal/mole at 298 K
Standard Enthalpy of sublimation: 52.1 ± 1.4 kcal/mole at 298 K
Heat capacity: 12.1 + 2.1 x 10−3 T cal/deg
Bond-dissociation energy for the reaction SnTe(g)-> Sn(g)+ Te(g) : 80.6 ± 1.5 kcal/mole at 298 K
Entropy: 24.2±0.1 cal/mole.deg
Enthalpy of Dimerization for the reaction Sn2Te2->2SnTe(g) :46.9 ± 6.0 kcal/mole
Applications
Generally Pb is alloyed with SnTe in order to acc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair%20queuing
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Fair queuing is a family of scheduling algorithms used in some process and network schedulers. The algorithm is designed to achieve fairness when a limited resource is shared, for example to prevent flows with large packets or processes that generate small jobs from consuming more throughput or CPU time than other flows or processes.
Fair queuing is implemented in some advanced network switches and routers.
History
The term fair queuing was coined by John Nagle in 1985 while proposing round-robin scheduling in the gateway between a local area network and the internet to reduce network disruption from badly-behaving hosts.
A byte-weighted version was proposed by Alan Demers, Srinivasan Keshav and Scott Shenker in 1989, and was based on the earlier Nagle fair queuing algorithm. The byte-weighted fair queuing algorithm aims to mimic a bit-per-bit multiplexing by computing theoretical departure date for each packet.
The concept has been further developed into weighted fair queuing, and the more general concept of traffic shaping, where queuing priorities are dynamically controlled to achieve desired flow quality of service goals or accelerate some flows.
Principle
Fair queuing uses one queue per packet flow and services them in rotation, such that each flow can "obtain an equal fraction of the resources".
The advantage over conventional first in first out (FIFO) or priority queuing is that a high-data-rate flow, consisting of large packets or many data packets, cannot ta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20hashing
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In mathematics and computing, universal hashing (in a randomized algorithm or data structure) refers to selecting a hash function at random from a family of hash functions with a certain mathematical property (see definition below). This guarantees a low number of collisions in expectation, even if the data is chosen by an adversary. Many universal families are known (for hashing integers, vectors, strings), and their evaluation is often very efficient. Universal hashing has numerous uses in computer science, for example in implementations of hash tables, randomized algorithms, and cryptography.
Introduction
Assume we want to map keys from some universe into bins (labelled ). The algorithm will have to handle some data set of keys, which is not known in advance. Usually, the goal of hashing is to obtain a low number of collisions (keys from that land in the same bin). A deterministic hash function cannot offer any guarantee in an adversarial setting if , since the adversary may choose to be precisely the preimage of a bin. This means that all data keys land in the same bin, making hashing useless. Furthermore, a deterministic hash function does not allow for rehashing: sometimes the input data turns out to be bad for the hash function (e.g. there are too many collisions), so one would like to change the hash function.
The solution to these problems is to pick a function randomly from a family of hash functions. A family of functions is called a universal family if,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substomatal%20cavity
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In plants, the substomatal cavity is the cavity located immediately proximal to the stoma. It acts as a diffusion chamber connected with intercellular air spaces and allows rapid diffusion of carbon dioxide and other gases (such as plant pheromones) in and out of plant cells.
References
Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW (2006) Plant Biology (Second Edition). Pearsons Education, USA.
See also
Stoma
Transpiration stream
Plant cells
Plant anatomy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection%20formula
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In mathematics, a reflection formula or reflection relation for a function f is a relationship between f(a − x) and f(x). It is a special case of a functional equation, and it is very common in the literature to use the term "functional equation" when "reflection formula" is meant.
Reflection formulas are useful for numerical computation of special functions. In effect, an approximation that has greater accuracy or only converges on one side of a reflection point (typically in the positive half of the complex plane) can be employed for all arguments.
Known formulae
The even and odd functions satisfy by definition simple reflection relations around a = 0. For all even functions,
and for all odd functions,
A famous relationship is Euler's reflection formula
for the gamma function , due to Leonhard Euler.
There is also a reflection formula for the general n-th order polygamma function ψ(n)(z),
which springs trivially from the fact that the polygamma functions are defined as the derivatives of and thus inherit the reflection formula.
The Riemann zeta function ζ(z) satisfies
and the Riemann Xi function ξ(z) satisfies
References
Calculus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artashumara
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Artashumara Akkadian: ), brother of Tushratta and son of Shuttarna II, briefly held the throne of Mitanni in the fourteenth century BC.
Reign
He is known only from a single mention in a tablet found in Tell Brak "Artassumara the king, son of Shuttarna the king" and a mention in Amarna letter 17. According to the later, after the death of Shuttarna II he briefly took power but was then murdered (by someone named Tuhi) and succeeded by his brother Tushratta
See also
Mitanni
References
Hurrian kings
14th-century BC monarchs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carath%C3%A9odory%27s%20extension%20theorem
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In measure theory, Carathéodory's extension theorem (named after the mathematician Constantin Carathéodory) states that any pre-measure defined on a given ring of subsets R of a given set Ω can be extended to a measure on the σ-ring generated by R, and this extension is unique if the pre-measure is σ-finite. Consequently, any pre-measure on a ring containing all intervals of real numbers can be extended to the Borel algebra of the set of real numbers. This is an extremely powerful result of measure theory, and leads, for example, to the Lebesgue measure.
The theorem is also sometimes known as the Carathéodory–Fréchet extension theorem, the Carathéodory–Hopf extension theorem, the Hopf extension theorem and the Hahn–Kolmogorov extension theorem.
Introductory statement
Several very similar statements of the theorem can be given. A slightly more involved one, based on semi-rings of sets, is given further down below. A shorter, simpler statement is as follows. In this form, it is often called the Hahn–Kolmogorov theorem.
Let be an algebra of subsets of a set Consider a set function
which is finitely additive, meaning that
for any positive integer and disjoint sets in
Assume that this function satisfies the stronger sigma additivity assumption
for any disjoint family of elements of such that (Functions obeying these two properties are known as pre-measures.) Then,
extends to a measure defined on the -algebra generated by ; that is, there exists a measure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putting%20Biodiversity%20on%20the%20Map
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Putting biodiversity on the map: priority areas for global conservation by C. J. Bibby, N. J. Collar, M. J. Crosby, M.F. Heath, Ch. Imboden, T. H. Johnson, A. J. Long, A. J. Stattersfield and S. J. Thirgood () is a 1992 book published by the International Council for Bird Preservation.
The book introduced the Endemic Bird Area (EBA) concept and argued for its use as a means of identifying important areas for the conservation of all biodiversity worldwide.
The book starts with a number of sections outlining its overall aim, scope and methods. This is followed by a global overview, which is followed in turn by regional overviews for six regions:
North and Central America
South America
Africa, Europe and the Middle East
Continental Asia
South-east Asian Islands, New Guinea and Australia
Pacific Islands
This is followed by a similar set of regional analyses for other groups of animals and plants. Two final sections set out recommendations for the use of EBAs in conservation priority setting, and a set of conclusions. A number of appendices give detailed data in tabular form on EBAs and their importance.
The book does not describe the individual Endemic Bird Areas in detail; a subsequent more detailed publication, Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation does so, however.
The book is 90 pages long. It has a foreword by Edward O. Wilson.
Literature relating to endemism in birds
1992 non-fiction books
1992 in the environment
BirdLife In
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baharna
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The Baharna () are the indigenous Shia Muslim inhabitants of Bahrain who inhabited the area before the arrival of Sunni Muslim Bedouin tribes from Najd, particularly by Banu Utbah in the 18th century which the Bahraini royal family is from. They are generally regarded by scholars and Bahraini people to be the original inhabitants of the Bahrain archipelago. Most Shi'i Bahraini citizens are Baharna. Regions with most of the population are in Eastern Arabia (Bahrain, Qatif, al-Hasa), with historical diaspora populations in Kuwait, (see Baharna in Kuwait), Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, and the western coast of Iran. Some Bahrainis are from other parts of the world too.
Origin
The origin of the Baharna is debated; there are different theories regarding their origins. Several Western scholars believe the Baharna originate from Bahrain's ancient population and pre-Islamic population which consisted of partially-Christianized Arabs, Arab Aramaic-speaking agriculturalists, a small amount of Persian Zoroastrians, and a smaller amount of Jews According to one historian, Arab settlements in Bahrain may have begun around 300 B.C. and control of the island was maintained by the Rabyah tribe, who converted to Islam in 630 A.D.
The Bahrani Arabic dialect exhibits Akkadian, Aramaic and Syriac features. The sedentary people of pre-Islamic Bahrain were Arabean Aramaic speakers and to some degree Persian speakers, while Syriac functioned as a liturgical language. The Bahrani dialect mi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis-regulatory%20element
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Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) or Cis''-regulatory modules (CRMs) are regions of non-coding DNA which regulate the transcription of neighboring genes. CREs are vital components of genetic regulatory networks, which in turn control morphogenesis, the development of anatomy, and other aspects of embryonic development, studied in evolutionary developmental biology.
CREs are found in the vicinity of the genes that they regulate. CREs typically regulate gene transcription by binding to transcription factors. A single transcription factor may bind to many CREs, and hence control the expression of many genes (pleiotropy). The Latin prefix cis means "on this side", i.e. on the same molecule of DNA as the gene(s) to be transcribed.
CRMs are stretches of DNA, usually 100–1000 DNA base pairs in length, where a number of transcription factors can bind and regulate expression of nearby genes and regulate their transcription rates. They are labeled as cis because they are typically located on the same DNA strand as the genes they control as opposed to trans, which refers to effects on genes not located on the same strand or farther away, such as transcription factors. One cis-regulatory element can regulate several genes, and conversely, one gene can have several cis-regulatory modules. Cis-regulatory modules carry out their function by integrating the active transcription factors and the associated co-factors at a specific time and place in the cell where this information is read and an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrani%20Arabic
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Bahrani Arabic (also known as Bahrani or Baharna Arabic) is a variety of Arabic spoken by the Baharna in Eastern Arabia and Oman. In Bahrain, the dialect is primarily spoken in Shia villages and some parts of Manama. In Saudi Arabia, the dialect is spoken in the governorate of Qatif. In Oman, it is spoken in the governorates of Al Dhahirah and Al Batinah.
The Bahrani Arabic dialect has been significantly influenced by the ancient Aramaic, Syriac, and Akkadian languages.
An interesting sociolinguistic feature of Bahrain is the existence of two main dialects: Bahrani and Sunni Arabic. Sunni Bahrainis speak a dialect which is most similar to urban dialect spoken in Qatar.
The Persian language has debatably the most foreign linguistic influence on all the Bahraini dialects. The differences between Bahrani Arabic and other Bahraini dialects suggest differing historical origins. The main differences between Bahrani and non-Bahrani dialects are evident in certain grammatical forms and pronunciation. Most of the vocabulary, however, is shared between dialects, or is distinctly Bahraini, arising from a shared modern history. Many Bahrani words have also been borrowed from Urdu, Ottoman Turkish, or English.
Examples of words borrowed from other languages
bānka 'ceiling fan' from Persian
sōmān 'equipment' from Urdu.
lētar 'lighter' from English.
wīl 'wheel' from English
tēm 'time' from English
dareesha 'window' from Ottoman Turkish
dowshag 'mattress' from Persian
orradi 'al
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Sunderland%20A.F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics
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Sunderland Association Football Club, are a professional football club based in Sunderland, North East England. They were announced to the world by the local newspaper, The Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette on 27 September 1880 as Sunderland & District Teachers Association Football Club following a meeting of the Teachers at Rectory Park school in Sunderland on 25 September 1880. The football club changed their name to the current form on 16 October 1880, just 20 days after the September announcement. They were elected into The Football League in the 1890–91 season, becoming the first team to join the league since its inauguration in the 1889–90 season, replacing Stoke F.C.
Transfers
All figures are based on the maximum potential fee and are correct as at 1 September 2013.
In
Out
Honours and achievements
Sunderland have won a total of six Football League Championships including three in the space of four seasons, along with being runners-up five times. Sunderland have also experienced success in the FA Cup, winning it twice; in 1937 and 1973. They have never won the League Cup but finished as finalists in 1985 and 2014.
League
First Division (level 1):
Winners (6): 1891–92, 1892–93, 1894–95, 1901–02, 1912–13, 1935–36
Runners-up (5): 1893–94, 1897–98, 1900–01, 1922–23, 1934–35
Football League Championship (level 2):
Winners (2): 2004–05, 2006–07
Second Division (level 2):
Winners (1): 1975–76
Runners-up (2): 1963–64, 1979–80
Promotion (1): 1989–90
First Divis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQP
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SQP may refer to:
Sequential quadratic programming, an iterative method for constrained nonlinear optimization
South Quay Plaza, a residential-led development under construction in Canary Wharf on the Isle of Dogs, London
SQP, the ICAO code for SkyUp, Kyiv, Ukraine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%E2%80%93Q%20plot
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In statistics, a Q–Q plot (quantile–quantile plot) is a probability plot, a graphical method for comparing two probability distributions by plotting their quantiles against each other. A point on the plot corresponds to one of the quantiles of the second distribution (-coordinate) plotted against the same quantile of the first distribution (-coordinate). This defines a parametric curve where the parameter is the index of the quantile interval.
If the two distributions being compared are similar, the points in the Q–Q plot will approximately lie on the identity line . If the distributions are linearly related, the points in the Q–Q plot will approximately lie on a line, but not necessarily on the line . Q–Q plots can also be used as a graphical means of estimating parameters in a location-scale family of distributions.
A Q–Q plot is used to compare the shapes of distributions, providing a graphical view of how properties such as location, scale, and skewness are similar or different in the two distributions. Q–Q plots can be used to compare collections of data, or theoretical distributions. The use of Q–Q plots to compare two samples of data can be viewed as a non-parametric approach to comparing their underlying distributions. A Q–Q plot is generally more diagnostic than comparing the samples' histograms, but is less widely known. Q–Q plots are commonly used to compare a data set to a theoretical model. This can provide an assessment of goodness of fit that is graphi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence%20B.%20Seibert
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Florence Barbara Seibert (October 6, 1897 – August 23, 1991) was an American biochemist. She is best known for identifying the active agent in the antigen tuberculin as a protein, and subsequently for isolating a pure form of tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD), enabling the development and use of a reliable TB test. Seibert has been inducted into the Florida Women's Hall of Fame and the National Women's Hall of Fame.
Early life and education
Seibert was born on October 6, 1897, in Easton, Pennsylvania, to George Peter Seibert and Barbara (Memmert) Seibert. At age three, Florence contracted polio. She had to wear leg braces and walked with a limp throughout her life. As a teenager, Seibert is reported to have read biographies of famous scientists which inspired her interest in science.
Seibert did her undergraduate work at Goucher College in Baltimore, graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1918. She and one of her chemistry teachers, Jessie E. Minor, did war-time work at the Chemistry Laboratory of the Hammersley Paper Mill in Garfield, New Jersey.
Seibert earned her Ph.D. in biochemistry from Yale University in 1923. At Yale she studied the intravenous injection of milk proteins under the direction of Lafayette Mendel. She developed a method to prevent these proteins from being contaminated with bacteria. She was a Van Meter Fellow from 1921 - 1922 and an American Physiological Society Porter Fellow from 1922 - 1923, both at Yale University.
Professional achievements an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary%20search
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A ternary search algorithm is a technique in computer science for finding the minimum or maximum of a unimodal function.
The function
Assume we are looking for a maximum of and that we know the maximum lies somewhere between and . For the algorithm to be applicable, there must be some value such that
for all with , we have , and
for all with , we have .
Algorithm
Let be a unimodal function on some interval . Take any two points and in this segment: . Then there are three possibilities:
if , then the required maximum can not be located on the left side – . It means that the maximum further makes sense to look only in the interval
if , that the situation is similar to the previous, up to symmetry. Now, the required maximum can not be in the right side – , so go to the segment
if , then the search should be conducted in , but this case can be attributed to any of the previous two (in order to simplify the code). Sooner or later the length of the segment will be a little less than a predetermined constant, and the process can be stopped.
choice points and :
Run time order
Recursive algorithm
def ternary_search(f, left, right, absolute_precision) -> float:
"""Left and right are the current bounds;
the maximum is between them.
"""
if abs(right - left) < absolute_precision:
return (left + right) / 2
left_third = (2*left + right) / 3
right_third = (left + 2*right) / 3
if f(left_third) < f(right_third):
retu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma%20receptor
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Sigma receptors (σ-receptors) are protein cell surface receptors that bind ligands such as 4-PPBP (4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl) piperidine), SA 4503 (cutamesine), ditolylguanidine, dimethyltryptamine, and siramesine. There are two subtypes, sigma-1 receptors (σ1) and sigma-2 receptors (σ2), which are classified as sigma receptors for their pharmacological similarities, even though they are evolutionarily unrelated.
The fungal protein ERG2, a C-8 sterol isomerase, falls into the same protein family as sigma-1. Both localize to the ER membrane, although sigma-1 is also reported to be a cell surface receptor. Sigma-2 is an EXPREA domain protein (citation needed) with a mostly intracellular (ER membrane) localization.
Classification
Because the σ-receptor was originally discovered to be agonized by benzomorphan opioids and antagonized by naltrexone, σ-receptors were originally believed to be a type of opioid receptor. When the σ1 receptor was isolated and cloned, it was found to have no structural similarity to the opioid receptors, but rather showed similarity to fungal proteins involved in sterol synthesis. At this point, they were designated as a separate class of proteins.
Function
The function of these receptors is poorly understood. Drugs known to be σ-agonists include cocaine, morphine/diacetylmorphine, opipramol, PCP, fluvoxamine, methamphetamine, dextromethorphan, and berberine. However, the exact role of σ-receptors is difficult to establish as many σ-agonists also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarase
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Fumarase (or fumarate hydratase) is an enzyme () that catalyzes the reversible hydration/dehydration of fumarate to malate. Fumarase comes in two forms: mitochondrial and cytosolic. The mitochondrial isoenzyme is involved in the Krebs cycle and the cytosolic isoenzyme is involved in the metabolism of amino acids and fumarate. Subcellular localization is established by the presence of a signal sequence on the amino terminus in the mitochondrial form, while subcellular localization in the cytosolic form is established by the absence of the signal sequence found in the mitochondrial variety.
This enzyme participates in 2 metabolic pathways: citric acid cycle and reductive citric acid cycle (CO2 fixation), and is also important in renal cell carcinoma. Mutations in this gene have been associated with the development of leiomyomas in the skin and uterus in combination with renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC syndrome).
Nomenclature
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-malate hydro-lyase (fumarate-forming). Other names in common use include:
fumarase
L-malate hydro-lyase
(S)-malate hydro-lyase
Structure
Gene
In humans, the FH gene is localized to the chromosomal position 1q42.3-q43. The FH gene contains 10 exons.
Protein
Crystal structures of fumarase C from Escherichia coli have been observed to have two dicarboxylate binding sites close to one another. Th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang%27s%20algorithm
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Huang's algorithm is an algorithm for detecting termination in a distributed system. The algorithm was proposed by Shing-Tsaan Huang in 1989 in the Journal of Computers.
Termination detection
The basis of termination detection is in the concept of a distributed system process' state. At any time, a process in a distributed system is either in an active state or in an idle state. An active process may become idle at any time but an idle process may only become active again upon receiving a computational message.
Termination occurs when all processes in the distributed system become idle and there are no computational messages in transit.
Algorithm
Huang's algorithm can be described by the following:
Initially all processes are idle.
A distributed task is started by a process sending a computational message to another process. This initial process to send the message is the "controlling agent".
The initial weight of the controlling agent is (usually 1).
The following rules are applied throughout the computation:
A process sending a message splits its current weight between itself and the message.
A process receiving a message adds the weight of the message to itself.
Upon becoming idle, a process sends a message containing its entire weight back to the controlling agent and it goes idle.
Termination occurs when the controlling agent has a weight of and is in the idle state.
Some weaknesses to Huang's algorithm are that it is unable to detect termination if a messa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra%E2%80%93Scholten%20algorithm
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The Dijkstra–Scholten algorithm (named after Edsger W. Dijkstra and Carel S. Scholten) is an algorithm for detecting termination in a distributed system. The algorithm was proposed by Dijkstra and Scholten in 1980.
First, consider the case of a simple process graph which is a tree. A distributed computation which is tree-structured is not uncommon. Such a process graph may arise when the computation is strictly a divide-and-conquer type. A node starts the computation and divides the problem in two (or more, usually a multiple of 2) roughly equal parts and distribute those parts to other processors. This process continues recursively until the problems are of sufficiently small size to solve in a single processor.
Algorithm
The Dijkstra–Scholten algorithm is a tree-based algorithm which can be described by the following:
The initiator of a computation is the root of the tree.
Upon receiving a computational message:
If the receiving process is currently not in the computation: the process joins the tree by becoming a child of the sender of the message. (No acknowledgment message is sent at this point.)
If the receiving process is already in the computation: the process immediately sends an acknowledgment message to the sender of the message.
When a process has no more children and has become idle, the process detaches itself from the tree by sending an acknowledgment message to its tree parent.
Termination occurs when the initiator has no children and has become idle.
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