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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20Engineering
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Swift Engineering is an American spacecraft engineering firm that builds autonomous systems, helicopters, submarines, spacecraft, ground vehicles, robotics, and composite parts. Swift used to produce racing cars for open-wheel racing series, including Formula Ford, Formula Atlantic, the Champ Car World Series and Formula Nippon, having designed and fabricated over 500 race cars.
History
Swift Engineering was founded in 1983 by David Bruns, Alex Cross, R. K. Smith, and Paul White under the name Swift Racing Cars. Their first car, the DB-1, was a Formula Ford which won the SCCA National Championship in its debut race. The company later built cars for Sports 2000, Formula Ford 2000, Formula Atlantic, and CART. Swift chassis won the Atlantic Championship from 1989 to 1992 and British Formula Renault in 1990.
In 1991, Swift was purchased by Panasonic executive and former Indycar racing driver Hiro Matsushita, grandson of Panasonic founder Konosuke Matsushita, who renamed the firm Swift Engineering. Under his direction, Swift moved up to the CART World Series for 1997, with two cars entered by Newman/Haas Racing and driven by Michael Andretti and Christian Fittipaldi. In CART, Swifts got four wins and 24 podiums from 182 race entries. Tarso Marques was the last driver to race a Swift chassis in CART in the 2000 season.
In 2000, Swift Engineering started to provide vertically integrated, multi-disciplined product development services including design, development, engineering, te
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroclinic%20orbit
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[[Image:Heteroclinic orbit in pendulum phaseportrait.png|thumb|right|The phase portrait of the pendulum equation {{math|1=''x + sin x = 0}}. The highlighted curve shows the heteroclinic orbit from to . This orbit corresponds with the (rigid) pendulum starting upright, making one revolution through its lowest position, and ending upright again.]]
In mathematics, in the phase portrait of a dynamical system, a heteroclinic orbit (sometimes called a heteroclinic connection) is a path in phase space which joins two different equilibrium points. If the equilibrium points at the start and end of the orbit are the same, the orbit is a homoclinic orbit.
Consider the continuous dynamical system described by the ordinary differential equation
Suppose there are equilibria at Then a solution is a heteroclinic orbit from to if both limits are satisfied:
This implies that the orbit is contained in the stable manifold of and the unstable manifold of .
Symbolic dynamics
By using the Markov partition, the long-time behaviour of hyperbolic system can be studied using the techniques of symbolic dynamics. In this case, a heteroclinic orbit has a particularly simple and clear representation. Suppose that is a finite set of M symbols. The dynamics of a point x is then represented by a bi-infinite string of symbols
A periodic point of the system is simply a recurring sequence of letters. A heteroclinic orbit is then the joining of two distinct periodic orbits. It may be written as
wh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peixoto%27s%20theorem
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In the theory of dynamical systems, Peixoto's theorem, proved by Maurício Peixoto, states that among all smooth flows on surfaces, i.e. compact two-dimensional manifolds, structurally stable systems may be characterized by the following properties:
The set of non-wandering points consists only of periodic orbits and fixed points.
The set of fixed points is finite and consists only of hyperbolic equilibrium points.
Finiteness of attracting or repelling periodic orbits.
Absence of saddle-to-saddle connections.
Moreover, they form an open set in the space of all flows endowed with C1 topology.
See also
Andronov–Pontryagin criterion
References
Jacob Palis, W. de Melo, Geometric Theory of Dynamical Systems. Springer-Verlag, 1982
Stability theory
Theorems in dynamical systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos%20772
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Kosmos 772 ( meaning Cosmos 772) was an uncrewed military Soyuz 7K-S test. It was an unsuccessful mission as only one transmitter worked. Only the 166 MHz frequency transmitter operated, all of the other normal Soyuz wavelengths transmitters failed. The experience from these flights were used in the development of the successor program Soyuz spacecraft the Soyuz 7K-ST.
Mission parameters
Spacecraft: Soyuz 7K-S
Mass: 6750 kg
Crew: None
Launched: September 29, 1975
Landed: October 3, 1975 4:10 UTC
Perigee: 154 km
Apogee: 245 km
Inclination: 51.8 deg
Duration: 3.99 days
Maneuver Summary
193 km X 270 km orbit to 195 km X 300 km orbit. Delta V: 8 m/s.
196 km X 300 km orbit to 196 km X 328 km orbit. Delta V: 8 m/s.
Total Delta V: 16 m/s.
See also
Soyuz 7K-OK
Soyuz TM-25
Cosmos 670
Cosmos 869
References
Kosmos 0772
Kosmos 0772
Kosmos 0772
1975 in the Soviet Union
Spacecraft launched in 1975
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicine
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Vicine is an alkaloid glycoside found mainly in fava beans, which are also called broad beans (Vicia faba). Vicine is toxic in individuals who have a hereditary loss of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. It causes haemolytic anaemia, called favism. The formation of vicine in Vicia faba has been studied, but this natural formation has not yet been found.
History
Vicine was initially isolated in 1870 from the seeds of Vicia sativa by a method of extraction with sulfuric acid and subsequent precipitation with mercury sulfate (HgSO4). Later vicine was also found in other Vicia species, namely Vicia faba, beet juice and peas. The chemical structure of the compound was built gradually. First the glycosidic nature of the compound was recognized in 1896. The same year the aglycone of vicine, divicine, was isolated. In the beginning of the 20th century the pyrimidine structure was recognized. Despite these initial successes, the correct formula of vicine was determined only in 1953 and it is 2,4-diamino-6-oxypyrimidine-5-(ß-d-glucopyranoside).
Metabolism
Vicine is an inactive compound in the body. When vicine enters the body through food, it is hydrolysed by the intestinal microflora to a highly reactive free radical generating compound, the aglycone divicine. Upon hydrolysis, the glucose part of the molecule is split off and that results in the reduced divicine. Divicine is then taken up in the blood through the intestinal epithelium.
Adverse effects
Adverse effects
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low%20smoke%20zero%20halogen
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Low smoke zero halogen or low smoke free of halogen (LSZH or LSOH or LS0H or LSFH or OHLS or ZHFR) is a material classification typically used for cable jacketing in the wire and cable industry. LSZH cable jacketing is composed of thermoplastic or thermoset compounds that emit limited smoke and no halogen when exposed to high sources of heat.
Description
The first commercial thermoplastic LSZH material for cable jacketing was invented by Richard Skipper in 1979 and patented by Raychem Corporation. This invention resolved the challenge of incorporating sufficient inorganic filler, aluminium trihydrate (ALTH), into an appropriate thermoplastic matrix to suppress the fire and allow a char to be formed, which reduced emission of poisonous carbon gases and also smoke and carbon particles, whilst maintaining electrical insulation properties and physical properties required by the end application. The preferred inorganic filler to achieve flame retardation continues to be aluminium trihydrate (ALTH). In the event of a fire this material undergoes an endothermic chemical reaction
that absorbs heat energy and releases steam when the compound reaches a certain temperature. It is critical that the decomposition of the polymer(s) used to carry the filler happens at approximately the same temperature. The steam disrupts combustion of the evolved gases and helps form a char layer that protects the remaining material and traps particulates. The high level of filler required (≈ 60%) also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocrine%20pancreatic%20insufficiency
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Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is the inability to properly digest food due to a lack or reduction of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas. EPI can occur in humans and is prevalent in many conditions such as cystic fibrosis, Shwachman–Diamond syndrome, different types of pancreatitis, multiple types of diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes), advanced renal disease, older adults, celiac disease, IBS-D, IBD, HIV, alcohol-related liver disease, Sjogren syndrome, tobacco use, and use of somatostatin analogues.
EPI is caused by a progressive loss of the pancreatic cells that make digestive enzymes. Loss of digestive enzymes leads to maldigestion and malabsorption of nutrients from normal digestive processes. EPI can cause symptoms even before reaching the stages of malnutrition: ‘mild’ or ‘moderate’ EPI is when fecal elastase levels are <200 ug/g, whereas ‘severe’ EPI is considered to be when fecal elastase levels is <100 ug/g.
The exocrine pancreas is a portion of this organ that contains clusters of ducts (acini) producing bicarbonate anion, a mild alkali, as well as an array of digestive enzymes that together empty by way of the interlobular and main pancreatic ducts into the duodenum (upper small intestine). The hormones cholecystokinin and secretin secreted by the stomach and duodenum in response to distension and the presence of food in turn stimulate the production of digestive enzymes by the exocrine pancreas. The alkalization of the duodenum neutrali
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein%20IIb/IIIa%20inhibitors
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In medicine, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, also GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors, is a class of antiplatelet agents.
Several GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors exist:
abciximab (abcixifiban) (ReoPro)
eptifibatide (Integrilin)
tirofiban (Aggrastat)
roxifiban
orbofiban
Use
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors are frequently used during percutaneous coronary intervention (angioplasty with or without intracoronary stent placement).
They work by preventing platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. They do so by inhibition of the GpIIb/IIIa receptor on the surface of the platelets.
They may also be used to treat acute coronary syndromes, without percutaneous coronary intervention, depending on TIMI risk.
They should be given intravenously. The oral form is associated with increased mortality and hence should not be given.
In integrin nomenclature glycoprotein IIb/IIIa is called αIIbβ3.
History
Their development arose from the understanding of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, a condition in which the GpIIb/IIIa receptor is deficient or dysfunctional.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein%20IIb/IIIa
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In biochemistry and medicine, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa, also known as integrin αIIbβ3) is an integrin complex found on platelets. It is a transmembrane receptor for fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor, and aids platelet activation. The complex is formed via calcium-dependent association of gpIIb and gpIIIa, a required step in normal platelet aggregation and endothelial adherence. Platelet activation by ADP (blocked by clopidogrel) leads to the aforementioned conformational change in platelet gpIIb/IIIa receptors that induces binding to fibrinogen. The gpIIb/IIIa receptor is a target of several drugs including abciximab, eptifibatide, and tirofiban.
gpIIb/IIIa complex formation
Once platelets are activated, granules secrete clotting mediators, including both ADP and TXA2. These then bind their respective receptors on platelet surfaces, in both an autocrine and paracrine fashion (binds both itself and other platelets). The binding of these receptors result in a cascade of events resulting in an increase in intracellular calcium (e.g. via Gq receptor activation leading to Ca2+ release from platelet endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores, which may activate Protein Kinase C). Hence, this calcium increase triggers the calcium-dependent association of gpIIb and gpIIIa to form the activated membrane receptor complex gpIIb/IIIa, which is capable of binding fibrinogen (factor I), resulting in many platelets "sticking together" as they may connect to the same strands of fibrinoge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n%20Giraldo
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Hernán Giraldo Serna (born August 16, 1948), also known as the "Lord of the Sierra", is the leader of the Colombian paramilitary organization Tayrona Resistance Block, a 1,166-member armed group, part of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia. Colombian prosecutors have labeled Giraldo “One of the riches narco paramilitaries”. In the Justice and Peace process, he accepted responsibility for 35 acts of gender-based violence — some committed by his subordinates — including the rape of 11 girls ages 17. A Colombian court sentenced him to 20 years in prison for his role in the massacre of 20 workers; His son Cristhian Giovanni Giraldo Cadavid 27 years of age. Born in Colombia, raised in Brooklyn, New York. Living in Madrid, Spain, Was captured in 2017 with family members with over 28 million dollars. Colombian Authorities Considered him to be one of the up coming biggest drug lords in Colombia if he partakes and takes control up after his father. He is also suspected in the murder of two narcotics agents and in the killings of Kankuamo Indians as part of his war against Marxist rebels, and the abduction of Colombian senator Jose Gnecco.
On February 2, 2006, he signed a peace deal with the Colombian government and demobilized his armed faction. He is expected to serve a prison time of 5 to 8 years, if he complies with the terms of the agreement. There are also outstanding warrants for his arrest in the United States for his role in the cocaine trade, but it is expected that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juxtacrine%20signalling
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In biology, juxtacrine signalling (or contact-dependent signalling) is a type of cell–cell or cell–extracellular matrix signalling in multicellular organisms that requires close contact. In this type of signalling, a ligand on one surface binds to a receptor on another adjacent surface. Hence, this stands in contrast to releasing a signaling molecule by diffusion into extracellular space, the use of long-range conduits like membrane nanotubes and cytonemes (akin to 'bridges') or the use of extracellular vesicles like exosomes or microvesicles (akin to 'boats'). There are three types of juxtacrine signaling:
A membrane-bound ligand (protein, oligosaccharide, lipid) and a membrane protein of two adjacent cells interact.
A communicating junction links the intracellular compartments of two adjacent cells, allowing transit of relatively small molecules.
An extracellular matrix glycoprotein and a membrane protein interact.
Additionally, in unicellular organisms such as bacteria, juxtacrine signaling refers to interactions by membrane contact.
Juxtacrine signaling has been observed for some growth factors, cytokine and chemokine cellular signals, playing an important role in the immune response. It has a critical role in development, particularly of cardiac and neural function. Other types of cell signaling include paracrine signalling and autocrine signalling. Paracrine signaling occurs over short distances, while autocrine signaling involves a cell responding to its own paracr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLAG-tag
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FLAG-tag, or FLAG octapeptide, or FLAG epitope, is a peptide protein tag that can be added to a protein using recombinant DNA technology, having the sequence DYKDDDDK (where D=aspartic acid, Y=tyrosine, and K=lysine). It is one of the most specific tags and it is an artificial antigen to which specific, high affinity monoclonal antibodies have been developed and hence can be used for protein purification by affinity chromatography and also can be used for locating proteins within living cells. FLAG-tag has been used to separate recombinant, overexpressed protein from wild-type protein expressed by the host organism. FLAG-tag can also be used in the isolation of protein complexes with multiple subunits, because FLAG-tag's mild purification procedure tends not to disrupt such complexes. FLAG-tag-based purification has been used to obtain proteins of sufficient purity and quality to carry out 3D structure determination by x-ray crystallography.
A FLAG-tag can be used in many different assays that require recognition by an antibody. If there is no antibody against a given protein, adding a FLAG-tag to a protein allows the protein to be studied with an antibody against the FLAG-tag sequence. Examples are cellular localization studies by immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation or detection by SDS PAGE protein electrophoresis and Western blotting.
The peptide sequence of the FLAG-tag from the N-terminus to the C-terminus is: DYKDDDDK (1012 Da). Additionally, FLAG-tags may be used
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabweite
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Zimbabweite is a mineral; formula . It is generally classed as an arsenite but is notable for also containing niobium and tantalum. A yellow brown mineral with orthorhombic crystal habit and a hardness of 5. It was discovered in 1986 in kaolinized pegmatite, i.e. weathered to clay, in Zimbabwe.
References
Sodium minerals
Potassium minerals
Lead minerals
Arsenic minerals
Niobium minerals
Tantalum minerals
Titanium minerals
Oxide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals described in 1986
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOSUI
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SOSUI is a free online tool that predicts a part of the secondary structure of proteins from a given amino acid sequence (AAS). The main objective is to determine whether the protein in question is a soluble or a transmembrane protein.
History
SOSUI's algorithm was developed in 1996 at Tokyo University. The name means as much as "hydrophobic", an allusion to its molecular "clients".
How SOSUI works
First of all, SOSUI looks for α helices that are relatively easy to predict, taking into account the known helical potentials of the given amino acid sequence(AAS). The much more difficult task is to differentiate between the α helices in soluble proteins and the ones in transmembrane proteins, the α helix being a very common secondary structure pattern in proteins.
SOSUI uses 4 characteristics of the AAS in its prediction:
"hydropathy index" (Kyte und Doolittle 1982)
weighted presence of amphiphilic amino acids (AA) and their localization: "amphiphilicity index"
the AA's charge
the length of the AAS
An important improvement compared to Kyte und Doolittle's "hydropathy index", which relies entirely on one characteristic, is the introduction of the so-called "amphiphilicity index". It is calculated by giving every AA with an amphiphilic residue a certain value which is derived from the AA's molecular structure. To meet SOSUI's criteria for amphiphilicity, the polar, hydrophilic residue may not be linked directly to the beta-carbon; there must be at least one apolar carbon int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBAT
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The acronym IBAT may refer to:
Ileal bile acid transporter, a protein also known as SLC10A2;
Institute of Business Administration and Training in India;
The Institute of Business and Technology (IBaT) in Dublin, Ireland;
Interscapular brown adipose tissue, also known as Hibernating gland;
Instruction Block Address Translation registers in PowerPC microprocessors.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirap
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Tirap can refer to:
Tirap district, district in Arunachal Pradesh
Tirap River, river that flows in Tirap district
Tirap, Kenya
TIRAP, toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain containing adaptor protein
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWR%20locomotive%20numbering%20and%20classification
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The GWR was the longest-lived of the pre-nationalisation railway companies in Britain, surviving the 'Grouping' of the railways in 1923 almost unchanged. As a result, the history of its numbering and classification of locomotives is relatively complicated. This page explains the principal systems that were used.
For information about individual classes and locomotives, see: Locomotives of the Great Western Railway
Numbering
Broad Gauge Era
From the start, the GWR gave names only to its broad gauge locomotive stock. However, many classes carried 'themed' names, e.g. stars or signs of the zodiac, which aided identification of locomotives to some extent. See List of 7-foot gauge railway locomotive names
The exception to this rule was that any broad gauge locomotives the GWR absorbed from other railways (in particular, the South Devon Railway and Bristol and Exeter Railway) were given numbers in the 2000-2199 series. This applied even where locomotives had carried names under their previous owner (indeed, these names were usually removed by the GWR) and even when the locomotives had originally belonged to the GWR and had been sold out of stock.
Towards the end of the broad gauge era, a number of locomotives were built to a design that enabled them to be easily converted from one gauge to the other (hence the term 'convertibles' used for these locomotives). These engines also carried numbers in the standard gauge series, whether or not they were running in broad gauge form.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20systems%20of%20plant%20taxonomy
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This list of systems of plant taxonomy presents "taxonomic systems" used in plant classification.
A taxonomic system is a coherent whole of taxonomic judgments on circumscription and placement of the considered taxa. It is only a "system" if it is applied to a large group of such taxa (for example, all the flowering plants).
There are two main criteria for this list. A system must be taxonomic, that is deal with many plants, by their botanical names. Secondly it must be a system, i.e. deal with the relationships of plants. Although thinking about relationships of plants had started much earlier (see history of plant systematics), such systems really only came into being in the 19th century, as a result of an ever-increasing influx from all over the world of newly discovered plant species. The 18th century saw some early systems, which are perhaps precursors rather than full taxonomic systems.
A milestone event was the publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus which serves as the starting point of binomial nomenclature for plants. By its size this would qualify to be on this list, but it does not deal with relationships, beyond assigning plants into genera.
Note that a system is not necessarily monolithic and often goes through several stages of development, resulting in several versions of the same system. When a system is widely adopted, many authors will adopt their own particular version of the system. The Cronquist system is well known for existing in many version
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorne%20system
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A system of plant taxonomy, the Thorne system of plant classification was devised by the American botanist Robert F. Thorne (1920–2015) in 1968, and he continued to issue revisions over many years (1968–2007).
Some versions of the system are available online. The Bioinformatics Working Group Center for the Study of Digital Libraries at Texas A&M University lists the March 1999 version (and other classification systems). James Reveal's course lecture notes (1999) also gives an account of the Thorne system at that time, with an extensive listing of synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system together with several other classification systems.
For a discussion of the various suffixes used for superorders (-florae vs. -anae), see Brummitt 1992, and Thorne 1992. In this latter paper, Thorne sets out his reasons for abandoning -florae for -anae, following contemporary practice.
1968 System
Monocotyledons
Superorders
Superorder Alimatiflorae
Superorder Triuridiflorae
Superorder Liliiflorae
Order Liliales
Superorder Ariflorae
Superorder Commeliniflorae
1992 System
The 1992 system lists 69 orders and 440 families
Summary
Class Magnoliopsida [= angiosperms ]
Subclass Magnoliidae [= dicotyledons ]
Superorder Magnolianae
Superorder Nymphaeanae
Superorder Rafflesianae
Superorder Caryophyllanae
Superorder Theanae
Superorder Celastranae
Superorder Malvanae
Superorder Violanae
Superorder Santalanae
Superorder Geranianae
Superorder Rutan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backmarking
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In constraint satisfaction, backmarking is a variant of the backtracking algorithm.
Backmarking works like backtracking by iteratively evaluating variables in a given order, for example, . It improves over backtracking by maintaining information about the last time a variable was instantiated to a value and information about what changed since then. In particular:
for each variable and value , the algorithm records information about the last time has been set to ; in particular, it stores the minimal index such that the assignment to was then inconsistent;
for each variable , the algorithm stores some information relative to what changed since the last time it has evaluated ; in particular, it stores the minimal index of a variable that was changed since then.
The first information is collected and stored every time the algorithm evaluates a variable to , and is done by simply checking consistency of the current assignments for , for , for , etc.
The second information is changed every time another variable is evaluated. In particular, the index of the "maximal unchanged variable since the last evaluation of " is possibly changed every time another variable changes value. Every time an arbitrary variable changes, all variables with are considered in turn. If was their previous associated index, this value is changed to .
The data collected this way is used to avoid some consistency checks. In particular, whenever backtracking would set , backmarking compare
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAPP%20complex
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TRAPP (TRAnsport Protein Particle) is a protein involved in particle transport between organelles.
Protein folding and the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Proteins that are destined for the plasma membrane or export to the extracellular environment in eukaryotic cells are translated on ribosomes that sit on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Most proteins are co-translationally transported into the ER (i.e., while the ribosome is translating the mRNA code into a polypeptide, the polypeptide is simultaneously inserted via the translocon pore into the ER). The ER provides an environment that helps nascent polypeptides fold into and become functional or partially functional proteins. The ER provides an oxidizing environment (for formation of disulfide bonds) and the necessary chaperones (folding assisting agents that are not part of the final protein). Numerous exported proteins form disulfide bonds—covalent bonds that stabilize the protein structure in harsh extracellular environments. A classic example are the disulfide-linked heavy and light chain polypeptides of antibodies secreted by B-cells of the immune system.
Another key event that takes place in the ER is N-linked glycosylation. In this process, polypeptides that have a unique stretch of 3 amino acids (asparagine - X - serine/threonine, where X represents any amino acid except proline) are modified with a complex sugar moiety on the amide group of asparagine. Other types of glycosylations include S-linked (via cystein
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearidonic%20acid
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Stearidonic acid (SDA: C18H28O2; 18:4, n-3) is an ω-3 fatty acid, sometimes called moroctic acid. It is biosynthesized from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA: C18H30O2; 18:3, n-3) by the enzyme delta-6-desaturase, that removes two hydrogen (H) atoms from a fatty acid, creating a carbon/carbon double bonding, via an oxygen requiring unsaturation. SDA also act as precursor for the rapid synthesis of longer chain fatty acids, called N-acylethanolamine (NAEs), involved in many important biological processes. Natural sources of this fatty acid are the seed oils of hemp, blackcurrant, corn gromwell, and Echium plantagineum, and the cyanobacterium Spirulina. SDA can also be synthesized in a lab. A GMO soybean source is approved by the European Food Safety Authority.
See also
List of omega-3 fatty acids
Omega-3 fatty acids
Essential fatty acids
References
Fatty acids
Alkenoic acids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Flagler%20Cary%20Arboretum
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The Mary Flagler Cary Arboretum (1,924 acres; 7.7 km²) is a nonprofit arboretum located on U.S. Route 44 near Millbrook, New York. It is operated by the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, and open to the public without an admission fee. The arboretum was established by Mary Flagler Cary (1901–1967), a granddaughter of Henry Morrison Flagler and heir to part of the Standard Oil fortune, and her husband Melbert Cary. After her husband's death in 1941, Mrs. Cary maintained the property, with a special interest in its maples. Following her death in 1967, she left the estate to a trust. In 1971 its trustees asked the New York Botanical Garden to oversee the property, which was then named the Mary Flagler Cary Arboretum. In the 1980s, the Institute for Ecosystem Studies was founded, and in the 1990s it became an independent, nonprofit corporation. In 2008, the Institute adopted a new name, the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies
The arboretum contains meadow, forest, swamp, hills, and trout streams, with the following walking trails:
Cary Pines Trail (1.3 miles, 2.1 km) - path through open spaces, thickets, and pine and hemlock forests.
Fern Glen - boardwalk through habitat of more than 150 species of trees, ferns, and wildflowers.
Sedge Meadow Trail - short boardwalk path through wetland with red maples.
Wappinger Creek Trail (1.25 miles, 2 km) - follows the east branch of Wappinger Creek, a tributary of the Hudson River, through forests, marshes, and old field
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workcell
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A workcell is an arrangement of resources in a manufacturing environment to improve the quality, speed and cost of the process. Workcells are designed to improve these by improving process flow and eliminating waste. They are based on the principles of Lean Manufacturing as described in The Machine That Changed the World by Womack, Jones and Roos.
History
Classical manufacturing management approaches dictate that costs be lowered by breaking the process into steps, and ensuring that each of these steps minimizes cost and maximizes efficiency. This discrete approach has resulted in machines placed apart from each other to maximize the efficiency and throughput of each machine. The traditional accounting for machine capitalization is based on the number of parts produced, and this approach reinforces the idea of lowering the cost of each machine (by having them produce as many parts as possible.) Increasing the number of parts (WIP) adds waste in areas such as Inventory and Transportation.
Large amounts of excess Inventory often now accumulate between the machines in the process for reasons to do with 'unbalanced' line capacities and batch processing. In addition, the parts must now be transported between the machines. An increase in the number of machines involved also will reduce each worker's multi-skilling proficiency (since that would need them to learn how to operate multiple machines, and they too will need to move between those machines.)
Lean Manufacturing focuse
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20West%20Ham%20United%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics
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This article lists records and statistics associated with West Ham United.
Team records
Scoring records
Biggest victory: 10–0 v Bury, Football League Cup (25 October 1983)
Biggest league win: 8–0 v Rotherham United (8 March 1958), and v Sunderland (19 October 1968)
Biggest defeat: 0–7 v Barnsley (1 September 1919), v Everton (22 October 1927), and v Sheffield Wednesday (28 November 1959)
League sequences
Wins: 9 (19 October to 4 December 1985)
Draws: 5 (7 September to 5 October 1968, and 15 October to 1 November 2003)
Defeats: 9 (28 March to 29 August 1932)
(source:)
Goalscorers
Leading first class goalscorers
Other top goalscorers
Top goalscorers by season
For a list of top scorers by season see List of West Ham United F.C. seasons.
Penalty shoot-outs
Honours
source;
European
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
Winners: 1964–65
Runners-up: 1975–76
UEFA Europa Conference League
Winners: 2022–23
UEFA Intertoto Cup
Winners: 1999
Anglo-Italian League Cup
Runners-up: 1975
Domestic
Leagues
First Division/Premier League (Tier 1)
Highest placing: 3rd, 1985–86
Second Division/Championship (Tier 2)
Champions (2): 1957–58, 1980–81
Runners-up: 1922–23, 1990–91, 1992–93
Play-off winners: 2005, 2012
Play-off runners-up: 2004
Cups
FA Cup
Winners (3): 1963–64, 1974–75, 1979–80
Runners-up: 1922–23, 2005–06
EFL Cup/Football League Cup
Runners-up: 1965–66, 1980–81
FA Community/Charity Shield
Winners: 1964 (shared)
Runners-up: 1975, 1980
Football League War Cup
Wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solving%20the%20geodesic%20equations
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Solving the geodesic equations is a procedure used in mathematics, particularly Riemannian geometry, and in physics, particularly in general relativity, that results in obtaining geodesics. Physically, these represent the paths of (usually ideal) particles with no proper acceleration, their motion satisfying the geodesic equations. Because the particles are subject to no proper acceleration, the geodesics generally represent the straightest path between two points in a curved spacetime.
The differential geodesic equation
On an n-dimensional Riemannian manifold , the geodesic equation written in a coordinate chart with coordinates is:
where the coordinates xa(s) are regarded as the coordinates of a curve γ(s) in and are the Christoffel symbols. The Christoffel symbols are functions of the metric and are given by:
where the comma indicates a partial derivative with respect to the coordinates:
As the manifold has dimension , the geodesic equations are a system of ordinary differential equations for the coordinate variables. Thus, allied with initial conditions, the system can, according to the Picard–Lindelöf theorem, be solved. One can also use a Lagrangian approach to the problem: defining
and applying the Euler–Lagrange equation.
Heuristics
As the laws of physics can be written in any coordinate system, it is convenient to choose one that simplifies the geodesic equations. Mathematically, this means a coordinate chart is chosen in which the geodesic equations ha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20rights
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Film rights are rights under copyright law to produce a film as a derivative work of a given item of intellectual property. In US law, these rights belong to the holder of the copyright, who may sell (or "option") them to someone in the film industry—usually a producer or director, or sometimes a specialist broker of such properties—who will then try to gather industry professionals and secure the financial backing necessary to convert the property into a film. Such rights differ from the right to commercially exhibit a finished motion picture, which rights are usually referred to as "exhibition rights" or "public-performance rights".
Origins
In the United States, the need to secure film rights of previously published or produced source materials still under copyright stems from case law. In 1907, the Kalem Company produced a one-reel silent film version of General Lew Wallace's novel Ben-Hur without first securing film rights. Wallace's estate and his American publisher, Harper & Brothers sued for copyright infringement. The United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, establishing the precedent that all adaptations are subject to copyright.
Options
When producers option a script, they are purchasing the right to buy certain rights to intellectual property. A general option fee is 10% of the cost of the rights, should the producers manage to secure full financing for their project and have it "greenlit". Because few projects actually manage to be g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral%20giant-cell%20granuloma
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Peripheral giant-cell granuloma (PGCG) is an oral pathologic condition that appears in the mouth as an overgrowth of tissue due to irritation or trauma. Because of its overwhelming incidence on the gingiva, the condition is associated with two other diseases, pyogenic granuloma and peripheral ossifying fibroma. These three diseases are associated because they appear frequently on gingiva. Due to its similar microscopic appearance, peripheral giant-cell granuloma is considered to be the soft tissue equivalent of central giant-cell granuloma.
The appearance of peripheral giant-cell granuloma is also similar to pyogenic granuloma. The color ranges from red to bluish-purple, but is usually more blue in comparison to pyogenic granuloma. It can be sessile or pedunculated with the size usually being less than 2 cm.
The lesion has a 60% gender predilection to females. The prevalence of the peripheral giant-cell granuloma is highest around 50 - 60 years of age. It appears only on the gingiva or on an edentulous alveolar ridge. It is more often found in the mandible rather than the maxilla, in either anterior or posterior areas. The underlying alveolar bone can be destroyed, leaving a unique appearance referred to as "cupping resorption" or "saucerization".
Diagnosis
Peripheral giant-cell granuloma appears microscopically as a large number of multinucleated giant cells, which can have up to dozens of nuclei. Additionally, there are mesenchymal cells that are ovoid and sp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Little
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Glen Matthew Little (born 15 October 1975) is an English footballer. Born in Wimbledon, London, he also previously played for Burnley, Derry City, Glentoran, Crystal Palace, Sheffield United, Wrexham and Aldershot Town. He has also appeared in the Premier League for Bolton Wanderers, Reading and Portsmouth.
Career
Crystal Palace and Ireland
Little made his Derry City debut on 20 November 1994 on loan from Palace. While at Irish Premier League club Glentoran. One of the top footballers to play in the Irish League in the 1990s, Little scored a memorable goal to win the 1996 Irish Cup.
Burnley
Little moved from Glentoran to Burnley in November 1996 for a £100,000 fee. After Stan Ternent's arrival at Turf Moor in summer 1998, he became a fixture in the right-wing slot, linking up especially well with full-back Dean West. In Burnley's 1999–2000 Second Division promotion season, Little scored a memorable goal at home to Bristol Rovers. He also helped Burnley beat Tottenham Hotspur in the League Cup in 2002 after a game-turning performance when brought on as a substitute. Little attracted attention during this time, and his club was reported to have turned down big money offers for his signature.
In early 2003, Little joined Reading on loan. In September 2003 he moved to Premier League club Bolton Wanderers on loan in a deal which involved Delroy Facey and Gareth Farrelly moving to Burnley. Little made his Premiership debut for the Trotters against Wolverhampton Wanderers and se
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20nature%20conservation%20organizations
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This is a list of nature conservation organisations that primarily aim to protect species, their habitats, and ecosystems.
List of international conservation organisations
African Wild Dog Conservancy - dedicated to conserving the African wild dog
African Wildlife Foundation - ensuring that wildlife and wild lands thrive in modern Africa
Bat Conservation International - working to conserve the world's bats and their habitats
BirdLife International - a global partnership of organisations that strive to conserve birds
Center for Biological Diversity - protecting endangered species through legal action, petitions, media and activism
Conservation International - secure the critical benefits that nature provides to humanity
Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust - mission to save species from extinction
EcoHealth Alliance - protecting the health of people, animals, and the environment from emerging infectious diseases
Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS)
Fauna and Flora International - safeguard the future of southern Africa's large mammal populations
Greenpeace - raising environmental issues to public knowledge
International Anti-Poaching Foundation - created a structured military-like approach to conservation in Africa
International Union for Conservation of Nature - a partnership of 1400 organisations working in the field of nature conservation
MarAlliance - non- profit that explores the tropical seas and conducts innovative and participatory science to answer key research questi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Hunt%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201981%29
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Stephen Patrick Hunt (born 1 August 1981) is an Irish former professional footballer who played as a winger for Crystal Palace, Brentford, Reading, Hull City, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Ipswich Town and Coventry City. At international level, he made 39 appearances scoring once for the Republic of Ireland national team. His younger brother, Noel, is also a footballer.
Club career
Early years
Hunt became known for his creative and skilful play as well as his work rate as a winger. Although born in Laois, Hunt grew up in Clonea-Power, Waterford. He was a talented under-age hurler and soccer player. He played for Waterford hurlers at under-15 and under-16 levels. Hurling was his first love.
Hunt's first introduction to organised football was when he moved to the Christian Brothers' Secondary School in Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary at the age of 11. During his time at secondary school he also began playing for Waterford soccer side Johnville F.C. and won a Munster Schools Junior Cup with Carrick CBS. This gained Hunt a degree of recognition and he played in the Kennedy Cup with Waterford County. He later excelled for Carrick United at various age levels, before going to England starting his career as a trainee with Crystal Palace. Failing to make an impact on the first team, Hunt had trials with clubs including Dundee United before leaving to join Brentford. In his four years at the West London club, he became an integral part of the team and stood in as captain for Michael D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin%20carboxyl%20carrier%20protein
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Biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) refers to proteins containing a biotin attachment domain that carry biotin and carboxybiotin throughout the ATP-dependent carboxylation by biotin-dependent carboxylases. The biotin carboxyl carrier protein is an Acetyl CoA subunit that allows for Acetyl CoA to be catalyzed and converted to malonyl-CoA. More specifically, BCCP catalyzes the carboxylation of the carrier protein to form an intermediate. Then the carboxyl group is transferred by the transcacrboxylase to form the malonyl-CoA. This conversion is an essential step in the biosynthesis of fatty acids. In the case of E. coli Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the BCCP is a separate protein known as accB (). On the other hand, in Haloferax mediterranei, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, the BCCP pccA () is fused with biotin carboxylase.
The biosynthesis of fatty acids in plants, such as triacylglycerol, is vital to the plant's overall health because it allows for accumulation of seed oil. The biosynthesis that is catalyzed by BCCP usually takes place in the chloroplast of plant cells. The biosynthesis performed by the BCCP protein allows for the transfer of CO2 within active sites of the cell.
The biotin carboxyl carrier protein carries approximately 1 mol of biotin per 22,000 g of protein.
There is not much research on BCCPs at the moment. However, a recent studyon plant genomics found that Brassica BCCPs might play a key role in abiotic and biotic stress responses. Meaning that these proteins m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20optimization
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Adaptive optimization is a technique in computer science that performs dynamic recompilation of portions of a program based on the current execution profile. With a simple implementation, an adaptive optimizer may simply make a trade-off between just-in-time compilation and interpreting instructions. At another level, adaptive optimization may take advantage of local data conditions to optimize away branches and to use inline expansion to decrease the cost of procedure calls.
Consider a hypothetical banking application that handles transactions one after another. These transactions may be checks, deposits, and a large number of more obscure transactions. When the program executes, the actual data may consist of clearing tens of thousands of checks without processing a single deposit and without processing a single check with a fraudulent account number. An adaptive optimizer would compile assembly code to optimize for this common case. If the system then started processing tens of thousands of deposits instead, the adaptive optimizer would recompile the assembly code to optimize the new common case. This optimization may include inlining code.
Examples of adaptive optimization include HotSpot and HP's Dynamo system.
In some systems, notably the Java Virtual Machine, execution over a range of bytecode instructions can be provably reversed. This allows an adaptive optimizer to make risky assumptions about the code. In the above example, the optimizer may assume all trans
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulin
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Nebulin is an actin-binding protein which is localized to the thin filament of the sarcomeres in skeletal muscle. Nebulin in humans is coded for by the gene NEB. It is a very large protein (600–900 kDa) and binds as many as 200 actin monomers. Because its length is proportional to thin filament length, it is believed that nebulin acts as a thin filament "ruler" and regulates thin filament length during sarcomere assembly and acts as the coats the actin filament. Other functions of nebulin, such as a role in cell signaling, remain uncertain.
Nebulin has also been shown to regulate actin-myosin interactions by inhibiting ATPase activity in a calcium-calmodulin sensitive manner.
Mutations in nebulin cause some cases of the autosomal recessive disorder nemaline myopathy.
A smaller member of the nebulin protein family, termed nebulette, is expressed in cardiac muscle.
Structure
The structure of the SH3 domain of nebulin was determined by protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The SH3 domain from nebulin is composed of 60 amino acid residues, of which 30 percent is in the beta sheet secondary structure (7 strands; 18 residues).
Knockout phenotype
As of 2007, two knockout mouse models for nebulin have been developed to better understand its in vivo function. Bang and colleagues demonstrated that nebulin-knockout mice die postnatally, have reduced thin filament length, and impaired contractile function. Postnatal sarcomere disorganization and degeneration occurr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsin%20inhibitor
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A trypsin inhibitor (TI) is a protein and a type of serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that reduces the biological activity of trypsin by controlling the activation and catalytic reactions of proteins. Trypsin is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of many different proteins, primarily as part of digestion in humans and other animals such as monogastrics and young ruminants. Serpins – including trypsin inhibitors – are irreversible and suicide substrate-like inhibitors.
It destructively alters trypsin thereby rendering it unavailable to bind with proteins for the digestion process. As a result, protease inhibitors that interfere with digestion activity have an antinutritional effect. Therefore, trypsin inhibitors are considered an anti-nutritional factor or ANF. Additionally, trypsin inhibitor partially interferes with chymotrypsin function.
Trypsinogen is an inactive form of trypsin, its inactive form ensures protein aspects of the body, such as the pancreas and muscles, are not broken down. It is formed in the pancreas and activated to trypsin with enteropeptidase Chymotrypsinogen is the inactive form of chymotrypsin and has similar functions as trypsin.
The presence of trypsin inhibitor has been found to result in delayed growth as well as metabolic and digestive diseases. Additionally, pancreatic hypertrophy is a common occurrence with trypsin inhibitor consumption The presence of trypsin inhibitor in a product reduces the protein efficiency and therefore results in th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Aerial%20Robotics%20Competition
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The International Aerial Robotics Competition (IARC) began in 1991 on the campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology and is the longest running university-based robotics competition in the world. Since 1991, collegiate teams with the backing of industry and government have fielded autonomous flying robots in an attempt to perform missions requiring robotic behaviors never before exhibited by a flying machine. In 1990, the term “aerial robotics” was coined by competition creator Robert Michelson to describe a new class of small highly intelligent flying machines. The successive years of competition saw these aerial robots grow in their capabilities from vehicles that could at first barely maintain themselves in the air, to the most recent automatons which are self-stable, self-navigating, and able to interact with their environment—especially objects on the ground.
The primary goal of the competition has been to provide a reason for the state of the art in aerial robotics to move forward. Challenges set before the international collegiate community have been geared towards producing advances in the state of the art at an increasingly aggressive pace. From 1991 through 2009, a total of six missions have been proposed. Each of them involved fully autonomous robotic behavior that was undemonstrated at the time and impossible for any robotic system fielded anywhere in the world, even by the most sophisticated military robots belonging to the super powers.
In October 2013 a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPV
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TPV may refer to:
Tampereen Pallo-Veikot, Finnish football club
Temporary protection visa, document issued to refugees by Australia
Thermophotovoltaic, conversion of heat to electricity by a photovoltaic process
Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (thermoplastic elastomer), a material which both heat-moldable and elastic
Third-party verification, confirmation by a third party of a transaction between two parties
Tactical Protector Vehicle, a version of the Plasan Sand Cat sold by Oshkosh Defense
TPV Technology, a Hong Kong-based electronics company
The People's Voice (internet TV station) (2013–2014), an Internet television station founded by David Icke
Today's Persian Version, see Bible translations into Persian
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard%20Modern
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Bernhard Modern is a modern style classification serif typeface designed by Lucian Bernhard in 1937 for the American Type Founders (ATF).
Lucian Bernhard's Bernhard Modern typeface was the ATF's response to the many popular old-style engraving faces of the early 20th century. A somewhat decorative text typeface, it is distinct for its low x-height, elongated ascenders, and relatively short descenders giving it an appearance of height without requiring excessive leading. Serifs are wide and splayed. The lowercase roman g is unusual for having the upper bowl larger than the lower one.
Fordham University, in New York City, currently uses Bernhard Modern as the central typeface of its design identity. Both the 1959 version of The Twilight Zone and its 2019 revival use Bernhard Modern, with a drop shadow, for titles and credits. The 1990s computer application The Walt Disney World Explorer used Bernhard Modern extensively throughout the program.
References
Johnson, Jaspert & Berry. Encyclopedia of Type Faces. Cassell & Co 2001, .
Ott, Nicolaus, Friedl Fredrich, and Stein Bernard. Typography and Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Throughout History. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. 1998, .
Macmillan, Neil. An A–Z of Type Designers. Yale University Press: 2006. .
Modern serif typefaces
Letterpress typefaces
Digital typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1937
Typefaces designed by Lucian Bernhard
Display typefaces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTR
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In cryptography, XTR is an algorithm for public-key encryption. XTR stands for 'ECSTR', which is an abbreviation for Efficient and Compact Subgroup Trace Representation. It is a method to represent elements of a subgroup of a multiplicative group of a finite field. To do so, it uses the trace over to represent elements of a subgroup of .
From a security point of view, XTR relies on the difficulty of solving Discrete Logarithm related problems in the full multiplicative group of a finite field. Unlike many cryptographic protocols that are based on the generator of the full multiplicative group of a finite field, XTR uses the generator of a relatively small subgroup of some prime order of a subgroup of . With the right choice of , computing Discrete Logarithms in the group, generated by , is, in general, as hard as it is in and thus cryptographic applications of XTR use arithmetics while achieving full security leading to substantial savings both in communication and computational overhead without compromising security. Some other advantages of XTR are its fast key generation, small key sizes and speed.
Fundamentals of XTR
XTR uses a subgroup, commonly referred to as XTR subgroup or just XTR group, of a subgroup called XTR supergroup, of the multiplicative group of a finite field with elements. The XTR supergroup is of order , where p is a prime such that a sufficiently large prime q divides . The XTR subgroup has now order q and is, as a subgroup of , a cyclic g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphide
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Raphides ( ; singular raphide or raphis) are needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate (prismatic monoclinic crystals) or calcium carbonate as aragonite (dipyramidal orthorhombic crystals), found in more than 200 families of plants.
Both ends are needle-like, but raphides tend to be blunt at one end and sharp at the other.
Calcium oxalate in plants
Many plants accumulate calcium oxalate crystals in response to surplus calcium, which is found throughout the natural environment. The crystals are produced in a variety of shapes. The crystal morphology depends on the taxonomic group of the plant. In one study of over 100 species, it was found that calcium oxalate accounted for 6.3% of plant dry weight. Crystal morphology and the distribution of raphides (in roots or leaves or tubers etc.) is similar in some taxa but different in others leaving possible opportunities for plant key characteristics and systematic identification; mucilage in raphide containing cells makes light microscopy difficult, though. Little is known about the mechanisms of sequestration or indeed the reason for accumulation of raphides but it is most likely as a defense mechanism against herbivory. It has also been suggested that in some cases raphides may help form plant skeletal structure. Raphides typically occur in parenchyma cells in aerial organs especially the leaves, and are generally confined to the mesophyll. As the leaf area increases, so does the number of raphides, the process sta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladzha%20Monastery
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Aladzha Monastery (Bulgarian: Аладжа манастир) is a medieval Orthodox Christian cave monastery complex in northeastern Bulgaria, 17 km north of central Varna and 3 km west of Golden Sands beach resort, in a protected forest area adjacent to the Golden Sands Nature Park.
The monastery caves were hewn into a 25-m high vertical karst cliff near the upper edge of the Franga Plateau on several levels. The complex includes two small nearby catacombs.
Dedicated to the Holy Trinity, it was an active hesychast monastic community of the Second Bulgarian Empire since the 12th century and perhaps survived until the early 18th century. Nearby, remains of a 5th-century cave monastery have been found.
A cave monastery may have existed not far from the modern monastery Aladzha, near Varna. Its early dating to the fourth century is secured by fragments of glassware, but coins of Justinian indicate that the complex may have still been in use during the 500s.
As late as the early 20th century, the forested hills surrounding the monastery and known as Hachuka (Mount of the Cross) or Latin, were regarded by locals as sacred and inhabited by a mythical chthonic daemon treasure keeper, Imri Pop or Rim-Papa.
Today, the grotto is a popular tourist destination. Its present name appeared in the late Ottoman period; (Turkish for motley) referred to its colourful murals, now almost destroyed. Thematic light shows are being staged in the summer.
Gallery
References
Sources
Christian monasteries
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20L.%20Lehninger
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Albert Lester Lehninger (February 17, 1917 – March 4, 1986) was an American biochemist in the field of bioenergetics. He made fundamental contributions to the current understanding of metabolism at a molecular level. In 1948, he discovered, with Eugene P. Kennedy, that mitochondria are the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes, which ushered in the modern study of energy transduction. He is the author of a number of classic texts, including: Biochemistry, The Mitochondrion, Bioenergetics and, most notably, his series Principles of Biochemistry. This last is a widely used text for introductory biochemistry courses at the college and university levels.
Early life and education
Lehninger was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, US. He earned his BA in English from Wesleyan University (1939) and went on to earn both his MA (1940) and PhD (1942) at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. His doctoral research involved the metabolism of acetoacetate and fatty acid oxidation by liver cells.
Academic career
After earning his doctorate in biochemistry, Lehninger held various faculty positions at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and the University of Chicago. In 1952, he went to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, assuming the title of DeLamar Professor of the Department of Biological Chemistry. He served in this position until 1978, when he was appointed to the role of University Professor of Medical Sciences. He held this title until his death in 1986.
Honors and awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zincobotryogen
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Zincobotryogen is a hydrous sulfate mineral with the chemical formula . It forms bright orange red monoclinic prismatic crystals that exhibit a vitreous to greasy luster. Its specific gravity is 2.201 and it has a Mohs hardness of 2.5.
It is a rare secondary mineral which forms in arid climates by alteration of other zinc minerals. It was named for its zinc content and it relationship to botryogen. It has been reported from the Xitieshan Mine, Qinghai, Northwest Region, China; Rammelsberg mine, near Goslar, Harz Mountains, Germany; the Bisbee district of Arizona and various mines in Colorado.
References
Zinc minerals
Magnesium minerals
Manganese(II) minerals
Iron(III) minerals
Sulfate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serrasalmus%20geryi
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Serrasalmus geryi, scientifically designated as the violet line piranha or Gery's piranha, represents a distinctive member within the Serrasalmidae family, the taxonomical classification that includes piranhas. This species inhabits the lower reaches of the Tocantins and Araguaia Rivers in the nation of Brazil.
Notably, this species distinguishes itself by its relative compatibility with conspecifics, i.e., individuals of the same species, within the confines of captivity, albeit a degree of prudence remains advisable when housing them together. Gery's Piranha is recognized for its potential to attain sizes of up to 12 inches in length.
As of the year 2018, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has accorded it a conservation status classification of "Least Concern."
Description
The body shape of Serrasalmus geryi is very laterally compressed, similar to other Serrasalmus genus members S. altuvei, S. hastatus, S. compressus and S. altispinis. The fish is distinctive at all ages, possessing a broad dark stripe running from the lower mouth to the top of the beginning of the dorsal fin. S. geryi does not exhibit sexual dimorphism- males and females look similar.
The body is silver with numerous small spots on the flanks. The anal fin is hyaline with a broad black margin. The pectoral and ventral fins are clear. A humeral spot may be present. Eyes silvery to reddish-orange.
Mature individuals achieve an approximate total length of 25 cm (10 inches), with specimen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldberg%E2%80%93Sachs%20theorem
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The Goldberg–Sachs theorem is a result in Einstein's theory of general relativity about vacuum solutions of the Einstein field equations relating the existence of a certain type of congruence with algebraic properties of the Weyl tensor.
More precisely, the theorem states that a vacuum solution of the Einstein field equations will admit a shear-free null geodesic congruence if and only if the Weyl tensor is algebraically special.
The theorem is often used when searching for algebraically special vacuum solutions.
Shear-Free Rays
A ray is a family of geodesic light-like curves. That is tangent vector field is null and geodesic: and . At each point, there is a (nonunique) 2D spatial slice of the tangent space orthogonal to . It is spanned by a complex null vector and its complex conjugate . If the metric is time positive, then the metric projected on the slice is . Goldberg and Sachs considered the projection of the gradient on this slice.
A ray is shear-free if . Intuitively, this means a small shadow cast by the ray will preserve its shape. The shadow may rotate and grow/shrink, but it will not be distorted.
The Theorem
A vacuum metric, , is algebraically special if and only if it contains a shear-free null geodesic congruence; the tangent vector obeys .
This is the theorem originally stated by Goldberg and Sachs. While they stated it in terms of tangent vectors and the Weyl tensor, the proof is much simpler in terms of spinors. The Newman-Penrose field equations giv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius%20theorem%20%28real%20division%20algebras%29
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In mathematics, more specifically in abstract algebra, the Frobenius theorem, proved by Ferdinand Georg Frobenius in 1877, characterizes the finite-dimensional associative division algebras over the real numbers. According to the theorem, every such algebra is isomorphic to one of the following:
(the real numbers)
(the complex numbers)
(the quaternions).
These algebras have real dimension , and , respectively. Of these three algebras, and are commutative, but is not.
Proof
The main ingredients for the following proof are the Cayley–Hamilton theorem and the fundamental theorem of algebra.
Introducing some notation
Let be the division algebra in question.
Let be the dimension of .
We identify the real multiples of with .
When we write for an element of , we imply that is contained in .
We can consider as a finite-dimensional -vector space. Any element of defines an endomorphism of by left-multiplication, we identify with that endomorphism. Therefore, we can speak about the trace of , and its characteristic and minimal polynomials.
For any in define the following real quadratic polynomial:
Note that if then is irreducible over .
The claim
The key to the argument is the following
Claim. The set of all elements of such that is a vector subspace of of dimension . Moreover as -vector spaces, which implies that generates as an algebra.
Proof of Claim: Let be the dimension of as an -vector space, and pick in with characteristic polynom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic%20reaction%20centre
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A photosynthetic reaction center is a complex of several proteins, pigments and other co-factors that together execute the primary energy conversion reactions of photosynthesis. Molecular excitations, either originating directly from sunlight or transferred as excitation energy via light-harvesting antenna systems, give rise to electron transfer reactions along the path of a series of protein-bound co-factors. These co-factors are light-absorbing molecules (also named chromophores or pigments) such as chlorophyll and pheophytin, as well as quinones. The energy of the photon is used to excite an electron of a pigment. The free energy created is then used, via a chain of nearby electron acceptors, for a transfer of hydrogen atoms (as protons and electrons) from H2O or hydrogen sulfide towards carbon dioxide, eventually producing glucose. These electron transfer steps ultimately result in the conversion of the energy of photons to chemical energy.
Transforming light energy into charge separation
Reaction centers are present in all green plants, algae, and many bacteria. A variety in light-harvesting complexes exist across the photosynthetic species. Green plants and algae have two different types of reaction centers that are part of larger supercomplexes known as P700 in Photosystem I and P680 in Photosystem II. The structures of these supercomplexes are large, involving multiple light-harvesting complexes. The reaction center found in Rhodopseudomonas bacteria is currently bes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-harvesting%20complex
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A light-harvesting complex consists of a number of chromophores which are complex subunit proteins that may be part of a larger super complex of a photosystem, the functional unit in photosynthesis. It is used by plants and photosynthetic bacteria to collect more of the incoming light than would be captured by the photosynthetic reaction center alone. The light which is captured by the chromophores is capable of exciting molecules from their ground state to a higher energy state, known as the excited state. This excited state does not last very long and is known to be short-lived.
Light-harvesting complexes are found in a wide variety among the different photosynthetic species, with no homology among the major groups. The complexes consist of proteins and photosynthetic pigments and surround a photosynthetic reaction center to focus energy, attained from photons absorbed by the pigment, toward the reaction center using Förster resonance energy transfer.
Function
Photosynthesis is a process where light is absorbed or harvested by pigment protein complexes which are able to turn sunlight into energy. Absorption of a photon by a molecule takes place when pigment protein complexes harvest sunlight leading to electronic excitation delivered to the reaction centre where the process of charge separation can take place. when the energy of the captured photon matches that of an electronic transition. The fate of such excitation can be a return to the ground state or another electro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo%20Rietveld
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Hugo M. Rietveld (7 March 1932 – 16 July 2016) was a Dutch crystallographer who is famous for his publication on the full profile refinement method in powder diffraction, which became later known as the Rietveld refinement method. The method is used for the characterisation of crystalline materials from X-ray powder diffraction data. The Rietveld refinement uses a least squares approach to refine a theoretical line profile (calculated from a known or postulated crystal structure) until it matches the measured profile. The introduction of this technique which used the full profile instead of individual reflections was a significant step forward in the diffraction analysis of powder samples.
Biography
Rietveld was born in the Hague. After completing Grammar School in the Netherlands he moved to Australia and studied physics at the University of Western Australia in Perth. In 1964 he obtained his PhD degree under Edward Norman Maslen with a thesis entitled "The Structure of p-Diphenylbenzene and Other Compounds", a single crystal neutron and X-ray diffraction study. Dorothy Hodgkin was an external examiner on his thesis. This investigation was the first single crystal neutron diffraction study in Australia and was conducted at the High Flux Australian Reactor (HIFAR) in the Lucas Heights suburb of Sydney.
In 1964 he became a research officer at the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland, ECN) in Petten, where he worked together with Bert
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbance%20%28ecology%29
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In ecology, a disturbance is a temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem. Disturbances often act quickly and with great effect, to alter the physical structure or arrangement of biotic and abiotic elements. A disturbance can also occur over a long period of time and can impact the biodiversity within an ecosystem.
Major ecological disturbances may include fires, flooding, storms, insect outbreaks and trampling. Earthquakes, various types of volcanic eruptions, tsunami, firestorms, impact events, climate change, and the devastating effects of human impact on the environment (anthropogenic disturbances) such as clearcutting, forest clearing and the introduction of invasive species can be considered major disturbances.
Not only invasive species can have a profound effect on an ecosystem, but also naturally occurring species can cause disturbance by their behavior. Disturbance forces can have profound immediate effects on ecosystems and can, accordingly, greatly alter the natural community’s population size or species richness. Because of these and the impacts on populations, disturbance determines the future shifts in dominance, various species successively becoming dominant as their life history characteristics, and associated life-forms, are exhibited over time.
Definition and types
The scale of disturbance ranges from events as small as a single tree falling, to as large as a mass extinction. Many natural ecosystems exp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exner%20equation
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The Exner equation is a statement of conservation of mass that applies to sediment in a fluvial system such as a river. It was developed by the Austrian meteorologist and sedimentologist Felix Maria Exner, from whom it derives its name.
The equation
The Exner equation describes conservation of mass between sediment in the bed of a channel and sediment that is being transported. It states that bed elevation increases (the bed aggrades) proportionally to the amount of sediment that drops out of transport, and conversely decreases (the bed degrades) proportionally to the amount of sediment that becomes entrained by the flow.
Basic equation
The equation states that the change in bed elevation, , over time, , is equal to one over the grain packing density, , times the negative divergence of sediment flux, .
Note that can also be expressed as , where equals the bed porosity.
Good values of for natural systems range from 0.45 to 0.75. A typical good value for spherical grains is 0.64, as given by random close packing. An upper bound for close-packed spherical grains is 0.74048. (See sphere packing for more details); this degree of packing is extremely improbable in natural systems, making random close packing the more realistic upper bound on grain packing density.
Often, for reasons of computational convenience and/or lack of data, the Exner equation is used in its one-dimensional form. This is generally done with respect to the down-stream direction , as one is typical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fluid
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The Fluid was an American rock band from Denver which formed in 1985, disbanded in 1993, but reconvened in 2008. The group cited the Rolling Stones and MC5 as inspirations for their sound, and was the first group based outside the Pacific Northwest to sign with influential Seattle label Sub Pop.
History
The Fluid was originally called Madhouse. After early 1980s Denver punk band Frantix broke up, bassist Matt Bischoff, drummer Garrett Shavlik and guitarist Rick Kulwicki began playing as Madhouse. On July 5, 1985, with new band members James Clower (guitar) and John Robinson (vocals), they played their first gig at the German House (Denver Turnverein) as "The Fluid". That was the only name all five members could agree upon.
In 1986 the Fluid released their first album, Punch N Judy on Rayon Records. The album was also licensed to and released by the German label Glitterhouse. They toured for the next two years in support of the album.
In 1988, they released the album Clear Black Paper on Sub Pop. They were the first non-Seattle band to sign to the record label. According to Mark Arm, Glitterhouse and Sub Pop had formed an agreement. Glitterhouse wanted to release a Green River record in Germany, and the labels did a swap: Green River for the Fluid. In the same oral history, Greg Prato's Grunge Is Dead, musician Rod Moody said that the Fluid sounded like no other band on the Sub Pop roster.
The Fluid's second Sub Pop release was Roadmouth (1989), produced by Jack Endino. Wr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20Adelaide%20history
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This is a timeline of Adelaide history.
Prior to 1800s
The Kaurna peoples' traditional lands stretched from Port Broughton to Cape Jervis, encompassing the Adelaide Plains.
1800s
1830s
1834: South Australia Act 1834 (the "Foundation Act") passed on 15 August 1834, providing a legal framework and funds for the British colonisation of South Australia.
1834: The South Australian Lodge of Friendship No. 613 was founded 22 October. The Lodge held its first meeting at 7 John Street, Adelphi, London.
1836: Letters Patent erect and establish the Province of South Australia on 19 February 1836. It was to be Australia's second free colony and the first experiment of the Wakefieldian systematic colonization theory.
1836: Tent city set up by the South Australian Company on the site now known as Kingscote on Kangaroo Island.
1836: Site spanning the River Torrens is chosen for Adelaide by Colonel William Light in December 1836. Governor John Hindmarsh, aboard , lands at Holdfast Bay and proclaims the commencement of South Australia's colonial government on 28 December.
1837: Colonel Light designs the plan for the city of Adelaide and completes the city survey. One-acre allotments are made, first to holders of land orders and then by auction. The city's first hospital is opened on North Terrace.
1838: The South Australia Police, the first police force in Australia, is formed in Adelaide under Henry Inman. The first German immigrants arrive and settle in Klemzig, Hahndorf and surr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Tari
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Pierre Tari was owner of Château Giscours and from 1975 to 1989 President of the Union des Grands Crus de Bordeaux, the organization of the wine classified in the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855. He served as an expert taster in the historic Judgment of Paris wine competition.
See also
List of wine personalities
References
Further reading
French winemakers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20score
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The term normal score is used with two different meanings in statistics. One of them relates to creating a single value which can be treated as if it had arisen from a standard normal distribution (zero mean, unit variance). The second one relates to assigning alternative values to data points within a dataset, with the broad intention of creating data values than can be interpreted as being approximations for values that might have been observed had the data arisen from a standard normal distribution.
The first meaning is as an alternative name for the standard score or z score, where values are standardised by subtracting the sample or estimated mean and dividing by the sample or other estimate of the standard deviation. Particularly in applications where the name "normal score" is used, there is usually a presumption that the value can be referred to a table of standard normal probabilities as a means of providing a significance test of some hypothesis, such as a difference in means.
The second meaning of normal score is associated with data values derived from the ranks of the observations within the dataset. A given data point is assigned a value which is either exactly, or an approximation, to the expectation of the order statistic of the same rank in a sample of standard normal random variables of the same size as the observed data set. Thus the meaning of a normal score of this type is essentially the same as a rankit, although the term "rankit" is becoming obsolete
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20supplement
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A protein supplement is a dietary supplement or a bodybuilding supplement, and usually comes in the form of a protein bar ,protein powder, and even readily available as a protein shake. Usually made from whey, plant, and/or meat sources.
Protein supplements are extracts or concentrates of high protein food stuffs, used in bodybuilding and as a dietary supplements to fulfill protein intake in a lean and pure source of proteins and amino acids. they have 3 main variants: concentrate(food is taken and concentrated in to smaller volume with some fat and carb present), isolate(proteins and amino acids are completely isolated, mostly leaving proteins and amino acids), and hydrolyze(when a protein supplement is exposed to enzymes and partially digested). some protein supplements even have digestive enzymes as an additive for digestion and absorption.
Effects
Metabolism
A meta-study found that in the first few weeks of strength training with untrained individuals, changes in lean body mass and muscle strength during the initial weeks of strength training are not influenced by the protein supplementation, but after the first few weeks, protein supplementation “may promote muscle hypertrophy and enhance gains in muscle strength in both untrained and trained individuals” Also, whey-protein supplementation in overweight individuals may reduce the body weight, total fat mass and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.
When combined with strength training, protein supplementation pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davallia
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Davallia (deersfoot fern, hare's foot fern, shinobu fern, rabbit foot fern, ball fern) is a genus of about 40 species of fern. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is the only genus in the family Davalliaceae, which is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae, order Polypodiales. Alternatively, the family may be placed in a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato as the subfamily Davallioideae.
The family is sister to the largest family of ferns, Polypodiaceae, and shares some morphological characters with it. Species are epiphytic ferns, with fronds arising from long aerial rhizomes which grow on and over thick bark on trees or on rock crevices.
Description
Usually epiphytic or epipetric. Rhizomes dictyostelic, dorsiventral, densely scaly. Stipes articulate at base. Phyllopodia short. veins free. Sporangium stalk 3-rowed. Annulus vertical. Spores monolete.
Taxonomy
Gymnogrammitis and Leucostegia were once included in Davalliaceae, but these are now known to belong elsewhere. Gymnogrammitis is in a clade with Selliguea and others in the family Polypodiaceae. Leucostegia is in the family Hypodematiaceae, which consists of Hypodematium and Leucostegia, and possibly Didymochlaena as well.
In 2008, a molecular phylogenetic study of Davalliaceae showed that none of the polyspecific genera recognized at that time were monophyletic. In that same year, a revision of the family divided it into five genera. One of these, Araiostegiella,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokomotiv%20Stadium
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Lokomotiv Stadium may refer to:
Belarus
Lokomotiv Stadium (Minsk)
Bulgaria
Lokomotiv Stadium (Gorna Oryahovitsa)
Lokomotiv Stadium (Mezdra)
Lokomotiv Stadium (Plovdiv)
Lokomotiv Stadium (Ruse)
Lokomotiv Stadium (Sofia)
Lokomotiv Stadium (Stara Zagora)
Georgia
Locomotive Stadium (Tbilisi)
Latvia
Stadium Lokomotīve (Daugavpils)
Russia
Lokomotiv Stadium (Chita)
Lokomotiv Stadium (Moscow)
Lokomotiv Stadium (Nizhny Novgorod)
Lokomotiv Stadium (Perovo)
Lokomotiv Stadium (Saratov)
Lokomotiv Stadium (Smidovich), home ice of bandy club Urozhay
Ukraine
Lokomotiv Stadium (Donetsk)
Uzbekistan
Lokomotiv Stadium (Tashkent)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hired%20Hand
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The Hired Hand is a 1971 American Western film directed by Peter Fonda, with a screenplay by Alan Sharp. The film stars Fonda, Warren Oates, and Verna Bloom. The cinematography was by Vilmos Zsigmond. Bruce Langhorne provided the moody film score. The story is about a man returning to his abandoned wife after seven years of drifting from job to job throughout the Southwestern United States. The embittered woman will only let him stay if he agrees to move in as a hired hand.
Upon release, the film received a mixed critical response and was a financial failure. In 1973, the film was shown on NBC-TV in an expanded version, but soon drifted into obscurity. In 2001, a fully restored version was shown at various film festivals, gaining strong critical praise, and it was released by the Sundance Channel on DVD. It is now considered a classic Western of the period.
Plot
Harry Collings and Arch Harris are two saddle tramps who have grown weary after seven years of wandering through the American Southwest. Along with a younger companion, Dan Griffen, they stop off in Del Norte, a ramshackle town in the middle of nowhere run by the corrupt McVey. Harris and Griffen discuss traveling to California to look for work when Collings abruptly informs them he has decided to return to the wife he left years before. Griffen leaves the two in a bar and goes to buy supplies. Some town thugs shoot him to death out of pure meanness. Collings and Harris escape, but they return that night. Colling
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopotential%20map
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In electromagnetism, Isopotential maps are a measure of electrostatic potential in space. The spatial derivatives of an electrostatic field indicate the contours of the electrostatic field, so isopotential maps show where another charged molecule might interact, using equipotential lines (isopotentials).
Electrostatics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB%20locomotive%20classification
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Originally, both Deutsche Bundesbahn and Deutsche Reichsbahn continued the classification system of the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRG) – see also a short overview of the numbering system of the German railways. When UIC introduced a new classification system that could be processed by the computers of the late 1960s, DB did a major modification of their system, effective 1 January 1968. This system is still in use and now includes the engines of the former GDR railways as well. (See List of Deutsche Bahn AG locomotives and railbuses for a current list.)
Basics
Since January 1, 1968, all vehicles are identified by a seven-digit vehicle number that consists of a three-digit class number, a three-digit serial number, and a check digit, the latter separated by a dash. Series with more than 1,000 vehicles are assigned ascending class numbers.
The first digit of the class number denotes the vehicle type using a scheme that is summarized in the following table, along with the corresponding letters from the DRG vehicle type scheme. While the DRG scheme was officially superseded by the current scheme, it can still be found in informal writing and conversation: for example, "E110" is equivalent to "E10" and "110", and "V216" is equivalent to "V160" and "216".
The check digit is used to verify the accuracy of the first six digits and is calculated as follows:
Sum the first, third, and fifth digits
Multiply each of the second, fourth, and sixth digits by two
If any result is greater
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEGG
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KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a collection of databases dealing with genomes, biological pathways, diseases, drugs, and chemical substances. KEGG is utilized for bioinformatics research and education, including data analysis in genomics, metagenomics, metabolomics and other omics studies, modeling and simulation in systems biology, and translational research in drug development.
The KEGG database project was initiated in 1995 by Minoru Kanehisa, professor at the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, under the then ongoing Japanese Human Genome Program. Foreseeing the need for a computerized resource that can be used for biological interpretation of genome sequence data, he started developing the KEGG PATHWAY database. It is a collection of manually drawn KEGG pathway maps representing experimental knowledge on metabolism and various other functions of the cell and the organism. Each pathway map contains a network of molecular interactions and reactions and is designed to link genes in the genome to gene products (mostly proteins) in the pathway. This has enabled the analysis called KEGG pathway mapping, whereby the gene content in the genome is compared with the KEGG PATHWAY database to examine which pathways and associated functions are likely to be encoded in the genome.
According to the developers, KEGG is a "computer representation" of the biological system. It integrates building blocks and wiring diagrams of the system—more specificall
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI%20%28disambiguation%29
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Magnetic resonance imaging is a medical imaging technique
MRI can also refer to:
Science, healthcare, and technology
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (journal), a scientific journal
Magnetorotational instability, in astrophysics
Meuse-Rhine-Issel, a breed of cattle
Monoamine reuptake inhibitor, a type of drug class
Ruby MRI (Matz's Ruby Interpreter), the reference implementation of the Ruby programming language
Places
Manchester Royal Infirmary, a hospital in Manchester, England
Manggarai railway station, a railway station in Jakarta, Indonesia (station code MRI)
Maritime Rescue Institute, a former maritime training and rescue charity
Mauritius, IOC country code
Max Rubner Institute, a government health agency in Germany
Member of the Royal Institution of Great Britain
Mental Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, USA
Merrill Field, airport in Alaska, IATA code
Microwave Research Institute, now called Weber Research Institute, a research group at the Polytechnic Institute of New York University
Midwest Research Institute, based in Kansas City, Missouri, USA
Other uses
Mri (fictional alien species), in the Faded Sun Trilogy
mri, ISO 639-3 code for the Māori language
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egophony
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Egophony (British English, aegophony) is an increased resonance of voice sounds heard when auscultating the lungs, often caused by lung consolidation and fibrosis. It is due to enhanced transmission of high-frequency sound across fluid, such as in abnormal lung tissue, with lower frequencies filtered out. It results in a high-pitched nasal or bleating quality in the affected person's voice.
Technique
While listening to the lungs with a stethoscope, the patient is asked to pronounce the modern English (more generally, post-Great Vowel Shift) long-E vowel sound.
Interpretation
Stethoscopic auscultation of a clear lung field during this articulation will detect a sound matching that received through normal hearing; that is, the sound articulated by the patient will be clearly transmitted through the lung field and heard unchanged by the clinician. When the lung field is consolidated (filled with liquid or other solid mass such as tumor or fungus ball), the patient's spoken English long E will sound like a "pure-voweled" long E or a modern English long A without the latter's usual offglide. This effect occurs because the solid mass in the lung field will disproportionately dampen the articulated sound's acoustic overtones higher in the harmonic series, transmuting the English long E, in which higher overtones predominate strongly, to a sound (the English long A) in which higher overtones predominate only slightly, i.e., to a markedly lesser degree than in the former sound. Thi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic%20pushdown%20automaton
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In automata theory, a deterministic pushdown automaton (DPDA or DPA) is a variation of the pushdown automaton. The class of deterministic pushdown automata accepts the deterministic context-free languages, a proper subset of context-free languages.
Machine transitions are based on the current state and input symbol, and also the current topmost symbol of the stack. Symbols lower in the stack are not visible and have no immediate effect. Machine actions include pushing, popping, or replacing the stack top. A deterministic pushdown automaton has at most one legal transition for the same combination of input symbol, state, and top stack symbol. This is where it differs from the nondeterministic pushdown automaton.
Formal definition
A (not necessarily deterministic) PDA can be defined as a 7-tuple:
where
is a finite set of states
is a finite set of input symbols
is a finite set of stack symbols
is the start state
is the starting stack symbol
, where is the set of accepting, or final, states
is a transition function, where
where is the Kleene star, meaning that is "the set of all finite strings (including the empty string ) of elements of ", denotes the empty string, and is the power set of a set .
M is deterministic if it satisfies both the following conditions:
For any , the set has at most one element.
For any , if , then for every
There are two possible acceptance criteria: acceptance by empty stack and acceptance by final state. The two are not equ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubic
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Ubic may refer to:
UBiC, a research centre
Chorismate lyase, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%20expansions%20for%20the%20moments%20of%20functions%20of%20random%20variables
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In probability theory, it is possible to approximate the moments of a function f of a random variable X using Taylor expansions, provided that f is sufficiently differentiable and that the moments of X are finite.
First moment
Given and , the mean and the variance of , respectively, a Taylor expansion of the expected value of can be found via
Since the second term vanishes. Also, is . Therefore,
.
It is possible to generalize this to functions of more than one variable using multivariate Taylor expansions. For example,
Second moment
Similarly,
The above is obtained using a second order approximation, following the method used in estimating the first moment. It will be a poor approximation in cases where is highly non-linear. This is a special case of the delta method.
Indeed, we take .
With , we get . The variance is then computed using the formula
.
An example is,
The second order approximation, when X follows a normal distribution, is:
First product moment
To find a second-order approximation for the covariance of functions of two random variables (with the same function applied to both), one can proceed as follows. First, note that . Since a second-order expansion for has already been derived above, it only remains to find . Treating as a two-variable function, the second-order Taylor expansion is as follows:
Taking expectation of the above and simplifying—making use of the identities and —leads to . Hence,
Random vectors
If X is a random vec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CADUCEUS%20%28expert%20system%29
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CADUCEUS was a medical expert system, an early type of recommender system - by Harry Pople of the University of Pittsburgh. Finished in the mid-1980s, it was built on the INTERNIST-1 algorithm (1972-1973). In its time, CADUCEUS was described as the "most knowledge-intensive expert system in existence". CADUCEUS eventually could diagnose up to 1000 different diseases.
The knowledge base was built on Pople's years of interviews with Dr. Jack Meyers, one of the top internal medicine diagnosticians and a professor at the University of Pittsburgh. Their motivation was to improve on MYCIN, a recommender which focused on blood-borne infectious bacteria and instead embrace all internal medicine.
While CADUCEUS worked using an inference engine similar to MYCIN's, it made a number of changes. As there can be a number of simultaneous diseases, and data is generally flawed and scarce it incorporated abductive reasoning to deal with the additional complexity of internal disease.
A disease can manifest a set of signs and symptoms, and a manifestation can, in turn, evoke a disease. Relationships between symptoms and diagnosis were ranked from 0 to 5. 5 indicated that the symptom is always associated with the disease, while 0 indicated that the association was ambiguous. An initial list of symptoms entered by the practitioner would be evaluated by the program to suggest possible diseases related to these combinations. These predictions were improved from INTERNIST-I by the use of const
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSAP
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PSAP may refer to:
Prosaposin, a protein associated with Gaucher disease
Public-safety answering point
Prostatic-specific acid phosphatase
Personal sound amplification products
Presentation Service Access Point, see Service Access Point
PSAP Sigli, an Indonesian football club
Puget Sound and Pacific Railroad, a railroad in Washington, United States
Preservation self-assessment program, a collection care tool for heritage institutions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory%20neuroscience
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Sensory neuroscience is a subfield of neuroscience which explores the anatomy and physiology of neurons that are part of sensory systems such as vision, hearing, and olfaction. Neurons in sensory regions of the brain respond to stimuli by firing one or more nerve impulses (action potentials) following stimulus presentation. How is information about the outside world encoded by the rate, timing, and pattern of action potentials? This so-called neural code is currently poorly understood and sensory neuroscience plays an important role in the attempt to decipher it. Looking at early sensory processing is advantageous since brain regions that are "higher up" (e.g. those involved in memory or emotion) contain neurons which encode more abstract representations. However, the hope is that there are unifying principles which govern how the brain encodes and processes information. Studying sensory systems is an important stepping stone in our understanding of brain function in general.
Typical experiments
A typical experiment in sensory neuroscience involves the presentation of a series of relevant stimuli to an experimental subject while the subject's brain is being monitored. This monitoring can be accomplished by noninvasive means such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG), or by more invasive means such as electrophysiology, the use of electrodes to record the electrical activity of single neurons or groups of neurons. fMRI measures chang
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badonviller
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Badonviller (; ) is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in northeastern France.
Geography
Climate
Badonviller has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Badonviller is . The average annual rainfall is with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Badonviller was on 4 August 2022; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 14 January 1960.
Population
Personalities
It is the birth town of the astronomer Charles Messier (1730–1817).
See also
Communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department
Badonviller March
Badenweiler, Germany
Antoine Sartorio
References
Communes of Meurthe-et-Moselle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial%20fluid
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Pericardial fluid is the serous fluid secreted by the serous layer of the pericardium into the pericardial cavity. The pericardium consists of two layers, an outer fibrous layer and the inner serous layer. This serous layer has two membranes which enclose the pericardial cavity into which is secreted the pericardial fluid. The fluid is similar to the cerebrospinal fluid of the brain which also serves to cushion and allow some movement of the organ.
Function
The pericardial fluid reduces friction within the pericardium by lubricating the epicardial surface allowing the membranes to glide over each other with each heart beat.
Composition
Ben-Horin et al. (2005) studied the composition of pericardial fluid in patients undergoing open heart surgery. They found that the fluid is made up of a high concentration of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), protein and lymphocytes. In a healthy adult there is up to 50 ml of clear, straw-coloured fluid. However, there is little data on the normal composition of pericardial fluid to serve as a reference.
Ischemic heart disease
In patients with ischemic heart disease there is an accumulation of angiogenic growth factors in the pericardial fluid. These contribute to angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels) and arteriogenesis (the increase in diameter of existing arterioles). This helps to prevent myocardial ischemia (lack of oxygen to the heart).
Pericardial effusion
A pericardial effusion is the presence of excessive pericardial fluid,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodemographic%20segmentation
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In marketing, geodemographic segmentation is a multivariate statistical classification technique for discovering whether the individuals of a population fall into different groups by making quantitative comparisons of multiple characteristics with the assumption that the differences within any group should be less than the differences between groups.
Principles
Geodemographic segmentation is based on two simple principles:
People who live in the same neighborhood are more likely to have similar characteristics than are two people chosen at random.
Neighborhoods can be categorized in terms of the characteristics of the population which they contain. Any two neighborhoods can be placed in the same category, i.e., they contain similar types of people, even though they are widely separated.
Clustering algorithms
The use of different algorithms leads to different results, but there is no single best approach for selecting the best algorithm, just as no algorithm offers any theoretical proof of its certainty. One of the most frequently used techniques in geodemographic segmentation is the widely known k-means clustering algorithm. In fact most of the current commercial geodemographic systems are based on a k-means algorithm. Still, clustering techniques coming from artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, or fuzzy logic are more efficient within large, multidimensional databases (Brimicombe 2007).
Neural networks can handle non-linear relationships, are robust to nois
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hill%20%28Australian%20politician%29
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John David Hill (born 3 December 1949), Australian politician, represented the electoral district of Kaurna in the South Australian House of Assembly for the Labor Party from 1997 to 2014.
Born in Sydney, Hill attended the University of Sydney and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts. He moved to South Australia in 1974 and became a teacher. He also studied at the University of Adelaide and received his law degree.
Following a brief stint as a ministerial adviser during the Bannon Government, Hill became a party official, becoming State Secretary in 1994. He was elected to Parliament as member for Kaurna at the 1997 state election.
After Labor won the 2002 election, Hill became a minister in the Rann Government. Initially given the portfolios of Minister for Environment and Conservation, Minister for the River Murray, Minister for the Southern Suburbs, Minister Assisting the Premier in the Arts and Minister for Gambling, Hill gained his current portfolios after a number of cabinet reshuffles.
The 2006 election saw Hill gain a swing of 11.0% to a total margin of 22.0%.
Hill did not re-contest his seat at the 2014 election.
Hill is a member of the Ministers' Club at EPODE International Network – the world's largest obesity-prevention network.
John Hill's political memoir, On Being a Minister – Behind the Mask, was published in February 2016.
External links
See also
EPODE International Network, the world's largest obesity-prevention network
References
1949 births
Liv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vero%20cell
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Vero cells are a lineage of cells used in cell cultures. The 'Vero' lineage was isolated from kidney epithelial cells extracted from an African green monkey (Chlorocebus sp.; formerly called Cercopithecus aethiops, this group of monkeys has been split into several different species). The lineage was developed on 27 March 1962, by Yasumura and Kawakita at the Chiba University in Chiba, Japan. The original cell line was named Vero after an abbreviation of , which means 'green kidney' in Esperanto, while itself means 'truth' in Esperanto.
Characteristics
The Vero cell lineage is continuous and aneuploid, meaning that it has an abnormal number of chromosomes. A continuous cell lineage can be replicated through many cycles of division and not become senescent.
Vero cells are interferon-deficient; unlike normal mammalian cells, they do not secrete interferon alpha or beta when infected by viruses. However, they still have the Interferon-alpha/beta receptor, so they respond normally when recombinant interferon is added to their culture media.
The whole genome sequence of a Vero cell line was determined by Japanese investigators in 2014. Chromosome 12 of Vero cells has a homozygous ~9-Mb deletion, causing the loss of the type I interferon gene cluster and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors CDKN2A and CDKN2B in the genome. Although African green monkeys were previously classified as Cercopithecus aethiops, they have been placed within the genus Chlorocebus, which includes sever
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petter%20Jakob%20Bjerve
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Petter Jakob Bjerve (27 September 1913 – 12 January 2004) was a Norwegian economist, statistician and politician for the Labour Party. Prominent positions include director of Statistics Norway from 1949 to 1980, Norwegian Minister of Finance from 1960 to 1963, and president of the International Statistical Institute from 1971 to 1975.
Career
He was born in Stjørdal as a son of farmers Petter Jakob Bjerve, Sr. (1869–1928) and Kristine Arnstad (1870–1961). He married Rannveig Bremer, a daughter of Anders H. Bremer.
Bjerve attended secondary school in Orkdal, and was active in Clarté before joining the Labour Party. He studied under Ragnar Frisch at the University of Oslo, and graduated with the cand.oecon. degree in 1941. He studied at The American University, Washington DC from 1938 to 1939 and again in the US with a Rockefeller Foundation grant from 1947 to 1949. At the University of Oslo he worked as a research assistant from 1939 to 1940, teacher from 1941 to 1943 and research fellow from 1945 to 1949. He also held sporadic lectures between 1945 and 1960. He was also a visiting professor at Stanford University from 1954 to 1955. He was also a secretary in Statistics Norway from 1944 to 1945 and assistant secretary in the Norwegian Ministry of Finance. In 1949 he was hired as a director in Statistics Norway. He remained here until 1980. The exception was his period as Minister of Finance in Gerhardsen's Third Cabinet, from 23 April 1960 until his resignation on 4 February
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation%20sum
|
In chaos theory, the correlation sum is the estimator of the correlation integral, which reflects the mean probability that the states at two different times are close:
where is the number of considered states , is a threshold distance, a norm (e.g. Euclidean norm) and the Heaviside step function. If only a time series is available, the phase space can be reconstructed by using a time delay embedding (see Takens' theorem):
where is the time series, the embedding dimension and the time delay.
The correlation sum is used to estimate the correlation dimension.
See also
Recurrence quantification analysis
References
Chaos theory
Dynamical systems
Dimension theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look-ahead%20%28backtracking%29
|
In backtracking algorithms, look ahead is the generic term for a subprocedure that attempts to foresee the effects of choosing a branching variable to evaluate one of its values. The two main aims of look-ahead are to choose a variable to evaluate next and to choose the order of values to assign to it.
Constraint satisfaction
In a general constraint satisfaction problem, every variable can take a value in a domain. A backtracking algorithm therefore iteratively chooses a variable and tests each of its possible values; for each value the algorithm is recursively run. Look ahead is used to check the effects of choosing a given variable to evaluate or to decide the order of values to give to it.
Look ahead techniques
The simpler technique for evaluating the effect of a specific assignment to a variable is called forward checking. Given the current partial solution and a candidate assignment to evaluate, it checks whether another variable can take a consistent value. In other words, it first extends the current partial solution with the tentative value for the considered variable; it then considers every other variable that is still unassigned, and checks whether there exists an evaluation of that is consistent with the extended partial solution. More generally, forward checking determines the values for that are consistent with the extended assignment.
A look-ahead technique that may be more time-consuming but may produce better results is based on arc consistency. Namely
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20texture
|
Soil texture is a classification instrument used both in the field and laboratory to determine soil classes based on their physical texture. Soil texture can be determined using qualitative methods such as texture by feel, and quantitative methods such as the hydrometer method based on Stokes' law. Soil texture has agricultural applications such as determining crop suitability and to predict the response of the soil to environmental and management conditions such as drought or calcium (lime) requirements. Soil texture focuses on the particles that are less than two millimeters in diameter which include sand, silt, and clay. The USDA soil taxonomy and WRB soil classification systems use 12 textural classes whereas the UK-ADAS system uses 11. These classifications are based on the percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the soil.
History
The first classification, the International system, was first proposed by Albert Atterberg in 1905 and was based on his studies in southern Sweden. Atterberg chose 20 μm for the upper limit of silt fraction because particles smaller than that size were not visible to the naked eye, the suspension could be coagulated by salts, capillary rise within 24 hours was most rapid in this fraction, and the pores between compacted particles were so small as to prevent the entry of root hairs. Commission One of the International Society of Soil Science (ISSS) recommended its use at the first International Congress of Soil Science in Washington in 1927.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exogenote
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An exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms.
Transferred DNA of Hfr (high frequency of recombination) is called exogenote and homologous part of F (fertility factor) genophore is called endogenote. An exogenote is genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This exogenous genetic material is then free to be taken up by other competent bacteria, and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell. Taking up genetic material into the cell from the surrounding environment is a form of bacterial transformation. Exogenotes can also be transferred directly from donor to recipient bacteria as an F'-plasmid in a process known as bacterial conjugation. F'-plasmids only form if the F+ factor is incorrectly translated, and results in a small amount of donor DNA erroneously transferring to the recipient with very high efficiency.
References
Genomics
Prokaryotes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-monoid
|
In category theory, a (strict) n-monoid is an n-category with only one 0-cell. In particular, a 1-monoid is a monoid and a 2-monoid is a strict monoidal category.
References
Further reading
Higher category theory
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZWL
|
LZWL is a syllable-based variant of the character-based LZW compression algorithm that can work with syllables obtained by all algorithms of decomposition into syllables. The algorithm can be used for words too.
Algorithm
Algorithm LZWL can work with syllables obtained by all algorithms of decomposition into syllables. This algorithm can be used for words too.
In the initialization step, the dictionary is filled up with all characters from the alphabet. In each next step, it is searched for the maximal string , which is from the dictionary and matches the prefix of the still non-coded part of the input. The number of phrase is sent to the output. A new phrase is added to the dictionary. This phrase is created by concatenation of string S and the character that follows in the file. The actual input position is moved forward by the length of .
Decoding has only one situation for solving. We can receive the number of phrase, which is not from the dictionary. In this case, that phrase can be created by the concatenation of the last added phrase with its first character.
The syllable-based version uses a list of syllables as an alphabet. In the initialization step, the empty syllable and small syllables from a database of frequent syllables are added to the dictionary. Finding string and coding its number is similar to the character-based version, except that string is a string of syllables. The number of phrase is encoded to the output. The string can be the empty syllab
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesiculovirus
|
Vesiculovirus is a genus of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, within the order Mononegavirales.
Taxonomy
The genus contains the following species:
Alagoas vesiculovirus
Carajas vesiculovirus
Chandipura vesiculovirus
Cocal vesiculovirus
Eptesicus vesiculovirus
Indiana vesiculovirus
Isfahan vesiculovirus
Jurona vesiculovirus
Malpais Spring vesiculovirus
Maraba vesiculovirus
Morreton vesiculovirus
New Jersey vesiculovirus
Perinet vesiculovirus
Piry vesiculovirus
Radi vesiculovirus
Rhinolophus vesiculovirus
Yug Bogdanovac vesiculovirus
References
External links
ViralZone: Vesiculovirus
Vesiculoviruses
Virus genera
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.992.3%20Annex%20L
|
ITU-T G.992.3 Annex L is an optional specification in the ITU-T recommendation G.992.3 for ADSL2 titled Specific requirements for a Reach Extended ADSL2 (READSL2) system operating in the frequency band above POTS, therefore it is often referred to as Reach Extended ADSL2 or READSL2.
The main difference between this specification and commonly deployed Annex A is the maximum distance that can be used. The power of the lower frequencies used for transmitting data is boosted up to increase the reach of this signal up to 7 kilometers (23,000 ft). The upper frequency limit for READSL2 is reduced to 552 kHz to keep the total power roughly the same as Annex A. Since READSL2 is intended for use on long loops there isn't much (any) usable bandwidth above 552 kHz anyway.
Although the standard development is completed and verified by the ITU, some owners of local loop networks don't allow this standard to be used because the high power can create audible Crosstalk. However, this standard is implemented nationwide by the incumbent local exchange carrier France Telecom.
Frequency plans described in the various annexes
Tones are spaced apart by 4.3125kHz. In the Annex A, L and M frequency standards, POTS (analog PSTN voice) occupies (what would be) tones 0-3, tones 4-7 are reserved for a ‘guard band’, and the upstream DSL transmission band uses tones 8-31 in Annex A and L, or 8-56 in Annex M. In Annex B, ISDN occupies tones 0-31, DSL upstream uses tones 33-56. Annex I and J are for DS
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teng%20Huo-tu
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Teng Huo-tu (; 1911–1978) was an ichthyologist with the Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute (). Much of his work involved classification of chondricthyes, especially sharks.
In 1959, Teng officially described the smalleye pygmy shark.
While at the Fisheries Research Institute, Teng directed the construction of the Hai Kung, the first Taiwanese ship to complete an Antarctic expedition, in 1977.
References
1911 births
1978 deaths
Taiwanese ichthyologists
20th-century zoologists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20locomotive%20classification
|
The different railway companies in Germany have used various schemes to classify their rolling stock.
From the beginning
As widely known the first few locomotives had names. The first locomotive in public service in Germany from 1835 was named Adler. The first railway lines were built by privately owned companies. That changed later when many railway companies were taken over or founded by the respective German states such as Prussia, Bavaria, etc.
Different numbering schemes prior to 1924
The fast-growing number of locomotives made a numbering scheme inevitable. Most of the various state-owned German railway companies (called Länderbahnen in German) developed their own schemes, e. g. the Prussian state railways (preußische Staatseisenbahnen sometimes erroneously referred to as the Königlich Preussische Eisenbahn-Verwaltung or KPEV) introduced P for passenger train locomotives (the P 8 was one of the most important locomotive types with a total of over 3,000 units built), S for Schnellzug (express train) locomotives (e. g. the famous S 10), G for Güterzug (freight train) locomotives and T for Tenderlokomotive (tank locomotive). Basically the numbers were used continuously. As the Prussians also standardised technical standards, some of the smaller companies also used the Prussian numbering scheme or a similar one.
Bavaria's state-owned railway chose a different way: They also used P, S, or G to indicate the train type, but combined with the numbers of driving axles and of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamud%2C%20Yemen
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Thamud () is a town in northeastern Yemen. It is located at around .
Climate
Thamud has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification: BWh). The average annual temperature is 24.1 °C. The average annual rainfall is 90 mm.
References
Populated places in Hadhramaut Governorate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20von%20Ragu%C3%A9%20Schleyer
|
Paul von Ragué Schleyer (February 27, 1930 – November 21, 2014) was an American physical organic chemist whose research is cited with great frequency. A 1997 survey indicated that Dr. Schleyer was, at the time, the world's third most cited chemist, with over 1100 technical papers produced. He was Eugene Higgins Professor of Chemistry at Princeton University, professor and co-director of the Institute for Organic Chemistry (Institut für organische Chemie) at the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg in Germany, and later Graham Perdue Professor of Chemistry at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia. He published twelve books in the fields of lithium chemistry, ab initio molecular orbital theory and carbonium ions. He was past president of the World Association of Theoretically Oriented Chemists, a fellow of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science and editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedia of Computational Chemistry.
Early life
Born on February 27, 1930, in Cleveland, Ohio, Schleyer graduated as the valedictorian from his class at Cleveland West Technical High School in 1947. Schleyer received his A.B. degree from Princeton University in 1951 magna cum laude. He then earned his Ph.D. degree from Harvard University in 1957, where he worked under physical organic chemist Paul Doughty Bartlett.
Princeton University years
Schleyer began teaching at Princeton in 1954 and became Eugene Higgins Professor of Chemistry there. Working within the Frick Laboratory on the Pri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20contaminated%20cell%20lines
|
Many cell lines that are widely used for biomedical research have been overgrown by other, more aggressive cells. For example, supposed thyroid lines were actually melanoma cells, supposed prostate tissue was actually bladder cancer, and supposed normal uterine cultures were actually breast cancer. This is a list of cell lines that have been cross-contaminated and overgrown by other cells. Estimates based on screening of leukemia-lymphoma cell lines suggest that about 15% of these cell lines are not representative of what they are usually assumed to be. A project is currently underway to enumerate and rename contaminated cell lines to avoid errors in research caused by misattribution.
Contaminated cell lines have been extensively used in research without knowledge of their true character. For example, most if not all research on the endothelium ECV-304 or the megakaryocyte DAMI cell lines has in reality been conducted on bladder carcinoma and erythroleukemia cells, respectively. Thus, all research on endothelium- or megakaryocyte-specific functions utilizing these cell lines has turned out to be misguided, serving more of a warning example.
There are two principal ways a cell line can become contaminated: cell cultures are often exchanged between research groups; if, during handling, a sample gets contaminated and then passed on, subsequent exchanges of cells will lead to the contaminating population being established, although parts of the supposed cell line are still genu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.%20Peter%20Raynes
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Edward Peter Raynes (born ) is Professor of Optoelectronic Engineering at the University of Oxford (since 1998). He was, and continues to be, an early developer and advocate of liquid crystal displays (LCDs).
Raynes was educated at St Peter's School, York and obtained his PhD from the University of Cambridge; he then worked at RSRE (Malvern) for 21 years until 1991. He is a Fellow of St Cross College.
He has been the chief scientist of Sharp Laboratories (Europe) since 1992.
Awards
IoP Paterson medal 1986
Society of Information Display
Selected publications
Electro-optic response times in liquid crystals, E. Jakeman, and E. P. Raynes, Physics Letters A, Vol. 39, Iss. 1, p. 69-70 1972.
Improved contrast uniformity in twisted nematic liquid-crystal electro-optic display devices, E P Raynes, Electronics Letters. Vol. 10, pp. 141–142. (1974)
Recent advances in liquid crystal materials and display devices, E. P. Raynes, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. ED-26, p. 1116-1122 (1979).
Supertwisted nematic liquid crystal displays (review), E. P. Raynes and C. M. Waters, Displays, Vol. 8, Iss. 2, pp. 59–63 (1987)
Optical studies of thin layers of smectic-C materials, Anderson, M.H., Jones, J.C., Raynes, E.P., Towler, M.J., Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 24, Iss. 3, pp. 338–342 (1991)
Ferroelectric liquid crystal display, Koden, M., et al., Shapu Giho/Sharp Technical Journal, Iss. 69, pp. 47–50 (1997)
References
People educated at St Peter's Scho
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POTC
|
POTC may refer to:
potC RNA motif, an RNA structure
Pirates of the Caribbean, a Disney franchise
Philippine Overseas Telecommunications Corporation
1st Pursuit Organization and Training Center, at Villeneuve-les-Vertus Aerodrome, 1918
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRSI
|
MRSI can refer to the following:
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (in medical imaging)
Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact (in artillery)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensonido
|
Ensonido is a real-time post processing algorithm that allows users to play back MP3 Surround files in standard headphones.
Ensonido was developed by the Fraunhofer Society. It simulates the natural reception of surround sound by the human ear, which usually receives tones from surrounding loudspeakers and from reflections and echoes of the listening room. The out-of-head localization achieved that way increases the listening comfort noticeably in contrast to conventional stereo headphone listening with its in-head localization of all sounds. In version 3.0 of the Fraunhofer IIS MP3 Surround Player, Ensonido is replaced with newer mp3HD
External links
all4mp3.com Software, demos, information, and various mp3 resources
mp3surround.com - Demo content, information and evaluation software
The Register news story
Press Releases
mp3surrounded.com - First Blog in the internet about MP3 Surround-MP3 Surround Samples
Audio codecs
Digital audio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioimmunotherapy
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Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) uses an antibody labeled with a radionuclide to deliver cytotoxic radiation to a target cell. It is a form of unsealed source radiotherapy. In cancer therapy, an antibody with specificity for a tumor-associated antigen is used to deliver a lethal dose of radiation to the tumor cells. The ability for the antibody to specifically bind to a tumor-associated antigen increases the dose delivered to the tumor cells while decreasing the dose to normal tissues. By its nature, RIT requires a tumor cell to express an antigen that is unique to the neoplasm or is not accessible in normal cells.
History of available agents
131I tositumomab and 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan were the first agents of radioimmunotherapy, and they were approved for the treatment of refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This means they are used in patients whose lymphoma is refractory to conventional chemotherapy and the monoclonal antibody rituximab.
Agents in clinical development
A set of radioimmunotherapy drugs that rely upon an alpha-emitting isotope (e.g., bismuth-213 or, preferably, actinium-225), rather than a beta emitter, as the killing source of radiation is being developed. Several phase II clinical trials for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia have been carried out using alpha-emitting RITs.
90Y-FF-21101 is a monoclonal antibody against P-cadherin radiolabeled with yttrium-90. It is one of several RIT treatments under investigation intending to treat solid tumors. A pha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20alignment
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In computational phylogenetics, tree alignment is a computational problem concerned with producing multiple sequence alignments, or alignments of three or more sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein. Sequences are arranged into a phylogenetic tree, modeling the evolutionary relationships between species or taxa. The edit distances between sequences are calculated for each of the tree's internal vertices, such that the sum of all edit distances within the tree is minimized. Tree alignment can be accomplished using one of several algorithms with various trade-offs between manageable tree size and computational effort.
Definition
Input: A set of sequences, a phylogenetic tree leaf-labeled by and an edit distance function between sequences.
Output: A labeling of the internal vertices of such that is minimized, where is the edit distance between the endpoints of .
The task is NP-hard.
Background
Sequence alignment
In bioinformatics, the basic method of information processing is to contrast the sequence data. Biologists use it to discover the function, structure, and evolutionary information in biological sequences. The following analyses are based on the sequence assembly: the phylogenetic analysis, the haplotype comparison, and the prediction of RNA structure. Therefore, the efficiency of sequence alignment will directly affect the efficacy of solving these problems. In order to design a rational and efficient sequence alignment, the algorithm derivation becomes an import
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple
|
Ripple may refer to:
Science and technology
Capillary wave, commonly known as ripple, a wave traveling along the phase boundary of a fluid
Ripple, more generally a disturbance, for example of spacetime in gravitational waves
Ripple (electrical), residual periodic variation in DC voltage during ac to dc conversion
Ripple current, pulsed current draw caused by some non-linear devices and circuits
Frequency-domain ripple
Ringing (signal), oscillation of a signal, particularly in the step response
Polarization ripples, appearing after irradiation of a solid by energy flux (laser, ions, etc.)
Ripple marks, as identified in sediments and sedimentary rocks
Ripple (payment protocol), a real-time payment system by Ripple Labs
Ripple control, a form of electrical load management
Various brainwave patterns, including those which follow sharp waves in the hippocampus
Ripple I and Ripple II, 1962 US nuclear bomb tests in Operation Dominic
Organizations
Ripple (charitable organisation), a non-profit click-to-donate internet site and search engine
Ripple Labs, the firm that created the Ripple payment protocol
Ripple Foods, a brand of pea-protein dairy alternative products
Arts and entertainment
"Ripple" (Naruto episode), an episode in an anime series
The Ripple (newspaper), the student newspaper at the University of Leicester
Ripple (My Little Pony)
Ripples (TV series)
Ripples (musical), a musical comedy theatrical production
Ripple, a phenomenon in JoJo's Bizarre A
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20phylogenetics
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Computational phylogenetics, phylogeny inference, or phylogenetic inference focuses on computational and optimization algorithms, heuristics, and approaches involved in phylogenetic analyses. The goal is to find a phylogenetic tree representing optimal evolutionary ancestry between a set of genes, species, or taxa. Maximum likelihood, parsimony, Bayesian, and minimum evolution are typical optimality criteria used to assess how well a phylogenetic tree topology describes the sequence data. Nearest Neighbour Interchange (NNI), Subtree Prune and Regraft (SPR), and Tree Bisection and Reconnection (TBR), known as tree rearrangements, are deterministic algorithms to search for optimal or the best phylogenetic tree. The space and the landscape of searching for the optimal phylogenetic tree is known as phylogeny search space.
Maximum Likelihood (also likelihood) optimality criterion is the process of finding the tree topology along with its branch lengths that provides the highest probability observing the sequence data, while parsimony optimality criterion is the fewest number of state-evolutionary changes required for a phylogenetic tree to explain the sequence data.
Traditional phylogenetics relies on morphological data obtained by measuring and quantifying the phenotypic properties of representative organisms, while the more recent field of molecular phylogenetics uses nucleotide sequences encoding genes or amino acid sequences encoding proteins as the basis for classification.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription%20factor%20Sp1
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Transcription factor Sp1, also known as specificity protein 1* is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SP1 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger transcription factor that binds to GC-rich motifs of many promoters. The encoded protein is involved in many cellular processes, including cell differentiation, cell growth, apoptosis, immune responses, response to DNA damage, and chromatin remodeling. post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and proteolytic processing significantly affect the activity of this protein, which can be an activator or a repressor.
In the SV40 virus, Sp1 binds to the GC boxes in the regulatory sequence of the genome.
Structure
SP1 belongs to the Sp/KLF family of transcription factors. The protein is 785 amino acids long, with a molecular weight of 81 kDa. The SP1 transcription factor contains two glutamine-rich activation domains at its N-terminus that are believed to be necessary for promoter trans-activation. SP1 most notably contains three zinc finger protein motifs at its C-terminus, by which it binds directly to DNA and allows for interaction of the protein with other transcriptional regulators. Its zinc fingers are of the Cys2/His2 type and bind the consensus sequence 5'-(G/T)GGGCGG(G/A)(G/A)(C/T)-3' (GC box element).
Some 12,000 SP-1 binding sites are found in the human genome.
Applications
Sp1 has been used as a control protein to compare with when studying
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SP1
|
SP1 and variants may refer to:
Bowlus SP-1 Paper Wing, glider
SP-1 switch, a late 1960s telecommunications switch by Northern Electric
Sp1 transcription factor, a human protein
Dallara SP1, a race car
Savoia-Pomilio SP.1, a reconnaissance and bomber aircraft built in Italy during the First World War
USS Arawan II (SP-1), a motor yacht that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1918
Vektor SP1/SP2, a pistol
SP-01, a variant of the CZ 75 pistol
Shapley 1, an annular planetary nebula in the constellation of Norma
Service pack 1, a collection of computer program patches and alterations
Surface Pro, a laplet by Microsoft
Skulduggery Pleasant (novel), a young adult fiction novel by Derek Landy
a model of steam toy made by British manufacturer Mamod
a sink in the Sima Pumacocha, a cave in Peru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Bridges%20Museum%20of%20American%20Art
|
Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art is a museum of American art in Bentonville, Arkansas. The museum, founded by Alice Walton and designed by Moshe Safdie, officially opened on 11 November 2011. It offers free public admission.
Overview and founding
Alice Walton, the daughter of Walmart founder Sam Walton, spearheaded the Walton Family Foundation's involvement in developing Crystal Bridges. The museum's glass-and-wood design by architect Moshe Safdie and engineer Buro Happold features a series of pavilions nestled around two creek-fed ponds and forest trails. The soil is flinty silt loam derived from chert and cherty limestone and is mapped as Noark-Bendavis complex. The complex includes galleries, meeting and classroom spaces, a library, a sculpture garden, a museum store designed by architect Marlon Blackwell, a restaurant and coffee bar, named Eleven after the day the museum opened, "11/11/11". Crystal Bridges also features a gathering space that can accommodate up to 300 people. Additionally, there are outdoor areas for concerts and public events, as well as extensive nature trails. It employs approximately 300 people, and is within walking distance of downtown Bentonville.
The museum has amassed $488 million in assets as of August 2008, an amount that will increase as more pieces are continually added to the museum's collection. It is the first major art museum (over $200 million endowment) to open in the United States since 1974. Over $317 million of the project
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