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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Proteinpedia | Human Proteinpedia, which is closely associated with Institute of Bioinformatics (IOB), Bangalore and Johns Hopkins University, is a portal for sharing and integration of human proteomic data. It allows research laboratories to contribute and maintain protein annotations. Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD) integrates data, that is deposited in Human Proteinpedia along with the existing literature curated information at the context of an individual protein. In essence, researchers can add new data to HPRD by registering to Human Proteinpedia. The data deposited in Human Proteinpedia is freely available for download. Emphasizing the importance of proteomics data disposition to public repositories, Nature Methods recommends Human Proteinpedia in their editorial. More than 70 labs participate in this effort.
Data types
Data pertaining to post-translational modifications, protein–protein interactions, tissue expression, expression in cell lines, subcellular localization and enzyme substrate relationships can be submitted to Human Proteinpedia.
Experimental platforms
Protein annotations present in Human Proteinpedia are derived from a number of platforms such as
Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry-based protein–protein interaction
Co-immunoprecipitation and Western blotting based protein–protein interaction
Fluorescence based experiments
Immunohistochemistry
Mass spectrometric analysis
Protein and peptide microarrays
Western blotting
Yeast two-hybrid base |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Personality%20Kid | The Personality Kid is a 1934 American drama film directed by Alan Crosland, starring Pat O'Brien and Glenda Farrell. The film was based on a story by Gene Towne and C. Graham Baker. It was released by Warner Bros. on July 7, 1934. A young prizefighter's success corrupts him and leads him to neglect his wife.
Plot
Joan McCarty (Glenda Farrell) is married to boxer Ritzy McCarty (Pat O'Brien), who has had some minor success, due to his active footwork in the ring and colorful personality. His crowd-pleasing technique catches the eyes of promoters Gavin (Robert Gleckler) and Stephens (Henry O'Neill). Under their management, Ritzy starts fighting in better venues and attracts the attention of Patricia Merrill (Claire Dodd). Patricia and Ritzy began an affair, which his wife Joan tolerates. When Ritzy learns that he has been winning because his opponents were paid to lose the fights, and that Joan agreed to these conditions, he leaves her.
Ritzy is suspended for fighting in a fixed fight. Patricia loses interest in him because he is no longer successful. He gets a job attracting customers to a health lecture. Patricia is there and invites him to visit her, but he finds a pregnant Joan waiting at Patricia's apartment. Ritzy, now determined to provide a good life for his child, accepts an offer to lose a fight. However, Ritzy puts up a good fight and knocks out his opponent after hearing that his wife has given birth to a boy. Impressed by the fight, Stephens visits him in the hos |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal%20ecosystem | A boreal ecosystem is an ecosystem with a subarctic climate located in the Northern Hemisphere, approximately between 50° to 70°N latitude. These ecosystems are commonly known as taiga and are located in parts of North America, Europe, and Asia. The ecosystems that lie immediately to the south of boreal zones are often called hemiboreal. There are a variety of processes and species that occur in these areas as well.
The Köppen symbols of boreal ecosystems are Dfc, Dwc, Dfd, and Dwd.
Boreal ecosystems are some of the most vulnerable to climate change. Both loss of permafrost, reductions in cold weather and increases in summer heat cause significant changes to ecosystems, displacing cold-adapted species, increasing forest fires, and making ecosystems vulnerable to changing to other ecosystem types. These changes can cause Climate change feedback cycles, where thawing permafrost and changing ecosystems release more greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere causing more climate change.
Boreal Species
The species within boreal ecosystems varies as it consists of both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The species composition include many generalized and less specialized feeders. From the equator to the poles, species richness decreases, and there is a negative relationship with species richness changes as climate changes.
However, despite not being as biodiverse as tropical systems, this area has a variety of species. Boreal ecosystems are filled with a multitude of flo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial%20defect | In materials science, an interstitial defect is a type of point crystallographic defect where an atom of the same or of a different type, occupies an interstitial site in the crystal structure. When the atom is of the same type as those already present they are known as a self-interstitial defect. Alternatively, small atoms in some crystals may occupy interstitial sites, such as hydrogen in palladium. Interstitials can be produced by bombarding a crystal with elementary particles having energy above the displacement threshold for that crystal, but they may also exist in small concentrations in thermodynamic equilibrium. The presence of interstitial defects can modify the physical and chemical properties of a material.
History
The idea of interstitial compounds was started in the late 1930s and they are often called Hagg phases after Hägg. Transition metals generally crystallise in either the hexagonal close packed or face centered cubic structures, both of which can be considered to be made up of layers of hexagonally close packed atoms. In both of these very similar lattices there are two sorts of interstice, or hole:
Two tetrahedral holes per metal atom, i.e. the hole is between four metal atoms
One octahedral hole per metal atom, i.e. the hole is between six metal atoms
It was suggested by early workers that:
the metal lattice was relatively unaffected by the interstitial atom
the electrical conductivity was comparable to that of the pure metal
there was a range of comp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles%20culicifacies | Anopheles culicifacies is a mosquito species complex and one of the major vectors of malaria on the Indian subcontinent. It consists of five sibling species, provisionally designated as species A, B, C, D, and E. It prefers to rest indoors in cattle sheds, where it feeds on cattle. The control of A. culicifacies has become difficult due to development of insecticide resistance against all commonly used insecticides, including new-generation insecticides such as synthetic pyrethroids.
It has a Culex-like sitting posture.
References
Insect vectors of human pathogens
Insects described in 1901
culicifacies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%E2%80%93compact%20algorithm | In computer science, a mark–compact algorithm is a type of garbage collection algorithm used to reclaim unreachable memory. Mark–compact algorithms can be regarded as a combination of the mark–sweep algorithm and Cheney's copying algorithm. First, reachable objects are marked, then a compacting step relocates the reachable (marked) objects towards the beginning of the heap area. Compacting garbage collection is used by modern JVMs, Microsoft's Common Language Runtime and by the Glasgow Haskell Compiler.
Algorithms
After marking the live objects in the heap in the same fashion as the mark–sweep algorithm, the heap will often be fragmented. The goal of mark–compact algorithms is to shift the live objects in memory together so the fragmentation is eliminated. The challenge is to correctly update all pointers to the moved objects, most of which will have new memory addresses after the compaction. The issue of handling pointer updates is handled in different ways.
Table-based compaction
A table-based algorithm was first described by Haddon and Waite in 1967. It preserves the relative placement of the live objects in the heap, and requires only a constant amount of overhead.
Compaction proceeds from the bottom of the heap (low addresses) to the top (high addresses). As live (that is, marked) objects are encountered, they are moved to the first available low address, and a record is appended to a break table of relocation information. For each live object, a record in the break |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorant-binding%20protein | Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are small (10 to 30 kDa) soluble proteins secreted by auxiliary cells surrounding olfactory receptor neurons, including the nasal mucus of many vertebrate species and in the sensillar lymph of chemosensory sensilla of insects. OBPs are characterized by a specific protein domain that comprises six α-helices joined by three disulfide bonds. Although the function of the OBPs as a whole is not well established, it is believed that they act as odorant transporters, delivering the odorant molecules to olfactory receptors in the cell membrane of sensory neurons.
The olfactory receptors of terrestrial animals exist in an aqueous environment, yet detect odorants that are primarily hydrophobic. The aqueous solubility of hydrophobic odorants is greatly enhanced via odorant-binding proteins, which exist in the extracellular fluid surrounding the odorant receptors. This family is composed of pheromone binding proteins (PBP), which are male-specific and associate with pheromone-sensitive neurons and general-odorant-binding proteins (GOBP).
These proteins were initially identified on the basis of their ability to bind with moderate-affinity radioactively labeled odorants.
Structure
OBPs are small proteins on the order of 14 kDa in size. All odorant binding proteins are believed to have a common structure despite their genetic diversity and highly variable primary structures. In vertebrates, OBPs are a part of the lipocalin family. They are structurally ch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBG%20%28time%20signal%29 | HBG was a low frequency time signal transmitter for the Swiss time reference system. It transmitted on 75 kHz with 20 kW power, and was located in Prangins, Switzerland.
Due to the cost of urgently needed renovation for the ageing antennas, and the ease with which all existing users could switch to the DCF77 time signal, the Swiss Federal Government decided to shut down HBG at the end of 2011.
HBG transmission ceased on New Year’s Day 2012 at 07:00:13.2 UTC.
On 6 September 2012 at 12:02:00 UTC both antenna towers were demolished by controlled explosives.
The HBG transmission format was very similar to DCF77. At the beginning of each second (with the exception of the 59th), the carrier signal was interrupted for a period of 0.1 s or 0.2 s, which corresponded to a binary "0" or "1". The transmission of the minute, hour, calendar date, day of the week, month and current year was achieved by means of a BCD code identical to that of DCF77.
Like DCF77, the carrier was not interrupted during the last second of each minute.
Differences from the DCF77 time code:
The carrier frequency.
Phase modulation was not included.
Amplitude modulation was done by disabling the transmitter (0% amplitude) rather than reducing it to 15% amplitude as DCF77 does.
Announcement bits warning of impending time zone changes or leap seconds were sent 12 hours in advance, rather than 1 hour.
The first pulse of each minute was not a standard 0 bit as DCF77 sends. Instead, it was a double pulse, two |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patching%20and%20Capping | The aggregation of fluorescently tagged antibodies that are associated with proteins on membranes of living cells. The aggregation appears as a cap or a patch in the fluorescence microscope and is due to the bivalent nature of antibodies. Patching and capping were critical in demonstrating the fluid nature of plasma membranes.
Variations in density within the specimen are amplified to enhance contrast in unstained cells which is especially useful for examining living unpigmented cells. In other words, phase contrast is a contrast-enhancing optical technique that can be used to produce high contrast images such as living cells and subcellular including nuclei and other organelles. One of the major advantages of using phase contrast microscopy is that living cells can be examined in their natural state without being killed, fixed, or especially stained. As a result, biological processes in the cell can be observed and recorded in high contrast with sharp clarity of minute specimen details.
When the ligand binds to its specific receptor, the ligand-receptor complex accumulates in the coated pits. In many cells these pits and complexes begin to concentrate in one area of a cell. Cytochemically, this appears as patches of label on the cell surface (patching). Eventually, the patches coalesce to form a cap at one pole of the cell (capping). Not all cells form caps, but most do form patches. The pre-concentration process minimizes the amount of fluid that is taken up in the vesicle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydia%20pomonella%20granulovirus | Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is a granulovirus belonging to the family Baculoviridae. It has a double-stranded DNA genome that is approximately 123,500 base pairs in length with 143 ORFs. The virus forms small bodies called granules containing a single virion. CpGV is a virus of invertebrates – specifically Cydia pomonella, commonly known as the Codling moth. CpGV is highly pathogenic, it is known as a fast GV – that is, one that will kill its host in the same instar as infection; thus, it is frequently used as a biological pesticide.
In pest control
C. pomonella has proved to be a problematic pest on several fruit trees, including apples and pears. The caterpillars burrow into the fruit, rendering it unfit for sale. Traditional insecticides are of limited use, as some strains have acquired resistance to several insecticides.
CpGV has been shown to kill many of the larvae of C. pomonella in trials without having adverse effects on humans or other animals, thanks to the specific nature of the virus.
The first CpGV strain, isolated in Mexico, has been commercially formulated into biological pesticides such as Madex (Andermatt Biocontrol AG), Carpovirusine (NPP/Arysta LifeScience) and Cyd-X (Certis). Due to the continued use of CpGV in the field, C. pomonella populations resistant to the Mexican strain have been identified. New strains which are able to manage resistant codling moth populations have been developed. These strains are commercialized by BioTEPP inc. into |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin%20A%20receptor | Vitamin A receptor, Stimulated by retinoic acid 6 or STRA6 protein was originally discovered as a transmembrane cell-surface receptor for retinol-binding protein. STRA6 is unique as it functions both as a membrane transporter and a cell surface receptor, particularly as a cytokine receptor. In fact, STRA6 may be the first of a whole new class of proteins that might be known as "cytokine signaling transporters." STRA6 is primarily known as the receptor for retinol binding protein and for its relevance in the transport of retinol to specific sites such as the eye (Vitamin A). It does this through the removal of retinol (ROH) from the holo-Retinol Binding Protein (RBP) and transports it into the cell to be metabolized into retinoids and/or kept as a retinylester. As a receptor, after holo-RBP is bound, STRA6 activates the JAK/STAT pathway, resulting in the activation of transcription factor, STAT5. These two functions—retinol transporter and cytokine receptor—while using different pathways, are processes that depend on each other.
Mechanism of action
Overview
In the first step, holo-retinol binding protein (holo-RBP; simply means RBP bound to retinol, i.e. the RBP-ROH complex) binds to the extracellular portion of STRA6. This facilitates the release of retinol through the transporter. ROH is then transferred to cellular retinol binding protein 1 (CRBP1), an intracellular acceptor of retinol that attaches to the CRBP Binding Loop (or CBL) on STRA6. This transport of ROH, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinol%20binding%20protein%204 | Retinol binding protein 4, also known as RBP4, is a transporter protein for retinol (vitamin A alcohol). RBP4 has a molecular weight of approximately 21 kDa and is encoded by the RBP4 gene in humans. It is mainly, though not exclusively, synthesized in the liver and circulates in the bloodstream as a hepatokine bound to retinol in a complex with transthyretin. RBP4 has been a drug target for ophthalmology research due to its role in vision. RBP4 may also be involved in metabolic diseases as suggested by recent studies.
Function
This protein belongs to the lipocalin family and is the specific carrier for retinol (vitamin A) in the blood. It delivers retinol from the liver stores to the peripheral tissues. In plasma, the RBP-retinol complex interacts with transthyretin, which prevents its loss by filtration through the kidney glomeruli. A deficiency of vitamin A blocks secretion of the binding protein posttranslationally and results in defective delivery and supply to the epidermal cells.
Structure
RBP4 is a single polypeptide chain with a hydrophobic pocket where retinol binds. The RBP4-retinol complex then binds transthyretin in circulation to prevent renal filtration of RBP4.
In serum, TTR and RBP4 bind in a 1 to 1 stoichiometry (two molecules of TTR combine with two molecules of RBP4 to form a complex with a total molecular weight of approximately 80,000 Daltons).
Clinical significance
Retinol-binding protein 4 has been a drug target for eye diseases as RBP4 is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20kinase%20inhibitor | A protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) is a type of enzyme inhibitor that blocks the action of one or more protein kinases. Protein kinases are enzymes that phosphorylate (add a phosphate, or PO4, group) to a protein and can modulate its function.
The phosphate groups are usually added to serine, threonine, or tyrosine amino acids on the protein: most kinases act on both serine and threonine, the tyrosine kinases act on tyrosine, and a number (dual-specificity kinases) act on all three. There are also protein kinases that phosphorylate other amino acids, including histidine kinases that phosphorylate histidine residues.
Phosphorylation regulates many biological processes, and protein kinase inhibitors can be used to treat diseases due to hyperactive protein kinases (including mutant or overexpressed kinases in cancer) or to modulate cell functions to overcome other disease drivers.
Clinical use
Kinase inhibitors such as dasatinib are often used in the treatment of cancer and inflammation.
Some of the kinase inhibitors used in treating cancer are inhibitors of tyrosine kinases.
The effectiveness of kinase inhibitors on various cancers can vary from patient to patient.
Examples
There are several drugs launched or in development that target protein kinases and the receptors that activate them:
Comparison of available agents
Note:
AD = Approval date.
MS = Myelosuppression.
D = Diarrhoea.
FR = Fluid retention.
As far as myelosuppression, diarrhoea and fluid retention goes: +++ m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptojanin | Synaptojanin is a protein involved in vesicle uncoating in neurons. This is an important regulatory lipid phosphatase. It dephosphorylates the D-5 position phosphate from phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) and Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate(PIP2). It belongs to family of 5-phosphatases, which are structurally unrelated to D-3 inositol phosphatases like PTEN. Other members of the family of 5'phosphoinositide phosphatases include OCRL, SHIP1, SHIP2, INPP5J, INPP5E, INPP5B, INPP5A and SKIP.
Synaptojanin Family
The synaptojanin family comprises proteins that are key players in the synaptic vesicle recovery at the synapse. In general, vesicles containing neurotransmitters fuse with the presynaptic cell in order to release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. It is the release of neurotransmitters that allows neuron to neuron communication in the nervous system. The recovery of the vesicle is referred to as endocytosis and is important to reset the presynaptic cell with new neurotransmitter.
Synaptojanin 1 and Synaptojanin 2 are the two main proteins in the synaptojanin family. Synaptojanin 2 can be further subdivided into synaptojanin 2a and synaptojanin 2b.
The mechanism by which vesicles are recovered is thought to involve the synaptojanin attracting the protein clathrin, which coats the vesicle and initiates vesicle endocytosis.
Synaptojanins are composed to three domains. The first is a central inositol 5-phosphatase domain, which can act on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosome | A thermosome is a group II chaperonin protein complex that functions in archaea. It is the homolog of eukaryotic CCT. This group II chaperonin is an ATP-dependent chaperonin that is responsible for folding or refolding of incipient or denatured proteins. A thermosome has two rings, each consisting of eight subunits, stacked together to form a cylindrical shape with a large cavity at the center. The thermosome is also defined by its heterooligomeric nature. The complex consists of that alternate location within its two rings.
Being a Group II chaperonin, the thermosome has a similar structure to group I chaperonins. The main difference, however, lies in the existence of a helical protrusion in the thermosome which composes of a built-in lid of the hydrophilic cavity. Not only is thermosome ATP-dependent, but the mechanism in which thermosome shifts from open to close conformation is also temperature-dependent. The open conformation of the ATP-thermosome exists mainly at low temperatures. Whereas, the closed conformation of the thermosome occurs when heating to physiological temperature.
Similar to the GroEL chaperonins in bacteria, the thermosome shows negative cooperativity since the two rings of the thermosome show different affinities for the binding of ATP. However, unlike the GroEL system, the thermosome is less affected by the concentration of ATP. In the absence of ATP, the thermosome does not have a preference for the T-state over the R-state. There is, however, an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay%20Belov%20%28geochemist%29 | Nikolay Vasilyevich Belov (; December 14, 1891 – March 6, 1982) was a Soviet and Russian crystallographer, geochemist, academician (1953), and Hero of Socialist Labour (1969). Belov founded the field of polychromatic symmetry.
Honours and awards
Hero of Socialist Labour (1969)
Four Orders of Lenin (1961, 1969, 1971, 1981)
Order of the October Revolution (1975)
Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1953)
Medal "For the Defence of Moscow" (1944)
Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (1946)
Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow" (1948)
Medal "For Labour Valour" (1967)
Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1970)
Stalin Prize, 1st class (1952)
Lenin Prize (1974)
First Prize Fedorov (USSR, 1948)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1965)
Gold Medal Exhibition of Economic Achievements of the USSR (1962)
Medal K. Ohridski (Sofia University K. Ohridski, Bulgaria, 1971)
Honorary member of the All-Union Mineralogical Society (1964)
First chairman of the National Committee of Soviet crystallographers (1955-1982)
Member of the Board (1954), Vice-President (1957-1963), president (1966-1969) of the International Union of Crystallography
Foreign member of the Polish Academy of Sciences (1978)
Honorary Doctor of University of Wrocław B. Bierut (Poland, 1975)
Honorary member of the Mineralogical Society USA (1960), England, Society of Mineralogy and Crystallography, France (1969), Geol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20%28disambiguation%29 | Sperm is the male reproductive cell, or gamete, in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction.
Sperm may also refer to:
Reproduction
Spermatozoon (zoosperm), a sperm cell propelled by a single flagellum, found in most animals
Semen ("sperma"), the bodily fluid containing spermatozoa
Related uses
Sperm bank
Sperm competition
Sperm donation
Sperm granuloma
Sperm guidance
Sperm heteromorphism
Sperm motility
Sperm precedence
Sperm sorting
Sperm theft
Sperm washing
Other uses
Catch the Sperm, computer game
The Sperm, a 2007 Thai film
Sperm, a 1994 album by Oomph!
Sperm Bluff, Victoria Land, Antarctica
Sperm whale, a large toothed whale
Sperm oil, substance obtained from sperm whales
Sperm Wars, book by Robin Baker
Spermine an Chemical
See also
Spèrme, a 2016 book by Michel Polnareff |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAG%20InnoVision | MAG Innovision is a Taiwan-headquartered manufacturer and provider of visual technology, specifically CRT monitors, liquid crystal displays, projectors, plasma displays, and HDTV technology. The company was founded by William Wang when he was 26 years old.
In the early to mid-1990s, its products were one of the top-rated in the market for computer CRT monitors in the North American market, alongside Sony, NEC, and Panasonic. Since the late 1990s and 2000s, these companies have been displaced by ViewSonic, and more recently by Samsung and LG, as the latter were at the forefront of fledgling LCD technology.
References
Companies of Taiwan
Display technology companies
Electronics companies of Taiwan
Taiwanese brands |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara%20no%20Tameie | was a Japanese poet and compiler of Imperial anthologies of poems.
Tameie was the second son of poet Teika and married Abutsu-ni. He was the central figure in a circle of Japanese poets after the Jōkyū War in 1221. His three sons were Nijō Tameuji, Kyōgoku Tamenori and Reizei Tamesuke. They each established rival families of poets—the Nijō, the Kyōgoku and the Reizei.
Starting in 1250, Tameie was among those who held the ritsuryō office of . In 1256, he abandoned public life to become a Buddhist monk, taking the name Minbukyō-nyūdō.
Biography
The poet Fujiwara no Tameie was born in 1198. He was a member of the Nagaie lineage of the Northern Branch of the Fujiwara clan, the second son of Acting Middle Counsellor Fujiwara no Teika. His mother was a daughter of Great Minister of the Centre .
Peerage was conferred on the young Tameie at the age of five, by Japanese reckoning, in Kennin 2 (1202). The same year, he accompanied his father on a visit to Emperor Go-Toba and the crown prince (the later Emperor Juntoku).
He died on the first day of the fifth month of Kenji 1, or 27 May 1275 in the Julian calendar. He was 78 years old by Japanese reckoning.
Names
Tameie's was Mimyō (三名). His art name was Naka-no-in (中院), and upon entering religious orders he took the dharma name Yūgaku (融覚).
Selected work
Tameie's published writings encompass 23 works in 28 publications in 1 language and 124 library holdings.
2002 —
References
Citations
Works cited
Nussbaum, Louis Fr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsampling | Subsampling or sub-sampling may refer to:
Sampling (statistics)
Replication (statistics)
Downsampling in signal processing
Chroma subsampling
Sub-sampling (chemistry) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicastrin | Nicastrin, also known as NCSTN, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCSTN gene.
Function
Nicastrin (abbreviated NCT) is a protein that is part of the gamma secretase protein complex, which is one of the proteases involved in processing amyloid precursor protein (APP) to the short Alzheimer's disease-associated peptide amyloid beta. The other proteins in the complex are PSEN1 (presenilin-1), which is the catalytically active component of the complex, APH-1 (anterior pharynx-defective 1), and PEN-2 (presenilin enhancer 2). Nicastrin itself is not catalytically active, but instead promotes the maturation and proper trafficking of the other proteins in the complex, all of which undergo significant post-translational modification before becoming active in the cell. Nicastrin has also been identified as a regulator of neprilysin, an enzyme involved in the degradation of amyloid beta fragment.
History
The protein was named after the Italian country Nicastro, reflecting the fact that Alzheimer's disease was described in 1963 after studying descendants of an extended family originating in the country of Nicastro that had familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD).
Interactions
Nicastrin has been shown to interact with PSEN1 and PSEN2.
References
External links
Alzheimer's disease
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast%20growth%20factor%20receptor%202 | Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) also known as CD332 (cluster of differentiation 332) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGFR2 gene residing on chromosome 10. FGFR2 is a receptor for fibroblast growth factor.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family, where amino acid sequence is highly conserved between members and throughout evolution. FGFR family members differ from one another in their ligand affinities and tissue distribution. A full-length representative protein consists of an extracellular region, composed of three immunoglobulin domains, a single hydrophobic membrane-spanning segment and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. The extracellular portion of the protein interacts with fibroblast growth factors, setting in motion a cascade of downstream signals, ultimately influencing mitogenesis and differentiation. This particular family member is a high-affinity receptor for acidic, basic and/or keratinocyte growth factor, depending on the isoform.
Function
FGFR2 has important roles in embryonic development and tissue repair, especially bone and blood vessels. Like the other members of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family, these receptors signal by binding to their ligand and dimerisation (pairing of receptors), which causes the tyrosine kinase domains to initiate a cascade of intracellular signals. On a molecular level these signals mediate cell division, growth and differentiation.
Is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL7 | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7 (CXCL7) is a human gene.
The encoded protein, Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. It is an isoform of Beta-Thromboglobulin or Pro-Platelet basic protein (PPBP).
It is a protein that is released in large amounts from platelets following their activation. It stimulates various processes including mitogenesis, synthesis of extracellular matrix, glucose metabolism and synthesis of plasminogen activator.
References
Further reading
External links
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific/Choc%C3%B3%20natural%20region | The Pacific/Chocó region is one of the five major natural regions of Colombia. Ecologically, this region belongs entirely to the Chocó Biogeographic Region and is considered a biodiversity hotspot. It also has areas with the highest rainfall in the world, with areas near Quibdo, Chocó reaching up to annually.
Biogeographical subregions
The Pacific region is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and the West Andes to the east. To the north is the Darién Gap and the Serranía del Darién at the border with Panamá. The area is mostly flat and covered by dense rainforest, rivers, swamps, and mangroves. The Baudó Mountains are a small, isolated range in this area along the coast. Gorgona Island is located off the southwest coast.
Politically, the region is within the following Colombian departments: Chocó, Valle del Cauca, Cauca and Nariño.
Rivers
From north to south the main rivers are the Atrato, San Juan, Calima, Dagua, Anchicayá, Sanquianga.
Biodiversity
This region has the distinction of being one of the most biodiverse areas on the planet.
Protected areas
PNN Los Katíos: along the border with Panamá between the Atrato Swamp and the Serranía de Darién.
PNN Ensenada de Utria
PNN Uramba Bahía Málaga
PNN Isla Gorgona
PNN Sanquianga: area of mangroves south of Guapí
SFF Malpelo
See also
Chocó Biogeographic Region
References
.
Natural regions of Colombia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20Yates | F. Yates is the name of:
Frances Yates (1899–1981), British historian
Frank Yates (1902–1994), pioneer of 20th century statistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copiah%20County%20School%20District | The Copiah County School District is a public school district based in Copiah County, Mississippi (USA).
The district serves the communities of Crystal Springs, Wesson, Georgetown, and Beauregard.
Schools
Crystal Springs, Mississippi
Crystal Springs Elementary School
Crystal Springs Middle School
Crystal Springs High School
Wesson, Mississippi
Wesson Attendance Center
The student body at Crystal Springs High School is 81 percent African American, 9 percent Hispanic, and 9 percent white.
Demographics
2006-07 school year
There were a total of 2,914 students enrolled in the Copiah County School District during the 2006–2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 48% female and 52% male. The racial makeup of the district was 59.33% African American, 38.88% White, 1.65% Hispanic, and 0.14% Asian. 64.7% of the district's students were eligible to receive free lunch.
Previous school years
Accountability statistics
Alumni
Royce Whittington was a star football player whose career continued through college. He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in 1960 but after gaining a lot of weight was cut immediately by Vince Lombardi.
Don "Scooter" Purvis running back at LSU including in 1958 championship team
Larry Grantham, Super Bowl III champion with the New York Jets.
See also
List of school districts in Mississippi
References
External links
Copiah County School District
Education in Copiah County, Mississippi
School districts in Mississippi
School districts in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%20family | Moore family may refer to:
Collections of sets that characterize a closure operator, according to mathematician E. H. Moore's theorem in set theory.
The Moore family (Carolinas), a prominent political family of North and South Carolina during the 18th and 19th centuries. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigaritis%20schistacea | Cigaritis schistacea, the plumbeous silverline, is a species of lycaenid or blue butterfly found in Sri Lanka, south India and Myanmar.
Description
Notes and references
Biodiversity data portal
Cigaritis
Butterflies of Asia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora%20kinase%20B | Aurora kinase B is a protein that functions in the attachment of the mitotic spindle to the centromere.
Function
Chromosomal segregation during mitosis as well as meiosis is regulated by kinases and phosphatases. The Aurora kinases associate with microtubules during chromosome movement and segregation. Aurora kinase B localizes to microtubules near kinetochores, specifically to the specialized microtubules called K-fibers, and Aurora kinase A (MIM 603072) localizes to centrosomes (Lampson et al., 2004).[supplied by OMIM]
In cancerous cells, over-expression of these enzymes causes unequal distribution of genetic information, creating aneuploid cells, a hallmark of cancer.
Discovery
In 1998, Aurora kinase B was identified in humans by a polymerase chain reaction screen for kinases that are overexpressed in cancers. In the same year, rat Aurora kinase B was identified in a screen designed to find kinases that altered S. cerevisiae proliferation when overexpressed.
Expression and subcellular localization
The expression and activity of Aurora B are regulated according to the cell cycle. Expression of Aurora B reaches a maximum at the G2-M transition, whereas Aurora B protein is most active during mitosis.
Aurora B is a chromosomal passenger protein. Specifically, Aurora B localizes to the chromosomes in prophase, the centromere in prometaphase and metaphase, and the central mitotic spindle in anaphase. This localization has been determined by indirect immunofluorescence i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una%20virus | Una virus is a virus species in the genus Alphavirus. According to the Baltimore classification of viruses, it is a class IV virus. It has a linear single-stranded RNA genome. Una virus is an arbovirus or arthropod-borne virus, transmitted primarily by an arthropod species.
Location and distribution
The Una virus is widely distributed in South America, where infections have been detected in mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts such as humans, birds and horses. It was first isolated in Psorophora ferox mosquitoes in the state of Pará, Brazil. The virus is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America, such as Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Panama, Suriname, Trinidad and Venezuela. It is the only member of the SFV complex which has activity reported in Argentina, where two strains of the virus, (Cba An 979 and Cba An 995) have been isolated from febrile or dead equines at Rio Segundo and Colonia Videla, two villages located in the province of Córdoba. The reporting of the Una virus in Argentina demonstrates an enlargement of the southern limit of the distribution of this virus group.
References
Alphaviruses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengovirus | Mengovirus, also known as Columbia SK virus, mouse Elberfield virus, and Encephalomyocarditisvirus (EMCV), belongs to the genus Cardiovirus which is a member of the Picornaviridae. Its genome is a single stranded positive-sense RNA molecule, making the Mengoviruses a class IV virus under the Baltimore classification system. The genome is approximately 8400nt in length, and has 5’ VG protein (Virus genome protein) and a 3’ polyadenine tail. Mengovirus was isolated by George W. A. Dick in 1948, in the Mengo district of Entebbe in Uganda, from a captive rhesus monkey that had developed hind limb paralysis.
Structure
Mengovirus is a non-enveloped virus which has a nucleocapsid made up of 12 subunits. The virion is 30 nm in diameter and displays icosahedral symmetry.
Gene expression and genome replication
Once inside a host cell, the Mengovirus genome acts as a piece of mRNA and is directly translated by the host ribosomes in the cytoplasm. There is a large un-translated region at the 5’ end of the RNA that has a ribosome binding site, removing the need of a cap. A single polypeptide is made and is cleaved into individual proteins by viral proteases. The genome is divided into three parts: P1, P2, and P3. P1 encodes the virus capsid proteins, P2 and P3 encode genes required for genome replication to occur. For replication to occur an intermediate double-stranded RNA molecule is made to be used as a template for the production of positive sense genomes.
Infection
Mengovirus i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Sulfosalicylic%20acid | Sulfosalicylic acid is used in urine tests to determine urine protein content. The chemical causes the precipitation of dissolved proteins, which is measured from the degree of turbidity.
It is also used for integral colour anodizing.
With water it is used as a shuttle solution for the CAS assay to test for siderophore.
See also
Salicylic acid
References
Benzenesulfonic acids
Salicylic acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercept%20theorem | The intercept theorem, also known as Thales's theorem, basic proportionality theorem or side splitter theorem is an important theorem in elementary geometry about the ratios of various line segments that are created if two rays with a common starting point are intercepted by a pair of parallels. It is equivalent to the theorem about ratios in similar triangles. It is traditionally attributed to Greek mathematician Thales. It was known to the ancient Babylonians and Egyptians, although its first known proof appears in Euclid's Elements.
Formulation of the theorem
Suppose S is the common starting point of two rays and A, B are the intersections of the first ray with the two parallels, such that B is further away from S than A, and similarly C, D are the intersections of the second ray with the two parallels such that D is further away from S than C. In this configuration the following statements hold:
The ratio of any two segments on the first ray equals the ratio of the according segments on the second ray: , ,
The ratio of the two segments on the same ray starting at S equals the ratio of the segments on the parallels:
The converse of the first statement is true as well, i.e. if the two rays are intercepted by two arbitrary lines and holds then the two intercepting lines are parallel. However, the converse of the second statement is not true (see graphic for a counterexample).
Extensions and conclusions
The first two statements remain true if the two rays get rep |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Env%20%28gene%29 | Env is a viral gene that encodes the protein forming the viral envelope. The expression of the env gene enables retroviruses to target and attach to specific cell types, and to infiltrate the target cell membrane.
Analysis of the structure and sequence of several different env genes suggests that Env proteins are type 1 fusion machines. Type 1 fusion machines initially bind a receptor on the target cell surface, which triggers a conformational change, allowing for binding of the fusion protein. The fusion peptide inserts itself in the host cell membrane and brings the host cell membrane very close to the viral membrane to facilitate membrane fusion.
While there are significant differences in sequence of the env gene between retroviruses, the gene is always located downstream of gag, pro, and pol. The env mRNA must be spliced for expression.
The mature product of the env gene is the viral spike protein, which has two main parts: the surface protein (SU) and the transmembrane protein (TM). The tropism of the virus is determined by the SU protein domain because it is responsible for the receptor-binding function of the virus. The SU domain therefore determines the specificity of the virus for a single receptor molecule.
Physical structure
Oligomerization
The retroviral glycoproteins are oligomeric complexes that are composed of SU-TM heterodimers, which are made in the endoplasmic reticulum after the translation of the glycosylated Env precursor. The arrangement of these |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooster%20tail | A rooster tail is a term used in fluid dynamics, automotive gear shifting, and meteorology. It is a region of commotion or turbulence within a fluid, caused by movement. In fluid dynamics, it lies directly in the wake of an object traveling within a fluid, and is accompanied by a vertical protrusion. If it occurs in a river, wise boaters upstream steer clear of its appearance. The degree of their formation can indicate the efficiency of a boat's hull design. The magnitude of these features in a boat increases with speed, while the relationship is inversely proportional for airplanes. Energetic volcanic eruptions can create rooster tail formations from their ejecta. They can form in relation to coronal loops near the Sun's surface.
In gear shifting in motor vehicles, it is the relation between the coefficient of friction and the sliding speed of the clutch. Cars can throw rooster tails in their wake and loose materials under its wheels. In meteorology, a rooster tail satellite pattern can be applied to either low or high level cloudiness, with the low cloud line seen in the wake of tropical cyclones and the high cloud pattern seen either within mare's tails or within the outflow jet of tropical cyclones.
In fluid dynamics
Rooster tails are caused by constructive interference near and to the wake of objects within a flowing fluid.
In water
A fast current of water flowing over a rock near the surface of a stream or river can create a rooster tail—such commotions at the water |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge%20Desgrange-Colombo | The Challenge Desgrange-Colombo was a season-long road bicycle racing competition between 1948 and 1958. There were two classifications, one for individual cyclists and another for nations.
History
The Challenge Desgrange-Colombo competition was created in 1948 to get the cyclists from two of the most dominant countries of the sport, France and Italy, to participate in each other's races. Named after long-time Tour de France director Henri Desgrange and Giro d'Italia director , the competition was organised by the newspapers L'Équipe, La Gazzetta dello Sport, Het Nieuwsblad-Sportwereld and Les Sports. It marked early co-operation between L'Équipe and La Gazzetta dello Sport which lasts to this day.
Riders' performances in the Tour de France, Giro d'Italia, Milan–San Remo, Paris–Roubaix, Tour of Flanders, La Flèche Wallonne, Paris–Brussels, Paris–Tours and the Giro di Lombardia counted towards the competition. The Tour de Suisse was added in 1949, Liège–Bastogne–Liège in 1951, the Vuelta a España in 1958.
The first winner was Belgian Briek Schotte, who won the Tour of Flanders and also world road race championship of the 1948 season. The 1949 edition was won by the Italian Fausto Coppi while 1950 went to the Swiss Ferdi Kubler and 1951 to Frenchman Louison Bobet. Kubler also won in 1952 and 1954 to equal the record of Belgian Fred De Bruyne, who won from 1956 to 1958.
The competition was effectively superseded by the Super Prestige Pernod, first awarded in 1959.
Winners
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSH2 | DNA mismatch repair protein Msh2 also known as MutS homolog 2 or MSH2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSH2 gene, which is located on chromosome 2. MSH2 is a tumor suppressor gene and more specifically a caretaker gene that codes for a DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein, MSH2, which forms a heterodimer with MSH6 to make the human MutSα mismatch repair complex. It also dimerizes with MSH3 to form the MutSβ DNA repair complex. MSH2 is involved in many different forms of DNA repair, including transcription-coupled repair, homologous recombination, and base excision repair.
Mutations in the MSH2 gene are associated with microsatellite instability and some cancers, especially with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). At least 114 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered.
Clinical significance
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), sometimes referred to as Lynch syndrome, is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, where inheritance of only one copy of a mutated mismatch repair gene is enough to cause disease phenotype. Mutations in the MSH2 gene account for 40% of genetic alterations associated with this disease and is the leading cause, together with MLH1 mutations. Mutations associated with HNPCC are broadly distributed in all domains of MSH2, and hypothetical functions of these mutations based on the crystal structure of the MutSα include protein–protein interactions, stability, allosteric regulation, MSH2-MSH6 in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLH1 | DNA mismatch repair protein Mlh1 or MutL protein homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MLH1 gene located on chromosome 3. It is a gene commonly associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Orthologs of human MLH1 have also been studied in other organisms including mouse and the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Function
Variants in this gene can cause hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (Lynch syndrome). It is a human homolog of the E. coli DNA mismatch repair gene, mutL, which mediates protein-protein interactions during mismatch recognition, strand discrimination, and strand removal. Defects in MLH1 are associated with the microsatellite instability observed in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described, but their full-length natures have not been determined.
Role in DNA mismatch repair
MLH1 protein is one component of a system of seven DNA mismatch repair proteins that work coordinately in sequential steps to initiate repair of DNA mismatches in humans. Defects in mismatch repair, found in about 13% of colorectal cancers, are much more frequently due to deficiency of MLH1 than deficiencies of other DNA mismatch repair proteins. The seven DNA mismatch repair proteins in humans are MLH1, MLH3, MSH2, MSH3, MSH6, PMS1 and PMS2. In addition, there are Exo1-dependent and Exo1-independent DNA mismatch repair subpathways.
DNA mismatches occur where o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSH6 | MSH6 or mutS homolog 6 is a gene that codes for DNA mismatch repair protein Msh6 in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is the homologue of the human "G/T binding protein," (GTBP) also called p160 or hMSH6 (human MSH6). The MSH6 protein is a member of the Mutator S (MutS) family of proteins that are involved in DNA damage repair.
Defects in hMSH6 are associated with atypical hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer not fulfilling the Amsterdam criteria for HNPCC. hMSH6 mutations have also been linked to endometrial cancer and the development of endometrial carcinomas.
Discovery
MSH6 was first identified in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae because of its homology to MSH2. The identification of the human GTBP gene and subsequent amino acid sequence availability showed that yeast MSH6 and human GTBP were more related to each other than any other MutS homolog, with a 26.6% amino acid identity. Thus, GTBP took on the name human MSH6, or hMSH6.
Structure
In the human genome, hMSH6 is located on chromosome 2. It contains the Walker-A/B adenine nucleotide binding motif, which is the most highly conserved sequence found in all MutS homologs. As with other MutS homologs, hMSH6 has an intrinsic ATPase activity. It functions exclusively when bound to hMSH2 as a heterodimer, although hMSH2 itself can function as a homomultimer or as a heterodimer with hMSH3.
Function
Importance of mismatch repair
Mismatches commonly occur as a result of DNA replication errors, genetic re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure%20theorem | Structure theorem may refer to:
Structured program theorem, a result in programming language theory
Structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain, a result in abstract algebra (a subject area in mathematics)
Structure Theorem of Bass-Serre theory, a result in Geometric group theory. (another subject area in mathematics) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin%20D | Cyclin D is a member of the cyclin protein family that is involved in regulating cell cycle progression. The synthesis of cyclin D is initiated during G1 and drives the G1/S phase transition. Cyclin D protein is anywhere from 155 (in zebra mussel) to 477 (in Drosophila) amino acids in length.
Once cells reach a critical cell size (and if no mating partner is present in yeast) and if growth factors and mitogens (for multicellular organism) or nutrients (for unicellular organism) are present, cells enter the cell cycle. In general, all stages of the cell cycle are chronologically separated in humans and are triggered by cyclin-Cdk complexes which are periodically expressed and partially redundant in function. Cyclins are eukaryotic proteins that form holoenzymes with cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdk), which they activate. The abundance of cyclins is generally regulated by protein synthesis and degradation through APC/C- and CRL-dependent pathways.
Cyclin D is one of the major cyclins produced in terms of its functional importance. It interacts with four Cdks: Cdk2, 4, 5, and 6. In proliferating cells, cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex accumulation is of great importance for cell cycle progression. Namely, cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex partially phosphorylates retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (Rb), whose inhibition can induce expression of some genes (for example: cyclin E) important for S phase progression.
Drosophila and many other organisms only have one cyclin D protein. In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent%20kinase%202 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, also known as cell division protein kinase 2, or Cdk2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family of Ser/Thr protein kinases. This protein kinase is highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28, and S. pombe cdc2, also known as Cdk1 in humans. It is a catalytic subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinase complex, whose activity is restricted to the G1-S phase of the cell cycle, where cells make proteins necessary for mitosis and replicate their DNA. This protein associates with and is regulated by the regulatory subunits of the complex including cyclin E or A. Cyclin E binds G1 phase Cdk2, which is required for the transition from G1 to S phase while binding with Cyclin A is required to progress through the S phase. Its activity is also regulated by phosphorylation. Multiple alternatively spliced variants and multiple transcription initiation sites of this gene have been reported. The role of this protein in G1-S transition has been recently questioned as cells lacking Cdk2 are reported to have no problem during this transition.
Dispensability in normally functioning tissue
Original cell-culture based experiments demonstrated cell cycle arrest at the G1-S transition resulting from the deletion of Cdk2. Later experiments showed that Cdk2 deletions lengthened the G1 phase of the cell cycle in mouse embryo fibroblasts. However, they still entered |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent%20kinase%204 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 also known as cell division protein kinase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK4 gene. CDK4 is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. This protein is highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28 and S. pombe cdc2. It is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression. The activity of this kinase is restricted to the G1-S phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits D-type cyclins and CDK inhibitor p16INK4a. This kinase was shown to be responsible for the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma gene product (Rb). Ser/Thr-kinase component of cyclin D-CDK4 (DC) complexes that phosphorylate and inhibit members of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein family including RB1 and regulate the cell-cycle during G1/S transition. Phosphorylation of RB1 allows dissociation of the transcription factor E2F from the RB/E2F complexes and the subsequent transcription of E2F target genes which are responsible for the progression through the G1 phase. Hypophosphorylates RB1 in early G1 phase. Cyclin D-CDK4 complexes are major integrators of various mitogenic and antimitogenic signals. Also phosphorylates SMAD3 in a cell-cycle-dependent manner and represses its transcriptional activity. Component of the ternary complex, cyclin D/CDK4/CDKN1B, required for nuclear translocation and activity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent%20kinase%206 | Cell division protein kinase 6 (CDK6) is an enzyme encoded by the CDK6 gene. It is regulated by cyclins, more specifically by Cyclin D proteins and Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase, (CDK) family, which includes CDK4. CDK family members are highly similar to the gene products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc28, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc2, and are known to be important regulators of cell cycle progression in the point of regulation named R or restriction point.
This kinase is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex, important for the G1 phase progression and G1/S transition of the cell cycle and the complex is composed also by an activating sub-unit; the cyclin D. The activity of this kinase first appears in mid-G1 phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits including D-type cyclins and members of INK4 family of CDK inhibitors. This kinase, as well as CDK4, has been shown to phosphorylate, and thus regulate the activity of, tumor suppressor Retinoblastoma protein making CDK6 an important protein in cancer development.
Structure
The CDK6 gene is conserved in eukaryotes, including the budding yeast and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The CDK6 gene is located on chromosome 7 in humans. The gene spans 231,706 base pairs and encodes a 326 amino acid protein with a kinase function. The gene is overexpressed in cancers like lymphoma, leukemia, medulloblastoma and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langerin | Langerin (CD207) is a type II transmembrane protein which is encoded by the CD207 gene in humans. It was discovered by scientists Sem Saeland and Jenny Valladeau as a main part of Birbeck granules. Langerin is C-type lectin receptor on Langerhans cells (LCs) and in mice also on dermal interstitial CD103+ dendritic cells (DC) and on resident CD8+ DC in lymph nodes.
Structure
Langerin consists of a relatively short intracellular domain and an extracellular domain which consists of a neck-region and a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). The intracellular part contains a proline-rich domain (PRD). The neck region consists of alpha-helixes and mediates a formation of langerin homotrimers via a coiled-coil interaction. The homotrimers formation increases avidity and specificity of the antigen.
The CRD of langerin is similar to CRDs of other C-type lectins. It contains an EPN motif – a Glu-Pro-Asn rich region. The CRD is divided into two lobes by 2 anti-parallel beta-sheets. The upper lobe creates the primary Ca2+ dependent carbohydrates binding site. In contrast to other lectins, for instance, DC-SIGN / DC-SIGNR and MBP, langerin has only one binding site for Ca2+. In the upper lobe, there have been discovered two other binding sites by a crystallization method. These sites are not dependent on Ca2+ and their relation to the primary binding site is not completely understood. All the binding sites are flanked by positively charged amino acids (K299 and K313) which enable bindi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended%20load | The suspended load of a flow of fluid, such as a river, is the portion of its sediment uplifted by the fluid's flow in the process of sediment transportation. It is kept suspended by the fluid's turbulence. The suspended load generally consists of smaller particles, like clay, silt, and fine sands.
Sediment transportation
The suspended load is one of the three layers of the fluvial sediment transportation system. The bed load consists of the larger sediment which is transported by saltation, rolling, and dragging on the riverbed. The suspended load is the middle layer that consists of the smaller sediment that's suspended. The wash load is uppermost layer which consist of the smallest sediment that can be seen with the naked eye; however, the wash load gets easily mixed with suspended load during transportation due to the very similar process. The wash load never touches the bed even outside of a current.
Composition
The boundary between bed load and suspended load is not straightforward because whether a particle is in suspension or not depends on the flow velocity – it is easy to imagine a particle moving between bed load, part-suspension and full suspension in a fluid with variable flow. Suspended load generally consists of fine sand, silt and clay size particles although larger particles (coarser sands) may be carried in the lower water column in more intense flows.
Suspended load vs suspended sediment
Suspended load and suspended sediment are very similar, but are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20phthalimide | Potassium phthalimide is a chemical compound of formula C8H4KNO2. It is the potassium salt of phthalimide, and usually presents as fluffy, very pale yellow crystals. It can be prepared by adding a hot solution of phthalimide in ethanol to a solution of potassium hydroxide in ethanol; the desired product precipitates.
This compound is a commercially available reagent used in the Gabriel synthesis of amines.
References
Potassium compounds
Phthalimides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminar%20II%3A%20The%20Holy%20Rites%20of%20Primitivism%20Regressionism | Seminar II: The Holy Rites of Primitivism Regressionism is the second full-length album by Old Man Gloom, released in 2001. It was released simultaneously with Seminar III.
Critical reception
AllMusic wrote that the album "plays out as a sort of roller coaster ride, with quiet ambient drones giving way to full-on metalcore assaults (and vice versa) throughout its 17 tracks."
Track listing
"Brain Returns To Initial State" – 0:53
"Bells Dark Above Our Heads" – 4:11
"Branch Breaker" – 0:51
"Radio Crackles Spill Down My Face" – 1:33
"Hot Salvation" – 3:10
"Breath Drops Out In Ice And Glass" – 5:57
"Rape Athena" – 1:46
"Roar Of The Forest Rose To Thunder" – 2:24
"Clenched Tight In The Fist Of God" – 2:16
"Only Dogs Hear (Here)" – 0:51
"Jaws Of The Lion" – 2:42
"Smoke Out Loud" – 6:26
"Deserts In Your Eyes" – 3:09
"Meditations In B Part V & VI" – 5:48
"Cinders Of The Simian Psyche" – 2:43
"Three Ring Ocean Sideshow" – 5:43
"Mandied (Self: Reborn)" – 8:10
Track 17 is a hidden track
Credits
Kurt Ballou – Producer
Steve Brodsky – Lyricist
Santos "Hanno" Montano – Drums, Backup vocals, Data backup, Viral marketing, Burritos
Nate Newton – Guitar, Vocals
Jay Randall – Electronics
Luke Scarola
Caleb Scofield – Bass Guitar, Vocals
Aaron Turner – Guitar, Vocals
References
Old Man Gloom albums
2001 albums
Albums with cover art by Aaron Turner
Albums produced by Kurt Ballou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant%20factor | The invariant factors of a module over a principal ideal domain (PID) occur in one form of the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain.
If is a PID and a finitely generated -module, then
for some integer and a (possibly empty) list of nonzero elements for which . The nonnegative integer is called the free rank or Betti number of the module , while are the invariant factors of and are unique up to associatedness.
The invariant factors of a matrix over a PID occur in the Smith normal form and provide a means of computing the structure of a module from a set of generators and relations.
See also
Elementary divisors
References
Chap.8, p.128.
Chapter III.7, p.153 of
Module theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points%20classification | The points classification is a secondary award category in road bicycle racing. Points are given for high finishes and, in some cases, for winning sprints at certain places along the route, most often called intermediate sprints. The points classification is the top prize for many cycling sprinters and is often known as the sprint classification; however, in some stage races these classifications are based on different criteria.
The points classification is arguably the second most important title and cycling jersey to win at a cycling stage race behind the general classification, which is the winner of the event by overall time.
Points classification winners of the Grand Tours
Winners by year
A. Alessandro Petacchi was the Points leader but tested positive for elevated levels of salbutamol, resulting in a suspension and forfeiture of all results during the event. No alternate winner was declared.
Career triples
Winning the points classification in each of the three Grand Tours during a cyclist's career is a significant accomplishment. The Tour/Giro/Vuelta triple has been achieved by five riders:
– 1 Giro points jersey (1994), 3 Tour points jerseys (1991, 1993, 1994), 1 Vuelta points jersey (1992)
– 1 Giro points jersey (2013), 2 Tour points jerseys (2011, 2021), 1 Vuelta points jersey (2010)
– 1 Giro points jersey (1999), 2 Tour points jerseys (1992, 1995), 4 Vuelta points jerseys (1994, 1995, 1996, 1997)
– 2 Giro points jersey (1968, 1973), 3 Tour points je |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimean | In statistics the trimean (TM), or Tukey's trimean, is a measure of a probability distribution's location defined as a weighted average of the distribution's median and its two quartiles:
This is equivalent to the average of the median and the midhinge:
The foundations of the trimean were part of Arthur Bowley's teachings, and later popularized by statistician John Tukey in his 1977 book which has given its name to a set of techniques called exploratory data analysis.
Like the median and the midhinge, but unlike the sample mean, it is a statistically resistant L-estimator with a breakdown point of 25%. This beneficial property has been described as follows:
Efficiency
Despite its simplicity, the trimean is a remarkably efficient estimator of population mean. More precisely, for a large data set (over 100 points) from a symmetric population, the average of the 20th, 50th, and 80th percentile is the most efficient 3-point L-estimator, with 88% efficiency. For context, the best single point estimate by L-estimators is the median, with an efficiency of 64% or better (for all n), while using two points (for a large data set of over 100 points from a symmetric population), the most efficient estimate is the 29% midsummary (mean of 29th and 71st percentiles), which has an efficiency of about 81%. Using quartiles, these optimal estimators can be approximated by the midhinge and the trimean. Using further points yield higher efficiency, though it is notable that only three p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahe%20Airport | Ahe Airport is an airport on Ahe (Tenukupara), an atoll in French Polynesia .
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
See also
List of airports in French Polynesia
References
External links
Atoll list (in French)
Classification of the French Polynesian atolls by Salvat (1985)
Airports in French Polynesia
Atolls of the Tuamotus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arutua%20Airport | Arutua Airport is an airport on Arutua atoll in French Polynesia . The airport is 13 km north of the village of Rautini.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
See also
List of airports in French Polynesia
References
External links
Airports in French Polynesia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makemo%20Airport | Makemo Airport is an airport on Makemo in French Polynesia. The airport is WNW of the village of Pouheva.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Statistics
References
External links
Airports in French Polynesia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimatara%20Airport | Rimatara Airport is an airport on Rimatara in French Polynesia . The airport was built in 2006.
The airport was renovated in 2018.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
References
Airports in French Polynesia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurutu%20Airport | Rurutu Airport is an airport on Rurutu in French Polynesia . The airport is located northeast of Moerai. The airport was built in 1977.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Statistics
References
External links
Airports in French Polynesia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubuai%20%E2%80%93%20Mataura%20Airport | Tubuai – Mataura Airport is an airport on Tubuai in French Polynesia. The airport is southwest of the village of Mataura.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Statistics
References
Airports in French Polynesia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed%20fluid | A compressed fluid (also called a compressed or unsaturated liquid, subcooled fluid or liquid) is a fluid under mechanical or thermodynamic conditions that force it to be a liquid.
At a given pressure, a fluid is a compressed fluid if it is at a temperature lower than the saturation temperature. This is the case, for example, for liquid water at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. In a plot that compares pressure and specific volume (commonly called a p-v diagram), compressed fluid is the state to the left of the saturation curve.
Conditions that cause a fluid to be compressed include:
Specific volume and enthalpy inferior to that of a saturated liquid;
Temperature below the saturation temperature;
Pressure above the saturation pressure.
The term compressed liquid emphasizes that the pressure is greater than the saturation pressure for the given temperature. Compressed liquid properties are relatively independent of pressure.
References
Fluid dynamics
Gases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20pest | Zinc pest (from German Zinkpest), also known as zinc rot and zamak rot, is a destructive, intercrystalline corrosion process of zinc alloys containing lead impurities. While impurities of the alloy are the primary cause of the problem, environmental conditions such as high humidity (greater than 65%) may accelerate the process.
It was first discovered to be a problem in 1923, and primarily affects die-cast zinc articles that were manufactured during the 1920s through 1950s. The New Jersey Zinc Company developed zamak alloys in 1929 using 99.99% pure zinc metal to avoid the problem, and articles made after 1960 are usually considered free of the risk of zinc pest since the use of purer materials and more controlled manufacturing conditions make zinc pest degradation unlikely.
Affected objects may show surface irregularities such as small cracks and fractures, blisters or pitting. Over time, the material slowly expands, cracking, buckling and warping in an irreversible process that makes the object exceedingly brittle and prone to fracture, and can eventually shatter the object, destroying it altogether. Due to the expansion process, attached normal material may also be damaged. The occurrence and severity of zinc pest in articles made of susceptible zinc alloys depends both on the concentration of lead impurities in the metal and on the storage conditions of the article in the ensuing decades. Zinc pest is dreaded by collectors of vintage die-cast model trains, toys, or rad |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgradient%20method | Subgradient methods are iterative methods for solving convex minimization problems. Originally developed by Naum Z. Shor and others in the 1960s and 1970s, subgradient methods are convergent when applied even to a non-differentiable objective function. When the objective function is differentiable, sub-gradient methods for unconstrained problems use the same search direction as the method of steepest descent.
Subgradient methods are slower than Newton's method when applied to minimize twice continuously differentiable convex functions. However, Newton's method fails to converge on problems that have non-differentiable kinks.
In recent years, some interior-point methods have been suggested for convex minimization problems, but subgradient projection methods and related bundle methods of descent remain competitive. For convex minimization problems with very large number of dimensions, subgradient-projection methods are suitable, because they require little storage.
Subgradient projection methods are often applied to large-scale problems with decomposition techniques. Such decomposition methods often allow a simple distributed method for a problem.
Classical subgradient rules
Let be a convex function with domain . A classical subgradient method iterates
where denotes any subgradient of at , and is the iterate of . If is differentiable, then its only subgradient is the gradient vector itself.
It may happen that is not a descent direction for at . We therefore |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaboxadol | Gaboxadol, also known as 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(5,4-c)pyridin-3-ol (THIP), is a conformationally constrained derivative of the alkaloid muscimol that was first synthesized in 1977 by the Danish chemist Poul Krogsgaard-Larsen. In the early 1980s gaboxadol was the subject of a series of pilot studies that tested its efficacy as an analgesic and anxiolytic, as well as a treatment for tardive dyskinesia, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and spasticity. It was not until 1996 that researchers attempted to harness gaboxadol's frequently reported sedative "adverse effect" for the treatment of insomnia, resulting in a series of clinical trials sponsored by Lundbeck and Merck. In March, 2007, Merck and Lundbeck cancelled work on the drug, citing safety concerns and the failure of an efficacy trial. It acts on the GABA system, but in a different way from benzodiazepines, Z-Drugs, and barbiturates. Lundbeck states that gaboxadol also increases deep sleep (stage 4). Unlike benzodiazepines, THIP does not demonstrate reinforcement in mice or baboons despite activation of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area.
In 2015, Lundbeck sold its rights to the molecule to Ovid Therapeutics, whose plan is to develop it for FXS and Angelman syndrome. It is known internally in Ovid as OV101.
See also
Amanita muscaria
CI-966
Ganaxolone
Ibotenic acid
References
External links
H. Lundbeck Website
Medical News Today article
Report of cancellation of development.
G |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoid | In botany, a zoid or zoïd is a reproductive cell that possesses one or more flagella, and is capable of independent movement. Zoid can refer to either an asexually reproductive spore or a sexually reproductive gamete. In sexually reproductive gametes, zoids can be either male or female depending on the species. For example, some brown alga (Phaeophyceae) reproduce by producing multi-flagellated male and female gametes that recombine to form the diploid sporangia. Zoids are primarily found in some protists, diatoms, green alga, brown alga, non-vascular plants, and a few vascular plants (ferns, cycads, and Ginkgo biloba). The most common classification group that produces zoids is the heterokonts or stramenopiles. These include green alga, brown alga, oomycetes, and some protists. The term is generally not used to describe motile, flagellated sperm found in animals. Zoid is also commonly confused for zooid which is a single organism that is part of a colonial animal.
Diversity of zoids
A zoid contains one or more flagella for motility. In the various species that produce zoids, there is a high level of diversity in the number of flagella produced. The heterokonts generally produce zoids with 2 flagella, while the Ginkgo biloba produce zoids with tens of thousands of flagella. The position of the flagella and the arrangement of the microtubules varies among species as well. The following sections will briefly outline general characteristics of the zoids found in each s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMELX | Amelogenin, X isoform is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AMELX gene. AMELX is located on the X chromosome and encodes a set of isoforms of amelogenin by alternative splicing. Amelogenin is an extracellular matrix protein involved in the process of amelogenesis, the formation of enamel on teeth.
Function
AMELX is involved in biomineralization during tooth enamel development. The AMELX gene encodes for the structural modeling protein, amelogenin, which works with other amelogenesis-related proteins to direct the mineralisation of enamel. This process involves the organization of enamel rods, the basic unit of tooth enamel, as well as the inclusion and growth of hydroxyapatite crystals.
Clinical significance
Mutations in AMELX result in amelogenesis imperfecta. It has been shown that mice with a knocked-out AMELX gene will present disorganized and hypoplastic enamel.
See also
AMELY
References
External links
Further reading
Genes on human chromosome X
Genetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20nomenclature | Gene nomenclature is the scientific naming of genes, the units of heredity in living organisms. It is also closely associated with protein nomenclature, as genes and the proteins they code for usually have similar nomenclature. An international committee published recommendations for genetic symbols and nomenclature in 1957. The need to develop formal guidelines for human gene names and symbols was recognized in the 1960s and full guidelines were issued in 1979 (Edinburgh Human Genome Meeting). Several other genus-specific research communities (e.g., Drosophila fruit flies, Mus mice) have adopted nomenclature standards, as well, and have published them on the relevant model organism websites and in scientific journals, including the Trends in Genetics Genetic Nomenclature Guide. Scientists familiar with a particular gene family may work together to revise the nomenclature for the entire set of genes when new information becomes available. For many genes and their corresponding proteins, an assortment of alternate names is in use across the scientific literature and public biological databases, posing a challenge to effective organization and exchange of biological information. Standardization of nomenclature thus tries to achieve the benefits of vocabulary control and bibliographic control, although adherence is voluntary. The advent of the information age has brought gene ontology, which in some ways is a next step of gene nomenclature, because it aims to unify the represent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin | Pleckstrin is a protein found in platelets. The name derives from platelet and leukocyte C kinase substrate and the KSTR string of amino acids.
It is the source of the name pleckstrin homology domain.
External links
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridoviridae | Iridoviridae is a family of viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes. Amphibians, fish, and invertebrates such as arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 22 species in this family, divided among two subfamilies and seven genera.
Nomenclature
The name is derived from Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow. This name was chosen because of the "rainbow-like" iridescence observed in heavily infected insects and pelleted samples of invertebrate iridoviruses.
It may refer to any member of the Iridoviridae family or a particular genus within Iridoviridae.
Taxonomy
The following subfamilies and genera are recognized (-virinae denotes subfamily and -virus denotes genus):
Alphairdovirinae
Lymphocystivirus
Megalocytivirus
Ranavirus
Betairidovirinae
Chloriridovirus
Daphniairidovirus
Decapodiridovirus
Iridovirus
Structure
The virions are icosahedral with triangulation number (T) = 189–217, 120–350 nm in diameter and made up of three domains: an outer proteinaceous capsid, an intermediate lipid membrane, and a central core containing DNA-protein complexes. Some of the viruses also have an outer envelope. The presence or absence of an envelope depends on whether they budded from the cell membrane (enveloped viruses) or were arranged in paracrystalline arrays within the host cell cytoplasm and then were released by cell lysis (unenveloped viruses).
The linear genome varies between 150 and 303 kilobases in length. It contains terminal and redundant sequences and is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphachrysovirus | Alphachrysovirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses. It is one of two genera in the family Chrysoviridae. They infect fungi, in particular Penicillium. Their name is derived from the Greek word chrysos which means yellow-green. There are 20 species in this genus.
Structure
Viruses in the genus Alphachrysovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=1, T=2 symmetry. The diameter is around 35–40 nm.
Genome
Genomes are linear double-stranded RNA which is around 12.5 kbp in length. The genome codes for four proteins. The genome has three double stranded RNA segments. All have extended highly conserved terminal sequences at both ends.
Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by cell to cell movement. Fungi serve as the natural host.
Taxonomy
The following species are recognized:
Amasya cherry disease associated chrysovirus
Anthurium mosaic-associated chrysovirus
Aspergillus fumigatus chrysovirus
Brassica campestris chrysovirus
Chrysothrix chrysovirus 1
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides chrysovirus
Cryphonectria nitschkei chrysovirus 1
Fusarium oxysporum chrysovirus 1
Helminthosporium victoriae virus 145S
Isaria javanica chrysovirus
Macrophomina phaseolina chrysovirus
Penicillium brevicompactum virus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription%20factor%20II%20H | Transcription factor II H (TFIIH) is an important protein complex, having roles in transcription of various protein-coding genes and DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways. TFIIH first came to light in 1989 when general transcription factor-δ or basic transcription factor 2 was characterized as an indispensable transcription factor in vitro. This factor was also isolated from yeast and finally named TFIIH in 1992.
TFIIH consists of ten subunits, 7 of which (ERCC2/XPD, ERCC3/XPB, GTF2H1/p62, GTF2H4/p52, GTF2H2/p44, GTF2H3/p34 and GTF2H5/TTDA) form the core complex. The cyclin-activating kinase-subcomplex (CDK7, MAT1, and cyclin H) is linked to the core via the XPD protein. Two of the subunits, ERCC2/XPD and ERCC3/XPB, have helicase and ATPase activities and help create the transcription bubble. In a test tube, these subunits are only required for transcription if the DNA template is not already denatured or if it is supercoiled.
Two other TFIIH subunits, CDK7 and cyclin H, phosphorylate serine amino acids on the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain and possibly other proteins involved in the cell cycle. Next to a vital function in transcription initiation, TFIIH is also involved in nucleotide excision repair.
History of TFIIH
Before TFIIH identified it, it had several names : this factor first in 1989 isolated from liver of rat known that time as factor transcription delta it also, isolated from cancer cell known that time as Basic transcription factor 2, Also, it i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Src | v-Src is a gene found in Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) that encodes a tyrosine kinase that causes a type of cancer in chickens.
The src gene is oncogenic as it triggers uncontrolled growth in abnormal host cells. It was the first retroviral oncogene to be discovered. The src gene was taken up by RSV and incorporated into its genome conferring it with the advantage of being able to stimulate uncontrolled mitosis of host cells, providing abundant cells for fresh infection.
The src gene is not essential for RSV proliferation but it greatly increases virulence when present.
Discovery
Francis Peyton Rous first proposed that viruses can cause cancer. He proved it in 1911 and was later awarded the Nobel prize in 1966. Chickens grow a tumor called a fibrosarcoma. Rous collected and ground up these sarcomas, and then centrifuged them to remove the solid material. Next, the remaining liquid mixture was injected into chicks. The chicks developed sarcomas. The causative agent in the liquid was a virus, this is now called the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV).
Function
Further research done later on by others showed that RSV was a type of retrovirus. It was found that the v-Src gene in RSV is required for the formation of cancer.
A function for Src tyrosine kinases in normal cell growth was first demonstrated with the binding of family member p56lck to the cytoplasmic tail of the CD4 and CD8 co-receptors on T-cells. Src tyrosine kinases also transmit integrin-dependent signals central to cell |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A9ku%20language | The Maléku Jaíka language, also called Malecu, Maleku, Guatuso, Watuso-Wétar, and Guetar, is an Indigenous American language in Costa Rica.
Classification
The Maléku Jaíka language is a member of the Votic branch of the Chibchan language family.
Maléku, or 'the speech of our people', is considered to be endangered according to The Endangered Languages Project. According to the 2011 National Population Census, 67.5% of the population that lives in the official Maléku territory declared that they speak the language; however, the state of vitality varies from one village to another and even among families (Sánchez 2011). In any case, following the parameters of UNESCO, the language can be classified as definitively endangered (Sánchez 2013).
History
The Maleku people (usually called "Guatusos" in historical documents, travel chronicles of the 19th and 20th centuries, and in multiple academic studies) constitute one of the original peoples of the Costa Rican territory. While their contact with the Hispanic language and culture was extremely sporadic and limited at least until the second mid-nineteenth century (Constenla, 1988; Castillo, 2004), it can be assumed that this contact was intensified in the middle of the twentieth century.
Geographic distribution
Official status
Maléku is an indigenous language of north-central Costa Rica, in the area of Guatuso, in the province of Alajuela, Costa Rica. It is spoken by around 300 to 460 indigenous Maléku people in an area of 2994 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin%20D/Cdk4 | The Cyclin D/Cdk4 complex is a multi-protein structure consisting of the proteins Cyclin D and cyclin-dependent kinase 4, or Cdk4, a serine-threonine kinase. This complex is one of many cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complexes that are the "hearts of the cell-cycle control system" and govern the cell cycle and its progression. As its name would suggest, the cyclin-dependent kinase is only active and able to phosphorylate its substrates when it is bound by the corresponding cyclin. The Cyclin D/Cdk4 complex is integral for the progression of the cell from the Growth 1 phase to the Synthesis phase of the cell cycle, for the Start or G1/S checkpoint.
Basic Mechanism
Under non-dividing conditions (when the cell is in the G0 phase of the cell cycle), Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) is bound with the E2F transcription factor. Once Cdk4 is activated and is bound with Cyclin D, the Cyclin D/Cdk4 complex phosphorylates Retinoblastoma protein (pRb). Once the Retinoblastoma protein has been phosphorylated, E2F is released. The released E2F is then free to act as a transcription factor and it subsequently binds to DNA promoter regions and activates the expression of proteins required in the next stages of the cell cycle and in DNA replication. Specifically, E2F helps to activate Cyclin E and Cyclin A, which are constituents of other Cdk/Cyclin complexes and are involved in the DNA replication process and other downstream mitotic processes.
Regulation
There are multiple regulation poin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotic%20DNA%20replication | Prokaryotic DNA Replication is the process by which a prokaryote duplicates its DNA into another copy that is passed on to daughter cells. Although it is often studied in the model organism E. coli, other bacteria show many similarities. Replication is bi-directional and originates at a single origin of replication (OriC). It consists of three steps: Initiation, elongation, and termination.
Initiation
All cells must finish DNA replication before they can proceed for cell division. Media conditions that support fast growth in bacteria also couples with shorter inter-initiation time in them, i.e. the doubling time in fast growing cells is less as compared to the slow growth. In other words, it is possible that in fast growth conditions the grandmother cells starts replicating its DNA for grand daughter cell. For the same reason, the initiation of DNA replication is highly regulated. Bacterial origins regulate orisome assembly, a nuclei-protein complex assembled on the origin responsible for unwinding the origin and loading all the replication machinery. In E. coli, the direction for orisome assembly are built into a short stretch of nucleotide sequence called as origin of replication (oriC) which contains multiple binding sites for the initiator protein DnaA (a highly homologous protein amongst bacterial kingdom). DnaA has four domains with each domain responsible for a specific task. There are 11 DnaA binding sites/boxes on the E. coli origin of replication out of which |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic%20DNA%20replication | Eukaryotic DNA replication is a conserved mechanism that restricts DNA replication to once per cell cycle. Eukaryotic DNA replication of chromosomal DNA is central for the duplication of a cell and is necessary for the maintenance of the eukaryotic genome.
DNA replication is the action of DNA polymerases synthesizing a DNA strand complementary to the original template strand. To synthesize DNA, the double-stranded DNA is unwound by DNA helicases ahead of polymerases, forming a replication fork containing two single-stranded templates. Replication processes permit copying a single DNA double helix into two DNA helices, which are divided into the daughter cells at mitosis. The major enzymatic functions carried out at the replication fork are well conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, but the replication machinery in eukaryotic DNA replication is a much larger complex, coordinating many proteins at the site of replication, forming the replisome.
The replisome is responsible for copying the entirety of genomic DNA in each proliferative cell. This process allows for the high-fidelity passage of hereditary/genetic information from parental cell to daughter cell and is thus essential to all organisms. Much of the cell cycle is built around ensuring that DNA replication occurs without errors.
In G1 phase of the cell cycle, many of the DNA replication regulatory processes are initiated. In eukaryotes, the vast majority of DNA synthesis occurs during S phase of the cell cycle, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassim%20Abbas | Bassim Abbas Gatea Al-Ogaili (; born 1 July 1982) is an Iraqi former professional footballer who last played for Al-Shorta.
Career statistics
International
Scores and results list Iraq's goal tally first.
Honours
Al-Talaba
Iraqi Premier League: 2001–02
Iraq FA Cup: 2001–02, 2002–03
Iraqi Super Cup: 2002
Umm-Salal
Emir of Qatar Cup: 2007–08
Iraq
West Asian Football Federation Championship: 2002
AFC Asian Cup: 2007
Individual
AFC Asian Cup Best Defender: 2007
Lebanese Premier League Team of the Season: 2006–07
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Baghdad
Expatriate men's footballers in Lebanon
Iraqi expatriate men's footballers
Iraqi men's footballers
Al-Talaba SC players
Iraq men's international footballers
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Iraq
2004 AFC Asian Cup players
2007 AFC Asian Cup players
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2011 AFC Asian Cup players
AFC Asian Cup-winning players
Expatriate men's footballers in Iran
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Qatar
Nejmeh SC players
Umm Salal SC players
Al-Arabi SC (Qatar) players
Diyarbakırspor footballers
Konyaspor footballers
Esteghlal Ahvaz F.C. players
Qatar Stars League players
Amanat Baghdad SC players
Iraqi expatriate sportspeople in Iran
Iraqi expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Iraqi expatriate sportspeople in Qatar
Men's association football fullbacks
Al-Shorta SC players
Iraqi expatriate sportspeople |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processing%20mode | Data processing modes or computing modes are classifications of different types of computer processing.
Interactive computing or Interactive processing, historically introduced as Time-sharing
Transaction processing
Batch processing
Real-time processing
See also
Methods of production
References
Computing terminology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphokine-activated%20killer%20cell | In cell biology, a lymphokine-activated killer cell (also known as a LAK cell) is a white blood cell that has been stimulated to kill tumor cells. If lymphocytes are cultured in the presence of Interleukin 2, it results in the development of effector cells which are cytotoxic to tumor cells.
Mechanism
It has been shown that lymphocytes, when exposed to Interleukin 2, are capable of lysing fresh, non-cultured cancer cells, both primary and metastatic. LAK cells respond to these lymphokines, particularly IL-2, by lysing tumor cells that were already known to be resistant to NK cell activity.
The mechanism of LAK cells is distinctive from that of natural killer cells because they can lyse cells that NK cells cannot. LAK cells are also capable of acting against cells that do not display the major histocompatibility complex, as has been shown by the ability to cause lysis in non-immunogenic, allogeneic and syngeneic tumors. LAK cells are specific to tumor cells and do not display activity against normal cells.
Cancer Treatment
LAK cells, along with the administration of IL-2 have been experimentally used to treat cancer in mice and humans, but there is very high toxicity with this treatment - Severe fluid retention was the major side effect of therapy, although all side effects resolved after interleukin-2 administration was stopped. LAK cell therapy is a method that uses interleukin 2 (IL-2) to enhance the number of lymphocytes in an in vitro setting, and it has formed the fou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure%20theorem%20for%20finitely%20generated%20modules%20over%20a%20principal%20ideal%20domain | In mathematics, in the field of abstract algebra, the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain is a generalization of the fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups and roughly states that finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain (PID) can be uniquely decomposed in much the same way that integers have a prime factorization. The result provides a simple framework to understand various canonical form results for square matrices over fields.
Statement
When a vector space over a field F has a finite generating set, then one may extract from it a basis consisting of a finite number n of vectors, and the space is therefore isomorphic to Fn. The corresponding statement with the F generalized to a principal ideal domain R is no longer true, since a basis for a finitely generated module over R might not exist. However such a module is still isomorphic to a quotient of some module Rn with n finite (to see this it suffices to construct the morphism that sends the elements of the canonical basis of Rn to the generators of the module, and take the quotient by its kernel.) By changing the choice of generating set, one can in fact describe the module as the quotient of some Rn by a particularly simple submodule, and this is the structure theorem.
The structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain usually appears in the following two forms.
Invariant factor decomposition
For every finitel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picrate | A picrate is a salt containing the anion (O2N)3C6H2O− or an ester derivative of the picrate anion. These salts are often produced by reactions of picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol). The picrate ion is intensely yellow, although many of its salts are brown or orange-red.
Explosives
Many picrates are explosives, for example ammonium picrate (known as Dunnite). Some are used as primary explosives, namely lead picrate or potassium picrate which find their use as primers for cartridge ammunition. Picrates of some metals tend to be significantly more sensitive to impact, friction and shock than picric acid itself. As a result, storage of picric acid (or mixtures containing it) in metal containers is strongly discouraged due to the high risk of accidental explosion.
Other uses
Ferrous picrate is used in some applications as a diesel fuel additive to achieve better mileage.
Sodium picrate is used as an etchant in metallography to differ preeutectoid ferrite in hypoeutectoid steel from preeutectoid cementite in hypereutectoid steel by etching cementite to a dark colour, whereas not attacking ferrite and thus it remains reflective.
Ethers and esters of picric acid are also called picrates. The ether methyl picrate (CAS# 606-35-9) has the formula (O2N)3C6H2OCH3.
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete%20set%20of%20invariants | In mathematics, a complete set of invariants for a classification problem is a collection of maps
(where is the collection of objects being classified, up to some equivalence relation , and the are some sets), such that if and only if for all . In words, such that two objects are equivalent if and only if all invariants are equal.
Symbolically, a complete set of invariants is a collection of maps such that
is injective.
As invariants are, by definition, equal on equivalent objects, equality of invariants is a necessary condition for equivalence; a complete set of invariants is a set such that equality of these is also sufficient for equivalence. In the context of a group action, this may be stated as: invariants are functions of coinvariants (equivalence classes, orbits), and a complete set of invariants characterizes the coinvariants (is a set of defining equations for the coinvariants).
Examples
In the classification of two-dimensional closed manifolds, Euler characteristic (or genus) and orientability are a complete set of invariants.
Jordan normal form of a matrix is a complete invariant for matrices up to conjugation, but eigenvalues (with multiplicities) are not.
Realizability of invariants
A complete set of invariants does not immediately yield a classification theorem: not all combinations of invariants may be realized. Symbolically, one must also determine the image of
References
Mathematical terminology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-chain-aldehyde%20dehydrogenase | Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (or long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase) is an aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme that in human is encoded in the ALDH3A2 gene on chromosome 17.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes function to remove toxic aldehydes that are generated by the metabolism of alcohol and by lipid peroxidation.
Structure
ALDH3A2 belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily and is a membrane-associated protein typically containing 485 residues. The mature protein functions as a dimer. The structure was resolved using X-ray crystallography at 2.1 Angstrom resolution. It contains an element in the C-terminal region referred to as a "gatekeeper" helix, which is adjacent to the membrane-anchored transmembrane domain and the catalytic core. The gatekeeper helix appears to control access of molecular substrates to the catalytic core and allows efficient transit between membranes and catalytic sites.
Function
ALDH3A2 catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain aliphatic aldehydes into fatty acids. It is known to act on a variety of both saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes between 6 and 24 carbons in length, as well as dihydrophytal, a 20-carbon branched chain aldehyde. It requires NAD+ as a co-factor. The encoded enzyme is responsible for conversion of the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) degradation product hexadecenal to hexadecenoic acid. ALD3H2 is expressed in the human liver and has been found to localize the microsome fraction inside the cell.
At least two alternative sp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALDH2 | Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALDH2 gene located on chromosome 12. This protein belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of enzymes. Aldehyde dehydrogenase is the second enzyme of the major oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism. Two major liver isoforms of aldehyde dehydrogenase, cytosolic and mitochondrial, can be distinguished by their electrophoretic mobilities, kinetic properties, and subcellular localizations.
Most Caucasians have two major isozymes, while approximately 50% of East Asians have the cytosolic isozyme but not the mitochondrial isozyme. A remarkably higher frequency of acute alcohol intoxication among East Asians than among Caucasians could be related to the absence of a catalytically active form of the mitochondrial isozyme. The increased exposure to acetaldehyde in individuals with the catalytically inactive form may also confer greater susceptibility to many types of cancer.
Gene
The ALDH2 gene is about 44 kbp in length and contains at least 13 exons which encode 517 amino acid residues. Except for the signal NH2-terminal peptide, which is absent in the mature enzyme, the amino acid sequence deduced from the exons coincided with the reported primary structure of human liver ALDH2. Several introns contain Alu repetitive sequences. A TATA-like sequence (TTATAAAA) and a CAAT-like sequence (GTCATCAT) are located 473 and 515 bp, respectively, upstream from the translation initiation codon. In mice |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like%20growth%20factor%202%20receptor | Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R), also called the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGF2R gene. IGF2R is a multifunctional protein receptor that binds insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) at the cell surface and mannose-6-phosphate (M6P)-tagged proteins in the trans-Golgi network.
Structure
The structure of the IGF2R is a type I transmembrane protein (that is, it has a single transmembrane domain with its C-terminus on the cytoplasmic side of lipid membranes) with a large extracellular/lumenal domain and a relatively short cytoplasmic tail. The extracellular domain consists of a small region homologous to the collagen-binding domain of fibronectin and of fifteen repeats of approximately 147 amino acid residues. Each of these repeats is homologous to the 157-residue extracytoplasmic domain of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor. Binding to IGF2 is mediated through one of the repeats, while two different repeats are responsible for binding to mannose-6-phosphate. The IGF2R is approximately 300 kDa in size; it appears to exist and function as a dimer.
Function
IGF2R functions to clear IGF2 from the cell surface to attenuate signalling, and to transport lysosomal acid hydrolase precursors from the Golgi apparatus to the lysosome. After binding IGF2 at the cell surface, IGF2Rs accumulate in forming clathrin-coated vesicles and are internalized. In the lumen of the trans-Golgi network, the IGF2R bin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA%20lyase | 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (or HMG-CoA lyase) is an enzyme ( that in human is encoded by the HMGCL gene located on chromosome 1. It is a key enzyme in ketogenesis (ketone body formation). It is a ketogenic enzyme in the liver that catalyzes the formation of acetoacetate from HMG-CoA within the mitochondria. It also plays a prominent role in the catabolism of the amino acid leucine.
Structure
The HMGCL gene encodes a 34.5-kDa protein that is localized to the mitochondrion and peroxisome. Multible isoforms of the proteins are known due to alternative splicing. The major isoform (isoform 1) is most highly expressed in the liver whereas isoform 2 is found in energy-demanding tissues including the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle.
Structure of the HMGCL protein has been resolved by X-ray crystallography at 2.1-Å resolution, and reveals that the protein may function as a dimer. Substrate access to the active site of the HMGCL enzyme involves substrate binding across a cavity located at the C-terminal end of a beta barrel structure. In addition, the lysine 48 residue which is mutated in patients with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency is also found to be necessary for substrate binding.
Function
The HMGCL protein plays an essential role in breaking down dietary proteins and fats for energy. It catalyzes the reaction:
(S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetyl-CoA + acetoacetate
and requires a divalent metal ion as co-factor.
The enzyme is required |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolyl%20endopeptidase | Prolyl endopeptidase (PE) also known as prolyl oligopeptidase or post-proline cleaving enzyme is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PREP gene.
Function
Prolyl endopeptidase is a large cytosolic enzyme that belongs to a distinct class of serine peptidases. It was first described in the cytosol of rabbit brain as an oligopeptidase, which degrades the nonapeptide bradykinin at the Pro-Phe bond. The enzyme is involved in the maturation and degradation of peptide hormones and neuropeptides such as alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone, angiotensin, neurotensin, oxytocin, substance P and vasopressin. PREP cleaves peptide bonds at the C-terminal side of proline residues. Its activity is confined to action on oligopeptides of less than 10 kD and it has an absolute requirement for the trans-configuration of the peptide bond preceding proline.
Prolyl endopeptidases are involved in the maturation and degradation of peptide hormones and neuropeptides.
Structure
Prolyl endopeptidase is a cytosolic prolyl endopeptidase that cleaves peptide bonds on the C-terminal side of prolyl residues within peptides that are up to approximately 30 amino acids long. Only short protein residues are able to enter the active site of prolyl endopeptidase due to the distinct beta-propeller region that acts as a gating filter mechanism.
Prolyl endopeptidase was also found to be involved in the metabolism of VHL-PROTACs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonulin | Zonulin (haptoglobin 2 precursor) is a protein that increases the permeability of tight junctions between cells of the wall of the digestive tract. It was discovered in 2000 by Alessio Fasano and his team at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. As the mammalian analogue of zonula occludens toxin, secreted by cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae, zonulin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease and diabetes mellitus type 1. Type 2 diabetic patients have shown increased zonulin.
Gliadin (a glycoprotein present in gluten) activates zonulin signaling irrespective of the genetic expression of autoimmunity, leading to increased intestinal permeability of macromolecules.
Zonula occludens toxin is being studied as an adjuvant to improve absorption of drugs and vaccines. In 2014 a zonulin receptor antagonist, larazotide acetate (formerly known as AT-1001), completed a phase 2b clinical trial.
See also
Leaky gut syndrome
References
Digestive system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD164 | Sialomucin core protein 24 also known as endolyn or CD164 (cluster of differentiation 164) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD164 gene. CD164 functions as a cell adhesion molecule.
Sialomucins are a heterogeneous group of secreted or membrane-associated mucins that appear to play two key but opposing roles in vivo: first as cytoprotective or antiadhesive agents, and second as adhesion receptors. CD164 is a type I integral transmembrane sialomucin that functions as an adhesion receptor.
References
Further reading
External links
00 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD146 | CD146 (cluster of differentiation 146) also known as the melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) or cell surface glycoprotein MUC18, is a 113kDa cell adhesion molecule currently used as a marker for endothelial cell lineage. In humans, the CD146 protein is encoded by the MCAM gene.
Function
MCAM functions as a receptor for laminin alpha 4, a matrix molecule that is broadly expressed within the vascular wall. Accordingly, MCAM is highly expressed by cells that are components of the blood vessel wall, including vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Its function is still poorly understood, but evidence points to it being part of the endothelial junction associated with the actin cytoskeleton. A member of the Immunoglobulin superfamily, it consists of five Ig domains, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic region. It is expressed on chicken embryonic spleen and thymus, activated human T cells, endothelial progenitors such as angioblasts and mesenchymal stem cells, and strongly expressed on blood vessel endothelium and smooth muscle.
Two isoforms exist (MCAM long (MCAM-1), and MCAM short, or MCAM-s) which differ in the length of their cytoplasmic domain. Activation of these isoforms seems to produce functional differences as well. Natural killer cells transfected with MCAM-1 demonstrate decreased rolling velocity and increased cell adhesion to an endothelial cell monolayer and increased microvilli formation while cells transfected with MCAM-s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD24 | Signal transducer CD24 also known as cluster of differentiation 24 or heat stable antigen CD24 (HSA) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD24 gene. CD24 is a cell adhesion molecule.
Function
CD24 is a sialoglycoprotein expressed at the surface of most B lymphocytes and differentiating neuroblasts. It is also expressed on neutrophils and neutrophil precursors from the myelocyte stage onwards. The encoded protein is anchored via a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) link to the cell surface. The protein also contributes to a wide range of downstream signaling networks and is crucial for neural development. Cross-linking of CD24 on the surface of neutrophils induces apoptosis, and this appears to be defective in sepsis. CD24 gene is found on chromosome 6 (6q21) An alignment of this gene's sequence finds genomic locations with similarity on chromosomes 1p36, 3p26, 15q21.3, 20q11.2 and Yq11.222. Whether transcription, and corresponding translation, occurs at each of these other genomic locations needs to be experimentally determined.
References
Further reading
External links
Mouse CD Antigen Chart
Human CD Antigen Chart
www.copewithcytokines.de: description of CD24 expression |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-tert-Butylcatechol | 4-tert-Butylcatechol (TBC) is an organic chemical compound which is a derivative of catechol. TBC is available in the form of a solid crystal flake and 85% solution in methanol or water.
Uses
It is added as a stabilizer and polymerisation inhibitor to butadiene, styrene, vinyl acetate, divinylbenzene and other reactive monomer streams.
TBC is also used as a stabilizer in the manufacture of polyurethane foam. It also can be used as an antioxidant for synthetic rubber, polymers and oil derivatives. It can be used as purification agent for aminoformate catalysts.
It is 25 times better than hydroquinone at 60 °C for polymerization inhibitory effect.
See also
tert-Butylhydroquinone
References
Sources
US Patent 4061545:Polymerization inhibitor for vinyl aromatic compounds
US Patent 3046472: Substituted Catechol Antioxidants
Catechols
Antioxidants
Alkylphenols
Tert-butyl compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraspeckle | In cell biology, a paraspeckle is an irregularly shaped compartment of the cell, approximately 0.2-1 μm in size, found in the nucleus' interchromatin space. First documented in HeLa cells, where there are generally 10-30 per nucleus, Paraspeckles are now known to also exist in all human primary cells, transformed cell lines and tissue sections. Their name is derived from their distribution in the nucleus; the "para" is short for parallel and the "speckle" refers to the splicing speckles to which they are always in close proximity. Their function is still not fully understood, but they are thought to regulate gene expression by sequestrating proteins or mRNAs with inverted repeats in their 3′ UTRs.
Structure
Paraspeckles are organised into core-shell spheroidal structures; seven proteins on a scaffold of lncRNA NEAT1 (the 23kb isoform termed NEAT1_2 or NEAT1v2). In 2016, West et al. proposed the currently accepted model for Paraspeckles. This was based on their current findings using super-resolution microscopy. Their models state that the NEAT1_2 scaffold folds into a V-shaped unit. Many of these units then are assembled into a core-shell spheroid by FUS proteins. Core proteins SFPQ, NONO and PSPC1 tightly associate to the assembled structure. Finally, the shell forms, composed of partially co-localised TDP43 proteins. Due to the integral nature of NEAT1 to paraspeckles assembly, assembly is thought to occur in close proximity to NEAT1 transcription sites.
It has been no |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCRL | Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase OCRL-1, also known as Lowe oculocerebrorenal syndrome protein, is an enzyme encoded by the OCRL gene located on the X chromosome in humans.
This gene encodes an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase. The responsible gene locus is at Xq26.1. This phosphatase enzyme is in part responsible for regulating membrane trafficking actin polymerization, and is located in several subcellular parts of the trans-Golgi network.
Deficiencies in OCRL-1 may cause with oculocerebrorenal syndrome and also have been linked to Dent's disease.
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Lowe Syndrome
PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase OCRL-1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelamin-A/C | Prelamin-A/C, or lamin A/C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LMNA gene. Lamin A/C belongs to the lamin family of proteins.
Function
In the setting of ZMPSTE24 deficiency, the final step of lamin processing does not occur, resulting in an accumulation of farnesyl-prelamin A. In Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome, a 50-amino acid deletion in prelamin A (amino acids 607–656) removes the site for the second endoproteolytic cleavage. Consequently, no mature lamin A is formed, and a farnesylated mutant prelamin A (progerin) accumulates in cells. The nuclear lamina consist of a two-dimensional matrix of proteins located next to the inner nuclear membrane. The lamin family of proteins make up the matrix and are highly conserved in evolution. During mitosis, the lamina matrix is reversibly disassembled as the lamin proteins are phosphorylated. Lamin proteins are thought to be involved in nuclear stability, chromatin structure and gene expression. Vertebrate lamins consist of two types, A and B. Through alternate splicing, this gene encodes three type A lamin isoforms.
Early in mitosis, maturation promoting factor (abbreviated MPF, also called mitosis-promoting factor or M-phase-promoting factor) phosphorylates specific serine residues in all three nuclear lamins, causing depolymerization of the lamin intermediate filaments. The phosphorylated lamin B dimers remain associated with the nuclear membrane via their isoprenyl anchor. Lamin A is targeted to the nuclear mem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux%20Test%20Project | The Linux Test Project (usually referred to as LTP) is a body of regression and conformance tests designed to confirm the behaviour of the Linux kernel as well as glibc.
The LTP is a joint project started by SGI, developed and maintained by IBM, Cisco, Fujitsu, SUSE, Red Hat and others. The project source code was migrated to git and is available on GitHub.
In simple terms, The Linux Test Project is a group aimed at testing and improving Linux. The goal of the LTP is to deliver a suite of automated testing tools for Linux as well as publish the results of tests they run.
References
External links
Kernel test automation with LTP on LWN.net
Linux kernel
Linux organizations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquin%20Township%2C%20McHenry%20County%2C%20Illinois | Algonquin Township is located in McHenry County, Illinois, with the township office in the city of Crystal Lake. As of the 2020 census, its population was 87,633 and it contained 33,960 housing units. It is the largest township by population in McHenry County. Communities located within the township include Algonquin, Barrington Hills, Cary, Crystal Lake, Fox River Grove, Lake in the Hills, Port Barrington, Lakewood, Oakwood Hills, and Trout Valley.
Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which (or 96.65%) is land and (or 3.35%) is water.
Demographics
References
External links
City-data.com
Illinois State Archives
Townships in McHenry County, Illinois
Algonquin, Illinois
Townships in Illinois |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bax | Bax may refer to:
Bax, Haute-Garonne, a commune of France in the Haute-Garonne department
Bcl-2-associated X protein
Bax, as a surname, may refer to:
Ad Bax (born 1956), Dutch-American biophysicist
Alessio Bax (born 1977), Italian classical pianist
Arnold Bax (1883–1953), British composer
Bob Bax (c.1936–2000), Australian rugby league footballer and coach
Clifford Bax (1886–1962), British writer, brother of Arnold
Ernest Belfort Bax (1854–1926), British socialist, philosopher, and historian
Etienne Bax (born 1988), Dutch sidecarcross rider
Jean-Sebastien Bax (born 1972), retired French-Mauritian footballer
Jos Bax (1946–2020), Dutch footballer
Kylie Bax (born 1975), New Zealand-born model and actress
Mart Bax (born 1937), Dutch political anthropologist
Martin Bax, British paediatrician and arts magazine editor
Nick Bax (born 1970), British designer
BAX may refer to:
Bamum language, a language of Cameroon (SIL code: BAX)
Barnaul Airport, Barnaul, Russia (IATA airport code: 'BAX')
BAX Global, a shipping company formerly known as Burlington Air Express
Baxter International (NYSE stock symbol: BAX)
Huron County Memorial Airport, Bad Axe, Michigan, United States (FAA airport code: BAX)
See also
BA-X, German job market index |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAKON | DRAKON () is a free and open source algorithmic visual programming and modeling language developed as part of the defunct Soviet Union Buran space program in 1986 following the need in increase of software development productivity. The visual language provides a uniform way to represent processes in flowcharts.
There are various implementation of the language specification that may be used to draw and export actual flowcharts. Notable examples include free and open source DRAKON Editor (September 2011).
History
The development of DRAKON started in 1986 to address the emerging risk of misunderstandings - and subsequent errors - between users of different programming languages in the Russian space program. Its development was directed by Vladimir Parondzhanov with the participation of the Russian Federal Space Agency (Academician Pilyugin Center, Moscow) and Russian Academy of Sciences (Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics).
The language was constructed by formalization, ergonomization and nonclassical structurization of flowcharts described in the ISO 5807-85 standard and Russian standard «Гост 19.701-90».
The goal was to replace specialized languages used in the Buran project with one universal programming language. Namely PROL2 (ПРОЛ2), used for developing inflight systems software for the computer system Biser-4 (Бисер-4), DIPOL (ДИПОЛЬ), used for developing software for the ground maintenance computer systems) and LAKS (ЛАКС), used for modelling.
The work was fin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennales | The order Pennales is a traditional subdivision of the heterokont algae known as diatoms. The order is named for the shape of the cell walls (or valves or frustules) of pennate diatoms, which are elongated in valve view. The valves may be linear or oval in shape, and usually bear bilaterally symmetrical ornamental patterns. These patterns are composed of a series of transverse lines (known as striae) that can appear as rows of dots when viewed with an optical microscope. Some pennate diatoms also exhibit a fissure along their longitudinal axis. This is known as a raphe, and is involved in gliding movements made by diatom cells; motile diatoms always possess a raphe.
In terms of cell cycle, vegetative cells are diploid and undergo mitosis during normal cell division. Periodically, meiosis produces morphologically identical haploid gametes (isogametes), which fuse to produce a (sometimes binucleate) zygote that develops into an auxospore (from which full-sized vegetative cells are produced).
In some taxonomic schemes, the pennate diatoms are divided into two groups: pennate diatoms without a raphe (a seam or ridge), known as araphids (order Fragilariophyceae), and pennate diatoms with a raphe, known as raphids (order Bacillariophyceae).
See also
Centrales
Clepsydra
References
Algae orders
Biological oceanography
Obsolete eukaryote taxa
Planktology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor%20necrosis%20factor%20superfamily | The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins containing TNF homology domain and forming trimers. Members of this superfamily can be released from the cell membrane by extracellular proteolytic cleavage and function as a cytokine. These proteins are expressed predominantly by immune cells and they regulate diverse cell functions, including immune response and inflammation, but also proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and embryogenesis.
The superfamily contains 19 members that bind to 29 members of TNF receptor superfamily. An occurrence of orthologs in invertebrates hints at ancient origin of this superfamily in evolution.
The PROSITE pattern of this superfamily is located in a beta sheet in the central section of the protein that is conserved across all members.
Members
There are 19 family members, numerically classified as TNFSF#, where # denotes the member number, sometimes followed by a letter.
References
External links
pex1 tumor necrosis factor gene
Cytokines
Protein superfamilies
Single-pass transmembrane proteins
TNF receptor family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.%20coli%20nitroreductase | E. coli nitroreductase is a flavoprotein found in the bacteria Escherichia coli. It catalyses the reduction of nitro groups in a wide range of substrates to produce the corresponding hydroxylamine. Although its role in vivo is unclear, it has been identified as useful in the metabolism of a number of prodrugs in anti-cancer gene therapy.
See also
Reduction of nitro compounds
References
Bacterial enzymes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin%20receptor | Prostaglandin receptors or prostanoid receptors represent a sub-class of cell surface membrane receptors that are regarded as the primary receptors for one or more of the classical, naturally occurring prostanoids viz., prostaglandin D2, (i.e. PGD2), PGE2, PGF2alpha, prostacyclin (PGI2), thromboxane A2 (TXA2), and PGH2. They are named based on the prostanoid to which they preferentially bind and respond, e.g. the receptor responsive to PGI2 at lower concentrations than any other prostanoid is named the Prostacyclin receptor (IP). One exception to this rule is the receptor for thromboxane A2 (TP) which binds and responds to PGH2 and TXA2 equally well.
All of the prostanoid receptors are G protein-coupled receptors belonging to the Subfamily A14 of the rhodopsin-like receptor family except for the Prostaglandin DP2 receptor which is more closely related in amino acid sequence and functionality to chemotactic factor receptors such as the receptors for C5a and leukotriene B4.
Prostanoid receptors bind and respond principally to metabolites of the straight chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), arachidonic acid. These metabolites contain two double bonds and are named series 2 prostanoids, i.e. PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α, PGI2, TXA2 and PGH2. However, the same enzymes that metabolize arachidonic acid to series 2 prostanoids similarly metabolize two other straight chain PUFAs: they metabolize gamma-Linolenic acid, which has one less double bond than arachidonic acid, to series 1 prostan |
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