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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample%20mean%20and%20covariance | The sample mean (sample average) or empirical mean (empirical average), and the sample covariance or empirical covariance are statistics computed from a sample of data on one or more random variables.
The sample mean is the average value (or mean value) of a sample of numbers taken from a larger population of numbers, where "population" indicates not number of people but the entirety of relevant data, whether collected or not. A sample of 40 companies' sales from the Fortune 500 might be used for convenience instead of looking at the population, all 500 companies' sales. The sample mean is used as an estimator for the population mean, the average value in the entire population, where the estimate is more likely to be close to the population mean if the sample is large and representative. The reliability of the sample mean is estimated using the standard error, which in turn is calculated using the variance of the sample. If the sample is random, the standard error falls with the size of the sample and the sample mean's distribution approaches the normal distribution as the sample size increases.
The term "sample mean" can also be used to refer to a vector of average values when the statistician is looking at the values of several variables in the sample, e.g. the sales, profits, and employees of a sample of Fortune 500 companies. In this case, there is not just a sample variance for each variable but a sample variance-covariance matrix (or simply covariance matrix) showing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbered%20highways%20in%20Indiana | The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) is responsible for the establishment and classification of a state highway network which includes Interstate Highways, U.S. Highways, and State Roads. There is no rule preventing the same numbering between state roads, U.S. routes, and Interstate highways, although traditionally, INDOT has avoided state road numbers which are the same as those on U.S. routes within the state.
Indiana has a mileage cap of for its highway system.
History
Business Routes in Indiana
Many Indiana cities have business routes, but by law they are maintained by local governments, not INDOT.
County Roads in Indiana
Most Indiana counties use a numbering system for designating county roads based on a grid. The system is similar to latitude and longitude on the globe, where numbering begins at the Equator and Greenwich Prime Meridian, respectively.
Typically, the north–south road that divides the county into east and west parts is named "Meridian Road", or "Base Road", and the east–west road that divides the county into north and south parts is named "Division Road", just as the north–south street that divides Indianapolis between "east" and "west" is named Meridian Street. However, roads along the baselines are given a variety of names in different counties. For example, Rush County designates them both as Base Road. Howard County designates the east–west baseline road as 00 NS. Some Counties, like Gibson, use state roads or other highways as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk%20loading | In fluid dynamics, disk loading or disc loading is the average pressure change across an actuator disk, such as an airscrew. Airscrews with a relatively low disk loading are typically called rotors, including helicopter main rotors and tail rotors; propellers typically have a higher disk loading. The V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft has a high disk loading relative to a helicopter in the hover mode, but a relatively low disk loading in fixed-wing mode compared to a turboprop aircraft.
Rotors
Disc loading of a hovering helicopter is the ratio of its weight to the
total main rotor disc area. It is determined by dividing
the total helicopter weight by the rotor disc area, which is the area swept by the blades of a rotor. Disc area can be found by using the span of one rotor blade as the radius of a circle and then determining the area the blades encompass during a complete rotation. When a helicopter is being maneuvered, its disc loading changes. The higher the loading, the more power needed to maintain rotor speed. A low disc loading is a direct indicator of high lift thrust efficiency.
Increasing the weight of a helicopter increases disk loading. For a given weight, a helicopter with shorter rotors will have higher disk loading, and will require more engine power to hover. A low disk loading improves autorotation performance in rotorcraft. Typically, an autogyro (or gyroplane) has a lower rotor disc loading than a helicopter, which provides a slower rate of descent in autorota |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroki%20Iikura | Hiroki Iikura (, born June 1, 1986, in Aomori, Japan) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper club for Yokohama F. Marinos.
Club statistics
.
Honours
Vissel Kobe
Emperor's Cup: 2019
Japanese Super Cup: 2020
References
External links
Profile at Yokohama F-Marinos
1986 births
Living people
Association football people from Aomori Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
Japan Football League players
Yokohama F. Marinos players
Roasso Kumamoto players
Vissel Kobe players
Men's association football goalkeepers
People from Aomori (city) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium%20montefiorense | Mycobacterium montefiorense is a species of bacteria which cause granulomatous skin disease of moray eels. Sequence analysis, of the 16S rRNA gene reveals M. montefiorense is most closely related to Mycobacterium triplex, an opportunistic pathogen of humans.
M. montefiorense was named after the Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y., the medical institution where it was isolated.
Description
M. montefiorense are acid-fast rods which grow on Middlebrook 7H10 media at 25 °C to form small, transparent, slow-growing colonies.
M. montefiorense do not grow at temperatures above 30 °C.
The strain ATCC BAA-256 = CCUG 51898 = DSM 44602.
Pathogenesis
M. montefiorense has been demonstrated to cause granulomatous skin disease of moray eels.
References
External links
Type strain of Mycobacterium montefiorense at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Acid-fast bacilli
montefiorense
Bacteria described in 2003 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basigin | Basigin (BSG) also known as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) or cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BSG gene. This protein is a determinant for the Ok blood group system. There are three known antigens in the Ok system; the most common being Oka (also called OK1), OK2 and OK3. Basigin has been shown to be an essential receptor on red blood cells for the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. The common isoform of basigin (basigin-2) has two immunoglobulin domains, and the extended form basigin-1 has three.
Function
Basigin is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, with a structure related to the putative primordial form of the family. As members of the immunoglobulin superfamily play fundamental roles in intercellular recognition involved in various immunologic phenomena, differentiation, and development, basigin is thought also to play a role in intercellular recognition (Miyauchi et al., 1991; Kanekura et al., 1991).
It has a variety of functions. In addition to its metalloproteinase-inducing ability, basigin also regulates several distinct functions, such as spermatogenesis, expression of the monocarboxylate transporter and the responsiveness of lymphocytes.
Basigin is a type I integral membrane receptor that has many ligands, including the cyclophilin (CyP) proteins Cyp-A and CyP-B and certain integrins. Basigin also serves as a receptor for S100A9 and platelet glycoprotein VI, and ba |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZO | LZO may refer to:
Lempel–Ziv–Oberhumer, a data compression algorithm
Luzhou Yunlong Airport (IATA code), a military and civilian airport, Luzhou, China
Luzhou Lantian Airport (former IATA code), a military airport, Luzhou, China |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device%20%28pop-rock%20band%29 | Device was a short-lived American pop-rock trio from the mid 1980s, formed by keyboardist, bassist and vocalist Holly Knight. It also included frontman Paul Engemann and guitarist Gene Black.
History
1985: Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome
In 1985 Device worked with Tina Turner and Tim Cappello on the song "One of the Living" from the soundtrack to the film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome. Holly Knight wrote and programmed the song, while also performing keyboards and backing vocals. Gene Black performed guitars and backing vocals. Mike Chapman produced the song. The saxophone solo was performed by Tim Cappello and lead vocals were performed by Tina Turner. Paul Engemann did not participate on the project.
1986: 22B3
Device's only album, 22B3, was released in the spring of 1986. It produced a Top 40 single in the U.S. with "Hanging on a Heart Attack," which peaked at No. 35 on the Billboard Hot 100. The band's second single, "Who Says," peaked at No. 79. Both of these songs were promoted by music videos which garnered MTV heavy rotation for four months, and both were released as 12" singles with remix and dub versions which received club play. A third single, "Pieces on the Ground" was released as a promo 12" single, while the album peaked at No. 73 on the Billboard 200 chart. The band's fourth and final single was titled "Who's on the Line". It was a remixed version different from the album track timing in at 4:03, however it failed to chart. Mike Chapman produced the album. "Hanging |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolseley%20Viper | The Wolseley Viper is a British-built, high-compression derivative of the Hispano Suiza HS-8 liquid-cooled V-8 engine, built under licence by Wolseley Motors during World War I.
It powered later models of the S.E.5a, SPAD VII and other British or British-built aircraft designed for the Hispano-Suiza.
Variants
Wolseley W.4A Python I
Wolseley W.4A Python II
Wolseley W.4A Viper
Wolseley W.4B Adder I
Wolseley W.4B Adder II
Wolseley W.4B Adder III
Wolseley W.4A Python
Applications
Airco DH.9
Avro 552
Bristol M.R.1
Bristol Tourer
Cierva C.8
Martinsyde F.6
Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a
Sopwith Antelope
Sopwith Cuckoo
Survivors
A Wolseley Viper powered Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a is owned by, and on display at The Shuttleworth Collection, Old Warden Aerodrome in the UK.
Engines on display
A preserved Wolseley Viper is on public display at the Science Museum, London.
A preserved Wolseley Viper is on public display at the Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina
Specifications (W.4A Viper)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. .
Viper
1910s aircraft piston engines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyserth | Dyserth () is a village, community and electoral ward in Denbighshire, Wales. Its population at the 2011 United Kingdom census was 2,269 and was estimated by the Office for National Statistics as 2,271 in 2019. It lies within the historic county boundaries of Flintshire. Features include quarrying remains, waterfalls and the mountain Moel Hiraddug. Its railway line, once part of the London and North Western Railway, finally closed in 1973 and is now a footpath.
Overview
Dyserth is mentioned in the Domesday book of 1086, listed in the Hundred of Ati's Cross and within Cheshire:
Dyserth also had a nearby castle, which suffered at the hands of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd; destroyed after a six-week siege in 1263. The remains of the castle were quarried away during World War I.
The oldest industry in the village and surrounding area is mining, with lead, copper and limestone just some of the minerals being mined locally in the past. These quarries are still visible and form a major part of the village's geography, though mining ceased when Dyserth Quarry closed in 1981.
Traditionally, there has been a strong Welsh language speaking community in the village and until recent times many families and village folk knew, or knew of, each other. This is typical of a rural community whose life often centred on its many churches and chapels. Many of the village's families have their roots in agriculture, with many notable farms in or around Dyserth, including Hottia, Bryn Cnewyllyn and Ty Ne |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20Raptors%20all-time%20roster | The following is a list of players, both past and current, who appeared on the roster for the Toronto Raptors NBA franchise.
Players
Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the season.
A to B
-
|align="left" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"|x || align="center"|F/C || align="left"|Memphis || align="center"|2 || align="center"|– || 128 || 2,865 || 801 || 132 || 1,172 || 22.4 || 6.3 || 1.0 || 9.2 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| ||align="center"|F/C || align="left"|Baylor || align="center"|2 || align="center"|– || 36 || 403 || 92 || 15 || 135 || 11.2 || 2.6 || 0.4 || 3.8 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|G || align="left"|Arizona || align="center"|1 || align="center"| || 12 || 52 || 7 || 1 || 11 || 4.3 || 0.6 || 0.1 || 0.9 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|F/C || align="left"| HTV || align="center"|1 || align="center"| || 24 || 265 || 61 || 8 || 114 || 11.0 || 2.5 || 0.3 || 4.8 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|C || align="left"|Florida State || align="center"|2 || align="center"|– || 26 || 181 || 61 || 5 || 39 || 7.0 || 2.3 || 0.2 || 1.5 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|G || align="left"|Fresno State || align="center"|2 || align="center"| || 127 || 3,697 || 386 || 706 || 1,502 || 29.1 || 3.0 || 5.6 || 11.8 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|C || align="left"| Virtus Bologna || align="center"|1 || align="center"| || 11 || 150 || 34 || 7 || 56 || 13.6 || 3.1 || 0.6 || 5.1 || align=cent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-sigma%20factors | In the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes, anti-sigma factors bind to sigma factors and inhibit transcriptional activity. Anti-sigma factors have been found in a number of bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella, and in the T4 bacteriophage. Anti-sigma factors are antagonists to the sigma factors, which regulate numerous cell processes, including flagellar production, stress response, transport, and cellular growth. For example, anti-sigma factor 70 Rsd in E. coli is present in the stationary phase and blocks the activity of sigma factor 70, which, in essence, initiates gene transcription. This allows the sigma S factor to associate with RNA polymerase (RNAP) and direct the expression of the stationary genes. Although the binding of Rsd to σ70 has been shown and numerous structural studies on Rsd have been performed, the detailed mechanism of action is still unknown.
General information
Sigma factor is an important protein which starts the transcription by binding with RNAP; anti-sigma factor is a protein which inhibits the activities of sigma factor affect by several mechanism, such as add up anti-sigma factor between sigma or twist the anti-sigma factor around sigma.
"In bacteria, the regulation of gene expression is the basis for adaptability, morphogenesis, and cellular differentiation. From all the different regulatory layers, regulation of transcription initiation is a very important step for controlling gene expression."
Each sigma factor ha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonida%20Tonelli | Leonida Tonelli (19 April 1885 – 12 March 1946) was an Italian mathematician, noted for proving Tonelli's theorem, a variation of Fubini's theorem, and for introducing semicontinuity methods as a common tool for the direct method in the calculus of variations.
Education
Tonelli graduated from the University of Bologna in 1907; his Ph.D. thesis was written under the direction of Cesare Arzelà.
Work
Selected publications
, 1900
. Zanichelli, Bologna, vol. 1: 1922, vol. 2: 1923
. Zanichelli, Bologna 1928
See also
Calculus of variations
Fourier series
Lebesgue integral
Mathematical analysis
Notes
References
Biographical and general references
. The "Yearbook" of the renowned Italian scientific institution, including an historical sketch of its history, the list of all past and present members as well as a wealth of information about its academic and scientific activities.
, available from the Biblioteca Digitale Italiana di Matematica.
. "The work of Leonida Tonelli and his influence on scientific thinking in this century" (English translation of the title) is an ample commemorative article, reporting recollections of the Author about teachers and colleagues, and a detailed survey of his and theirs scientific work, presented at the International congress in occasion of the celebration of the centenary of birth of Mauro Picone and Leonida Tonelli (held in Rome on May 6–9, 1985).
.
. "Leonida Tonelli and the Pisa mathematical school" is a survey of the work of Tonelli i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeccamycin | Rebeccamycin (NSC 655649) is a weak topoisomerase I inhibitor isolated from Nocardia sp. It is structurally similar to staurosporine, but does not show any inhibitory activity against protein kinases. It shows significant antitumor properties in vitro (IC50=480nM against mouse B16 melanoma cells and IC50=500nM against P388 leukemia cells). It is an antineoplastic antibiotic and an intercalating agent.
Becatecarin (BMS-181176) is a synthetic analog of rebeccamycin.
Rebeccamycin and becatecarin have been tested in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of lung cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma, retinoblastoma, kidney cancer, and ovarian cancer.
References
Further reading
Experimental cancer drugs
Topoisomerase inhibitors
Halogen-containing alkaloids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anscombe%27s%20quartet | Anscombe's quartet comprises four data sets that have nearly identical simple descriptive statistics, yet have very different distributions and appear very different when graphed. Each dataset consists of eleven (x, y) points. They were constructed in 1973 by the statistician Francis Anscombe to demonstrate both the importance of graphing data when analyzing it, and the effect of outliers and other influential observations on statistical properties. He described the article as being intended to counter the impression among statisticians that "numerical calculations are exact, but graphs are rough".
Data
For all four datasets:
The first scatter plot (top left) appears to be a simple linear relationship, corresponding to two correlated variables, where y could be modelled as gaussian with mean linearly dependent on x.
For the second graph (top right), while a relationship between the two variables is obvious, it is not linear, and the Pearson correlation coefficient is not relevant. A more general regression and the corresponding coefficient of determination would be more appropriate.
In the third graph (bottom left), the modelled relationship is linear, but should have a different regression line (a robust regression would have been called for). The calculated regression is offset by the one outlier, which exerts enough influence to lower the correlation coefficient from 1 to 0.816.
Finally, the fourth graph (bottom right) shows an example when one high-leverage poin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pd1 | PD1 may refer to:
Prussian S 3 a 19th-century steam locomotive
PD-1 the Programmed cell death protein 1 receptor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APH-1 | APH-1 (anterior pharynx-defective 1) is a protein gene product originally identified in the Notch signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans as a regulator of the cell-surface localization of nicastrin. APH-1 homologs in other organisms, including humans, have since been identified as components of the gamma secretase complex along with the catalytic subunit presenilin and the regulatory subunits nicastrin and PEN-2. The gamma-secretase complex is a multimeric protease responsible for the intramembrane proteolysis of transmembrane proteins such as the Notch protein and amyloid precursor protein (APP). Gamma-secretase cleavage of APP is one of two proteolytic steps required to generate the peptide known as amyloid beta, whose misfolded form is implicated in the causation of Alzheimer's disease. All of the components of the gamma-secretase complex undergo extensive post-translational modification, especially proteolytic activation; APH-1 and PEN-2 are regarded as regulators of the maturation process of the catalytic component presenilin. APH-1 contains a conserved alpha helix interaction motif glycine-X-X-X-glycine (GXXXG) that is essential to both assembly of the gamma secretase complex and to the maturation of the components.
References
External links
Alzheimer's disease
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%20152001%E2%80%93153000 |
152001–152100
|-id=067
| 152067 Deboy || || Christopher C. Deboy (born 1969) is a radio-frequency engineer at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, who served as the Radio Communications System Lead for the New Horizons mission to Pluto. ||
|}
152101–152200
|-id=146
| 152146 Rosenlappin || || Gary Rosenbaum (born 1952) and Terri Lappin (born 1961) have organized observing and outreach activities within the Tucson Amateur Astronomy Association for several decades ||
|-id=188
| 152188 Morricone || || Ennio Morricone (1928–2020), prolific Italian film composer ||
|}
152201–152300
|-id=217
| 152217 Akosipov || || Alexandr Kuzmich Osipov (1920–2004), research worker at the Astronomical Observatory of Kiev University ||
|-id=226
| 152226 Saracole || || Sara Loraine Cole (born 1969), American biologist and animal behaviorist ||
|-id=227
| 152227 Argoli || || Andrea Argoli (1570–1657), Paduan astronomer, mathematician and physician ||
|-id=233
| 152233 Van Till || || Howard J. Van Till (born 1938), physics professor at Calvin College from 1965 until 1997 ||
|-id=290
| 152290 Lorettaoberheim || || Loretta Oberheim (born 1954) and her efforts in healthcare services and charity involvement in the State of Delaware. ||
|-id=299
| 152299 Vanautgaerden || || Jan Vanautgaerden (born 1978), a passionate Belgian amateur astronomer. ||
|}
152301–152400
|-id=319
| 152319 Pynchon || || Thomas R. Pynchon Jr. (born 1937), an American novelist. || |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20region | Ecological region may refer to:
A collection of ecological districts of New Zealand
Ecoregion, a geographically defined area that is smaller than an ecozone and larger than an ecosystem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEN-2 | PSENEN, formally PEN-2 (presenilin enhancer 2), is a protein that is a regulatory component of the gamma secretase complex, a protease complex responsible for proteolysis of transmembrane proteins such as the Notch protein and amyloid precursor protein (APP). The gamma secretase complex consists of PEN-2, APH-1, nicastrin, and the catalytic subunit presenilin. PEN-2 is a 101-amino acid integral membrane protein likely with a topology such that both the N-terminus and the C-terminus face first the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and later the extracellular environment. Biochemical studies have shown that a conserved sequence motif D-Y-L-S-F at the C-terminus, as well as the overall length of the C-terminal tail, is required for the formation of an active gamma secretase complex.
PEN-2 binds to metformin at therapeutic concentration and may be responsible for its AMPK-activating effects. PEN2-metformin in turn binds to ATP6AP1 to inhibit v-ATPase activity.
References
External links
Alzheimer's disease
Proteins
de:PEN-2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie%20Nelson | Maggie Nelson (born 1973) is an American writer. She has been described as a genre-busting writer defying classification, working in autobiography, art criticism, theory, feminism, queerness, sexual violence, the history of the avant-garde, aesthetic theory, philosophy, scholarship, and poetry. Nelson has been the recipient of a 2016 MacArthur Fellowship, a 2012 Creative Capital Literature Fellowship, a 2011 NEA Fellowship in Poetry, and a 2010 Guggenheim Fellowship in Nonfiction. Other honors include the 2015 National Book Critics Circle Award in Criticism and a 2007 Andy Warhol Foundation/Creative Capital Arts Writers Grant.
Life and career
Nelson was born in 1973, the second daughter of Bruce and Barbara Nelson. She grew up in Marin County, California. Her parents divorced when she was eight, and then, in 1984, Nelson's father died of a heart attack.
She moved to Connecticut in 1990 to study English at Wesleyan University where she was taught by Annie Dillard. After college, she lived in New York City where she trained as a dancer, worked at the Poetry Project at St. Mark's Church, and studied informally with writer Eileen Myles. In 1998, she enrolled in a graduate program, obtaining a Ph.D. in English literature in 2004 at the CUNY Graduate Center. At CUNY, Nelson studied with Wayne Koestenbaum and Eve Sedgewick, among others. She left New York in 2005 to take up a teaching job at the California Institute of the Arts.
Nelson is the author of several books of nonfictio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon%20Dempa%20Kogyo | Nihon Dempa Kogyo Co., Ltd. or is one of the world's largest quartz crystal companies, based in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan.
Using its synthetic quartz crystals, NDK produces crystal-related products such as crystal devices (e.g. crystal units, crystal oscillators, crystal filters) and ultrasonic transducers for medical use. In recent years, the company has begun to develop frequency synthesizers and low-power wireless modules.
History
1948 : NDK was established.
1950 : Started crystal unit production and sales.
1958 : Succeeded in test production of synthetic quartz crystal.
1959 : Started crystal filter production.
1960 : Started crystal oscillator production.
1963 : Began trading of NDK stock on the OTC market.
1979 : Developed and industrialized surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter.
1990 : Listed NDK stock on Second Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange.
1998 : Listed on the First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange.
2009 : Pressure vessel in USA plant ruptured, killing 1 bystander.
2010: Fined $510K by OSHA for safety violations.
2015 : USA plant demolished, with no plans to rebuild.
Products
Crystal Units
Crystal Oscillators
SPXO
TCXO
VCXO
OCXO
Crystal Filters
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Devices
Optical Components
Synthetic Quartz Crystals
Ultrasonic Transducers
Frequency Synthesizers
Research and product development
Nihon Dempa Kogyo has developed a prototype crystal-based disease detector which diagnoses disease from breath. The system works by detecting trace amounts of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan%20wolf | The Himalayan wolf (Canis lupus chanco) is a canine of debated taxonomy. It is distinguished by its genetic markers, with mitochondrial DNA indicating that it is genetically basal to the Holarctic grey wolf, genetically the same wolf as the Tibetan and Mongolian wolf, and has an association with the African wolf (Canis lupaster). No striking morphological differences are seen between the wolves from the Himalayas and those from Tibet. The Himalayan wolf lineage can be found living in Ladakh in the Himalayas, the Tibetan Plateau, and the mountains of Central Asia predominantly above in elevation because it has adapted to a low-oxygen environment, compared with other wolves that are found only at lower elevations.
Some authors have proposed the reclassification of this lineage as a separate species. In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group noted that the Himalayan wolf's distribution included the Himalayan range and the Tibetan Plateau. The group recommends that this wolf lineage be known as the "Himalayan wolf" and be classified as Canis lupus chanco until a genetic analysis of the holotypes is available. The Himalayan wolf lacks a proper morphological analysis. The wolves in India and Nepal are listed on CITES Appendix I as endangered due to international trade.
Taxonomy
Canis chanco was the scientific name proposed by John Edward Gray in 1863, who described a skin of a wolf that was shot in Chinese Tartary. This specimen was classified as a wolf s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit%20Semiconductor | Orbit Semiconductor, Inc. manufactures semiconductors devices. The Company designs electronic systems for application in the medical, telecommunication, consumer, aerospace, military and manufacturing sectors.
Orbit Semiconductor is a recognized and established player in FPGA to ASIC conversions
and in ASIC to ASIC conversions, with a solid experience of thousands of successful conversions in the last 14 years.Orbit Semiconductor specializes in the low-cost, high-volume consumer market
and the complementary low-to-medium volume communications, industrial, medical and military markets. Orbit Semiconductor has proprietary gate-array technology delivering a flexible response at low cost.
Company history
Orbit Semiconductor was founded in 1985 by Gary P. Kennedy in Sunnyvale, California. In 1991, Orbit Semiconductor underwent a management buy-out (MBO) by Gary P. Kennedy and his associates. In 1992, Orbit Semiconductor became a pioneer in the FPGA Conversion arena. Orbit Semiconductor successfully underwent an initial public offering (IPO) in 1994, trading as ORB on NASDAQ. In 1998, Orbit Semiconductor merged with DII Group, Inc., and in 2000, DII Group merged with Flextronics Semiconductor, Inc. In September 2005, AMI Semiconductor acquired the Semiconductor Division of Flextronics, Inc., and in February 2007, the Orbit team became independent.
References
External links
Orbit Semiconductor website
Fabless semiconductor companies
Semiconductor companies of the United Stat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-xL | B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL), encoded by the BCL2-like 1 gene, is a transmembrane molecule in the mitochondria. It is a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, and acts as an anti-apoptotic protein by preventing the release of mitochondrial contents such as cytochrome c, which leads to caspase activation and ultimately, programmed cell death.
Function
It is a well-established concept in the field of apoptosis that relative amounts of pro- and anti-survival Bcl-2 family of proteins determine whether the cell will undergo cell death; if more Bcl-xL is present, then pores are non-permeable to pro-apoptotic molecules and the cell survives. However, if Bax and Bak become activated, and Bcl-xL is sequestered away by gatekeeper BH3-only factors (e.g. Bim) causing a pore to form, cytochrome c is released leading to initiation of caspase cascade and apoptotic events.
While the exact signaling pathway of Bcl-xL is still not known, it is believed that Bcl-xL differs highly from Bcl-2 in their mechanism of inducing apoptosis. Bcl-xL is about ten times more functional than Bcl-2 when induced by the chemotherapy drug, Doxorubicin and can specifically bind to cytochrome C residues, preventing apoptosis. It can also prevent the formation of Apaf-1 and Caspase 9 complex by acting directly upon Apaf-1 rather than Caspase 9, as shown in nematode homologs.
Clinical significance
Bcl-xL dysfunction in mice can cause ineffective production of red blood cells, severe anemia, hemolysis, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase%208 | Caspase-8 is a caspase protein, encoded by the CASP8 gene. It most likely acts upon caspase-3.
CASP8 orthologs have been identified in numerous mammals for which complete genome data are available. These unique orthologs are also present in birds.
Function
The CASP8 gene encodes a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes composed of a prodomain, a large protease subunit, and a small protease subunit. Activation of caspases requires proteolytic processing at conserved internal aspartic residues to generate a heterodimeric enzyme consisting of the large and small subunits. This protein is involved in the programmed cell death induced by Fas and various apoptotic stimuli. The N-terminal FADD-like death effector domain of this protein suggests that it may interact with Fas-interacting protein FADD. This protein was detected in the insoluble fraction of the affected brain region from Huntington disease patients but not in those from normal controls, which implicated the role in neurodegenerative diseases. Many alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described, although not all variants have had their full-length sequences determined.
Clinical significance
A very rare genetic disorder of the immune system can also be caused by mutations in this gene. This disease, called CEDS, sta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxospore | In certain species of diatoms, auxospores are specialised cells that are produced at key stages in their cell cycle or life history. Auxospores typically play a role in growth processes, sexual reproduction or dormancy.
Auxospores are involved in re-establishing the normal size in diatoms, as successive mitotic cell divisions leads to a decrease in cell size. This occurs because each daughter cell produced by cell division inherits one of the two valves that make up the frustule (a silica cell wall), and then grows a smaller valve within it. Consequently, each division cycle decreases the average size of diatom cells in a population. When its size becomes too small, a dividing diatom cell produces an auxospore to expand its cell size back to that which is normal for vegetative cells.
Auxospores can also play a role in sexual reproduction in diatoms, and may be formed after haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote.
Finally, auxospores can be produced by diatoms to act as dormant stages, sometimes referred to as "resting spores." These are used to survive periods of time that are unfavourable to growth, such as the low-light period of winter or while nutrients are depleted.
References
Diatom biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frizzled | Frizzled is a family of atypical G protein-coupled receptors that serve as receptors in the Wnt signaling pathway and other signaling pathways. When activated, Frizzled leads to activation of Dishevelled in the cytosol.
Species distribution
Frizzled proteins and the genes that encode them have been identified in an array of animals, from sponges to humans.
Function
Frizzled proteins also play key roles in governing cell polarity, embryonic development, formation of neural synapses, cell proliferation, and many other processes in developing and adult organisms. These processes occur as a result of one of three signaling pathways. These include the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway, Wnt/calcium pathway, and planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Mutations in the human frizzled-4 receptor have been linked to familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, a rare disease affecting the retina at the back of the eye, and the vitreous, the clear fluid inside the eye.
The frizzled (fz) locus of Drosophila coordinates the cytoskeletons of epidermal cells, producing a parallel array of cuticular hairs and bristles. In fz mutants, the orientation of individual hairs with respect both to their neighbours and to the organism as a whole is altered. In the wild-type wing, all hairs point towards the distal tip.
In the developing wing, Fz has 2 functions: it is required for the proximal-distal transmission of an intracellular polarity signal; and it is required for cells to respond to the polarity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltose-binding%20protein | Maltose-binding protein (MBP) is a part of the maltose/maltodextrin system of Escherichia coli, which is responsible for the uptake and efficient catabolism of maltodextrins. It is a complex regulatory and transport system involving many proteins and protein complexes. MBP has an approximate molecular mass of 42.5 kilodaltons.
Structure and folding
MBP is encoded by the malE gene of Escherichia coli. The malE gene codes for a precursor polypeptide (396 amino acid residues) which yields the mature MBP (370 residues) upon cleavage of the NH2-terminal extension (26 residues). The precursor and mature forms of MBP do not contain any cysteine residues.
MBP is a monomeric protein. Crystal structures have shown that MBP is divided into two distinct globular domains that are connected by three short polypeptide segments. The two domains are separated by a deep groove that contains the maltose/maltodextrin binding site. Comparison of the structures of the liganded and unliganded forms of MBP has shown that the binding of maltose induces a major conformational change that closes the groove by a rigid motion of the two domains around the linking polypeptide hinge.
Both precursor and mature forms of MBP are functional for the binding of maltose. The NH2-terminal extension decreases the folding rate of the precursor form of MBP relative to its mature form by at least 5 fold, but it has no effect on the unfolding rate. The equilibrium unfolding of MBP can be modelled by a two-state mec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor%20H | Factor H (FH) is a member of the regulators of complement activation family and is a complement control protein. It is a large (155 kilodaltons), soluble glycoprotein that circulates in human plasma (at typical concentrations of 200–300 micrograms per milliliter). Its principal function is to regulate the alternative pathway of the complement system, ensuring that the complement system is directed towards pathogens or other dangerous material and does not damage host tissue. Factor H regulates complement activation on self cells and surfaces by possessing both cofactor activity for the Factor I mediated C3b cleavage, and decay accelerating activity against the alternative pathway C3-convertase, C3bBb. Factor H exerts its protective action on self cells and self surfaces but not on the surfaces of bacteria or viruses. There are however, important exceptions, such as for example the bacterial pathogen, Neisseria meningitidis (also called the meningococcus). This human pathogen has evolved mechanisms to recruit human FH and down-regulate the alternative pathway. Binding of FH permits the bacteria to proliferate in the bloodstream and cause disease.
The ability of Factor H to exert its protective action on self cells and self surfaces is thought to be the result of Factor H having the ability to adopt conformations with lower or higher activities as a cofactor for C3 cleavage or decay accelerating activity. The lower activity conformation is the predominant form in solution |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde%20oxidase | Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a metabolizing enzyme, located in the cytosolic compartment of tissues in many organisms. AO catalyzes the oxidation of aldehydes into carboxylic acid, and in addition, catalyzes the hydroxylation of some heterocycles. It can also catalyze the oxidation of both cytochrome P450
(CYP450) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) intermediate products. AO plays an important role in the metabolism of several drugs.
Reaction
AO catalyzes the conversion of an aldehyde in the presence of oxygen and water to an acid and hydrogen peroxide.
an aldehyde + H2O + O2 ⇌ a carboxylate + H2O2 + H+
Though the enzyme uses molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor, the oxygen atom that is incorporated into the carboxylate product is from water; however, the exact mechanism of reduction is still not known for AO.
The AO also catalyzes the oxidation of heterocycles, which involves a nucleophilic attack located at the carbon atom beside the heteroatom. This means that susceptibility to nucleophilic attack of a heterocycle determines if that heterocycle is a suitable substrate for AO.
Species distribution
Aldehyde oxidase is a member of the molybdenum flavoprotein family and has a very complex evolutionary profile—as the genes of AO varies according to animal species. Higher primates, such as humans, have a single functioning AO gene (AOX1), whereas rodents have four separate AOX genes. The human population has both functionally inactive hAOX1 allelic variants and encoding enzym |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric%20erosion | Gastric erosion occurs when the mucous membrane lining the stomach becomes inflamed. Specifically, the term "erosion," in this context means damage that is limited to the mucosa (which consists of three distinct layers: The epithelium (in the case of a healthy stomach, this is non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium), basement membrane, and lamina propria). An erosion is different from an ulcer. An "ulcer" is an area of damage to the gastrointestinal wall (in this case the gastric wall) that extends deeper through the wall than an erosion (an ulcer can extend anywhere from beyond the lamina propria to right through the wall, potentially causing a perforation). See gastrointestinal wall.
Some drugs, as tablets, can irritate this mucous membrane, especially drugs taken for arthritis and muscular disorders, steroids, and aspirin. A gastric erosion may also occur because of emotional stress, or as a side effect of burns or stomach injuries. See acute gastritis.
Symptoms
There is basically one symptom of gastric erosion: bleeding from the area where the stomach lesion is. Bowel movements may contain blood. Vomit may be bloody as well, but a gastric erosion may not cause vomiting. Blood may be black because it will be partially digested. Loss of blood may cause one to develop anemia.
Risks
Anemia and other problems related to blood loss may occur. Sometimes a person with a gastric erosion will experience severe bleeding all at once; red (bloody) vomiting and/or black bowel mov |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiton%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201978%29 | Claiton Alberto Fontoura dos Santos, (born 25 January 1978) better known as Claiton, is a Brazilian football manager and former player who played as a midfielder.
Club statistics
Honours
Internacional
Rio Grande do Sul State Championship: 1997, 2002, 2003
Vitória
Bahia State Championship: 2000
Bahia
Bahia State Championship: 2001
Nordeste Cup: 2001
Santos
Brazilian League: 2004
Flamengo
Guanabara Cup: 2007
Rio de Janeiro State Championship: 2007
External links
furacao
CBF
zerpzero.pt
globoesporte
sambafoot
Living people
1978 births
Footballers from Porto Alegre
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian football managers
Men's association football midfielders
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Swiss Super League players
J1 League players
J2 League players
Sport Club Internacional players
Esporte Clube Bahia players
Esporte Clube Vitória players
Servette FC players
Santos FC players
Nagoya Grampus players
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
CR Flamengo footballers
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players
Club Athletico Paranaense players
Esporte Clube Pelotas players
Esporte Clube Novo Hamburgo players
Esporte Clube Passo Fundo players
Alecrim Futebol Clube players
Clube Esportivo Aimoré managers
Sport Club São Paulo managers
Esporte Clube Cruzeiro managers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow%20paradox%20%28disambiguation%29 | Arrow paradox, referring to an arrow (missile), may mean:
One of Zeno's paradoxes about the impossibility of motion
From the surname Arrow, it may mean:
Kenneth Arrow's impossibility theorem about social choice and voting
Arrow information paradox: "its value for the purchaser is not known until he has the information, but then he has in effect acquired it without cost"
See also
Archer's paradox |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20measure | In probability theory, a random measure is a measure-valued random element. Random measures are for example used in the theory of random processes, where they form many important point processes such as Poisson point processes and Cox processes.
Definition
Random measures can be defined as transition kernels or as random elements. Both definitions are equivalent. For the definitions, let be a separable complete metric space and let be its Borel -algebra. (The most common example of a separable complete metric space is )
As a transition kernel
A random measure is a (a.s.) locally finite transition kernel from a (abstract) probability space to .
Being a transition kernel means that
For any fixed , the mapping
is measurable from to
For every fixed , the mapping
is a measure on
Being locally finite means that the measures
satisfy for all bounded measurable sets
and for all except some -null set
In the context of stochastic processes there is the related concept of a stochastic kernel, probability kernel, Markov kernel.
As a random element
Define
and the subset of locally finite measures by
For all bounded measurable , define the mappings
from to . Let be the -algebra induced by the mappings on and the -algebra induced by the mappings on . Note that .
A random measure is a random element from to that almost surely takes values in
Basic related concepts
Intensity measure
For a random measure , the measure satisfying
for every positive measu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Hunt | DCI Gene Hunt is a fictional character in BBC One's science fiction/police procedural drama Life on Mars and its sequel, Ashes to Ashes. The character is portrayed by Philip Glenister in both Life on Mars and Ashes to Ashes, whereas in the American version he is portrayed by Harvey Keitel. His younger self, also known as the ghost of Gene Hunt, is portrayed by Mason Kayne.
The character is portrayed as politically incorrect, brutal, and corrupt, but fundamentally good. Hunt is often depicted to maintain a love–hate relationship with both Sam Tyler (John Simm) and Alex Drake (Keeley Hawes), the protagonists of Life on Mars and Ashes to Ashes, respectively.
The character received critical and public acclaim for his role in Life on Mars, being dubbed a "national hero", an unlikely sex symbol and a "top cop". A third and final series of Ashes to Ashes was said to "reveal all about Gene Hunt and what his alternative world really means in a stunning finale" and that the "truth [would] out". The character is ultimately revealed to be an integral part of the strange world that both Sam Tyler and Alex Drake inhabit.
Life on Mars
During Life on Mars, Hunt is in command of Manchester and Salford Police's A-Division CID.
Throughout the programme Hunt is respected by the characters under his command, mainly Chris Skelton (Marshall Lancaster) and Ray Carling (Dean Andrews). During the two series, Hunt often uses unnecessary force while making arrests and conducting interviews, along |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical%20Asia | Tropical Asia refers to the entirety of the areas in Asia with a tropical climate. These areas are of geographic and economic importance due to their natural resources and biodiversity, which include many species of agricultural value. There are 16 countries in tropical Asia, ranging in size from around (Singapore) to (India). The total population as of 2006 was 1.6 billion, predominantly rural, and projected to reach 2.4 billion by 2025. Climate in tropical Asia is subject to seasonal weather patterns with the two monsoons and the amount of tropical cyclones in the three core areas of cyclogenesis (the Bay of Bengal, north Pacific Ocean and South China Sea). Stressors on the environment include growing urbanization, land industrialization, economic development, land degradation, environmental issues, and increased pollution, all of which are contributing to changes in climate.
Bionetwork
In tropical Asia, the distribution and character of the rain forest changes with elevation in the mountains. In Thailand, for instance, the area of tropical forests could increase from 45% to 80% of the total forest cover, while in Sri Lanka, a substantial change in dry forest and decrease in wet forest might occur. With predictable increases in evapotranspiration and rainfall changeability, likely a negative impact on the viability of freshwater wetlands will occur, resulting in contraction and desiccation. Sea level and temperature rises are the most likely major climate change-related |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein%20Ib | Glycoprotein Ib (GPIb), also known as CD42,
is a component of the GPIb-V-IX complex on platelets. The GPIb-V-IX complex binds von Willebrand factor, allowing platelet adhesion and platelet plug formation at sites of vascular injury.
It is deficient in the Bernard–Soulier syndrome. A gain-of-function mutation causes platelet-type von Willebrand disease.
Autoantibodies against Ib/IX can be produced in immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
Components include GP1BA and GP1BB.
It complexes with Glycoprotein IX.
References
External links
Glycoproteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Cricket%20World%20Cup%20statistics | The following is a list of all the major statistics and records for the 2007 Cricket World Cup held in the West Indies from 13 March to 28 April 2007. Though India were eliminated early, they set the ODI record for the highest victory margin in their 257 run win over Bermuda. In their match against Netherlands, Herschelle Gibbs (South Africa) created ODI and International cricket record when he hit sixes off all six deliveries in Daan van Bunge's over. In the Super 8 stage games, Lasith Malinga (Sri Lanka) created ODI record when he took four wickets in four consecutive deliveries in a losing effort against South Africa. By the end of the tournament, new World Cup records for the fastest fifty (20 balls – Brendon McCullum of New Zealand) and fastest hundred (66 balls – Matthew Hayden of Australia) were established. Glenn McGrath established a new Cricket World Cup record for the most wickets (26) and also finished his ODI career with the most wickets in World Cup history (71). The number of sixes in the overall tournament (373) was 40% higher than the previous record holder, the 2003 Cricket World Cup (266). The tournament also saw 32 century partnerships (previous record of 28 during the 1996 Cricket World Cup) and 10 batsmen over 400 runs (previous record of 4 during the 2003 Cricket World Cup).
Records
Team totals
Highest team total
India's total of 413 runs against Bermuda was, at the time, the record for the highest score in an innings in a World cup match, since bet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullenia | Cullenia is a genus of flowering plants native to India and Sri Lanka. Earlier classification schemes placed the genus in the kapok-tree family (Bombacaceae), but the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group places it in the mallow family (Malvaceae).
The name is after General William Cullen (1785–1862), a Resident in the court of the Maharaja of Travancore who also took an interest in botany.
References
Malvaceae genera
Helicteroideae
Taxa named by Robert Wight |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoproteales | Thermoproteales are an order of archaeans in the class Thermoprotei. They are the only organisms known to lack the SSB proteins, instead possessing the protein ThermoDBP that has displaced them.
The rRNA genes of these organisms contain multiple introns, which can be homing endonuclease encoding genes, and their presence can impact the binding of "universal" 16S rRNA primers often used in environmental sequencing surveys.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
References
Further reading
Archaea taxonomic orders
Thermoproteota |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-network | In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a G-network (generalized queueing network, often called a Gelenbe network) is an open network of G-queues first introduced by Erol Gelenbe as a model for queueing systems with specific control functions, such as traffic re-routing or traffic destruction, as well as a model for neural networks. A G-queue is a network of queues with several types of novel and useful customers:
positive customers, which arrive from other queues or arrive externally as Poisson arrivals, and obey standard service and routing disciplines as in conventional network models,
negative customers, which arrive from another queue, or which arrive externally as Poisson arrivals, and remove (or 'kill') customers in a non-empty queue, representing the need to remove traffic when the network is congested, including the removal of "batches" of customers</ref>
"triggers", which arrive from other queues or from outside the network, and which displace customers and move them to other queues
A product-form solution superficially similar in form to Jackson's theorem, but which requires the solution of a system of non-linear equations for the traffic flows, exists for the stationary distribution of G-networks while the traffic equations of a G-network are in fact surprisingly non-linear, and the model does not obey partial balance. This broke previous assumptions that partial balance was a necessary condition for a product-form solu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal%20ergodic%20theorem | The maximal ergodic theorem is a theorem in ergodic theory, a discipline within mathematics.
Suppose that is a probability space, that is a (possibly noninvertible) measure-preserving transformation, and that . Define by
Then the maximal ergodic theorem states that
for any λ ∈ R.
This theorem is used to prove the point-wise ergodic theorem.
References
.
Probability theorems
Ergodic theory
Theorems in dynamical systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginsberg%27s%20theorem | Ginsberg's theorem is a parody of the laws of thermodynamics in terms of a person playing a game. The quote was first attributed to the poet Allen Ginsberg in a 1975 issue of the Coevolution Quarterly.
It is possible that the quote originates as a slight misstatement of the opening lines of "You Can't Win," by Charlie Smalls, as the copyright date for Small's song is 1974, earlier than the first attribution to Ginsberg. While the song was cut from 1975 Broadway debut of The Wiz, it was performed at the original 1974 Baltimore run of the musical. It also appears as a 'mneumonic device' in Thomas Pynchon's short story from 1960 titled "Entropy". Even earlier, the phrasing appeared in an issue of Astounding Science Fiction in 1956.
British scientist and author C. P. Snow is given credit by his students for using this to help learn the laws of thermodynamics in the 1950s.
Theorem
The "theorem" is given as a restatement of the consequences of the zeroth, first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics, with regard to the usable energy of a closed system:
0. There is a game. (consequence of zeroth law of thermodynamics)
1. You can't win. (consequence of first law of thermodynamics)
2. You can't break even. (consequence of second law of thermodynamics)
3. You can't even get out of the game. (consequence of third law of thermodynamics)
It is sometimes stated as a general adage without specific reference to the laws of thermodynamics.
References
External links
Laws of therm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median%20absolute%20deviation | (MAD) is an acronym for both median absolute deviation and mean absolute deviation; there is no universal agreement on which is correct. It is used here to connote the former.
In statistics, the median absolute deviation (MAD) is a robust measure of the variability of a univariate sample of quantitative data. It can also refer to the population parameter that is estimated by the MAD calculated from a sample.
For a univariate data set X1, X2, ..., Xn, the MAD is defined as the median of the absolute deviations from the data's median :
that is, starting with the residuals (deviations) from the data's median, the MAD is the median of their absolute values.
Example
Consider the data (1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 6, 9). It has a median value of 2. The absolute deviations about 2 are (1, 1, 0, 0, 2, 4, 7) which in turn have a median value of 1 (because the sorted absolute deviations are (0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 4, 7)). So the median absolute deviation for this data is 1.
Uses
The median absolute deviation is a measure of statistical dispersion. Moreover, the MAD is a robust statistic, being more resilient to outliers in a data set than the standard deviation. In the standard deviation, the distances from the mean are squared, so large deviations are weighted more heavily, and thus outliers can heavily influence it. In the MAD, the deviations of a small number of outliers are irrelevant.
Because the MAD is a more robust estimator of scale than the sample variance or standard deviation, it works b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallima%20knyvetti | Kallima knyvetti, the scarce blue oakleaf, is a species of leaf mimic butterfly found in Southeast Asia.
Description
Male upperside forewing: basal area to near apex of cell and thence obliquely to the zigzag subterminal line as it crosses interspace 1 dark green, succeeded by a black line along the discocellulars, and a broad sinuous discal band (not curved as in Kallima horsfieldii) bluish white below vein 3, pure white with bluish suffused inner margin above vein 3 to costa; measured on the costal margin, the outer edge of this band less than half the length of the wing from base, the rest of the wing to apex black, with a preapical white spot; a medial discal hyaline (glass-like) spot in interspace 2. Hindwing: dark ochraceous brown, the costal margin and apex broadly and the abdominal fold much paler brown, irrorated (sprinkled) with scattered dusky scales; vein 1 and the abdominal fold with long soft brown, hairs. Forewings and hindwings with a dark subterminal zigzag line commencing somewhat below vein 3 on the forewing. Underside as in Kallima inachus protectively coloured. Antennae black; head and thorax anteriorly dark green, thorax posteriorly and abdomen olivaceous brown.
Wingspan 108–112 mm.
Distribution
Sikkim; Bhutan: Assam, the Naga Hills; Tenasserim.
References
Kallimini
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies described in 1886 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatotoxin | A dermatotoxin or dermatoxin (from derma, the Greek word for skin) is a toxic chemical that damages skin, mucous membranes, or both, often leading to tissue necrosis. Dermatoxins can be drugs, natural chemicals, or synthetic chemicals.
The severity of the effects of a dermatoxic agent is strongly dependent on the dose, route of exposure, rate at which it spreads, and the health of the afflicted individual.
It can produce allergic contact dermatitis, changes that lead to skin cancer, chemical burns, irritant dermatitis, photodermatitis, phototoxicity, changes to pigmentation, and urticaria.
Examples of dermatoxic substances
T-2 toxin
Sterigmatocystin
Sulfur mustard
Psoralen
Cantharidin
See also
Vesicant
References
External links
Dermatoxins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCR3 | Chemokine receptor CXCR3 is a Gαi protein-coupled receptor in the CXC chemokine receptor family. Other names for CXCR3 are G protein-coupled receptor 9 (GPR9) and CD183. There are three isoforms of CXCR3 in humans: CXCR3-A, CXCR3-B and chemokine receptor 3-alternative (CXCR3-alt). CXCR3-A binds to the CXC chemokines CXCL9 (MIG), CXCL10 (IP-10), and CXCL11 (I-TAC) whereas CXCR3-B can also bind to CXCL4 in addition to CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11.
Expression
CXCR3 is expressed primarily on activated T lymphocytes and NK cells, and some epithelial cells. CXCR3 and CCR5 are preferentially expressed on Th1 cells, whereas Th2 cells favor the expression of CCR3 and CCR4. CXCR3 ligands that attract Th1 cells can concomitantly block the migration of Th2 cells in response to CCR3 ligands, thus enhancing the polarization of effector T cell recruitment.
Signal transduction
Binding of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 to CXCR3 is able to elicit increases in intracellular Ca2++ levels and activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Detailed signaling pathway has not yet been established, but may include the same enzymes that were identified in the signaling cascade induced by other chemokine receptors.
Function
CXCR3 is able to regulate leukocyte trafficking. Binding of chemokines to CXCR3 induces various cellular responses, most notably integrin activation, cytoskeletal changes and chemotactic migration. CXCR3-ligand interaction attracts Th1 cells and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimin | Intimin is a virulence factor (adhesin) of EPEC (e.g. E. coli O127:H6) and EHEC (e.g. E. coli O157:H7) E. coli strains. It is an attaching and effacing (A/E) protein, which with other virulence factors is necessary and responsible for enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic diarrhoea.
Intimin is expressed on the bacterial cell surface where it can bind to its receptor Tir (Translocated intimin receptor). Tir, and over 25 other bacterial proteins are secreted from attaching and effacing E. coli directly into the cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells by a Type three secretion system. Once within the cytoplasm of the host cell, Tir is inserted into the plasma membrane, allowing surface exposure and intimin binding. Tir-intimin interaction mediates tight binding of enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic E.coli to the intestinal epithelia, resulting in the formation of effacing lesions on intestinal epithelia.
The structure of the C-terminal domain has been solved and shown to have a C-lectin type of structure. It is the C-terminal domain that mediates attachment to Tir.
It is a 94 kDa outer membrane protein encoded by eaeA gene in the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), a 35-Kb pathogenicity island. Mutations in the eaeA gene result in loss of ability to cause A/E lesions, and is required for full virulence in infected volunteers and animal models. The N-terminal domains of intimin from A/E lesion forming pathogens have high homology with each other and to invasin fr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromal%20cell-derived%20factor | There are several stromal cell derived factors:
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1, SDF1, Sdf1)
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1a, SDF1a, Sdf1α)
Stromal cell-derived factor-2 (SDF-2, SDF2, Sdf2)
Stromal cell-derived factor-3 (SDF-3, SDF3, Sdf3)
Stromal cell-derived factor-4 (SDF-4, SDF4, Sdf4) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20transformation%20%28statistics%29 | In statistics, data transformation is the application of a deterministic mathematical function to each point in a data set—that is, each data point zi is replaced with the transformed value yi = f(zi), where f is a function. Transforms are usually applied so that the data appear to more closely meet the assumptions of a statistical inference procedure that is to be applied, or to improve the interpretability or appearance of graphs.
Nearly always, the function that is used to transform the data is invertible, and generally is continuous. The transformation is usually applied to a collection of comparable measurements. For example, if we are working with data on peoples' incomes in some currency unit, it would be common to transform each person's income value by the logarithm function.
Motivation
Guidance for how data should be transformed, or whether a transformation should be applied at all, should come from the particular statistical analysis to be performed. For example, a simple way to construct an approximate 95% confidence interval for the population mean is to take the sample mean plus or minus two standard error units. However, the constant factor 2 used here is particular to the normal distribution, and is only applicable if the sample mean varies approximately normally. The central limit theorem states that in many situations, the sample mean does vary normally if the sample size is reasonably large. However, if the population is substantially skewed and the sampl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociceptin%20receptor | The nociceptin opioid peptide receptor (NOP), also known as the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) receptor or kappa-type 3 opioid receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPRL1 (opioid receptor-like 1) gene. The nociceptin receptor is a member of the opioid subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors whose natural ligand is the 17 amino acid neuropeptide known as nociceptin (N/OFQ). This receptor is involved in the regulation of numerous brain activities, particularly instinctive and emotional behaviors. Antagonists targeting NOP are under investigation for their role as treatments for depression and Parkinson's disease, whereas NOP agonists have been shown to act as powerful, non-addictive painkillers in non-human primates.
Although NOP shares high sequence identity (~60%) with the ‘classical’ opioid receptors μ-OP (MOP), κ-OP (KOP), and δ-OP (DOP), it possesses little or no affinity for opioid peptides or morphine-like compounds. Likewise, classical opioid receptors possess little affinity towards NOP's endogenous ligand nociceptin, which is structurally related to dynorphin A.
Discovery
In 1994, Mollereau et al. cloned a receptor that was highly homologous to the classical opioid receptors (OPs) μ-OR (MOP), κ-OR (KOP), and δ-OR (DOP) that came to be known as the Nociceptin Opioid Peptide receptor (NOP). As these “classical” opioid receptors were identified 30 years earlier in the mid-1960s, the physiological and pharmacological characterization of NOP as well as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-opioid%20receptor | The δ-opioid receptor, also known as delta opioid receptor or simply delta receptor, abbreviated DOR or DOP, is an inhibitory 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor coupled to the G protein Gi/G0 and has enkephalins as its endogenous ligands. The regions of the brain where the δ-opioid receptor is largely expressed vary from species model to species model. In humans, the δ-opioid receptor is most heavily expressed in the basal ganglia and neocortical regions of the brain.
Function
The endogenous system of opioid receptors is well known for its analgesic potential; however, the exact role of δ-opioid receptor activation in pain modulation is largely up for debate. This also depends on the model at hand since receptor activity is known to change from species to species. Activation of delta receptors produces analgesia, perhaps as significant potentiators of μ-opioid receptor agonists. However, it seems like delta agonism provides heavy potentiation to any mu agonism. Therefore, even selective mu agonists can cause analgesia under the right conditions, whereas under others can cause none whatsoever. It is also suggested however that the pain modulated by the μ-opioid receptor and that modulated by the δ-opioid receptor are distinct types, with the assertion that DOR modulates the nociception of chronic pain, while MOR modulates acute pain.
Evidence for whether delta agonists produce respiratory depression is mixed; high doses of the delta agonist peptide DPDPE produced re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland%2C%20Minnesota | Finland is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Crystal Bay and Beaver Bay townships, Lake County, Minnesota, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 195.
Geography
The community of Finland is located inland from Lake Superior's North Shore and northeast of the city of Two Harbors. State Highway 1, County Road 6, and County Road 7 are three of the main routes in the community. State Highway 1 continues northwest from Finland to Ely.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Finland CDP has a total area of , of which , or 0.41%, are water. The Baptism River flows through the community. George H. Crosby Manitou State Park is located northeast of Finland.
The community is located within the Finland State Forest in Lake County.
History
A post office called Finland has been in operation since 1915, and a cooperative general store was established in 1913, which is Minnesota's longest continuously operated store. The name of the town comes from the fact that a large portion of the early settlers were Finns. The 1931 book ('The Finland Swedes in America') describes the town's founding: "Two Finns, a Lindström and a Pelto, went out to the forest 40 miles north of Two Harbors a few years ago. They set about clearing forest and breaking ground. Later, a railroad was built through the new community and the place was named Finland."
The visitor center is the former home of forest ranger and longtime Finland resident O. M. Eck |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketazocine | Ketazocine (INN), also known as ketocyclazocine, is a benzomorphan derivative used in opioid receptor research. Ketazocine, for which the receptor is named, is an exogenous opioid that binds to the κ opioid receptor.
Activation of this receptor is known to cause sleepiness, a decrease in pain sensation and (potentially) dysphoria, paranoia, and hallucinations. It also causes an increase in urine production because it inhibits the release of vasopressin. (Vasopressin is an endogenous substance that assists in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance in the body and decreases the amount of water released into the urine.)
Unlike other opioids, substances that only bind to the κ receptor theoretically do not depress the respiratory system.
The crystal structure of ketazocine was determined in 1983.
See also
Benzomorphan
Ethylketazocine
References
Benzomorphans
Kappa-opioid receptor agonists
Ketones
Phenols
Synthetic opioids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931%20Belgian%20Grand%20Prix | The 1931 Belgian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Spa-Francorchamps on 12 July 1931.
Classification
Race
Starting grid positions
Notes
References
Belgian Grand Prix
Belgian Grand Prix
Grand Prix, 1931 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gp-39%20%28disambiguation%29 | Cartilage glycoprotein 39 also called gp-39 or YKL-40
CD40-ligand (TNF ligand superfamily member 5), also called CD40L and gp-39
EMD GP39 locomotive unit also called GP39 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B4ni | Roniéliton Pereira Santos or simply Rôni (born 28 April 1977) is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker.
Career statistics
Club
International
International goals
Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first.
Honours
Club
Vila Nova
Goiás State League: 1995
Brazilian League (3rd division): 1996
Fluminense
Brazilian League (3rd division): 1999
Rio de Janeiro State League: 2002
Atlético Mineiro
Brazilian League (2nd division): 2006
Flamengo
Rio de Janeiro State League: 2007
Taça Guanabara: 2007
Goiás
Goiás State League: 2006
Gamba Osaka
AFC Champions League: 2008
Emperor's Cup: 2008
References
External links
CBF
placar
mercadofutebol
1977 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazil men's under-20 international footballers
Brazil men's international footballers
1999 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Vila Nova Futebol Clube players
São Paulo FC players
Fluminense FC players
Al Hilal SFC players
FC Rubin Kazan players
PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara players
Russian Premier League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Goiás Esporte Clube players
CR Flamengo footballers
Clube Atlético Mineiro players
Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
J1 League players
Yokohama F. Marinos players
Gamba Osaka players
Santos FC players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Men's association football forwards
Saudi Pro League players
Sportspeople from Tocantins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular%20axis%20theorem | The perpendicular axis theorem (or plane figure theorem) states that the moment of inertia of a planar lamina (i.e. 2-D body) about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the lamina is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia of the lamina about the two axes at right angles to each other, in its own plane intersecting each other at the point where the perpendicular axis passes through it.
Define perpendicular axes , , and (which meet at origin ) so that the body lies in the plane, and the axis is perpendicular to the plane of the body. Let Ix, Iy and Iz be moments of inertia about axis x, y, z respectively. Then the perpendicular axis theorem states that
This rule can be applied with the parallel axis theorem and the stretch rule to find polar moments of inertia for a variety of shapes.
If a planar object has rotational symmetry such that and are equal,
then the perpendicular axes theorem provides the useful relationship:
Derivation
Working in Cartesian coordinates, the moment of inertia of the planar body about the axis is given by:
On the plane, , so these two terms are the moments of inertia about the and axes respectively, giving the perpendicular axis theorem.
The converse of this theorem is also derived similarly.
Note that because in , measures the distance from the axis of rotation, so for a y-axis rotation, deviation distance from the axis of rotation of a point is equal to its x coordinate.
References
See also
Parallel axis theorem
Stretch ru |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdrive%20voltage | Overdrive voltage, usually abbreviated as VOV, is typically referred to in the context of MOSFET transistors. The overdrive voltage is defined as the voltage between transistor gate and source (VGS) in excess of the threshold voltage (VTH) where VTH is defined as the minimum voltage required between gate and source to turn the transistor on (allow it to conduct electricity). Due to this definition, overdrive voltage is also known as "excess gate voltage" or "effective voltage." Overdrive voltage can be found using the simple equation: VOV = VGS − VTH.
Technology
VOV is important as it directly affects the output drain terminal current (ID) of the transistor, an important property of amplifier circuits. By increasing VOV, ID can be increased until saturation is reached.
Overdrive voltage is also important because of its relationship to VDS, the drain voltage relative to the source, which can be used to determine the region of operation of the MOSFET. The table below shows how to use overdrive voltage to understand what region of operation the MOSFET is in:
A more physics-related explanation follows:
In an NMOS transistor, the channel region under zero bias has an abundance of holes (i.e., it is p-type silicon). By applying a negative gate bias (VGS < 0) we attract more holes, and this is called accumulation. A positive gate voltage (VGS > 0) will attract electrons and repel holes, and this is called depletion because we are depleting the number of holes. At a criti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant-Q%20transform | In mathematics and signal processing, the constant-Q transform and variable-Q transform, simply known as CQT and VQT, transforms a data series to the frequency domain. It is related to the Fourier transform and very closely related to the complex Morlet wavelet transform. Its design is suited for musical representation.
The transform can be thought of as a series of filters fk, logarithmically spaced in frequency, with the k-th filter having a spectral width δfk equal to a multiple of the previous filter's width:
where δfk is the bandwidth of the k-th filter, fmin is the central frequency of the lowest filter, and n is the number of filters per octave.
Calculation
The short-time Fourier transform of x[n] for a frame shifted to sample m is calculated as follows:
Given a data series at sampling frequency fs = 1/T, T being the sampling period of our data, for each frequency bin we can define the following:
Filter width, δfk.
Q, the "quality factor":
This is shown below to be the integer number of cycles processed at a center frequency fk. As such, this somewhat defines the time complexity of the transform.
Window length for the k-th bin:
Since fs/fk is the number of samples processed per cycle at frequency fk, Q is the number of integer cycles processed at this central frequency.
The equivalent transform kernel can be found by using the following substitutions:
The window length of each bin is now a function of the bin number:
The relative power of each bin wil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20cone%20and%20polar%20cone | Dual cone and polar cone are closely related concepts in convex analysis, a branch of mathematics.
Dual cone
In a vector space
The dual cone C of a subset C in a linear space X over the reals, e.g. Euclidean space Rn, with dual space X is the set
where is the duality pairing between X and X, i.e. .
C is always a convex cone, even if C is neither convex nor a cone.
In a topological vector space
If X is a topological vector space over the real or complex numbers, then the dual cone of a subset C ⊆ X is the following set of continuous linear functionals on X:
,
which is the polar of the set -C.
No matter what C is, will be a convex cone.
If C ⊆ {0} then .
In a Hilbert space (internal dual cone)
Alternatively, many authors define the dual cone in the context of a real Hilbert space (such as Rn equipped with the Euclidean inner product) to be what is sometimes called the internal dual cone.
Using this latter definition for C, we have that when C is a cone, the following properties hold:
A non-zero vector y is in C if and only if both of the following conditions hold:
y is a normal at the origin of a hyperplane that supports C.
y and C lie on the same side of that supporting hyperplane.
C is closed and convex.
implies .
If C has nonempty interior, then C is pointed, i.e. C* contains no line in its entirety.
If C is a cone and the closure of C is pointed, then C has nonempty interior.
C is the closure of the smallest convex cone containing C (a consequence of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgers%20vector | In materials science, the Burgers vector, named after Dutch physicist Jan Burgers, is a vector, often denoted as , that represents the magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion resulting from a dislocation in a crystal lattice.
The vector's magnitude and direction is best understood when the dislocation-bearing crystal structure is first visualized without the dislocation, that is, the perfect crystal structure. In this perfect crystal structure, a rectangle whose lengths and widths are integer multiples of (the unit cell edge length) is drawn encompassing the site of the original dislocation's origin. Once this encompassing rectangle is drawn, the dislocation can be introduced. This dislocation will have the effect of deforming, not only the perfect crystal structure, but the rectangle as well. The said rectangle could have one of its sides disjoined from the perpendicular side, severing the connection of the length and width line segments of the rectangle at one of the rectangle's corners, and displacing each line segment from each other. What was once a rectangle before the dislocation was introduced is now an open geometric figure, whose opening defines the direction and magnitude of the Burgers vector. Specifically, the breadth of the opening defines the magnitude of the Burgers vector, and, when a set of fixed coordinates is introduced, an angle between the termini of the dislocated rectangle's length line segment and width line segment may be specified.
When |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASOR | Fasor or FASOR may refer to:
Frequency addition source of optical radiation
Forward Air Spring Operated Return, a part of a paintball gun
See also:
Phase (disambiguation)
Phaser (disambiguation)
Phasor (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20roofing | Membrane roofing is a type of roofing system for buildings, RV's, Ponds and in some cases tanks. It is used to create a watertight covering to protect the interior of a building. Membrane roofs are most commonly made from synthetic rubber, thermoplastic (PVC or similar material), or modified bitumen. Membrane roofs are most commonly used in commercial application, though they are becoming increasingly common in residential application.
Types
Single-Ply Membranes - There are three types of single-ply, or elastoplastic, products in use today that are defined by the chemical properties they possess. These are: (1) Cured (or vulcanized) elastomers, (2) Uncured elastomers, and (3) plastomers.
Cured Elastomers (often referred to as Thermoset ) – Thermosets are synthetic rubbers that have undergone the vulcanization or "Curing" process. Seams of materials are bonded by adhesives or chemicals, which over time weaken and separate unless maintained or reinforced. The finished roof’s thickness is usually between 30 and 120 mils(thousandths of an inch) (0.75 mm to 1.50 mm). The most commonly used Cured Elastomer membranes are Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (commonly EPDM) and Neoprene, although all thermoset products combined fail to account for more than 10% of all commercial roofing. This is in part due to studies being released in the 1980s-early 2000's showing the average lifespan of thermoset membranes between 15-20 years, although the products have undergone massive alterations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler%20Description%20Language | Compiler Description Language (CDL) is a programming language based on affix grammars. It is very similar to Backus–Naur form (BNF) notation. It was designed for the development of compilers. It is very limited in its capabilities and control flow, and intentionally so. The benefits of these limitations are twofold.
On the one hand, they make possible the sophisticated data and control flow analysis used by the CDL2 optimizers resulting in extremely efficient code. The other benefit is that they foster a highly verbose naming convention. This, in turn, leads to programs that are, to a great extent, self-documenting.
The language looks a bit like Prolog (this is not surprising since both languages arose at about the same time out of work on affix grammars). However, as opposed to Prolog, control flow in CDL is deterministically based on success/failure, i.e., no other alternatives are tried when the current one succeeds. This idea is also used in parsing expression grammars.
CDL3 is the third version of the CDL language, significantly different from the previous two versions.
Design
The original version, designed by Cornelis H. A. Koster at the University of Nijmegen, which emerged in 1971, had a rather unusual concept: it had no core. A typical programming language source is translated to machine instructions or canned sequences of those instructions. Those represent the core, the most basic abstractions that the given language supports. Such primitives can be the add |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation%20cascade | A phosphorylation cascade is a sequence of signaling pathway events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins. This can be seen in signal transduction of hormone messages. A signaling pathway begins at the cell surface where a hormone or protein binds to a receptor at the extracellular matrix. The interactions between the molecule and receptor cause a conformational change at the receptor, which activates multiple enzymes or proteins. These enzymes activate secondary messengers, which leads to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins. The end product of a phosphorylation cascade is the changes occurring inside the cell.
One best example that explains this phenomenon is mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase or ERK kinase. MAP kinase not only plays an important function during growth of cell in the M phase phosphorylation cascade but also plays an important role during the sequence of signaling pathway. In order to regulate its functions so it does not cause chaos, it can only be active when both tyrosine and threonine/serine residues are phosphorylated.
References
Cell biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932%20Italian%20Grand%20Prix | The 1932 Italian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Monza on 5 June 1932.
Classification
Race
Starting grid positions
References
Italian Grand Prix
Italian Grand Prix
Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft%20CT-134%20Musketeer | The Beechcraft CT-134 Musketeer is a military training derivative of the Musketeer built by Beechcraft for the Canadian Armed Forces. The CT-134 was a single engine, low-wing, four-seat light aircraft with fixed landing gear and a limited aerobatic capability.
Design and development
In the early 1960s the Royal Canadian Air Force’s standard elementary training aircraft was the de Havilland DHC-1 Chipmunk. Flight instruction was completed by student pilots on the DHC-1 before they progressed to the then-brand-new Canadair CT-114 Tutor jet trainer. A decision was made by RCAF HQ to remove the DHC-1s from service and not replace them, as it was felt that the CT-114 was easy enough to fly that initial training was not needed. The CT-114 quickly developed a wash-out rate of near 95% amongst student jet pilots and it was clear that an elementary trainer was needed. Due to the RCAF's previous customer relationship with Beechcraft while operating that company's Expeditor twin-engine aircraft, a hasty purchase of twenty-four B23 Musketeers was made in 1971. The first CT-134 arrived at CFB Portage la Prairie on March 23, 1971.
The new trainers were designated CT-134 Musketeer in the then Canadian Armed Forces. The aircraft purchased were standard Model B23s equipped with the O-360-A4G engine of , modified by the addition of a cowling strake, horizontal stabilizer strake and ventral fin to improve spin recovery performance. They were initially serial numbered as 13401-13424, but were |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical%20distribution | In probability theory and statistics, a categorical distribution (also called a generalized Bernoulli distribution, multinoulli distribution) is a discrete probability distribution that describes the possible results of a random variable that can take on one of K possible categories, with the probability of each category separately specified. There is no innate underlying ordering of these outcomes, but numerical labels are often attached for convenience in describing the distribution, (e.g. 1 to K). The K-dimensional categorical distribution is the most general distribution over a K-way event; any other discrete distribution over a size-K sample space is a special case. The parameters specifying the probabilities of each possible outcome are constrained only by the fact that each must be in the range 0 to 1, and all must sum to 1.
The categorical distribution is the generalization of the Bernoulli distribution for a categorical random variable, i.e. for a discrete variable with more than two possible outcomes, such as the roll of a dice. On the other hand, the categorical distribution is a special case of the multinomial distribution, in that it gives the probabilities of potential outcomes of a single drawing rather than multiple drawings.
Terminology
Occasionally, the categorical distribution is termed the "discrete distribution". However, this properly refers not to one particular family of distributions but to a general class of distributions.
In some fields, such as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20Artemis | Project Artemis was a United States Navy acoustics research and development experiment from the late 1950s into the mid 1960s to test a potential low-frequency active sonar system for ocean surveillance. The at sea testing began in 1960 after research and development in the late 1950s. The project's test requirement was to prove detection of a submerged submarine at . The experiment, covering a number of years, involved a large active element and a massive receiver array.
The receiving array was a field of modules forming a three dimensional array laid from 1961 to 1963 on the slopes of a seamount, the Plantagenet Bank (), off Bermuda. The modules, attached to ten lines of cable, were masts with floats on top to keep them upright. Each module mounted sets of hydrophones. The receiving array terminated at Argus Island, built on the seamount's top, with data processed at the laboratory that was also constructed for the project. The laboratory was then the Bermuda Research Detachment of the Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory.
The active source array was to be suspended at to from the former tanker . The 1440-element active array had a one megawatt acoustic output (180 dB) with a center frequency of 400 Hz.
Though Artemis failed the final test and resulted in no operational system, it set the agenda for research in ocean acoustics and engineering such systems for the future.
Background
World War II experience prompted the U.S. Navy to examine the threat of Soviet submarines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect%20biodiversity | Insect biodiversity accounts for a large proportion of all biodiversity on the planet—over half of the estimated 1.5 million organism species described are classified as insects.
Species diversity
Estimates of the total number of insect species or those within specific orders are often highly variable. Globally, averages of these predictions estimate there are around 1.5 million beetle species and 5.5 million insect species with around 1 million insect species currently found and described.
Between 950,000–1,000,000 of all described species are insects, so over 50% of all described eukaryotes (1.8 million) are insects (see illustration). With only 950,000 known non-insects, if the actual number of insects is 5.5 million, they may represent over 80% of the total, and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year, most insect species likely will remain undescribed, unless species descriptions greatly increase in rate. Of the 24 orders of insects, four dominate in terms of numbers of described species, with at least 670,000 species included in Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera.
The fossil record concerning insects stretches back for hundreds of millions of years. It suggests there are ongoing background levels of both new species appearing and extinctions. Very occasionally, the record also appears to show mass extinctions of insects. The Permian–Triassic extinction event saw the greatest level of insect extinction, with the Cre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Tony%20Hancock%20Show | The Tony Hancock Show is a black-and-white British sketch show starring Tony Hancock and was broadcast on ITV by the franchise contractor Associated-Rediffusion for two series in 1956 and 1957, either side of the first television series of Hancock's Half Hour. It was written by Eric Sykes, Larry Stephens, John Jose and (for the few last episodes) Ray Galton and Alan Simpson. All the episodes were broadcast live.
Cast
Tony Hancock
June Whitfield
John Vere
Clive Dunn
Dick Emery
Sam Kydd
Hattie Jacques
Eric Sykes
Sid James
Episodes
Series One (1956)
Episode One (27 April 1956)
Episode Two (4 May 1956)
Episode Three (11 May 1956)
Episode Four (18 May 1956)
Episode Five (25 May 1956)
Episode Six (1 June 1956)
Series Two (1956–57)
"Hancock - The Man of the Moment" (16 November 1956)
"Honneur Et Fidelité" (30 November 1956)
"The Further Adventures of Hancock" (14 December 1956)
"Weather or Not" (28 December 1956)
"Napoleon and Josephine" (11 January 1957)
"The Odd Job Man" (25 January 1957)
Missing episodes
No episodes of the second series are thought to have survived.
References
External links
1956 British television series debuts
1957 British television series endings
1950s British television sketch shows
ITV comedy
ITV sketch shows
Lost television shows |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTKW | WTKW ("TK99") is a classic rock radio station in Bridgeport, New York. The station broadcasts to the Syracuse, New York market on a frequency of 99.5 FM.
The station also simulcasts on full-power satellite WTKV (105.5 FM) in Minetto, New York (serving Oswego) and low-power translator W256AC (99.1 FM) for Downtown Syracuse.
In April 2007, WTKW/WTKV became the flagship station of Syracuse University athletics with play-by-play coverage of Men's Football, Men's Basketball and Men's Lacrosse games.
External links
WTKW Official Website
Classic rock radio stations in the United States
TKW |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCR5 | C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXC-R5) also known as CD185 (cluster of differentiation 185) or Burkitt lymphoma receptor 1 (BLR1) is a G protein-coupled seven transmembrane receptor for chemokine CXCL13 (also known as BLC) and belongs to the CXC chemokine receptor family. It enables T cells to migrate to lymph node and the B cell zones. In humans, the CXC-R5 protein is encoded by the CXCR5 gene.
Tissue distribution and function
The BLR1 / CXCR5 gene is specifically expressed in Burkitt's lymphoma and lymphatic tissues, such as follicles in lymph nodes as well as in spleen. The gene plays an essential role in B cell migration. Through CXCL13 secretions B cells are able to locate the lymph node.
Additionally, some recent studies have suggested that CXCL13, through CXCR5, is capable of recruiting hematopoietic precursor cells (CD3− CD4+) which would cause the development of lymph nodes and Peyer's Patches.
Other studies highlight the role of CXCR5 in T cells, as they are unable to access B cell follicles without CXCR5 expression. This is a key step in the production of high affinity antibodies as B cells and T cells need to interact in order to activate the Ig class switch.
CXCR5 has been shown to be expressed on both CD4 and CD8 T cells, though it is often regarded as the defining marker for T Follicular Helper (Tfh) cells.
Role in cancer development
Recently, it was shown that CXCR5 overexpression in breast cancer patients highly correlates with lymph node metastases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Bolinsky | David Bolinsky (born May 2, 1952) is a former lead medical illustrator at Yale. He is a co-founder of XVIVO, which produced the movie The Inner Life of the Cell.
After earning a Bachelor of Science in Medical Illustration at Ohio State University and completing two years of medical school at Michigan State University, he launched his first illustration company, Advanced Imaging Inc., in 1983.
His father was a sculptor and art historian who taught at University at Buffalo, The State University of New York. He was inspired by the works of Frank Netter.
Bolinsky also designed and served as one of the narrators for an Internet video entitled Flu Attack! How A Virus Invades Your Body.
References
External links
Wired News article with interview of Bolinsky
TED Talks: David Bolinsky animates a cell (TED2007)
1952 births
Living people
Yale University staff
Medical illustrators
Ohio State University alumni
American animators
American animated film producers
Scientific animators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSCRAMM | MSCRAMM (acronym for "microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules") adhesin proteins mediate the initial attachment of bacteria to host tissue, providing a critical step to establish infection.
Examples include protein A, clumping factor A (ClfA), fibronectin binding protein A (FnbpA) from Staphylococcus aureus, SdrG from Staphylococcus epidermidis, M protein from Streptococcus pyogenes, and protein G in other Streptococcus species. All of these MSCRAMMs bind to fibrinogen except protein A, that binds IgG, but also other targets for MSCRAMMs are known, such as fibronectin. Protein M binds to the Fc region of certain antibodies.
The MSCRAMMs have mainly been studied in Gram positive pathogens and are promising drug targets.
The monoclonal antibody tefibazumab targets ClfA and has been tested in a phase II trial.
Staphylococcus aureus
An example for MSCRAMMs is S. aureus. On its surface, protein A is expressed, which binds to the Fc region of IgG antibodies (the default antibody type, dealing with bacterial and viral infections). This has an antiphagocytic effect, i.e. macrophages cannot "see" these bacteria as easily as if they were correctly opsonised by antigen. Also, S. aureus expresses fibronectin-binding proteins, which promote binding to mucosal cells and tissue matrices. This protein is also referred to as clumping factor.
References
Bacterial proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route%20nationale%2021 | The Route nationale 21 (N21) is a trunk road (nationale) in south west France.
Reclassification
The N21 used to end at Gavarnie in the Pyrenees but after 1972 ended at Argelès-Gazost the old road is now the D921. Since 2006 the section south of Lourdes which is partly dual carriageway has been maintained by the Department Hautes-Pyrenees.
Route
Limoges - Bergerac - Agen - Lourdes - Argelès-Gazost
Limoges to Bergerac (0 to 145 km)
The road starts at a junction with the N20 and heads west along the bank of the river Vienne which it crosses at Aixe-sur-Vienne. The road turns south west over open countryside to the small town of Châlus. The road passes through the Parc Regional Limousin reaching 350m altitude. The road passes the town of Thiviers before joining the River Isle close to its joining the river Auvezere. The road turns west to the town of Périgueux.
To the south of Périgueux the road is now numbered the D6021, with through traffic directed to use the N221 and A89 autoroute. The N21 recommences after the junction with the A89 and D6021 heading south. The countryside is now wooded including the Forêt de Montclard. The road meets the River Dordogne at the town of Bergerac.
Bergerac to Agen(145 to 236 km)
After Bergerac the road heads south east past the Chateau Montbazillac, to the small town of Castillonnes and then Cancon. The countryside becomes more rolling and the road reaches the Lot valley. The road now by-passes the town of Villeneuve-sur-Lot and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Ipswich%20Town%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics | Ipswich Town Football Club are an English professional association football club based in Ipswich, Suffolk. The club was founded in 1878 and turned professional in 1936. Ipswich have played at all professional levels of English football and have participated in European football since the 1960s. The team currently plays in the second tier of English football.
This list encompasses the major honours won by Ipswich Town, records set by the club, their managers and their players, and details the club's European performances. The player records section includes details of the club's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions. It also records notable achievements by Ipswich players on the international stage, and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club. Attendance records at Portman Road, the club's home ground since 1884, are also included in the list.
Honours
Ipswich Town have won honours both domestically and in European Cup competitions. The club has won the English League Championship (1961–62) and the FA Cup (1978) and, in European competition, won the UEFA Cup in 1980–81. Their last senior league honour was the Football League Second Division title in 1992.
Domestic
League titles
First Division / Premier League (Tier 1)
Winners: 1961–62
Runners-up: 1980–81, 1981–82
Second Division / Championship (Tier 2)
Winners: 1960–61, 1967–68, 1991–92
Play-off winners: 1999–2000
Third Division / League One (Tie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol%20oxidase | Polyphenol oxidase (PPO; also polyphenol oxidase i, chloroplastic), an enzyme involved in fruit browning, is a tetramer that contains four atoms of copper per molecule.
PPO may accept monophenols and/or o-diphenols as substrates. The enzyme works by catalyzing the o-hydroxylation of monophenol molecules in which the benzene ring contains a single hydroxyl substituent to o-diphenols (phenol molecules containing two hydroxyl substituents at the 1, 2 positions, with no carbon between). It can also further catalyse the oxidation of o-diphenols to produce o-quinones. PPO catalyses the rapid polymerization of o-quinones to produce black, brown or red pigments (polyphenols) that cause fruit browning.
The amino acid tyrosine contains a single phenolic ring that may be oxidised by the action of PPOs to form o-quinone. Hence, PPOs may also be referred to as tyrosinases.
Common foods producing the enzyme include mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), apples (Malus domestica), avocados (Persea americana), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa).
Structure and function
PPO is listed as a morpheein, a protein that can form two or more different homo-oligomers (morpheein forms), but must come apart and change shape to convert between forms. It exists as a monomer, trimer, tetramer, octamer or dodecamer, creating multiple functions.
In plants, PPO is a plastidic enzyme with unclear synthesis and function. In functional chloroplasts, it may be involved in oxygen chemistry like mediation of pseudocyclic ph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau%20James | Beau James is a 1957 American drama film directed by Melville Shavelson and starring Bob Hope, Vera Miles, Paul Douglas and Alexis Smith. It is based on a non-fiction book of the same name by Gene Fowler. The film features Hope in a rare dramatic role as Jimmy Walker, the colorful but controversial Mayor of New York City from 1926–32.
Plot
In 1925, New York's governor, Al Smith, persuades state senator James J. "Jimmy" Walker that the Democratic Party needs him to run for mayor of New York City. A concern on Jimmy's part is his estrangement from wife Allie, but he discovers that she is willing to go along with his political aims.
Under the guidance of Chris Nolan, his political mentor, Jimmy wins the election in a landslide. He later learns, though, that Allie has no intention of renewing their relationship. She is simply satisfied to be the great city's first lady.
A drunken Jimmy is found on a park bench by Betty Compton, who takes him home, not knowing who he is. She scolds him for his behavior upon learning Jimmy is the mayor, and a mutual attraction develops. He uses his political connections to help find her a job.
Such favors and graft become a focal point in 1929's reelection campaign, when opponent Fiorello LaGuardia mocks the mayor publicly and questions the current administration's integrity. Jimmy also goes bankrupt as a result of the stock market crash, and Betty grows despondent over his inability or unwillingness to get Allie to consent to a divorce.
Still |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%20Alpine%20Skiing%20World%20Cup%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20slalom | This is a list of statistics for the Men's slalom in the World Cup 1983/1984.
Calendar
Final point standings
In men's slalom World Cup 1983/84 the best 5 results count. Deduction are given in ().
External links
FIS-ski.com - World Cup standings - Slalom 1984
World Cup
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup men's slalom discipline titles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20integration | In statistics, the order of integration, denoted I(d), of a time series is a summary statistic, which reports the minimum number of differences required to obtain a covariance-stationary series.
Integration of order d
A time series is integrated of order d if
is a stationary process, where is the lag operator and is the first difference, i.e.
In other words, a process is integrated to order d if taking repeated differences d times yields a stationary process.
In particular, if a series is integrated of order 0, then is stationary.
Constructing an integrated series
An I(d) process can be constructed by summing an I(d − 1) process:
Suppose is I(d − 1)
Now construct a series
Show that Z is I(d) by observing its first-differences are I(d − 1):
where
See also
ARIMA
ARMA
Random walk
Unit root test
References
Hamilton, James D. (1994) Time Series Analysis. Princeton University Press. p. 437. .
Time series |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papkovich%E2%80%93Neuber%20solution | The Papkovich–Neuber solution is a technique for generating analytic solutions to the Newtonian incompressible Stokes equations, though it was originally developed to solve the equations of linear elasticity.
It can be shown that any Stokes flow with body force can be written in the form:
where is a harmonic vector potential and is a harmonic scalar potential. The properties and ease of construction of harmonic functions makes the Papkovich–Neuber solution a powerful technique for solving the Stokes Equations in a variety of domains.
Further reading
.
.
Fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avsunviroidae | The Avsunviroidae are a family of viroids. There are four species in three genera (Avsunviroid, Elaviroid and Pelamoviroid). They consist of RNA genomes between 246 and 375 nucleotides in length. They are single-stranded covalent circles and have intramolecular base pairing. All members lack a central conserved region.
Replication
Replication occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Key features of replication include no helper virus required and no proteins are encoded for. Unlike the other family of viroids, Pospiviroidae, Avsunviroidae are thought to replicate via a symmetrical rolling mechanism. It is thought the positive RNA strand acts as a template to form negative strands with the help of an enzyme thought to be RNA polymerase plus 3 II. The negative RNA strands are then cleaved by ribozyme activity and circularises. A second rolling circle mechanism forms a positive strand which is also cleaved by ribozyme activity and then ligated to become circular.
The site of replication is unknown but it is thought to be in the chloroplast and in the presence of Mg2+ ions.
Structure
Predictions of structure have suggested that they exist either as rod-shaped molecules with regions of base pairing causing formation of some hairpin loops or have branched configurations.
The family has four stretches of conserved nucleotides, , , , from 5' to 3', plus their Watson-Crick pairings on the other end of the loop. This is part of its hammerhead ribozyme. Otherwise there is little |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FXYD6 | FXYD6 (pronounced fix-id six), or FXYD domain-containing ion transport regulator 6, is a gene which is located at the 11q23.3 (chromosome 11 locus 23.3). The FXYD6 protein contains 95 amino acids, and can be found in all human tissues except blood.
This gene belongs to the FXYD family of ion transport regulators
Pathology
According to recent research, mutations in the FXYD6 gene, or in sequences close by this gene, can predispose to the schizophrenia which is known to be strongly heritable.
References
External links
GeneCards page about the gene
Genes on human chromosome 11
Transmembrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peano%20existence%20theorem | In mathematics, specifically in the study of ordinary differential equations, the Peano existence theorem, Peano theorem or Cauchy–Peano theorem, named after Giuseppe Peano and Augustin-Louis Cauchy, is a fundamental theorem which guarantees the existence of solutions to certain initial value problems.
History
Peano first published the theorem in 1886 with an incorrect proof. In 1890 he published a new correct proof using successive approximations.
Theorem
Let be an open subset of with
a continuous function and
a continuous, explicit first-order differential equation defined on D, then every initial value problem
for f with
has a local solution
where is a neighbourhood of in ,
such that for all .
The solution need not be unique: one and the same initial value may give rise to many different solutions .
Proof
By replacing with , with , we may assume . As is open there is a rectangle .
Because is compact and is continuous, we have and by the Stone–Weierstrass theorem there exists a sequence of Lipschitz functions converging uniformly to in . Without loss of generality, we assume for all .
We define Picard iterations as follows, where . , and . They are well-defined by induction: as
is within the domain of .
We have
where is the Lipschitz constant of . Thus for maximal difference , we have a bound , and
By induction, this implies the bound which tends to zero as for all .
The functions are equicontinuous as for we have
so by the Arzelà–Asco |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-TEFb | The positive transcription elongation factor, P-TEFb, is a multiprotein complex that plays an essential role in the regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in eukaryotes. Immediately following initiation Pol II becomes trapped in promoter proximal paused positions on the majority of human genes (Figure 1). P-TEFb is a cyclin dependent kinase that can phosphorylate the DRB sensitivity inducing factor (DSIF) and negative elongation factor (NELF), as well as the carboxyl terminal domain of the large subunit of Pol II and this causes the transition into productive elongation leading to the synthesis of mRNAs. P-TEFb is regulated in part by a reversible association with the 7SK snRNP. Treatment of cells with the P-TEFb inhibitors DRB or flavopidirol leads to loss of mRNA production and ultimately cell death.
Discovery, Composition and Structure
P-TEFb was identified and purified as a factor needed for the generation of long run-off transcripts using an in vitro transcription system derived from Drosophila cells. It is a cyclin dependent kinase containing the catalytic subunit, Cdk9, and a regulatory subunit, cyclin T in Drosophila. In humans there are multiple forms of P-TEFb which contain Cdk9 and one of several cyclin subunits, cyclin T1, T2, and K. P-TEFb associates with other factors including the bromodomain protein BRD4, and is found associated with a large complex of proteins called the super elongation complex. Importantly, for the AIDS virus, HIV, P-T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lualualei%20VLF%20transmitter | VLF transmitter Lualualei is a facility of the United States Navy near Lualualei, Hawaii transmitting orders to submerged submarines in the very low frequency (VLF) range.
Description
VLF transmitter Lualuale operates under the callsign NPM on 21.4 kHz and 23.4 kHz.
The station's current antenna was built in 1972; it consists of two guyed masts, each 458.11 metres (1503 feet) tall, which are configured as umbrella antennas. They are fed by an overhead cable, fixed to a tall mast at one end, and at the opposite end to a smaller grounded mast near the helix building via an insulator.
At the time they were built, they were the tallest towers used for military purposes in the Western hemisphere. The two masts are also the tallest towers used for long wave transmissions in the Western hemisphere. Since the collapse of Warsaw Radio Mast, they may be the world's tallest structures that are electrically insulated from the ground.
See also
VLF Transmitter Cutler
Jim Creek Naval Radio Station
Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt
List of masts
Sources
External links
Entry at Wikimapia
, Entries at Skyscraperpage
Frequency list ( search there for Lualualei )
Communications and electronic installations of the United States Navy
Installations of the United States Navy in Hawaii
Military radio systems
Towers in Hawaii
Buildings and structures in Honolulu County, Hawaii
Radio masts and towers in the United States
Towers completed in 1972
1972 establishments in Hawaii |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor | Photoreceptor can refer to:
In anatomy/cell biology:
Photoreceptor cell, a photosensitive cell in the retina of vertebrate eyes
Simple eye in invertebrates (Ocellus), photoreceptor organ ("simple eye") of invertebrates often composed of a few sensory cells and a single lens
Eyespot apparatus (microbial photoreceptor), the photoreceptor organelle of a unicellular organism that allows for phototaxis
In biochemistry:
Photoreceptor protein, a chromoprotein that responds to being exposed to a certain wavelength of light by initiating a signal transduction cascade
Photopigment, an unstable pigment that undergoes a physical or chemical change upon absorbing a particular wavelength of light; also see
Photosynthetic pigment, molecules involved in transducing light into chemical energy
In technology:
Photodetector or photosensor, a device that detects light by capturing photons
See also
Eye (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor%20protein | Photoreceptor proteins are light-sensitive proteins involved in the sensing and response to light in a variety of organisms. Some examples are rhodopsin in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebrate retina, phytochrome in plants, and bacteriorhodopsin and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria. They mediate light responses as varied as visual perception, phototropism and phototaxis, as well as responses to light-dark cycles such as circadian rhythm and other photoperiodisms including control of flowering times in plants and mating seasons in animals.
Structure
Photoreceptor proteins typically consist of a protein attached to a non-protein chromophore (sometimes referred as photopigment, even so photopigment may also refer to the photoreceptor as a whole). The chromophore reacts to light via photoisomerization or photoreduction, thus initiating a change of the receptor protein which triggers a signal transduction cascade. Chromophores found in photoreceptors include retinal (retinylidene proteins, for example rhodopsin in animals), flavin (flavoproteins, for example cryptochrome in plants and animals) and bilin (biliproteins, for example phytochrome in plants). The plant protein UVR8 is exceptional amongst photoreceptors in that it contains no external chromophore. Instead, UVR8 absorbs light through tryptophan residues within its protein coding sequence.
Photoreceptors in animals
Melanopsin: in vertebrate retina, mediates pupillary reflex, involved in regulation of circad |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-specific%20recombination | Site-specific recombination, also known as conservative site-specific recombination, is a type of genetic recombination in which DNA strand exchange takes place between segments possessing at least a certain degree of sequence homology. Enzymes known as site-specific recombinases (SSRs) perform rearrangements of DNA segments by recognizing and binding to short, specific DNA sequences (sites), at which they cleave the DNA backbone, exchange the two DNA helices involved, and rejoin the DNA strands. In some cases the presence of a recombinase enzyme and the recombination sites is sufficient for the reaction to proceed; in other systems a number of accessory proteins and/or accessory sites are required. Many different genome modification strategies, among these recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE), an advanced approach for the targeted introduction of transcription units into predetermined genomic loci, rely on SSRs.
Site-specific recombination systems are highly specific, fast, and efficient, even when faced with complex eukaryotic genomes. They are employed naturally in a variety of cellular processes, including bacterial genome replication, differentiation and pathogenesis, and movement of mobile genetic elements. For the same reasons, they present a potential basis for the development of genetic engineering tools.
Recombination sites are typically between 30 and 200 nucleotides in length and consist of two motifs with a partial inverted-repeat symmetry, to which th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s%20Country%20Time%20Again%21 | It's Country Time Again! is an album by American country music artists George Jones and Gene Pitney released in 1966 on the Musicor Records label.
Background
It's Country Time Again! is the sequel to For the First Time! Two Great Stars - George Jones and Gene Pitney, released the year before. It was not as successful as its predecessor, however, rising only to number 13. The album is noteworthy for featuring the Jones hits "Love Bug", "My Favorite Lies" and a duet of "Why Baby Why", Jones first hit from 1955. It's Country Time Again also includes "That's All It Took", a song that Jones fanatic Gram Parsons would record with Emmylou Harris on his debut album GP in 1973.
The Bear Family record label would reissue both albums under the title George Jones & Gene Pitney, collecting 31 sides that the pair recorded together.
Track listing
"Mockin' Bird Hill" (Vaughn Horton)
"As Long as I Live" (Roy Acuff)
"My Favorite Lies"(George Jones, Jack Ripley)
"Y'all Come" (Arlie Duff)
"Someday (You'll Want Me to Want You)" (Jimmy Hodges)
"Love Bug" (Wayne Kemp, Curtis Wayne)
"Big Job" (Jones, Hank Mills)
"Your Old Standby" (Jim Eanes, Wayne Perry)
"Why Baby Why" (Jones, Darrell Edwards)
"That's All It Took" (Jones, Darrell Edwards, C. Grier)
"Louisiana Man" (Doug Kershaw)
"I Can't Stop Loving You" (Don Gibson)
Chart positions
Album – Billboard (United States)
References
External links
George Jones' Official Website
LP Discography entry for It's Country Time Again
1966 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20M%C3%B8ller%20Pedersen | Kenneth Møller Pedersen (born 18 April 1973) is a former Danish professional football midfielder.
External links
Official Danish Superliga player statistics at danskfodbold.com
1973 births
Living people
Danish men's footballers
Danish Superliga players
Ikast FC players
Odense Boldklub players
Esbjerg fB players
FC Midtjylland players
Randers FC players
Footballers from Odense
Men's association football midfielders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele-specific%20oligonucleotide | An allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) is a short piece of synthetic DNA complementary to the sequence of a variable target DNA. It acts as a probe for the presence of the target in a Southern blot assay or, more commonly, in the simpler dot blot assay. It is a common tool used in genetic testing, forensics, and molecular biology research.
An ASO is typically an oligonucleotide of 15–21 nucleotide bases in length. It is designed (and used) in a way that makes it specific for only one version, or allele, of the DNA being tested. The length of the ASO, which strand it is chosen from, and the conditions by which it is bound to (and washed from) the target DNA all play a role in its specificity. These probes can usually be designed to detect a difference of as little as 1 base in the target's genetic sequence, a basic ability in the assay of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), important in genotype analysis and the Human Genome Project. To be detected after it has bound to its target, the ASO must be labeled with a radioactive, enzymatic, or fluorescent tag. The Illumina Methylation Assay technology takes advantage of ASO to detect one base pair difference (cytosine versus thymine) to measure methylation at a specific CpG site.
Example
The human disease sickle cell anemia is caused by a genetic mutation in the codon for the sixth amino acid of the blood protein beta-hemoglobin. The normal DNA sequence G-A-G codes for the amino acid glutamate, while the mutation changes t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakai%20equation | In filtering theory the Zakai equation is a linear stochastic partial differential equation for the un-normalized density of a hidden state. In contrast, the Kushner equation gives a non-linear stochastic partial differential equation for the normalized density of the hidden state. In principle either approach allows one to estimate a quantity function (the state of a dynamical system) from noisy measurements, even when the system is non-linear (thus generalizing the earlier results of Wiener and Kalman for linear systems and solving a central problem in estimation theory). The application of this approach to a specific engineering situation may be problematic however, as these equations are quite complex. The Zakai equation is a bilinear stochastic partial differential equation. It was named after Moshe Zakai.
Overview
Assume the state of the system evolves according to
and a noisy measurement of the system state is available:
where are independent Wiener processes. Then the unnormalized conditional probability density of the state at time t is given by the Zakai equation:
where the operator
As previously mentioned, is an unnormalized density and thus does not necessarily integrate to 1. After solving for , integration and normalization can be done if desired (an extra step not required in the Kushner approach).
Note that if the last term on the right hand side is omitted (by choosing h identically zero), the result is a nonstochastic PDE: the familiar Fokker |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Stories%20of%20English | The Stories of English is a 2004 book by British linguist David Crystal; it traces the history of the English language from the invasion of Great Britain by the Angles and Saxons in the 5th Century to the modern splintering of the language into its modern British, American, Indian, Australian, and other dialects.
One primary focus of the book is a history of British English, from its Old English beginnings to Middle English, Early Modern English, and Modern English. Crystal also argues eloquently for the inclusion of dialects and "non-standard" varieties of English. Even for the Old English period, he shows how the available evidence can be used to determine what dialectal variation existed.
Finally, Crystal condemns what he sees as the over-abundance of linguistic prescription in the study of English, especially that which existed from the 18th Century to the 20th. He speaks approvingly of the recent shift of focus in English language education away from prescriptivism.
2004 non-fiction books
Linguistics books
History of the English language
The Overlook Press books |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrie%20classification%20of%20Bantu%20languages | The 250 or so "Narrow Bantu languages" are conventionally divided up into geographic zones first proposed by Malcolm Guthrie (1967–1971). These were assigned letters A–S and divided into decades (groups A10, A20, etc.); individual languages were assigned unit numbers (A11, A12, etc.), and dialects further subdivided (A11a, A11b, etc.). This coding system has become the standard for identifying Bantu languages; it was a practical way to distinguish many ambiguously named languages before the introduction of ISO 639-3 coding, and it continues to be widely used. Only Guthrie's Zone S is (sometimes) considered to be a genealogical group. Since Guthrie's time a Zone J (made of languages formerly classified in groups D and E) has been set up as another possible genealogical group bordering the Great Lakes.
The list is first summarized, with links to articles on accepted groups of Bantu languages (bold decade headings). Following that is the complete 1948 list, as updated by Guthrie in 1971 and by J. F. Maho in 2009.
Summary
The list below reflects Guthrie as updated by Maho (2009). Not included in detail are the Northeast Bantu languages characterized by Dahl's Law, which is thought to be a genealogical group, cuts across the Guthrie system, and is covered at Northeast Bantu. Other groups with dedicated articles, such as Southern Bantu (Zone S) are also only summarized here, so that the initial listing is only a summary and an index for other articles.
Ethnologue made multiple |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Houseshakers | The Houseshakers were a British rock and roll band that formed at the end of 1969, and were active in the early 1970s. They backed Gene Vincent on two of his European visits. They performed in their own right and acted as the backing for Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry at the The London Rock and Roll Show on 5 August 1972.
The line-up was Graham Fenton (vocals), Terry Clemson (lead guitar), Tommy Husky (sax), Jimmy Walls (bass), and Vic Searle (drums).
Terry Clemson (as Terry Gibson) previously played in The Downliners Sect. Clemson and Fenton later formed the Hellraisers. Graham Fenton later joined Matchbox.
Tommy Husky (Huskisson) later joined Cadillac.
Clemson is leading The TT's nowadays, and Fenton still sings in Matchbox.
Recordings
Demolition Rock (1972) Tracks: "Sea Cruise", "Miss Froggie", "Baby Blue", "Henrietta", "Lights Out", "Red Hot", "Bye Bye Johnny", "Flying Saucers Rock 'n' Roll", "Honey Hush", "Wild Cat", "My Way", "Brand New Cadillac" (Available on Contours Of Rock 'n' Roll Raucous Records which also contains The Hellraisers' Contours album from 1974 )
Line-up of the album Demolition Rock was Vocals – Graham Fenton, Guitar – Terry Clemson, Bass – Jimmy Walls, Drums – Les Warren,
Saxophone – John Earl, it was produced by Eddie Bourne.
The London Rock & Roll Show DVD ASIN: B00007LZ56 (performing "Be-Bop-a-Lula" in some releases of the disc, and seen backing Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley)
External links
Gene Vincent & The Houseshakers in the recording s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester%20equation | In mathematics, in the field of control theory, a Sylvester equation is a matrix equation of the form:
It is named after English mathematician James Joseph Sylvester. Then given matrices A, B, and C, the problem is to find the possible matrices X that obey this equation. All matrices are assumed to have coefficients in the complex numbers. For the equation to make sense, the matrices must have appropriate sizes, for example they could all be square matrices of the same size. But more generally, A and B must be square matrices of sizes n and m respectively, and then X and C both have n rows and m columns.
A Sylvester equation has a unique solution for X exactly when there are no common eigenvalues of A and −B.
More generally, the equation AX + XB = C has been considered as an equation of bounded operators on a (possibly infinite-dimensional) Banach space. In this case, the condition for the uniqueness of a solution X is almost the same: There exists a unique solution X exactly when the spectra of A and −B are disjoint.
Existence and uniqueness of the solutions
Using the Kronecker product notation and the vectorization operator , we can rewrite Sylvester's equation in the form
where is of dimension , is of dimension , of dimension and is the identity matrix. In this form, the equation can be seen as a linear system of dimension .
Theorem.
Given matrices and , the Sylvester equation has a unique solution for any if and only if and do not share any eigenvalue.
|
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