source stringlengths 32 209 | text stringlengths 18 1.5k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metopon | Metopon (5-methylhydromorphone, CAS number 124-92-5) is an opioid analogue that is a methylated derivative of hydromorphone which was invented in 1929 as an analgesic.
Metopon is sometimes used in medicine. Although longer acting than hydromorphone, metopon is less potent and its oral bioavailability is fairly low. Generally, metopon has few advantages to distinguish it from other, more commonly used opioid analgesics, although it does have a slightly lower tendency to produce nausea and respiratory depression compared to morphine.
In Canada, as of 1948, the hydrochloride of metopon (free base conversion ratio 0.891, molecular weight 335.8) was available only for oral administration for malignant pain and for maintenance of those habituated to morphine; the only dosage form available was singly scored 8 mg tablets. It was manufactured by Parke, Davis, & Co., and was only for sale to doctors and hospitals. Parke, Davis & Co. did not sell metopon to pharmacies. It is unknown whether metopon tablets are still manufactured and sold in Canada.
Metopon tablets, ampoules, and suppositories are available in Switzerland, Austria, Germany, and other countries in Continental Europe and the drug is used in Patient Controlled Analgesia pumps for severe chronic pain in particular. Metopon is listed under Schedule II of the US Controlled Substances Act 1970, meaning it has an accepted medical use, but at this time it is not produced commercially and is seen only in laboratory researc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20O%27Reilly | Gary Mills O'Reilly (born 21 March 1961) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League for Tottenham Hotspur, Brighton & Hove Albion, Crystal Palace and Birmingham City as a central defender.
Life and career
O'Reilly was born in Isleworth, now part of Greater London. He played for Grays Athletic before turning professional with Tottenham Hotspur in 1979, and made his debut the following year. After 45 League games for the club, he joined Brighton & Hove Albion for a £45,000 fee. He stayed with Brighton for two-and-a-half seasons before moving on to Crystal Palace. He scored in the 1989–90 FA Cup semi-final as Palace beat Liverpool 4–3 after extra time, and then scored the opening goal in the final, against Manchester United. The match ended in a 3–3 draw, and Palace lost replay 1–0 five days later.
After a brief spell on loan at Birmingham City, O'Reilly rejoined Brighton & Hove Albion in January 1991. Brighton finished that season sixth in the Second Division and reached the playoff final, where they were beaten by Notts County. Any hopes of another promotion challenge the following season – and of a place in the new FA Premier League – were quickly forgotten as Brighton found themselves fighting a battle against relegation which was eventually lost. O'Reilly then retired from playing.
Following his retirement from football, he made a career in sports broadcasting. He has appeared on BBC Five Live's Fighting Talk, as a pundit on pan-Afric |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Middlesbrough%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics | This article contains the honours, records and statistics of Middlesbrough Football Club. This article lists all of the major honours won by Middlesbrough since their foundation. This list also lists the major playing honours including top goalscorer and most appearances. The Club records including record transfer fees are shown below as are international player honours.
Middlesbrough are an English professional association football club based in Middlesbrough, in the Tees Valley, who currently play in the EFL Championship. The club was founded in 1876 and have played at their current home ground, the Riverside Stadium, since 1995. Middlesbrough were founding members of the Premier League in 1992. They have won one major trophy in their history: the 2004 Football League Cup.
Honours
Domestic
League
Football League Second Division / Football League Division One
Champions 1926–27, 1928–29, 1973–74, 1994–95; runners up 1901–02, 1991–92, 1997–98, 2015–16
Football League Third Division
Runners up 1966–67, 1986–87
Northern League
Champions 1893–94, 1894–95, 1896–97; runners up 1890–91, 1891–92, 1897–98
Cup
League Cup
Winners 2003–04; runners up 1996–97, 1997–98
FA Cup
Runners up 1996–97
FA Amateur Cup
Winners 1894–95, 1897–98
Zenith Data Systems Cup
Runners up 1990
International
UEFA Cup
Runners up 2005–06
Anglo-Scottish Cup
Winners 1975
Kirin Cup
Winners 1980
Player records
Appearances
Youngest first-team player – 16 years and 72 days
Nathan Wood (vs Notts County 14 Aug |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian%20Marange | Florian Marange (born 3 March 1986) is a French former professional footballer, who played as a left-back. His former clubs include Girondins de Bordeaux and Crystal Palace.
Career
Marange began his career in 2002 with Girondins de Bordeaux and was promoted to the first team in 2004. He gave on 20 November 2005 his first games against Paris Saint-Germain.
He was loaned out to Le Havre AC from FC Girondins de Bordeaux on 8 January 2009 and returned on 1 July 2009.
On 16 August 2013, Marange signed a one-year deal with English side Crystal Palace, on a Bosman transfer. He made his debut on 27 August, in a 2–1 defeat against Bristol City in the second round of the League Cup. However, he was left out of Palace's 25-man Premier League squad and was described as 'slow' by manager Ian Holloway. He made only a few further appearances in friendly and reserve games for Palace before his contract was paid up in October.
In January 2014, Marange signed for Ligue 1 side FC Sochaux-Montbéliard.
Six months later, he signed a two-year contract with SC Bastia.
Honours
Bordeaux
Coupe de la Ligue: 2006–07
Coupe de France: 2012–13
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
People from Talence
Footballers from Gironde
French men's footballers
French expatriate men's footballers
France men's youth international footballers
France men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Girondins de Bordeaux players
Le Havre AC players
AS Nancy Lorrain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Gene%20Bell | Larry Gene Bell (October 30, 1949 – October 4, 1996) was an American murderer and suspected serial killer in Lexington County, South Carolina, who was electrocuted for the murders of Sharon Faye "Shari" Smith and Debra May Helmick. Bell forced Smith to write a "Last Will and Testament" before he murdered her and taunted her family by telephone.
Background
Larry Gene Bell was born in Ralph, Alabama and had three sisters and one brother. The family reportedly moved frequently. Bell attended Eau Claire High School in Columbia, South Carolina from 1965 to 1967. The Bells moved to Mississippi, where Larry Gene Bell graduated high school and trained as an electrician. He returned to Columbia, married, and had one son.
Bell joined the United States Marine Corps in 1970 but was discharged the same year due to a knee injury suffered when he accidentally shot himself when cleaning a gun. The following year, he worked as a correctional officer at the Department of Corrections in Columbia for one month. Bell and his family moved to Rock Hill, South Carolina in 1972, and the couple divorced in 1976.
Victims
Bell kidnapped 17-year-old Sharon Faye "Shari" Smith at gunpoint from the end of her driveway on Platt Springs Road in Lexington County, South Carolina around 3:38 p.m. on May 31, 1985 while she was collecting mail from the mailbox. Her car was found abandoned at the curb near the mailbox, still running. Mail was scattered on the ground. Shari's parents, Bob and Hilda Smith immediat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing%20metrization%20theorem | In topology, the Bing metrization theorem, named after R. H. Bing, characterizes when a topological space is metrizable.
Formal statement
The theorem states that a topological space is metrizable if and only if it is regular and T0 and has a σ-discrete basis. A family of sets is called σ-discrete when it is a union of countably many discrete collections, where a family of subsets of a space is called discrete, when every point of has a neighborhood that intersects at most one member of
History
The theorem was proven by Bing in 1951 and was an independent discovery with the Nagata–Smirnov metrization theorem that was proved independently by both Nagata (1950) and Smirnov (1951). Both theorems are often merged in the Bing-Nagata-Smirnov metrization theorem. It is a common tool to prove other metrization theorems, e.g. the Moore metrization theorem – a collectionwise normal, Moore space is metrizable – is a direct consequence.
Comparison with other metrization theorems
Unlike the Urysohn's metrization theorem which provides a sufficient condition for metrization, this theorem provides both a necessary and sufficient condition for a topological space to be metrizable.
See also
References
"General Topology", Ryszard Engelking, Heldermann Verlag Berlin, 1989.
Theorems in topology
de:Satz von Bing-Nagata-Smirnow |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCAF | P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF), also known as K(lysine) acetyltransferase 2B (KAT2B), is a human gene and transcriptional coactivator associated with p53.
Structure
Several domains of PCAF can act independently or in unison to enable its functions. PCAF has separate acetyltransferase and E3 ubiquitin ligase domains as well as a bromodomain for interaction with other proteins. PCAF also possesses sites for its own acetylation and ubiquitination.
Function
CBP and p300 are large nuclear proteins that bind to many sequence-specific factors involved in cell growth and/or differentiation, including c-jun and the adenoviral oncoprotein E1A. The protein encoded by the PCAF gene associates with p300/CBP. It has in vitro and in vivo binding activity with CBP and p300, and competes with E1A for binding sites in p300/CBP. It has histone acetyl transferase activity with core histones and nucleosome core particles, indicating that this protein plays a direct role in transcriptional regulation.
Regulation
The acetyltransferase activity and cellular location of PCAF are regulated through acetylation of PCAF itself. PCAF may be autoacetylated (acetylated by itself) or by p300. Acetylation leads to migration to the nucleus and enhances its acetyltransferase activity. PCAF interacts with and is deacetylated by HDAC3, leading to a reduction in PCAF acetyltransferase activity and cytoplasmic localisation.
Protein interactions
PCAF forms complexes with numerous proteins that guide its acti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAD1L1 | Mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAD1L1 gene.
MAD1L1 is also known as Human Accelerated Region 3. It may have played a key role in the evolution of humans from apes.
Function
MAD1L1 is a component of the mitotic spindle-assembly checkpoint that prevents the onset of anaphase until all chromosome are properly aligned at the metaphase plate. MAD1L1 functions as a homodimer and interacts with MAD2L1. MAD1L1 may play a role in cell cycle control and tumor suppression. Some studies indicate associations of MAD1L1 with psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
Interactions
MAD1L1 has been shown to interact with:
HDAC1,
Histone deacetylase 2, and
MAD2L1,
See also
MAD1
MAD2
Hyperphosphorylation
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uridine%20diphosphate%20glucose | Uridine diphosphate glucose (uracil-diphosphate glucose, UDP-glucose) is a nucleotide sugar. It is involved in glycosyltransferase reactions in metabolism.
Functions
UDP-glucose is used in nucleotide sugar metabolism as an activated form of glucose, a substrate for enzymes called glucosyltransferases.
UDP-glucose is a precursor of glycogen and can be converted into UDP-galactose and UDP-glucuronic acid, which can then be used as substrates by the enzymes that make polysaccharides containing galactose and glucuronic acid.
UDP-glucose can also be used as a precursor of sucrose, lipopolysaccharides and glycosphingolipids.
Components
UDP-glucose consists of the pyrophosphate group, ribose, glucose, and uracil.
See also
DNA
Nucleoside
Nucleotide
Oligonucleotide
RNA
TDP-glucose
Uracil
Uridine diphosphate
References
Nucleotides
Coenzymes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFAS%20%28disambiguation%29 | PFAS or PFASs are per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, a large class of synthetic chemicals.
PFAS or PFASS may also refer to:
Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase, an enzyme
Personal fall arrest system, in workplace safety
Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ascension%20%28Glenn%20Branca%20album%29 | The Ascension is the debut studio album by American no wave musician Glenn Branca, released in November 1981 by 99 Records. The album experiments with resonances generated by alternate tunings for multiple electric guitars. It sold 10,000 copies and received acclaim from music critics.
Background
Branca wanted to explore the resonances generated when guitar strings tuned to the same note were played at high volumes. He assembled the Ascension Band with four electric guitarists, one bassist, and one drummer. The group included guitarist Lee Ranaldo, who later joined alternative rock band Sonic Youth. The group's bass player knew the owner and engineers at The Power Station, so they were able to use it at little cost. They recorded five pieces in between tours for Branca's debut EP Lesson No. 1. "The Spectacular Commodity" was written before the songs on Lesson No. 1, originating as a dance piece for Branca's band the Static.
The album's title was chosen as a continuation of works by Olivier Messiaen and John Coltrane. Its iconic black-and-white cover artwork is by painter Robert Longo. It comes from Longo's "Men in the Cities" series, which depicts well-dressed young professionals in contorted poses. The cover shows Branca in a suit, dragging the dead body of another man. Branca has stated that he wanted to show two men having sex; instead, he asked Longo to "make an implication of this."
Songs
Opening track "Lesson No. 2" starts with a bass riff. It builds with tom-tom dr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BJPS | BJPS may refer to:
Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School
British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
British Journal of Political Science
Brazilian Journal of Probability and Statistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymol%20blue | Thymol blue (thymolsulfonephthalein) is a brownish-green or reddish-brown crystalline powder that is used as a pH indicator. It is insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and dilute alkali solutions.
It transitions from red to yellow at pH 1.2–2.8 and from yellow to blue at pH 8.0–9.6. It is usually a component of Universal indicator.
At wavelength (378 - 382) nm, extinction coefficient > 8000 and at wavelength (298 - 302) nm , the extinction coefficient > 12000.
Structures
Thymol blue has different structures at different pH.
thymol blue.
Safety
It may cause irritation. Its toxicological properties have not been fully investigated. Harmful if swallowed, Acute Toxicity. Only Hazardous when percent values are above 10%.
Bibliography
Merck. "Thymol Blue." The Merck Index. 14th ed. 2006. Accessed via web on 2007-02-25.
References
External links
PubChem entry
PH indicators
Triarylmethane dyes
Benzenesulfonates
Phenol dyes
Isopropyl compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myomesin | Myomesin is a protein family found in the M-line of the sarcomere structure. Myomesin has various forms throughout the body in striated muscles with specialized functions. This includes both slow and fast muscle fibers. Myomesin are made of 13 domains including a unique N-terminal followed by two immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domains, five fibronectin type III (Fn) domains, five more Ig domains. These domains all promote binding which indicates that myomesin is regulated through binding.
Functions
Sarcomere structure
Myomesin plays an important role in the structure of sarcomeres. They are found in the M-band region of the sarcomere, between the thick filaments (myosin). Its main purpose in this setting is to provide structural integrity by linking the antiparallel myosin fibers and titin filaments which are connected to the Z-discs. These myosin filaments form a hexagonal lattice with titin and myomesin. This shape allows the M-band to withstand large conformational changes during muscle contraction and return to their original shape upon relaxation. Since the Z-disc region of the sarcomere is very stiff and unable to bend for contraction, the elastic activity of myomesin in the M-band is what makes muscle contraction possible as it acts as a molecular spring.
Sarcomere assembly
In addition to sarcomere activity, it has been shown that myomesin also plays a role in the assembly of the sarcomere. In order for myomesin to be implemented into the sarcomere, myosin and titin mu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialoadhesin | Sialoadhesin is a cell adhesion molecule found on the surface of macrophages. It is found in especially high amounts on macrophages of the spleen, liver, lymph node, bone marrow, colon, and lungs. Also, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the protein has been found in great amounts on macrophages of the affected tissues. It is defined as an I-type lectin, since it contains 17 immunoglobulin (Ig) domains (one variable domain and 16 constant domains), and thus also belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). Sialoadhesin binds to certain molecules called sialic acids. During this binding process a salt bridge (protein) is formed between a highly conserved arginine residue (from the v-set domain to the 3'-sialyllactose) and the carboxylate group of the sialic acid. Since sialoadhesin binds sialic acids with its N-terminal IgV-domain, it is also a member of the SIGLEC family. Alternate names for sialoadhesin include siglec-1 and CD169 (cluster of differentiation 169).
Sialoadhesin predominantly binds neutrophils, but can also bind monocytes, natural killer cells, B cells and a subset of cytotoxic T cells by interacting with sialic acid molecules in the ligands on their surfaces.
Sialoadhesin (CD169) positive macrophages, along with mesenchymal stem cells and beta-adrenergic neurons, form the hematopoietic stem cell niche in the bone marrow. CD169+ macrophages mediate signaling between the various cells and seem to promote hematopoietic stem cell retention to the nich |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLOCK | CLOCK (from circadian locomotor output cycles kaput) is a gene encoding a basic helix-loop-helix-PAS transcription factor that is known to affect both the persistence and period of circadian rhythms.
Research shows that the gene plays a major role as an activator of downstream elements in the pathway critical to the generation of circadian rhythms.
Discovery
The CLOCK gene was first identified in 1997 by Joseph Takahashi and his colleagues. Takahashi used forward mutagenesis screening of mice treated with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea to create and identify mutations in key genes that broadly affect circadian activity. The CLOCK mutants discovered through the screen displayed an abnormally long period of daily activity. This trait proved to be heritable. Mice bred to be heterozygous showed longer periods of 24.4 hours compared to the control 23.3 hour period. Mice homozygous for the mutation showed 27.3 hour periods, but eventually lost all circadian rhythmicity after several days in constant darkness. That showed that "intact CLOCK genes" are necessary for normal mammalian circadian function .
Function
CLOCK protein has been found to play a central role as a transcription factor in the circadian pacemaker. In Drosophila, newly synthesized CLOCK (CLK) is hypophosphorylated in the cytoplasm before entering the nucleus. Once in the nuclei, CLK is localized in nuclear foci and is later redistributed homogeneously. CYCLE (CYC) (also known as dBMAL for the BMAL1 ortholog in mammals) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetolactate%20synthase | The acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme (also known as acetohydroxy acid or acetohydroxyacid synthase, abbr. AHAS) is a protein found in plants and micro-organisms. ALS catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, and isoleucine).
A human protein of yet unknown function, sharing some sequence similarity with bacterial ALS, is encoded by the ILVBL (ilvB-like) gene.
Structure
Gene
Human ILVBL gene has 17 exons resides on chromosome 19 at q13.1.
Protein
The catalytic peptide of ALS in Arabidopsis thaliana (mouse-eared cress) is a chloroplastic protein consisting of 670 residues, the last 615 of which form the active form. Three main domains are found, with two thiamine pyrophosphate sandwiching a DHS-like NAD/FAD-binding domain. In SCOP assignment, these subunits are named d1yhya1, d1yhya2, and d1yhya3 from the N-terminal to the C-termianl.
The structure of acetolactate synthase that was used for the picture on this page was determined using X-ray diffraction at 2.70 angstroms. X-ray diffraction uses X-rays at specified wavelengths to produce patterns, as the X–ray is scattered in certain ways that give an idea to the structure of the molecule being analyzed.
There are five specific ligands that interact with this protein. The five are listed below.
The FAD bound is not catalytic.
Function
Acetolactate synthase is catalytic enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of various amino acids. This enzyme has the Enzyme Commission |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome%20b5%20reductase | Cytochrome-b5 reductase is a NADH-dependent enzyme that converts ferricytochrome from a Fe3+ form to a Fe2+ form. It contains FAD and catalyzes the reaction:
In its b5-reducing capacity, this enzyme is involved in desaturation and elongation of fatty acids, cholesterol biosynthesis, and drug metabolism.
This enzyme can also reduce methemoglobin to normal hemoglobin, gaining it the inaccurate synonym methemoglobin reductase. Isoforms expressed in erythrocytes (CYB5R1, CYB5R3) perform this function in vivo. Ferricyanide is another substrate in vitro.
The following four human genes encode cytochrome-b5 reductases:
CYB5R1
CYB5R2
CYB5R3
CYB5R4
CYB5RL
See also
Cytochrome b5
Diaphorase
Methemoglobinemia
Reductase
Leghemoglobin reductase
References
External links
EC 1.6.2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrolipoamide%20dehydrogenase | Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD), also known as dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DLD gene. DLD is a flavoprotein enzyme that oxidizes dihydrolipoamide to lipoamide.
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) is a mitochondrial enzyme that plays a vital role in energy metabolism in eukaryotes. This enzyme is required for the complete reaction of at least five different multi-enzyme complexes. Additionally, DLD is a flavoenzyme oxidoreductase that contains a reactive disulfide bridge and a FAD cofactor that are directly involved in catalysis. The enzyme associates into tightly bound homodimers required for its enzymatic activity.
Structure
The protein encoded by the DLD gene comes together with another protein to form a dimer in the central metabolic pathway. Several amino acids within the catalytic pocket have been identified as important to DLD function, including R281 and N473. Although the overall fold of the human enzyme is similar to that of yeast, the human structure is different in that it has two loops that extend from the general protein structure and into the FAD binding sites when bound the NAD+ molecule, required for catalysis, is not close to the FAD moiety. However, when NADH is bound instead, it is stacked directly op top of the FAD central structure. The current hE3 structures show directly that the disease-causing mutations occur at three locations in the human enzyme: the dimer interface, the active |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeless%20%28gene%29 | Timeless (tim) is a gene in multiple species but is most notable for its role in Drosophila for encoding TIM, an essential protein that regulates circadian rhythm. Timeless mRNA and protein oscillate rhythmically with time as part of a transcription-translation negative feedback loop involving the period (per) gene and its protein.
Discovery
In 1994, timeless was discovered through forward genetic screening performed by Jeffery L. Price while working in the lab of Michael W. Young. This gene was found when they noticed an arrhythmic tim01 mutant via a P element screen. The tim01 mutation caused arrhythmic behavior, defined by the lack of ability to establish proper circadian rhythms. In 1995, the timeless gene was cloned by Amita Sehgal and partners in the lab of Michael W. Young. Unlike the Drosophila timeless gene, homologs have been discovered in other species that are non-essential for circadian rhythm. The discovery of timeless followed the discovery of the period mutants in 1971 through forward genetic screening, the cloning of per in 1984, and an experiment determining that per is circadian in 1990. This occurred during a period of rapid expansion in the field of chronobiology in the 1990s.
Structure
The length of the coding region of the Drosophila timeless gene is 4029 base pairs, from which a 1398 amino acid protein is transcribed. The gene starts at a consensus cap site upstream of a methionine codon. It contains 11 exons and 10 introns. In various Drosoph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFCB | AFCB may refer to:
AFC Bournemouth, an English football club
American Fuel Cell Bus, a zero-emission transit bus based on the ENC Axess with a hydrogen fuel cell and electric traction motor
Armed Forces Chaplains Board, a U.S. Department of Defense organization of military Chiefs and Deputy Chiefs of Chaplains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesteryl%20oleyl%20carbonate | Cholesteryl oleyl carbonate (COC) is an organic chemical, a carbonate ester of cholesterol and oleyl alcohol with carbonic acid. It is a liquid crystal material forming cholesteric liquid crystals with helical structure. It is a transparent liquid, or a soft crystalline material with melting point around 20 °C. It can be used with cholesteryl nonanoate and cholesteryl benzoate in some thermochromic liquid crystals.
It is used in some hair colors, make-ups, and some other cosmetic preparations.
It can be also used as a component of the liquid crystals used for liquid crystal displays.
References
Cholestanes
Liquid crystals
Carbonate esters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesteryl%20benzoate | Cholesteryl benzoate, also called 5-cholesten-3-yl benzoate, is an organic chemical, an ester of cholesterol and benzoic acid. It is a liquid crystal material forming cholesteric liquid crystals with helical structure.
It can be used with cholesteryl nonanoate and cholesteryl oleyl carbonate in some thermochromic liquid crystals.
It is used in some hair colors, make-ups, and some other cosmetic preparations.
It can be also used as a component of the liquid crystals used for liquid crystal displays.
Cholesteryl benzoate was the first material in which liquid crystal properties were discovered. In the late 1880s Friedrich Reinitzer, an Austrian botanist, while studying the chemicals in plants, heated cholesteryl benzoate. At 145 °C the material melted, yielding a cloudy fluid, which changed to the originally expected clear liquid at 178.5 °C. In 1888, the German physicist Otto Lehmann concluded the cloudy fluid presents a new phase of matter, and coined the term liquid crystal.
References
Cholestanes
Liquid crystals
Benzoate esters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesteryl%20chloride | Cholesteryl chloride, also called 3-chlorocholest-5-ene or 3β-chlorocholest-5-ene, is an organic chemical, an organochloride derivate cholesterol. It is a liquid crystal material forming clockwise cholesteric liquid crystals. It is a transparent liquid, or a soft crystalline material with melting point around 94-96 °C.
It can be used with cholesteryl nonanoate, cholesteryl benzoate, and/or cholesteryl oleyl carbonate in some thermochromic liquid crystals.
It is used in some hair colors, make-ups, and some other cosmetic preparations.
It can be also used as a component of the liquid crystals used for liquid crystal displays.
References
Organochlorides
Cholestanes
Liquid crystals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totivirus | Totivirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Totiviridae. Fungi serve as natural hosts. The name of the group derives from Latin toti which means undivided or whole. There are seven species in this genus.
Structure
Viruses in the genus Totivirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral symmetry, and T=2 architecture. The diameter is around 40 nm.
Genome
Totiviruses have a genome of 4700–6700 nucleotides in length and only a single copy of the genome is present in the particle. The nucleic acid content of a totivirus capsid is usually of one segment but can also contain three or four segments of linear double stranded RNA. The genome contains two large overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). These open reading frames (ORFs) code for a capsid protein (CP) and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The 5' end of the positive strand of the dsRNA genome has no cap and is very structured. Totiviruses contain a long 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) which functions as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Totiviruses can have satellite RNAs encoding a toxin.
Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by virus remains intracellular. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by -1 ribosomal frameshifting. The virus exits the host cell by cell-to-cell movement. Fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae and smut ser |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20K.%20Ziegler | Hans K. Ziegler (March 1, 1911, Munich, Germany – December 11, 1999 Colts Neck Township, New Jersey, United States) was a pioneer in the field of communication satellites and the use of photovoltaic solar cells as a power source for satellites.
Life
Hans Ziegler was born in Munich, Germany. There, he studied at the Technische Hochschule, which is today the Technische Universität München (TUM), and began his career as Wissenschaftlicher Assistant (Scientific Assistant). Following that, he was a researcher in German industry for ten years. During the Second World War, he worked for the company Rosental Selb in Bavaria on high tension porcelain.
In 1947, he came to the US with Wernher von Braun under Operation Paperclip, by means of which the USA gained Nazi engineers and scientists. He went to the US Army Signal Corps' Laboratories in Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, and became a US citizen in 1954.
Ziegler's work in the US was very influential in the development of military electronics, especially in the electronics for the early phases of the US space program. During the thirty years he worked as an engineer in the field of electronics and electrical engineering in the research and development department of the U.S. Army in Fort Monmouth, N.J. (from 1947 to 1976), he held the top position of Chief Scientist for 12 years. In Fort Monmouth, he worked as a Scientific Consultant, Assistant Director of Research, Director of the Astro-Electronics Division and Chief Scientist (1959). A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunningham%20correction%20factor | In fluid dynamics, the Cunningham correction factor, or Cunningham slip correction factor (denoted ), is used to account for non-continuum effects when calculating the drag on small particles. The derivation of Stokes' law, which is used to calculate the drag force on small particles, assumes a no-slip condition which is no longer correct at high Knudsen numbers. The Cunningham slip correction factor allows predicting the drag force on a particle moving a fluid with Knudsen number between the continuum regime and free molecular flow.
The drag coefficient calculated with standard correlations is divided by the Cunningham correction factor, , given below.
Ebenezer Cunningham derived the correction factor in 1910 and with Robert Andrews Millikan, verified the correction in the same year.
where
is the correction factor
is the mean free path
is the particle diameter
are experimentally determined coefficients.
For air (Davies, 1945):
A1 = 1.257
A2 = 0.400
A3 = 0.55
The Cunningham correction factor becomes significant when particles become smaller than 15 micrometers, for air at ambient conditions.
For sub-micrometer particles, Brownian motion must be taken into account.
References
Fluid dynamics
Dimensionless numbers
Aerosols |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushiro-shitsugen%20National%20Park | is a national park located in the east of the island of Hokkaido, Japan. It was designated as a national park on 31 July 1987. The park is known for its wetlands ecosystems.
Kushiro-shitsugen (Kushiro Wetlands or Kushiro Swamp, Marshland) covers an area of on the Kushiro Plain (Kushiro-heiya) and contains the largest tracts of reedbeds in Japan. The Kushiro River (), which originates in Lake Kussharo, meanders through much of the park. During the Ramsar Convention of 1980, in which Japan participated, the park was first registered as a peatland with raised bogs. In 1967, the wetlands (shitsugen) themselves had been designated as a national natural monument. For that reason, access is strictly limited and the landscape, most typical of Hokkaido, has been preserved.
Wildlife
The vegetation of the park consists of reeds, sedges, peat moss wetlands, black alder thickets. The rivers which bend freely back and forth, groups of lakes and marshes, and other wet ecosystems comprise a varied environment. Kushiro-shitsugen is home to over 600 species of plants. The park is a valuable haven for wild species such as the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis), huchen (Hucho perryi), Siberian salamander (Salamandrella keyserlingii) and dragonfly (Leucorrhinia intermedia ijimai).
Geography
Related cities, towns, and villages
Kushiro Subprefecture
Kushiro, Hokkaidō
Kushiro, Hokkaidō (town)
Shibecha, Hokkaidō
Tsurui, Hokkaidō
See also
List of national parks of Japan
References
External l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinset | Thinset (also called thinset mortar, thinset cement, dryset mortar, or drybond mortar) is an adhesive mortar made of cement, fine sand and a water-retaining agent such as an alkyl derivative of cellulose. It is usually used to attach tile or stone to surfaces such as cement or concrete. It is particularly popular among mosaicists for outdoor applications
Thinset is generally available in two types: unmodified and modified (polymer-modified). Modified thinset has been developed to enhance the strength of the bond in addition to improving working conditions of the material (i.e. working time, working temperature range, etc.). It is usually more expensive than standard, unmodified thinset.
References
External links
How to Spread Thinset for Ceramic Tile. Accessed 14 June 2014.
C-Cure ThinSet 911 Dry-Set Portland Cement Mortar. Accessed 14 June 2014.
Soil-based building materials
Cement
Masonry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromogranin%20A | Chromogranin A or parathyroid secretory protein 1 (gene name CHGA) is a member of the granin family of neuroendocrine secretory proteins. As such, it is located in secretory vesicles of neurons and endocrine cells such as islet beta cell secretory granules in the pancreas. In humans, chromogranin A protein is encoded by the CHGA gene.
Tissue distribution
Examples of cells producing chromogranin A (ChgA) are chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, paraganglia, enterochromaffin-like cells and beta cells of the pancreas. It is present in islet beta cell secretory granules. chromogranin-A (CgA)+ Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells account for 0.41% of all epithelial cells in the conducting airway, but are absent from the alveoli.
Function
Chromogranin A is the precursor to several functional peptides including vasostatin-1, vasostatin-2, pancreastatin, catestatin and . These peptides negatively modulate the neuroendocrine function of the releasing cell (autocrine) or nearby cells (paracrine).
Chromogranin A induces and promotes the generation of secretory granules such as those containing insulin in pancreatic islet beta cells.
Clinical significance
Chromogranin A is elevated in pheochromocytomas. It has been identified as autoantigen in type 1 diabetes. A peptide fragment of ChgA located in the Vasostatin-1, namely ChgA29-42 has been identified as the antigenic epitope recognized by diabetogenic BDC2.5 T cells from type 1 diabetes prone NOD mice.
It is used as an indicator |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniflow%20steam%20engine | The uniflow type of steam engine uses steam that flows in one direction only in each half of the cylinder. Thermal efficiency is increased by having a temperature gradient along the cylinder. Steam always enters at the hot ends of the cylinder and exhausts through ports at the cooler centre. By this means, the relative heating and cooling of the cylinder walls is reduced.
Design details
Steam entry is usually controlled by poppet valves (which act similarly to those used in internal combustion engines) that are operated by a camshaft. The inlet valves open to admit steam when minimum expansion volume has been reached at the start of the stroke. For a period of the crank cycle, steam is admitted, and the poppet inlet is then closed, allowing continued expansion of the steam during the stroke, driving the piston. Near the end of the stroke, the piston will uncover a ring of exhaust ports mounted radially around the centre of the cylinder. These ports are connected by a manifold and piping to the condenser, lowering the pressure in the chamber below that of the atmosphere causing rapid exhausting. Continued rotation of the crank moves the piston. From the animation, the features of a uniflow engine can be seen, with a large piston almost half the length of the cylinder, poppet inlet valves at either end, a camshaft (whose motion is derived from that of the driveshaft) and a central ring of exhaust ports.
Advantages
Uniflow engines potentially allow greater expansion in a s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20receptor | A complement receptor is a membrane-bound receptor belonging to the complement system, which is part of the innate immune system. Complement receptors bind effector protein fragments that are produced in response to antigen-antibody complexes or damage-associated molecules. Complement receptor activation contributes to the regulation of inflammation, leukocyte extravasation, and phagocytosis; it also contributes to the adaptive immune response. Different complement receptors can participate in either the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway, or both.
Expression and function
White blood cells, particularly monocytes and macrophages, express complement receptors on their surface. All four complement receptors can bind to fragments of complement component 3 or complement component 4 coated on pathogen surface, but the receptors trigger different downstream activities. Complement receptor (CR) 1, 3, and 4 function as opsonins which stimulate phagocytosis, whereas CR2 is expressed only on B cells as a co-receptor.
Red blood cells (RBCs) also express CR1, which enables RBCs to carry complement-bound antigen-antibody complexes to the liver and spleen for degradation.
a.B: B cell. E: erythrocyte. Endo: endothelial cell. D: dendritic cell. FDC: follicular dendritic cell. Mac: macrophage. MC: mast cell. M0: monocyte. Pha: phagocyte. PMN: polymorphonuclear leukocyte.
Clinical significance
Deficits in complement receptor expression can cause disease. Mut |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava%20M70%20assault%20rifle | The Zastava M70 () is a 7.62×39mm assault rifle. Developed in Yugoslavia by Zastava Arms during the 1960s, the M70 was an unlicensed derivative of the Soviet AK-47 (specifically the Type 3 variant). It became the standard issue infantry weapon in the Yugoslav People's Army in 1970, complementing and later superseding the Zastava M59/66. The M70 was also used by Republika Srpska in the Bosnian War alongside the AK-74 and other weapons. Both the original M70 design, as well as commercial variants of the weapon without select-fire capability, known as the Zastava PAP series, are still produced by Zastava for export.
History
Beginning in 1952, Yugoslavia's defence industry had been experimenting with new automatic rifle designs, mostly patterned after the German StG 44, an unknown quantity of which had been captured by Yugoslav Partisans during World War II. In 1959, two Albanian soldiers defected to Yugoslavia with Soviet AK-47s, which were promptly passed on by the Yugoslav government to be inspected by Zastava engineers. Zastava was able to make metal castings of the two sample AKs, but could not glean enough technical data to reproduce the weapons or their associated parts. By the end of the year, however, the Yugoslav government had obtained more early pattern AKs from an unidentified Third World nation that was receiving Soviet military aid. At this point, there were enough AKs in Zastava's possession for its engineers to study and effectively reverse engineer the weapon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability%20matching | Probability matching is a decision strategy in which predictions of class membership are proportional to the class base rates. Thus, if in the training set positive examples are observed 60% of the time, and negative examples are observed 40% of the time, then the observer using a probability-matching strategy will predict (for unlabeled examples) a class label of "positive" on 60% of instances, and a class label of "negative" on 40% of instances.
The optimal Bayesian decision strategy (to maximize the number of correct predictions, see ) in such a case is to always predict "positive" (i.e., predict the majority category in the absence of other information), which has 60% chance of winning rather than matching which has 52% of winning (where p is the probability of positive realization, the result of matching would be , here ). The probability-matching strategy is of psychological interest because it is frequently employed by human subjects in decision and classification studies (where it may be related to Thompson sampling).
The only case when probability matching will yield same results as Bayesian decision strategy mentioned above is when all class base rates are the same. So, if in the training set positive examples are observed 50% of the time, then the Bayesian strategy would yield 50% accuracy (1 × .5), just as probability matching (.5 ×.5 + .5 × .5).
References
Shanks, D. R., Tunney, R. J., & McCarthy, J. D. (2002). A re‐examination of probability matching |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midpoint%20circle%20algorithm | In computer graphics, the midpoint circle algorithm is an algorithm used to determine the points needed for rasterizing a circle. It's a generalization of Bresenham's line algorithm. The algorithm can be further generalized to conic sections. and Van Aken.
In machining (CNC), it is known as circular interpolation.
Summary
This algorithm draws all eight octants simultaneously, starting from each cardinal direction (0°, 90°, 180°, 270°) and extends both ways to reach the nearest multiple of 45° (45°, 135°, 225°, 315°). It can determine where to stop because when = , it has reached 45°. The reason for using these angles is shown in the above picture: As increases, it does not skip nor repeat any value until reaching 45°. So during the while loop, increments by 1 each iteration, and decrements by 1 on occasion, never exceeding 1 in one iteration. This changes at 45° because that is the point where the tangent is rise=run. Whereas rise>run before and rise<run after.
The second part of the problem, the determinant, is far trickier. This determines when to decrement . It usually comes after drawing the pixels in each iteration, because it never goes below the radius on the first pixel. Because in a continuous function, the function for a sphere is the function for a circle with the radius dependent on (or whatever the third variable is), it stands to reason that the algorithm for a discrete(voxel) sphere would also rely on this Midpoint circle algorithm. But when lo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base%20rate | In probability and statistics, the base rate (also known as prior probabilities) is the class of probabilities unconditional on "featural evidence" (likelihoods).
It is the proportion of individuals in a population who have a certain characteristic or trait. For example, if 1% of the population were medical professionals, and remaining 99% were not medical professionals, then the base rate of medical professionals is 1%. The method for integrating base rates and featural evidence is given by Bayes' rule.
In the sciences, including medicine, the base rate is critical for comparison. In medicine a treatment's effectiveness is clear when the base rate is available. For example, if the control group, using no treatment at all, had their own base rate of 1/20 recoveries within 1 day and a treatment had a 1/100 base rate of recovery within 1 day, we see that the treatment actively decreases the recovery.
The base rate is an important concept in statistical inference, particularly in Bayesian statistics. In Bayesian analysis, the base rate is combined with the observed data to update our belief about the probability of the characteristic or trait of interest. The updated probability is known as the posterior probability and is denoted as P(A|B), where B represents the observed data. For example, suppose we are interested in estimating the prevalence of a disease in a population. The base rate would be the proportion of individuals in the population who have the disease. If we ob |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20transsexual%20and%20transgender%20people | The classification of transsexual and gender non-conforming people into distinct groups has been attempted since the mid-1960s.
History
During the 20th century, the Western medical community endorsed a binary concept of gender in which males and females were seen as naturally distinct in terms of gender expression. During this time, people who were assigned male at birth (AMAB) and expressed gender nonconformity were often classified into one of two subgroups.
One group comprised males expressing feminine traits from early childhood, along with attraction to men and the desire to become a woman; this group has been referred to as classical, type 1, or homosexual transsexuals.
The second group comprised males who often did not have strong cross-gendered childhoods, were often sexually attracted to women, and sought sex reassignment later in life; this group has been referred to as non-classical or heterosexual transexuals, and often described as transvestites.
More recently, these two subgroups have been referred to as androphilic and gynephilic, respectively. Other classifications are used relative to one's gender identity rather than assigned sex.
The United States has seen increasing social trends since the early 21st century that allow for less rigid expression of one's own gender identity, and gender-nonconforming people may express a range of masculine and feminine traits. The term transgender has become more common in part to reflect such diversity of gender expressio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava%20M77%20B1 | The Zastava M77 B1 is a battle rifle developed and manufactured by Zastava Arms in Serbia (formerly Yugoslavia). It was introduced in 1977. It is a derivative of the Zastava M70 and modified copy of the Soviet AKM chambered in 7.62×51mm with an enlarged receiver, and a Western-style flash suppressor. It is gas-operated, air-cooled, magazine-fed, selective fire battle rifle with a fixed wooden stock. The M77 AB1 has a folding stock. Early versions had a milled receiver and an adjustable gas block with flip up rifle grenade sights.
The M77PS, a semiautomatic variant of this rifle was imported by Century Arms into the U.S. in 2014 and 2015, chambered in .308/7.62x51 NATO. It has a polymer thumbhole stock and a 10rd magazine. The receiver is a heavy 1.5mm RPK type with a bulged front trunnion and an optics rail. The barrel is of medium profile and not chrome lined. The bolt and bolt carrier are polished. It came with a muzzle nut and threaded in M14-1.0LH. It was sold by several distributors for about $550, and increased in price over time, due to its rarity. The rifle can be converted back to its original military configuration by changing the polymer furniture to wood and adding a pistol grip. The rear of the receiver has a proprietary slant cut making it necessary for the wood stock to be modified or the use of an adapter plate for proper fitting.
One of the unique features of this rifle is that it has an adjustable gas system with 3 settings, aiding suppressor use.
Annotat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Le%20Brocq | Norman Le Brocq (8 January 1922 – 26 November 1996) was a communist, trade union activist, and a leader of a Jersey resistance cell opposed to the German occupation of the Channel Islands during World War II. The resistance cell distributed anti-fascist propaganda throughout Jersey and sheltered slave labourers who had escaped from German captivity. After the liberation of France by the allied forces, a German soldier connected with Le Brocq and they began planning a mutiny against the German commanders on the islands. However, the war ended before the mutiny could be attempted. After the war, Le Brocq became a human rights activist, campaigning for a minimum wage, equitable divorce laws, compulsory school education and health insurance, and the introduction of a minimum wage. He also won several elections throughout the 1960s and 70s to serve as a Jersey State Deputy. Le Brocq was a life-long member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB).
Le Brocq was bitter towards Jersey's government and police who had gone unpunished despite collaborating with the German occupiers in deporting to German prisons 2,400 people who were not native to the Channel Islands. Whilst his participation in the resistance went unrecognised by the British government, many officials who had collaborated with the Nazis had been awarded OBE titles and knighthoods.
Early life
Born in Jersey in 1922 and the son of a florist, Le Brocq grew up on the island and as a boy was granted a scholarship t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Hogg%20%28biologist%29 | Robert Hogg (1818–1897) was a Scottish nurseryman and botanist. He was known as a pomologist who contributed to the science of classification. He published his book British Pomology in 1851, and co-edited The Florist and Pomologist: A Pictorial Monthly Magazine of Flowers, Fruits and General Horticulture.
Born in Duns, Berwickshire, on 20 April 1818, and educated at Edinburgh University, Hogg died on 14 March 1897 in Pimlico, London.
External links
Studies in the History of British Fruit, in Honour of the 150th Anniversary of Robert Hogg’s Fruit Manual; Occasional Papers from the RHS Lindley Library, volume 4, October 2010.
References
1818 births
1897 deaths
19th-century Scottish botanists
People from Duns, Scottish Borders
Pomologists
Scottish biologists
Scottish garden writers
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish editors
Scottish horticulturists
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Nurserymen
19th-century Scottish businesspeople |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome%20P450%20reductase | Cytochrome P450 reductase (also known as NADPH:ferrihemoprotein oxidoreductase, NADPH:hemoprotein oxidoreductase, NADPH:P450 oxidoreductase, P450 reductase, POR, CPR, CYPOR) is a membrane-bound enzyme required for electron transfer from NADPH to cytochrome P450 and other heme proteins including heme oxygenase in the endoplasmic reticulum of the eukaryotic cell.
Gene
Human POR gene has 16 exons and the exons 2-16 code for a 677-amino acid POR protein (NCBI NP_000932.2). There is a single copy of 50 kb POR gene (NCBI NM_000941.2) in humans on chromosome 7 (7q11.23).
Paralogs of POR include nitric oxide synthase (), NADPH:sulfite reductase (), and methionine synthase reductase ().
Protein structure
The 3D crystal structure of human POR has been determined. The molecule is composed of four structural domains: the FMN-binding domain, the connecting domain, the FAD-binding domain, and NADPH-binding domain. The FMN-binding domain is similar to the structure of FMN-containing protein flavodoxin, whereas the FAD-binding domain and NADPH-binding domains are similar to those of flavoprotein ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR). The connecting domain is situated between the flavodoxin-like and FNR-like domains. Conformation flexibility of POR is a key requirement for interaction with different redox partners like Cytochrome P450 proteins, and biasing the conformation of POR with small molecule ligands may be a way to control interaction with partner proteins and influence metabolism.
F |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myogenic%20regulatory%20factors | Myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) are basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors that regulate myogenesis: MyoD, Myf5, myogenin, and MRF4.
These proteins contain a conserved basic DNA binding domain that binds the E box DNA motif. They dimerize with other HLH containing proteins through an HLH-HLH interaction.
MRF Gene Family Evolution
There are typically four vertebrate MRF paralogues which are homologous to typically a single MRF gene in non-vertebrates. These four genes are thought to have been duplicated in the two rounds of whole-genome duplication early in vertebrate evolution that played a role in the evolution of more complex vertebrate body plans. The four MRFs have four distinct expression profiles, though with some redundancy, as MyoD and Myf5 are both involved in myoblast determination, and are followed by the activation of Myf6 (MRF4) and Myog in myoblast differentiation. There have also been instances of independent duplication of the MRFs in invertebrate lineages, similarly followed by subfunctionalization of the expression of the genes in time and/or in space. In amphioxus, an invertebrate chordate closely related to vertebrates, there are five MRFs which are expressed in different patterns during development.
References
External links
Transcription factors
DNA-binding proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory%20masking | In audio signal processing, auditory masking occurs when the perception of one sound is affected by the presence of another sound.
Auditory masking in the frequency domain is known as simultaneous masking, frequency masking or spectral masking. Auditory masking in the time domain is known as temporal masking or non-simultaneous masking.
Masked threshold
The unmasked threshold is the quietest level of the signal which can be perceived without a masking signal present. The masked threshold is the quietest level of the signal perceived when combined with a specific masking noise. The amount of masking is the difference between the masked and unmasked thresholds.
Gelfand provides a basic example. Let us say that for a given individual, the sound of a cat scratching a post in an otherwise quiet environment is first audible at a level of 10 dB SPL. However, in the presence of a masking noise (for example, a vacuum cleaner that is running simultaneously) that same individual cannot detect the sound of the cat scratching unless the level of the scratching sound is at least 26 dB SPL. We would say that the unmasked threshold for that individual for the target sound (i.e., the cat scratching) is 10 dB SPL, while the masked threshold is 26 dB SPL. The amount of masking is simply the difference between these two thresholds: 16 dB.
The amount of masking will vary depending on the characteristics of both the target signal and the masker, and will also be specific to an individual list |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI%20race%20classifications | The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the world's governing body in the sport of bicycle racing, classifies races according to a rating scale.
The rating is represented by a code made of two or three parts and indicates both the type or style of race (the first part), and its importance or difficulty (the second and third parts, lower being harder). The first part can be an integer or an abbreviation, and the second part, when present, are usually integers. Both parts are separated by a period or decimal point (.).
A higher rated race will result in the successful riders receiving more world ranking points.
Road racing
UCI race classifications are denoted as follows:
The first part of the code denotes whether the race is one-day '1', or a multi-day (stage) race '2'. The second part of the code indicates the race ranking. From highest to lowest these are;
'.UWT' (UCI World Tour) or '.WWT' (Women’s World Tour),
'.Pro',
'.1',
'.2'.
For example, a race rated 1.1 equates to a one-day, category 1 race. A race classification ‘U’ (e.g. 2.2U) denotes an U-23 race and ‘NCup’ (e.g. 1.NCup) a Nations Cup race involving national teams or ‘mixed teams’.
Mountain biking
The mountain bike discipline includes the following events comprising the formats listed below:
Cyclo-cross
All cyclo-cross races are identified by the code 'C'. Again, no decimal point is used in the written form of the classifications.
Code tables
References
External links
UCI codes explained - cycling |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC25 | CDC25 can refer to:
Cdc25, a cell division cycle protein
Another name for ras-GRF1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20apoptosis%20susceptibility%20protein | The cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein (CAS) is an exportin which in the nucleus is bound to RanGTP.
Function
The Cas family of proteins are a family of proteins that induce cellular apoptosis and cell proliferation. Apoptosis is a specialized sequence of events that a cell can induce for programmed death. Cas is a 2 terminal protein, a N-terminal and a C-terminal, and there is a positive correlation between the presence of CAS and the degree of cellular proliferation. Along with this correlation, in the absence of the CAS protein in a cell, there is an inhibition of apoptosis Along with being an inducer of apoptosis, CAS also plays a role in being a checkpoint for cell cycle. Without the CAS protein, a cell will not be able to go beyond the G2 phase. It is in the nucleus of the cell, where its exportin function comes into play.
The Cas family of proteins can be divided into 4 functional domains: expression, interference, adaption, and ancillary. The expression domain help with crRNA binding and with binding of targets. The interference module helps with the cleave of a target. The adaption domain helps with spacer acquisition. Lastly, the ancillary domain helps with regulation of the gene and other CRISPR functions.
The CRISPR-Cas family of protein is also divided into 3 different types, Type I, Type II, Type III. Each of the 3 types of CRISPR-Cas are characterized by a specific gene; Type I: Cas3, Type II: Cas 9, Type III: Cas 10.
See also
Nuclear_pore#Import_ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20L.%20Perkins | Mark L. Perkins is the president of InnerSight. He served as president of Towson University from July 2001 to April 2002.
Education
Perkins earned a doctorate in psychometrics and statistics from the University of Georgia in 1976. He received his master's in psychometrics and research design from the same institution in 1974. Perkins earned a bachelor's degree from St. Andrews Presbyterian College in 1972.
Towson University
Perkins briefly served a controversial tenure as president of Towson University from July 2001 to April 2002.
He resigned after three members of the University System of Maryland Board of Regents, including the chairman, told him in a meeting that he would be fired if he did not step down, according to a four-page letter he posted on Towson's website.
In the letter, Perkins stated the spending included improvements for coping with handicap accessibility as well as "family health issues" and for making the home a suitable place to entertain prospective donors. The regents were aware these improvements were necessary prior to selecting Perkins.
The university received approval from the regents to buy a six-bedroom mansion in northern Baltimore for $850,000. The university subsequently spent $860,000 on renovations, but $360,000 more had been allocated to complete renovations and provide furnishings for the public spaces of the university home as well. Perkins claimed Towson officials were unaware of flaws in the home when the university bought it. Wor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%20Belgian%20Grand%20Prix | The 1937 Belgian Grand Prix was a motor race held at Spa-Francorchamps on 11 July 1937. It was the last Grand Prix to be held at the circuit's original configuration.
Classification
References
Belgian Grand Prix
Belgian Grand Prix
Grand Prix, 1937 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated%20trading%20system | An automated trading system (ATS), a subset of algorithmic trading, uses a computer program to create buy and sell orders and automatically submits the orders to a market center or exchange. The computer program will automatically generate orders based on predefined set of rules using a trading strategy which is based on technical analysis, advanced statistical and mathematical computations or input from other electronic sources.
These automated trading systems are mostly employed by investment banks or hedge funds, but are also available to private investors using simple online tools.
Automated trading systems are often used with electronic trading in automated market centers, including electronic communication networks, "dark pools", and automated exchanges. Automated trading systems and electronic trading platforms can execute repetitive tasks at speeds orders of magnitude greater than any human equivalent. Traditional risk controls and safeguards that relied on human judgment are not appropriate for automated trading and this has caused issues such as the 2010 Flash Crash. New controls such as trading curbs or 'circuit breakers' have been put in place in some electronic markets to deal with automated trading systems.
Mechanism
The automated trading system determines whether an order should be submitted based on, for example, the current market price of an option and theoretical buy and sell prices. The theoretical buy and sell prices are derived from, among other thin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTH%20receptor | The adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor or ACTH receptor also known as the melanocortin receptor 2 or MC2 receptor is a type of melanocortin receptor (type 2) which is specific for ACTH. A G protein–coupled receptor located on the external cell plasma membrane, it is coupled to Gαs and upregulates levels of cAMP by activating adenylyl cyclase. The ACTH receptor plays a role in immune function and glucose metabolism.
Structure
ACTH receptors are the shortest of the melanocortin receptor family and are the smallest known G-coupled receptors. Both human and bovine ACTH receptors are synthesized as 297 residue long proteins with 81% sequence homology. There are currently no available protein X-ray crystallography structures for the ACTH receptor available in the Protein Data Bank; while the ACTH receptor and the β2 adrenergic receptor are relatively distantly-related with a sequence identity of approximately 26%, MC2R investigators such as David Fridmanis have assumed that the folded surfaces of both receptors that are responsible for binding Gαs should be very similar and use conserved motifs.
The full length sequence of MC2R includes seven hydrophobic domains that are predicted as transmembrane segments. In the third intracellular loop of the receptor a protein kinase A and protein kinase c phosphorylation motifs have been detected. ACTH receptors also require the binding of melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein-1 (MRAP1) without which ACTH receptors cannot bind ACTH. W |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%20Monaco%20Grand%20Prix | The 1937 Monaco Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at the Circuit de Monaco on 8 August 1937. The 100 lap event was won by Manfred von Brauchitsch.
Classification
References
External links
Monaco Grand Prix
Monaco Grand Prix
Grand Prix
Monaco Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYBY | WYBY is an AM radio station serving the Ithaca market under a religious format. The station, licensed to Cortland, New York, broadcasts on AM frequency 920 kHz and is now a Bible Broadcasting Network Owned-and-operated station.
History
Prior to 2007, the station was known as WKRT and was a second-tier News/Talk station, featuring shows such as The Laura Ingraham Show, The Radio Factor, The Sean Hannity Show, Mike Gallagher, Jim Bohannon, The Kim Komando Show, and various other programs. Citadel Broadcasting, the owner of WKRT, sold their Ithaca cluster (including this station) to Saga Broadcasting, who in turn gave away the station for free to the Bible Broadcasting Network, presumably as a tax-deductible donation, to comply with FCC concentration limits in the Ithaca market due to their purchase of sister station WIII-FM, 99.9.
References
External links
Bible Broadcasting Network - Station Info
Bible Broadcasting Network
Radio stations established in 1947
1947 establishments in New York (state)
YBY |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Glauberman | George Isaac Glauberman (born 1941) is a mathematician at the University of Chicago who works on finite simple groups. He proved the ZJ theorem and the Z* theorem.
Born in New York City on March 3, 1941, Glauberman did his undergraduate studies at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, graduating in 1961, and earned a master's degree from Harvard University in 1962. He obtained his PhD degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1965, under the supervision of Richard Bruck. He has had 22 PhD students, including Ahmed Chalabi and Peter Landrock, the president and founder of Cryptomathic. He has co-authored with J. L. Alperin, Simon P. Norton, Zvi Arad, and Justin Lynd.
In 1970 he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians at Nice. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Selected publications
See also
Glauberman normal p-complement theorem
References
External links
Home page of George Glauberman
Author profile at the Mathematical Reviews
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Group theorists
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
University of Chicago faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Scientists from New York City
1941 births
Living people
Mathematicians from New York (state) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon-like%20peptide-1%20receptor | The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) is a receptor protein found on beta cells of the pancreas and on neurons of the brain. It is involved in the control of blood sugar level by enhancing insulin secretion. In humans it is synthesised by the gene GLP1R, which is present on chromosome 6. It is a member of the glucagon receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors. GLP1R is composed of two domains, one extracellular (ECD) that binds the C-terminal helix of GLP-1, and one transmembrane (TMD) domain that binds the N-terminal region of GLP-1. In the TMD domain there is a fulcrum of polar residues that regulates the biased signaling of the receptor while the transmembrane helical boundaries and extracellular surface are a trigger for biased agonism.
Ligands
GLP1R binds glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) and glucagon as its natural endogenous agonists.
Agonists:
GLP-1 – endogenous in humans
glucagon – endogenous in humans
oxyntomodulin
exendin-4,
exenatide
lixisenatide
albiglutide
beinaglutide
dulaglutide
efpeglenatide
langlenatide
liraglutide
semaglutide
taspoglutide
pegapamodutide
lithium chloride
Antagonists:
[9-39]-GLP-1
T-0632
GLP1R0017
Allosteric modulators
Positive:
BETP
Negative:
HTL26119
Structure
The GLP-1 receptor is a transmembrane protein composed of seven alpha-helical transmembrane domains (TM1-TM7), an extracellular N-terminus, and an intracellular C-terminus. It belongs to the class B family of G protein-coupled receptors, also known as secretin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD33 | CD33 or Siglec-3 (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 3, SIGLEC3, SIGLEC-3, gp67, p67) is a transmembrane receptor expressed on cells of myeloid lineage. It is usually considered myeloid-specific, but it can also be found on some lymphoid cells.
It binds sialic acids, therefore is a member of the SIGLEC family of lectins.
Structure
The extracellular portion of this receptor contains two immunoglobulin domains (one IgV and one IgC2 domain), placing CD33 within the immunoglobulin superfamily. The intracellular portion of CD33 contains immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) that are implicated in inhibition of cellular activity.
Function
CD33 can be stimulated by any molecule with sialic acid residues such as glycoproteins or glycolipids. Upon binding, the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) of CD33, present on the cytosolic portion of the protein, is phosphorylated and acts as a docking site for Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing proteins like SHP phosphatases. This results in a cascade that inhibits phagocytosis in the cell.
Alzheimer's disease
CD33 controls microglial activation but in Alzheimer disease it goes overdrive in presence of amyloid and tau proteins, its expression is known to be tied to TREM2.
Clinical significance
CD33 is the target of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (trade name: Mylotarg®; Pfizer/Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories), an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) for the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. The drug is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Betz | Volodymyr Oleksiyovych Betz() ( – ) was a Ukrainian anatomist and histologist, professor of the Saint Vladimir University (Kyiv, now Ukraine), famous for the discovery of giant pyramidal neurons of primary motor cortex.
Volodymyr Betz began his education in the Nizhyn Gymnasium (the Russian Empire at that time). Later he transferred to the 2nd Kyiv Gymnasium and graduated from it in 1853. In 1860 he received a physician's diploma from the Medicine faculty (now Bogomolets National Medical University) of Saint Vladimir University in Kyiv (now Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv) and was appointed a prosector's aide at the anatomy department. He went abroad to study in May 1861 and returned in September 1862, having studied with and attended the lectures of professors Brücke, Bunsen, Kölliker, Helmholtz, and Kirchhoff. From 1864 to 1867 he lectures anatomy and histology at the university, rising in 1868 to the rank of Extraordinary Professor and in 1870 becoming Ordinary Professor of the anatomy department.
Brain tissue preparations made by Betz were awarded medals twice - at the All-Russian manufacturing exhibition in 1870 and at Vienna World Exposition of 1873. In 1874, Volodymyr Oleksiyovych described the giant pyramidal neurons in the primary motor cortex, which later were named Betz cells.
Betz's most prominent works include:
"On the hepatic blood circulation" (1863)
"A new method of human CNS exploration" (1870)
"On the grouping of the convolutions of human |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20effective%20mass | The thermal effective mass of electrons in a metal is the apparent mass due to interactions with the periodic potential of the crystal lattice, with phonons (e.g. phonon drag), and interaction with other electrons. The resulting effective mass of electrons contributes to the electronic heat capacity of the metal, leading to deviations from the heat capacity of a free electron gas.
References
Condensed matter physics
Metallurgy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon%20drag | Phonon drag is an increase in the effective mass of conduction electrons or valence holes due to interactions with the crystal lattice in which the electron moves. As an electron moves past atoms in the lattice its charge distorts or polarizes the nearby lattice. This effect leads to a decrease in the electron (or hole, as may be the case) mobility, which results in a decreased conductivity. However, as the magnitude of the Seebeck coefficient increases with phonon drag, it may be beneficial in a thermoelectric material for direct energy conversion applications. The magnitude of this effect is typically appreciable only at low temperatures (<200 K).
Phonons are not always in local thermal equilibrium; they move against the thermal gradient. They lose momentum by interacting with electrons (or other carriers) and imperfections in the crystal. If the phonon-electron interaction is predominant, the phonons will tend to push the electrons to one end of the material, losing momentum in the process. This contributes to the already present thermoelectric field. This contribution is most important in the temperature region where phonon-electron scattering is predominant. This happens for
where θD is the Debye temperature. At lower temperatures there are fewer phonons available for drag, and at higher temperatures they tend to lose momentum in phonon-phonon scattering instead of phonon-electron scattering.
This region of the Seebeck coefficient-versus-temperature function is highl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%20maturity%20credit%20default%20swap | A constant maturity credit default swap (CMCDS) is a type of credit derivative product, similar to a standard credit default swap (CDS). Addressing CMCDS typically requires prior understanding of credit default swaps.
In a CMCDS the protection buyer makes periodic payments to the protection seller (these payments constitute the premium leg), and in return receives a payoff (protection or default leg) if an underlying financial instrument defaults. Differently from a standard CDS, the premium leg of a CMCDS does not pay a fixed and pre-agreed amount but a floating spread, using a traded CDS as a reference index. More precisely, given a pre-assigned time-to-maturity, at any payment instant of the premium leg the rate that is offered is indexed at a traded CDS spread on the same reference credit existing in that moment for the pre-assigned time-to-maturity (hence the name "constant maturity" CDS). The default or protection leg is mostly the same as the leg of a standard CDS. Often CMCDS are expressed in terms of participation rate. The participation rate may be defined as the ratio between the present value of the premium leg of a standard CDS with the same final maturity and the present value of the premium leg of the constant maturity CDS. CMCDS may be combined with CDS on the same entity to take only spread risk and not default risk on an entity. Indeed, as the default leg is the same, buying a CDS and selling a CMCDS or vice versa will offset the default legs and leave onl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic%20Logic | Plastic Logic Germany develops and manufactures electrophoretic displays (EPD), based on organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) technology, in Dresden, Germany.
Originally a spin-off company from the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, the company was founded in 2000 by Richard Friend, Henning Sirringhaus and Stuart Evans and specialised in polymer transistors and plastic electronics.
In February 2015, the company announced that the technology development and manufacturing parts of Plastic Logic would be separated and would go forward as independent companies, in order to generate focus while addressing a range of opportunities available in identified markets. The manufacturing plant in Dresden, Germany, which develops, manufactures and sells a range of flexible EPD, operates independently under the name Plastic Logic Germany.
Plastic Logic opened the first mini-fabrication plant on November 11, 2003 in Cambridge, UK.
A factory for the mass-production of the display units was opened on September 17, 2008 in Dresden, Germany.
Plastic Logic announced its first plastic screen device on November 30, 2004, to be used by Siemens Communications in their mobile devices. This was followed by the announcement of an ereader called the QUE proReader. However, by August 2010, they had cancelled the QUE proReader. In September 2011 the company announced Plastic Logic 100 aimed to bring e-textbooks to Russian schools.
In January 2011 the company received $280m in venture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutant%20lifting%20theorem | In operator theory, the commutant lifting theorem, due to Sz.-Nagy and Foias, is a powerful theorem used to prove several interpolation results.
Statement
The commutant lifting theorem states that if is a contraction on a Hilbert space , is its minimal unitary dilation acting on some Hilbert space (which can be shown to exist by Sz.-Nagy's dilation theorem), and is an operator on commuting with , then there is an operator on commuting with such that
and
Here, is the projection from onto . In other words, an operator from the commutant of T can be "lifted" to an operator in the commutant of the unitary dilation of T.
Applications
The commutant lifting theorem can be used to prove the left Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation theorem, the Sarason interpolation theorem, and the two-sided Nudelman theorem, among others.
References
Vern Paulsen, Completely Bounded Maps and Operator Algebras 2002,
B Sz.-Nagy and C. Foias, "The "Lifting theorem" for intertwining operators and some new applications", Indiana Univ. Math. J 20 (1971): 901-904
Foiaş, Ciprian, ed. Metric Constrained Interpolation, Commutant Lifting, and Systems. Vol. 100. Springer, 1998.
Operator theory
Theorems in functional analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz.-Nagy%27s%20dilation%20theorem | The Sz.-Nagy dilation theorem (proved by Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy) states that every contraction on a Hilbert space has a unitary dilation to a Hilbert space , containing , with
where is the projection from onto .
Moreover, such a dilation is unique (up to unitary equivalence) when one assumes K is minimal, in the sense that the linear span of is dense in K. When this minimality condition holds, U is called the minimal unitary dilation of T.
Proof
For a contraction T (i.e., (), its defect operator DT is defined to be the (unique) positive square root DT = (I - T*T)½. In the special case that S is an isometry, DS* is a projector and DS=0, hence the following is an Sz. Nagy unitary dilation of S with the required polynomial functional calculus property:
Returning to the general case of a contraction T, every contraction T on a Hilbert space H has an isometric dilation, again with the calculus property, on
given by
Substituting the S thus constructed into the previous Sz.-Nagy unitary dilation for an isometry S, one obtains a unitary dilation for a contraction T:
Schaffer form
The Schaffer form of a unitary Sz. Nagy dilation can be viewed as a beginning point for the characterization of all unitary dilations, with the required property, for a given contraction.
Remarks
A generalisation of this theorem, by Berger, Foias and Lebow, shows that if X is a spectral set for T, and
is a Dirichlet algebra, then T has a minimal normal δX dilation, of the form above. A cons |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuratowski%27s%20free%20set%20theorem | Kuratowski's free set theorem, named after Kazimierz Kuratowski, is a result of set theory, an area of mathematics. It is a result which has been largely forgotten for almost 50 years, but has been applied recently in solving several lattice theory problems, such as the congruence lattice problem.
Denote by the set of all finite subsets of a set . Likewise, for a positive integer , denote by the set of all -elements subsets of . For a mapping , we say that a subset of is free (with respect to ), if for any -element subset of and any , . Kuratowski published in 1951 the following result, which characterizes the infinite cardinals of the form .
The theorem states the following. Let be a positive integer and let be a set. Then the cardinality of is greater than or equal to if and only if for every mapping from to ,
there exists an -element free subset of with respect to .
For , Kuratowski's free set theorem is superseded by Hajnal's set mapping theorem.
References
P. Erdős, A. Hajnal, A. Máté, R. Rado: Combinatorial Set Theory: Partition Relations for Cardinals, North-Holland, 1984, pp. 282–285.
C. Kuratowski, Sur une caractérisation des alephs, Fund. Math. 38 (1951), 14–17.
John C. Simms (1991) "Sierpiński's theorem", Simon Stevin 65: 69–163.
Set theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGOC | WGOC is an AM radio station broadcasting in Kingsport, Tennessee, under a Business Radio format. It broadcasts on AM frequency 1320 kHz and is under ownership of Cumulus Media.
History
The station signed on the air in 1951 under the call letters WKIN and was soon owned by Cy Bahakel. The station was originally daytime-only and, over the years, increased its power to 5,000 watts.
In the 1960s and 1970s the station was a popular Top 40 outlet with a personality-DJ format. Some key names over the years included:
Bill Austin
Eddie Skelton
Joe Mills
Phil Roberts
John Selby Engineer
Gary Morse
Dick Winstead ("Richard Bailey Winstead," "Dickie-Doo")
Wayne Bernard ("Nard") (now known as Charlie Chase)
Mike Casey ("The Mighty Casey")
Charlie O'Day ("Good-Time Charlie")
Oscar Harris ("The Big O")
Ron Mack
Jonathan Lee Forrester
Terry Thomas
Ken Maness
Roger Lynn
Ric Darby
Reggie Jordan ("The Hit Man")
Jeff Taylor ("The Rocket Man," "J. Rocket")
Chuck Carroll ("The Funky Ol' Chuck-A-Luck")
Bill Meade
Bob Gordon ("Robert W. Gordon")
Mike Lee
TB Scott
Dave Miller
Steve Howard
John R. Kelly
Robin Hyatt
Gary Trudeau
Mark Evan McKinney
Tom Shannon ("Curly")
Steve Gilly
Don Dale
Dave Jeffries
Darwin Paustian
Dick McClellan
"Lonesome" Jim Edwards
Chuck Ness
"Professor" Matt Stevens
Fred Williams
Claude "Red" Kirk
Dave Ray
Joseph Reed (Jay Lee)
Nighttime service was added in 1981 with a new 4-tower directional arra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late%20move%20reductions | In computer chess, and in other games that computers play, late move reductions is a non-game-specific enhancement to the alpha–beta algorithm and its variants which attempts to examine a game search tree more efficiently. It uses the assumption that good game-specific move ordering causes a program to search the most likely moves early. If a cut-off is going to happen in a search, the first few moves are the ones most likely to cause them. In games like chess, most programs search winning captures and "killer moves" first. Late move reductions will reduce the search depth for moves searched later at a given node. This allows the program to search deeper along the critical lines, and play better.
Most chess programs will search the first several moves at a node to full depth. Often, they do not reduce moves considered to be very tactical, such as captures or promotions. If the score of the move at a reduced depth is smaller than the alpha, the move is assumed to be bad. However, if the score is larger than alpha, the reduced search tells us nothing so we will have to do a full search (fail-low).
This search reduction can lead to a different search space than the pure alpha–beta method which can give different results. Care must be taken to select the reduction criteria or the search will miss some deep threats.
External links
An Introduction to Late Move Reductions
Computer chess
Search algorithms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20continuation | Numerical continuation is a method of computing approximate solutions of a system of parameterized nonlinear equations,
The parameter is usually a real scalar, and the solution an n-vector. For a fixed parameter value , maps Euclidean n-space into itself.
Often the original mapping is from a Banach space into itself, and the Euclidean n-space is a finite-dimensional Banach space.
A steady state, or fixed point, of a parameterized family of flows or maps are of this form, and by discretizing trajectories of a flow or iterating a map, periodic orbits and heteroclinic orbits can also be posed as a solution of .
Other forms
In some nonlinear systems, parameters are explicit. In others they are implicit, and the system of nonlinear equations is written
where is an n-vector, and its image is an n-1 vector.
This formulation, without an explicit parameter space is not usually suitable for the formulations in the following sections, because they refer to parameterized autonomous nonlinear dynamical systems of the form:
However, in an algebraic system there is no distinction between unknowns and the parameters.
Periodic motions
A periodic motion is a closed curve in phase space. That is, for some period ,
The textbook example of a periodic motion is the undamped pendulum.
If the phase space is periodic in one or more coordinates, say , with a vector , then there is a second kind of periodic motions defined by
for every integer .
The first step in writing an im |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon-alpha/beta%20receptor | The interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) is a virtually ubiquitous membrane receptor which binds endogenous type I interferon (IFN) cytokines. Endogenous human type I IFNs include many subtypes, such as interferons-α, -β, -ε, -κ, -ω, and -ζ.
Function
Activation of various innate immune signaling pathways (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, cGAS, RIG-I, MDA-5) leads to the rapid induction of type I IFNs due to their (mostly) intronless gene structure. The regulatory elements upstream of type I IFN genes differ, allowing differential transcription of type I IFNs in response to stimuli. In particular, IFNβ contains a κB regulatory site, whereas IFNα subtypes do not. Production of specific type I IFNs is usually limited to a small number of type I IFN subtypes. Once secreted, type I IFNs signal through IFNAR in a paracrine and autocrine manner.
IFNAR is a heteromeric cell surface receptor composed of two subunits, referred to as the low affinity subunit, IFNAR1, and the high affinity subunit, IFNAR2. Upon binding of type I interferons, IFNAR activates the JAK-STAT signalling pathway, along with MAPK, PI3K, and Akt signaling pathways. IFNAR agonism results in transcriptional changes, with the potential to increase or suppress the transcription of over 2000 different genes. For example, type I IFNs induce interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression, classically resulting in a robust anti-viral immune response. Additionally, IFNs largely impact cell health and viability, with effects on a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon-gamma%20receptor | The interferon-gamma receptor (IFNGR) protein complex is the heterodimer of two chains: IFNGR1 and IFNGR2. It binds interferon-γ, the sole member of interferon type II.
Structure and function
The human interferon-gamma receptor complex consists the heterodimer of two chains: IFNGR1 and IFNGR2. In unstimulated cells, these subunits are not preassociated with each other but rather associate through their intracellular domains with inactive forms of specific Janus family kinases (Jak1 and Jak2). Jak1 and Jak2 constitutively associate with IFNGR1 and IFNGR2, respectively. Binding of IFN-γ to IFNGR1 induces the rapid dimerization of IFNGR1 chains, thereby forming a site that is recognized by the extracellular domain of IFNGR2. The ligand-induced assembly of the complete receptor complex contains two IFNGR1 and two IFNGR2 subunits, which bring into close juxtaposition the intracellular domains of these proteins together with the inactive Jak1 and Jak2 kinases that they associate with. In this complex, Jak1 and Jak2 transactivate one another and then phosphorylate IFNGR1, thereby forming a paired set of Stat1 docking sites on the ligated receptor. Two Stat1 molecules then associate with the paired docking sites, are brought into close proximity with receptor-associated-activated JAK kinases, and are activated by phosphorylation of the Stat1. Tyrosine-phosphorylated Stat1 molecules dissociate from their receptor tether and form homodimeric complexes. Activated Stat1 translocate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraction%20of%20variance%20unexplained | In statistics, the fraction of variance unexplained (FVU) in the context of a regression task is the fraction of variance of the regressand (dependent variable) Y which cannot be explained, i.e., which is not correctly predicted, by the explanatory variables X.
Formal definition
Suppose we are given a regression function yielding for each an estimate where is the vector of the ith observations on all the explanatory variables. We define the fraction of variance unexplained (FVU) as:
where R2 is the coefficient of determination and VARerr and VARtot are the variance of the residuals and the sample variance of the dependent variable. SSerr (the sum of squared predictions errors, equivalently the residual sum of squares), SStot (the total sum of squares), and SSreg (the sum of squares of the regression, equivalently the explained sum of squares) are given by
Alternatively, the fraction of variance unexplained can be defined as follows:
where MSE(f) is the mean squared error of the regression function ƒ.
Explanation
It is useful to consider the second definition to understand FVU. When trying to predict Y, the most naive regression function that we can think of is the constant function predicting the mean of Y, i.e., . It follows that the MSE of this function equals the variance of Y; that is, SSerr = SStot, and SSreg = 0. In this case, no variation in Y can be accounted for, and the FVU then has its maximum value of 1.
More generally, the FVU will be 1 if the explanato |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CH%E2%80%93CH%20oxidoreductases | CH–CH oxidoreductases are oxidoreductase enzymes that convert single bonds and double bonds between two carbon atoms. They are classified under EC number 1.3.
One example is 5-alpha reductase:
Note the major difference—the Δ4,5 double-bond on the A (leftmost) ring. (The other differences between the diagrams are unrelated to chemical structure.)
See also
Alpha-santonin 1,2-reductase
External links
EC 1.3 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaryl-CoA%20dehydrogenase | Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) is an enzyme encoded by the GCDH gene on chromosome 19. The protein belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family (ACD). It catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of glutaryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA and carbon dioxide in the degradative pathway of L-lysine, L-hydroxylysine, and L-tryptophan metabolism. It uses electron transfer flavoprotein as its electron acceptor. The enzyme exists in the mitochondrial matrix as a homotetramer of 45-kD subunits. Mutations in this gene result in the metabolic disorder glutaric aciduria type 1, which is also known as glutaric acidemia type I. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants.
Structure
GCDH is a tetramer with tetrahedral symmetry, which allows it to be seen as a dimer of dimers. Its structure is very similar to other ACDs but the overall polypeptide fold of the GCDH is made up of three domains: an alpha-helical bundle amino-terminal domain, a beta-sheet domain in the middle, and another alpha-helical domain at the carboxyl terminus. The flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is located at the junction between the middle beta-strand and the carboxyl terminal alpha-helix domain of one subunit and the carboxyl-terminal domain of the neighboring subunit. The most distinct difference between GCDH and other ACDs in terms of structure is the carboxyl and amino-terminal regions of the monomer and in the loop between beta-strands 4 and 5 because it is only made up of four residues, whe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein%20AI | Apolipoprotein AI (Apo-AI) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOA1 gene. As the major component of HDL particles, it has a specific role in lipid metabolism.
Structure
APOA1 is located on chromosome 11, with its specific location being 11q23-q24. The gene contains 4 exons. The encoded apolipoprotein AI, is a 28.1 kDa protein composed of 243 amino acids; 21 peptides have been observed through mass spectrometry data.
Function
Apolipoprotein AI is the major protein component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles in plasma.
Chylomicrons secreted from the intestinal enterocyte also contain Apo-AI, but it is quickly transferred to HDL in the bloodstream.
The protein, as a component of HDL particles, enables efflux of fat molecules by accepting fats from within cells (including macrophages within the walls of arteries which have become overloaded with ingested fats from oxidized LDL particles) for transport (in the water outside cells) elsewhere, including back to LDL particles or to the liver for excretion.
It is a cofactor for lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) which is responsible for the formation of most plasma cholesteryl esters. Apolipoprotein AI has also been isolated as a prostacyclin (PGI2) stabilizing factor, and thus may have an anticlotting effect. Defects in the gene encoding it are associated with HDL deficiencies, including Tangier disease, and with systemic non-neuropathic amyloidosis.
Apo-AI is often used as a biomarker for predicti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein%20C-III | Apolipoprotein C-III also known as apo-CIII, and apolipoprotein C3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOC3 gene. Apo-CIII is secreted by the liver as well as the small intestine, and is found on triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as chylomicrons, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and remnant cholesterol.
Structure
ApoC-III is a relatively small protein containing 79 amino acids that can be glycosylated at threonine-74. The most abundant glycoforms are characterized by an O-linked disaccharide galactose linked to N-acetylgalactosamine (Gal- GalNAc), further modified with up to 2 sialic acid residues. Less abundant glycoforms are characterized by more complex and fucosylated glycan moieties.
Function
APOC3 inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase; it is thought to inhibit hepatic uptake of triglyceride-rich particles. The APOA1, APOC3 and APOA4 genes are closely linked in both rat and human genomes. The A-I and A-IV genes are transcribed from the same strand, while the A-1 and C-III genes are convergently transcribed. An increase in apoC-III levels induces the development of hypertriglyceridemia.
Recent evidences suggest an intracellular role for Apo-CIII in promoting the assembly and secretion of triglyceride-rich VLDL particles from hepatic cells under lipid-rich conditions. However, two naturally occurring point mutations in human apoC3 coding sequence, namely Ala23Thr and Lys58Glu have been shown to abolish the intracellular assembly and secreti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein%20C-IV | Apolipoprotein C-IV, also known as apolipoprotein C4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOC4 gene.
Function
APOC4 is a member of the apolipoprotein C gene family. It is expressed in the liver and has a predicted protein structure characteristic of the other genes in this family. APOC4 is a 3.3-kb gene consisting of 3 exons and 2 introns; it is located 0.5 kb 5' to the APOC2 gene.
References
External links
Further reading
Apolipoproteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein%20D | Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOD gene. Unlike other lipoproteins, which are mainly produced in the liver, apolipoprotein D is mainly produced in the brain and testes. It is a 29 kDa glycoprotein discovered in 1963 as a component of the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction of human plasma. It is the major component of human mammary cyst fluid. The human gene encoding it was cloned in 1986 and the deduced protein sequence revealed that ApoD is a member of the lipocalin family, small hydrophobic molecule transporters. ApoD is 169 amino acids long, including a secretion peptide signal of 20 amino acids. It contains two glycosylation sites (aspargines 45 and 78) and the molecular weight of the mature protein varies from 20 to 32 kDa (see figure 1). The resolved tertiary structure shows that ApoD is composed of 8 anti-parallel β-strands forming a hydrophobic cavity capable of receiving different ligands. ApoD also contains 5 cysteine residues, 4 of which are involved in intra-molecular disulfide bonds.
Function
Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is a component of HDL that has no marked similarity to other apolipoprotein sequences. It has a high degree of homology to plasma retinol-binding protein and other members of the alpha 2 microglobulin protein superfamily of carrier proteins, also known as lipocalins. It is a glycoprotein of estimated molecular weight 33 KDa. Apo-D is closely associated with the enzyme lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein%20H | β2-glycoprotein 1, also known as beta-2 glycoprotein 1 and Apolipoprotein H (Apo-H), is a 38 kDa multifunctional plasma protein that in humans is encoded by the APOH gene. One of its functions is to bind cardiolipin. When bound, the structure of cardiolipin and β2-GP1 both undergo large changes in structure. Within the structure of Apo-H is a stretch of positively charged amino acids (protein sequence positions 282-287), Lys-Asn-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys, are involved in phospholipid binding (see image on right).
β2-GP1 has a complex involvement in agglutination. It appears to alter adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-mediated agglutination of platelets. Normally, β2-GP1 assumes an anticoagulation activity in serum (by inhibiting coagulation factors); however, changes in blood factors can result in a reversal of that activity.
Although previously referred to as apolipoprotein H, it is not present in appreciable quantities in the lipoprotein fractions, so ApoH is therefore thought to be a misnomer.
Inhibitory activities
β2-GP1 appears to completely inhibit serotonin release by the platelets and prevents subsequent waves of the ADP-induced aggregation. The activity of β2-GP1 appears to involve the binding of agglutinating, negatively charged compounds, and inhibits agglutination by the contact activation of the intrinsic blood coagulation pathway. β2-GP1 causes a reduction of the prothrombinase binding sites on platelets and reduces the activation caused by collagen when thrombin is presen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChIP-on-chip | ChIP-on-chip (also known as ChIP-chip) is a technology that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation ('ChIP') with DNA microarray ("chip"). Like regular ChIP, ChIP-on-chip is used to investigate interactions between proteins and DNA in vivo. Specifically, it allows the identification of the cistrome, the sum of binding sites, for DNA-binding proteins on a genome-wide basis. Whole-genome analysis can be performed to determine the locations of binding sites for almost any protein of interest. As the name of the technique suggests, such proteins are generally those operating in the context of chromatin. The most prominent representatives of this class are transcription factors, replication-related proteins, like origin recognition complex protein (ORC), histones, their variants, and histone modifications.
The goal of ChIP-on-chip is to locate protein binding sites that may help identify functional elements in the genome. For example, in the case of a transcription factor as a protein of interest, one can determine its transcription factor binding sites throughout the genome. Other proteins allow the identification of promoter regions, enhancers, repressors and silencing elements, insulators, boundary elements, and sequences that control DNA replication. If histones are subject of interest, it is believed that the distribution of modifications and their localizations may offer new insights into the mechanisms of regulation.
One of the long-term goals ChIP-on-chip was designed for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol%20kinase | Glycerol kinase, encoded by the gene GK, is a phosphotransferase enzyme involved in triglycerides and glycerophospholipids synthesis.
Glycerol kinase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate from ATP to glycerol thus forming glycerol 3-phosphate:
ATP + glycerol <=> ADP + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
Adipocytes lack glycerol kinase so they cannot metabolize the glycerol produced during triacyl glycerol degradation. This glycerol is instead shuttled to the liver via the blood where it is:
Phosphorylated by glycerol kinase to glycerol 3-phosphate.
Converted from glycerol 3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) via glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. DHAP can participate in glycolysis or gluconeogenesis.
Enzyme regulation
This protein may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation.
Structure
Glycerol Kinase (alternative name, ATP:glycerol 3-phosphotransferase or Glycerokinase) adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold consisting of an alpha-beta 2-layer sandwich of CATH family 3.30.420.40. , there were 20 structures of this protein in the PDB, most of which are homodimeric.
See also
Glycerol
Kinase
External links
References
EC 2.7.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/800%20nm%20process | The 800 nanometer process (800 nm process) is a level of semiconductor process technology that was reached in the 1989–1990 timeframe, by most leading semiconductor companies, such as Intel, ATI Technologies, and IBM.
Products featuring 800 nm manufacturing process
Intel 80486 CPU launched in 1989 was manufactured using this process.
microSPARC I launched in 1992
First Intel P5 Pentium CPUs at 60 MHz and 66 MHz launched in 1993
References
00800 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%20%C2%B5m%20process | The 1 μm process (1 micrometre process) is a level of MOSFET semiconductor process technology that was commercialized around the 1984–1986 timeframe, by leading semiconductor companies like NTT, NEC, Intel and IBM. It was the first process where CMOS was common (as opposed to NMOS).
The earliest MOSFET with a 1μm NMOS channel length was fabricated by a research team led by Robert H. Dennard, Hwa-Nien Yu and F.H. Gaensslen at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center in 1974.
Products featuring 1.0 μm manufacturing process
NTT introduced the 1μm process for its DRAM memory chips, including its 64kin 1979 and 256kin 1980.
NEC's 1Mbit DRAM memory chip was manufactured with the 1μm process in 1984.
Intel 80386 CPU launched in 1985 was manufactured using this process.
Intel uses this process on the CHMOS III-E technology.
Intel uses this process on the CHMOS IV technology.
References
External links
Brief timeline of microprocessor development
01000 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision%20Cellular%20Storage | Precision Cellular Storage is a transport quality cord blood stem cell bank, with operations in Doha and the United Kingdom. The company was formerly named Virgin Health Bank until 2018, when it closed to new business and focused on the storage of existing customers' units.
History
The company was established in 2007 by the Virgin Group to combine storage services with educational initiatives for families and the medical community.
Cord blood banking enables stem cells to be collected from the blood remaining in a baby's umbilical cord and then cryo-preserved so that they can be used in therapies should the child or other matched recipients require them.
Virgin Health Bank was established to fulfil three key purposes:
To provide families with access to transplant quality cord blood stem cell banking services.
To provide families with access to honest and accurate information about cord blood banking, empowering them to make truly informed choices about storing their baby's stem cells.
To develop awareness and understanding of cord blood banking amongst both the general population and the medical communities.
The company operates in the United Kingdom and in the State of Qatar.
References
External links
Organizations established in 2007
H |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20wine | The classification of wine is based on various criteria including place of origin or appellation, vinification method and style, sweetness and vintage, and the grape variety or varieties used. Practices vary in different countries and regions of origin, and many practices have varied over time. Some classifications enjoy official protection by being part of the wine law in their country of origin, while others have been created by, for example, growers' organizations without such protection.
The term "wine"
Within the European Union, the term "wine" and its equivalents in other languages is reserved exclusively for the fermented juice of grapes.
In the United States, the term is also used for the fermented juice of any fruit or agricultural product, provided that it has an alcohol content of 7 to 24% (alcohol by volume) and is intended for non-industrial use. With the exceptions of cider, perry, and sake, such non-grape wines are to be labelled with the word "wine" qualified by a truthful description of the originating product: "honey wine", "dandelion wine", (blended) "fruit wine", etc.
Other jurisdictions have similar rules dictating the range of products qualifying as "wine".
By appellation
Historically, wines have been known by names reflecting their origin, and sometimes style: Bordeaux, Port, Rioja, Mosel and Chianti are all legally defined names reflecting the traditional wines produced in the named region. These naming conventions or "appellations" (as they are k |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%2A%20theorem | In mathematics, George Glauberman's Z* theorem is stated as follows:
Z* theorem: Let G be a finite group, with O(G) being its maximal normal subgroup of odd order. If T is a Sylow 2-subgroup of G containing an involution not conjugate in G to any other element of T, then the involution lies in Z*(G), which is the inverse image in G of the center of G/O(G).
This generalizes the Brauer–Suzuki theorem (and the proof uses the Brauer–Suzuki theorem to deal with some small cases).
Details
The original paper gave several criteria for an element to lie outside Its theorem 4 states:
For an element t in T, it is necessary and sufficient for t to lie outside Z*(G) that there is some g in G and abelian subgroup U of T satisfying the following properties:
g normalizes both U and the centralizer CT(U), that is g is contained in N = NG(U) ∩ NG(CT(U))
t is contained in U and tg ≠ gt
U is generated by the N-conjugates of t
the exponent of U is equal to the order of t
Moreover g may be chosen to have prime power order if t is in the center of T, and g may be chosen in T otherwise.
A simple corollary is that an element t in T is not in Z*(G) if and only if there is some s ≠ t such that s and t commute and s and t are G-conjugate.
A generalization to odd primes was recorded in : if t is an element of prime order p and the commutator [t, g] has order coprime to p for all g, then t is central modulo the p′-core. This was also generalized to odd primes and to compact Lie groups in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gex%20%28video%20game%29 | Gex is a platform game developed by Crystal Dynamics. It was originally released for the 3DO in 1995; ports of the game for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn were later developed by Beam Software, and a PC version was licensed by Microsoft and released for Microsoft Windows. It was a pack-in game for Panasonic models of the 3DO later in the console's life. It is the first in the Gex series of video games, and introduces players to the title character, a wisecracking, television-obsessed gecko voiced by comedian Dana Gould, who must venture through the "Media Dimension" and defeat Rez, the overlord of the dimension who wants to make Gex into his new network mascot.
Gex was created by Lyle Hall in 1993 shortly after he had joined Crystal Dynamics, and initially followed a movie stuntman named Gecko X before being retooled at the advisory of lead programmer Gregg Tavares. The game's lead character was intended as a mascot for the developer who could rival the likes of other immensely popular platformer characters – primarily Mario and Sonic the Hedgehog. Initially intended for completion in June 1994, and later in September of that year, development of the game took 21 months, with time constraints and a limited development team leading to numerous production difficulties. Several features were cut because of a necessity to complete the game on time, but some of these features were later re-added by a team of developers who programmed several other secret features into the game.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1.5%20%C2%B5m%20process | The 1.5 μm process is the level of MOSFET semiconductor process technology that was reached around 19811982, by leading semiconductor companies such as Intel and IBM.
Products featuring 1.5 μm manufacturing process
NEC's 64kbit SRAM memory chip introduced the 1.5 μm process in 1981.
Intel 80286 CPU launched in 1982 was manufactured using this process.
Intel introduced a 64kbit DRAM memory chip using a 1.5 μm CMOS process in 1983.
Ricoh RF5C164 is a silicon-gate CMOS sound chip used in the Sega CD video game console, released in 1991.
The Amiga Advanced Graphics Architecture (initially sold in 1992) included chips such as Lisa that were manufactured using a 1.5 μm CMOS process.
Intel used the 1.5-micron process on the HMOS-III technology.
Intel used the 1.4-micron process on the HMOS II-E technology.
Intel used the 1.5-micron process on the CHMOS III technology.
References
External links
Brief timeline of microprocessor development
01500
1982 introductions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%20%C2%B5m%20process | The 3 μm process is the level of MOSFET semiconductor process technology that was reached around 1977, by leading semiconductor companies such as Intel.
Products featuring 3 μm manufacturing process
Intel's 8085, 8086, 8088 CPU's launched in 1976, 1978, 1979, respectively, were manufactured using its 3.2 μm NMOS (HMOS) process. .
Hitachi's 4kbit HM6147 SRAM memory chip, launched in 1978, introduced the twin-well CMOS process, at 3 μm.
Motorola 68000 (MC68000) CPU, launched in 1979, was originally fabricated using an HMOS process with a 3.5 μm feature size.
The ARM1 was launched in 1985 and manufactured on a 3μm process.
References
03000
Computer-related introductions in 1975 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%20%C2%B5m%20process | The 10 μm process (10 micron smallest dimension) is the level of MOSFET semiconductor process technology that was commercially reached around 1971, by leading semiconductor companies such as RCA and Intel.
Products featuring 10 μm manufacturing process
RCA's CD4000 series of integrated circuits began with a 20μm process in 1968, before gradually downscaling and eventually reaching 10μm in the next several years.
Intel 1103, an early dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) chip launched in 1970, used an 8μm process.
Intel 4004 CPU launched in 1971 was manufactured using a 10μm process.
Intel 8008 CPU launched in 1972 was manufactured using this process.
References
External links
Brief timeline of microprocessor development
10000
1971 introductions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZJ%20theorem | In mathematics, George Glauberman's ZJ theorem states that if a finite group G is p-constrained and p-stable and has a normal p-subgroup for some odd prime p, then O(G)Z(J(S)) is a normal subgroup of G, for any Sylow p-subgroup S.
Notation and definitions
J(S) is the Thompson subgroup of a p-group S: the subgroup generated by the abelian subgroups of maximal order.
Z(H) means the center of a group H.
O is the maximal normal subgroup of G of order coprime to p, the -core
Op is the maximal normal p-subgroup of G, the p-core.
O,p(G) is the maximal normal p-nilpotent subgroup of G, the ,p-core, part of the upper p-series.
For an odd prime p, a group G with Op(G) ≠ 1 is said to be p-stable if whenever P is a p-subgroup of G such that PO(G) is normal in G, and [P,x,x] = 1, then the image of x in NG(P)/CG(P) is contained in a normal p-subgroup of NG(P)/CG(P).
For an odd prime p, a group G with Op(G) ≠ 1 is said to be p-constrained if the centralizer CG(P) is contained in O,p(G) whenever P is a Sylow p-subgroup of O,p(G).
References
Theorems about finite groups |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20crisis | In fluid dynamics, drag crisis (also known as the Eiffel paradox) is a phenomenon in which drag coefficient drops off suddenly as Reynolds number increases. This has been well studied for round bodies like spheres and cylinders. The drag coefficient of a sphere will change rapidly from about 0.5 to 0.2 at a Reynolds number in the range of 300000. This corresponds to the point where the flow pattern changes, leaving a narrower turbulent wake. The behavior is highly dependent on small differences in the condition of the surface of the sphere.
History
The drag crisis was observed in 1905 by Nikolay Zhukovsky, who guessed that this paradox can be explained by the detachment of streamlines at different points of the sphere at different velocities.
Later the paradox was independently discovered in experiments by Gustave Eiffel and Charles Maurain.
Upon Eiffel's retirement, he built the first wind tunnel in a lab located at the base of the Eiffel Tower, to investigate wind loads on structures and early aircraft. In a series of tests he found that the force loading experienced an abrupt decline at a critical Reynolds number.
The paradox was explained from boundary-layer theory by German fluid dynamicist Ludwig Prandtl.
Explanation
The drag crisis is associated with a transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer flow adjacent to the object. For cylindrical structures, this transition is associated with a transition from well-organized vortex shedding to randomized shedd |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreferenced%20variable | An unreferenced variable in the source code of a computer program is a variable that is defined but which is never used. This may result in a harmless waste of memory. Many compilers detect such variables and do not allocate storage for them (i.e., "optimize away" their storage), generally also issuing a warning as they do.
Some coding guideline documents consider an unreferenced variable to be a symptom of a potential coding fault. On the other hand, unreferenced variables can be used as temporary placeholders to indicate further expected future developments in the code.
Examples
C:
int main(void)
{
int i, j;
for (i=0; i<10; i++)
printf("%d", i);
return 0;
}
In this example, j is an unreferenced variable.
References
Variable (computer science) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%27s%20matchbox%20problem | Banach's match problem is a classic problem in probability attributed to Stefan Banach. Feller says that the problem was inspired by a humorous reference to Banach's smoking habit in a speech honouring him by Hugo Steinhaus, but that it was not Banach who set the problem or provided an answer.
Suppose a mathematician carries two matchboxes at all times: one in his left pocket and one in his right. Each time he needs a match, he is equally likely to take it from either pocket. Suppose he reaches into his pocket and discovers for the first time that the box picked is empty. If it is assumed that each of the matchboxes originally contained matches, what is the probability that there are exactly matches in the other box?
Solution
Without loss of generality consider the case where the matchbox in his right pocket has an unlimited number of matches and let be the number of matches removed from this one before the left one is found to be empty. When the left pocket is found to be empty, the man has chosen that pocket times. Then is the number of successes before failures in Bernoulli trials with , which has the negative binomial distribution and thus
.
Returning to the original problem, we see that the probability that the left pocket is found to be empty first is which equals because both are equally likely. We see that the number of matches remaining in the other pocket is
.
The expectation of the distribution is approximately . (This is shown using Stirling's |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-free%20system | A cell-free system is an in vitro tool widely used to study biological reactions that happen within cells apart from a full cell system, thus reducing the complex interactions typically found when working in a whole cell. Subcellular fractions can be isolated by ultracentrifugation to provide molecular machinery that can be used in reactions in the absence of many of the other cellular components. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell internals have been used for creation of these simplified environments. These systems have enabled cell-free synthetic biology to emerge, providing control over what reaction is being examined, as well as its yield, and lessening the considerations otherwise invoked when working with more sensitive live cells.
Types
Cell-free systems may be divided into two primary classifications: cell extract-based, which remove components from within a whole cell for external use, and purified enzyme-based, which use purified components of the molecules known to be involved in a given process. The cell extract-based type are susceptible to problems like quick degradation of components outside their host, as shown in a study by Kitaoka et al. where a cell-free translation system based on Escherichia coli (E. coli), of the cell extract-based type, had the mRNA template degrade very quickly and led to the halt of protein synthesis.
Preparation
The methods of preparation vary between situations of both types of cell-free systems.
Cell extract–based
Nobel prize winne |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterility%20assurance%20level | In microbiology, sterility assurance level (SAL) is the probability that a single unit that has been subjected to sterilization nevertheless remains nonsterile.
It is never possible to prove that all organisms have been destroyed, as the likelihood of survival of an individual microorganism is never zero. So SAL is used to express the probability of the survival. For example, medical device manufacturers design their sterilization processes for an extremely low SAL, such as 10−6, which is a 1 in 1,000,000 chance of a non-sterile unit. SAL also describes the killing efficacy of a sterilization process. A very effective sterilization process has a very low SAL.
Terminology
Mathematically, SALs are probabilities, often very small but (by definition) always lying between zero and one. So when they are expressed in scientific notation their exponents are negative, as for instance, "The SAL of this process is 10−6". But the term SAL is sometimes also used to refer to a sterilization's efficacy. This usage (technically the multiplicative inverse) results in positive exponents, as in "The SAL of this process is 106". To avoid ambiguity from these inverse usages, some authors use the term log reduction (e.g., "This process gives a six-log reduction").
SALs can also be used to describe the microbial population that was destroyed by the sterilization process, though this is not the same as the probabilistic definition. What is often called a "log reduction" (technically a reduction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Go%20Game | The Go Game is a competitive game put on by a San Francisco company of the same name. Players race through the game zone solving clues and performing tasks with the aid of a cell phone and digital camera in an effort to earn the most points. The Go Game advertises itself as “the future of corporate play,” and was voted “Best Way to Rediscover Your City” by the SF Weekly.
History
In 2001, Ian Fraser and Finnegan Kelly started running interactive street games for friends that used cellphones as part of the game, an original concept at the time, based in the Mission District. Fraser said that the idea and name had come to him in a dream about a journey. They then ran larger games and started charging players to participate in the game, which grew into The Go Game as a company.
In 2009, they started a game office in the United Kingdom. In 2010, they had 11 employees and noted the company was self-funded.
As of 2011, they had run more than 10,000 games, mostly team building games for companies, and they had $3 million in annual revenue, with games costing $50-100 per player to run. At the South by Southwest conference in 2011, they released an iPhone application for creating and participating in local scavenger hunts, which was compared to the SCVNGR app. GigaOM called the app "an interesting example of the gamification of work", since the target use was teambuilding exercises.
They have also organized games that teach disaster preparedness as well as serving as entertainmen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OmniPop | OmniPop is a program used to class populations by autosomal DNA results. It is a Microsoft Excel file and requires Excel to run. The program is recognized and used by NIST for the purpose of clustering autosomal markers and is also suggested by commercial genealogical genetics companies to their customers for use in understanding their results.
References
External links
Download OmniPop version 200.1
NIST page linking to current version of OmniPop
Download OmniPop version 150.5
Download page for other .xls DNA programs - Several Y-chromosomal STR age predictor programs
Population genetics
Genetic genealogy
Spreadsheet software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory%20compensation | Respiratory compensation is the modulation by the brainstem respiratory centers, which involves altering alveolar ventilation to try and bring the plasma pH back to its normal value (7.4) in order to keep the acid-base balance in the body. It usually occurs within minutes to hours and is much faster than renal compensation (takes several days), but has less ability to restore normal values.
In metabolic acidosis, chemoreceptors sense a deranged acid-base balance with a plasma pH of lesser than normal (<7.4). The chemoreceptors send afferent fibers to the brainstem respiratory centers. The brainstem respiratory centers increase alveolar ventilation (hyperventilation) so that carbon dioxide () can be breathed off, resulting in an increase of plasma pH. The amount of respiratory compensation in metabolic acidosis can be estimated using Winters' formula. Hyperventilation due to the compensation for metabolic acidosis persists for 24 to 48 hours after correction of the acidosis, and can lead to respiratory alkalosis. This compensation process can occur within minutes.
In metabolic alkalosis, chemoreceptors sense a deranged acid-base balance with a plasma pH of greater than normal (>7.4). The chemoreceptors send afferent fibers to the brainstem respiratory centers. The brainstem respiratory centers decrease alveolar ventilation (hypoventilation) to create a rise in arterial carbon dioxide () tension, resulting in a decrease of plasma pH. However, as there is limitation for decre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophysics | Thermophysics is the application of thermodynamics to geophysics and to planetary science more broadly. It may also be used to refer to the field of thermodynamic and transport properties.
Remote sensing
Earth thermophysics is a branch of geophysics that uses the naturally occurring surface temperature as a function of the cyclical variation in solar radiation to characterise planetary material properties.
Thermophysical properties are characteristics that control the diurnal, seasonal, or climatic surface and subsurface temperature variations (or thermal curves) of a material. The most important thermophysical property is thermal inertia, which controls the amplitude of the thermal curve and albedo (or reflectivity), which controls the average temperature.
This field of observations and computer modeling was first applied to Mars due to the ideal atmospheric pressure for characterising granular materials based upon temperature. The Mariner 6, Mariner 7, and Mariner 9 spacecraft carried thermal infrared radiometers, and a global map of thermal inertia was produced from modeled surface temperatures collected by the Infrared Thermal Mapper Instruments (IRTM) on board the Viking 1 and 2 Orbiters.
The original thermophysical models were based upon the studies of lunar temperature variations. Further development of the models for Mars included surface-atmosphere energy transfer, atmospheric back-radiation, surface emissivity variations, CO2 frost and blocky surfaces, variabil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein | Bose–Einstein may refer to:
Bose–Einstein condensate
Bose–Einstein condensation (network theory)
Bose–Einstein correlations
Bose–Einstein statistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phallic%20Rock | Phallic Rock is a precambrian granite rock formation in Carefree, Arizona, United States. The formation is caused by spheroidal weathering whereby the composition of the granite and its crystal structure facilitated the development of rounded corners and its unique phallic tubular shape. The formation is at the eastern foot of Black Mountain and can be found approximately east of Tom Darlington Drive on Stagecoach Pass Road. The formation is best viewed from the western side looking east. There is a dirt pull-off on the side of Stagecoach Pass Road with enough room for several vehicles.
References
Literature cited
Esperança, S. and J. R. Holloway (1984) Lower crustal nodules from the Camp Creek latite, Carefree, Arizona. Kimberlites II: The mantle and cryst-mantle relationships. J. Kornprobst, Elsevier II: 219–227.
Rock formations of Arizona
Landforms of Maricopa County, Arizona |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac | Fermi–Dirac may refer to:
Fermi–Dirac statistics or Fermi–Dirac distribution
Fermi–Dirac integral (disambiguation)
Complete Fermi–Dirac integral
Incomplete Fermi–Dirac integral
See also
Fermi (disambiguation)
Dirac (disambiguation) |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.