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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penman%E2%80%93Monteith%20equation | The Penman–Monteith equation approximates net evapotranspiration (ET) from meteorological data, as a replacement for direct measurement of evapotranspiration. The equation is widely used, and was derived by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization for modeling potential evapotranspiration ET0.
Significance
Evapotranspiration contributions are very significant in a watershed's water balance, yet are often not emphasized in results because the precision of this component is often weak relative to more directly measured phenomena, e.g. rain and stream flow. In addition to weather uncertainties, the Penman–Monteith equation is sensitive to vegetation specific parameters, e.g. stomatal resistance or conductance.
Various forms of crop coefficients (Kc) account for differences between specific vegetation modeled and a reference evapotranspiration (RET or ET0) standard. Stress coefficients (Ks) account for reductions in ET due to environmental stress (e.g. soil saturation reduces root-zone O2, low soil moisture induces wilt, air pollution effects, and salinity). Models of native vegetation cannot assume crop management to avoid recurring stress.
Equation
Per Monteith's Evaporation and Environment, the equation is:
λv = Latent heat of vaporization. Energy required per unit mass of water vaporized. (J g−1)
Lv = Volumetric latent heat of vaporization. Energy required per water volume vaporized. (Lv = 2453 MJ m−3)
E = Mass water evapotranspiration rate (g s−1 m−2)
ET = |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20Clark | Eugene Clark or Gene Clark may refer to:
Eugene Clark (politician) (1850–1932), Wisconsin politician
Eugene Clark (rower) (1906–1981), American Olympic rower
Eugene Clark (actor) (born 1951), American actor and professional football player
Eugene F. Clark (c. 1911–1998), United States Navy officer
Eugene V. Clark (1926–2012), Catholic priest
Gene Clark (1944–1991), American singer-songwriter
Torchy Clark (Eugene Clark, 1929–2009), first basketball coach at the University of Central Florida
Eugene B. Clark (1874–1942), founder of Clark Equipment Company
Gene Clark, 1968 California political candidate
Gene Clark, grandson of Chief Geronimo, see Buffalo Ranch
"Gene Clark", a song by Teenage Fanclub from their 1993 album Thirteen
See also
Eugenie Clark (1922–2015), American ichthyologist sometimes called "The Shark Lady" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Verdeans%20in%20the%20Netherlands | Cape Verdeans in the Netherlands consist of migrants from Cape Verde to the Netherlands and their descendants. , figures from Statistics Netherlands showed 23,150 people of Cape Verdean origin in the Netherlands (people from Cape Verde, or those with a parent from there).
Migration history
Early migration from Cape Verde to the Netherlands began in the 1960s and 1970s. The migrants consisted primarily of young men who had signed on as sailors on Dutch ships, and as such they concentrated primarily in the port city of Rotterdam, especially the Heemraadsplein area. Prior to independence in 1975, Cape Verdean immigrants were registered as Portuguese immigrants from the overseas province of Portuguese Cape Verde. Another wave of migration began in 1975, following the independence of Cape Verde from Portugal; this new wave of migrants comprised primarily teachers, soldiers, and other lower officials of the former government. There was an immigration amnesty for Cape Verdean migrants in 1976.
From 1996 to 2010, the number of Cape Verdeans in the Netherlands recorded by Statistics Netherlands grew by roughly 25% from a base of 16,662 people; about three-quarters of the growth in that period was in the 2nd-generation category (people born in the Netherlands to one or two migrant parents from Cape Verde).
As of today, Cape Verdeans are part of the wider Portuguese-speaking community in the Netherlands, comprising around 35,000 people from PALOP countries (the overwhelming majority |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift%20theorem | In mathematics, the (exponential) shift theorem is a theorem about polynomial differential operators (D-operators) and exponential functions. It permits one to eliminate, in certain cases, the exponential from under the D-operators.
Statement
The theorem states that, if P(D) is a polynomial D-operator, then, for any sufficiently differentiable function y,
To prove the result, proceed by induction. Note that only the special case
needs to be proved, since the general result then follows by linearity of D-operators.
The result is clearly true for n = 1 since
Now suppose the result true for n = k, that is,
Then,
This completes the proof.
The shift theorem can be applied equally well to inverse operators:
Related
There is a similar version of the shift theorem for Laplace transforms ():
Examples
The exponential shift theorem can be used to speed the calculation of higher derivatives of functions that is given by the product of an exponential and another function. For instance, if , one has that
Another application of the exponential shift theorem is to solve linear differential equations whose characteristic polynomial has repeated roots.
Notes
References
Multivariable calculus
Shift theorem
Theorems in analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker%20gene | Caretaker genes encode products that stabilize the genome. Fundamentally, mutations in caretaker genes lead to genomic instability. Tumor cells arise from two distinct classes of genomic instability: mutational instability arising from changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA and chromosomal instability arising from improper rearrangement of chromosomes.
Changes in the genome that allow uncontrolled cell proliferation or cell immortality are responsible for cancer. It is believed that the major changes in the genome that lead to cancer arise from mutations in tumor suppressor genes. In 1997, Kinzler and Bert Vogelstein grouped these cancer susceptibility genes into two classes: "caretakers" and "gatekeepers". In 2004, a third classification of tumor suppressor genes was proposed by Franziska Michor, Yoh Iwasa, and Martin Nowak; "landscaper" genes.
In contrast to caretaker genes, gatekeeper genes encode gene products that act to prevent growth of potential cancer cells and prevent accumulation of mutations that directly lead to increased cellular proliferation.
The third classification of genes, the landscapers, encode products that, when mutated, contribute to the neoplastic growth of cells by fostering a stromal environment conducive to unregulated cell proliferation.
Genes in context
Pathways to cancer via the caretakers
The process of DNA replication inherently places cells at risk of acquiring mutations. Thus, caretaker genes are vitally important to cellular h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Oxalylglycine | N-Oxalylglycine is the organic compound with the formula HO2CC(O)NHCH2CO2H. This colourless solid is used as an inhibitor of α-ketoglutarate-dependent enzymes. It is isosteric with α-Ketoglutaric acid. Such enzymes are pervasive and, for example, are required for the synthesis of 4-hydroxyproline.
References
Carboxamides
Dicarboxylic acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom%20quartz | Phantom quartz is a variety of quartz consisting of visible layers of overlapping crystal growths. The outline of the inner crystals can be seen due to some variation in composition or mineral inclusion making the boundary between growths visible. The interior crystal layers are known as phantoms. Phantoms can be found in many varieties of quartz.
Like regular quartz, the chemical composition of phantom quartz is silicon dioxide (SiO2).
See also
Pseudomorph
List of minerals
References
Quartz varieties |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed%20methanol%20fuel%20cell | Reformed Methanol Fuel Cell (RMFC) or Indirect Methanol Fuel Cell (IMFC) systems are a subcategory of proton-exchange fuel cells where, the fuel, methanol (CH3OH), is reformed, before being fed into the fuel cell.
RMFC systems offer advantages over direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) systems including higher efficiency, smaller cell stacks, less requirement on methanol purity, no water management, better operation at low temperatures, and storage at sub-zero temperatures because methanol is a liquid from -97.0 °C to 64.7 °C (-142.6 °F to 148.5 °F) and as there is no liquid methanol-water mixture in the cells which can destroy the membrane of DMFC in case of frost.
The reason for the high efficiency of RMFC in contrast to DMFC is that hydrogen containing gas is fed to the fuel cell stack instead of methanol and overpotential (power loss for catalytic conversion) on anode is much lower for hydrogen than for methanol. The tradeoff is that RMFC systems operate at hotter temperatures and therefore need more advanced heat management and insulation. The waste products with these types of fuel cells are carbon dioxide and water.
Methanol is used as a fuel because it is naturally hydrogen dense (a hydrogen carrier) and can be steam reformed into hydrogen at low temperatures compared to other hydrocarbon fuels. Additionally, methanol is naturally occurring, biodegradable, and energy dense.
RMFC systems consist of a fuel processing system (FPS), a fuel cell, a fuel cartridge, and the B |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20computing | Membrane computing (or MC) is an area within computer science that seeks to discover new computational models from the study of biological cells, particularly of the cellular membranes. It is a sub-task of creating a cellular model.
Membrane computing deals with distributed and parallel computing models, processing multisets of symbol objects in a localized manner. Thus, evolution rules allow for evolving objects to be encapsulated into compartments defined by membranes. The communications between compartments and with the environment play an essential role in the processes. The various types of membrane systems are known as P systems after Gheorghe Păun who first conceived the model in 1998.
An essential ingredient of a P system is its membrane structure, which can be a hierarchical arrangement of membranes, as in a cell, or a net of membranes (placed in the nodes of a graph), as in a tissue or a neural net. P systems are often depicted graphically with drawings.
The intuition behind the notion of a membrane is a three-dimensional vesicle from biology. However the concept itself is more general, and a membrane is seen as a separator of two regions. The membrane provides for selective communication between the two regions. As per Gheorghe Păun, the separation is of the Euclidean space into a finite “inside” and an infinite “outside”. The selective communication is where the computing comes in.
Graphical representations may have numerous elements, according to the vari |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe%20P%C4%83un | Gheorghe Păun (; born December 6, 1950, in Cicănești, Argeș County) is a computer scientist from Romania, prominent for work on membrane computing and the P system.
Păun studied mathematics at the University of Bucharest, obtaining an MSc. in 1974 and a PhD in 1977 under the direction of Solomon Marcus. He has been a researcher at the Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy since 1990. Păun was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2006, and a titular member of the Romanian Academy in 2012. He supervised the PhD thesis of 5 students. In 2016, he was awarded the title of Doctor Honoris Causa Scientiarum.
References
External links
Gheorghe Paun's webpage
Theoretical computer scientists
Romanian bioinformaticians
1950 births
Living people
Members of Academia Europaea
Titular members of the Romanian Academy
University of Bucharest alumni
People from Argeș County |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allactaginae | Allactaginae is a subfamily of rodents.
Classification
Subfamily Allactaginae
Genus Allactaga
Subgenus Allactaga
Iranian jerboa, Allactaga firouzi
Hotson's jerboa, Allactaga hotsoni
Great jerboa, Allactaga major
Severtzov's jerboa, Allactaga severtzovi
Subgenus Orientallactaga
Balikun jerboa, Allactaga balikunica
Gobi jerboa, Allactaga bullata
Mongolian five-toed jerboa, Allactaga sibirica
Genus Allactodipus
Bobrinski's jerboa, Allactodipus bobrinskii
Genus Pygeretmus, fat-tailed jerboas
Lesser fat-tailed jerboa, Pygeretmus platyurus
Dwarf fat-tailed jerboa, Pygeretmus pumilio
Greater fat-tailed jerboa, Pygeretmus shitkovi
Genus Scarturus
Small five-toed jerboa, Scarturus elater
Euphrates jerboa, Scarturus euphratica
Four-toed jerboa, Scarturus tetradactyla
Vinogradov's jerboa, Scarturus vinogradovi
Williams' jerboa, Scarturus williamsi
The cladogram below is based on a 2022 phylogenetic study of the nuclear genes by Lebedev et al.
References
Dipodidae
Mammal subfamilies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percoidea | Percoidea is a superfamily of fish of the order Perciformes. The superfamily includes about 3,374 species.
Classification
The Percoidea are classified in the 5th Edition of the Fishes of the World as follows:
Percoidea
Centropomidae (Snooks)
Latidae (Lates)
Gerreidae (Mojarras)
Centrogenyidae (False scorpionfishes)
Perciliidae (Southern basses)
Howellidae (Oceanic basslets)
Acropomatidae (Lanternbellies)
Epigonidae (Deepwater cardinalfishes)
Polyprionidae (Wreckfishes)
Lateolabracidae (Asian seaperches)
Mullidae (Goatfishes)
Glaucosomatidae (Pearl perches)
Pempheridae (Sweepers)
Oplegnathidae (Knifejaws)
Kuhliidae (Flagtails)
Leptobramidae (Beachsalmon)
Bathyclupeidae (Bathyclupeids)
Polynemidae (Threadfins)
Toxotidae (Archerfishes)
Arripidae (Australasian salmon (kahawai))
Dichistiidae (Galjoen fishes)
Kyphosidae (Sea chubs)
Terapontidae (grunters or tigerperches)
Percichthyidae (temperate perches)
Sinipercidae (Chinese perches)
Enoplosidae (Oldwives)
Pentacerotidae (Armourheads)
Dinopercidae (Cavebasses)
Banjosiidae (Banjofishes)
Centrarchidae (Sunfishes)
Serranidae (Sea basses)
Percidae (Perches)
Lactariidae (False trevallies)
Dinolestidae (Long-finned pikes)
Scombropidae (Gnomefishes)
Pomatomidae (Bluefishes)
Bramidae (Pomfrets)
Caristiidae (Manefishes)
References
Vertebrate superfamilies
Percoidei |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolliinae | Carolliinae is a subfamily of bats.
Classification
Subfamily Carolliinae
Genus: Carollia - Short-tailed Leaf-nosed Bats
Benkeith's short-tailed Bat, Carollia benkeithi
Silky Short-tailed Bat, Carollia brevicauda
Chestnut Short-tailed Bat, Carollia castanea
Colombian Short-tailed Bat, Carollia colombiana
Manu short-tailed Bat, Carollia manu
Carollia monohernandezi
Seba's Short-tailed Bat, Carollia perspicillata
Sowell's Short-tailed Bat, Carollia sowelli
Gray Short-tailed Bat, Carollia subrufa
Genus: Rhinophylla
Hairy Little Fruit Bat, Rhinophylla alethina
Fischer's Little Fruit Bat, Rhinophylla fischerae
Dwarf Little Fruit Bat, Rhinophylla pumilio
References
Phyllostomidae
Mammal subfamilies
Taxa named by Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20State | Virtual State is Richard H. Kirk's first solo album for Warp Records.
Track listing
"November X Ray Mexico" - 8:33
"Frequency Band" - 6:26
"Come" - 8:02
"Freezone" - 6:52
"Clandestine Transmission" - 6:36
"The Feeling (Of Warmth and Beauty)" - 6:08
"Velodrome" - 6:56
"Soul Catcher" - 7:08
"Worldwar Three" - 5:52
"Lagoon West" - 12:00
Personnel
Richard H. Kirk - all instruments
1993 albums
Richard H. Kirk albums
Warp (record label) albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBD | VBD may refer to:
Vector-borne disease, a type of infectious disease
Violent by Design, an album by Jedi Mind Tricks
Violent By Design (professional wrestling), a professional wrestling stable in Impact Wrestling
Voltage at Break-down |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubmeth | PubMeth is a database that contains information about DNA hypermethylation in cancer. It can be queried either by searching a list of genes, or cancer (sub)types.
It was created at the lab for bioinformatics and computational genomics in the Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering at Ghent University, Belgium.
It was published in Nucleic Acids Research
References
External links
Official website
Medical databases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5l%20Nyr%C3%A9n | Pål Nyrén (born 1955) is a biochemistry professor at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm. He is most famous for developing the pyrosequencing method for DNA sequencing.
Career
1999 Professor in Biochemistry, KTH, Stockholm
1997 Founder of the company Biotage AB (former Pyrosequencing AB)
1988 Associate professor (Docent) Biochemistry, University of Stockholm
1985-86 Postdoc at LMB, MRC, Cambridge, G.B. with prof John Walker
1985 PhD (Tekn. Doktor) Biochemistry, University of Stockholm (Thesis title: "The proton pumping pyrophosphatase from Rhodospirillum rubrum")
1981 MSc (Civ. ing.) Chemical Engineering, KTH, Stockholm
Recognition
2013 winner of the European Inventor Award in the SMEs category awarded by the European Patent Office
References
1955 births
Living people
Swedish chemists
Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
Stockholm University alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossie%20Parry | Oswald Parry (16 August 1908 – 1991) was a Welsh professional footballer. During his career he made over 100 appearances for Ipswich Town and 150 appearances (142 league matches) for Crystal Palace.
References
External links
Ossie Parry at Pride of Anglia
Parry at holmesdale.net
1908 births
1991 deaths
Men's association football defenders
Welsh men's footballers
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Ipswich Town F.C. players
Wimbledon F.C. players
Chelmsford City F.C. wartime guest players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental%20bicolour | An Oriental bicolour is any cat of Oriental type, either long-haired or short-haired and in any pattern including colourpoint, which has white areas on its coat caused by the white spotting gene. In most cat fancier and breeder organisations, Oriental bicolours do not constitute a standardised breed, but a coat pattern variant of the breed of their foundation stock. One breed registry is an exception, the UK-based Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF), which has defined them as a separate breed named Oriental Bicolour (capitalised).
History
Although some experimental breeding took place during the 1970s and 1980s in the UK, including Pat Turner's Seychellois breeding program, modern-day Oriental bicolours owes their origins to matings initiated in the United States by Lindajean Grillo of Ciara Cattery. Starting in 1979, Grillo carried out a series of matings between Siamese and bicoloured American Shorthair. She then selected the best bicoloured offspring to mate back to Siamese or Orientals in order to regain type. The variety was granted recognition by TICA in 1983 and the first champion was Ciara Quite-N-Oreo.
During the 1980s, European breeders, principally those in France and the Netherlands, initiated their own Oriental bicolour breeding lines. A red and white female Moroccan street cat was used as an initial outcross, then later on a Black & White Cornish Rex. Further cats were imported from the USA. It was important for breeders to have different lines in orde |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic%20rheometer | An acoustic rheometer is a device used to measure the rheological properties of fluids, such as viscosity and elasticity, by utilizing sound waves. It works by generating acoustic waves in the fluid and analyzing the changes in the wave propagation caused by the fluid's rheological behavior. An acoustic rheometer uses a piezo-electric crystal to generate the acoustic waves, applying an oscillating extensional stress to the system. System response can be interpreted in terms of extensional rheology.
This interpretation is based on a link between shear rheology, extensional rheology and acoustics. Relationship between these scientific disciplines was described in details by Litovitz and Davis in 1964.
It is well known that properties of viscoelastic fluid are characterised in shear rheology with a shear modulus G, which links shear stress Tij and shear strain Sij
There is similar linear relationship in extensional rheology between extensional stress P, extensional strain S and extensional modulus K:
Detail theoretical analysis indicates that propagation of sound or ultrasound through a viscoelastic fluid depends on both shear modulus G and extensional modulus K,. It is convenient to introduce a combined longitudinal modulus M:
There are simple equations that express longitudinal modulus in terms of acoustic properties, sound speed V and attenuation α
Acoustic rheometer measures sound speed and attenuation of ultrasound for a set of frequencies in the megahertz range. T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilarvirus | Ilarvirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Bromoviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 22 species in this genus.
Structure
Viruses in the genus Ilarvirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and quasi-spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 29 nm. Genomes are linear and have three segments.
Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic and lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive-strand RNA virus replication model in the cytoplasm. Positive strand RNA virus transcription, using the internal initiation model of subgenomic RNA transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are mechanical inoculation by insects and plant to plant contact.
Taxonomy
The following species are assigned to the genus:
Ageratum latent virus
American plum line pattern virus
Apple mosaic virus
Asparagus virus 2
Blackberry chlorotic ringspot virus
Blueberry shock virus
Citrus leaf rugose virus
Citrus variegation virus
Elm mottle virus
Fragaria chiloensis latent virus
Humulus japonicus latent virus
Lilac leaf chlorosis virus
Lilac ring mottle virus
Parietaria mottle virus
Privet ringspot virus
Prune dwarf virus
Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
Spinach latent virus
Strawberry necrotic shock virus
Tobacco streak virus
Tomato necrotic streak viru |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%20development | The goal of most research on group development is to learn why and how small groups change over time. To quality of the output produced by a group, the type and frequency of its activities, its cohesiveness, the existence of group conflict.
A number of theoretical models have been developed to explain how certain groups change over time. Listed below are some of the most common models. In some cases, the type of group being considered influenced the model of group development proposed as in the case of therapy groups. In general, some of these models view group change as regular movement through a series of "stages", while others view them as "phases" that groups may or may not go through and which might occur at different points of a group's history. Attention to group development over time has been one of the differentiating factors between the study of ad hoc groups and the study of teams such as those commonly used in the workplace, the military, sports and many other contexts.
Theories and models
In the early seventies, Hill and Grunner reported that more than 100 theories of group development existed. Since then, other theories have emerged as well as attempts at contrasting and synthesizing them. As a result, a number of typologies of group change theories have been proposed. A typology advanced by George Smith (2001) based on the work of Mennecke and his colleagues (1992) classifies theories based on whether they perceive change to occur in a linear fashion, thr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta%20Etura | Marta Etura Palenzuela (born in 28 October, 1978) is a Spanish film and television actress. She is known for Your Next Life (2004), Cell 211 (2009), Sleep Tight (2011), and The Invisible Guardian (2017).
Biography
Etura was born in 1978 in San Sebastián, where she studied at the French Lyceum. Willing to develop a career as an actress, she moved to Madrid and graduated from the acting school of Cristina Rota. She had her feature film debut as an actress in 2001 film No Shame.
Filmography
Film
Television
2016: La sonata del silencio
2013: Águila Roja
2006: Vientos de agua
2003: La vida de Rita
2000: Raquel busca su sitio
Theatre
2012: Antígona
2008: Hamlet
2007: Despertares y celebraciones
Accolades
Shooting Stars Award 2006 by European Film Promotion
Goya Awards
References
External links
1978 births
Actresses from the Basque Country (autonomous community)
Living people
People from San Sebastián
Spanish film actresses
21st-century Spanish actresses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplomitriopsida | Haplomitriopsida is a newly recognized class of liverworts comprising fifteen species in three genera. Recent cladistic analyses of nuclear, mitochondrial, and plastid gene sequences place this monophyletic group as the basal sister group to all other liverworts. The group thus provides a unique insight into the early evolution of liverworts in particular and of land plants in general.
Description
Plants of Treubia grow as a prostrate leafy thallus. The bifid leaves extend like wings on either side of the midrib, or may be folded upwards and pressed close together, giving the plants a ruffled appearance. By contrast, Haplomitrium grows as a subterranean rhizome with erect leafy stems. The thin, rounded leaves are arranged around the upright stems, giving the appearance of a soft moss. The species Haplomitrium ovalifolium of Australia often has bifid leaves that are asymmetrical, somewhat like those in Treubia.
Haplomitrium has a number of unique characters that distinguish it from other liverworts, such as lacking rhizoids. The vegetative stems possess a central water-conducting strand with large perforations derived from plasmodesmata. This central strand is surrounded by a cylinder of cells that conduct food throughout the plant. Such an arrangement is evocative of the xylem and phloem found in vascular plants. Although some thalloid liverwort species in the Pallaviciniaceae also possess a central conducting strand, Haplomitrium differs in having a food-conductin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krener%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Krener's theorem is a result attributed to Arthur J. Krener in geometric control theory about the topological properties of attainable sets of finite-dimensional control systems. It states that any attainable set of a bracket-generating system has nonempty interior or, equivalently, that any attainable set has nonempty interior in the topology of the corresponding orbit. Heuristically, Krener's theorem prohibits attainable sets from being hairy.
Theorem
Let
be a smooth control system, where
belongs to a finite-dimensional manifold and belongs to a control set . Consider the family of vector fields .
Let be the Lie algebra generated by with respect to the Lie bracket of vector fields.
Given , if the vector space is equal to ,
then belongs to the closure of the interior of the attainable set from .
Remarks and consequences
Even if is different from ,
the attainable set from has nonempty interior in the orbit topology,
as it follows from Krener's theorem applied to the control system restricted to the orbit through .
When all the vector fields in are analytic, if and only if belongs to the closure of the interior of the attainable set from . This is a consequence of Krener's theorem and of the orbit theorem.
As a corollary of Krener's theorem one can prove that if the system is bracket-generating and if the attainable set from is dense in , then the attainable set from
is actually equal to .
References
Control theory
Theorems in dyna |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junivan | Junivan Soares de Melo (born 20 November 1977), known as just Junivan, is a retired Brazilian footballer.
Career statistics
References
External links
Brazilian FA Database
1977 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
OFC Belasitsa Petrich players
PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv players
Kayseri Erciyesspor footballers
Turan Tovuz players
Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Azerbaijan
Men's association football forwards
Sportspeople from Amazonas (Brazilian state)
Azerbaijan Premier League players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Süper Lig players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20method | Direct method may refer to
Direct method (education) for learning a foreign language
Direct method (computational mathematics) as opposed to iterative method
Direct methods (crystallography) for estimating the phases of the Fourier transform of the scattering density from the corresponding magnitudes
Direct method in calculus of variations for constructing a proof of the existence of a minimizer for a given functional
Direct method (accounting) as opposed to indirect method for calculating cash flows |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazzite | Bazzite is a beryllium scandium cyclosilicate mineral with chemical formula ( or ). It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system typically as small blue hexagonal crystals up to 2 cm length. It has a Mohs hardness of 6.5-7 and a specific gravity of 2.77 to 2.85.
It is hard to distinguish from blue beryl.
Occurs in miarolitic cavities in granite, in alpine veins and in scandium bearing granitic pegmatites. It occurs associated with quartz, orthoclase, muscovite, laumontite, albite, hematite, calcite, chlorite, fluorite, beryl and bavenite.
It was first described from an occurrence in Baveno, Italy. Named after the discoverer, the Italian engineer Alessandro E. Bazzi.
References
Cyclosilicates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gie%20du%20cin%C3%A9ma%20%28Quebec%29 | The Régie du cinéma was a provincial film classification organization responsible for the motion picture rating system within the Canadian province of Quebec. Existing in several guises since the start of the 20th century, the organization came into being in its final form as a department of the Government of Quebec's Ministry of Culture and Communications (MCC) on 23 June 1983. Its roles were merged and fully integrated into the MCC on 1 April 2017. Its mandate was to classify and approve films for distribution to Quebec's movie theatres and home video outlets. Its purview devolved from the Cinema Act (RSQ, C-18.1). As of 2010, the organization had a net income of 7 million dollars and had accumulated more than 85 million dollars in cash in their bank account.
Rating system
The Régie du cinéma rates all films and videos. The same classifications are used for television broadcasts, who make their own determinations as to a program's rating.
The current ratings are:
Each rating can also include one or a number of complementary indications. The possible combinations are as follows:
G rated films usually can have some swearing in them, as long as the offensive language is not prevalent throughout. Violence can also be permitted, but only in a fantasy context. Sex can be present as long as it is filmed with extreme maintenance. Horror elements can be present, but have to be filmed in a way that would not scare children under 13 years of age. In cases where objectionable mater |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20machine%20translation%20applications | Machine translation is an algorithm which attempts to translate text or speech from one natural language to another.
General information
Basic general information for popular machine translation applications.
Languages features comparison
The following table compares the number of languages which the following machine translation programs can translate between.
(Moses and Moses for Mere Mortals allow you to train translation models for any language pair, though collections of translated texts (parallel corpus) need to be provided by the user. The Moses site provides links to training corpora.)
This is not an all-encompassing list. Some applications have many more language pairs than those listed below. This is a general comparison of key languages only. A full and accurate list of language pairs supported by each product should be found on each of the product's websites.
See also
Machine translation
Machine translation software usability
Computer-assisted translation
Comparison of computer-assisted translation tools
External links
Apertium wiki (list of language pairs and licence information)
Xerox Easy Translator Service (list of language pairs)
Bing Translator Language List
Haitian Creole support in Bing/Microsoft Translator
Microsoft Research: Syntactically Informed Phrasal SMT
List of supported languages in Google Translate
References
Evaluation of machine translation
Natural language processing software
Machine translation applications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Rain | Crystal Rain (2006) is the debut novel of Caribbean writer Tobias S. Buckell. Buckell calls it his "Caribbean steampunk novel". Although Crystal Rain is a stand-alone novel, Buckell's books Ragamuffin (2007) and Sly Mongoose (2008) are set in the same universe with some recurring characters.
The book was the third runner up for the Locus Award for Best First Novel 2007 awards.
The book has received several reviews.
The novel is set on Nanagadahoodababa, a planet far from Earth.
References
External links
Crystal Rain at Tobias Buckell website.
2006 American novels
2006 science fiction novels
Novels by Tobias S. Buckell
American science fiction novels
Debut science fiction novels
Caribbean in fiction
American steampunk novels
Tor Books books
2006 debut novels |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump-and-Walk%20algorithm | Jump-and-Walk is an algorithm for point location in triangulations (though most of the theoretical analysis were performed in 2D and 3D random Delaunay triangulations). Surprisingly, the algorithm does not need any preprocessing or complex data structures except some simple representation of the triangulation itself. The predecessor of Jump-and-Walk was due to Lawson (1977) and Green and Sibson (1978), which picks a random starting point S and then walks from S toward the query point Q one triangle at a time. But no theoretical analysis was known for these predecessors until after mid-1990s.
Jump-and-Walk picks a small group of sample points and starts the walk from the sample point which is the closest to Q until the simplex containing Q is found. The algorithm was a folklore in practice for some time, and the formal presentation of the algorithm and the analysis of its performance on 2D random Delaunay triangulation was done by Devroye, Mucke and Zhu in mid-1990s (the paper appeared in Algorithmica, 1998). The analysis on 3D random Delaunay triangulation was done by Mucke, Saias and Zhu (ACM Symposium of Computational Geometry, 1996). In both cases, a boundary condition was assumed, namely, Q must be slightly away from the boundary of the convex domain where the vertices of the random Delaunay triangulation are drawn. In 2004, Devroye, Lemaire and Moreau showed that in 2D the boundary condition can be withdrawn (the paper appeared in Computational Geometry: Theory and Appl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KASP | KASP may refer to:
KASP-LP, a radio station (107.9 FM) licensed to Aspen, Colorado, United States
King Abdullah Science Park
Kompetitive allele specific PCR, a DNA profiling technique
Krašto apsaugos savanorių pajėgos (KASP), Lithuanian National Defence Volunteer Forces |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Tortricidae%20genera | This is a taxonomy of the moth family Tortricidae down to genus level. This classification is up-to-date to 2008, taking information from the Online World Catalogue of the Tortricidae and taxonomic changes made in 2007.
Subfamily Tortricinae
Tribe Archipini
Abrepagoge
Acroceuthes
Acropolitis
Adoxophyes
Allodemis
Ancyroclepsis
Aneuxanthis
Anisotenes
Anthophrys
Antiphrastis
Aphelia
Aphthonocosma
Archepandemis
Archidemis
Archips
Argyrotaenia
Aristocosma
Arizelana
Ascerodes
Asteriognatha
Atelodora
Authomaema
Avaria
Bactrostoma
Balioxena
Battalia
Borboniella
Borneogena
Brachyvalva
Cacoecimorpha
Callibryastis
Capua
Carphomigma
Catamacta
Ceramea
Ceritaenia
Chionothremma
Chiraps
Choanograptis
Choristoneura
Claduncaria
Clepsis
Coeloptera
Cornuclepsis
Cornusaccula
Cosmiophrys
Cryptomelaena
Cryptoptila
Ctenopseustis
Cudonigera
Cununcus
Cuspidata
Daemilus
Dentisociaria
Diactora
Dicanticinta
Dicellitis
Dichelia
Dichelopa
Diedra
Digitosa
Diplocalyptis
Ditula
Droceta
Durangarchips
Dynatocephala
Ecclitica
Egogepa
Electraglaia
Epagoge
Epalxiphora
Epichorista
Epichoristodes
Epiphyas
Ericodesma
Eurythecta
Exorstaenia
Furcataenia
Furcinula
Gelophaula
Geogepa
Gephyraspis
Glyphidoptera
Gnorismoneura
Gongylotypa
Goniotorna
Harmologa
Hectaphelia
Heterochorista
Hiceteria
Homona
Homonoides
Homonopsis
Hypsidracon
Idolatteria
Isochorista
Isodemis
Isotenes
Labidosa
Leontochroma
Leptochroptila
Leucoten |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragamuffin%20%28novel%29 | Ragamuffin is the second novel by Caribbean science fiction writer Tobias S. Buckell. It is the sequel to his first novel, Crystal Rain.
Buckell labeled Ragamuffin a "Caribbean space opera", with his previous novel being called "Caribbean steampunk". It is followed by his third novel, Sly Mongoose.
Ragamuffin was nominated for the 2007 Nebula Award for Best Novel and was a finalist for the 2008 Prometheus Award.
References
External links
Macmillan.com
2007 American novels
American science fiction novels
Novels by Tobias S. Buckell
Caribbean in fiction
Tor Books books |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatoma%20melanica | Triatoma melanica is a hematophagous insect, a Chagas disease vector, included in the Triatominae group. It occurs in the north of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, and is found almost exclusively in silvatic environment. However, sporadically it may also invade houses. T. melanica was originally described as Triatoma brasiliensis melanica Neiva & Lent, 1941. Recently, it was redescribed with a new specific status, due to its distinct morphology, genetics, and biogeographic characteristics.
References
Reduviidae
Insect vectors of human pathogens
Insects described in 1941
Hemiptera of South America |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop-mediated%20isothermal%20amplification | Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a single-tube technique for the amplification of DNA and a low-cost alternative to detect certain diseases. Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) combines LAMP with a reverse transcription step to allow the detection of RNA.
LAMP is an isothermal nucleic acid amplification technique. In contrast to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, in which the reaction is carried out with a series of alternating temperature steps or cycles, isothermal amplification is carried out at a constant temperature, and does not require a thermal cycler.
Technique
In LAMP, the target sequence is amplified at a constant temperature of 60–65 °C (140-149 °F) using either two or three sets of primers and a polymerase with high strand displacement activity in addition to a replication activity. Typically, 4 different primers are used to amplify 6 distinct regions on the target gene, which increases specificity. An additional pair of "loop primers" can further accelerate the reaction.
The amount of DNA produced in LAMP is considerably higher than PCR-based amplification. Primer design could be performed using several programs, such as PrimerExplorer, MorphoCatcher, and NEB LAMP Primer Design Tool. For screening of conservative and species-specific nucleotide polymorphisms in the most of diagnostics applications a combination of PrimerExplorer and MorphoCatcher is very useful, because allows to localize the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20trees%20of%20the%20Andaman%20Islands | The Andaman Islands fall within the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. While endemism estimated to be a modest 17%, the islands share about 65% of its tree species with south-west Myanmar. Early explorers like Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz documented the flora of the region, and Charles Edward Parkinson published a Flora of the Andaman Islands with important tree species of the region. Since then, a number of tree species have been described. A comprehensive checklist of flora of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands has been published by the Botanical Survey of India - a 3-volume flora is currently under preparation of which the first volume was published in 2008.
List of species
This checklist includes trees and other flora listed in Parkinson (1923). It includes most native tree species and some exotic trees species.
References
Andaman Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20molecular%20flow | Free molecular flow describes the fluid dynamics of gas where the mean free path of the molecules is larger than the size of the chamber or of the object under test. For tubes/objects of the size of several cm, this means pressures well below 10−3 mbar. This is also called the regime of high vacuum, or even ultra-high vacuum. This is opposed to viscous flow encountered at higher pressures. The presence of free molecular flow can be calculated, at least in estimation, with the Knudsen number (Kn). If Kn > 10, the system is in free molecular flow, also known as Knudsen flow.
In free molecular flow, the pressure of the remaining gas can be considered as effectively zero. Thus, boiling points do not depend on the residual pressure. The flow can be considered to be individual particles moving in straight lines. Practically, the "vapor" cannot move around bends or into other spaces behind obstacles, as they simply hit the tube wall. This implies conventional pumps cannot be used, as they rely on viscous flow and fluid pressure. Instead, special sorption pumps, ion pumps and momentum transfer pumps i.e. turbomolecular pumps are used.
Free molecular flow occurs in various processes such as molecular distillation, ultra-high vacuum equipment such as particle accelerators, and naturally in outer space.
The definition of a free molecular flow depends on the distance scale under consideration. For example, in the interplanetary medium, the plasma is in a free molecular flow regime in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatoma%20brasiliensis | Triatoma brasiliensis is now considered the most important Chagas disease vector in the semiarid areas of northeastern Brazil. T. brasiliensis occurs in 12 Brazilian states, including Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, and Paraíba.
T. brasiliensis is native to this part of Brazil, and thus persists in the natural environment. This species of Kissing Bug has the greatest potential to spread Chagas disease due to its distribution over large areas where numerous people reside. Triatoma species are commonly called Kissing Bugs because they bite around the mouth where skin is thinner. T. brasiliensis also has the greatest potential to colonize new areas and spread throughout northeastern parts of Brazil. This makes control problematic (see #Control below).
Life Cycle
Female triatomids deposit small eggs in secluded areas. After 8 to 10 days the first of five nymph stages emerges. A full blood meal is required before continuing onto the next nymph state. The cycle from egg to adult can take up to two years in nature. Adults are obligate blood feeders that feed primarily at night and hide during the day. T. brasiliensis becomes infected with Trypanosoma cruzi when they feed on infected hosts such as humans, dogs, cats, and other mammals. T. brasiliensis then transfers T. cruzi through feces on the new host's skin. It is not known how long the adults can survive in the wild but an infected bug can serve as a vector for up to three years.
Control
The current control met |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20SPH-M100 | Samsung SPH-M100 (UpRoar) launched in 2000 was the first cell phone to have MP3 music capabilities. The phone was named one of the All-TIME 100 greatest and most influential gadgets from 1923 to 2010 by Peter Ha in Time.
References
External links
GSM History - reference site for history of first GSM mobiles
Samsung website product details
M100
Mobile phones introduced in 2000 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic%20gravitation | Demographic gravitation is a concept of "social physics", introduced by Princeton University astrophysicist John Quincy Stewart in 1947. It is an attempt to use equations and notions of classical physics, such as gravity, to seek simplified insights and even laws of demographic behaviour for large numbers of human beings. A basic conception within it is that large numbers of people, in a city for example, actually behave as an attractive force for other people to migrate there. It has been related to W. J. Reilly's law of retail gravitation, George Kingsley Zipf's Demographic Energy, and to the theory of trip distribution through gravity models.
Writing in the journal Sociometry, Stewart set out an "agenda for social physics." Comparing the microscopic versus macroscopic viewpoints in the methodology of formulating physical laws, he made an analogy with the social sciences:
Fortunately for physics, the macroscopic approach was the commonsense one, and the early investigators Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac were able to establish the laws of gases. The situation with respect to "social physics" is reversed...
If Robert Boyle had taken the attitude of many social scientists, he would not have been willing to measure the pressure and volume of a sample of air until an encyclopedic history of its molecules had been compiled. Boyle did not even know that air contained argon and helium but he found a very important law.
Stewart proceeded to apply Newtonian formulae of gravitation t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20G.%20Enting | Ian Enting (born 25 September 1948) is a mathematical physicist and the AMSI/MASCOS Professorial Fellow at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematics and Statistics of Complex Systems (MASCOS) based at The University of Melbourne.
Enting is the author of Twisted, The Distorted Mathematics of Greenhouse Denial in which he analyses the presentation and use of data by climate change deniers.
More recently he has been addressing the claims made in Ian Plimer's book Heaven and Earth. He has published a critique, "Ian Plimer’s ‘Heaven + Earth’ — Checking the Claims", listing what Enting claims are numerous misrepresentations of the sources cited in the book.
From 1980 to 2004 he worked in CSIRO Atmospheric Research, primarily on modelling the global carbon cycle.
He was one of the lead authors of the chapter and the Carbon Cycle in the 1994 IPCC report on Radiative Forcing of Climate.
Enting has published scientific papers, on mathematical physics and carbon cycle modelling, and a monograph on mathematical techniques for interpreting observations of carbon dioxide () and other trace gases.
References
External links
Ian Enting's homepage
1948 births
Living people
Australian climatologists
20th-century Australian mathematicians
21st-century Australian mathematicians
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change lead authors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critter | Critter may refer to:
Critter (chess), a Slovak chess engine
Critters (cellular automaton)
Critters (comics), an anthology comic book published by Fantagraphics Books
Critters (film series)
Critters (film), the first film in the series
Fearsome critters, legendary monsters said to live in North America
The Critters, an American pop group
The mascot and call sign of ValuJet Airlines
A fan of the popular Dungeons and Dragons series Critical Role
"The Critter", a Chinese pangolin
See also
Little Critter, a series of children's books by Mercer Mayer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoetin%20beta | Epoetin beta (INN), sold under the brand name Neorecormon among others, is a synthetic, recombinant form of erythropoietin, a protein that promotes the production of red blood cells. It is an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) that is used to treat anemia, commonly associated with chronic kidney failure and cancer chemotherapy.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Chemistry
Epoetin beta is a recombinant form of human erythropoietin which is produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. It has the same protein sequence as natural human erythropoietin, being composed of 165 amino acids with about 30 KDa molecular weight.
History
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced in the kidneys. The existence of this hormone has been known since 1906, when scientists first started isolating it, and since the 1980s, a recombinant version of the hormone has been available for use in medical treatment.
See also
Epoetin alfa
Epoetin theta
References
Further reading
External links
Antianemic preparations
Growth factors
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
Hoffmann-La Roche brands |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Airport | Crystal Airport may refer to:
Crystal Airport (Minnesota) in Crystal, Minnesota (suburb of Minneapolis), United States (FAA: MIC)
Crystal Airport (California) in Llano, California, United States (FAA: 46CN)
Other airport names starting with Crystal
Crystal City Municipal Airport in Crystal City, Texas, United States (FAA: 20R)
Crystal Lake Airport in Decatur, Arkansas, United States (FAA: 5M5)
Crystal River Airport in Crystal River, Florida, United States (FAA: CGC) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20River%20Airport | Crystal River Airport – Captain Tom Davis Field is a public airport located three miles (5 km) southeast of the central business district of Crystal River, in Citrus County, Florida, United States. It is owned by Citrus County.
This airport is assigned a three-letter location identifier of CGC by the Federal Aviation Administration, but it does not have an International Air Transport Association (IATA) airport code (the IATA assigned CGC to Cape Gloucester Airport in Papua New Guinea).
Facilities and aircraft
Crystal River Airport – Captain Tom Davis Field covers an area of which contains two runways: 9/27 with an asphalt surface measuring 4,555 x 75 ft (1,388 x 23 m) and 18/36 with a turf surface measuring 3,020 x 100 ft (920 x 30 m).
For the 12-month period ending May 9, 2002, the airport had 36,600 aircraft operations, an average of 100 per day: 98% general aviation, 1% air taxi and 1% military. There are 50 aircraft based at this airport: 86% single engine, 10% multi-engine, 2% helicopter and 2% glider.
A non-aviation Florida Army National Guard facility is located at the airport which periodically hosts visiting Florida Army National Guard aircraft from other FLARNG installations.
In December 2013, the Citrus County Board of County Commissioners passed a resolution modifying the airport's name to Crystal River Airport – Captain Tom Davis Field. CAPT Tom Davis, USN (Ret), is an accomplished Naval Aviator out of the Navy's jet fighter community and a recipient of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LACA | LACA may refer to:
Los Angeles, California, the second most populous city in the US
lacA, a structural gene in the lac operon
Latin America and Central America, a designation used by American businesses doing business globally
Luxembourg Approach Controllers Association, the official representation of approach controllers in Luxembourg
Alexandre Lacazette (born 1991), nickname for the French footballer who plays for Arsenal.
Laca, south-eastern mountainside Barangay of Municipality of Jagna, Bohol, Philippines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomorphism | Neomorphism refers to the wet metamorphic process in which diagenetic alterations systematically transform minerals into either polymorphs or crystalline structures that are structurally identical to the rock(s) from which they developed.
Coined by the late Robert L. Folk, neomorphism encompasses the functions of both recrystallization and inversion, which are geological processes that deal primarily with rock reformation. The neomorphic process, as it relates to geology and petrography, is one of the many major processes that sustain both carbonate minerals and limestone. Neomorphism is largely held accountable for the metastability of aragonite and magnesium-rich calcite, and when conditions permit, neomorphic reactions and interactions can result in texture loss and/or feature deformation of affected rock formations.
Types of neomorphism
Recrystallization
The term "recrystallization" broadly refers to the many metamorphic processes that change the size and/or shape of crystal formations and preserve the chemical composition and mineralogy of the original mineral. Because recrystallization accounts for the majority of all visible changes produced by neomorphism, the terms "neomorphism" and "recrystallization" implicitly allude to each other and can therefore be used interchangeably under most circumstances. In petrology, there are two forms of recrystallization: recrystallization by inversion and recrystallization by replacement.
Inversion
Inversion is a complex form o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted%3A%20The%20Distorted%20Mathematics%20of%20Greenhouse%20Denial | Twisted: The Distorted Mathematics of Greenhouse Denial is a 2007 book by Ian G. Enting, who is the Professorial Research Fellow in the ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematics and Statistics of Complex Systems (MASCOS) based at the University of Melbourne. The book analyses the arguments of climate change deniers and the use and presentation of statistics. Enting contends there are contradictions in their various arguments. The author also presents calculations of the actual emission levels that would be required to stabilise CO2 concentrations. This is an update of calculations that he contributed to the pre-Kyoto IPCC report on Radiative Forcing of Climate.
See also
Climate change
Greenhouse effect
Radiative forcing
References
Climate change books
2007 non-fiction books
2007 in the environment
Australian non-fiction books
Statistics books |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Crystal%20Palace%20F.C. | Crystal Palace Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Selhurst, South London, England. Although formally created as a professional outfit in 1905 at the site of the famous Crystal Palace Exhibition building, the club have claimed their official foundation date to be as far back as 1861,when an amateur Crystal Palace football team was established using the cricket pitch inside the Palace grounds. In recognition of their claim, the club changed the date of its official crest to 1861. The club played their home games inside the grounds of the Palace at the FA Cup Final stadium from 1905 until 1915, when they were forced to leave due to the outbreak of the First World War. They moved to their current home at Selhurst Park in 1924.
The amateur club became one of the original founder members of the Football Association in 1863, and went on to compete in the first ever FA Cup competition in 1871–72, reaching the semi-finals, before disappearing from historical records around 1876. Shortly after Crystal Palace returned to existence as a professional outfit in 1905, the club applied for election to the Football League, but were rejected and forced to settle for a place in the Southern League Second Division. They were eventually admitted to the Football League in 1920, and have overall mainly competed in the top two tiers of English football. Their best ever top flight season came in 1990–91, when the club challenged for the English league title, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatoma%20juazeirensis | Triatoma juazeirensis is an assassin bug, a Chagas disease vector which occurs in the State of Bahia, Brazil. It is found in natural and artificial environments infesting mainly the peridomiciliary areas but it may also colonize the intradomicile. T. juazeirensis can be distinguished from the other members of the brasiliensis complex by its entire dark pronotum and legs.
References
Costa J., Felix M. (2007).Triatoma juazeirensis sp. nov. from the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 102(1): 87-90.
Lent H., Wygodzinsky P. (1979). Revision of the Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and their significance as vectors of Chagas' disease. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 163: 125-520.
Reduviidae
Insect vectors of human pathogens
Invertebrates of Brazil
Insects described in 2007 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCHAD | HADHA may refer to:
Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency
HADHA, enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-measure | In mathematics, a pre-measure is a set function that is, in some sense, a precursor to a bona fide measure on a given space. Indeed, one of the fundamental theorems in measure theory states that a pre-measure can be extended to a measure.
Definition
Let be a ring of subsets (closed under union and relative complement) of a fixed set and let be a set function. is called a pre-measure if
and, for every countable (or finite) sequence of pairwise disjoint sets whose union lies in
The second property is called -additivity.
Thus, what is missing for a pre-measure to be a measure is that it is not necessarily defined on a sigma-algebra (or a sigma-ring).
Carathéodory's extension theorem
It turns out that pre-measures give rise quite naturally to outer measures, which are defined for all subsets of the space More precisely, if is a pre-measure defined on a ring of subsets of the space then the set function defined by
is an outer measure on and the measure induced by on the -algebra of Carathéodory-measurable sets satisfies for (in particular, includes ). The infimum of the empty set is taken to be
(Note that there is some variation in the terminology used in the literature. For example, Rogers (1998) uses "measure" where this article uses the term "outer measure". Outer measures are not, in general, measures, since they may fail to be -additive.)
See also
References
(See section 1.2.)
Measures (measure theory) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-B42 | HLA-B42 (B42) is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the HLA-B*4201 and *4202 gene products. HLA-B*4201 is common in Central Africa. (For terminology help see: HLA-serotype tutorial)
Serotype
Serological typing for B*4201 and B*4202 is relatively efficient.
B*4201 allele frequencies
References
4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne%20Beach%20%28Vanuatu%29 | Champagne Beach is a popular beach located on the island of Espiritu Santo in Vanuatu. The beach is famous for its crystal clear waters and powdery white sands, which is one of the best in the South Pacific region. It is visited regularly by tourists and cruise boats from Australia.
Champagne Beach is located in adjacent and close proximity to Hog Harbour village on the northeast of Santo.
Beaches of Vanuatu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutely | Eutelic organisms have a fixed number of somatic cells when they reach maturity, the exact number being relatively constant for any one species. This phenomenon is also referred to as cell constancy. Development proceeds by cell division until maturity; further growth occurs via cell enlargement only. This growth is known as auxetic growth. It is shown by members of phylum Aschelminthes. In some cases, individual organs show eutelic properties while the organism itself does not.
Background
In 1909, Eric Martini coined the term eutely to describe the idea of cell constancy and to introduce a term literature sources would be able to use to identify organisms with a fixed amount and arrangement of cells and tissues. Since the introduction of eutely in the early 1900s, textbooks and theories of cytology and ontogeny have not used the term consistently. Advancements in the field of eutely has been developed by morphologists.
Studying of eutelic organisms has proved challenging, as most eutelic organisms are microscopic. Additionally, there is potential for mistakes in cell counting (often completed via an automated cell counter) and observation when larger organisms have numerous cells. In organisms of small size, errors in the examination and explanation of units may entirely negate reconstructions and deductions. Therefore, investigation of most eutelic organisms is done with intense scrutiny and review.
There are two distinct classes of organisms which display eutely:
Eut |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHOJ%20%28AM%29 | KHOJ is a radio station broadcasting out of St. Charles, Missouri with a Catholic format. It broadcasts on AM frequency 1460 kHz and is part of the Covenant Network.
KHOJ's studios are located on Hampton Avenue in St. Louis, while its transmitter is located north of St. Charles.
History
KIRL went on the air in 1968, the successor to KADY, which had previously operated on the frequency from 1958 to 1965 (and built the transmitter site used by KHOJ today). It was owned by Contemporary Media, Inc. In 1979, Contemporary Media sold KIRL to the Bronco Broadcasting Company. Bronco relaunched KIRL as a gospel music station for the African American community. Zella Jackson Price and other pioneering announcers were on its air staff.
In 2005, Bronco sold KIRL to the Covenant Network for $730,000. The sale marked the end of KIRL's gospel programming as of April 30 and scattered many of the religious programs it carried. Covenant immediately relaunched the station as KHOJ with its programming.
References
External links
The Covenant Network
WRYT / KHOJ Programming Schedule
FCC History Cards for KHOJ
HOJ (AM)
Catholic radio stations
Radio stations established in 1968
1968 establishments in Missouri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cletocamptoides%20helobius | Cletocamptoides helobius is a species of copepod found in brackish waters of North America first described by John W. Fleeger in 1980. The species has been used in a study of the evolution of the DNA of the related species Cletocamptus deitersi.
References
Harpacticoida
Freshwater crustaceans of North America
Crustaceans described in 1980 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertilioninae | The Vespertilioninae are a subfamily of vesper bats from the family Vespertilionidae.
Classification
Subfamily Vespertilioninae
Tribe Antrozoini
Genus Antrozous
Pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus
Genus Bauerus
Van Gelder's bat, Bauerus dubiaquercus
Genus Rhogeessa - Rhogeessa bats
Yucatan yellow bat, Rhogeessa aenea
Allen's yellow bat, Rhogeessa alleni
Bickham's yellow bat, Rhogeessa bickhami
Genoways's yellow bat, Rhogeessa genowaysi
Slender yellow bat, Rhogeessa gracilis
Husson's yellow bat, Rhogeessa hussoni
Thomas's yellow bat, Rhogeessa io
Menchu's yellow bat, Rhogeessa menchuae
Tiny yellow bat, Rhogeessa minutilla
Least yellow bat, Rhogeessa mira
Northern little yellow bat, Rhogeessa parvula
Nicaraguan little yellow bat, Rhogeessa permutandis
Black-winged little yellow bat, Rhogeessa tumida
Ecuadorian little yellow bat, Rhogeessa velilla
Tribe Eptesicini
Genus Arielulus
Bronze sprite, Arielulus circumdatus
Coppery sprite, Arielulus cuprosus
Social sprite, Arielulus societatis
Genus Eptesicus – house bats
Anatolian serotine, Eptesicus anatolicus
Little black serotine, Eptesicus andinus
Bobrinski's serotine, Eptesicus bobrinskoi
Botta's serotine, Eptesicus bottae
Brazilian brown bat, Eptesicus brasiliensis
Chiriquinan serotine, Eptesicus chiriquinus
Diminutive serotine, Eptesicus diminutus
Horn-skinned bat, Eptesicus floweri
Argentine brown bat, Eptesicus furinalis
Big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus
Gobi big brown bat, Eptesicus gobiensis
Guadeloupe big |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration%20and%20crime | Immigration and crime refers to the relationship between criminal activity and the phenomenon of immigration. The academic literature and official statistics provide mixed findings for the relationship between immigration and crime. Research in the United States tends to suggest that immigration either has no impact on the crime rate or even that immigrants are less prone to crime. A meta-analysis of 51 studies from 1994–2014 on the relationship between immigration and crime in the United States found that, overall, the immigration-crime association is negative, but the relationship is very weak and there is significant variation in findings across studies. This is in line with a 2009 review of high-quality studies conducted in the United States that also found a negative relationship.
Research and statistics in some other, mainly European countries suggest a positive link between immigration and crime: immigrants from particular countries are often overrepresented in crime figures. The over-representation of immigrants in the criminal justice systems of several countries may be due to socioeconomic factors, imprisonment for migration offenses, and racial and ethnic discrimination by police and the judicial system. The relationship between immigration and terrorism is understudied, but existing research is inconclusive. Research on the relationship between refugee migration and crime is scarce and existing empirical evidence is often contradictory. According to statistics fr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowdry%20bodies | Cowdry bodies are eosinophilic or basophilic nuclear inclusions composed of nucleic acid and protein seen in cells infected with Herpes simplex virus, Varicella-zoster virus, and Cytomegalovirus. They are named after Edmund Cowdry.
There are two types of intranuclear Cowdry bodies:
Type A (as seen in herpes simplex, VZV and measles )
Type B (as seen in infection with poliovirus, CMV and adenovirus), though it may seem that this is an antiquated and perhaps illusory type.
Light microscopy is used for detection of Cowdry bodies.
References
Histopathology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollaczek%E2%80%93Khinchine%20formula | In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, the Pollaczek–Khinchine formula states a relationship between the queue length and service time distribution Laplace transforms for an M/G/1 queue (where jobs arrive according to a Poisson process and have general service time distribution). The term is also used to refer to the relationships between the mean queue length and mean waiting/service time in such a model.
The formula was first published by Felix Pollaczek in 1930 and recast in probabilistic terms by Aleksandr Khinchin two years later. In ruin theory the formula can be used to compute the probability of ultimate ruin (probability of an insurance company going bankrupt).
Mean queue length
The formula states that the mean number of customers in system L is given by
where
is the arrival rate of the Poisson process
is the mean of the service time distribution S
is the utilization
Var(S) is the variance of the service time distribution S.
For the mean queue length to be finite it is necessary that as otherwise jobs arrive faster than they leave the queue. "Traffic intensity," ranges between 0 and 1, and is the mean fraction of time that the server is busy. If the arrival rate is greater than or equal to the service rate , the queuing delay becomes infinite. The variance term enters the expression due to Feller's paradox.
Mean waiting time
If we write W for the mean time a customer spends in the system, then where is the mean w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25%20Pure%20Love | "100% Pure Love" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Crystal Waters from her second studio album, Storyteller (1994). It was released on April 11, 1994 by Mercury and A&M (UK), as the album's lead single. The song was a hit in many countries, reaching the top 20 in Australia, Finland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is certified platinum in Australia and gold in the US. In 1995, it was awarded the prize for Top ASCAP Dance Song. And its accompanying music video, directed by Marcus Nispel, was nominated for Best Dance Video at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards.
Background and release
The song is inspired by her relationship at the time. The singer says she chose the stylings of the song as a reaction to the popularity of gangsta rap during the mid-1990s in the United States.
Looking to write a positive song, she sent an early draft to her production team Basement Boys who "hated the hook" but "loved the verses." Originally the song was built on the lyrics, "the beat goes boom," before she went back to the drawing board and considered the reasons she was writing the song in the first place. "From the back to the middle and around again, I'm going to be there 'til the end, 100% pure love," emerged as the next draft and became the lyrics in the completed version of the song.
Crystal Waters also signed and debuted as a model with the Ford Modeling Agency in August 1994. They included her as a special guest in fashion co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease%20vector | In epidemiology, a disease vector is any living agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen to another living organism; agents regarded as vectors are organisms, such as parasites or microbes. The first major discovery of a disease vector came from Ronald Ross in 1897, who discovered the malaria pathogen when he dissected a mosquito.
Arthropods
Arthropods form a major group of pathogen vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks, and mites transmitting a huge number of pathogens. Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives. When the insects feed on blood, the pathogen enters the blood stream of the host. This can happen in different ways.
The Anopheles mosquito, a vector for malaria, filariasis, and various arthropod-borne-viruses (arboviruses), inserts its delicate mouthpart under the skin and feeds on its host's blood. The parasites the mosquito carries are usually located in its salivary glands (used by mosquitoes to anaesthetise the host). Therefore, the parasites are transmitted directly into the host's blood stream. Pool feeders such as the sand fly and black fly, vectors for pathogens causing leishmaniasis and onchocerciasis respectively, will chew a well in the host's skin, forming a small pool of blood from which they feed. Leishmania parasites then infect the host through the saliva of the sand fly. Onchocerca force their own way out of the insect's head into the pool of blood.
Tri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed-in%20tariffs%20in%20Germany | Feed-in electricity tariffs (FiT) were introduced in Germany to encourage the use of new energy technologies such as wind power, biomass, hydropower, geothermal power and solar photovoltaics. Feed-in tariffs are a policy mechanism designed to accelerate investment in renewable energy technologies by providing them remuneration (a "tariff") above the retail or wholesale rates of electricity. The mechanism provides long-term security to renewable energy producers, typically based on the cost of generation of each technology. Technologies such as wind power, for instance, are awarded a lower per-kWh price, while technologies such as solar PV and tidal power are offered a higher price, reflecting higher costs.
As of July 2014, feed-in tariffs range from 3.33 ¢/kWh (4.4 ¢/kWh) for hydropower facilities over 50 MW to 12.88 ¢/kWh (17.3 ¢/kWh) for solar installations on buildings up to 30kWp and 19 ¢/kWh (25.5 ¢/kWh) for offshore wind.
On 1 August 2014, a revised Renewable Energy Sources Act or EEG (2014) (colloquially called EEG2.0) entered into force. The government will now stipulate specific deployment corridors to control the uptake of renewables and the feed-in tariffs themselves will be determined by auction.
The aim is to meet Germany's renewable energy goals of 40 to 45% of electricity consumption in 2025 and 55% to 60% in 2035. The policy also aims to encourage the development of renewable technologies, reduce external costs, and increase security of energy supply.
In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology%20of%20the%20Cell | Biology of the Cell is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of cell biology, cell physiology, and molecular biology of animal and plant cells, microorganisms and protists. Topics covered include development, neurobiology, and immunology, as well as theoretical or biophysical modelling.
The journal is currently published monthly by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Société Française des Microscopies and the Société de Biologie Cellulaire de France.
History
The journal first appeared in 1962 and was originally titled Journal de Microscopie (1962–1974). In 1975 the journal was retitled Journal de Microscopie et de Biologie Cellulaire (; 1975–1976). It was later retitled Biologie Cellulaire (; 1977–1980), becoming Biology of the Cell in 1981.
Articles were originally published in either English or French, with summaries in both languages.
Modern journal
Content from 1988 is available online in PDF format, with papers from 2005 also being available in HTML, and from 2006 in an enhanced full-text format.
The journal's 2014 impact factor was 3.506. Biology of the Cell is indexed by BIOBASE, BIOSIS, CAB International, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts Service, Current Contents/Life Sciences, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, MEDLINE/Index Medicus, and ProQuest Information and Learning
Articles are primarily research and reviews. Themed series on specific topics are scheduled. They were: Stem Cells (2005), RNA localization (2005), Aquaporins (2005), Synapses ( |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leandr%C3%A3o%20%28footballer%29 | Leandro Costa Miranda Moraes or simply Leandrão (born 18 July 1983) is a Brazilian professional football manager and former player who is the current head coach of Boavista.
Club statistics
Honours
Internacional
Campeonato Gaúcho: 2002, 2005, 2008, 2009
Sport
Campeonato Pernambucano: 2010
ABC
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C: 2010
Campeonato Potiguar: 2011
Remo
Campeonato Paraense: 2014
Boavista
Copa Rio: 2017
External links
1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Uberlândia
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian football managers
Men's association football forwards
Boavista Sport Club players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players
J1 League players
K League 1 players
Israeli Premier League players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Expatriate men's footballers in South Korea
Expatriate men's footballers in Israel
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in South Korea
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Israel
Sport Club Internacional players
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
Vissel Kobe players
Daejeon Hana Citizen players
Ulsan Hyundai FC players
Jeonnam Dragons players
Esporte Clube Vitória players
Sport Club do Recife players
ABC Futebol Clube players
Associação Atlética Ponte Preta players
Associação Desportiva São Caetano players
Rio Branco Esporte Clube players
Hapoel Acre F.C. players
Clube d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahk | Nahk may refer to:
N-acetylhexosamine 1-kinase, an enzyme
Konstantin Nahk |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy%20Spelling | Carole Gene "Candy" Spelling (née Marer; born September 20, 1945) is an American author, theater producer, and philanthropist. She was married to Aaron Spelling from 1968 until his death in 2006.
Early life and education
Carole Gene Marer was born in Beverly Hills, California, to Augusta (née Rosen) and Merritt Marer, and grew up in a Jewish home. She has an elder brother, Anthony Marer (born July 24, 1942). Her father was a salesman who founded a chain of furniture stores. Although initially successful, the chain failed as a result of overexpansion. She attended Beverly Hills High School and Chouinard Art Institute in Los Angeles.
Books and television
Spelling's autobiography, Stories from Candyland, released in March 2009, hit The New York Times best seller list two weeks after publication. Her memoir, Candy at Last, was published by Wiley in May 2014. She has written for TMZ and the Huffington Post, among others.
In December 2011 and January 2012, Spelling produced and starred in Selling Spelling Manor, a two-episode special for HGTV that documented the process of moving from and selling her 123-room, 56,500 square foot home. In 2013, she produced and starred in Beyond Spelling Manor, a three-episode series about the construction of her subsequent residence, a $35m condominium, and her search for an apartment in New York City. The series also aired on HGTV.
Broadway
Spelling began producing theater on Broadway in 2010. Her first co-production, Promises, Promi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliotransmitter | Gliotransmitters are chemicals released from glial cells that facilitate neuronal communication between neurons and other glial cells. They are usually induced from Ca2+ signaling, although recent research has questioned the role of Ca2+ in gliotransmitters and may require a revision of the relevance of gliotransmitters in neuronal signalling in general.
While gliotransmitters can be released from any glial cell, including oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia, they are primarily released from astrocytes. Astrocytes rely on gap junctions for coupling, and are star-like in shape, which allows them to come into contact with many other synapses in various regions of the brain. Their structure also makes them capable of bidirectional signaling. It is estimated that astrocytes can make contact with over 100,000 synapses, allowing them to play an essential role in synaptic transmission. While gliotransmission primarily occurs between astrocytes and neurons, gliotransmission is not limited to these two cell types. Besides the central nervous system, gliotransmission also occurs among motor nerve terminals and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Another occurrence of gliotransmission takes place between glial cells in the retina, called Müller cells, and retinal neurons.
Function
The word “glia”, derived from the Greek words γλία and γλοία ("glue"), illustrates the original belief among scientists that these cells play a passive role in neural signaling, be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJA1 | Gap junction alpha-1 protein (GJA1), also known as connexin 43 (Cx43), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GJA1 gene on chromosome 6. As a connexin, GJA1 is a component of gap junctions, which allow for gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) between cells to regulate cell death, proliferation, and differentiation. As a result of its function, GJA1 is implicated in many biological processes, including muscle contraction, embryonic development, inflammation, and spermatogenesis, as well as diseases, including oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD), heart malformations, and cancers.
Structure
GJA1 is a 43.0 kDa protein composed of 382 amino acids. GJA1 contains a long C-terminal tail, an N-terminal domain, and multiple transmembrane domains. The protein passes through the phospholipid bilayer four times, leaving its C- and N-terminals exposed to the cytoplasm. The C-terminal tail is composed of 50 amino acids and includes post-translational modification sites, as well as binding sites for transcription factors, cytoskeleton elements, and other proteins. As a result, the C-terminal tail is central to functions such as regulating pH gating and channel assembly. Notably, the DNA region of the GJA1 gene encoding this tail is highly conserved, indicating that it is either resistant to mutations or becomes lethal when mutated. Meanwhile, the N-terminal domain is involved in channel gating and oligomerization and, thus, may control the switch between the channel's open |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahcolite | Nahcolite is a soft, colourless or white carbonate mineral with the composition of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) also called thermokalite. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system.
Nahcolite was first described in 1928 for an occurrence in a lava tunnel at Mount Vesuvius, Italy. Its name refers to the elements which compose it: Na, H, C, and O. It occurs as a hot spring and saline lake precipitate or efflorescence; in differentiated alkalic massifs; in fluid inclusions as a daughter mineral phase and in evaporite deposits.Nahcolite data on Webmineral
It occurs in association with trona, thermonatrite, thenardite, halite, gaylussite, burkeite, northupite and borax. It has been reported in a Roman conduit at Stufe de Nerone, Campi Flegrei, near Naples; in the U. S. from Searles Lake, San Bernardino County, California; in the Green River Formation, Colorado and Utah; in the Tincalayu deposit, Salar del Hombre Muerto,
Salta Province, Argentina; on Mt. Alluaiv, Lovozero Massif and Khibiny Massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia; and around Mount Erebus, Victoria Land, Antarctica.
References
Carbonate minerals
Sodium minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Industrial minerals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper%20zero-signal%20collector%20current | Consider an NPN transistor circuit. During the positive half-cycle of the signal, the base is positive with respect to the emitter and hence the base-emitter junction is forward biased. This causes a base current and much larger collector current to flow. The positive half-cycle of the signal is amplified in the collector. During the negative half-cycle, the base-emitter junction is reverse biased and hence no current flows. No output flows during the negative half-cycle of the signal. Thus the positive-only amplified output is unfaithful.
A sufficient battery source in the base circuit keeps the input circuit forward biased even during the peak of
the negative half-cycle. When no signal is applied, a DC current I C will flow in the collector circuit due to the battery. This is known as zero signal collector current.
The value of zero signal collector current should be at least equal to the maximum collector current due to AC signal alone.
References
Transistors
Semiconductor devices |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20epidemiology | Statistical epidemiology is an emerging branch of the disciplines of epidemiology and biostatistics that aims to:
Bring more statistical rigour to bear in the field of epidemiology
Recognise the importance of applied statistics, especially with respect to the context in which statistical methods are appropriate and inappropriate
Aid and improve our interpretation of observations
Introduction
The science of epidemiology has had enormous growth, particularly with charity and government funding. Many researchers have been trained to conduct studies, requiring multiple skills ranging from liaising with clinical staff to the statistical analysis of complex data, such as using Bayesian methods. The role of a Statistical Epidemiologist is to bring the most appropriate methods available to bear on observational study from medical research, requiring a broad appreciation of the underpinning methods and their context of applicability and interpretation.
The earliest mention of this phrase was in an article by EB Wilson, taking a critical look at the way in which statistical methods were developing and being applied in the science of epidemiology.
Academic recognition
There are two Professors of Statistical Epidemiology in the United Kingdom (University of Leeds and Imperial College, London) and a Statistical Epidemiology group (Oxford University).
Related fields
Statistical epidemiology draws upon quantitative methods from fields such as: statistics, operations research |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engage%20the%20Enzyme | Engage the Enzyme is the sixth album by rapper, Young MC. The album was released in 2002 for Stimulus Records. The album did not make it to the album charts; however it did feature the hit single "Heatseeker."
Track listing
"Intro"- 1:10
"Stress Test"- 5:36
"Feel the Love"- 3:45
"Heatseeker"- 4:03
"Whop de Whoop"- 4:34
"Flows"- 5:14
"Unsigned Diva"- 4:34
"Babe"- 6:03
"Crucial"- 6:41
"One Time for Your Mind"- 4:39
"Ain't No Way in the World"- 4:22
"In Case"- 4:22
"Without Doubt"- 4:26
"Easier"- 5:37
"Heatseeker" (Remix)- 4:29
"Feel the Love" (Remix)- 4:12
Young MC albums
2002 albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hydroxybutyrate%20dehydrogenase | In enzymology, a 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
4-hydroxybutanoate + NAD+ succinate semialdehyde + NADH + H+
The two substrates of this enzyme are therefore 4-hydroxybutanoic acid, and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are succinate semialdehyde, NADH, and H+.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-hydroxybutanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called gamma-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in butanoate metabolism and the degradation of the neurotransmitter 4-hydroxybutanoic acid.
References
EC 1.1.1
NADH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baytown%20Nature%20Center | The Baytown Nature Center is located in Baytown, Texas, east of Houston. It is located on a peninsula along the Houston Ship Channel and surrounded on three sides by Burnet Bay, Crystal Bay, and Scott Bay.
The Baytown Nature Center is both a recreation area and a wildlife sanctuary that is home to hundreds of bird species, mammals, reptiles, and aquatic species. The City of Baytown created this Nature Center in 1994. The SWA Group's Houston office provided land planning and landscape architectural services.
History
The Baytown Nature Center was, for many years, a highly desirable residential neighborhood known as Brownwood with nearly 400 substantial homes on a peninsula.
In 1961, Hurricane Carla devastated the Texas Gulf Coast, flooding most of Brownwood and ending any new development in the area. Afterwards, subsidence became a serious problem as industrial and municipal water users along the Houston Ship Channel and in the general Houston area pumped out groundwater faster than natural forces could replenish the aquifer(s). Thus, during the 1970s and 1980s, much of the Texas Gulf Coast (including most of Brownwood) sank a total of 10 to . Brownwood, which had previously been high and dry, was repeatedly inundated by high tides and storms.
In 1983, extensive damage from Hurricane Alicia finally led to the abandonment of most of Brownwood's homes. The City of Baytown started buying out the properties of neighborhood residents. In 1984, the City prepared its first ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns%20Hopkins%20Beast | The Johns Hopkins Beast was a mobile automaton, an early pre-robot, built in the 1960s at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. The machine had a rudimentary intelligence and the ability to survive on its own. As it wandered through the white halls of the laboratory, it would seek black wall outlets. When it found one it would plug in and recharge.
The robot was cybernetic. It did not use a computer. Its control circuitry consisted of dozens of transistors controlling analog voltages. It used photocell optics and sonar to navigate. The 2N404 transistors were used to create NOR logic gates that implemented the Boolean logic to tell it what to do when a specific sensor was activated. The 2N404 transistors were also used to create timing gates to tell it how long to do something. 2N1040 Power transistors were used to control the power to the motion treads, the boom, and the charging mechanism.
The original sensors in Mod I were physical touch only. The wall socket was detected by physical switches on the arm that followed the wall. Once detected, two electrical prongs were extended until they entered the wall socket and made the electrical connection to charge the vehicle. The stairway, doors, and pipes on the hall wall were also detected by physical switches and recognized by appropriate logic.
The sonar guidance system was developed for Mod I and improved for Mod II. It used two ultrasonic transducers to determine distance, location within the halls, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamencology | Flamencology, from the Spanish word Flamencología, is an academic discipline pertaining to the Flamenco arts. It combines research, documentation, and other techniques to achieve the diffusion and preservation of the art.
Etymology
The term was coined in 1955 by Spanish Argentine author Anselmo González Clement in a publication of the same year utilizing the term as its title. The Real Academia Española included the term in a revision of the Spanish dictionary through the efforts of the Granadine writer Luis Rosales. The term was diffused as early as 1958 by a group of erudites known as the Cátedra de Jerez in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain.
Institutionalization
The Discipline is institutionalized throughout the Andalucía region in southern Spain. Institutions such as the Universidad de Sevilla (University of Seville) and the Universidad de Córdoba (Córdoba University) offer specialization in this discipline.
In Modern Practice
The discipline is put into practice through various publications or lectures. Some examples of publications are Revista Alma 100, Revista El Olivo, and Flamenco World.com.
Propagation
The extent to which the discipline is practiced varies on the growth of general knowledge of the Flamenco arts. Since the beginning, it has been the purpose of Flamencologists to diffuse the art both locally and abroad, and with the diffusion of the art later come the methods of documenting and researching the art thus putting Flamencology into practice.
In practice |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTC%20Therapeutics | PTC Therapeutics is a US pharmaceutical company focused on the development of orally administered small molecule drugs and gene therapy which regulate gene expression by targeting post-transcriptional control (PTC) mechanisms in orphan diseases.
In September 2009, PTC entered into an agreement with Roche for the development of orally bioavailable small molecules for central nervous system diseases. PTC acquired the Bio-e platform in 2019.
Products
In 2017, PTC acquired Emflaza (deflazacort) from Marathon Pharmaceuticals. PTC also owns Translarna, (Ataluren) marketed for nonsense mutation Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Together, the two products generated revenues of 174 million dollars and 260 million dollars in 2017 and 2018 respectively.
PTC has the commercialization rights for WAYLIVRA (volanesorsen) in Latin America.
Pipeline
In 2018, PTC acquired Agilis Biotherapeutics and a gene therapy candidate, GT-AADC, with its compelling clinical data in treating aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency. AADC deficiency is a rare CNS disorder arising from reductions in the enzyme AADC that result from mutations in the dopa decarboxylase (DDC) gene.
In 2020, PTC acquired Censa Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of CNSA-001 (sepiapterin), a clinical-stage investigational therapy for orphan metabolic diseases, including phenylketonuria (PKU) and other diseases associated with defects in the tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) biochem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown%20Hoyas%20women%27s%20lacrosse | The Georgetown Hoyas women's lacrosse team competes in the Big East Conference, an NCAA Division I conference. The first team was formed in 1977.
Historical statistics
*Statistics through 2018 season
Current team
The current head coach is Ricky Fried, who took over after Kim Simons retired following the 2004 season. Previously, Fried held the positions of assistant coach from 2002 to 2003 and associate head coach from 2003 to 2004, both under Simons.
The current assistant coaches are Erin Wellner-Hellmold and Michi Ellers. Hellmold played for Fried at Johns Hopkins University. Ellers played under Simons, with Fried as assistant coach, at Georgetown from 2002 to 2004.
History
The Georgetown Women's Lacrosse team advanced to two National Championship games in 2001 and 2002. The team appeared in 9 consecutive NCAA tournaments from 1998 to 2006 and advanced to 3 NCAA Final Four games in 2001, 2002, and 2004. The team had an undefeated record in the Big East from 2001 to 2006, earning them 6 consecutive Conference Championships. In 2007, the women's lacrosse team was defeated by Syracuse University in the first ever Big East women's lacrosse tournament. However, the Hoyas had previously been crowned the Big East Regular-Season Champions.
2006 season
In 2006, the Georgetown Women's lacrosse team continued to be a household name on the national scene. The team started the 2006 season ranked number 10/12 in National Polls and climbed all the way to earn the number 3 see |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael%20Bruschweiler | Rafael Brüschweiler is a scientist who studies nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). He is credited for the development of Covariance NMR, which shortens the NMR measurement time for multidimensional spectra of both solution and solid-state NMR. It also allows for easier analysis and interpretation. For this achievement he was awarded the Laukien Prize in NMR Spectroscopy at the 47th Experimental Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Conference (ENC). He is also a leading scientist in NMR-based metabolomics and protein NMR.
Rafael Brüschweiler is currently a professor of Dept. Chemistry & Biochemistry, executive chair of Campus Chemical Instrument Center (CCIC)-NMR at Ohio State University since 2013 summer, and associate director for biophysics at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory since 2004. He was a George M. Edgar Professor of Dept. Chemistry & Biochemistry at The Florida State University from 2004 to 2013. Prior to this he was a professor of chemistry at Clark University where he held the Gustaf H. Carlson Chair.
Rafael Brüschweiler obtained his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from ETH, Zürich under supervision of Nobel Laureate Richard R. Ernst, and did his postdoctoral research at the Scripps Research Institute (Advisor: P. E. Wright and D. A. Case). He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and a fellow of the American Physical Society (APS).
References
Brüschweiler Research Group | Brüschweiler Research Group at OSU Department of Che |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman%E2%80%93Robbins%20bound | In statistics, the Chapman–Robbins bound or Hammersley–Chapman–Robbins bound is a lower bound on the variance of estimators of a deterministic parameter. It is a generalization of the Cramér–Rao bound; compared to the Cramér–Rao bound, it is both tighter and applicable to a wider range of problems. However, it is usually more difficult to compute.
The bound was independently discovered by John Hammersley in 1950, and by Douglas Chapman and Herbert Robbins in 1951.
Statement
Let be the set of parameters for a family of probability distributions on .
For any two , let be the -divergence from to . Then:
A generalization to the multivariable case is:
Proof
By the variational representation of chi-squared divergence:
Plug in , to obtain: Switch the denominator and the left side and take supremum over to obtain the single-variate case. For the multivariate case, we define for any . Then plug in in the variational representation to obtain: Take supremum over , using the linear algebra fact that , we obtain the multivariate case.
Relation to Cramér–Rao bound
Usually, is the sample space of independent draws of a -valued random variable with distribution from a by parameterized family of probability distributions, is its -fold product measure, and is an estimator of . Then, for , the expression inside the supremum in the Chapman–Robbins bound converges to the Cramér–Rao bound of when , assuming the regularity conditions of the Cramér–Rao bound hold. This impli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%20San%20Diego%20Padres%20season | The 1981 San Diego Padres season was the 13th season in franchise history.
Offseason
December 8, 1980: Rollie Fingers, Bob Shirley, Gene Tenace and a player to be named later were traded by the Padres to the St. Louis Cardinals for Terry Kennedy, Steve Swisher, Mike Phillips, John Littlefield, John Urrea, Kim Seaman, and Al Olmsted. The Padres completed the deal by sending Bob Geren to the Cardinals on December 10.
December 8, 1980: Chuck Baker was traded by the Padres to the Minnesota Twins for Dave Edwards.
December 8, 1980: Mario Ramírez was selected by the Padres from the New York Mets in the rule 5 draft.
December 15, 1980: Randy Jones was traded by the Padres to the New York Mets for John Pacella and José Moreno.
December 15, 1980: Rick Sweet was purchased from the Padres by the Seattle Mariners.
January 13, 1981: Eric Bullock was drafted by the San Diego Padres in the 1st round (5th pick) of the 1981 amateur draft (secondary phase), but did not sign.
March 27, 1981: Tony Phillips, Kevin Bell and Eric Mustad (minors) was traded by the Padres to the Oakland Athletics for Bob Lacey and Roy Moretti (minors).
March 27, 1981: Eric Rasmussen was released by the Padres.
Regular season
Opening Day Starters
Season standings
Record vs. opponents
Notable transactions
June 8, 1981: 1981 Major League Baseball draft
Kevin McReynolds was drafted by the Padres in the 1st round (6th pick).
Tony Gwynn was drafted by the Padres in the 3rd round. Player signed June 16, 198 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegel%E2%80%93Tukey%20test | In statistics, the Siegel–Tukey test, named after Sidney Siegel and John Tukey, is a non-parametric test which may be applied to data measured at least on an ordinal scale. It tests for differences in scale between two groups.
The test is used to determine if one of two groups of data tends to have more widely dispersed values than the other. In other words, the test determines whether one of the two groups tends to move, sometimes to the right, sometimes to the left, but away from the center (of the ordinal scale).
The test was published in 1960 by Sidney Siegel and John Wilder Tukey in the Journal of the American Statistical Association, in the article "A Nonparametric Sum of Ranks Procedure for Relative Spread in Unpaired Samples."
Principle
The principle is based on the following idea:
Suppose there are two groups A and B with n observations for the first group and m observations for the second (so there are N = n + m total observations). If all N observations are arranged in ascending order, it can be expected that the values of the two groups will be mixed or sorted randomly, if there are no differences between the two groups (following the null hypothesis H0). This would mean that among the ranks of extreme (high and low) scores, there would be similar values from Group A and Group B.
If, say, Group A were more inclined to extreme values (the alternative hypothesis H1), then there will be a higher proportion of observations from group A with low or high values, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20frequency%20scaling | Dynamic frequency scaling (also known as CPU throttling) is a power management technique in computer architecture whereby the frequency of a microprocessor can be automatically adjusted "on the fly" depending on the actual needs, to conserve power and reduce the amount of heat generated by the chip. Dynamic frequency scaling helps preserve battery on mobile devices and decrease cooling cost and noise on quiet computing settings, or can be useful as a security measure for overheated systems (e.g. after poor overclocking).
Dynamic frequency scaling almost always appear in conjunction with dynamic voltage scaling, since higher frequencies require higher supply voltages for the digital circuit to yield correct results. The combined topic is known as dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS).
Processor throttling is also known as "automatic underclocking". Automatic overclocking (boosting) is also technically a form of dynamic frequency scaling, but it's relatively new and usually not discussed with throttling.
Operation
The dynamic power (switching power) dissipated by a chip is C·V2·A·f, where C is the capacitance being switched per clock cycle, V is voltage, A is the Activity Factor indicating the average number of switching events per clock cycle by the transistors in the chip (as a unitless quantity) and f is the clock frequency.
Voltage is therefore the main determinant of power usage and heating. The voltage required for stable operation is determined by the freque |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolis | Interpolis is one of largest insurance companies in the Netherlands. The company has gained wide recognition with its advertising campaign "Interpolis.Crystal clear". Besides financial compensation, Interpolis also offers compensation in kind.
Interpolis Office Concept
In addition to insurance, Interpolis is also known for its special outlook on work. No one at Interpolis has their own fixed place of work. The employees can select a place of work that is best suited to them and to the work that they do. Special areas called ‘club houses’ have also been created at the Interpolis head office, each with its own particular atmosphere. In these club houses the Interpolis employees can combine various daily activities, such as working, consulting, meeting people, relaxing and eating. The flexible working concept, of Activity Based Working, led to a cultural transition at Interpolis. That is because flexible working is not just a matter of moving some furniture around. Flexible working must also become embedded in the way you think and act. Employees at Interpolis do not have to clock in. The motto at Interpolis is: as long as the work gets done. Whether that is done from home or at the office is something the employees can decide for themselves. Interpolis is a pioneer of teleworking in the Netherlands. At the moment about 2,500 employees work from home several days a week.
History
Interpolis came into existence in 1969 after a merger between the life insurance company BTL and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KdV%20hierarchy | In mathematics, the KdV hierarchy is an infinite sequence of partial differential equations which contains the Korteweg–de Vries equation.
Details
Let be translation operator defined on real valued functions as . Let be set of all analytic functions that satisfy , i.e. periodic functions of period 1. For each , define an operator
on the space of smooth functions on . We define the Bloch spectrum to be the set of such that there is a nonzero function with and . The KdV hierarchy is a sequence of nonlinear differential operators such that for any we have an analytic function and we define to be and
,
then is independent of .
The KdV hierarchy arises naturally as a statement of Huygens' principle for the D'Alembertian.
Explicit equations for first three terms of hierarchy
The first three partial differential equations of the KdV hierarchy are
where each equation is considered as a PDE for for the respective .
The first equation identifies and as in the original KdV equation. These equations arise as the equations of motion from the (countably) infinite set of independent constants of motion by choosing them in turn to be the Hamiltonian for the system. For , the equations are called higher KdV equations and the variables higher times.
Application to periodic solutions of KdV
One can consider the higher KdVs as a system of overdetermined PDEs for
Then solutions which are independent of higher times above some fixed and with periodic boundary conditio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine%20%28disambiguation%29 | A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow.
Turbine may also refer to:
In software
Turbine, Inc., a software company
Apache Turbine, a rapid development web application framework
Ships
Turbine-class destroyer, a class of Italian warships mainly used during World War II
Italian destroyer Turbine, a World War I destroyer of the Nembo class
Other uses
TURBINE (US government project)
Turbine, Ontario
1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, a women's football team in Potsdam, Germany
Mohamed Tabarsi, a character nicknamed Turbine in the Japanese Shaman King manga series
Turbine interchange, a road interchange between two freeways
Sunday Tribune, a defunct Irish newspaper, informally called the Turbine
Turbine (album), a 1994 album by The Walk
Turbines (album), a 2013 album by Tunng
A former roller coaster at Walibi Belgium |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Transactions%20on%20Semiconductor%20Manufacturing | The IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE. It covers research on semiconductor device fabrication, including simulation and modeling from the factory to the detailed process level, defect control, yield analysis and optimization, production planning and scheduling, environmental issues in semiconductor manufacturing, and manufacturability improvement. The editor-in-chief is Reha Uzsoy (North Carolina State University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.874.
The journal is a joint publication of the IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society, IEEE Components, Packaging & Manufacturing Technology Society, IEEE Electron Devices Society, and the IEEE Reliability Society.
References
External links
Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing
Semiconductor journals
Quarterly journals
Academic journals established in 1988
English-language journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strombine%20dehydrogenase | In enzymology, a strombine dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
N-(carboxymethyl)-D-alanine + NAD+ + H2O glycine + pyruvate + NADH + H+
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are N-(carboxymethyl)-D-alanine, NAD+, and H2O, whereas its 4 products are glycine, pyruvate, NADH, and H+.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N-(carboxymethyl)-D-alanine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (glycine-forming). Other names in common use include strombine[N-(carboxymethyl)-D-alanine]dehydrogenase, and N-(carboxymethyl)-D-alanine: NAD+ oxidoreductase.
References
EC 1.5.1
NADH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthine%20dehydrogenase | Xanthine dehydrogenase, also known as XDH, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the XDH gene.
Function
Xanthine dehydrogenase belongs to the group of molybdenum-containing hydroxylases involved in the oxidative metabolism of purines. The enzyme is a homodimer. Xanthine dehydrogenase can be converted to xanthine oxidase by reversible sulfhydryl oxidation or by irreversible proteolytic modification.
Xanthine dehydrogenase catalyzes the following chemical reaction:
xanthine + NAD+ + H2O urate + NADH + H+
The three substrates of this enzyme are xanthine, NAD+, and H2O, whereas its three products are urate, NADH, and H+.
This enzyme participates in purine metabolism.
Nomenclature
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, to be specific, those acting on CH or CH2 groups with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is xanthine:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include NAD+-xanthine dehydrogenase, xanthine-NAD+ oxidoreductase, xanthine/NAD+ oxidoreductase, and xanthine oxidoreductase.
Clinical significance
Defects in xanthine dehydrogenase cause xanthinuria, may contribute to adult respiratory stress syndrome, and may potentiate influenza infection through an oxygen metabolite-dependent mechanism. It has been shown that patients with lung adenocarcinoma tumors which have high levels of XDH gene expression have lower survivals. Addiction to XDH protein has been used to target NSCLC tumors and cell lines in a prec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthoxin%20dehydrogenase | In enzymology, a xanthoxin dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
xanthoxin + NAD+ abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are xanthoxin and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are abscisic aldehyde, NADH, and H+.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is xanthoxin:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include xanthoxin oxidase, and ABA2. This enzyme participates in carotenoid biosynthesis.
References
EC 1.1.1
NADH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylaldehyde%20dehydrogenase | In enzymology, a salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
salicylaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O salicylate + NADH + 2 H+
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are salicylaldehyde, NAD+, and H2O, whereas its 3 products are salicylate, NADH, and H+.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is salicylaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in naphthalene and anthracene degradation.
References
EC 1.2.1
NADH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcosine%20dehydrogenase | In enzymology, sarcosine dehydrogenase () is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction N-demethylation of sarcosine to give glycine. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH group of donor with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is sarcosine:acceptor oxidoreductase (demethylating). Other names in common use include sarcosine N-demethylase, monomethylglycine dehydrogenase, and sarcosine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (demethylating). Sarcosine dehydrogenase is closely related to dimethylglycine dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the demethylation reaction of dimethylglycine to sarcosine. Both sarcosine dehydrogenase and dimethylglycine dehydrogenase use FAD as a cofactor. Sarcosine dehydrogenase is linked by electron-transferring flavoprotein (ETF) to the respiratory redox chain.
The general chemical reaction catalyzed by sarcosine dehydrogenase is:
sarcosine + acceptor + H2O glycine + formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
Structure
There is no crystal structure available for sarcosine dehydrogenase. Sarcosine dehydrogenase contains a covalently bound FAD group " linked via the 8 alpha position of the isoalloxazine ring to an imidazole N(3) of a histidine residue". The enzyme, according to Freisell Wr. et al., also contains non-heme iron in a ratio of 1 or 2 iron per 300000g of enzyme, and 0.5 mol of acid soluble sulfur suggesting that the electron transfer during the first step in the rea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoyitol%20dehydrogenase | In enzymology, a sequoyitol dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
5-O-methyl-myo-inositol + NAD+ 2D-5-O-methyl-2,3,5/4,6-pentahydroxycyclohexanone + NADH + H+
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 5-O-methyl-myo-inositol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 2D-5-O-methyl-2,3,5/4,6-pentahydroxycyclohexanone, NADH, and H+.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 5-O-methyl-myo-inositol:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called D-pinitol dehydrogenase.
References
EC 1.1.1
NADH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine%202-dehydrogenase | In enzymology, a serine 2-dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
L-serine + H2O + NAD+ 3-hydroxypyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H+
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are L-serine, H2O, and NAD+, whereas its 4 products are 3-hydroxypyruvate, NH3, NADH, and H+.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH2 group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-serine:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase (deaminating). Other names in common use include L-serine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (deaminating), and serine dehydrogenase.
References
EC 1.4.1
NADH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine%203-dehydrogenase | In enzymology, a serine 3-dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
L-serine + NADP+ 2-ammoniomalonate semialdehyde + NADPH + H+
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-serine and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 2-ammoniomalonate semialdehyde, NADPH, and H+.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-serine:NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase.
References
EC 1.1.1
NADPH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikimate%20dehydrogenase | In enzymology, a shikimate dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
shikimate + NADP+ 3-dehydroshikimate + NADPH + H+
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are shikimate and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 3-dehydroshikimate, NADPH, and H+. This enzyme participates in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis.
Function
Shikimate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes one step of the shikimate pathway. This pathway is found in bacteria, plants, fungi, algae, and parasites and is responsible for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) from the metabolism of carbohydrates. In contrast, animals and humans lack this pathway hence products of this biosynthetic route are essential amino acids that must be obtained through an animal's diet.
There are seven enzymes that play a role in this pathway. Shikimate dehydrogenase (also known as 3-dehydroshikimate dehydrogenase) is the fourth step of the seven step process. This step converts 3-dehydroshikimate to shikimate as well as reduces NADP+ to NADPH.
Nomenclature
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is shikimate:NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include:
dehydroshikimic reductase,
shikimate oxidoreductase,
shikimate:NADP+ oxidoreductase,
5-dehydroshikimate reductase,
shikimate 5 |
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