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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection%20locking | Injection locking and injection pulling are the frequency effects that can occur when a harmonic oscillator is disturbed by a second oscillator operating at a nearby frequency. When the coupling is strong enough and the frequencies near enough, the second oscillator can capture the first oscillator, causing it to have essentially identical frequency as the second. This is injection locking. When the second oscillator merely disturbs the first but does not capture it, the effect is called injection pulling. Injection locking and pulling effects are observed in numerous types of physical systems, however the terms are most often associated with electronic oscillators or laser resonators.
Injection locking has been used in beneficial and clever ways in the design of early television sets and oscilloscopes, allowing the equipment to be synchronized to external signals at a relatively low cost. Injection locking has also been used in high performance frequency doubling circuits. However, injection locking and pulling, when unintended, can degrade the performance of phase-locked loops and RF integrated circuits.
Injection from grandfather clocks to lasers
Injection pulling and injection locking can be observed in numerous physical systems where pairs of oscillators are coupled together. Perhaps the first to document these effects was Christiaan Huygens, the inventor of the pendulum clock, who was surprised to note that two pendulum clocks which normally would keep slightly |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill%E2%80%93Bernstein%20equation | In convective heat transfer, the Churchill–Bernstein equation is used to estimate the surface averaged Nusselt number for a cylinder in cross flow at various velocities. The need for the equation arises from the inability to solve the Navier–Stokes equations in the turbulent flow regime, even for a Newtonian fluid. When the concentration and temperature profiles are independent of one another, the mass-heat transfer analogy can be employed. In the mass-heat transfer analogy, heat transfer dimensionless quantities are replaced with analogous mass transfer dimensionless quantities.
This equation is named after Stuart W. Churchill and M. Bernstein, who introduced it in 1977. This equation is also called the Churchill–Bernstein correlation.
Heat transfer definition
where:
is the surface averaged Nusselt number with characteristic length of diameter;
is the Reynolds number with the cylinder diameter as its characteristic length;
is the Prandtl number.
The Churchill–Bernstein equation is valid for a wide range of Reynolds numbers and Prandtl numbers, as long as the product of the two is greater than or equal to 0.2, as defined above. The Churchill–Bernstein equation can be used for any object of cylindrical geometry in which boundary layers develop freely, without constraints imposed by other surfaces. Properties of the external free stream fluid are to be evaluated at the film temperature in order to account for the variation of the fluid properties at different tempera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-B%2A82 | HLA-B*82 (B*82) is an HLA-B allele-group. There is no current useful serotyping for HLA-B*82 gene products.
B*8201 was first identified by sequence analysis and appears to be derived by gene conversion between B*5602 and another HLA class I allele., later B*8202 was identified in a caucasian and was suggested to be ancestral to B*8201, as product between gene conversion of B*5602 allele and B*4501 allele. B*82 is more common in East Africa, Kenya and Sudan, the frequency of B*8201 is found in the peoples to the west, sporadically in Central and West Africa, B*8202 is found in Sudan and Saudi Arabia.
Serotype
Allele frequencies
References
8 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MULTICOM | In U.S. and Canadian aviation, MULTICOM is a frequency allocation used as a Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) by aircraft near airports where no air traffic control is available. Frequency allocations vary from region to region.
Despite the use of uppercase letters, MULTICOM is not an abbreviation or acronym.
In the United States, there is one MULTICOM frequency: 122.9 MHz. (See AIM table 4-1-2 or AIM table 4-1-1) At uncontrolled airports without a UNICOM, pilots are to self-announce on the MULTICOM frequency.
In Australia, there is one MULTICOM frequency: 126.7 MHz.
In Brazil, there is one MULTICOM frequency: 123.45 MHz.
See also
UNICOM
CTAF
Airbands
Aviation communications
Avionics
Air traffic control |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%20field | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, a Schrödinger field, named after Erwin Schrödinger, is a quantum field which obeys the Schrödinger equation. While any situation described by a Schrödinger field can also be described by a many-body Schrödinger equation for identical particles, the field theory is more suitable for situations where the particle number changes.
A Schrödinger field is also the classical limit of a quantum Schrödinger field, a classical wave which satisfies the Schrödinger equation. Unlike the quantum mechanical wavefunction, if there are interactions between the particles the equation will be nonlinear. These nonlinear equations describe the classical wave limit of a system of interacting identical particles.
The path integral of a Schrödinger field is also known as a coherent state path integral, because the field itself is an annihilation operator whose eigenstates can be thought of as coherent states of the harmonic oscillations of the field modes.
Schrödinger fields are useful for describing Bose–Einstein condensation, the Bogolyubov–de Gennes equation of superconductivity, superfluidity, and many-body theory in general. They are also a useful alternative formalism for nonrelativistic quantum mechanics.
A Schrödinger field is the nonrelativistic limit of a Klein–Gordon field.
Summary
A Schrödinger field is a quantum field whose quanta obey the Schrödinger equation. In the classical limit, it can be understood as the quantized wave equatio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola%20Ota%C5%A1evi%C4%87 | Nikola Otašević (; born January 25, 1982) is a former Serbian professional basketball player.
Career
On June 30, 2019, Otašević announced his retirement from playing career.
Career statistics
Eurocup
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2006-07
| style="text-align:left;"| Scandone Avellino
| 6 || 1 || 13.0 || .615 || .600 || .778 || 1.0 || 2.3 || 1.7 || 0.0 || 4.3 || 6.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2007–08
| style="text-align:left;"| Budućnost Podgorica
| 13 || 2 || 20.4 || .368 || .250 || .806 || 1.3 || 3.7 || 1.9 || 0.0 || 6.0 || 5.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2008-09
| style="text-align:left;"| Budućnost Podgorica
| 5 || 0 || 19.0 || .429 || .600 || .583 || 2.8 || 1.4 || 0.8 || 0.0 || 4.4 || 3.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2011–12
| style="text-align:left;"| Budućnost Podgorica
| 6 || 0 || 16.2 || .389 || .333 || .1000 || 1.7 || 2.3 || 1.3 || 0.0 || 3.0 || 2.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2013–14
| style="text-align:left;"| MZT Skopje
| 7 || 7 || 22.0 || .452 || .200 || .1000 || 2.0 || 3.1 || 0.9 || 0.0 || 4.6 || 3.1
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 37 || 10 || 18.0 || .421 || .326 || .768 || 1.6 || 2.8 || 1.4 || 0.0 || 4.7 || 4.4
References
External links
Nikola Otašević at aba-liga.com
Nikola Otašević at euroleague.net
1982 births
Living people
ABA League players
Basketball League of Serbia players
KK Beopetrol/Atlas Beograd players
KK Budućnost players
KK Ergonom players
KK Hemofarm players
KK Metalac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-B81 | HLA-B81 (B81) is an HLA–B serotype. The serotype identifies the HLA-B*8101 and B*8102 (very rare) gene products. B81 is more common in Subsaharan Africa. While there is a B81 serotype, serotyping of B81 is poor when simultaneously tested with anti-B7 or B48 antibodies. (For terminology help see: HLA-serotype tutorial)
Serotype
The serotype recognition of B*8101 is poor and is best identified by genetic techniques such as SSP-PCR and gene sequencing.
Allele frequencies
HLA-B81 corresponds to a single allele B*8101. There are no characterized haplotypes of this allele that span multiple regions, though rare haplotypes certainly exist. The frequency in Kenya, Zimbabwe and Cameroon suggest that B81 probably expanded from core groups of Africans in Tanzania, Zambia or the Congo but with a limited spread due to its initial low frequency.
References
8 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-modal%20energies | Pseudo-modal energies are used for estimating the energy content of a mechanical system near its resonance frequencies. They are defined as the integral of the frequency response function within a certain bandwidth around a resonance.
References
Oscillation
Mechanics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20reggae%20festivals | This is a list of notable reggae festivals by country.
This list may have some overlap with list of jam band music festivals. Reggae festivals may include classic reggae and related or derivative genres such as ska, dancehall, dub, hip hop, ragga, reggae fusion, and drum and bass.
Reggae originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s, influenced by Rastafarian culture, Jamaican dance music, traditional mento and calypso music, as well as American jazz and rhythm and blues, and evolved out of the earlier genres ska and rocksteady. By the 1970s, large festivals in Jamaica were being held featuring notable reggae bands, and the Wonder Dream Concert in 1975 in Jamaica was one of the first internationally noted festivals to focus on reggae. In 1979, Reggae Geel became the first reggae festival in Europe, and these concerts soon spread to other locales, becoming popular in regions such as Northern California. With the introduction of the electronic reggae genre ragga in the 1980s, reggae began to be featured at electronic music festivals as well.
Festivals by region
Africa
Gambia West Africa
Gambia Cultural Reggae Festival The Hamlet, Gunjur, Medina Salam
South Africa
Reggae Ark Festival, Mamelodi, Pretoria
Mauritius
Festival Reggae Donn Sa
Nigerian
Roaring thunder concert
Kenya
Shashamane International
Sepetuka
Reggae In the Sun
Royal Reggae Fest
Mozambique
Maputo Reggae Slam
Uganda
Reggae on the Nile
North America
Antigua
Reggae in the Park, Nelson's Dockyard, English Harb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-B78 | HLA-B78 (B78) is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the more common HLA-B*78 gene products. B78 is more common in West and North Africa, but is also scattered at low frequencies in parts of Asia. (For terminology help see: HLA-serotype tutorial)
Serotype
Allele frequencies
References
7 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Vallelunga%20Superbike%20World%20Championship%20round |
Superbike race 1 classification
Superbike race 2 classification
Vallelunga Round
Vallelunga |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-globin%20co-transcriptional%20cleavage%20ribozyme | The Beta-globin co-transcriptional cleavage ribozyme (CotC ribozyme) was proposed to be an RNA enzyme known as a ribozyme.
Transcription termination of RNA polymerase II transcripts is proposed to occur by a two-stage process. The first stage involves pre-termination cleavage (PTC) of the nascent transcript downstream of the poly(A) site. This process is also referred to as co-transcriptional cleavage (CoTC). The CoTC process in the human beta-globin gene was proposed to involve an RNA self-cleaving activity located in the 3' flanking region of the beta-globin gene. The CoTC core is highly conserved in the 3' UTR of other primate beta-globin genes.
However, there has been no independent confirmation of these findings, and a subsequent analysis by a team including members of the original report failed to demonstrate ribozyme activity.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA
Ribozymes
RNA splicing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurken%20localisation%20signal | mRNA localization is a common mode of posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression that targets a protein to its site of function.
Proteins are highly dependent on cellular environments for stability and function, therefore, mRNA localization signals are crucial for maintaining protein function. The Gurken localisation signal is an RNA regulatory element conserved across many species of Drosophila. The element consists of an RNA stem loop within the coding region of the messenger RNA that forms a signal for dynein-mediated Gurken mRNA transport to the dorsoanterior cap near the nucleus of the oocyte.
Mechanism of action
During Drosophila oogenesis, signaling between the germline and the soma leads to the establishment of anterior-posterior polarity in the egg and the embryo. This process involves the interaction of gurken (grk), a TGFα-like protein, with torpedo (top), the Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Localization of gurken RNA defines cell morphology by regulating the distribution of the gurken protein. Gurken mRNA transcripts which are not localized to the dorsal-anterior of an oocyte become silenced via post-translational modifications. Post-translational modifications of gurken protein have been observed to determine the protein's localization and function. Polyadenylation of gurken transcripts occur throughout oogenesis; the length of the poly(A) tail determines the stage in oogenesis at which the gurken protein is adenylated. 30-50 gurke |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20C%20alternative%20reading%20frame%20stem-loop | Hepatitis C alternative reading frame stem-loop is a conserved secondary structure motif identified in the RNA genome of the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) which is proposed to have an important role in regulating translation and repression of the viral genome.
The core protein-coding region of the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome contains a +1 alternative reading frame
(ARF) and two proposed phylogenetically conserved RNA helix-forming stem loop structures (IV and VII).
The proteins translated from the ARF appear to be translated during the normal viral life cycle but are not essential to virus replication. The two predicted stem loops shown here (SLV and SLVI) are proposed to be important for HCV translation and repression; these stem loops are located downstream of the Internal ribosome entry site (IRES) but their functional role is unknown.
See also
Hepatitis E virus cis-reactive element
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Hepatitis C virus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria%20Hfq%20binding%20LhrA | Listeria Hfq binding LhrA is a ncRNA that was identified by screening for RNA molecules which co-immunoprecipitated with the RNA chaperone Hfq. This RNA is transcribed from a region overlapping with a predicted protein of unknown function (Lmo2257) and is located between a putative intracellular protease and a putative protein of the ribulose-phosphate 3 epimerase family. It is highly expressed in the stationary growth phase but the function is unknown. It is proposed to be a regulatory RNA which controls gene expression at the post transcriptional level by binding the target mRNA in an Hfq dependent fashion. This RNA molecule appears to be conserved amongst Listeria species but has not been identified in other bacterial species.
See also
Listeria Hfq binding LhrC
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria%20Hfq%20binding%20LhrC | Listeria LhrC ncRNA was identified by screening for RNA molecules which co-immunoprecipitated with the RNA chaperone Hfq. However, neither the stability nor the activity of LhrC seem to depend on the presence of Hfq. This RNA is transcribed from an intergenic region between the protein coding genes cysK, a putative cysteine synthase and sul, a putative dihydropteroate synthase. In Listeria monocytogenes four additional copies of lhrC have been identified in the genome, three of which are located in tandem repeat upstream of the originally characterised lhrC. This RNA molecule appears to be conserved amongst Listeria species but has not been identified in other bacterial species. It is involved in virulence. The direct mRNA targets of LhrC are the virulence adhesion LapB, and the oligo-peptide binding protein OppA. The 3 conserved UCCC motifs common to all copies of LhrC are involved in the mRNA binding and post-transcriptional repression of the target genes. Two other Listerina monocytogenes sRNAs Rli22 and Rli33 contain 2 UCCC motifs and use them to repress oppA mRNA expression.
See also
Listeria Hfq binding LhrA
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalian%20CPEB3%20ribozyme | The mammalian CPEB3 ribozyme is a self cleaving non-coding RNA located in the second intron of the CPEB3 gene which belongs to a family of genes regulating messenger RNA polyadenylation. This ribozyme is highly conserved and
found only in mammals. The CPEB3 ribozyme is structurally and biochemically related to the human hepatitis delta virus ribozyme. Other HDV-like ribozymes have been identified and confirmed to be active in vitro in a number of eukaryotes.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA
Ribozymes
RNA splicing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas%20sRNA%20P1 | Pseudomonas sRNA P1 is a ncRNA that was predicted using bioinformatic tools in the genome of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its expression verified by northern blot analysis.
There appears to be two related copies of P1 sRNA in the P. aeruginosa PA01 genome and both copies appear to be located upstream of predicted glutamine synthetase genes. This sRNA appears to be conserved amongst several Pseudomonas species. P1 has a predicted Rho independent terminator at the 3′ end but the function of P1 is unknown.
See also
Pseudomonas sRNA P9
Pseudomonas sRNA P11
Pseudomonas sRNA P15
Pseudomonas sRNA P16
Pseudomonas sRNA P24
Pseudomonas sRNA P26
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas%20sRNA%20P11 | Pseudomonas sRNA P11 is a ncRNA that was predicted using bioinformatic tools in the genome of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its expression verified by northern blot analysis. P11 is located between a putative threonine protein kinase and putative nitrate reductase and is conserved in several Pseudomonas species. P11 has a predicted Rho independent terminator at the 3′ end but the function of P11 is unknown.
See also
Pseudomonas sRNA P1
Pseudomonas sRNA P9
Pseudomonas sRNA P15
Pseudomonas sRNA P16
Pseudomonas sRNA P24
Pseudomonas sRNA P26
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas%20sRNA%20P15 | Pseudomonas sRNA P15 is a ncRNA that was predicted using bioinformatic tools in the genome of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its expression verified by northern blot analysis.
P15 is conserved across several Pseudomonas species and is consistently located upstream of a 3-deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate synthase gene. P15 has a predicted Rho independent terminator at the 3′ end but the function of P15 is unknown.
See also
Pseudomonas sRNA P1
Pseudomonas sRNA P9
Pseudomonas sRNA P11
Pseudomonas sRNA P16
Pseudomonas sRNA P24
Pseudomonas sRNA P26
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas%20sRNA%20P16 | Pseudomonas sRNA P16 is a ncRNA that was predicted using bioinformatic tools in the genome of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its expression verified by northern blot analysis. P16 sRNA appears to be conserved across several Pseudomonas species and is consistently located downstream of a predicted TatD deoxyribonuclease gene. P16 has a predicted Rho independent terminator at the 3′ end but the function of P16 is unknown.
It has been shown that this sRNA is transcribed from an RpoS-dependent promoter under positive, probably indirect GacA control in two Pseudomonas species. It was renamed RgsA (for regulation by GacA and stress). RpoS mRNA expression is repressed by RgsA during the exponential phase. The Hfq RNA chaperone is required for the repression.
See also
Pseudomonas sRNA P1
Pseudomonas sRNA P9
Pseudomonas sRNA P11
Pseudomonas sRNA P15
Pseudomonas sRNA P24
Pseudomonas sRNA P26
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas%20sRNA%20P24 | Pseudomonas sRNA P24 is a ncRNA that was predicted using bioinformatic tools in the genome of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its expression verified by northern blot analysis.
P24 is conserved across several Pseudomonas species and is consistently located between a hypothetical protein gene and a transcriptional regulator gene (AsnC family) in the genomes of these Pseudomonas species. P24 has a predicted Rho independent terminatorat the 3′ end but the function of P24 is unknown.
See also
Pseudomonas sRNA P9
Pseudomonas sRNA P11
Pseudomonas sRNA P15
Pseudomonas sRNA P16
Pseudomonas sRNA P26
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas%20sRNA%20P26 | Pseudomonas sRNA P26 is a ncRNA that was predicted using bioinformatic tools in the genome of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its expression verified by northern blot analysis. P26 is conserved across many Gammaproteobacteria species and appears to be consistently located between the DNA directed RNA polymerase (beta subunit) and 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12 genes.
See also
Pseudomonas sRNA P9
Pseudomonas sRNA P11
Pseudomonas sRNA P15
Pseudomonas sRNA P16
Pseudomonas sRNA P24
Pseudomonas sRNA P1
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas%20sRNA%20P9 | Pseudomonas sRNA P9 is a ncRNA that was predicted using bioinformatic tools in the genome of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its expression verified by northern blot analysis.
P9 appears to be conserved in several Pseudomonas species in addition to Bordetella species. In both Pseudomonas and Bordetella species P9 appears to be located upstream of a predicted threonine dehydratase gene. P9 has a predicted Rho independent terminator at the 3′ end but the function of P9 is unknown.
See also
Pseudomonas sRNA P1
Pseudomonas sRNA P11
Pseudomonas sRNA P15
Pseudomonas sRNA P16
Pseudomonas sRNA P24
Pseudomonas sRNA P26
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20Cajal%20body%20specific%20RNA%2020 | In molecular biology, Small Cajal body specific RNA 20 (also known as scaRNA20 or ACA66) is a small nucleolar RNA found in Cajal bodies and believed to be involved in the pseudouridylation of U12 minor spliceosomal RNA.
scaRNAs are a specific class of small nucleolar RNAs that localise to the Cajal bodies and guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12.
ACA66 (SCARNA20) is a member of the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines. This snoRNA was identified by computational screening and its expression in mouse experimentally verified by Northern blot and primer extension analysis.
ACA66 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of residue U28 in U12 snRNA.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA
Spliceosome
RNA splicing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20Cajal%20body%20specific%20RNA%2021 | In molecular biology, Small Cajal body specific RNA 21 (also known as scaRNA21 or ACA68) is a small nucleolar RNA found in Cajal bodies and believed to be involved in the pseudouridylation of U12 minor spliceosomal RNA.
scaRNAs are a specific class of small nucleolar RNAs that localise to the Cajal bodies and guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12.
ACA68 (SCARNA21) is a member of the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines. This snoRNA was identified by computational screening and its expression in mouse experimentally verified by Northern blot and primer extension analysis.
ACA68 is proposed to guide the pseudouridylation of residue U19 in U12 snRNA.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA
Small nuclear RNA
Spliceosome
RNA splicing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD100 | In molecular biology, Small Nucleolar RNA SNORD100 (also known as HBII-429) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
SNORD100 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the C/D box family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
SNORD100 is predicted to guide the 2'O-ribose methylation of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) at residue G436.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD110 | In molecular biology, Small Nucleolar RNA SNORD110 (also known as HBII-55) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
HBII-55 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2′-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. HBII-55 is predicted to guide the 2′O-ribose methylation of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) at residue U1288.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD111 | In molecular biology, Small Nucleolar RNA SNORD111 (also known as HBII-82) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
SNORD111 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2′-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
SNORD111 is predicted to guide the 2′O-ribose methylation of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) at residue G3923.
The exact role of these molecules, however, is not currently known.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD93 | In molecular biology, Small Nucleolar RNA SNORD93 (also known as HBII-336) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule that functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the Eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and is also often referred to as a guide RNA.
SNORD93 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. This snoRNA is the human orthologue of mouse snoRNA MBII-336.
SNORD93 is predicted to guide the 2'O-ribose methylation of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue A576.
Additionally, SNORD93 can be processed into a smaller, microRNA-like fragment (termed snoRNA-derived RNA(sdRNA)) that contributes to the malignant phenotype of breast cancer.
The processed piece (sdRNA-93) has been shown to target Pipox, a sarcosine metabolism-related protein whose expression significantly correlates with distinct molecular subtypes of breast cancer.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD94 | In molecular biology, Small Nucleolar RNA SNORD94 (also known as U94) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
SNOR94 is a member of the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. SNORD94 is predicted to guide the 2'O-ribose methylation of C62 of the snRNA U6.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD98 | In molecular biology, Small Nucleolar RNA SNORD98 (also known as HBII-419) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
SNORD98 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2′-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
SNORD98 is predicted to guide the 2'0-ribose methylation of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue G867.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD99 | In molecular biology, Small Nucleolar RNA SNORD99 (also known as HBII-420) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
SNORD99 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. SNORD99 is predicted to guide the 2'O-ribose methylation of 28S ribosomal RNA at residue A2774. In the human genome this snoRNA shares the same host gene with the three H/ACA box snoRNAs ACA16, ACA44 and ACA61.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA11 | In molecular biology, small nucleolar RNA SNORA11 (also known as U107) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA).
U107 has a predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure and is predicted to be a member of the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
This snoRNA was identified by RT-PCR from blood cells and its expression confirmed by Northern blot analysis.
There is no predicted RNA target for this guide snRNA.
References
External links
HGNC page for Small nucleolar RNA SNORA11
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA77 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA77 (also known as ACA63) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA).
SNORA77 was identified by computational screening and its expression in mouse experimentally verified by Northern blot and primer extension analysis.
It belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure and conserved H/ACA-box motifs.
SNORA77 is proposed to guide the pseudouridylation of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue U814.
Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA79 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA79 (also known as ACA65) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA).
SNORA79 was identified by computational screening and its expression in mouse experimentally verified by Northern blot and primer extension analysis.
It belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure and the conserved H/ACA-box motifs.
SNORA79 is proposed to guide the pseudouridylation of residue U31 in U6 snRNA.
Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD23 | In molecular biology, Small Nucleolar RNA SNORD23 (also known as HBII-115) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
SNORD23 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the C/D box family function in directing site-specific 2′-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
This snoRNA is the human orthologue of mouse snoRNA MBII-115.
There is currently no predicted target RNA for SNORD23.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD75 | In molecular biology, Small Nucleolar RNA SNORD75 (also known as U75) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
U75 (SNORD75) belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2′-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
The mouse snoRNA Z19 is orthologous to human U75. U75 is predicted to guide the 2′-O-ribose methylation of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue C4032.
In humans U75 shares the same non-protein coding host gene (gas5) with 9 other snoRNAs (U44, U47, U74, U76, U77, U78, U79, U80 and U81).
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD88 | In molecular biology, Small Nucleolar RNA SNORD88 (also known as HBII-180) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
SNORD88 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the C/D box family function in directing site-specific 2′-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
This snoRNA is the human orthologue of mouse snoRNA MBII-180. SNORD88 is also related to mouse snoRNA MBII-211. SNORD88 is predicted to guide the 2′O-ribose methylation of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue C3680.
There is evidence that SNORD88 is processed into smaller fragments in a similar fashion to a microRNA and can suppress protein expression.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD92 | In molecular biology, Small Nucleolar RNA SNORD92 (also known as HBII-316) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
SNORD92 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the C/D box family function in directing site-specific 2′-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
This snoRNA is the human orthologue of mouse snoRNA MBII-316.
SNORD92 is predicted to guide the 2′O-ribose methylation of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue A3846.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U4atac%20minor%20spliceosomal%20RNA | U4atac minor spliceosomal RNA is a ncRNA which is an essential component of the minor U12-type spliceosome complex. The U12-type spliceosome is required for removal of the rarer class of eukaryotic introns (AT-AC, U12-type).
U4atac snRNA is proposed to form a base-paired complex with another spliceosomal RNA U6atac via two stem loop regions. These interacting stem loops have been shown to be required for in vivo splicing. U4atac also contains a 3' Sm protein binding site which has been shown to be essential for splicing activity. U4atac is the functional analog of U4 spliceosomal RNA in the major U2-type spliceosomal complex.
The Drosophila U4atac snRNA has an additional predicted 3' stem loop terminal to the Sm binding site.
Disease
It has been shown that mutations in the U4atac snRNA can cause microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type I (MOPD I), also called Taybi-Linder syndrome (TALS). MOPD I is a developmental disorder that is associated with brain and skeletal abnormalities. It has been shown that the mutations cause defective U12 splicing.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA
Spliceosome
RNA splicing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U6atac%20minor%20spliceosomal%20RNA | U6atac minor spliceosomal RNA is a non-coding RNA which is an essential component of the minor U12-type spliceosome complex. The U12-type spliceosome is required for removal of the rarer class of eukaryotic introns (AT-AC, U12-type).
U6atac snRNA is proposed to form a base-paired complex with another spliceosomal RNA U4atac via two stem loop regions. These interacting stem loops have been shown to be required for in vivo splicing. U6atac is the functional analog of U6 spliceosomal RNA in
the major U2-type spliceosomal complex.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA
Spliceosome
RNA splicing
fr:ARN splicéosomal U4atac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavivirus%20capsid%20hairpin%20cHP | The Flavivirus capsid hairpin cHP is a conserved RNA hairpin structure identified within the capsid coding region of several flavivirus genomes. These positive strand RNA genomes are translated as a single polypeptide and subsequently cleaved into constituent proteins, the first of which is the capsid protein. The cHP hairpin is located within the capsid coding region between two AUG start codons. The cHP cis element has been shown to direct translation start from the suboptimal first start codon. The ability of cHP to direct initiation from the first start codon is proportional to its thermodynamic stability, is position dependent, and is sequence independent. It has been demonstrated that both AUGs and the conserved cHP are necessary for efficient viral replication in human and mosquito cells.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Flaviviruses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JY%20cell%20line | The JY cell line is an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-immortalised B cell lymphoblastoid line. JY cells express HLA class-I A2 and class-II DR. JY is a suspension cell line, although the cells are known to grow in clumps. The growth medium is RPMI 1640, 10% fetal calf serum and 1% L-glutamine. JY cells are positive for murine leukemia virus.
References
External links
Cell report for JY at IMGT/HLA
Cellosaurus entry for JY
Human cell lines
Epstein–Barr virus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-B73 | HLA-B73 (B73) is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the HLA-B*7301 gene product. Part of B*7301 is similar to the HLA-B22 family, however part resembles the domains seen in other apes. B73 is more common in Western Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and Africa. (For terminology help see: HLA-serotype tutorial)
Serotype
B*73:01 is one of the four B alleles that reacts with neither Bw4 nor Bw6. The others are B*18:06, B*46:01, and B*55:03.
B*7301 frequencies
References
7 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosaka%E2%80%93Cohen%20transformation | Hosaka–Cohen transformation (also called H–C transformation) is a mathematical method of converting a particular two-dimensional scalar magnetic field map to a particular two-dimensional vector map. The scalar field map is of the component of magnetic field which is normal to a two-dimensional surface of a volume conductor; this volume conductor contains the currents producing the magnetic field. The resulting vector map, sometimes called "an arrowmap" roughly mimics those currents under the surface which are parallel to the surface, which produced the field. Therefore, the purpose in performing the transformation is to allow a rough visualization of the underlying, parallel currents.
The transformation was proposed by Cohen and Hosaka of the biomagnetism group at MIT, then was used by Hosaka and Cohen to visualize the current sources of the magnetocardiogram.
Each arrow is defined as:
where of the local coordinate system is normal to the volume conductor surface, and are unit vectors, and is the normal component of magnetic field. This is a form of two-dimensional gradient of the scalar quantity and is rotated by 90° from the conventional gradient.
Almost any scalar field, magnetic or otherwise, can be displayed in this way, if desired, as an aid to the eye, to help see the underlying sources of the field.
See also
Biomagnetism
Bioelectromagnetism
Electrophysiology
Magnetic field
Magnetocardiography
Magnetometer
Notes
Further reading
Biophysics
Medi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyville%20Racecourse | Greyville Racecourse is a Thoroughbred horse race track in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The 2,800 metre pear-shaped turf track consists of several gradient features: it is run uphill from the 2,400 metre mark to the 1,800 metre mark, after which it slopes gently downward for approximately the next 800 metres then uphill again into the nearly flat 500 metre homestretch. A 2,000 metre all-weather "Polytrack" was constructed inside the existing turf track in 2014 with the first races held in June that year.
The track's infield holds the Royal Durban Golf Club's Championship golf course.
Greyville Racecourse is host to the prestigious Durban July Handicap and in August, the Greyville Gold Cup, both Group One races that annually draw the best horses from around the country.
The history of horse racing in KwaZulu Natal goes back well over 150 years, with the first meeting held in July 1844, close to the site of the present course. Greyville Racecourse celebrated its centenary in 1996, the Durban July was first held in 1897 with only seven horses competing.
King George VI, Queen Elizabeth and Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret visited in 1947. Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh also dropped by in 1995. The track staged South Africa's first-ever Sunday meeting in February 1996 and became the first to race under floodlights.
On Thursday 27 June 2019, Hollywoodbets was announced as the naming rights sponsor for both Greyville and Scottsville racecourses in a 3-yea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm-mediated%20gene%20transfer | Sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) is a transgenic technique that transfers genes based on the ability of sperm cells to spontaneously bind to and internalize exogenous DNA and transport it into an oocyte during fertilization to produce genetically modified animals.1 Exogenous DNA refers to DNA that originates outside of the organism. Transgenic animals have been obtained using SMGT, but the efficiency of this technique is low. Low efficiency is mainly due to low uptake of exogenous DNA by the spermatozoa, reducing the chances of fertilizing the oocytes with transfected spermatozoa.2 In order to successfully produce transgenic animals by SMGT, the spermatozoa must attach the exogenous DNA into the head and these transfected spermatozoa must maintain their functionality to fertilize the oocyte.2 Genetically modified animals produced by SMGT are useful for research in biomedical, agricultural, and veterinary fields of study. SMGT could also be useful in generating animals as models for human diseases or lead to future discoveries relating to human gene therapy.
Sperm-Mediated Gene Transfer Mechanism
The method for SMGT uses the sperm cell, a natural vector of genetic material, to transport exogenous DNA. The exogenous DNA molecules bind to the cell membrane of the head of the sperm cell. This binding and internalization of the DNA is not a random event. The exogenous DNA interacts with the DNA-binding proteins (DBPs) that are present on the surface of the sperm cell.3 Sperma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lema%C3%AEtre%20coordinates | Lemaître coordinates are a particular set of coordinates for the Schwarzschild metric—a spherically symmetric solution to the Einstein field equations in vacuum—introduced by Georges Lemaître in 1932. Changing from Schwarzschild to Lemaître coordinates removes the coordinate singularity at the Schwarzschild radius.
Equations
The original Schwarzschild coordinate expression of the Schwarzschild metric, in natural units (), is given as
where
is the invariant interval;
is the Schwarzschild radius;
is the mass of the central body;
are the Schwarzschild coordinates (which asymptotically turn into the flat spherical coordinates);
is the speed of light;
and is the gravitational constant.
This metric has a coordinate singularity at the Schwarzschild radius .
Georges Lemaître was the first to show that this is not a real physical singularity but simply a manifestation of the fact that the static Schwarzschild coordinates cannot be realized with material bodies inside the Schwarzschild radius. Indeed, inside the Schwarzschild radius everything falls towards the centre and it is impossible for a physical body to keep a constant radius.
A transformation of the Schwarzschild coordinate system from to the new coordinates
(the numerator and denominator are switched inside the square-roots), leads to the Lemaître coordinate expression of the metric,
where
The trajectories with ρ constant are timelike geodesics with τ the proper time along these geodesics. They represent the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Loners%20%282009%20film%29 | The Loners (original Hebrew title: HaBodedim) is a 2009 Israeli drama film directed by Renen Schorr starring Sasha Avshalom Agrounov and Anton Ostrovsky.
The film describes the takeover of a cell block in Prison Six by two inmates, both new immigrants from Russia, soldiers from the Golani Brigade, who were sent to prison for selling weapons to Hamas, and who were demanding a retrial.
Background
The original screenplay was inspired by true events. In 1997, there was a Rebellion in Prison Six, during which a number of inmates took over the dining room and captured several jail instructors and sergeants.
Plot
Bluchin, a fighter of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Golani Brigade, receives a notice that he is accepted for officers' training. He goes out to celebrate with his friend Glory. The two soldiers are new immigrants of Russian origin, with no relatives in Israel. Some time later, two men are arrested, charged and convicted of selling weapons to Hamas, which were used to carry out an attack in Hadera, which killed five civilians.
The two fighters, who are perceived as traitors, do not want to lose their honor as fighters in the IDF, and request a retrial. But the military system is not interested and decides to release them from the army and transfer them to a civil prison to continue serving their sentences. This causes them to take over a cell block, take as hostages three of the prison's personnel and request a retrial.
During these events, they confide in one of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltrami%27s%20theorem | In the mathematical field of differential geometry, any (pseudo-)Riemannian metric determines a certain class of paths known as geodesics. Beltrami's theorem, named for Italian mathematician Eugenio Beltrami, is a result on the inverse problem of determining a (pseudo-)Riemannian metric from its geodesics.
It is nontrivial to see that, on any Riemannian manifold of constant curvature, there are smooth coordinates relative to which all nonconstant geodesics appear as straight lines. In the negative curvature case of hyperbolic geometry, this is justified by the Beltrami–Klein model. In the positive curvature case of spherical geometry, it is justified by the gnomonic projection. In the language of projective differential geometry, these charts show that any Riemannian manifold of constant curvature is locally projectively flat. More generally, any pseudo-Riemannian manifold of constant curvature is locally projectively flat.
Beltrami's theorem asserts the converse: any connected pseudo-Riemannian manifold which is locally projectively flat must have constant curvature. With the use of tensor calculus, the proof is straightforward. Hermann Weyl described Beltrami's original proof (done in the two-dimensional Riemannian case) as being much more complicated. Relative to a projectively flat chart, there are functions such that the Christoffel symbols take the form
Direct calculation then shows that the Riemann curvature tensor is given by
The curvature symmetry implies that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNTB | WNTB (93.7 FM) is a radio station. Licensed to Topsail Beach, North Carolina, US, it serves the Wilmington, North Carolina area.
The 93.7 frequency was previously home to WBNE, later at 103.7 FM.
From 2007 to 2020 WNTB simulcast WLTT, later WUDE. The Big Talker was a Fox News Affiliate. WNTB and WLTT 106.3 FM, Bolivia, simulcast to 5 counties in southeastern North Carolina as part of the Sea-Comm Media station group.
The station was owned by Sea-Comm, Inc.
External links
NTB |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG%20Venus | LG Venus (model no. LG VX8800 (CDMA) or LG KF600 (GSM)) is a slider cell phone by LG Electronics. The phone has two screens: a regular one as well as a unique touchscreen pad on the bottom third of the front (called "InteractPad") which changes to suit the activity currently being done on the phone. It features a music player, Bluetooth capabilities, up to an 8 GB microSD slot, video messaging, speaker phone and voice command, among other features. It is considered by many to be a spiritual successor to LG's popular "Chocolate" line, which includes the previous LG Chocolate (VX8500) and LG Chocolate Spin (VX8550) handsets.
As part of the VX series, the VX8800 LG Venus was sold exclusively to Verizon Wireless in the United States. Pre-ordering began on November 8, 2007, and the release date for Verizon Wireless was November 19, 2007. On March 27, 2008, Telus Mobility announced that it would be made available through their stores and retail partners around mid-April. The GSM version of the Venus is the LG KF600, announced January 16, 2008 and released in March. It has an improved, 3.2-megapixel camera up from 2.0-megapixel on the VX8800.
See also
Samsung U900 Soul
Samsung E950
Sony Ericsson W580
LG Shine
References
External links
PhoneArena
MobileBurn
Venus info at VerizonWireless.com
Featured in PCWorld.ca's round-up of Top Canadian Smartphones and Cell Phones
VX8800
Mobile phones introduced in 2007 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachloro-m-xylene | Tetrachloro-m-xylene (tetrachlorometaxylene, or TCMX) is the organochlorine compound with the formula C6Cl4(CH3)2. It is the chlorinated derivative of m-xylene in which the four aromatic hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine. It is prepared by ferric chloride-catalyzed reaction of the xylene with chlorine.
TCMX is used as an internal standard in the analysis of organochlorides, particularly organochloride pesticides.
References
Chlorobenzenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexia%20Massalin | Alexia Massalin (formerly Henry Massalin) is an American computer scientist and programmer. She pioneered the concept of superoptimization, and designed the Synthesis kernel, a small kernel with a Unix compatibility layer that makes heavy use of self-modifying code for efficiency.
Life and career
After high school, she was given a scholarship to the Cooper Union School of Engineering in Manhattan, where she obtained a bachelor's and master's degree. She went to obtain her Ph.D. in computer science from Columbia University in 1992, studying under professor Calton Pu.
In the 1980s she worked for Philon Inc., a New York start up specializing in optimizing compilers. In October 1992, Massalin joined MicroUnity as a research scientist, where she became responsible for signal-processing modules and software architecture.
Synthesis
Massalin's first breakthrough product came while studying at Columbia. Massalin developed Synthesis, an operating system kernel that allocated resources, ran security and low-level hardware interfaces, and created executable code to improve performance. Synthesis optimized critical operating system code using run-time information, which was a new insight previously thought impractical. To support Synthesis, Massalin invented object-like data structures called Quajects, which contain both data and code information.
Massalin is still working on broadband microprocessors.
Personal life
Her parents were Croatian refugees from Trieste. In the 1940s, the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-B67 | HLA-B67 (B67) is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the more common HLA-B*67 gene products. B67 is region specific recombinant haplotype formed by the gene conversion of B*39, an allele common along the Northwest Pacific Rim (Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Coastal Siberia), and B7, B22, or B27. (For terminology help see: HLA-serotype tutorial)
Serotype
By allele
References
6 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartley%27s%20test | In statistics, Hartley's test, also known as the Fmax test or Hartley's Fmax, is used in the analysis of variance to verify that different groups have a similar variance, an assumption needed for other statistical tests. It was developed by H. O. Hartley, who published it in 1950.
The test involves computing the ratio of the largest group variance, max(sj2) to the smallest group variance, min(sj2). The resulting ratio, Fmax, is then compared to a critical value from a table of the sampling distribution of Fmax. If the computed ratio is less than the critical value, the groups are assumed to have similar or equal variances.
Hartley's test assumes that data for each group are normally distributed, and that each group has an equal number of members. This test, although convenient, is quite sensitive to violations of the normality assumption. Alternatives to Hartley's test that are robust to violations of normality are O'Brien's procedure, and the Brown–Forsythe test.
Related tests
Hartley's test is related to Cochran's C test in which the test statistic is the ratio of max(sj2) to the sum of all the group variances. Other tests related to these, have test statistics in which the within-group variances are replaced by the within-group range. Hartley's test and these similar tests, which are easy to perform but are sensitive to departures from normality, have been grouped together as quick tests for equal variances and, as such, are given a commentary by Hand & Nagaraja (2003). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKCD | Protein kinase C delta type (or PKC-δ) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCD gene.
Function
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases that can be activated by the second messenger diacylglycerol. PKC family members phosphorylate a wide variety of protein targets and are known to be involved in diverse cellular signaling pathways. PKC family members also serve as major receptors for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters. Each member of the PKC family has a specific expression profile and is believed to play distinct roles in cells. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the PKC family members. Studies both in human and mice demonstrate that this kinase is involved in B cell signaling and in the regulation of growth, apoptosis, and differentiation of a variety of cell types. Protein kinase C delta is also regulated by phosphorylation on various serine/threonine (e.g. T50, T141, S304, T451, T505, S506, T507, S643, S664) and tyrosine residues including Y311 (by SRC).
Interactions
PRKCD has been shown to interact with:
C1QBP,
HER2/neu,
INSR,
MUC1,
mTOR,
PLD2,
PTPN6,
PTPRM,
PDPK1,
RASGRP3,
SHC1 and
STAT1.
References
Further reading
EC 2.7.11 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKACA | The catalytic subunit α of protein kinase A is a key regulatory enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKACA gene. This enzyme is responsible for phosphorylating other proteins and substrates, changing their activity. Protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA Cα) is a member of the AGC kinase family (protein kinases A, G, and C), and contributes to the control of cellular processes that include glucose metabolism, cell division, and contextual memory. PKA Cα is part of a larger protein complex that is responsible for controlling when and where proteins are phosphorylated. Defective regulation of PKA holoenzyme activity has been linked to the progression of cardiovascular disease, certain endocrine disorders and cancers.
Discovery
Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs at the University of Washington discovered PKA in the late 1950s while working through the mechanisms that govern glycogen phosphorylase. They realized that a key metabolic enzyme called phosphorylase kinase was activated by another kinase that was dependent on the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP). They named this new enzyme the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, and proceeded to purify and characterize this new enzyme. Fischer and Krebs won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for this discovery and their continued work on kinases, and their counterparts the protein phosphatases. Today, this cAMP-dependent protein kinase is more simply noted as PKA.
Another key event in the history of PKA occurred |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casein%20kinase%202%2C%20alpha%201 | Casein kinase II subunit alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CSNK2A1 gene.
Casein kinase II is a serine/threonine protein kinase that phosphorylates acidic proteins such as casein. The kinase exists as a tetramer and is composed of an alpha, an alpha-prime, and two beta subunits. The alpha subunits contain the catalytic activity while the beta subunits undergo autophosphorylation. The protein encoded by this gene represents the alpha subunit. While this gene is found on chromosome 20, a related transcribed pseudogene is found on chromosome 11. Three transcript variants encoding two different proteins have been found for this gene.
Interactions
Casein kinase 2, alpha 1 has been shown to interact with:
APC,
ATF1,
ATF2,
C-Fos,
C-jun,
CDC25B,
CHEK1,
CREBBP,
CSNK2B,
DDIT3,
FGF1,
FGF2,
HNRPA2B1
MAPK14,
PIN1,
PLEKHO1,
PTEN,
RELA,
TAF1, and
UBTF.
References
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream%20and%20downstream%20%28DNA%29 | In molecular biology and genetics, upstream and downstream both refer to relative positions of genetic code in DNA or RNA. Each strand of DNA or RNA has a 5' end and a 3' end, so named for the carbon position on the deoxyribose (or ribose) ring. By convention, upstream and downstream relate to the 5' to 3' direction respectively in which RNA transcription takes place. Upstream is toward the 5' end of the RNA molecule and downstream is toward the 3' end. When considering double-stranded DNA, upstream is toward the 5' end of the coding strand for the gene in question and downstream is toward the 3' end. Due to the anti-parallel nature of DNA, this means the 3' end of the template strand is upstream of the gene and the 5' end is downstream.
Some genes on the same DNA molecule may be transcribed in opposite directions. This means the upstream and downstream areas of the molecule may change depending on which gene is used as the reference.
The terms upstream and downstream are sometimes also applied to a polypeptide sequence, where upstream refers to a region N-terminal and downstream to residues C-terminal of a reference point.
See also
Upstream and downstream (transduction)
References
Molecular biology
Orientation (geometry) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole%20cell | In early Drosophila development, the first 13 cells pass through mitosis are nuclear divisions (karyokinesis) without cytokinesis, resulting in a multinucleate cell (generally referred to as a syncytium, but strictly a coenocyte). Pole cells are the cells that form at the polar ends of the Drosophila egg, which begin the adult germ cells. Pole plasm functions to bud the development of pole cells, as well as restore fertilization, even when the cell was previously sterile.
Formation
During early development of the Drosophila development, pole plasm assembles at the posterior pole of the Drosophila embryo, allowing determination of the abdominal patterning. Late in oogenesis, polar organelles, which are electro-negative granules, are in the pole plasm. When the pole plasm further matures, it continues to consist of polar granules into the development of germ cells, which develop into adult germ cells. Serine protease activity occurs less than 2 hours after the budding of the pole cells from the pole plasm, and ending just prior to the movement of the pole cells via gastrulation. The patterning of the pole cells are determined by the activation of oskar, which acts in the determination of body patterning segments. Pole cells begin their migration in a cluster in the midgut primordium. To reach their final destination, pole cells must migrate through the epithelial wall. It is known that the cells migrate through the epithelial wall, but little is known about the mechanisms use |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpropylaminopentane | (-)-1-Phenyl-2-propylaminopentane (also known as (-)-PPAP and N,α-dipropylphenethylamine) is a stimulant of the substituted phenethylamine class and a derivative of selegiline. When compared with selegiline and other substituted phenethylamines (-)-PPAP has a notably different mechanism of action and pharmacological effect.
(-)-PPAP is classified as a monoaminergic activity enhancer that stimulates the impulse propagation mediated transmitter release of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. Unlike stimulants such as amphetamine, which release a flood of monoamine neurotransmitters in an uncontrolled manner, (-)-PPAP instead only increases the amount of neurotransmitters that get released when a neuron is stimulated by receiving an impulse from a neighbouring neuron. Both amphetamine and (-)-PPAP promote the release of monoamines and deuteramines, however while amphetamine causes neurons to dump neurotransmitter stores into the synapse regardless of external input, (-)-PPAP does not influence the pattern of neurotransmitter release and instead releases a larger amount of neurotransmitters than normal.
(-)-PPAP has no monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity.
See also
(-)-BPAP
MBDP
Pentedrone
References
Stimulants
Phenethylamines
Designer drugs
Substituted amphetamines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifluadom | Tifluadom is a benzodiazepine derivative with an unusual activity profile. Unlike most benzodiazepines, tifluadom has no activity at the GABAA receptor, but instead is a selective agonist for the κ-opioid receptor. It has potent analgesic and diuretic effects in animals, and also has sedative effects and stimulates appetite.
While tifluadom has several effects which might have potential uses in medicine, such as analgesia and appetite stimulation, κ-opioid agonists tend to produce undesirable effects in humans such as dysphoria and hallucinations, and so these drugs tend to only be used in scientific research. Dysphoric effects are similar to those seen when using other κ-opioid receptor agonists like pentazocine and salvinorin A, and can be considered the opposite of morphine-induced euphoria. As such, kappa agonists are believed to have very limited abuse potential.
See also
Lufuradom
GYKI-52895, a benzodiazepine which is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor without GABAergic function
GYKI-52,466, a benzodiazepine which is an AMPAkine and glutamate antagonist without GABAergic function
References
Carboxamides
Benzodiazepines
Dissociative drugs
Kappa-opioid receptor agonists
Fluoroarenes
Thiophenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer%20relation%20algorithm | An integer relation between a set of real numbers x1, x2, ..., xn is a set of integers a1, a2, ..., an, not all 0, such that
An integer relation algorithm is an algorithm for finding integer relations. Specifically, given a set of real numbers known to a given precision, an integer relation algorithm will either find an integer relation between them, or will determine that no integer relation exists with coefficients whose magnitudes are less than a certain upper bound.
History
For the case n = 2, an extension of the Euclidean algorithm can find any integer relation that exists between any two real numbers x1 and x2. The algorithm generates successive terms of the continued fraction expansion of x1/x2; if there is an integer relation between the numbers, then their ratio is rational and the algorithm eventually terminates.
The Ferguson–Forcade algorithm was published in 1979 by Helaman Ferguson and R.W. Forcade. Although the paper treats general n, it is not clear if the paper fully solves the problem because it lacks the detailed steps, proofs, and a precision bound that are crucial for a reliable implementation.
The first algorithm with complete proofs was the LLL algorithm, developed by Arjen Lenstra, Hendrik Lenstra and László Lovász in 1982.
The HJLS algorithm, developed by Johan Håstad, Bettina Just, Jeffrey Lagarias, and Claus-Peter Schnorr in 1986.
The PSOS algorithm, developed by Ferguson in 1988.
The PSLQ algorithm, developed by Ferguson and Bailey in 1992 and s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesogen | Obesogens are certain chemical compounds that are hypothesised to disrupt normal development and balance of lipid metabolism, which in some cases, can lead to obesity. Obesogens may be functionally defined as chemicals that inappropriately alter lipid homeostasis and fat storage, change metabolic setpoints, disrupt energy balance or modify the regulation of appetite and satiety to promote fat accumulation and obesity.
There are many different proposed mechanisms through which obesogens can interfere with the body's adipose tissue biology. These mechanisms include alterations in the action of metabolic sensors; dysregulation of sex steroid synthesis, action or breakdown; changes in the central integration of energy balance including the regulation of appetite and satiety; and reprogramming of metabolic setpoints. Some of these proposed pathways include inappropriate modulation of nuclear receptor function which therefore allows the compounds to be classified as endocrine disrupting chemicals that act to mimic hormones in the body, altering the normal homeostasis maintained by the endocrine system.
Obesogens have been detected in the body both as a result of intentional administration of obesogenic chemicals in the form of pharmaceutical drugs such as diethylstilbestrol, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and thiazolidinedione and as a result of unintentional exposure to environmental obesogens such as tributyltin, bisphenol A, diethylhexylphthalate, and perfluorooctan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20clustering | In multivariate statistics, spectral clustering techniques make use of the spectrum (eigenvalues) of the similarity matrix of the data to perform dimensionality reduction before clustering in fewer dimensions. The similarity matrix is provided as an input and consists of a quantitative assessment of the relative similarity of each pair of points in the dataset.
In application to image segmentation, spectral clustering is known as segmentation-based object categorization.
Definitions
Given an enumerated set of data points, the similarity matrix may be defined as a symmetric matrix , where represents a measure of the similarity between data points with indices and . The general approach to spectral clustering is to use a standard clustering method (there are many such methods, k-means is discussed below) on relevant eigenvectors of a Laplacian matrix of . There are many different ways to define a Laplacian which have different mathematical interpretations, and so the clustering will also have different interpretations. The eigenvectors that are relevant are the ones that correspond to smallest several eigenvalues of the Laplacian except for the smallest eigenvalue which will have a value of 0. For computational efficiency, these eigenvectors are often computed as the eigenvectors corresponding to the largest several eigenvalues of a function of the Laplacian.
Laplacian matrix
Spectral clustering is well known to relate to partitioning of a mass-spring system, where each |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEAR%20and%20LION%20ciphers | The BEAR and LION block ciphers were invented by Ross Anderson and Eli Biham by combining a stream cipher and a cryptographic hash function. The algorithms use a very large variable block size, on the order of 213 to 223 bits . Both are 3-round generalized (alternating) Feistel ciphers, using the hash function and the stream cipher as round functions. BEAR uses the hash function twice with independent keys, and the stream cipher once. LION uses the stream cipher twice and the hash function once. The inventors proved that an attack on either BEAR or LION that recovers the key would break both the stream cipher and the hash.
References
Feistel ciphers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20functions | In real algebraic geometry, a Nash function on an open semialgebraic subset U ⊂ Rn is an analytic function
f: U → R satisfying a nontrivial polynomial equation P(x,f(x)) = 0 for all x in U (A semialgebraic subset of Rn is a subset obtained from subsets of the form {x in Rn : P(x)=0} or {x in Rn : P(x) > 0}, where P is a polynomial, by taking finite unions, finite intersections and complements). Some examples of Nash functions:
Polynomial and regular rational functions are Nash functions.
is Nash on R.
the function which associates to a real symmetric matrix its i-th eigenvalue (in increasing order) is Nash on the open subset of symmetric matrices with no multiple eigenvalue.
Nash functions are those functions needed in order to have an implicit function theorem in real algebraic geometry.
Nash manifolds
Along with Nash functions one defines Nash manifolds, which are semialgebraic analytic submanifolds of some Rn. A Nash mapping
between Nash manifolds is then an analytic mapping with semialgebraic graph. Nash functions and manifolds are named after John Forbes Nash, Jr., who proved (1952) that any compact smooth manifold admits a Nash manifold structure, i.e., is diffeomorphic to some Nash manifold. More generally, a smooth manifold admits a Nash manifold structure if and only if it is diffeomorphic to the interior of some compact smooth manifold possibly with boundary. Nash's result was later (1973) completed by Alberto Tognoli who proved that any compact smooth manif |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-B59 | HLA-B59 (B59) is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the more common HLA-B*## gene products. B59 is a hybrid between B*55 and B*51. B59 is more common in Japan, Korea, N. China and Mongolia. (For terminology help see: HLA-serotype tutorial)
Serotype
B*5901 allele frequencies
References
5 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPM | LPM may refer to:
Science and technology
Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect, in particle physics
Lateral plate mesoderm, found at the periphery of the embryo
Lipoprotein particle metabolism
Linear probability model, a regression model used in statistics
Litre per minute, a volumetric flow rate
Linear period modulation, a technique for chirp compression
Luyten Proper-Motion Catalogue
Line pairs per millimetre, a unit of spatial frequency in image-processing applications
Computing
Longest prefix match, a technique used by Internet routers
Live Partition Mobility, a technology for moving live virtual machines between IBM POWER servers
Other uses
Louisville Public Media, a public radio non-profit in Louisville, Kentucky
Lakhs Per Month, used in India to denote an income of one lakh (100000) Indian Rupees per month
Malaysia Premier League (Liga Premier Malaysia), a second-tier football league in Malaysia
Law practice management, the management of a law practice
Lego Power Miners, a Lego series
Libertarian Party of Michigan, a political party
Local People Meter, a Nielsen ratings device
Landless Peoples Movement, in South Africa
Log pod Mangartom, a village in Slovenia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3pezite | Lópezite is a rare red chromate mineral with chemical formula: K2Cr2O7. It crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system.
It occurs as rare vug fillings in nitrate ores in association with tarapacáite (K2CrO4), dietzeite and ulexite in the Chilean Atacama and is reported from the Bushveld igneous complex of South Africa. Lópezite was first described in 1937 for an occurrence in Iquique Province, Chile and named after Chilean mining engineer Emiliano López Saa (1871–1959).
Most lopezite offered for sale to collectors is artificially produced. Synthetic varieties also exhibit monoclinic crystals.
References
Potassium minerals
Chromate minerals
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6rmander%27s%20condition | In mathematics, Hörmander's condition is a property of vector fields that, if satisfied, has many useful consequences in the theory of partial and stochastic differential equations. The condition is named after the Swedish mathematician Lars Hörmander.
Definition
Given two C1 vector fields V and W on d-dimensional Euclidean space Rd, let [V, W] denote their Lie bracket, another vector field defined by
where DV(x) denotes the Fréchet derivative of V at x ∈ Rd, which can be thought of as a matrix that is applied to the vector W(x), and vice versa.
Let A0, A1, ... An be vector fields on Rd. They are said to satisfy Hörmander's condition if, for every point x ∈ Rd, the vectors
span Rd. They are said to satisfy the parabolic Hörmander condition if the same holds true, but with the index taking only values in 1,...,n.
Application to stochastic differential equations
Consider the stochastic differential equation (SDE)
where the vectors fields are assumed to have bounded derivative, the normalized n-dimensional Brownian motion and stands for the Stratonovich integral interpretation of the SDE.
Hörmander's theorem asserts that if the SDE above satisfies the parabolic Hörmander condition, then its solutions admit a smooth density with respect to Lebesgue measure.
Application to the Cauchy problem
With the same notation as above, define a second-order differential operator F by
An important problem in the theory of partial differential equations is to determine sufficien |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic%20Security%20Service%20Algorithm%20for%20Secret%20Key%20Transaction | GSS-TSIG (Generic Security Service Algorithm for Secret Key Transaction) is an extension to the TSIG DNS authentication protocol for secure key exchange. It is a GSS-API algorithm which uses Kerberos for passing security tokens to provide authentication, integrity and confidentiality.
GSS-TSIG (RFC 3645) uses a mechanism like SPNEGO with Kerberos or NTLM. In Windows, this implementation is called Secure Dynamic Update.
GSS-TSIG uses TKEY records for key exchange between the DNS client and server in GSS-TSIG mode. For authentication between the DNS client and Active Directory, the AS-REQ, AS-REP, TGS-REQ, TGS-REP exchanges must take place for granting of ticket and establishing a security context. The security context has a limited lifetime during which dynamic updates to the DNS server can take place.
References
Cryptographic protocols |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabiano%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201975%29 | Fabiano Cezar Viegas, or simply Fabiano (born August 4, 1975), is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a central defender.
Club statistics
Honours
Tournament Rio - São Paulo: 1993
Rio de Janeiro State League: 1996, 1999
Japanese League: 2000, 2001
Nabisco Cup: 2000, 2002
Emperor Cup: 2000
Goiás State League: 2006
External links
CBF
sambafoot
Guardian Stats Centre
zerozero.pt
1975 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazil men's under-20 international footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
CR Flamengo footballers
Club Athletico Paranaense players
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in China
Fabiano
Fabiano
Fabiano
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Goiás Esporte Clube players
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Wuhan Optics Valley F.C. players
Qingdao Hainiu F.C. (1990) players
Men's association football central defenders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid%20vibration%20current | Colloid vibration current is an electroacoustic phenomenon that arises when ultrasound propagates through a fluid that contains ions and either solid particles or emulsion droplets.
The pressure gradient in an ultrasonic wave moves particles relative to the fluid. This motion disturbs the double layer that exists at the particle-fluid interface. The picture illustrates the mechanism of this distortion. Practically all particles in fluids carry a surface charge. This surface charge is screened with an equally charged diffuse layer; this structure is called the double layer. Ions of the diffuse layer are located in the fluid and can move with the fluid. Fluid motion relative to the particle drags these diffuse ions in the direction of one or the other of the particle's poles. The picture shows ions dragged towards the left hand pole. As a result of this drag, there is an excess of negative ions in the vicinity of the left hand pole and an excess of positive surface charge at the right hand pole. As a result of this charge excess, particles gain a dipole moment. These dipole moments generate an electric field that in turn generates measurable electric current. This phenomenon is widely used for measuring zeta potential in concentrated colloids.
See also
Electric sonic amplitude
Electroacoustic phenomena
Interface and colloid science
Zeta potential
References
Chemical mixtures
Colloidal chemistry
Soft matter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome%20segregation | Chromosome segregation is the process in eukaryotes by which two sister chromatids formed as a consequence of DNA replication, or paired homologous chromosomes, separate from each other and migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus. This segregation process occurs during both mitosis and meiosis. Chromosome segregation also occurs in prokaryotes. However, in contrast to eukaryotic chromosome segregation, replication and segregation are not temporally separated. Instead segregation occurs progressively following replication.
Mitotic chromatid segregation
During mitosis chromosome segregation occurs routinely as a step in cell division (see mitosis diagram). As indicated in the mitosis diagram, mitosis is preceded by a round of DNA replication, so that each chromosome forms two copies called chromatids. These chromatids separate to opposite poles, a process facilitated by a protein complex referred to as cohesin. Upon proper segregation, a complete set of chromatids ends up in each of two nuclei, and when cell division is completed, each DNA copy previously referred to as a chromatid is now called a chromosome.
Meiotic chromosome and chromatid segregation
Chromosome segregation occurs at two separate stages during meiosis called anaphase I and anaphase II (see meiosis diagram). In a diploid cell there are two sets of homologous chromosomes of different parental origin (e.g. a paternal and a maternal set). During the phase of meiosis labeled “interphase s” in the meiosis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myclobutanil | Myclobutanil is a triazole chemical used as a fungicide. It is a steroid demethylation inhibitor, specifically inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis. Ergosterol is a critical component of fungal cell membranes.
Stereoisomerism
Safety
The Safety Data Sheet indicates the following hazards:
Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child.
Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
The first hazard has caused this chemical to be placed on the 1986 California Proposition 65 toxics list.
When heated, myclobutanil decomposes to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes, including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, and nitrogen oxides.
Banned for cannabis cultivation
Myclobutanil is banned in Canada, Colorado, Washington, Oregon, and Oklahoma for the production of medical and recreational cannabis. In 2014, a Canadian news investigation by The Globe and Mail reported the discovery of myclobutanil in medical cannabis produced by at least one government licensed grower. In September 2019, NBC News commissioned CannaSafe to test THC cartridges for heavy metals, pesticides, and residual solvents like Vitamin E; pesticides, including myclobutanil, was found in products from unlicensed dealers. In Michigan, the current state action limit for myclobutanil is 200 ppb in cannabis products.
References
External links
International Programme on Chemical Safety
Fungicides
Triazoles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBPL | WBPL may refer to:
WBPL-LP, a radio station
UDP-2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxyglucuronic acid 2-epimerase, an enzyme
West Branch Public Library (West Branch, Michigan)
WBPL76, a twitch streaming channel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamation | Dinamation International Corporation was a robotics effects company based in San Juan Capistrano, Santa Ana, and Tustin, California, United States.
History
It was founded in 1982 by former airline pilot Chris Mays and some neighbors and dropped in March 2001. (A 2001 Wall Street Journal article describes the rise and fall and disappearance of its founder, Chris Mays.) Originally begun as a way to lease handmade, one-of-a-kind, Japanese-produced robot dinosaurs to North American shopping malls, in time Dinamation defied its original mandate and came to produce its own production-line models for exhibit in science museums and zoos worldwide. Dinamation was an example of an American company following, improving upon, and then outpacing its Japanese rivals.
Dinamation started out with a dozen movie special effects technicians, sculptors, painters, and engineers housed in third-tier industrial spaces in Santa Ana, California, where municipal, safety and corporate oversight was minimal and creative freedom maximal. Given vague guidelines and a selection of consumer-grade dinosaur books for reference, they produced one "beta" show (which was sold, not leased) for a museum in Boston and also sold a display to the Mesa Southwest Museum in Grand Junction, CO, US (D.I.C. creatures are still on active exhibit there). Techniques improved (and so did scientific fidelity, up to a point, under the guidance of paleontologists Dr.s Robert Bakker and George Callison and given the contri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillic%20acid | Vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) is a dihydroxybenzoic acid derivative used as a flavoring agent. It is an oxidized form of vanillin. It is also an intermediate in the production of vanillin from ferulic acid.
Occurrence in nature
The highest amount of vanillic acid in plants known so far is found in the root of Angelica sinensis, an herb indigenous to China, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Occurrences in food
Açaí oil, obtained from the fruit of the açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea), is rich in vanillic acid (). It is one of the main natural phenols in argan oil. It is also found in wine and vinegar.
Metabolism
Vanillic acid is one of the main catechins metabolites found in humans after consumption of green tea infusions.
Synthesis
Vanillic acid can be obtained from the oxidation of vanillin by various oxidizing agents. With Pd/C, NaBH4, and KOH as the oxidizing agent, the conversion was reported to occur in ~89% yield.
References
Flavors
Dihydroxybenzoic acids
Gallotannins
Vanilloids
Phenol ethers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromadiolone | Bromadiolone is a potent anticoagulant rodenticide. It is a second-generation 4-hydroxycoumarin derivative and vitamin K antagonist, often called a "super-warfarin" for its added potency and tendency to accumulate in the liver of the poisoned organism. When first introduced to the UK market in 1980, it was effective against rodent populations that had become resistant to first generation anticoagulants.
The product may be used both indoors and outdoors for rats and mice.
It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.
Toxicity
Bromadiolone can be absorbed through the digestive tract, through the lungs, or through skin contact. The pesticide is generally given orally. The substance is a vitamin K antagonist. The lack of vitamin K in the circulatory system reduces blood clotting and will cause death due to internal hemorrhaging.
Poisoning does not show effects for 24 to 36 hours after it is eaten and can take up to 2–5 days to cause death.
Following are acute values for various animals (mammals):
rats 1.125 mg/kg b.w.
mice 1.75 mg/kg b.w.
rabbits 1 mg/kg b.w.
dogs > 10 mg/kg b.w. (oral MTD)
cats > 25 mg/kg b.w. (oral MTD)
Chemistry
The compound is used as a mixture of four stereoisomers. Its two stereoisomeric center |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol%20transfer%20protein%2C%20alpha | Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein alpha isoform is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PITPNA gene.
Phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins are a diverse set of cytosolic phospholipid transfer proteins that are distinguished by their ability to transfer phospholipids between membranes in vitro (Wirtz, 1991).
References
Further reading
Water-soluble transporters
Peripheral membrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR88 | Probable G-protein coupled receptor 88 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR88 gene.
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun%20proteomics | Shotgun proteomics refers to the use of bottom-up proteomics techniques in identifying proteins in complex mixtures using a combination of high performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The name is derived from shotgun sequencing of DNA which is itself named after the rapidly expanding, quasi-random firing pattern of a shotgun. The most common method of shotgun proteomics starts with the proteins in the mixture being digested and the resulting peptides are separated by liquid chromatography. Tandem mass spectrometry is then used to identify the peptides.
Targeted proteomics using SRM and data-independent acquisition methods are often considered alternatives to shotgun proteomics in the field of bottom-up proteomics. While shotgun proteomics uses data-dependent selection of precursor ions to generate fragment ion scans, the aforementioned methods use a deterministic method for acquisition of fragment ion scans.
History
Shotgun proteomics arose from the difficulties of using previous technologies to separate complex mixtures. In 1975, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) was described by O’Farrell and Klose with the ability to resolve complex protein mixtures. The development of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), electrospray ionization (ESI), and database searching continued to grow the field of proteomics. However these methods still had difficulty identifying and separating low-abundance proteins, aberr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKRO%20%28AM%29 | WKRO (1490 kHz) is an AM radio station located in Cairo, Illinois. The frequency is currently home to the area's first alternative format, which is also broadcast on translator W277CH at 103.3.
WKRO (1490 AM) has not been on the air since 2013.
FM translator
WKRO relays its signal to an FM translator: W277CH.
History
WKRO was assigned the AM frequency of 1490 by the Federal Communications Commission in late 1941 and began broadcasting with a power of 250 watts in February 1942. According to Broadcasting Yearbook, the station raised its daytime power to 1,000 watts around 1975. The original station owner was Oscar Hirsch. Hirsch had previously started KFVS Radio in Cape Girardeau in the 1920s and expanded his broadcast group in the 1940s to also include radio stations in Sparta, Illinois (WHCO), Flat River, Missouri (KFMO) and Sikeston, Missouri (KSIM). By the mid-1950s, Hirsch expanded into the fledgling television industry with the formation of KFVS-TV in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The Hirsch family operated WKRO until 1984, when the station was sold to a local funeral director, William T. "Bill" Crain. Crain operated WKRO for close to ten years. During the 1990s, WKRO was owned and operated by a succession of short lived owners, including Roger Price, Sr. and Dan Moeller. Eventually, in an unusual arrangement for a commercial broadcast license, the station was briefly operated by Alexander County and overseen by the county commissioners before the final license holder, St |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren%20Varley | Darren Varley (1973–1999) was a man from Alberta, Canada who died after a scuffle with police in a jail cell in Alberta after he was arrested for drunkenness.
Background
Born in Pincher Creek, Alberta, Varley was a truck driver who lived in Pincher Creek his entire life.
Arrest
On October 2, 1999, he had just finished a long day at work and headed to a local pub where he was to meet his sister. After several hours of drinking, Varley had become intoxicated. At the same time, RCMP Constable Michael Ferguson had just finished taking two prospective officers for an extensive ride in his police car, showing them the ins-and-outs of the area. He dropped them off just an hour before the pubs closed at 3:00a.m., according to the Crown.
Ferguson received a call from the RCMP dispatcher based in Red Deer about an intoxicated complainant, Darren Varley, reporting a missing person. Varley phoned from the local hospital where he was checking on his friend, Tuckey, who had been just beaten up in a fight in which both men had been involved in with two other men. The fight had occurred in the pub parking lot as a result of Varley knocking down one of the men's wives.
The drunken Varley had given the RCMP dispatcher the first statement on what he incorrectly believed to be a missing woman, Chandelle. Constable Ferguson decided to arrest Darren Varley for public drunkenness and bring him to the local police detachment.
After placing Varley in the police car, Constable Ferguson returned t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20looping%20combustion | Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a technological process typically employing a dual fluidized bed system. CLC operated with an interconnected moving bed with a fluidized bed system, has also been employed as a technology process. In CLC, a metal oxide is employed as a bed material providing the oxygen for combustion in the fuel reactor. The reduced metal is then transferred to the second bed (air reactor) and re-oxidized before being reintroduced back to the fuel reactor completing the loop. Fig 1 shows a simplified diagram of the CLC process. Fig 2 shows an example of a dual fluidized bed circulating reactor system and a moving bed-fluidized bed circulating reactor system.
Isolation of the fuel from air simplifies the number of chemical reactions in combustion. Employing oxygen without nitrogen and the trace gases found in air eliminates the primary source for the formation of nitrogen oxide (), produces a flue gas composed primarily of carbon dioxide and water vapor; other trace pollutants depend on the fuel selected.
Description
Chemical looping combustion (CLC) uses two or more reactions to perform the oxidation of hydrocarbon-based fuels. In its simplest form, an oxygen-carrying species (normally a metal) is first oxidized in the air forming an oxide. This oxide is then reduced using a hydrocarbon as a reducer in a second reaction. As an example, an iron based system burning pure carbon would involve the two redox reactions:
If () and () are added together, the r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-B53 | HLA-B53 (B53) is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the more common HLA-B*53 gene products. The B53 sequence is identical to B35 but short sequence specifies a Bw4 rather than a Bw6 motif (as found in B35), indicating B53 is a recent product of gene conversion. This suggests an origin for HLA-B53 involving a gene conversion of HLA-B35 by an allele containing this Bw4 sequence. (For terminology help see: HLA-serotype tutorial)
Serotype
B*5301 allele frequencies
Haplotype frequencies
Despite its low frequency, the A36-Cw4-B53 haplotype is one of the most common A-Cw-B haplotypes, as it is the 4th most common in African Americans.
References
5 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercomplex%20cell | A hypercomplex cell (currently called an end-stopped cell) is a type of visual processing neuron in the mammalian cerebral cortex. Initially discovered by David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel in 1965, hypercomplex cells are defined by the property of end-stopping, which is a decrease in firing strength with increasingly larger stimuli. The sensitivity to stimulus length is accompanied by selectivity for the specific orientation, motion, and direction of stimuli. For example, a hypercomplex cell may only respond to a line at 45˚ that travels upward. Elongating the line would result in a proportionately weaker response. Ultimately, hypercomplex cells can provide a means for the brain to visually perceive corners and curves in the environment by identifying the ends of a given stimulus .
Hypercomplex cells were originally characterized as the superordinate class of visual processing cells above complex and simple cells. Whereas complex cells were sensitive to moving stimuli of specific orientations that travel in a specific direction, simple cells only responded to properly oriented linear stimuli. Neither simple nor complex cells were believed to display end-stopping. Likewise, end-stopping was believed to be restricted to higher order visual areas (Brodmann area 18 and Brodmann area 19), but was later discovered to also exist in the primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17). By 1968, Geoffrey Henry and Bogdan Dreher discovered simple and complex cells with end-stopping prop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20vibration%20current | The ion vibration current (IVI) and the associated ion vibration potential is an electric signal that arises when an acoustic wave propagates through a homogeneous fluid.
Historically, the IVI was the first known electroacoustic phenomenon. It was predicted by Peter Debye in 1933.
When a longitudinal sound wave travels through a solvent, the associated pressure gradients push the fluid particles back and forth, and it is easy in practice to create such accelerations that measure thousands or millions of g's. If a solute molecule is more dense or less dense than the surrounding liquid, then in this accelerating environment, the molecule will move relative to the surrounding liquid. This relative motion is essentially the same phenomenon that occurs in a centrifuge, or more simply, it is essentially the same phenomenon that occurs when low-density objects float to the top of a glass of water, and high-density particles sink to the bottom (see the equivalence principle, which states that gravity is just like any other acceleration). The amount of relative motion depends on the balance between the molecule's effective mass (which includes both the mass of the molecule itself and any solvent molecules that are so tightly bound to the molecule that they follow along with the molecule's motion), its effective volume (related to buoyant force), and the viscous drag (friction) between the molecule and the surrounding fluid.
IVI concerns the case where the particles in question are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude%20and%20phase-shift%20keying | Amplitude and phase-shift keying (APSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by modulating both the amplitude and the phase of a carrier wave. In other words, it combines both amplitude-shift keying (ASK) and phase-shift keying (PSK). This allows for a lower bit error rate for a given modulation order and signal-to-noise ratio, at the cost of increased complexity, compared to ASK or PSK alone.
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) can be considered a subset of APSK because all QAM schemes modulate both the amplitude and phase of the carrier. Conventionally, QAM constellations are rectangular and APSK constellations are circular, however this is not always the case. The distinction between the two is in their production; QAM is produced from two orthogonal signals. The advantage of APSK over conventional QAM is a lower number of possible amplitude levels and therefore a lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). The resilience of APSK to amplifier and channel non-linearities afforded by its low PAPR have made it especially attractive for satellite communications, including DVB-S2.
Constellations
There are many APSK constellations. Circular constellations are the most common. There may be multiple circular constellations of the same order, for example 16-APSK could be implemented using a (1, 5, 10) constellation or a (5, 11) constellation. Increasing the number of rings decreases the bit error rate but increases the PAPR. Other APSK constellations include triang |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuser%27s%20membrane | Heuser's membrane (or the exocoelomic membrane) is a short lived combination of hypoblast cells and extracellular matrix.
At day 9-10 of embryonic development, cells from the hypoblast begin to migrate to the embryonic pole, forming a layer of cells just beneath the cytotrophoblast, called Heuser's membrane. It surrounds the exocoelomic cavity (primary yolk sac), i.e. it lines the inner surface of the cytotrophoblast. At this point, the exocoelomic cavity replaces the blastocyst cavity.
At days 11 to 12, there is further delineation of the trophoblastic cells giving rise to a layer of loosely arranged cells that inserts between Heuser's membrane and both syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast.
The Heuser's membrane cells (hypoblast cells) that migrated along the inner cytotrophoblast lining of the blastocoel, secrete an extracellular matrix along the way. Cells of the hypoblast migrate along the outer edges of this reticulum and form the extraembryonic mesoderm (splanchic & somatic); this disrupts the extraembryonic reticulum. Soon pockets form in the reticulum, which ultimately coalesce to form the chorionic cavity (extraembryonic coelom).
References
Embryology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochelatin | Phytochelatins are oligomers of glutathione, produced by the enzyme phytochelatin synthase. They are found in plants, fungi, nematodes and all groups of algae including cyanobacteria. Phytochelatins act as chelators, and are important for heavy metal detoxification. They are abbreviated PC2 through PC11.
A mutant Arabidopsis thaliana lacking phytochelatin synthase is very sensitive to cadmium, but it grows just as well as the wild-type plant at normal concentrations of zinc and copper, two essential metal ions, indicating that phytochelatin is only involved in resistance to metal poisoning.
Because phytochelatin synthase uses glutathione with a blocked thiol group in the synthesis of phytochelatin, the presence of heavy metal ions that bind to glutathione causes the enzyme to work faster. Therefore, the amount of phytochelatin increases when the cell needs more phytochelatin to survive in an environment with high concentrations of metal ions.
Phytochelatin binds to Pb ions leading to sequestration of Pb ions in plants and thus serves as an important component of the detoxification mechanism in plants. Phytochelatin seems to be transported into the vacuole of plants, so that the metal ions it carries are stored safely away from the proteins of the cytosol.
Related peptides
There are groups of other peptides with a similar structure to phytochelatin, but where the last amino acid is not glycine:
History
Phytochelatin was first discovered in 1981 in fission yeast, and was n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-down%20proteomics | Top-down proteomics is a method of protein identification that either uses an ion trapping mass spectrometer to store an isolated protein ion for mass measurement and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis or other protein purification methods such as two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in conjunction with MS/MS. Top-down proteomics is capable of identifying and quantitating unique proteoforms through the analysis of intact proteins. The name is derived from the similar approach to DNA sequencing. During mass spectrometry intact proteins are typically ionized by electrospray ionization and trapped in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (Penning trap), quadrupole ion trap (Paul trap) or Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Fragmentation for tandem mass spectrometry is accomplished by electron-capture dissociation or electron-transfer dissociation. Effective fractionation is critical for sample handling before mass-spectrometry-based proteomics. Proteome analysis routinely involves digesting intact proteins followed by inferred protein identification using mass spectrometry (MS). Top-down MS (non-gel) proteomics interrogates protein structure through measurement of an intact mass followed by direct ion dissociation in the gas phase.
Advantages
The main advantages of the top-down approach include the ability to detect degradation products, protein isoforms, sequence variants, combinations of post-translational modifications as well as simplified processes for data normaliza |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%20family | The Anderson family is a group of professional wrestlers, a part fictional, part real, extended family largely consisting of brothers, cousins and children.
Gene Anderson
NWA Hall of Famer Gene Anderson (the only actual 'Anderson' of the original group), born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, started his professional wrestling career in 1958. Gene was trained by WWE Hall of Famer Vern Gagne.
The Minnesota Wrecking Crew
After spending a few years working for WWE Hall of Famer Stu Hart's Canadian wrestling promotion Stampede Wrestling, Gene started working for Verne Gagne's Minneapolis, Minnesota based American Wrestling Association (AWA) in 1961. In 1965, Gene formed the tag team The Minnesota Wrecking Crew with fellow Minnesota native Larry Heiniemi, who had started his professional wrestling career that same year.
Lars Anderson
Larry, who had been performing under his real name, became Lars Anderson and was billed as being Gene's brother.
Ole Anderson
In 1968, while working for Paul Jones' Georgia Championship Wrestling (GCW), Gene invited Alan Rogowski, who had been wrestling as Rock Rogowski since he started his professional wrestling career the year prior, to join the team. Alan began performing as Ole Anderson, the brother of Gene and Lars. The three would team together in different combinations until Lars moved to Hawaii in 1969. After Lars moved, Gene and Ole continued the team and Lars would only make sporadic appearances from then on. Gene and Ole remained a team un |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom-up%20proteomics | Bottom-up proteomics is a common method to identify proteins and characterize their amino acid sequences and post-translational modifications by proteolytic digestion of proteins prior to analysis by mass spectrometry.
The major alternative workflow used in proteomics is called top-down proteomics where intact proteins are purified prior to digestion and/or fragmentation either within the mass spectrometer or by 2D electrophoresis. Essentially, bottom-up proteomics is a relatively simple and reliable means of determining the protein make-up of a given sample of cells, tissues, etc.
In bottom-up proteomics, the crude protein extract is enzymatically digested, followed by one or more dimensions of separation of the peptides by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, a technique known as shotgun proteomics. By comparing the masses of the proteolytic peptides or their tandem mass spectra with those predicted from a sequence database or annotated peptide spectral in a peptide spectral library, peptides can be identified and multiple peptide identifications assembled into a protein identification.
Advantages
For high throughput bottom-up methods, there is better front-end separation of peptides compared with proteins and higher sensitivity than the (non-gel) top-down methods.
Disadvantages
There is limited protein sequence coverage by identified peptides, loss of labile PTMs, and ambiguity of the origin for redundant
peptide sequences. Recently the combination of b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapella%2C%20Saskatchewan | Wapella () is a town of 354 located northwest of Moosomin on the Trans-Canada Highway.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Wapella had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Notable people
Brett Clark - professional hockey player in NHL. He played in the Canadian National team program, as well as for the Montreal Canadiens, Atlanta Thrashers, Colorado Avalanche, Tampa Bay Lightning and Minnesota Wild franchises.
Bud Holloway, a professional hockey player. He currently plays (2015/2016 season) for the St. John's IceCaps in the AHL. He has previously played for SC Bern in the National League A, it is the top tier of the Swiss hockey league system, for the Skellefteå AIK in the SHL and for the Manchester Monarchs, the AHL affiliate of the Los Angeles Kings.
Cyril Edel Leonoff is the grandson of Edel Brotman, a homesteader and rabbi of the Wapella, Saskatchewan, farm colony, 1889–1906.
Climate
See also
List of communities in Saskatchewan
List of place names in Canada of Indigenous origin
List of towns in Saskatchewan
Footnotes
Towns in Saskatchewan
Martin No. 122, Saskatchewan
Division No. 5, Saskatchewan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20geoscheme%20for%20Europe | The following is an alphabetical list of subregions in the United Nations geoscheme for Europe, created by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). The scheme subdivides the continent into Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, and Western Europe. The UNSD notes that "the assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories".
Eastern Europe
†
† Although Russia is a transcontinental country covering Northern Asia as well, for statistical convenience, Russia is assigned under Eastern Europe by UNSD, including both European Russia and Siberian Russia under a single subregion.
Northern Europe
Channel Islands
Southern Europe
Western Europe
See also
List of continents and continental subregions by population
List of countries by United Nations geoscheme
Regions of Europe
United Nations geoscheme
United Nations geoscheme for Africa
United Nations geoscheme for the Americas
United Nations geoscheme for Asia
United Nations geoscheme for Oceania
United Nations Regional Groups
United Nations Statistics Division
References
Geography of Europe
Europe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20geoscheme%20for%20Oceania | Oceania
UN geoscheme subregions of Oceania
The following is an alphabetical list of subregions in the United Nations geoscheme for Oceania, created by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD).
UN Subregions
The United Nations geoscheme subdivides the region into Australia and New Zealand, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. The UNSD notes that "the assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories".
See also
List of continents and continental subregions by population
List of countries by United Nations geoscheme
United Nations geoscheme
United Nations geoscheme for Africa
United Nations geoscheme for the Americas
United Nations geoscheme for Asia
United Nations geoscheme for Europe
United Nations Statistics Division
Notes
References
Geography of Oceania
Oceania |
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