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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRC5A | Retinoic acid-induced protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPRC5A gene. This gene and its encoded mRNA was first identified as a phorbol ester-induced gene, and named Phorbol Ester Induced Gen 1 (PEIG-1); two years later it was rediscovered as a retinoic acid-inducible gene, and named Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene 1 (RAIG1). Its encoded protein was later named Retinoic acid-induced protein 3.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the type 3 G protein-coupled receptor family, characterized by the signature 7-transmembrane domain motif. The encoded protein may be involved in interaction between retinoic acid and G protein signalling pathways. Retinoic acid plays a critical role in development, cellular growth, and differentiation. This gene may play a role in embryonic development and epithelial cell differentiation. Tryptamine and other indole related chemicals produced by gut microflora bind and activate the receptor.
Post transcriptional regulation
GPRC5A is one of only a handful of genes known in the literature that are post-transcriptionally controlled by miRNAs through their 5'UTR.
Clinical significance
GPRC5A is dysregulated in many human cancers and in other diseases.
See also
Retinoic acid-inducible orphan G protein-coupled receptor
References
Further reading
External links
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chong%20Yong-de | Chong Yong-De (Korean: 정용대, Hanja: 鄭容臺, born 4 February 1978), is a former Japanese-born South Korean midfielder.
Club statistics
References
External links
J. League #29
1978 births
Living people
Association football people from Aichi Prefecture
South Korean men's footballers
K League 1 players
J1 League players
J2 League players
Pohang Steelers players
Nagoya Grampus players
Cerezo Osaka players
Kawasaki Frontale players
Yokohama FC players
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players
South Korean expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Zainichi Korean men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-binding%20domain%20of%20ABC%20transporters | In molecular biology, ATP-binding domain of ABC transporters is a water-soluble domain of transmembrane ABC transporters.
ABC transporters belong to the ATP-Binding Cassette superfamily, which uses the hydrolysis of ATP to translocate a variety of compounds across biological membranes. ABC transporters are minimally constituted of two conserved regions: a highly conserved ATP binding cassette (ABC) and a less conserved transmembrane domain (TMD). These regions can be found on the same protein or on two different ones. Most ABC transporters function as a dimer and therefore are constituted of four domains, two ABC modules and two TMDs.
Biological function
ABC transporters are involved in the export or import of a wide variety of substrates ranging from small ions to macromolecules. The major function of ABC import systems is to provide essential nutrients to bacteria. They are found only in prokaryotes and their four constitutive domains are usually encoded by independent polypeptides (two ABC proteins and two TMD proteins). Prokaryotic importers require additional extracytoplasmic binding proteins (one or more per systems) for function. In contrast, export systems are involved in the extrusion of noxious substances, the export of extracellular toxins and the targeting of membrane components. They are found in all living organisms and in general the TMD is fused to the ABC module in a variety of combinations. Some eukaryotic exporters encode the four domains on the same po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAAR5 | Trace amine-associated receptor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAAR5 gene. In vertebrates, TAAR5 is expressed in the olfactory epithelium.
Human TAAR5 (hTAAR5) is a functional trace amine-associated receptor which acts as an olfactory receptor for tertiary amines. Trimethylamine and are full agonists of hTAAR5. The amber-woody fragrance timberol antagonizes this activity of trimethylamine. 3-Iodothyronamine is an inverse agonist of hTAAR5. Recent studies highlighted the significant role of TAAR5 in the central nervous system and periphery. Beta-galactosidase mapping of TAAR5 expression showed its localization not only in the glomeruli but also in deeper layers of olfactory bulb projecting to the limbic brain olfactory circuitry. Moreover, TAAR5 knockout mice show increased adult neurogenesis and elevated number of dopamine neurons. Also, it was observed statistically significant changes in osmotic erythrocyte fragility in TAAR5-KO mice.
Mutations in the TAAR5 gene were found to affect human olfaction. Icelanders with a mutation in the gene were less likely to describe fish smell containing trimethylamine as unpleasant, and described licorice odor and cinnamon odor more intensely.
See also
Trace amine-associated receptor
References
Further reading
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAAR8 | Trace amine-associated receptor 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAAR8 gene. In humans, TAAR8 is the only trace amine-associated receptor that is known to be Gi/o-coupled.
In humans, molecular modelling and docking experiments have shown that putrescine fits into the binding pocket of the human TAAR6 and TAAR8 receptors.
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs, or GPRs) contain 7 transmembrane domains and transduce extracellular signals through heterotrimeric G proteins, supplied by OMIM
See also
Trace amine-associated receptor
References
Further reading
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAAR1 | Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) protein that in humans is encoded by the TAAR1 gene. TAAR1 is an intracellular amine-activated and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is primarily expressed in several peripheral organs and cells (e.g., the stomach, small intestine, duodenum, and white blood cells), astrocytes, and in the intracellular milieu within the presynaptic plasma membrane (i.e., axon terminal) of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). TAAR1 was discovered in 2001 by two independent groups of investigators, Borowski et al. and Bunzow et al. TAAR1 is one of six functional human trace amine-associated receptors, which are so named for their ability to bind endogenous amines that occur in tissues at trace concentrations. TAAR1 plays a significant role in regulating neurotransmission in dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin neurons in the CNS; it also affects immune system and neuroimmune system function through different mechanisms.
TAAR1 is a high-affinity receptor for amphetamine, methamphetamine, dopamine, and trace amines which mediates some of their cellular effects in monoamine neurons within the central nervous system.
The primary endogenous ligands of the human TAAR1 (hTAAR1) receptor, by rank order of potency, are:tyramine > β-phenethylamine > dopamine = octopamine.
Discovery
TAAR1 was discovered independently by Borowski et al. and Bunzow et al. in 2001. To find the genetic variants |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAAR9 | Trace amine-associated receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAAR9 gene.
TAAR9 is a member of a large family of rhodopsin G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs, or GPRs). GPCRs contain 7 transmembrane domains and transduce extracellular signals through heterotrimeric G proteins.[supplied by OMIM] N-Methyl piperidine is a ligand of TAAR9 associated with aversive behavior in mice. N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine is an additional binding agonist that also activaes TAAR7 variants.
TAAR9 gene deletion in rats leads to significantly decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the blood.
See also
Trace amine-associated receptor
References
Further reading
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranski%E2%80%93Krastanov%20growth | Stranski–Krastanov growth (SK growth, also Stransky–Krastanov or 'Stranski–Krastanow') is one of the three primary modes by which thin films grow epitaxially at a crystal surface or interface. Also known as 'layer-plus-island growth', the SK mode follows a two step process: initially, complete films of adsorbates, up to several monolayers thick, grow in a layer-by-layer fashion on a crystal substrate. Beyond a critical layer thickness, which depends on strain and the chemical potential of the deposited film, growth continues through the nucleation and coalescence of adsorbate 'islands'. This growth mechanism was first noted by Ivan Stranski and Lyubomir Krastanov in 1938. It wasn't until 1958 however, in a seminal work by Ernst Bauer published in Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, that the SK, Volmer–Weber, and Frank–van der Merwe mechanisms were systematically classified as the primary thin-film growth processes. Since then, SK growth has been the subject of intense investigation, not only to better understand the complex thermodynamics and kinetics at the core of thin-film formation, but also as a route to fabricating novel nanostructures for application in the microelectronics industry.
Modes of thin-film growth
The growth of epitaxial (homogeneous or heterogeneous) thin films on a single crystal surface depends critically on the interaction strength between adatoms and the surface. While it is possible to grow epilayers from a liquid solution, most epitaxial growth occur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrical%20harmonics | In mathematics, the cylindrical harmonics are a set of linearly independent functions that are solutions to Laplace's differential equation, , expressed in cylindrical coordinates, ρ (radial coordinate), φ (polar angle), and z (height). Each function Vn(k) is the product of three terms, each depending on one coordinate alone. The ρ-dependent term is given by Bessel functions (which occasionally are also called cylindrical harmonics).
Definition
Each function of this basis consists of the product of three functions:
where are the cylindrical coordinates, and n and k constants that differentiate the members of the set. As a result of the superposition principle applied to Laplace's equation, very general solutions to Laplace's equation can be obtained by linear combinations of these functions.
Since all surfaces with constant ρ, φ and z are conicoid, Laplace's equation is separable in cylindrical coordinates. Using the technique of the separation of variables, a separated solution to Laplace's equation can be expressed as:
and Laplace's equation, divided by V, is written:
The Z part of the equation is a function of z alone, and must therefore be equal to a constant:
where k is, in general, a complex number. For a particular k, the Z(z) function has two linearly independent solutions. If k is real they are:
or by their behavior at infinity:
If k is imaginary:
or:
It can be seen that the Z(k,z) functions are the kernels of the Fourier transform or Laplace transform |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLDLR-associated%20cerebellar%20hypoplasia | VLDLR-associated cerebellar hypoplasia (VLDLRCH) is a rare autosomal recessive condition caused by a disruption of the VLDLR gene. First described as a form of cerebral palsy in the 1970s, it is associated with parental consanguinity and is found in secluded communities, with a number of cases described in Hutterite families.
References
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on VLDLR-associated cerebellar hypoplasia
Congenital disorders of nervous system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%C3%ADlson%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201978%29 | Edílson José da Silva (born 8 December 1978) is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker.
Career statistics
Club
Honours
Individual
Lebanese Premier League Best Player: 2003–04
Lebanese Premier League Team of the Season: 2003–04
References
External links
Edílson at playmakerstats.com (English version of ogol.com.br)
1978 births
Living people
Olympic Beirut players
Expatriate men's footballers in Lebanon
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Al Ansar FC players
Lebanese Premier League players
Avispa Fukuoka players
Paraná Clube players
Clube Atlético Sorocaba players
Rio Branco Esporte Clube players
J2 League players
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Lebanon
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Men's association football forwards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSAO | SSAO may refer to:
Screen space ambient occlusion, an implementation of an ambient occlusion illumination in computer graphics
Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase, an enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcar | The calcar, also known as the calcaneum, is the name given to a spur of cartilage arising from inner side of ankle and running along part of outer interfemoral membrane in bats, as well as to a similar spur on the legs of some arthropods.
The calcar serves to help spread the interfemoral membrane, which is part of the wing membrane between the tail and the hind legs.
Calcar (femorale) also refers to the dense, vertically oriented bone present in the posteromedial region of the femoral shaft inferior to the lesser trochanter.
Usage history
It is unclear who first coined the word "calcar" to apply to bat anatomy; records of its usage date to Joel Asaph Allen in 1893. The word calcar is derived from Latin "calx," meaning "heel". Other terms or phrases that refer to the same feature include "supplementary calcaneal bones", "styliform bones", "les éperons" (French), "Fusswurzelstachels" (German), "spurs", and "stylets".
Prevalence
Not all bats have a calcar, as not all bats have a well-developed uropatagium. Of the bats that have a developed uropatagium, most, but not all, have a calcar.
The Kitti's hog-nosed bat is the only species of bat that has an extensive uropatagium while lacking a calcar.
Structure
The calcar varies widely among bats. It can be as small as , or longer than . In some species of bat, the calcar is very long and bladelike. Examples of this include species in the genera Noctilio and Diclidurus.
In other species, the calcar is very small or absent, suc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacMillan%20Yard | MacMillan Yard is the main Toronto-area railway classification yard for Canadian National Railway (CN), and is located in the nearby suburb of Vaughan, Ontario. It is the 2nd largest railway classification yard in Canada, after CN's Symington Yard in Winnipeg. It was originally opened in 1965 as Toronto Yard, but was renamed MacMillan Yard in 1975 after former CN president Norman John MacMillan.
MacMillan Yard is located at the junction of the CN York Subdivision and CN Halton Subdivision, spanning the area around the communities of Maple and Concord. The yard measures approximately 3 kilometres in length and 1 kilometre in width, with a north–south orientation. The property is bordered by four main roads:
Highway 7 (York Regional Road 7) to the south
Keele Street to the east
Rutherford Road (Regional Road 73) to the north
Jane Street to the west
There are five road entrances into the yard which are designated as: S Yard, Jane Street, CargoFlo, Bowes, and Administration.
The yard was developed in the late 1950s as part of CN's redesign of its Toronto trackage network: their "Toronto bypass" project, that moved freight traffic out of the busy downtown Toronto and surrounding area to a new modern freight yard north of the city, accessed by both newly constructed and upgraded railway lines. The first revenue train arrived in the yard on February 6, 1965, but the yard's official opening was on May 17, 1965. Much of CN's freight operations that were once located in Toronto |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestine%20cell%20system | A clandestine cell system is a method for organizing a group of people, such as resistance fighters, sleeper agents, mobsters, or terrorists, to make it harder for the police or military to catch them. In a cell structure, each of the small groups of people in the cell know the identities of the people only in their own cell. Thus any cell member who is apprehended and interrogated (or who is a mole) will not likely know the identities of the higher-ranking individuals in the organization.
The structure of a clandestine cell system can range from a strict hierarchy to an extremely distributed organization, depending on the group's ideology, its operational area, the communications technologies available, and the nature of the mission. Criminal organizations, undercover operations, and unconventional warfare units led by special forces may also use this sort of organizational structure.
Covert operations vs. clandestine operations
Covert and clandestine operations are not the same when it comes to tradecraft. The modern NATO definition of a covert operation says the identity of the sponsor is concealed, but in a clandestine operation the operation itself is concealed from the participants. Put differently, clandestine means "hidden", and covert means "deniable"—that is to say that the sponsor of a covert action is sufficiently removed from it that the sponsor can claim ignorance in the event the plot is discovered.
A sleeper cell refers to a cell, or isolated grouping of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrophilin | Latrophilins are a group of highly conserved G-protein coupled receptors from the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor family. These receptors were originally identified based on their ability to bind to a component of black widow spider venom known as alpha-latrotoxin. This conserved family of membrane proteins has up to three homologues in chordate species, including humans.
The precise functions of latrophilins remain unknown. Genetic defects in latrophilin genes have been associated with diseases such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and cancer.
Human proteins containing this domain
Latrophilin 1 (LPHN1)
Latrophilin 2 (LPHN2)
Latrophilin 3 (LPHN3)
See also
ELTD1
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artstein%27s%20theorem | Artstein's theorem states that a nonlinear dynamical system in the control-affine form
has a differentiable control-Lyapunov function if and only if it admits a regular stabilizing feedback u(x), that is a locally Lipschitz function on Rn\{0}.
The original 1983 proof by Zvi Artstein proceeds by a nonconstructive argument. In 1989 Eduardo D. Sontag provided a constructive version of this theorem explicitly exhibiting the feedback.
See also
Analysis and control of nonlinear systems
Control-Lyapunov function
References
Control theory
Theorems in dynamical systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELTD1 | EGF, latrophilin and seven transmembrane domain-containing protein 1 is a latrophilin-like orphan receptor of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor family. In humans this protein is encoded by the ELTD1 gene. ELTD1 appears to have a role in angiogenesis, both physiological and pathological in cancer.
See also
Latrophilin
References
Further reading
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrophilin%202 | Latrophilin 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADGRL2 gene.
This gene encodes a member of the latrophilin subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). Latrophilins may function in both cell adhesion and signal transduction. In experiments with non-human species, endogenous proteolytic cleavage within a cysteine-rich GPS (G-protein-coupled-receptor proteolysis site) domain resulted in two subunits (a large extracellular N-terminal cell adhesion subunit and a subunit with substantial similarity to the secretin/calcitonin family of GPCRs) being non-covalently bound at the cell membrane. While several transcript variants have been described, the biological validity of only one has been determined.
See also
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors
References
Further reading
Latrophilins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRGPRX3 | Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRGPRX3 gene.
See also
MAS1 oncogene
References
Further reading
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRGPRX4 | Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRGPRX4 gene.
See also
MAS1 oncogene
References
Further reading
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRGPRF | MAS-related GPR, member F, also known as MRGPRF, is a human gene.
See also
MAS1 oncogene
References
Further reading
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRGPRX1 | Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRGPRX1 gene.
See also
MAS1 oncogene
References
Further reading
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%20Otto%20Hartley | Herman Otto Hartley (born Hermann Otto Hirschfeld in Berlin, Germany; 1912–1980) was a German American statistician. He made significant contributions in many areas of statistics, mathematical programming, and optimization. He also founded Texas A&M University's Department of Statistics.
Hartley's earliest papers appeared under the name H.O. Hirschfeld. His father having been born in England, Hartley had dual nationality. He cleverly translated his German last name Hirschfeld (Hirsch = Hart, Feld = field = lea = ley) into English.
Career
In 1934, at the age of 22, Hartley earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Berlin, followed by a Ph.D. in mathematical statistics from the University of Cambridge in 1940 and a Doctorate of Science in mathematical statistics from University College London in 1954. He began his independent academic career at UCL, where he met Egon Pearson, with whom he collaborated to produce the classic two-volume Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, and also developed Hartley's F-max test for equality of variances.
A one-year Visiting Research Professor in Statistics position at then-Iowa State College brought Hartley to the United States in 1953 and to the forefront of a major statistics program. The position was extended after that initial year to include nine more years, during which he became deeply involved in research and teaching. His early computational talent enabled him to play a prominent part in instituting computing both for sci |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobemovirus | Sobemovirus is a genus of non-enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect plants.. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 21 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: mosaics and mottles.
Structure
Viruses in Sobemovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm.
Genome
The genome is a single piece of linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA, 4,100–5,700 nucleotides in length. The genome encodes five open reading frames: ORF1, ORFs 2a and 2b, ORF3 and ORFx.
ORF1 encodes P1 which plays a role in suppression of silencing and virus movement.
ORFs 2a and 2b encode the replicational polyproteins P2a and P2ab. Translation of ORF2a from the genomic RNA is dependent on a leaky scanning mechanism.
ORF3 encodes the coat protein.
ORFx is conserved in all sobemoviruses. It overlaps the 5' end of ORF2a in the +2 reading frame and also extends some distance upstream of ORF2a. It lacks an AUG initiation codon and its expression is predicted to depend on low level initiation at near-cognate non-AUG codons, such as CUG, by a proportion of the ribosomes that are scanning the region between the ORF1 and ORF2a initiation codons. Its function is unknown but it appears to be essential for infection.
Taxonomy
The genus includes the following species:
Artemisia virus A
Blueberry shoestring virus
Cocksfoot mottle virus
Cymbidium chlorotic mosaic virus
Imperata yellow mottle virus
Lucerne transient s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Frequency | The Frequency was an independent rock band from Los Angeles, CA. Marc Cazorla
and Alex Stiff, later of The Record Company, were the core songwriting and recording duo behind the music. They
used an array of analog and vintage instruments to create sounds
described by NME as "stripped back music strengthened by simplicity as much as
beauty". Q Magazine gave the release "Morning to 3 A.M." 3 out of 4
stars and hailed the band as "able to form perfectly crafted Air-like synth-pop
while also stretching their wings on the 17 minute ever-shifting psych rock
track 'Ego Is the Drug/3 A.M.'
In 2010, The Frequency signed a worldwide publishing deal with Chrysalis Music in the UK. The song "Jim Gordon Part II" played all over the
globe due to being licensed for a yearlong BlackBerry television commercial
campaign. Music from The Frequency was also featured in major motion pictures
and television shows.
Inspired by music from Pink Floyd, Air, Can, and Spiritualized, the live show added
intensity to the music. The Frequency shared the stage with diverse artists, such as Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, The Bravery, Primus, Matisyahu, Mutemath, and Lotus. The show was described as an audio/visual feast for the senses and led Quebec City's Live Daily newspaper to
declare "The Frequency should be on every rock fan's radar."
The Frequency's "Jim Gordon Part II" was nominated for the 7th Annual Independent Music Awards for Jam Song of the year.
Band members
Marc Cazorla - Fend |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20modulation | Space modulation is a radio amplitude modulation technique used in instrument landing systems (ILS) that incorporates the use of multiple antennas fed with various radio frequency powers and phases to create different depths of modulation within various volumes of three-dimensional airspace. This modulation method differs from internal modulation methods inside most other radio transmitters in that the phases and powers of the two individual signals mix within airspace, rather than in a modulator.
An aircraft with an on-board ILS receiver within the capture area of an ILS, (glideslope and localizer range), will detect varying depths of modulation according to the aircraft's position within that airspace, providing accurate positional information about the progress to the threshold.
Method used to determine aircraft position
The ILS uses two radio frequencies, one for each ground station (about 110 MHz for LOC and 330 MHz for the GS), to transmit two amplitude-modulated signals (90 Hz and 150 Hz), along the glidepath (GS) and the course (LOC) trajectories into airspace. It is this signal that is projected up from the runway which an aircraft employing an instrument approach uses to land.
The modulation depth of each 90 Hz and 150 Hz signal changes according to the deviation of the aircraft from the correct position for the aircraft to touchdown on the threshold. The difference between the two signal modulation depths is zero when the aircraft is on the correct course and gl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbravirus | Umbravirus is a genus of plant viruses assigned to the family Tombusviridae. The genus has 11 species.
Transmission may be by aphids or mechanical inoculation. The genome is a linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA, 4200–6900 nucleotides in length.
Taxonomy
The genus contains the following species:
Carrot mottle mimic virus
Carrot mottle virus
Ethiopian tobacco bushy top virus
Groundnut rosette virus
Ixeridium yellow mottle virus 2
Lettuce speckles mottle virus
Opium poppy mosaic virus
Patrinia mild mottle virus
Pea enation mosaic virus 2
Tobacco bushy top virus
Tobacco mottle virus
References
External links
Viralzone: Umbravirus
Umbraviruses
Viral plant pathogens and diseases
Virus genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit%20Ummar | Beit Ummar () is a Palestinian town located eleven kilometers northwest of Hebron in the Hebron Governorate of the State of Palestine. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, in 2017, the town had a population of 16,977 inhabitants. Over 4,800 residents of the town are under the age of 18. Since the Second Intifada, unemployment ranges between 60 and 80 percent due mostly to the inability of residents to work in Israel and a depression in the Palestinian economy. A part of the city straddles Road 60 and due to this, several propositions of house demolition have occurred.
Beit Ummar is mostly agricultural and is noted for its many grape vines. This has a major aspect on their culinary tradition of stuffed grape leaves known as waraq al-'inib and a grape syrup called dibs. Beit Ummar also has cherry, plum, apple and olive orchards.
History
Beit Ummar is believed to be the site of Biblical village of Maarath.
A church, tentatively dating to the 5th century CE, (but with changes probably done in the 8th century) was excavated in the 1930s at Khirbat Asida, to the east of the centre of Beit Ummar.
According to some traditions, the town was named after the Islamic Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab because he supposedly frequented the town. Many of the town's predominantly Muslim residents are descendants of Arab Christian families who converted during the 7th century Muslim conquest. Christian ruins in the old city are a testament to this conversion over 1,000 years |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R1 | Taste receptor type 2 member 1 (TAS2R1/T2R1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R1 gene. It belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and is related to class A-like GPCRs, they contain 7 transmembrane helix bundles and short N-terminus loop. Furthermore, TAS2R1 is member of the 25 known human bitter taste receptors, which enable the perception of bitter taste in the mouth cavity. Increasing evidence indicates a functional role of TAS2Rs in extra-oral tissues.
Expression and function
Extra-oral roles of TAS2Rs
Bitter taste receptors are expressed in taste receptor cells, which organized into taste buds on the papillae of the tongue and palate epithelium.
In addition, TAS2Rs were found to be expressed in extra-oral tissues, e.g. brain, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, etc. So far, less is known about their function however, for example it was shown that:
TAS2Rs mediate relaxation of airway smooth muscles.
TAS2R43 is involved in secretion of gastric acid in the stomach.
Extra-oral roles of TAS2R1
TAS2R1, TAS2R4, TAS2R10, TAS2R38 and TAS2R49 were found to be down-regulated in breast cancer cells.
TAS2R1, causes vasoconstrictor responses in the pulmonary circuit and relaxation in the airways.
Structure of TAS2R1 receptor
Based on a recent homology model from BitterDB several conserved motifs, which are counterparts to Class A GPCRs were found:
Transmembrane helix 1: N1.50xxI1.53
Transmembrane helix 2: L2.46xxxR2.50
Transmembrane helix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R3 | Taste receptor type 2 member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R3 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a member of a family of candidate taste receptors that are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and that are specifically expressed by taste receptor cells of the tongue and palate epithelia. These apparently intronless taste receptor genes encode a 7-transmembrane receptor protein, functioning as a bitter taste receptor. This gene is clustered with another 3 candidate taste receptor genes in chromosome 7 and is genetically linked to loci that influence bitter perception.
Ligands
The only known ligand for TAS2R3 in BitterDB is chloroquine.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R4 | Taste receptor type 2 member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R4 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a member of a family of candidate taste receptors that are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and that are specifically expressed by taste receptor cells of the tongue and palate epithelia. These apparently intronless genes encode a 7-transmembrane receptor protein, functioning as a bitter taste receptor. This gene is clustered with another 3 candidate taste receptor genes in chromosome 7 and is genetically linked to loci that influence bitter perception. The geographic distribution of TAS2R4 and TAS2R5 missense allele variants which prevent expression of the receptors is aligned with the distributions of tannin sorghum and the destructive agricultural bird pest in Africa, indicating the role of human taste in developing agroecosystems fitting local environments.
Ligands
Ligands listed in BitterDB include quinine, parthenolide, denatonium, some non-sugar sweeteners including sucralose and stevioside, and several oligopeptides.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R8 | Taste receptor type 2 member 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R8 gene.
Function
This gene product belongs to the family of candidate taste receptors that are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. These proteins are specifically expressed in the taste receptor cells of the tongue and palate epithelia. They are organized in the genome in clusters and are genetically linked to loci that influence bitter perception in mice and humans. In functional expression studies, they respond to bitter tastants. This gene maps to the taste receptor gene cluster on chromosome 12p13.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R9 | Taste receptor type 2 member 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R9 gene.
Function
This gene product belongs to the family of candidate taste receptors that are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. These proteins are specifically expressed in the taste receptor cells of the tongue and palate epithelia. They are organized in the genome in clusters and are genetically linked to loci that influence bitter perception in mice and humans. In functional expression studies, they respond to bitter tastants. This gene maps to the taste receptor gene cluster on chromosome 12p13.
Polymorphisms in this gene have been associated with the perceived bitterness of sweetener acesulfame potassium.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R10 | Taste receptor type 2 member 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R10 gene. The protein is responsible for bitter taste recognition in mammals. It serves as a defense mechanism to prevent consumption of toxic substances which often have a characteristic bitter taste.
Function
TAS2R10 is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is part of a large group of eukaryotic membrane receptors. As a G-protein linked receptor, TAS2R10 helps with relaying communication across the cell membrane between the extracellular and intracellular matrix. Signaling molecules (ligands) bind to GPCRs and cause activation of the G protein which leads to activation of second messenger systems. These messengers inform cells of the presence or lack of substances in their environment which signals effectors to carryout biological functions.
TAS2R10 specifically acts as a bitter taste receptor. In general, TAS1Rs are receptors for umami and sweet tastes and TAS2Rs are bitter receptors. Bitter taste is mediated by numerous receptors, with TAS2R10 being part of a G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Humans have almost 1,000 different and highly specific GPCRs. Each GPCRs binds to a specific signaling molecule.
TAS2R10, along with several other bitter taste receptors, is expressed in the taste receptor cells of the tongue palate epithelia and smooth muscle of human airways. They are organized in the genome in clusters and are genetically linked to loci that influence bitter taste perc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R13 | Taste receptor type 2 member 13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R13 gene.
Function
This gene product belongs to the family of candidate taste receptors that are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. These proteins are specifically expressed in the taste receptor cells of the tongue and palate epithelia. They are organized in the genome in clusters and are genetically linked to loci that influence bitter perception in mice and humans. In functional expression studies, they respond to bitter tastants. This gene maps to the taste receptor gene cluster on chromosome 12p13.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R14 | Taste receptor type 2 member 14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R14 gene.
Taste receptors for bitter substances (T2Rs/TAS2Rs) belong to the family of G-protein coupled receptors and are related to class A-like GPCRs. There are 25 known T2Rs in humans responsible for bitter taste perception.
Bitter taste receptor hTAS2R14 is one of the human bitter taste receptors, recognizing an enormous variety of structurally different molecules, including natural and synthetic bitter compounds.
Gene
TAS2R14 gene (Taste receptor type 2 member 14) is a Protein Coding gene. This gene maps to the taste receptor gene cluster on chromosome 12p13.
An important paralog of this gene is TAS2R13.
SNPs
Taste receptors harbor many polymorphisms, and several SNPs have a profound impact on the gene function and expression.
Data obtained from 1000 genomes project.
Site-directed mutagenesis
The following residues have been subjected to site-directed mutagenesis.
Signal transduction pathways
TAS2Rs activation produces modulation of a broad range of signal transduction pathways. The Gαgusducin (Gαgus), which belongs to the Gαi subfamily, was first identified and cloned in 1992 in
taste tissue, and has high similarity to the Gα-transducin (Gαtrans) in the retina.
Gα16gus44, a chimeric Gα16 (type of Gαq), harboring 44 gustducin specific sequence at its C terminus, or Gαqi5, a Gαq protein containing the five carboxyl-terminal amino acids from Gαi, are often used in order to couple |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R5 | Taste receptor type 2 member 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R5 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a bitter taste receptor; bitter taste receptors are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and are specifically expressed by taste receptor cells of the tongue and palate epithelia. Each of these apparently intronless taste receptor genes encodes a 7-transmembrane receptor protein, functioning as a bitter taste receptor. This gene is clustered with another 3 candidate taste receptor genes on chromosome 7 and is genetically linked to loci that influence bitter perception.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R7 | Taste receptor type 2 member 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R7 gene.
Function
This gene product belongs to the family of candidate taste receptors that are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. These proteins are specifically expressed in the taste receptor cells of the tongue and palate epithelia. They are organized in the genome in clusters and are genetically linked to loci that influence bitter perception in mice and humans. In functional expression studies, they respond to bitter tastants. This gene maps to the taste receptor gene cluster on chromosome 12p13.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS1R1 | Taste receptor type 1 member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS1R1 gene.
Structure
The protein encoded by the TAS1R1 gene is a G protein-coupled receptor with seven trans-membrane domains and is a component of the heterodimeric amino acid taste receptor T1R1+3. This receptor is formed as a dimer of the TAS1R1 and TAS1R3 proteins. Moreover, the TAS1R1 protein is not functional outside of formation of the 1+3 heterodimer. The TAS1R1+3 receptor has been shown to respond to L-amino acids but not to their D-enantiomers or other compounds. This ability to bind L-amino acids, specifically L-glutamine, enables the body to sense the umami, or savory, taste. Multiple transcript variants encoding several different isoforms have been found for this gene, which may account for differing taste thresholds among individuals for the umami taste. Another interesting quality of the TAS1R1 and TAS1R2 proteins is their spontaneous activity in the absence of the extracellular domains and binding ligands. This may mean that the extracellular domain regulates function of the receptor by preventing spontaneous action as well as binding to activating ligands such as L-glutamine.
Ligands
The umami taste is distinctly related to the compound monosodium glutamate (MSG). Synthesized in 1908 by Japanese chemist Kikunae Ikeda, this flavor-enhancing compound led to the naming of a new flavor quality that was named “umami”, the Japanese word for “tasty”. The TAS1R1+3 taste receptor is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS1R2 | T1R2 - Taste receptor type 1 member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS1R2 gene.
The sweet taste receptor is predominantly formed as a dimer of T1R2 and T1R3 by which different organisms sense this taste. In songbirds, however, the T1R2 monomer does not exist, and they sense the sweet taste through the umami taste receptor (T1R1 and T1R3) as a result of an evolutionary change that it has undergone.
Structure and molecular function
Both T1R2 and T1R3 receptors belongs to the class C G protein-coupled receptor family that features a common structure comprised a large extracellular domain, called the venus flytrap domain (VFD), which is connected to a 7-helix TMD by a cysteine-rich domain (CRD). The canonical activation mechanism of class C GPCRs follows a multiple-step process that requires communication between the VFDs (housing the orthosteric-binding site) and the TMDs via the CRDs. Although , the main binding site for most sweet compounds was found to reside in the VFT domain of T1R2, the T1R2 protein is not functional without formation of the 2+3 heterodimer.
Natural sweeteners interact with the orthosteric binding pocket, either of T1R2 or T1R3. The closure of the T1R2 extracellular domain involves the rotation of both T1R2 and T1R3 VFDs. The signal is then transmitted to the TMDs via the CRDs. It has also been shown that sweet proteins modulate the receptor by interacting with the CRD.
Some artificial sweeteners as well as the inhibitor of the sweet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS1R3 | Taste receptor type 1 member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS1R3 gene. The TAS1R3 gene encodes the human homolog of mouse Sac taste receptor, a major determinant of differences between sweet-sensitive and -insensitive mouse strains in their responsiveness to sucrose, saccharin, and other sweeteners.
Structure
The protein encoded by the TAS1R3 gene is a G protein-coupled receptor with seven trans-membrane domains and is a component of the heterodimeric amino acid taste receptor TAS1R1+3 and sweet taste receptor TAS1R2+3. This receptor is formed as a protein dimer with either TAS1R1 or TAS1R2.
Experiments have also shown that a homo-dimer of TAS1R3 is also sensitive to natural sugar substances. This has been hypothesized as the mechanism by which sugar substitutes do not have the same taste qualities as natural sugars.
Ligands
The G protein-coupled receptors for sweet and umami taste are formed by dimers of the TAS1R proteins.
The TAS1R1+3 taste receptor is sensitive to the glutamate in monosodium glutamate (MSG) as well as the synergistic taste-enhancer molecules inosine monophosphate (IMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP). These taste-enhancer molecules are unable to activate the receptor alone, but are rather used to enhance receptor responses many to L-amino acids. The TAS1R2+3 receptor has been shown to respond to natural sugars sucrose and fructose, and artificial sweeteners saccharin, acesulfame potassium, dulcin, guanidinoacetic acid.
Signal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopsin-like%20receptors | Rhodopsin-like receptors are a family of proteins that comprise the largest group of G protein-coupled receptors.
Scope
G-protein-coupled receptors, GPCRs, constitute a vast protein family that encompasses a wide range of functions (including various autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine processes). They show considerable diversity at the sequence level, on the basis of which they can be separated into distinct groups. GPCRs are usually described as "superfamily" because they embrace a group of families for which there are indications of evolutionary relationship, but between which there is no statistically significant similarity in sequence. The currently known superfamily members include the rhodopsin-like GPCRs (this family), the secretin-like GPCRs, the cAMP receptors, the fungal mating pheromone receptors, and the metabotropic glutamate receptor family. There is a specialised database for GPCRs.
Function
The rhodopsin-like GPCRs themselves represent a widespread protein family that includes hormone, neuropeptide, neurotransmitter, and light receptors, all of which transduce extracellular signals through interaction with guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins. Although their activating ligands vary widely in structure and character, the amino acid sequences of the receptors are very similar and are believed to adopt a common structural framework comprising 7 transmembrane (TM) helices.
Classes
Rhodopsin-like GPCRs have been classified into the following 19 subgroups |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R39 | Taste receptor type 2 member 39 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R39 gene.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R40 | Taste receptor type 2 member 40 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R40 gene.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R41 | Taste receptor type 2 member 41 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R41 gene.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R43 | Taste receptor type 2 member 43 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R43 gene.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R31 | Taste receptor, type 2, member 31, also known as TAS2R31, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TAS2R31 gene. This bitter taste receptor has been shown to respond to saccharin in vitro.
TAS2R31 is also expressed in the smooth muscle of human airways, along with several other bitter taste receptors. Their activation in these cells causes an increase in intracellular calcium ion, which in turn triggers the opening of potassium channels which hyperpolarize the membrane and cause the smooth muscle to relax. Hence, activation of these receptors leads to bronchodilation.
Polymorphisms in this gene have been associated with the perceived bitterness of sweetener acesulfame potassium.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R45 | Taste receptor type 2 member 45 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R45 gene.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R12 | Putative Taste receptor type 2 member 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R12 gene.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors
Pseudogenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R46 | Taste receptors for bitter substances (T2Rs/TAS2Rs) belong to the family of G-protein coupled receptors and are related to class A-like GPCRs. There are 25 known T2Rs in humans responsible for bitter taste perception.
Taste receptor type 2 member 46 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R46 gene.
Gene
TAS2R46 gene (Taste receptor type 2 member 46) is a Protein Coding gene. This gene maps to the taste receptor gene cluster on chromosome 12.hTAS2R46 is a bitter receptor broadly tuned to sesquiterpene lactones, related clerodane diterpenoids,labdane diterpenes and more.
Structure
In 2022, the solved structure of Tas2r46 was published in the scientific journal Science making it the first Tas2r with a solved structure. The structure of Tas2r46 was solved with cryo-EM and can be downloaded in the Protein Data Bank, under the following names:
7xp6- Cryo-EM structure of a class T GPCR in active state,7xp5- Cryo-EM structure of a class T GPCR in ligand-free state,7xp4- Cryo-EM structure of a class T GPCR in apo state.
There is also a prediction structure available in Alphafold, named Taste receptor type 2 member 46 this is a computational prediction and not an experimental structure.
Tissue distribution
TAS2R46 was shown to be expressed in other tissues in the human body apart from the oral cavity including human bone marrow stromal-derived cells (MSC) and their relatives, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC).
Ligands
Up to now, 68 ligands were identified for T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R30 | Taste receptor type 2 member 30 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R30 gene.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R19 | Taste receptor type 2 member 19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R19 gene. It seems to be involved in the perception of salt and bitter tastes.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R20 | Taste receptor type 2 member 20 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R20 gene.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R50 | Taste receptor type 2 member 50 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R50 gene.
Function
TAS2R50 belongs to the large TAS2R receptor family. TAS2Rs are expressed on the surface of taste receptor cells and mediate the perception of bitterness through a G protein-coupled second messenger pathway. See also TAS2R10.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R60 | Taste receptor type 2 member 60 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R60 gene.
See also
Taste receptor
References
Further reading
Human taste receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance%20%28video%20game%29 | Sundance is a puzzle arcade video game using vector graphics released by Cinematronics in 1979. The game consists of two grids floating in a pseudo-3D space with small suns bouncing between them.
Gameplay
The player scores points by opening a hole in the grid to capture the suns as they danced/bounced. The player can shoot a nova from an open hole, thereby saving time by not having to wait for the sun to bounce into the hole. If the nova misses the sun, it bounces between grids until it is swallowed up into an open hole. There can only be one nova on the screen at any given time. As the suns bounced, the grids moves closer and closer, making gameplay more difficult. The game ends when the grids fully converged.
Release
The game had only a small production run and was plagued with hardware failures due to its unconventional design. According to Tim Skelly, the game's designer, Sundance used an additional daughterboard that controlled the intensity of certain vectors. This board and its connections were rather fragile and prone to failure. Also, the monitor used a defective carbon coating spray which tended to cause the monitor's tube to arc if it was left in a certain position, destroying the monitor.
References
External links
- Account of the salvage and restoration of a surviving Sundance cabinet and the controversy that ensued.
- An account of the discovery of a cabinet for the Sega licensed version of Sundance that had been converted to Asteroids at a later |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtin-associated%20protein%201 | Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HAP1 gene. This protein was found to bind to the mutant huntingtin protein () in proportion to the number of glutamines present in the glutamine repeat region.
Huntington's disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of striatal neurons, is caused by an expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the HD protein huntingtin. This gene encodes a protein that interacts with huntingtin, with two cytoskeletal proteins (dynactin and pericentriolar autoantigen protein 1), and with a hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HGS). The interactions with cytoskeletal proteins and a kinase substrate suggest a role for this protein in vesicular trafficking or organelle transport.
Variants
Huntingtin-associated protein 1 has two subtypes; HAP1A and HAP1B.
Function
HAP1 preferentially interacts with in a polyQ dependent manner. Its localization and possible interacting partners (other than Htt) have since been characterised, thus elucidating a possible role for this protein in HD pathogenesis. Martin et al. showed that HAP1 is localized in mitotic spindle of dividing striatal cells, and associated endosomes, microtubules and vesicles in the basal forebrain and striatial neurons – where HAP1B is preferentially expressed. Furthermore, Page and colleagues identified HAP1 mRNA in the following forebrain limbic nuclei: the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, dentate gyrus, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAP2 | HAP2 (hapless 2), also known as GCS1 (generative cell-specific protein 1), is a family of membrane fusion proteins found in the sperm cell of diverse eukaryotes including Toxoplasma, thale cress, and fruit flies. This protein is essential for gamete fusion, and therefore fertilization, in these organisms. It is a domesticated instance of a viral class II fusion protein.
References
Protein families |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naum%20Z.%20Shor | Naum Zuselevich Shor () (1 January 1937 – 26 February 2006) was a Soviet and Ukrainian mathematician specializing in optimization.
He made significant contributions to nonlinear and stochastic programming, numerical techniques for non-smooth optimization, discrete optimization problems, matrix optimization, dual quadratic bounds in multi-extremal programming problems.
Shor became a full member of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine in 1998.
Subgradient methods
N. Z. Shor is well known for his method of generalized gradient descent with space dilation in the direction of the difference of two successive subgradients (the so-called r-algorithm), that was created in collaboration with Nikolay G. Zhurbenko. The ellipsoid method was re-invigorated by A.S. Nemirovsky and D.B. Yudin, who developed a careful complexity analysis of its approximation properties for problems of convex minimization with real data. However, it was Leonid Khachiyan who provided the rational-arithmetic complexity analysis, using an ellipsoid algorithm, that established that linear programming problems can be solved in polynomial time.
It has long been known that the ellipsoidal methods are special cases of these subgradient-type methods.
R-algorithm
Shor's r-algorithm is for unconstrained minimization of (possibly) non-smooth functions, which has been somewhat popular despite an unknown convergence rate. It can be viewed as a Quasi-Newton method, although it does not satisfy the secant equ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebus%20crystal | An erebus crystal is a crystal of anorthoclase (a type of feldspar) found in the immediate area surrounding Mount Erebus near McMurdo Station, Antarctica. This type of feldspar is rich in sodium, potassium, and aluminium silicate. Similar crystals have also been reported on Mount Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro.
Though the formation and growth of these crystals is not well understood, it is evident that the crystals grow in the magma beneath Mount Erebus and are ejected out of the mountain encased in glassy volcanic bombs. This glass structure quickly weathers away leaving the mountainside covered in crystals.
References
Triclinic minerals
Feldspar
Geology of Antarctica |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro%20Hlongwane%2C%20Caravans%2C%20Cats%2C%20Geese%2C%20Foot%20%26%20Mouth%20and%20Statistics | Castro Hlongwane, Caravans, Cats, Geese, Foot & Mouth and Statistics: HIV/Aids and the Struggle for the Humanisation of the African is an anonymously-authored document that was distributed to party members during the 51st National Conference of the African National Congress. The 114-page document alleges that presidential spokesperson Parks Mankahlana and AIDS/HIV icon Nkosi Johnson had died because of consumption of antiretrovirals. It was alleged that Peter Mokaba, a noted pro-AIDS reappraisal politician, had co-authored the document, even though it was written in a manner that was typical of a high-ranking leader within the party. The paper was derided by ANC member Dr. Saadiq Kariem as "ludicrous", and international criticism of the stance eventually forced Mbeki to back off from his public stance on AIDS reappraisal.
In 2007, a biography on Thabo Mbeki mentioned the author's secret contact with the president during the writing of the biography. Mbeki did not directly claim authorship of the document, but said it reflected his views.
External links
ANC archive of the 51st conference website
Story in the Guardian
History of the African National Congress
2002 documents |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SL651498 | SL651498 is an anxiolytic and anticonvulsant drug used in scientific research, with a chemical structure most closely related to β-carboline derivatives such as abecarnil and gedocarnil. It has similar effects to benzodiazepine drugs, but is structurally distinct and so is classed as a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic.
SL651498 is a subtype-selective GABAA agonist, which acts as a full agonist at α2 and α3 subtypes, and as a partial agonist at α1 and α5 (although its action at α5 subtypes is much weaker than at the others). In animal studies, it has primarily anxiolytic effects, although some sedation, ataxia and muscle relaxant effects are observed at higher doses. It substitutes fully for the anxiolytic benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide, but only partially substituted for the imidazopyridine hypnotic drug zolpidem and the benzodiazepine hypnotic triazolam. When given repeatedly it failed to produce tolerance or dependence, probably due to its low affinity and efficacy at the α5 subtype.
SL651498 has been suggested for development as a novel non-sedating anxiolytic drug for humans, although it is still only at an early stage of research. Preliminary human trials suggest similar efficacy to lorazepam as an anxiolytic, but with little or no sedation or impairment of memory, motor skills or cognitive function.
There are other possibly anxioselective compounds in development, such as L-838,417, NGD 91-3.
References
Anxiolytics
Beta-Carbolines
1-Pyrrolidinyl compounds
Fluoroarene |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive%20bonding%20of%20semiconductor%20wafers | Adhesive bonding (also referred to as gluing or glue bonding) describes a wafer bonding technique with applying an intermediate layer to connect substrates of different types of materials. Those connections produced can be soluble or insoluble. The commercially available adhesive can be organic or inorganic and is deposited on one or both substrate surfaces. Adhesives, especially the well-established SU-8, and benzocyclobutene (BCB), are specialized for MEMS or electronic component production.
The procedure enables bonding temperatures from 1000 °C down to room temperature. The most important process parameters for achieving a high bonding strength are:
adhesive material
coating thickness
bonding temperature
processing time
chamber pressure
tool pressure
Adhesive bonding has the advantage of relatively low bonding temperature as well as the absence of electric voltage and current. Based on the fact that the wafers are not in direct contact, this procedure enables the use of different substrates, e.g. silicon, glass, metals and other semiconductor materials. A drawback is that small structures become wider during patterning which hampers the production of an accurate intermediate layer with tight dimension control. Further, the possibility of corrosion due to out-gassed products, thermal instability and penetration of moisture limits the reliability of the bonding process. Another disadvantage is the missing possibility of hermetically sealed encapsulation due to high |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-cutter%20enzyme | A rare-cutter enzyme is a restriction enzyme with a recognition sequence which occurs only rarely in a genome. An example is NotI, which cuts after the first GC of a 5'-GCGGCCGC-3' sequence; restriction enzymes with seven and eight base pair recognition sequences are often also called rare-cutter enzymes (six bp recognition sequences are much more common).
For example, rare-cutter enzymes with 7-nucleotide recognition sites cut once every 47 bp (16,384 bp), and those with 8-nucleotide recognition sites cut every 48 bp (65,536 bp) respectively. They are used in top-down mapping to cut a chromosome into chunks of these sizes on average.
External links
Bio-Medicine.com's definition
Molecular biology
Biotechnology
Restriction enzymes
EC 3.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid%20transit%20%28disambiguation%29 | Rapid transit is a type of mass transit system in an urban area with high capacity, high frequency not needing timetables, is fast and is segregated from other traffic.
Rapid transit may also refer to:
Bus rapid transit, a term applied to a variety of public transportation systems using buses
Bombardier Advanced Rapid Transit, a rapid transit system manufactured by Bombardier Transportation
Rapid Transit (play), a 1927 play by Lajos Egri
See also
Subway (disambiguation)
Mass Rapid Transit (disambiguation)
List of rapid transit systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection%20%28Faberg%C3%A9%20egg%29 | The Resurrection egg is a jewelled rock crystal Easter egg believed to have been made by Michael Perchin under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé sometime before 1899. Long considered to be a separate Fabergé egg, it has been postulated that the Resurrection egg is actually the missing surprise from the Renaissance egg.
The egg depicts Jesus rising from his tomb, and it is the only Fabergé egg to explicitly reference the Easter story.
History
The Resurrection egg bears the mark of Michael Perchin and assay marks indicating that it was made in Saint Petersburg before 1899.
Long considered a Fabergé egg, and recognised as such by leading Fabergé experts, it does not bear an inventory number. It has been postulated by Christopher Forbes that the Resurrection egg is the missing surprise from the 1894 Renaissance egg, as it perfectly fits the curvature of the Renaissance egg's shell, has a similar decoration in enamel on the base, and features a pearl, which is mentioned in the invoice for the Renaissance egg but not present on that egg.
The Resurrection egg was bought in 1922 by a London art dealer, then sold at Christie's in 1934. Owned by Lord Grantchester, it was bought from his estate by Manhattan art dealers A La Vieille Russie. In 1978, A La Vieille Russie negotiated a private sale of the Resurrection egg and the First Hen Egg to the Forbes Collection.
In 2004, it was sold as part of the Forbes Collection to Viktor Vekselberg. He purchased nine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20Lanczos%20algorithm | In computer science, the block Lanczos algorithm is an algorithm for finding the nullspace of a matrix over a finite field, using only multiplication of the matrix by long, thin matrices. Such matrices are considered as vectors of tuples of finite-field entries, and so tend to be called 'vectors' in descriptions of the algorithm.
The block Lanczos algorithm is amongst the most efficient methods known for finding nullspaces, which is the final stage in integer factorization algorithms such as the quadratic sieve and number field sieve, and its development has been entirely driven by this application.
It is based on, and bears a strong resemblance to, the Lanczos algorithm for finding eigenvalues of large sparse real matrices.
Parallelization issues
The algorithm is essentially not parallel: it is of course possible to distribute the matrix–'vector' multiplication, but the whole vector must be available for the combination step at the end of each iteration, so all the machines involved in the calculation must be on the same fast network. In particular, it is not possible to widen the vectors and distribute slices of vectors to different independent machines.
The block Wiedemann algorithm is more useful in contexts where several systems each large enough to hold the entire matrix are available, since in that algorithm the systems can run independently until a final stage at the end.
References
Numerical linear algebra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monge%27s%20theorem | In geometry, Monge's theorem, named after Gaspard Monge, states that for any three circles in a plane, none of which is completely inside one of the others, the intersection points of each of the three pairs of external tangent lines are collinear.
For any two circles in a plane, an external tangent is a line that is tangent to both circles but does not pass between them. There are two such external tangent lines for any two circles. Each such pair has a unique intersection point in the extended Euclidean plane. Monge's theorem states that the three such points given by the three pairs of circles always lie in a straight line. In the case of two of the circles being of equal size, the two external tangent lines are parallel. In this case Monge's theorem asserts that the other two intersection points must lie on a line parallel to those two external tangents. In other words, if the two external tangents are considered to intersect at the point at infinity, then the other two intersection points must be on a line passing through the same point at infinity, so the line between them takes the same angle as the external tangent.
Proofs
The simplest proof employs a three-dimensional analogy. Let the three circles correspond to three spheres of different radii; the circles correspond to the equators that result from a plane passing through the centers of the spheres. The three spheres can be sandwiched uniquely between two planes. Each pair of spheres defines a cone that is exte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic-group%20factorisation%20algorithm | Algebraic-group factorisation algorithms are algorithms for factoring an integer N by working in an algebraic group defined modulo N whose group structure is the direct sum of the 'reduced groups' obtained by performing the equations defining the group arithmetic modulo the unknown prime factors p1, p2, ... By the Chinese remainder theorem, arithmetic modulo N corresponds to arithmetic in all the reduced groups simultaneously.
The aim is to find an element which is not the identity of the group modulo N, but is the identity modulo one of the factors, so a method for recognising such one-sided identities is required. In general, one finds them by performing operations that move elements around and leave the identities in the reduced groups unchanged. Once the algorithm finds a one-sided identity all future terms will also be one-sided identities, so checking periodically suffices.
Computation proceeds by picking an arbitrary element x of the group modulo N and computing a large and smooth multiple Ax of it; if the order of at least one but not all of the reduced groups is a divisor of A, this yields a factorisation. It need not be a prime factorisation, as the element might be an identity in more than one of the reduced groups.
Generally, A is taken as a product of the primes below some limit K, and Ax is computed by successive multiplication of x by these primes; after each multiplication, or every few multiplications, the check is made for a one-sided identity.
The two- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adparticle | An adparticle is an atom, molecule, or cluster of atoms or molecules that lies on a crystal surface. The term is used in surface chemistry. The word is a contraction of "adsorbed particle". An adparticle that is a single atom may be referred to as an "adatom".
Surface science |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan%20%28prison%29 | Titan Prison or Titan gaol was a proposed new classification of prison in England and Wales, designed to increase the overall prison capacity and improve operational efficiency.
In plans announced in December 2007, the Titan concept included the proposed construction of three new prisons each housing 2,500 inmates, well above the 1,461 capacity of the largest prison at the time, HMP Wandsworth in London.
After much opposition and criticism, the plans were understood to have been dropped on 24 April 2009, with the postulated reason being difficulty in gaining planning permission for the new sites. It was expected that capacity would instead be increased through the creation of five new 1,500-capacity prisons, with two to be started immediately.
In a related change, in 2008, the operational management of three existing closely located prisons were merged to form the newly named Hewell (HM Prison), in an effort to improve efficiency, while retaining the existing buildings.
Background
Labour Government Justice Minister Jack Straw initiated a review of over-crowding in the prison system, which resulted in the December 2007 report, Securing the Future - Proposals for the efficient and sustainable use of custody in England and Wales, produced by Lord Carter of Coles Review of Prisons .
The report amongst other issues proposed the building three new prisons larger than any before built. The existing largest prisons held on average 1,461 prisoners. The new Titan jails would hold |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPN1MW | Green-sensitive opsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPN1MW gene.
OPN1MW2 is a similar opsin.
See also
Opsin
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Red-Green Color Vision Defects
G protein-coupled receptors
Color vision |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR1D2 | Olfactory receptor 1D2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR1D2 gene.
Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.
Expression
As well as bring expressed in the olfactory epithelium of the human nose, OR1D2 is special in that it is also expressed in human spermatozoa, where it is involved in sperm chemotaxis.
Ligands
Bourgeonal is a reported ligand for OR1D2 that affects sperm chemotaxis.
Ligands include:
Bourgeonal
Canthoxal
Cyclamal
Floralazone
Lilial
Phenylacetaldehyde
3-phenylbutyraldehyde
3-phenylpropionaldehyde
4-phenylbutyraldehyde
(p-tert-butylphenoxy)acetaldehyde
See also
Olfactory receptor
References
Further reading
External links
Olfactory receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPN1LW | OPN1LW is a gene on the X chromosome that encodes for long wave sensitive (LWS) opsin, or red cone photopigment. It is responsible for perception of visible light in the yellow-green range on the visible spectrum (around 500-570nm). The gene contains 6 exons with variability that induces shifts in the spectral range. OPN1LW is subject to homologous recombination with OPN1MW, as the two have very similar sequences. These recombinations can lead to various vision problems, such as red-green colourblindness and blue monochromacy. The protein encoded is a G-protein coupled receptor with embedded 11-cis-retinal, whose light excitation causes a cis-trans conformational change that begins the process of chemical signalling to the brain.
Gene
OPN1LW produces red-sensitive opsin, while its counterparts, OPN1MW and OPN1SW, produce green-sensitive and blue-sensitive opsin respectively. OPN1LW and OPN1MW are on the X chromosome at position Xq28. They are in a tandem array, composed of a single OPN1LW gene which is followed by one or more OPN1MW genes. The locus control region (LCR; OPSIN-LCR) regulates expression of both genes, with only the OPN1LW gene and nearby adjacent OPN1MW genes being expressed and contributing to the colour vision phenotype. The LCR can not reach further than the first or second OPN1MW genes in the array. The slight difference in OPN1LW and OPN1MW absorption spectra is due to a handful of amino acid differences between the two highly similar genes.
Exons
OPN1L |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative%20transfer%20equation%20and%20diffusion%20theory%20for%20photon%20transport%20in%20biological%20tissue | Photon transport in biological tissue can be equivalently modeled numerically with Monte Carlo simulations or analytically by the radiative transfer equation (RTE). However, the RTE is difficult to solve without introducing approximations. A common approximation summarized here is the diffusion approximation. Overall, solutions to the diffusion equation for photon transport are more computationally efficient, but less accurate than Monte Carlo simulations.
Definitions
The RTE can mathematically model the transfer of energy as photons move inside a tissue. The flow of radiation energy through a small area element in the radiation field can be characterized by radiance . Radiance is defined as energy flow per unit normal area per unit solid angle per unit time. Here, denotes position, denotes unit direction vector and denotes time (Figure 1).
Several other important physical quantities are based on the definition of radiance:
Fluence rate or intensity
Fluence
Current density (energy flux) . This is the vector counterpart of fluence rate pointing in the prevalent direction of energy flow.
Radiative transfer equation
The RTE is a differential equation describing radiance . It can be derived via conservation of energy. Briefly, the RTE states that a beam of light loses energy through divergence and extinction (including both absorption and scattering away from the beam) and gains energy from light sources in the medium and scattering directed towards the beam. Coherence, p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7317%20Cabot | 7317 Cabot, provisional designation , is a background asteroid in a resonance with Jupiter, located the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 12 March 1940, by Hungarian astronomer György Kulin at the Konkoly Observatory in Budapest. The presumed S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 2.2 hours. It was named after Italian explorer John Cabot.
Orbit and classification
Cabot is located in a 10:3 orbital resonance with Jupiter (10/3J), a mean-motion resonance of moderate order and a location of orbital instability. Asteroids in these resonances are known for their chaotic orbits with a relatively short Lyapunov time. It is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Flora family (), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.
It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,300 days; semi-major axis of 2.33 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as at Klet Observatory in May 1983, or more than 43 years after to its official discovery observation at Konkoly.
Physical characteristics
Cabot is an assumed, stony S-ty |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20biacuplasty | Disk biacuplasty is a medical procedure that applies heat to the annulus of disks that separate the vertebra of the back with the goal of ablating the neurons that generate pain sensations. The procedure is designed to reduce chronic back pain caused by the intervertebral discs. The procedure is in the early stages of testing with some evidence of efficacy.
As possible advantages to conventional techniques, the developers of the procedure cite its ease of use and a lack of artificial concentric fissures. The procedure may destroy pain nerves without damaging nearby tissues, though evidence for this comes only from studies with cadavers. Testing on pigs suggested it heats the desired area without damaging the dorsal root ganglia or spinal nerve roots, though the cells of the disc demonstrate histological changes.
See also
Intervertebral disc annuloplasty
References
Pain
Orthopedic surgical procedures |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic%20sac | A megaspore mother cell, or megasporocyte, is a diploid cell in plants in which meiosis will occur, resulting in the production of four haploid megaspores. At least one of the spores develop into haploid female gametophytes (megagametophytes). The megaspore mother cell arises within the megasporangium tissue.
In flowering plants the megasporangium is also called the nucellus, and the female gametophyte is sometimes called the embryo sac.
Developmental processes
Two distinct processes are involved in producing the megagametophyte from the megaspore mother cell:
Megasporogenesis, formation of the megaspores in the megasporangium (nucellus) by meiosis
Megagametogenesis; development of the megaspore(s) into the megagametophyte(s) which contains the gametes.
In gymnosperms and most flowering plants, only one of the four megaspores is functional at maturity, and the other three soon degenerate. The megaspore that remains divides mitotically and develops into the gametophyte, which eventually produces one egg cell. In the most common type of megagametophyte development in flowering plants (the Polygonum type), three mitotic divisions are involved in producing the gametophyte, which has seven cells, one of which (the central cell) has two nuclei that later merge to make a diploid nucleus.
In flowering plants, double fertilization occurs, which involves two sperm fertilizing the two gametes inside the megagametophyte (the egg cell and the central cell) to produce the embryo an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20viruses | A virus is a tiny infectious agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts. When infected, the host cell is forced to rapidly produce thousands of identical copies of the original virus. Unlike most living things, viruses do not have cells that divide; new viruses assemble in the infected host cell. But unlike simpler infectious agents like prions, they contain genes, which allow them to mutate and evolve. Over 4,800 species of viruses have been described in detail out of the millions in the environment. Their origin is unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria.
Viruses are made of either two or three parts. All include genes. These genes contain the encoded biological information of the virus and are built from either DNA or RNA. All viruses are also covered with a protein coat to protect the genes. Some viruses may also have an envelope of fat-like substance that covers the protein coat, and makes them vulnerable to soap. A virus with this "viral envelope" uses it—along with specific receptors—to enter a new host cell. Viruses vary in shape from the simple helical and icosahedral to more complex structures. Viruses range in size from 20 to 300 nanometres; it would take 33,000 to 500,000 of them, side by side, to stretch to .
Viruses spread in many ways. Although many are very specific about which host species or tissue they attack, each species of virus relies on a particular |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frizzled-4 | Frizzled-4 (Fz-4) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FZD4 gene. Fz-4 has also been designated as CD344 (cluster of differentiation 344).
Function
This gene is a member of the frizzled gene family. Members of this family encode seven-transmembrane domain proteins that are receptors for the Wingless type MMTV integration site family of signaling proteins. Frizzled-4 is the only representative of frizzled family members that binds strongly an additional ligand Norrin that is functionally similar but structurally different from Wingless type proteins. FZD4 signaling induced by Norrin regulates vascular development of vertebrate retina and controls important blood vessels in the ear. Most frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway. This protein may play a role as a positive regulator of the Wingless type MMTV integration site signaling pathway. A transcript variant retaining intronic sequence and encoding a shorter isoform has been described, however, its expression is not supported by other experimental evidence.
See also
Frizzled
References
Further reading
External links
]
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy, Autosomal Dominant
Clusters of differentiation
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGR5 | Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) also known as G-protein coupled receptor 49 (GPR49) or G-protein coupled receptor 67 (GPR67) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGR5 gene. It is a member of GPCR class A receptor proteins. R-spondin proteins are the biological ligands of LGR5. LGR5 is expressed across a diverse range of tissue such as in the muscle, placenta, spinal cord and brain and particularly as a biomarker of adult stem cells in certain tissues.
Gene
Prior to its current naming designation, LGR5 was also known as FEX, HG38, GPR49, and GPR67. The Human LGR5 gene is 144,810 bases long and located at chromosome 12 at position 12q22-q23. Both human, rat and mouse homologs contain 907 amino acids and seven transmembrane domains. After translation, the signal peptide (amino acids 1-21) is cleaved off and the mature peptide (amino acids 22-907) inserts its transmembrane domain into the translocon membrane prior to packaging towards the plasma membrane.
Protein structure
LGR5 is highly conserved within the mammalian clade. Sequence analyses showed that the transmembrane regions and cysteine-flanked junction between TM1 and the extracellular domain were highly conserved in sea anemone (Anthopleura elegantissima), fly (Drosophila melanogaster), worm (Caenorhabditis elegans), snail (Lymnaea stagnalis), rat (Rattus rattus) and human (Homo sapiens). Homology amongst the metazoan suggests that it has been conserved across animals and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamport%27s%20distributed%20mutual%20exclusion%20algorithm | Lamport's Distributed Mutual Exclusion Algorithm is a contention-based algorithm for mutual exclusion on a distributed system.
Algorithm
Nodal properties
Every process maintains a queue of pending requests for entering critical section in order. The queues are ordered by virtual time stamps derived from Lamport timestamps.
Algorithm
Requesting process
Pushing its request in its own queue (ordered by time stamps)
Sending a request to every node.
Waiting for replies from all other nodes.
If own request is at the head of its queue and all replies have been received, enter critical section.
Upon exiting the critical section, remove its request from the queue and send a release message to every process.
Other processes
After receiving a request, pushing the request in its own request queue (ordered by time stamps) and reply with a time stamp.
After receiving release message, remove the corresponding request from its own request queue.
Message complexity
This algorithm creates 3(N − 1) messages per request, or (N − 1) messages and 2 broadcasts. 3(N − 1) messages per request includes:
(N − 1) total number of requests
(N − 1) total number of replies
(N − 1) total number of releases
Drawbacks
This algorithm has several disadvantages. They are:
It is very unreliable as failure of any one of the processes will halt progress.
It has a high message complexity of 3(N − 1) messages per entry/exit into the critical section.
See also
Ricart–Agrawala algorithm (a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGF-like%20domain | The EGF-like domain is an evolutionary conserved protein domain, which derives its name from the epidermal growth factor where it was first described. It comprises about 30 to 40 amino-acid residues and has been found in a large number of mostly animal proteins. Most occurrences of the EGF-like domain are found in the extracellular domain of membrane-bound proteins or in proteins known to be secreted. An exception to this is the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. The EGF-like domain includes 6 cysteine residues which in the epidermal growth factor have been shown to form 3 disulfide bonds. The structures of 4-disulfide EGF-domains have been solved from the laminin and integrin proteins. The main structure of EGF-like domains is a two-stranded β-sheet followed by a loop to a short C-terminal, two-stranded β-sheet. These two β-sheets are usually denoted as the major (N-terminal) and minor (C-terminal) sheets. EGF-like domains frequently occur in numerous tandem copies in proteins: these repeats typically fold together to form a single, linear solenoid domain block as a functional unit.
Subtypes
Despite the similarities of EGF-like domains, distinct domain subtypes have been identified. The two main proposed types of EGF-like domains are the human EGF-like (hEGF) domain and the complement C1r-like (cEGF) domain, which was first identified in the human complement protease C1r. C1r is a highly specific serine protease initiating the classical pathway of complement activation du |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR176 | Probable G-protein coupled receptor 176 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR176 gene.
References
Further reading
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRC6A | G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPRC6A gene. This protein functions as a receptor of L-α-amino acids, cations (e.g., calcium), osteocalcin, and steroids. It is a membrane androgen receptor.
Clinical significance
GPRC6A has also been linked to prostate cancer progression, and it has been shown to mediate rapid, non-genomic prostate cancer cell responses to testosterone.
See also
ZIP9
References
Further reading
External links
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGR6 | Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGR6 gene. Along with the other G-protein coupled receptors LGR4 and LGR5, LGR6 is a Wnt signaling pathway mediator. LGR6 also acts as an epithelial stem cell marker in squamous cell carcinoma in mice in vivo.
This gene encodes a member of the leucine-rich repeat-containing subgroup of the G protein-coupled 7-transmembrane protein superfamily. The encoded protein is a glycoprotein hormone receptor with a large N-terminal extracellular domain that contains leucine-rich repeats important for the formation of a horseshoe-shaped interaction motif for ligand binding. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants.
References
Further reading
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20data | Environmental data is that which is based on the measurement of environmental pressures, the state of the environment and the impacts on ecosystems. This is usually the "P", "S" and "I" of the DPSIR model where D = Drivers, P = Pressures, S = State, I = Impact, R = Response.
Environmental data is typically generated by institutions executing environmental law or doing environmental research. Environment statistics are usually generated by statistical offices and are considered as environmental data, too. Socio-economic data and other statistical data (often the "D" and the "R" of the DPSIR model) are not considered as environmental data. However, they are to be integrated into comprehensive environmental assessments. Usually this kind of data is held by other institutions than the environmental administration (e.g. National Statistical Offices). The same is true for geo-basisdata, which are not considered as environmental data, but have to be available for environmental policies and environmental information. In recent years, environmental data has become increasingly important to investors, prompting Bloomberg L.P. to begin providing Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) data through their terminals.
All data generated by the execution of environmental law are to be considered as environmental data.
Environmental Data Management Systems (EDMS)
In order to comply with the above requirements and obligations, certain conditions within them must be met. Typically these |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrim%20Blum | Avrim Blum (born 27 May 1966) is a computer scientist. In 2007, he was made a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery "for contributions to learning theory and algorithms." Blum attended MIT, where he received his Ph.D. in 1991 under professor Ron Rivest. He was a professor of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University from 1991 to 2017.
In 2017, he joined Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago as professor and chief academic officer.
His main work has been in the area of theoretical computer science, with particular activity in the fields of machine learning, computational learning theory, algorithmic game theory, database privacy, and algorithms.
Avrim is the son of two other well-known computer scientists, Manuel Blum, 1995 Turing Award winner, and Lenore Blum.
Bibliography
Blum, Avrim, John Hopcroft, and Ravindran Kannan. "Foundations of Data Science," February 27, 2020. https://home.ttic.edu/~avrim/book.pdf.
See also
Co-training
References
External links
Videos of Avrim lecturing
Avrim Blum's homepage at the Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago
Avrim Blum's homepage at Carnegie Mellon University
1966 births
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
American computer scientists
Theoretical computer scientists
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcoding | The term Barcoding may refer to:
Barcode
DNA barcoding |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20Focus%20Unified%20Functional%20Testing | Micro Focus Unified Functional Testing (UFT), formerly known as QuickTest Professional (QTP), is software that provides functional and regression test automation for software applications and environments.
UFT supports keyword and scripting interfaces and features a graphical user interface. It uses the Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript) scripting language to specify a test procedure, and to manipulate the objects and controls of the application under test. UFT allows developers to test all three layers of a program's operations from a single console: the interface, the service layer and the database layer.
UFT was originally written by Mercury Interactive and called QuickTest Professional. Mercury Interactive was subsequently acquired by Hewlett-Packard (HP) in 2006. UFT 11.5 combined HP QuickTest Professional and HP Service Test into a single software package, which was available from the HP Software Division until 2016, when the division was ultimately sold to Micro Focus.
Description
Micro Focus UFT is automated testing software designed for testing various software applications and environments. It performs functional and regression testing through a user interface such as a native GUI or web interface. It works by identifying the objects in the application user interface or a web page and performing desired operations (such as mouse clicks or keyboard events); it can also capture object properties like name or handler ID. HPE Unified Functional Testing uses a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal%20root%20of%20unity | In mathematics, a principal n-th root of unity (where n is a positive integer) of a ring is an element satisfying the equations
In an integral domain, every primitive n-th root of unity is also a principal -th root of unity. In any ring, if n is a power of 2, then any n/2-th root of −1 is a principal n-th root of unity.
A non-example is in the ring of integers modulo ; while and thus is a cube root of unity, meaning that it is not a principal cube root of unity.
The significance of a root of unity being principal is that it is a necessary condition for the theory of the discrete Fourier transform to work out correctly.
References
Algebraic numbers
Cyclotomic fields
Polynomials
1 (number)
Complex numbers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moura%20Photovoltaic%20Power%20Station | The Moura Photovoltaic Power Station (also known as Amareleja Photovoltaic Power Station) is a large photovoltaic power station in Amareleja, in the municipality of Moura, Portugal. It is one of the largest power stations of its kind, and is built in one of the sunniest regions in Europe. Its construction involved two stages: stage 1 was completed in 2008 after 13 months, and stage 2 was completed in 2010. The entire project exceeded a total cost of €250 million.
Stage 2 of the project involved the construction of a further 20 MW of solar panels. It occupies an area of , and is capable of producing 93 GWh of electrical energy annually (10 MW average - equivalent to the electricity consumption of 15,000 Europeans).
The power station has an installed capacity of 62 MWp, with more than 376,000 solar panels. Approximately 190,000 panels (32 MW) are fitted on fixed structures, and 52,000 panels (10 MW) are fixed on single-axis trackers.
A €7.6 million solar panel factory, located in Moura, was constructed by Acciona, which provided panels for Stage 2 of the station construction. Its future production is targeted at the international market, with a capacity of producing 24 MW of solar panels annually.
See also
Energy policy of the European Union
List of largest power stations in the world
Photovoltaic power stations
Renewable energy commercialization
Solar power in Portugal
Solar power in the European Union
References
External links
Slideshow featuring photographs of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic%20reaction%20centre%20protein%20family | Photosynthetic reaction centre proteins are main protein components of photosynthetic reaction centres (RCs) of bacteria and plants. They are transmembrane proteins embedded in the chloroplast thylakoid or bacterial cell membrane.
Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria have one type of PRC for each of its two photosystems. Non-oxygenic bacteria, on the other hand, have an RC resembling either the Photosystem I centre (Type I) or the Photosystem II centre (Type II). In either case, PRCs have two related proteins (L/M; D1/D2; PsaA/PsaB) making up a quasi-symmetrical 5-helical core complex with pockets for pigment binding. The two types are structurally related and share a common ancestor. Each type have different pockets for ligands to accommodate their specific reactions: while Type I RCs use iron sulfur clusters to accept electrons, Type II RCs use quinones. The centre units of Type I RCs also have six extra transmembrane helices for gathering energy.
In bacteria
The Type II photosynthetic apparatus in non-oxygenic bacteria consists of light-harvesting protein-pigment complexes LH1 and LH2, which use carotenoid and bacteriochlorophyll as primary donors. LH1 acts as the energy collection hub, temporarily storing it before its transfer to the photosynthetic reaction centre (RC). Electrons are transferred from the primary donor via an intermediate acceptor (bacteriophaeophytin) to the primary acceptor (quinine Qa), and finally to the secondary acceptor (quinone Qb), resulting in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastocyanin%20family%20of%20copper-binding%20proteins | Plastocyanin/azurin family of copper-binding proteins (or blue (type 1) copper domain) is a family of small proteins that bind a single copper atom and that are characterised by an intense electronic absorption band near 600 nm (see copper proteins). The most well-known members of this class of proteins are the plant chloroplastic plastocyanins, which exchange electrons with cytochrome c6, and the distantly related bacterial azurins, which exchange electrons with cytochrome c551. This family of proteins also includes amicyanin from bacteria such as Methylobacterium extorquens or Paracoccus versutus (Thiobacillus versutus) that can grow on methylamine; auracyanins A and B from Chloroflexus aurantiacus; blue copper protein from Alcaligenes faecalis; cupredoxin (CPC) from Cucumis sativus (Cucumber) peelings; cusacyanin (basic blue protein; plantacyanin, CBP) from cucumber; halocyanin from Natronomonas pharaonis (Natronobacterium pharaonis), a membrane-associated copper-binding protein; pseudoazurin from Pseudomonas; rusticyanin from Thiobacillus ferrooxidans; stellacyanin from Rhus vernicifera (Japanese lacquer tree); umecyanin from the roots of Armoracia rusticana (Horseradish); and allergen Ra3 from ragweed. This pollen protein has evolutary relation to the above proteins, but seems to have lost the ability to bind copper. Although there is an appreciable amount of divergence in the sequences of all these proteins, the copper ligand sites are conserved.
References
Protein do |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20bacterial%20porin%20family | General bacterial porins are a family of porin proteins from the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. The porins act as molecular filters for hydrophilic compounds. They are responsible for the 'molecular sieve' properties of the outer membrane. Porins form large water-filled channels which allow the diffusion of hydrophilic molecules into the periplasmic space. Some porins form general diffusion channels that allow any solute up to a certain size (that size is known as the exclusion limit) to cross the membrane, while other porins are specific for one particular solute and contain a binding site for that solute inside the pores (these are known as selective porins). As porins are the major outer membrane proteins, they also serve as receptor sites for the binding of phages and bacteriocins.
General diffusion porins usually assemble as a trimer in the membrane, and the transmembrane core of these proteins is composed exclusively of beta strands. It has been shown that a number of porins are evolutionarily related.
Structure of Porins
Porins are composed of β-strands, which are, in general, linked together by beta turns on the periplasmic side of the outer membrane and long loops on the external side of the membrane. The β strands lie in an antiparallel fashion and form a cylindrical tube, called a β-barrel[2]. The amino acid composition of the porin β-strands are unique in that polar and non-polar residues alternate along them. This means that the non-polar residues |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer%20membrane%20receptor | Outer membrane receptors, also known as TonB-dependent receptors, are a family of beta barrel proteins named for their localization in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. TonB complexes sense signals from the outside of bacterial cells and transmit them into the cytoplasm, leading to transcriptional activation of target genes.
TonB-dependent receptors in gram-negative bacteria are associated with the uptake and transport of large substrates such as iron siderophore complexes and vitamin B12.
TonB interactions with other proteins
In Escherichia coli, the TonB protein interacts with outer membrane receptor proteins that carry out high-affinity binding and energy-dependent uptake of specific substrates into the periplasmic space. These substrates are either poorly transported through non-specific porin channels or are encountered at very low concentrations. In the absence of TonB, these receptors bind their substrates but do not carry out active transport. TonB-dependent regulatory systems consist of six protein protein components.
The proteins that are currently known or presumed to interact with TonB include BtuB, CirA, FatA, FcuT, FecA, FhuA, FhuE, FepA, FptA, HemR, IrgA, IutA, PfeA, PupA, LbpA and TbpA. The TonB protein also interacts with some colicins. Most of these proteins contain a short conserved region at their N-terminus.
TonB-dependent receptor plug domain
TonB-dependent receptors include a plug domain, an independently folding subunit that acts as th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean%20addition | In mathematics, Pythagorean addition is a binary operation on the real numbers that computes the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle, given its two sides. According to the Pythagorean theorem, for a triangle with sides and , this length can be calculated as
where denotes the Pythagorean addition operation.
This operation can be used in the conversion of Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates. It also provides a simple notation and terminology for some formulas when its summands are complicated; for example, the energy-momentum relation in physics becomes
It is implemented in many programming libraries as the hypot function, in a way designed to avoid errors arising due to limited-precision calculations performed on computers. In its applications to signal processing and propagation of measurement uncertainty, the same operation is also called addition in quadrature; it is related to the quadratic mean or "root mean square".
Applications
Pythagorean addition (and its implementation as the hypot function) is often used together with the atan2 function to convert from Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates :
If measurements have independent errors respectively, the quadrature method gives the overall error,
whereas the upper limit of the overall error is
if the errors were not independent.
This is equivalent of finding the magnitude of the resultant of adding orthogonal vectors, each with magnitude equal to the uncertainty, using the Pythagorean th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice%20classification%20in%20non-classical%20music | There is no authoritative system of voice classification in non-classical music as classical terms are used to describe not merely various vocal ranges, but specific vocal timbres unique to each range. These timbres are produced by classical training techniques with which most popular singers are not intimately familiar, and which even those that are do not universally employ them.
Overview
The term "non-classical music" is typically used to describe music in jazz, pop, blues, soul, country, folk, and rock styles. In the United States, the term contemporary commercial music (CCM) is used by some vocal pedagogues. Voice classification systems and vocal type terms were initially created for the purpose of classifying voices specifically within classical singing. As new styles of music developed, the quest for common terms for vocalists throughout these styles was sought, resulting in a loose application of the existing classical music practices. This approach has led to a system with many different names for the same term or style.
Approaches in classical music
There are two overall approaches within voice classification: one for opera vocalists and one for choral music parts. One of the major differences between these two in classifying voices is that choral music classifies voices entirely upon vocal range, whereas in opera classification systems many other factors are considered. Indeed, tessitura (where the voice feels most comfortable singing) and vocal timbre (the inna |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Seattle%20Seahawks%20records | This article details statistics relating to the Seattle Seahawks NFL football team, including career, single season and game records.
Offense
Passing
Most pass attempts, career: Russell Wilson, 4,735
Most pass attempts, season: Geno Smith, 572 (2022)
Most pass attempts, rookie season: Rick Mirer, 486 (1993)
Most pass attempts, game: Matt Hasselbeck, 55 (2002)
Most pass completions, career: Russell Wilson, 3,079
Most pass completions, season: Geno Smith, 399 (2022)
Most pass completions, rookie season: Rick Mirer, 274 (1993)
Most pass completions, game: Matt Hasselbeck, 39 (2009)
Highest completion percentage, career (min. 500 attempts): Geno Smith, 69.6
Highest completion percentage, season (min. 200 attempts): Geno Smith, 69.8 (2022)
Highest completion percentage, rookie season (min. 200 attempts): Russell Wilson, 64.1 (2012)
Highest completion percentage, game (min. 15 attempts): Russell Wilson, 88.6 (2020)
Most passing yards, career: Russell Wilson, 37,059
Most passing yards, season: Geno Smith, 4,282 (2022)
Most passing yards, rookie season: Russell Wilson, 3,118 (2012)
Most passing yards, game: Russell Wilson, 452 (2017)
Highest yards per attempt, career (min. 500 attempts): Russell Wilson, 7.8
Highest yards per attempt, season (min. 200 attempts): Dave Krieg, 8.8 (1983)
Highest yards per attempt, rookie season (min. 200 attempts): Russell Wilson, 7.9 (2012)
Highest yards per attempt, game (min. 15 attempts): Russell Wilson, 14.6 (2018)
Most passing touchdowns, |
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