source stringlengths 32 209 | text stringlengths 18 1.5k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frustule | A frustule is the hard and porous cell wall or external layer of diatoms. The frustule is composed almost purely of silica, made from silicic acid, and is coated with a layer of organic substance, which was referred to in the early literature on diatoms as pectin, a fiber most commonly found in cell walls of plants. This layer is actually composed of several types of polysaccharides.
The frustule's structure is usually composed of two overlapping sections known as thecae (or less formally as valves). The joint between the two thecae is supported by bands of silica (girdle bands) that hold them together. This overlapping allows for some internal expansion room and is essential during the reproduction process. The frustule also contains many pores called areolae and slits that provide the diatom access to the external environment for processes such as waste removal and mucilage secretion.
The microstructural analysis of the frustules shows that the pores are of various sizes, shapes and volume. The majority of the pores are open and do not contain impurities. The dimensions of the nanopores are in the range 250–600 nm.
Thecae
A frustule is usually composed of two identically shaped but slightly differently sized thecae. The theca which is a bit smaller has an edge which fits slightly inside the corresponding edge of the larger theca. This overlapping region is reinforced with silica girdle bands, and constitutes a natural "expansion joint". The larger theca is usua |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptual%20robotics | Perceptual robotics is an interdisciplinary science linking Robotics and Neuroscience. It investigates biologically motivated robot control strategies, concentrating on perceptual rather than cognitive processes and thereby sides with J. J. Gibson's view against the Poverty of the stimulus theory.
As a working definition, the following quote from Chapter 64 by H. Bülthoff, C. Wallraven and M. Giese from The Springer Handbook of Robotics, edited by Bruno Siciliano and Oussama Khatib, published by Springer in 2007, could be used:
In the following we will apply the term Perceptual Robotics to signify the design of robots based on principles that are derived from human perception on all three levels in the sense of Marr. This includes a realization in terms of specific neural circuits as well as the transfer of more abstract biologically-inspired strategies for the solution of relevant computational problems.
See also
David Marr (neuroscientist) (including a short description of the three levels of perception)
PERCRO Perceptual Robotics Laboratory, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
Robotics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISPC | ISPC may refer to:
Point code, a unique address for a node
Isoprene synthase, an enzyme
Intel SPMD Program Compiler |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%A9as | Oséas Reis dos Santos (born May 14, 1971 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil), known as Oséas, is a retired Brazilian football player.
Club statistics
National team statistics
Honors
Team
Copa Libertadores Winner: 1999
Intercontinental Cup Runners-up: 1999
Individual
Brazilian 2nd Division League Top Scorer: 1995
External links
1971 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Club Athletico Paranaense players
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players
Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players
Santos FC players
Sport Club Internacional players
Brasiliense FC players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
J1 League players
Vissel Kobe players
Albirex Niigata players
Copa Libertadores-winning players
Brazil men's international footballers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Salvador, Bahia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Casey's theorem, also known as the generalized Ptolemy's theorem, is a theorem in Euclidean geometry named after the Irish mathematician John Casey.
Formulation of the theorem
Let be a circle of radius . Let be (in that order) four non-intersecting circles that lie inside and tangent to it. Denote by the length of the exterior common bitangent of the circles . Then:
Note that in the degenerate case, where all four circles reduce to points, this is exactly Ptolemy's theorem.
Proof
The following proof is attributable to Zacharias. Denote the radius of circle by and its tangency point with the circle by . We will use the notation for the centers of the circles.
Note that from Pythagorean theorem,
We will try to express this length in terms of the points . By the law of cosines in triangle ,
Since the circles tangent to each other:
Let be a point on the circle . According to the law of sines in triangle :
Therefore,
and substituting these in the formula above:
And finally, the length we seek is
We can now evaluate the left hand side, with the help of the original Ptolemy's theorem applied to the inscribed quadrilateral :
Further generalizations
It can be seen that the four circles need not lie inside the big circle. In fact, they may be tangent to it from the outside as well. In that case, the following change should be made:
If are both tangent from the same side of (both in or both out), is the length of the exterior common tangent. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Andrews%20%28biologist%29 | Nancy C. Andrews NAS (born November 29, 1958) is an American biologist and physician noted for her research on iron homeostasis. Andrews was formerly Dean of the Duke University School of Medicine.
Biography
Andrews grew up in Syracuse, New York. She earned a B.S. and M.S. from Yale University. She carried out her M.S. research with Joan Steitz at Yale University, studying molecular biophysics and biochemistry, and continued her graduate work with David Baltimore, earning an M.D.-Ph.D. at Harvard Medical School (1987) and M.I.T. (1985). She completed her postdoctoral work with Stuart Orkin at Children's Hospital Boston.
Andrews then joined the faculty at Harvard University, Boston Children's Hospital and the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute in 1991, assuming an endowed chair in 2003, and the position of Dean for Basic Sciences and Graduate Studies at Harvard Medical School. In 2007, Andrews left to take a position as the first female Dean of Medicine at Duke University. In this position, she was the only woman heading any of the top ten medical schools in the U.S. She stepped down from the Deanship in 2017. Andrews was selected as the Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer at Boston Children's Hospital in November 2021.
Andrews studied treatments for and molecular processes governing iron disease, such as anemia (iron deficiency) and hemochromatosis.
Andrews currently serves as Chair of the Board of Directors of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Siddoway%20Bagnall | Richard Siddoway Bagnall (14 July 1884 - 19 January 1962) was an English entomologist. Bagnall specialised in Thysanoptera and published several important works on the higher classification of this insect order throughout the world, describing many new genera and species.
Early life and education
Richard Siddoway Bagnall was born in Winlaton, England (near Whickham) on 14 July 1884 to father Thomas W. Bagnall (1862-ca.1907) and mother Emily Florence Lane (ca. 1862-1932). He had meningitis and rheumatic fever as a child, and although his two brothers went to boarding school in their teenage years, Bagnall was sheltered by his family and educated privately at home. He showed a keen interest in entomology during his childhood, being active in the Vale of Derwent Naturalist Field Club and publishing his first paper in 1906 on an unusual beetle that he collected from his cellar.
Entomological Research
Bagnall described 577 species and 100 genera within the insect order Thysanoptera in over 120 publications.
Awards
In 1904, Bagnall was elected a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society of London and in 1909 he was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London.
References
Schliephake, G. & Strassen, R. (2005). Biographical Data on Thysanopterologists of the 20th century. Thysanoptera, Dehli (1) : 21-25
External links
Natural History Museum Archive
1889 births
1962 deaths
People from Winlaton
English entomologists
20th-century British zoologists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneixama%20photovoltaic%20power%20plant | Beneixama photovoltaic power plant is a 20 MW photovoltaic power plant located in Beneixama, Spain. The plant consists of approximately 100,000 solar panels, encompassing an area of approximately 500,000 m2. The panels are City Solar PQ 200 modules made of polycrystalline silicon solar cells.
In addition, 200 units of Siemens photovoltaic inverters "Sinvert Solar 100 Master" were installed.
The plant was built by City Solar, and completed in September, 2007.
See also
Photovoltaic power stations
References
External links
City-Solar Group Constructing World's Largest PV Park in Spain
City Solar PQ 200 modules
Live webcam (German)
Photovoltaic power stations in Spain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaenisch | Jaenisch is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Carl Jaenisch (1813–1872), Finnish and Russian chess player
Rudolf Jaenisch (born 1942), German cell biologist
Surnames from given names |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient%20copolymer | In polymer chemistry, gradient copolymers are copolymers in which the change in monomer composition is gradual from predominantly one species to predominantly the other, unlike with block copolymers, which have an abrupt change in composition, and random copolymers, which have no continuous change in composition (see Figure 1).
In the gradient copolymer, as a result of the gradual compositional change along the length of the polymer chain less intrachain and interchain repulsion are observed.
The development of controlled radical polymerization as a synthetic methodology in the 1990s allowed for increased study of the concepts and properties of gradient copolymers because the synthesis of this group of novel polymers was now straightforward.
Due to the similar properties of gradient copolymers to that of block copolymers, they have been considered as a cost-effective alternative in applications for other preexisting copolymers.
Polymer Composition
In the gradient copolymer, there is a continuous change in monomer composition along the polymer chain (see Figure 2). This change in composition can be depicted in a mathematical expression. The local composition gradient fraction is described by molar fraction of monomer 1 in the copolymer and degree of polymerization and its relationship is as follows:
The above equation supposes all of the local monomer composition is continuous. To make up for this assumption, another equation of ensemble average is used:
The refers e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut%20agglutinin | Peanut agglutinin (PNA) is plant lectin protein derived from the fruits of Arachis hypogaea. Peanut agglutinin may also be referred to as Arachis hypogaea lectin. Lectins recognise and bind particular sugar sequences in carbohydrates; peanut agglutinin binds the carbohydrate sequence Gal-β(1-3)-GalNAc. The name "peanut agglutinin" originates from its ability to stick together (agglutinate) cells, such as neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes, which have glycoproteins or glycolipids on their surface which include the Gal-β(1-3)-GalNAc carbohydrate sequence.
Structure
The protein is 273 amino acids in length with the first 23 residues acting as a signal peptide which is subsequently cleaved. It has a Uniprot accession of P02872. There are over 20 structures of this protein in the PDB which reveal and all beta-sheet protein with a tetrameric quaternary structure. It is a member of the Lectin_legB PFAM family.
Available Structures of peanut agglutinin
Uses in cell biology and biochemistry
Because peanut agglutinin specifically binds a particular carbohydrate sequence it finds use in a range of methods for cell biology and biochemistry. For example in PNA-affinity chromatography the binding specificity of peanut agglutinin is used to isolate glycosylated molecules which have the sugar sequence Gal-β(1-3)-GalNAc. Peanut agglutinin activity is inhibited by lactose and galactose which compete for the binding site.
Other uses include:
Potent anti-T cell activity.
Distinguishing be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20absorber | Energy absorber may refer to:
A panel to absorb the radiant energy of sunlight to heat a fluid, such as solar hot water
A bolometer, a device to convert electromagnetic radiation and the momentum of energetic particles to thermal energy which in turn is easily measured
A kinetic-energy absorbing medium, sometimes called a crash pit or runaway truck ramp
A shock absorber, a device to dampen spring rebound by expending work by forcing a fluid through ports, and so converting the mechanical energy to heat
In the context of Fall arrest, an energy absorber is a device that limits the energy of a falling body
A material or device to disperse and dissipate impact energy, such as
a protective helmet for sports, motorcycling or bicycling
armor such as a ballistic vest for protection in warfare
Materials to protect boxed contents during shipping, such as
Foam peanuts
Bubble wrap
A portion of vehicle such as an automobile designed to protect the occupants, usually by creating "crumple zones" at each end of the vehicle while preserving a stiff central cage in which the occupants are secured by seat belts and protected by inflatable air bags
A piece of rock climbing equipment |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal-like%20carcinoma | The basal-like carcinoma is a recently proposed subtype of breast cancer defined by its gene expression and protein expression profile.
Breast cancer can be divided into five molecular subtypes, including luminal subtype A, luminal subtype B, normal breast-like subtype, HER-2 overexpression subtype) and basal-like subtype. Genotyping fundamentally provides breast cancer patients with improved prognosis and treatment. In all molecular subtypes, basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is still the biggest challenge in current research due to its strong invasiveness and molecular biological characteristics.
Epidemiology
BLBC is more common among young and premenopausal women in Africa and African Americans. Large sample studies based on immunohistochemistry showed that the average age of BLBC patients is 47.7 to 55 years old. Incidence of BLBC and breastfeeding were negative related. Compared with ductal breast cancer, BLBC is more common among women who have earlier menarche age; whose first-term gestational age is less than 26 years old. Women who have low economic and social status, metabolic syndrome and use contraceptives for more than one year are more likely to develop BLBC. Increased waist-hip ratio before menopause also has a significant correlation with BLBC.
Treatment and prognosis
Although tumors are often larger and of later stage, basal-like subtypes are more sensitive to anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy than luminal breast cancers. Yet, despite initial ch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoblast | A melanoblast is a precursor cell of a melanocyte. These cells migrate from the trunk neural crest cells (in terms of axial level from neck to posterior end) dorsolaterally between the ectoderm and dorsal surface of the somites.
See also
Biological pigment
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
References
Pigments
Biomolecules
Pigmentation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCC8 | ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCC8 gene. ABCC8 orthologs have been identified in all mammals for which complete genome data are available.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the MRP subfamily which is involved in multi-drug resistance. This protein functions as a modulator of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and insulin release. Mutations and deficiencies in this protein have been observed in patients with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy, an autosomal recessive disorder of unregulated and high insulin secretion. Mutations have also been associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type II (neonatal diabetes), an autosomal dominant disease of defective insulin secretion, and congenital hyperinsulinism. Alternative splicing of this gene has been observed; however, the transcript variants have not been fully described.
See also
ATP-binding cassette transporter
Sulfonylurea receptor
References
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Familial Hyperinsulinism
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Permanent Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus
Further reading
ATP-bin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iddingsite | Iddingsite is a microcrystalline rock that is derived from alteration of olivine. It is usually studied as a mineral, and consists of a mixture of remnant olivine, clay minerals, iron oxides, and ferrihydrites. Debates over iddingsite's non-definite crystal structure caused it to be de-listed as an official mineral by the IMA; thus, it is properly referred to as a rock.
Iddingsite forms from the weathering of basalt in the presence of liquid water and can be described as a phenocryst, i.e. it has macroscopically visible crystals in a fine-grained groundmass of a porphyritic rock. It is a pseudomorph that has a composition that is constantly transforming from the original olivine, passing through many stages of structural and chemical change to create a fully altered iddingsite.
Because iddingsite is constantly transforming it does not have a definite structure or a definite chemical composition. The chemical formula for iddingsite has been approximated as MgO * Fe2O3 * 3SiO2 * 4 H2O where MgO can be substituted by CaO. The geologic occurrence of iddingsite is limited to extrusive or subvolcanic rocks that are formed by injection of magma near the surface. It is absent from deep-seated rocks and is found on meteorites. As it has been found on Martian meteorites, its ages have been calculated to obtain absolute ages when liquid water was at or near the surface of Mars.
It was named after Joseph P. Iddings, an American petrologist.
Introduction
Iddingsite is a pseudomorph, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMK2G | Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II gamma chain is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CAMK2G gene.
Function
The product of this gene belongs to the Serine/Threonine protein kinase family, and to the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. Calcium signaling is crucial for several aspects of plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. In mammalian cells the enzyme is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The product of this gene is a gamma chain. Six alternatively spliced variants that encode six different isoforms have been characterized to date. Additional alternative splice variants that encode different isoforms have been described, but their full-length nature has not been determined.
Interactions
CAMK2G has been shown to interact with RRAD.
See also
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
References
Further reading
External links
EC 2.7.11 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein%20hormones%2C%20alpha%20polypeptide | Glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CGA gene.
The gonadotropin hormones, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are heterodimers consisting of alpha and beta subunits (also called chains) that are associated non-covalently. The alpha subunits of these four human glycoprotein hormones are identical; however, their beta chains are unique and confer biological specificity. The protein encoded by this gene is the alpha subunit and belongs to the glycoprotein hormones alpha chain family.
References
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLTC | Clathrin heavy chain 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLTC gene.
Clathrin is a major protein component of the cytoplasmic face of intracellular organelles, called coated vesicles and coated pits. These specialized organelles are involved in the intracellular trafficking of receptors and endocytosis of a variety of macromolecules. The basic subunit of the clathrin coat is composed of three heavy chains and three light chains.
Interactions
CLTC has been shown to interact with PICALM and HGS.
See also
Clathrin
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen%2C%20type%20XVIII%2C%20alpha%201 | Collagen alpha-1(XVIII) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL18A1 gene.
This gene encodes the alpha chain of type XVIII collagen. This collagen is one of the multiplexins, extracellular matrix proteins that contain multiple triple-helix domains (collagenous domains) interrupted by non-collagenous domains. The proteolytically produced C-terminal fragment of type XVIII collagen is endostatin, a potent antiangiogenic protein. Mutations in this gene are associated with Knobloch syndrome. The main features of this syndrome involve retinal abnormalities so type XVIII collagen may play an important role in retinal structure and in neural tube closure. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
See also
Collagen
References
Further reading
External links
Collagens |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucin%202 | Mucin 2, oligomeric mucus gel-forming, also known as MUC2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MUC2 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the mucin protein family. The protein encoded by this gene, also called mucin 2, is secreted onto mucosal surfaces.
Mucin 2 is particularly prominent in the gut where it is secreted from goblet cells in the epithelial lining into the lumen of the large intestine. There, mucin 2, along with small amounts of related-mucin proteins, polymerizes into a gel of which 80% by weight is oligosaccharide side-chains that are added as post-translational modifications to the mucin proteins. This gel provides an insoluble mucous barrier that serves to protect the intestinal epithelium.
Genetics
The mucin 2 protein features a central domain containing tandem repeats rich in threonine and proline that varies between 50 and 115 copies in different individuals. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but their full-length nature is not known.
References
02 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUBA4A | Tubulin alpha-4A chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBA4A gene.
Function
Microtubules of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton perform essential and diverse functions and are composed of a heterodimer of alpha and beta tubulin. The genes encoding these microtubule constituents are part of the tubulin superfamily, which is composed of six distinct families. Genes from the alpha, beta and gamma tubulin families are found in all eukaryotes. The alpha and beta tubulins represent the major components of microtubules, while gamma tubulin plays a critical role in the nucleation of microtubule assembly. There are multiple alpha and beta tubulin genes and they are highly conserved among and between species. This gene encodes an alpha tubulin that is a highly conserved homolog of a rat testis-specific alpha tubulin.
Interactions
TUBA4A has been shown to interact with NCOA6 and APC.
References
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OmpA-like%20transmembrane%20domain | OmpA-like transmembrane domain is an evolutionarily conserved domain of bacterial outer membrane proteins. This domain consists of an eight-stranded beta barrel. OmpA is the predominant cell surface antigen in enterobacteria found in about 100,000 copies per cell. The expression of OmpA is tightly regulated by a variety of mechanisms. One mechanism by which OmpA expression is regulated in Vibrio species is by an antisense non-coding RNA called VrrA.
Structure
The structure consists of an eight-stranded Up-And-Down Beta-Barrel. The strands are connected by four extracellular loops and three intracellular turns.
Function
Numerous OmpA-like membrane-spanning domains contribute to bacterial virulence by a variety of mechanisms such as binding to host cells or immune regulators such as Factor H. Notable examples include E. coli OmpA and Yersinia pestis Ail. Several of these proteins are vaccine candidates.
E. coli OmpA was shown to make specific interactions with the human glycoprotein Ecgp on brain microvascular endothelial cells. Cronobacter sakazakii is a food borne pathogen causing meningitis in neonates and was shown to bind fibronectin via OmpA and this played a significant role in invasion of the blood brain barrier. The Y. pestis protein Ail binds to laminin and heparin, therefore allowing bacterial attachment to host cells. The Borrelia afzelii protein BAPKO_0422, is an OmpA-like transmembrane domain and binds to human Factor H.
See also
OmpA domain
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWHAQ | 14-3-3 protein theta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the YWHAQ gene.
Function
This gene product belongs to the 14-3-3 family of proteins that mediate signal transduction by binding to phosphoserine-containing proteins. This highly conserved protein family is found in both plants and mammals, and this protein is 99% identical to the mouse and rat orthologs. This gene is upregulated in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It contains in its 5' UTR a 6 bp tandem repeat sequence that is polymorphic; however, there is no correlation between the repeat number and the disease.
Interactions
YWHAQ has been shown to interact with:
BAX,
BAD,
C-Raf,
CRTC2,
CBL
HDAC5,
MEF2D,
NRIP1,
PFKFB2,
PRKD1,
PRKCZ,
TERT, and
UCP3.
References
Further reading
14-3-3 proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer%20membrane%20phospholipase%20A1 | Outer membrane phospholipase A1 (OMPLA) is an acyl hydrolase with a broad substrate specificity (EC:3.1.1.32.) from the bacterial outer membrane. It has been proposed that Ser164 is the active site of the protein (UniProt )
This integral membrane phospholipase was found in many Gram-negative bacteria and has a broad substrate specificity . The role of OMPLA has been most thoroughly studied in Escherichia coli, where it participates in the secretion of bacteriocins. Bacteriocin release is triggered by a lysis protein (bacteriocin release protein or BRP), followed by a phospholipase dependent accumulation of lysophospholipids and free fatty acids in the outer membrane. The reaction products enhance the permeability of the outer membrane, which allows the semispecific secretion of bacteriocins. One speculative function of OMPLA is related to organic solvent tolerance in bacteria.
Structurally, it consists of a 12-stranded antiparallel beta-barrel with a convex and a flat side. The active site residues are exposed on the exterior of the flat face of the beta-barrel. The activity of the enzyme is regulated by reversible dimerisation. Dimer interactions occur exclusively in the membrane-embedded parts of the flat side of the beta-barrel, with polar residues embedded in an apolar environment forming the key interactions. The active site His and Ser residues are located at the exterior of the beta-barrel, at the outer leaflet side of the membrane. This location indicates that und |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltoporin | Maltoporins (or LamB porins) are bacterial outer membrane proteins of the porin family. Maltoporin forms a trimeric structure which facilitates the diffusion of maltodextrins across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The membrane channel is formed by an antiparallel beta-barrel.
Most pores used for diffusion contain only 16 antiparallel strands, but maltoporin has 18. The structure of maltoporin contains long loops and short turns. The long loops are in contact with the cell exterior and the turns are in contact with the periplasm. This channel is involved in sugar transport. The sugar initially binds to the first greasy residue with van der Waals forces. The sugar continues through the channel by guided diffusion of the sugar along the greasy residues which form a "slide".
Maltoporin's original name was LamB because it is a bacteriophage lambda receptor. This channel is specific for maltosaccharides, whose affinity for the channel increases as the length of the chain increases.
References
Protein domains
Outer membrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer%20membrane%20efflux%20proteins | Proteins in the outer membrane efflux protein family form trimeric (three-piece) channels that allow export of a variety of substrates in gram-negative bacteria. Each member of this family is composed of two repeats. The trimeric channel is composed of a 12-stranded beta-barrel that spans the outer membrane, and a long all helical barrel that spans the periplasm.
Examples include the Escherichia coli TolC outer membrane protein, which is required for proper expression of outer membrane protein genes; the Rhizobium nodulation protein; and the Pseudomonas FusA protein, which is involved in resistance to fusaric acid.
References
Protein domains
Protein families
Outer membrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opacity%20porins | Opacity family porins are a family of porins from pathogenic Neisseria.
These bacteria possess a repertoire of phase-variable opacity proteins that mediate various pathogen/host cell interactions. These proteins are related to OmpA-like transmembrane domain family.
References
Protein domains
Protein families
Outer membrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FadL%20outer%20membrane%20protein%20transport%20family | Outer membrane transport proteins (OMPP1/FadL/TodX) family includes several proteins that are involved in toluene catabolism and degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons. This family also includes protein FadL involved in translocation of long-chain
fatty acids across the outer membrane. It is also a receptor for the
bacteriophage T2.
Notes
References
Protein families
Outer membrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauers | Sauers is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Gene Sauers (born 1962), American professional golfer
Isidor Sauers (born 1948), Austrian-American physicist
See also
Sauer (surname) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic%20algorithm | In computer science, a holographic algorithm is an algorithm that uses a holographic reduction. A holographic reduction is a constant-time reduction that maps solution fragments many-to-many such that the sum of the solution fragments remains unchanged. These concepts were introduced by Leslie Valiant, who called them holographic because "their effect can be viewed as that of producing interference patterns among the solution fragments". The algorithms are unrelated to laser holography, except metaphorically. Their power comes from the mutual cancellation of many contributions to a sum, analogous to the interference patterns in a hologram.
Holographic algorithms have been used to find polynomial-time solutions to problems without such previously known solutions for special cases of satisfiability, vertex cover, and other graph problems. They have received notable coverage due to speculation that they are relevant to the P versus NP problem and their impact on computational complexity theory. Although some of the general problems are #P-hard problems, the special cases solved are not themselves #P-hard, and thus do not prove FP = #P.
Holographic algorithms have some similarities with quantum computation, but are completely classical.
Holant problems
Holographic algorithms exist in the context of Holant problems, which generalize counting constraint satisfaction problems (#CSP). A #CSP instance is a hypergraph G=(V,E) called the constraint graph. Each hyperedge represents a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado%20vortex%20signature | A tornadic vortex signature, abbreviated TVS, is a Pulse-Doppler radar weather radar detected rotation algorithm that indicates the likely presence of a strong mesocyclone that is in some stage of tornadogenesis. It may give meteorologists the ability to pinpoint and track the location of tornadic rotation within a larger storm, and is one component of the National Weather Service's warning operations.
The tornadic vortex signature was first identified by Donald W. Burgess, Leslie R. Lemon, and Rodger A. Brown in the 1970s using experimental Doppler radar at the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) in Norman, Oklahoma. The National Weather Service (NWS) now uses an updated algorithm developed by NSSL, the tornado detection algorithm (TDA) based on data from its WSR-88D system of radars. NSSL also developed the mesocyclone detection algorithm (MDA).
Display
The conditions causing a TVS are often visible on the Doppler weather radar storm relative velocity (SRV) product as adjacent inbound and outbound velocities, a signature known as a velocity couplet or "gate-to-gate" shear. In most cases, the TVS is a strong mesocyclone aloft, not an actual tornado, although the presence of an actual tornado on the ground can occasionally be inferred based on a strong couplet in concert with a tornado debris signature (TDS) (i.e. a "debris ball" on reflectivity or certain polarimetric characteristics), or through confirmation from storm spotters. When the algorithm is tripped, a TVS |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotransporter%20family | In molecular biology, an autotransporter domain is a structural domain found in some bacterial outer membrane proteins. The domain is always located at the C-terminal end of the protein and forms a beta-barrel structure. The barrel is oriented in the membrane such that the N-terminal portion of the protein, termed the passenger domain, is presented on the cell surface. These proteins are typically virulence factors, associated with infection or virulence in pathogenic bacteria.
The name autotransporter derives from an initial understanding that the protein was self-sufficient in transporting the passenger domain through the outermembrane. This view has since been challenged by Benz and Schmidt.
Secretion of polypeptide chains through the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria can occur via a number of different pathways. The type V(a), or autotransporter, secretion pathway constitutes the largest number of secreted virulence factors of any one of the seven known types of secretion in Gram-negative bacteria. This secretion pathway is exemplified by the prototypical IgA1 Protease of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The protein is directed to the inner membrane by a signal peptide transported across the inner membrane via the Sec machinery. Once in the periplasm, the autotransporter domain inserts into the outer membrane. The passenger domain is passed through the center of the autotransporter domain to be presented on the outside of the cell, however the mechanism by which this occur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer%20membrane%20protein%20W%20family | Outer membrane protein W (OmpW) family is a family of evolutionarily related proteins from the bacterial outer membrane.
This family includes outer membrane protein W (OmpW) proteins from a variety of bacterial species. This protein may form the receptor for S4 colicins in Escherichia coli.
References
Protein domains
Protein families
Outer membrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence-related%20outer%20membrane%20protein%20family | Virulence-related outer membrane proteins, or outer surface proteins (Osp) in some contexts, are expressed in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and are essential to bacterial survival within macrophages and for eukaryotic cell invasion.
This family consists of several bacterial and phage Ail/Lom-like proteins. The Yersinia enterocolitica Ail protein is a known virulence factor. Proteins in this family are predicted to consist of eight transmembrane beta-sheets and four cell surface-exposed loops. It is thought that Ail directly promotes invasion and loop 2 contains an active site, perhaps a receptor-binding domain. The phage protein Lom is expressed during lysogeny, and encode host-cell envelope proteins. Lom is found in the bacterial outer membrane, and is homologous to virulence proteins of two other enterobacterial genera. It has been suggested that lysogeny may generally have a role in bacterial survival in animal hosts, and perhaps in pathogenesis.
Borrelia burgdorferi (responsible for Lyme disease) outer surface proteins play a role in persistence within ticks (OspA, OspB, OspD), mammalian host transmission (OspC, BBA64), host cell adhesion (OspF, BBK32, DbpA, DbpB), and in evasion of the host immune system (VlsE). OspC trigger innate immune system via signaling through TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 receptors.
Examples
Members of this group include:
PagC, required by Salmonella typhimurium for survival in macrophages and for virulence in mice
Rck outer membrane |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid%20A%20acylase | Antimicrobial peptide resistance and lipid A acylation protein PagP
is a family of several bacterial antimicrobial peptide resistance and lipid A acylation (PagP) proteins. The bacterial outer membrane enzyme PagP transfers a palmitate chain from a phospholipid to lipid A. In a number of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, PagP confers resistance to certain cationic antimicrobial peptides produced during the host innate immune response.
References
Protein domains
Protein families
Outer membrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterial%20porin | Mycobacterial porins are a group of transmembrane beta-barrel proteins produced by mycobacteria, which allow hydrophilic nutrients to enter the bacterium. They are located in the impermeable mycobacterial outer membrane, or mycomembrane of fast-growing mycobacteria. The mycomembrane is unique and composed of very-long chain fatty acids, mycolic acids. These proteins are structurally different from the typical porins located in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. For example, the MspA protein forms a tightly interconnected octamer with eight-fold rotation symmetry that resembles a goblet and contains a central channel. Each protein subunit contains a beta-sandwich of immunoglobulin-like topology and a beta-ribbon arm that forms an oligomeric transmembrane beta-barrel.
MspA has biotechnological applications, most notably in nanopore sequencing.
References
Protein domains
Outer membrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared%20blaster | An infrared blaster (IR blaster) is a device that relays commands from a remote control to one or more devices that require infra-red remote control. For instance, it may also allow radio-frequency-based (RF) remotes (including those using Bluetooth) to control infra-red-based components. It may also allow one device to control another: A recording device, such as a DVR or VCR, might change the channel on an external tuner (such as a cable box or satellite television receiver). This way, the receiving device can automatically be set to the correct channel before the recording process starts. An IR blaster can be used to implement remote control of components from a mobile phone, tablet, or computer.
Description
The blaster itself is a combination of a receiving unit (which takes remote commands via wire or RF) and one or more infra-red-light emitters that relay those commands to the devices to be controlled. Often the receiver is a small unit that sits on or near those devices, which offers one or more jacks into which small IR emitter modules are plugged. Those emitters are then placed so that they can shine infra-red light on the IR sensors of the devices, either directly or bounced off a surface such as a cabinet door.
If the remote control to be used is also IR-based, there must be an IR sensor within its line of sight that will relay signals to the IR blaster over a wire or radio.
The output of an IR blaster (like that of any infra-red remote) is invisible to the huma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia%20Richardson | Sylvia Therese Richardson is a French/British Bayesian statistician and is currently Professor of Biostatistics and Director of the MRC Biostatistics Unit at the University of Cambridge. In 2021 she became the president of the Royal Statistical Society for the 2021–22 year.
Education
Richardson completed her PhD at the University of Nottingham in 1978 with a thesis entitled "Ergodic properties of stopping time transformations”. She then went to study at Université Paris-Sud supervised by Jean Bretagnolle was awarded a Doctorat d'État for a thesis entitled "Processus spatialement dépendants: convergence vers la normalité, tests d'association et applications" in 1989.
Career
Richardson has been the MRC Research Professor of Biostatistics at the University of Cambridge, bye-fellow of Emmanuel College and Director of the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit since 2012. Previously, she was chair in Biostatistics at Imperial College London from 2000 and before that she was Directeur de Recherches at INSERM and held lectureships at Warwick University and the University of Paris V.
She is co-editor of the volume Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice with Wally Gilks and David Spiegelhalter.
Research
Richardson has made significant contributions to Bayesian statistical methodology and the application of Markov chain Monte Carlo. Her expertise is in spatial statistics with applications to geographic epidemiology and in biostatistics with applications in biochemical modeling, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCSR | LCSR may refer to:
JHU LCSR: Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics at Johns Hopkins University
The Laboratory for Computer Science Research at Rutgers University
Liverpool, Crosby and Southport Railway
Landing Craft, Swimmer Reconnaissance
Larger Caliber, Soft Recoil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUBIC%20TCP | CUBIC is a network congestion avoidance algorithm for TCP which can achieve high bandwidth connections over networks more quickly and reliably in the face of high latency than earlier algorithms. It helps optimize long fat networks.
In 2006, the first CUBIC implementation was released in Linux kernel 2.6.13. Since kernel version 2.6.19, CUBIC replaces BIC-TCP as the default TCP congestion control algorithm in the Linux kernel.
MacOS adopted TCP CUBIC with the OS X Yosemite release in 2014, while the previous release OS X Mavericks still used TCP New Reno.
Microsoft adopted it by default in Windows 10.1709 Fall Creators Update (2017), and Windows Server 2016 1709 update.
Characteristics
CUBIC is a less aggressive and more systematic derivative of BIC TCP, in which the window size is a cubic function of time since the last congestion event, with the inflection point set to the window size prior to the event. Because it is a cubic function, there are two components to window growth. The first is a concave portion where the window size quickly ramps up to the size before the last congestion event. Next is the convex growth where CUBIC probes for more bandwidth, slowly at first then very rapidly. CUBIC spends a lot of time at a plateau between the concave and convex growth region which allows the network to stabilize before CUBIC begins looking for more bandwidth.
Another major difference between CUBIC and many earlier TCP algorithms is that it does not rely on the cadence o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends%20of%20the%20Mt.%20Holyoke%20Range | The Friends of the Mount Holyoke Range is a land conservation non-profit organization dedicated to conserving the land, ecosystem, and history of the Mount Holyoke Range in the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts. It has been successful in assisting with the conservation of several key parcels of land as well as the renovation of the Summit House on Mount Holyoke. The Friends works in close collaboration with the Kestrel Land Trust and the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation. The Friends also sponsors summer concerts and the Seven Sisters Road Race.
References
Ryan, Christopher J. "Holyoke Range State Park: Eastern Section." 4th ed. Map. Hamilton I. Newell Printing, Amherst 1996.
External links
Friends of the Mount Holyoke Range Website
Environmental organizations based in Massachusetts
Nature conservation organizations based in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20flow | In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a geometric flow, also called a geometric evolution equation, is a type of partial differential equation for a geometric object such as a Riemannian metric or an embedding. It is not a term with a formal meaning, but is typically understood to refer to parabolic partial differential equations.
Certain geometric flows arise as the gradient flow associated to a functional on a manifold which has a geometric interpretation, usually associated with some extrinsic or intrinsic curvature. Such flows are fundamentally related to the calculus of variations, and include mean curvature flow and Yamabe flow.
Examples
Extrinsic
Extrinsic geometric flows are flows on embedded submanifolds, or more generally
immersed submanifolds. In general they change both the Riemannian metric and the immersion.
Mean curvature flow, as in soap films; critical points are minimal surfaces
Curve-shortening flow, the one-dimensional case of the mean curvature flow
Willmore flow, as in minimax eversions of spheres
Inverse mean curvature flow
Intrinsic
Intrinsic geometric flows are flows on the Riemannian metric, independent of any embedding or immersion.
Ricci flow, as in the solution of the Poincaré conjecture, and Richard S. Hamilton's proof of the uniformization theorem
Calabi flow, a flow for Kähler metrics
Yamabe flow
Classes of flows
Important classes of flows are curvature flows, variational flows (which extremize some functional), and fl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugh%27s%20closing%20lemma | In mathematics, Pugh's closing lemma is a result that links periodic orbit solutions of differential equations to chaotic behaviour. It can be formally stated as follows:
Let be a diffeomorphism of a compact smooth manifold . Given a nonwandering point of , there exists a diffeomorphism arbitrarily close to in the topology of such that is a periodic point of .
Interpretation
Pugh's closing lemma means, for example, that any chaotic set in a bounded continuous dynamical system corresponds to a periodic orbit in a different but closely related dynamical system. As such, an open set of conditions on a bounded continuous dynamical system that rules out periodic behaviour also implies that the system cannot behave chaotically; this is the basis of some autonomous convergence theorems.
See also
Smale's problems
References
Further reading
Dynamical systems
Lemmas in analysis
Limit sets |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauge | Hauge is a common Norwegian surname, commonly associated with farms. The name Hauge derives from the old Norse word haugr meaning hill, knoll, or mound. Derivatives also include Haugan and Haugen. Hauge may also refer to:
People
Alfred Hauge (1876–1901), Norwegian painter
Alfred Hauge (1915–1986), Norwegian historian and author
Earl Hauge (born 1940), American politician and Lutheran minister
Eivind Hiis Hauge (born 1937), Norwegian physicist
Frederic Hauge (born 1965), Norwegian environmental activist
Gabriel Hauge (1914–1981), American bank executive, author and economist
Hans Nielsen Hauge (1771–1824), Norwegian revivalist lay preacher
Hans Nilsen Hauge (1853–1931), Norwegian politician
Harald Hauge (born 1984), Norwegian football defender
Jens Christian Hauge (1915–2006), Norwegian World War II resistance fighter and politician
Jens Petter Hauge (born 1999), Norwegian footballer who plays for Eintracht Frankfurt
Kjell Ove Hauge (born 1969), Norwegian shot putter and discus thrower, since head master
Louis J. Hauge Jr. (1924–1945), United States Marine awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously
Marie Hauge (1864–1931), Norwegian painter
Michael Hauge, American script consultant, screenwriter, author and lecturer
Olav H. Hauge (1908–1994), Norwegian poet
Oscar Hauge (1868–1945), American politician
Øystein Hauge (born 1956), Norwegian writer
Ron Hauge, American television writer
Rune Hauge (born 1954), Norwegian football agent
Sjur Jarle Hauge (born |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome%20b559 | Cytochrome b559 is an important component of Photosystem II (PSII) is a multisubunit protein-pigment complex containing polypeptides both intrinsic and extrinsic to the photosynthetic membrane. Within the core of the complex, the chlorophyll and beta-carotene pigments are mainly bound to the antenna proteins CP43 (PsbC) and CP47 (PsbB), which pass the excitation energy on to chlorophylls in the reaction centre proteins D1 (Qb, PsbA) and D2 (Qa, PsbD) that bind all the redox-active cofactors involved in the energy conversion process. The PSII oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) provides electrons to re-reduce the PSII reaction center, and oxidizes 2 water molecules to recover its reduced initial state. It consists of OEE1 (PsbO), OEE2 (PsbP) and OEE3 (PsbQ). The remaining subunits in PSII are of low molecular weight (less than 10 kDa), and are involved in PSII assembly, stabilisation, dimerization, and photoprotection.
Cytochrome b559, which forms part of the reaction centre core of PSII, is a heterodimer composed of one alpha subunit (PsbE), one beta (PsbF) subunit, and a heme cofactor. Two histidine residues from each subunit coordinate the heme. Although cytochrome b559 is a redox-active protein, it is unlikely to be involved in the primary electron transport in PSII due to its very slow photo-oxidation and photo-reduction kinetics. Instead, cytochrome b559 could participate in a secondary electron transport pathway that helps protect PSII from photo-damage. Cytochrome b559 is e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadi%20Jafari | Hadi Jafari (, born 4 August 1982) is an Iranian football midfielder who currently plays for Sepahan F.C. in the Iran Pro League.
Club career
Club career statistics
Assist Goals
Honours
Club
Iran's Premier Football League
Winner: 1
2009/10 with Sepahan
References
1982 births
Living people
Iranian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Sepahan S.C. footballers
Foolad Natanz F.C. players
Gostaresh Foulad F.C. players
Sportspeople from Isfahan province |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectolase | Pectolase may refer to one of two enzymes:
Pectin lyase
Polygalacturonase |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farshad%20Bahadorani | Farshad Bahadorani (, born August 28, 1982) is an Iranian football midfielder who currently plays for Zob Ahan in the Iran Pro League.
Club career
Club career statistics
Last Update 24 August 2012
Assist Goals
References
1982 births
Living people
Iranian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Sepahan S.C. footballers
Zob Ahan Esfahan F.C. players
F.C. Aboomoslem players
Footballers from Isfahan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna%20complex%20in%20purple%20bacteria | The antenna complex in purple photosynthetic bacteria are protein complexes responsible for the transfer of solar energy to the photosynthetic reaction centre. Purple bacteria, particularly Rhodopseudomonas acidophila of purple non-sulfur bacteria, have been one of the main groups of organisms used to study bacterial antenna complexes so much is known about this group's photosynthetic components. It is one of the many independent types of light-harvesting complex used by various photosynthetic organisms.
In photosynthetic purple bacteria there are usually two antenna complexes that are generally composed of two types of polypeptides (alpha and beta chains). These proteins are arranged in a ring-like fashion creating a cylinder that spans the membrane; the proteins bind two or three types of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) molecules and different types of carotenoids depending on the species. LH2 is the outer antenna complex that spans the membrane. It is peripheral to LH1, an antenna complex (also known as the core antenna complex) that is directly associated with the reaction centre, with the RC at the center of its elliptical ring. Unlike for LH1 complexes, the amount of LH2 complexes present vary with growth conditions and light intensity.
Both the alpha and the beta chains of antenna complexes are small proteins of 42 to 68 residues which share a three-domain organization. They are composed of a N-terminal hydrophilic cytoplasmic domain followed by a transmembrane region and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carfecillin | Carfecillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic. It is a phenyl derivative of carbenicillin, acting as a prodrug.
References
Penicillins
Prodrugs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosystem%20II%20light-harvesting%20protein | Photosystem II light-harvesting proteins are the intrinsic transmembrane proteins CP43 (PsbC) and CP47 (PsbB) occurring in the reaction centre of photosystem II (PSII). These polypeptides bind to chlorophyll a and β-Carotene and pass the excitation energy on to the reaction centre.<ref
name="PUB00015360"></ref>
This family also includes the iron-stress induced chlorophyll-binding protein CP43', encoded by the IsiA gene, which evolved in cyanobacteria from a PSII protein to cope with light limitations and stress conditions. Under iron-deficient growth conditions, CP43' associates with photosystem I (PSI) to form a complex that consists of a ring of 18 or more CP43' molecules around a PSI trimer, which significantly increases the light-harvesting system of PSI. The IsiA protein can also provide photoprotection for PSII.
Plants, algae and some bacteria use two photosystems, PSI with P700 and PSII with P680. Using light energy, PSII acts first to channel an electron through a series of acceptors that drive a proton pump to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), before passing the electron on to PSI. Once the electron reaches PSI, it has used most of its energy in producing ATP, but a second photon of light captured by P700 provides the required energy to channel the electron to ferredoxin, generating reducing power in the form of NADPH. The ATP and NADPH produced by PSII and PSI, respectively, are used in the light-independent reactions for the formation of organic compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid%20A%20deacylase | Lipid A deacylase (PagL) is an outer membrane protein with lipid A 3-O-deacylase activity. It forms an 8 stranded beta barrel structure.
References
Protein domains
Protein families
Outer membrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleta%20%28butterfly%29 | Caleta is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, mainly found in Southeast Asia. The common name Pierrot is used for some species.
Species
In his generic classification of the Polyommatini, Toshiya Hirowatari included nine species in Caleta:
Caleta argola (Hewitson), [1876] Philippine Islands
Caleta caleta (Hewitson), [1876]
Caleta celebensis (Staudinger), 1889
Caleta decidia (Hewitson), [1876]
Caleta elna (Hewitson), [1876]
Caleta manovus (Fruhstorfer), 1918 Borneo
Caleta mindarus (C. & R. Felder), [1865] New Guinea, New Britain
Caleta rhode (Hopffer), 1871 Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi, Buru, Banggai, Timor
Caleta roxus (Godart), [1824]
Ecology
Recorded host plants include Ziziphus oenoplia (Rhamnaceae).
Taxonomy
The genus Caleta was erected by Hans Fruhstorfer in 1922 in Adalbert Seitz's Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde (The Macrolepidoptera of the World).
Another genus-level name, Pycnophallium, was erected by the Dutch lepidopterist Lambertus Johannes Toxopeus in 1929. He included two Oriental species under this name: Pycnophallium roxus Godart and Pycnophallium elna Hewitson. These species had previously been treated as species in the genera Lycaena or Castalius until Hans Fruhstorfer erected Caleta in 1922. Although Caleta in the wide sense has not been fully revised since Fruhstorfer erected it, Hirowatari, 1992, made an authoritative classification of Oriental polyommatine genera. Hirowatari did not recognise Pycnophallium as a valid genus, but retain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus%20tertii | Jus tertii (English: third party rights) is the legal classification for an argument made by a third party (as opposed to the legal title holder) which attempts to justify entitlement to possessory rights based on the showing of legal title in another person. By showing legitimate title in another person, jus tertii arguments imply that the present possessor’s interest is illegitimate or that the present possessor is a thief.
Under United States law, jus tertii arguments are generally insufficient to support actions for replevin because they fail to show that possession is more legitimate in the third party than in the present possessor. However, a bailee or other legal agent of the owner may successfully assert the argument.
The principle is sometimes used to allow one person to enforce or test the constitutional rights of another, which usually can't be done due to lack of standing. This is only possible for fundamental rights, where there is a close connection between the person whose rights are violated and the person wishing to enforce them, and the constitutional right being enforced is a fundamental right. See, e.g., Singleton v. Wulff Et Al., 96 S. Ct. 2868, 428 U.S. 106 (U.S. 1976).
Hypothetical example
Art brings an action for replevin against Burt, seeking to recover a bicycle. In support for the action, Art presents evidence that Cathy is in fact the true owner of the bicycle in question, not Burt. A US court would reject Art’s jus tertii argument for replev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-actinin-3 | Alpha-actinin-3, also known as alpha-actinin skeletal muscle isoform 3 or F-actin cross-linking protein, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTN3 gene (named sprinter gene, speed gene or athlete gene) located on chromosome 11. All people have two copies (alleles) of this gene.
Alpha-actinin is an actin-binding protein with multiple roles in different cell types. This gene expression is limited to skeletal muscle. It is localized to the Z-disc and analogous dense bodies, where it helps to anchor the myofibrillar actin filaments.
Fast versus slow twitch muscle fibers
Skeletal muscle is composed of long cylindrical cells called muscle fibers. There are two types of muscle fibers, slow twitch or muscle contraction (type I) and fast twitch (type II). Slow twitch fibers are more efficient in using oxygen to generate energy, while fast twitch fibers are less efficient. However, fast twitch fibers fire more rapidly, allowing them to generate more power than slow twitch (type I) fibers. Fast twitch fibers and slow twitch fibers are also called white muscle fibers and red muscles fibers, respectively. The alpha-actinin-3 protein is found in type II muscle fibers.
Alleles
An allele (rs1815739; 577X) has been identified in the ACTN3 gene which results in a deficiency of alpha-actinin-3 in the individuals. The X homozygous genotype (ACTN3 577XX) is caused by a C to T transition in exon 16 of the ACTN3 gene, which causes a transformation of an arginine base (R) to a prema |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome%20c%20family | Cytochromes c (cyt c, c-type cytochromes) cytochromes, or heme-containing proteins, that have heme C covalently attached to the peptide backbone via one or two thioether bonds. These bonds are in most cases part of a specific Cys-X-X-Cys-His (CXXCH) binding motif, where X denotes a miscellaneous amino acid. Two thioether bonds of cysteine residues bind to the vinyl sidechains of heme, and the histidine residue coordinates one axial binding site of the heme iron. Less common binding motifs can include a single thioether linkage, a lysine or a methionine instead of the axial histidine or a CXnCH binding motif with n>2. The second axial site of the iron can be coordinated by amino acids of the protein, substrate molecules or water. Cytochromes c possess a wide range of properties and function as electron transfer proteins or catalyse chemical reactions involving redox processes. A prominent member of this family is mitochondrial cytochrome c.
Classification
{{Infobox protein family
| Symbol = Cytochrom_C_2
| Name = Cytochrome c''' (Class II)
| image = PDB 1bbh EBI.jpg
| width =
| caption = Atomic structure of a cytochrome c' with an unusual ligand-controlled dimer dissociation at a resolution of 1.8 Ångström (; ).
| Pfam = PF01322
| Pfam_clan =
| InterPro = IPR002321
| SMART =
| PROSITE = PDOC00169
| MEROPS =
| SCOP = 1cgo
| TCDB =
| OPM family =
| OPM protein =
| CAZy =
| CDD =
}}
Cytochrome c proteins can be divided in four classes based on their size, number of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate%20dehydrogenase | Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells. LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and back, as it converts NAD+ to NADH and back. A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from one molecule to another.
LDH exists in four distinct enzyme classes. This article is specifically about the NAD(P)-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase. Other LDHs act on D-lactate and/or are dependent on cytochrome c: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) and L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome).
LDH is expressed extensively in body tissues, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Because it is released during tissue damage, it is a marker of common injuries and disease such as heart failure.
Reaction
Lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD+. It converts pyruvate, the final product of glycolysis, to lactate when oxygen is absent or in short supply, and it performs the reverse reaction during the Cori cycle in the liver. At high concentrations of lactate, the enzyme exhibits feedback inhibition, and the rate of conversion of pyruvate to lactate is decreased. It also catalyzes the dehydrogenation of 2-hydroxybutyrate, but this is a much poorer substrate than lactate.
Active site
LDH in humans uses His(193) as the proton acceptor, and works in unison with the coenzyme (Arg99 and Asn138), and substrate (Arg106; Arg169; Thr248) binding residues. The His(1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal%20G%20protein%20coupled%20receptor | RPE-retinal G protein-coupled receptor also known as RGR-opsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RGR gene. RGR-opsin is a member of the rhodopsin-like receptor subfamily of GPCR. Like other opsins which bind retinaldehyde, it contains a conserved lysine residue in the seventh transmembrane domain. RGR-opsin comes in different isoforms produced by alternative splicing.
Function
RGR-opsin preferentially binds all-trans-retinal, which is the dominant form in the dark adapted retina, upon light exposure it is isomerized to 11-cis-retinal. Therefore, RGR-opsin presumably acts as a photoisomerase to convert all-trans-retinal to 11-cis-retinal, similar to retinochrome in invertebrates. 11-cis-retinal is isomerized back within rhodopsin and the iodopsins in the rods and cones of the retina. RGR-opsin is exclusively expressed in tissue close to the rods and cones, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Müller cells.
Phylogeny
The RGR-opsins are restricted to the echinoderms, the hemichordates the craniates. The craniates are the taxon that contains mammals and with them humans. The RGR-opsins are one of the seven subgroups of the chromopsins. The other groups are the peropsins, the retinochromes, the nemopsins, the astropsins, the varropsins, and the gluopsins. The chromopsins are one of three subgroups of the tetraopsins (also known as RGR/Go or Group 4 opsins). The other groups are the neuropsins and the Go-opsins. The tetraopsins are one of the five major groups o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial%20Diophantine%20equation | In mathematics, a polynomial Diophantine equation is an indeterminate polynomial equation for which one seeks solutions restricted to be polynomials in the indeterminate. A Diophantine equation, in general, is one where the solutions are restricted to some algebraic system, typically integers. (In another usage ) Diophantine refers to the Hellenistic mathematician of the 3rd century, Diophantus of Alexandria, who made initial studies of integer Diophantine equations.
An important type of polynomial Diophantine equations takes the form:
where a, b, and c are known polynomials, and we wish to solve for s and t.
A simple example (and a solution) is:
A necessary and sufficient condition for a polynomial Diophantine equation to have a solution is for c to be a multiple of the GCD of a and b. In the example above, the GCD of a and b was 1, so solutions would exist for any value of c.
Solutions to polynomial Diophantine equations are not unique. Any multiple of (say ) can be used to transform and into another solution :
Some polynomial Diophantine equations can be solved using the extended Euclidean algorithm, which works as well with polynomials as it does with integers.
References
Algebra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracrystallinity | In materials science, paracrystalline materials are defined as having short- and medium-range ordering in their lattice (similar to the liquid crystal phases) but lacking crystal-like long-range ordering at least in one direction.
Origin and definition
The words "paracrystallinity" and "paracrystal" were coined by the late Friedrich Rinne in the year 1933. Their German equivalents, e.g. "Parakristall", appeared in print one year earlier.
A general theory of paracrystals has been formulated in a basic textbook, and then further developed/refined by various authors.
Rolf Hosemann's definition of an ideal paracrystal is: "The electron density distribution of any material is equivalent to that of a paracrystal when there is for every building block one ideal point so that the distance statistics to other ideal points are identical for all of these points. The electron configuration of each building block around its ideal point is statistically independent of its counterpart in neighboring building blocks. A building block corresponds then to the material content of a cell of this "blurred" space lattice, which is to be considered a paracrystal."
Theory
Ordering is the regularity in which atoms appear in a predictable lattice, as measured from one point. In a highly ordered, perfectly crystalline material, or single crystal, the location of every atom in the structure can be described exactly measuring out from a single origin. Conversely, in a disordered structure such as a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20Mar%C3%ADa%20Lasa | Miguel María Lasa Urquía (born 4 November 1947) is a Spanish former road bicycle racer. He was born in Oiartzun. He won four stages in the Vuelta a España as well as the Points classification in 1975 Vuelta a España. He also finished on the podium of Vuelta a España four times (1972, 1974, 1975, 1977). He also won two stages in the Tour de France and three stages in the Giro d'Italia.
He also competed in the individual road race and the team time trial events at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
Major results
1969
1st Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia
4th Overall Tour de l'Avenir
6th Overall Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme
1970
Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana
1st Stages 1 & 7
2nd Overall Vuelta a los Valles Mineros
1st Stage 1
4th Overall Volta a Catalunya
1st Stage 5
7th Overall Vuelta a España
8th Overall Giro d'Italia
1st Stage 12
1971
1st Overall Vuelta a Mallorca
1st Stage 1
1st GP Navarra
1st Stage 1 Vuelta a Asturias
3rd Overall Tour of the Basque Country
1st Stages 1, 2, & 4a
4th Road race, National Road Championships
6th Trofeo Masferrer
7th Overall Volta a Catalunya
1972
1st Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme
1st Stages 1a & 4
2nd Overall Vuelta a España
1st Stages 1 & 14
1st Stage 11 Giro d'Italia
2nd GP Navarra
4th Trofeo Masferrer
5th Overall Paris–Nice
5th Giro dell'Emilia
7th Overall Vuelta a Andalucía
7th Grand Prix des Nations
1973
1st Overall Vuelta a Mallorca
1st Prologue
1st Klasika Primavera
2nd Genoa–Nice
3rd Overall Vuelta a C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlou | Berlou (; ) is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in southern France.
Geography
Climate
Berlou has a mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Berlou is . The average annual rainfall is with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Berlou was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 27 February 2018.
Population
See also
Communes of the Hérault department
References
Communes of Hérault |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les%20Aires | Les Aires (; ) is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in southern France.
Geography
Climate
Les Aires has a mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Les Aires is . The average annual rainfall is with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Les Aires was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 2 March 2005.
Sights
Ruins of the château of Mourcairol.
The castle chapel of Saint-Michel.
Part of the ancient road between Béziers and Cahors.
Population
See also
Communes of the Hérault department
References
Communes of Hérault |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hojat%20Zadmahmoud | Hojatolah Zadmahmoud (, born September 13, 1983) is an Iranian football midfielder who currently plays for Gostaresh Foolad F.C. in the Azadegan League.
Club career
Club career statistics
Last update 4 May 2011
Assist Goals
References
1983 births
Living people
Iranian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Persian Gulf Pro League players
Azadegan League players
Esteghlal Ahvaz F.C. players
Sepahan S.C. footballers
Foolad F.C. players
Place of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohsen%20Hamidi | Mohsen Hamidi (, born September 30, 1985) is an Iranian football midfielder who most recently played for Sanat Naft in the Persian Gulf Pro League.
Club career
Club career statistics
Assist Goals
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Iranian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Foolad F.C. players
Shahin Bushehr F.C. players
Sepahan S.C. footballers
Iranian Arab sportspeople
Aluminium Hormozgan F.C. players
Sanat Naft Abadan F.C. players
PAS Hamedan F.C. players
Esteghlal Ahvaz F.C. players
Gostaresh Foulad F.C. players
Footballers from Ahvaz |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau%20Grand%20Corbin-Despagne | Château Grand Corbin-Despagne is a wine from the Saint-Émilion appellation of the Bordeaux wine region of France, ranked a Grand Cru (Great Growth) in the Classification of Saint-Émilion wine. The winery is located in the northern part of the Saint-Émilion commune, close to the border of Pomerol.
A second wine is produced from the vineyard's younger vines, Petit Corbin-Despagne.
History
The estate consists of the largest portion of the historic Corbin seigneury which during the Middle Ages belonged to The Black Prince and was second in importance only to Château Figeac.
With documented ties to the land from the 17th century, the Despagne family have produced wine since the 19th century. Following an expansion of the estate in 1852, a reputation of consistent quality has evolved around the Grand-Corbin-Despagne wine, receiving awards at various exhibitions in Paris before and after the beginning of the 20th century. The estate's wine is considered consistently among the best crus of Saint-Émilion's sandy glacis.
The estate is still owned and run by the Despagne family.
Production
The vineyard area extends 24 hectares with grape varieties of 75% Merlot, 24% Cabernet Franc, 1% Cabernet Sauvignon and 1% Malbec. The total production of the Grand vin Château Grand Corbin-Despagne and the second wine Petit Corbin-Despagne averages between 6,500 and 8,500 cases per year.
References
External links
Château Grand Corbin-Despagne official site
Bordeaux wine producers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarters%20of%20Paris | Each of the 20 arrondissements of Paris is officially divided into 4 quartiers. Outside administrative use (census statistics and the localisation of post offices and other government services), they are very rarely referenced by Parisians themselves, and have no specific administration or political representation attached to them.
References
Bibliography
Districts of Paris
History of Paris
Arrondissements of Paris |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burqin%2C%20Palestine | Burqin () is a Palestinian town in the northern West Bank located 5 km west of Jenin. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) census, its population was 5,685 in 2007 and 7,126 in 2017. The majority of Burqin's residents are Muslims, and 20 Christian families live in the town. The Byzantine-era Burqin Church or St. George's Church is one of the oldest churches in the world.
History
Burqin is an ancient site, situated on a slope, with old stones reused in the town houses.
It was mentioned under the name Burqana, in the 14th century BCE Amarna letters, as one of several cities conquered by the Canaanite warlord Lab'ayu in the Dothan Valley and southern Jezreel Valley.
Pottery sherds from the Early Bronze I, Early Bronze IIB, Late Bronze III, Iron Age I, Iron Age II, late Roman, Byzantine, Umayyad/Abbasid, Medieval and early Ottoman era have been found.
Ottoman era
In 1517, the village was included in the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine, and in the 1596 tax-records it appeared as Bruqin, located in the Nahiya of Jabal Sami of the Liwa of Nablus. The population was 23 households and 4 bachelors, all Muslim. They paid a tax rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, occasional revenues, goats and beehives; a total of 7980 akçe.
In 1799, Pierre Jacotin placed the village, named Berkin, nearly straight west of Jenin on his map. In 1838 Edward Robinson placed Burqin as being in the Dist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome%20b-245 | The Cytochrome b (-245) protein complex is composed of cytochrome b alpha (CYBA) and beta (CYBB) chain.
References
Cytochromes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNM1 | Dynamin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNM1 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the dynamin subfamily of GTP-binding proteins. The encoded protein possesses unique mechanochemical properties used to tubulate and sever membranes, and is involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and other vesicular trafficking processes. Actin and other cytoskeletal proteins act as binding partners for the encoded protein, which can also self-assemble leading to stimulation of GTPase activity. More than sixty highly conserved copies of the 3' region of this gene are found elsewhere in the genome, particularly on chromosomes Y and 15. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described.
Role in disease
De novo mutations in DNM1 have been associated with a severe form of childhood epilepsy called developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Most pathogenic variants are missense variants, and have been shown to impair synaptic vesicle endocytosis in a dominant negative manner.
Interactions
DNM1 has been shown to interact with:
AMPH,
FNBP1,
Grb2
NCK1,
PACSIN1, and
SH3GL2.
References
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight%20to%20the%20Heart%20%28song%29 | "Straight to the Heart" is a song written by Terry Britten and Graham Lyle, and recorded by American country music artist Crystal Gayle. It was released in November 1986 as the second single and title track from the album Straight to the Heart. The song was Gayle's 18th and, to date, last No. 1 hit of her career.
Charts
References
1986 singles
Crystal Gayle songs
Songs written by Graham Lyle
Songs written by Terry Britten
Song recordings produced by Jim Ed Norman
Warner Records singles
1986 songs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight%20to%20the%20Heart | Straight to the Heart may refer to:
Straight to the Heart (Crystal Gayle album), 1986
"Straight to the Heart" (song), the title track
Straight to the Heart (David Sanborn album), 1984, or the title track
Straight to the Heart (1968 film), a Canadian drama film
Straight to the Heart (2016 film), a Filipino drama-comedy film
Straight to the Heart (game show), a dating game show hosted by Michael Burger
"Straight to the Heart", a song by Battle Beast from the album Bringer of Pain
"Straight to the Heart", an episode of the TV series Grey's Anatomy
"Straight to the Heart", an episode of the TV series Hunter
See also
"Straight to My Heart", a song by Sting from the album ...Nothing Like the Sun
"Straight to Heart" (Code Lyoko episode)
Straight for the Heart, a 1988 film by Léa Pool
Straight from the Heart (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLG | DNA polymerase subunit gamma (POLG or POLG1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POLG gene. Mitochondrial DNA polymerase is heterotrimeric, consisting of a homodimer of accessory subunits plus a catalytic subunit. The protein encoded by this gene is the catalytic subunit of mitochondrial DNA polymerase. Defects in this gene are a cause of progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletions 1 (PEOA1), sensory ataxic neuropathy dysarthria and ophthalmoparesis (SANDO), Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome (AHS), and mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome (MNGIE).
Structure
POLG is located on the q arm of chromosome 15 in position 26.1 and has 23 exons. The POLG gene produces a 140 kDa protein composed of 1239 amino acids. POLG, the protein encoded by this gene, is a member of the DNA polymerase type-A family. It is a mitochondrion nucleiod with an Mg2+ cofactor and 15 turns, 52 beta strands, and 39 alpha helixes. POLG contains a polyglutamine tract near its N-terminus that may be polymorphic. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
Function
POLG is a gene that codes for the catalytic subunit of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase, called DNA polymerase gamma. The human POLG cDNA and gene were cloned and mapped to chromosome band 15q25. In eukaryotic cells, the mitochondrial DNA is replicated by DNA polymerase gamma, a trimeric protein complex composed of a catalytic subunit, POLG, and a dimeric |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic%20translation%20elongation%20factor%201%20alpha%201 | Elongation factor 1-alpha 1 (eEF1a1) is a translation elongation protein, expressed across eukaryotes. In humans, it is encoded by the EEF1A1 gene.
This gene encodes an isoform of the alpha subunit of the elongation factor-1 complex, which is responsible for the enzymatic delivery of aminoacyl tRNAs to the ribosome. This isoform (alpha 1) is expressed in brain, placenta, lung, liver, kidney, and pancreas, and the other isoform (alpha 2) is expressed in brain, heart and skeletal muscle. This isoform is identified as an autoantigen in 66% of patients with Felty's syndrome. This gene has been found to have multiple copies on many chromosomes, some of which, if not all, represent different pseudogenes.
Structure
Mammalian eEF1A possesses two paralogs, eEF1A1 and eEF1A2, with high amino acid sequence homology (approximately 90% identity). The sequences of their promoter regions are also highly similar, though that of the eEF1A2 gene contains an additional 81 bp SV40 small antigen sequence at the 5′-end. The EEF1A1 5' UTR also contains a terminal oligopyrimidine tract. Thus, these two isoforms demonstrate differences in expression and function: eEF1A1 is expressed in most cells while eEF1A2 is only expressed in adult neuronal and muscle cells, and only eEF1A1 induces HSP70 during heat shock.
Function
The eEF1A1 protein is an isoform of the eEF-1 complex alpha subunit, an elongation factor protein, a GTPase, and an actin bundling protein. As an elongation factor, it is known to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guedel%27s%20classification | Guedel's classification is a means of assessing the depth of general anesthesia introduced by Arthur Ernest Guedel (1883-1956) in 1920.
History
Since general anesthesia first became widely used in late 1846, assessment of anesthetic depth was a problem. To determine the depth of anesthesia, the anesthetist relies on a series of physical signs of the patient. In 1847, John Snow (1813-1858) and Francis Plomley attempted to describe various stages of general anesthesia, but Guedel in 1937 described a detailed system which was generally accepted.
This classification was designed for use of a sole inhalational anesthetic agent, diethyl ether (commonly referred to as simply "ether"), in patients who were usually premedicated with morphine and atropine. At that time, intravenous anesthetic agents were not yet in common use, and neuromuscular-blocking drugs were not used at all during general anesthesia. The introduction of neuromuscular blocking agents (such as succinylcholine and tubocurarine) changed the concept of general anesthesia as it could produce temporary paralysis (a desired feature for surgery) without deep anesthesia. Most of the signs of Guedel's classification depend upon the muscular movements (including respiratory muscles), and paralyzed patients' traditional clinical signs were no longer detectable when such drugs were used.
Since 1982, ether is not used in the United States. Now, because of the use of intravenous induction agents with muscle relaxants and the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoneuronia | Homoneuronia is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae. It contains the single species Homoneuronia modesta, which is found in French Guiana.
References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog
Arctiinae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Township | Crystal Township may refer to one of the following townships in the United States:
Crystal Township, Hancock County, Iowa
Crystal Township, Tama County, Iowa
Crystal Township, Montcalm County, Michigan
Crystal Township, Oceana County, Michigan
See also
Township name disambiguation pages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi%20Risamasu | Levi Risamasu (born 23 November 1982) is a Dutch former footballer who played as a midfielder.
Career statistics
Source:
References
Living people
1982 births
People from Nieuwerkerk aan den IJssel
Men's association football midfielders
Dutch men's footballers
Dutch people of Indonesian descent
Dutch people of Moluccan descent
NAC Breda players
AGOVV players
Excelsior Rotterdam players
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
Footballers from South Holland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal%20mating%20pheromone%20receptors | Fungal pheromone mating factor receptors form a distinct family of G-protein-coupled receptors.
Function
Mating factor receptors STE2 and STE3 are integral membrane proteins that may be involved in the response to mating factors on the cell membrane. The amino acid sequences of both receptors contain high proportions of hydrophobic residues grouped into 7 domains, in a manner reminiscent of the rhodopsins and other receptors believed to interact with G-proteins.
References
G protein-coupled receptors
Protein domains
Protein families
Membrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic%20AMP%20receptors | Cyclic AMP receptors from slime molds are a distinct family of
G-protein coupled receptors. These receptors control development in
Dictyostelium discoideum.
In D. discoideum, the cyclic AMP receptors coordinate aggregation of individual cells into a multicellular organism, and regulate the expression of a large number of developmentally-regulated genes. The amino acid sequences of the receptors contain high proportions of hydrophobic residues grouped into 7 domains, in a manner reminiscent of the rhodopsins and other receptors believed to interact with G-proteins. However, while a similar 3D framework has been proposed to account for this, there is no significant sequence similarity between these families: the cAMP receptors thus bear their own unique '7TM' signature.
See also
cAMP receptor protein
References
G protein-coupled receptors
Protein domains
Protein families
Membrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektin | Tektins are cytoskeletal proteins found in cilia and flagella as structural components of outer doublet microtubules. They are also present in centrioles and basal bodies. They are polymeric in nature, and form filaments.
They include TEKT1, TEKT2, TEKT3, TEKT4, TEKT5.
Structure
Tektin filaments are 2 to 3 nm diameter with two alpha helical segments. They have the consensus amino acid sequence of RPNVELCRD. Different types of tektins, designated as A (53 kDa), B (51 kDa), C (47 kDa) form dimers, trimers and oligomers in various combinations and are also associated with tubulin in the microtubule. Tektins A and B form heteropolymeric protofilaments whereas tektin C forms homodimers. Tektin filaments are present in a supercoiled state. This structure of tektins suggests that they are evolutionarily related to intermediate filaments.
The proteins are predicted to form extended rods composed of 2 alpha- helical segments (~180 residues long) capable of forming coiled coils, interrupted by non-helical linkers. The 2 segments are similar in sequence, indicating a gene duplication event. Along each tektin rod, cysteine residues occur with a periodicity of ~8 nm, coincident with the axial repeat of tubulin dimers in microtubules. It is proposed that the assembly of tektin heteropolymers produces filaments with repeats of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48 and 96 nm, generating the basis for the complex spatial arrangements of axonemal components.
Function
Tektins as integral components of micr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%20C%20GPCR | The class C G-protein-coupled receptors () are a class of G-protein coupled receptors that include the metabotropic glutamate receptors () and several additional receptors.
Structurally they are composed of four elements; an N-terminal signal sequence; a large hydrophilic extracellular agonist-binding region containing several conserved cysteine residues which could be involved in disulphide bonds; a shorter region containing seven transmembrane domains; and a C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of variable length. This protein family includes metabotropic glutamate receptors, the extracellular calcium-sensing receptors, the gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) type B receptors, and the vomeronasal type-2 receptors.
Subfamilies
Calcium-sensing receptor-related
extracellular calcium-sensing receptor-related
Calcium-sensing receptor ()
GPRC6A ()
GABAB receptors
GABAB receptor (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
GABAB receptor 1 ()
GABAB receptor 2 ()
Metabotropic glutamate receptors
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR)
mGluR1 ()
mGluR2 ()
mGluR3 ()
mGluR4 ()
mGluR5 ()
mGluR6 ()
mGluR7 ()
mGluR8 ()
RAIG
Retinoic acid-inducible orphan G protein-coupled receptors (RAIG)
RAIG1 ()
RAIG2 ()
RAIG3 ()
RAIG4 ()
Taste receptors
Taste receptor
Taste receptor, type 1, member 1 ()
Taste receptor, type 1, member 2 ()
Taste receptor, type 1, member 3 ()
Orphan
Class C Orphan receptors
GPR158 ()
GPR179 ()
GPR156 ()
Other
Bride of sevenless protein
Vomeronasal receptor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Office%20of%20Statistics | The National Office of Statistics (NOS, , ONS, ) is the Algerian ministry charged with the collection and publication of statistics related to the economy, population, and society of Algeria at national and local levels. Its head office is in Algiers.
History
It was established after the independence of Algeria in 1964, and originally named National Commission for the Census of the Population (CNRP, ).
In 1966, the office carried out the first census of the Algerian population after the independence of the country. Its missions, as well as its name, have evolved in parallel with the demographic, economic and social evolution of Algeria for which the office collects, processes and publishes statistics in these fields.
References
External links
Publications in English
National Office of Statistics
Algeria
Government agencies of Algeria |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-approximation%20of%20k-hitting%20set | In computer science, k-approximation of k-hitting set is an approximation algorithm for weighted hitting set. The input is a collection S of subsets of some universe T and a mapping W from T to non-negative numbers called the weights of the elements of T. In k-hitting set the size of the sets in S cannot be larger than k. That is, . The problem is now to pick some subset T' of T such that every set in S contains some element of T', and such that the total weight of all elements in T' is as small as possible.
The algorithm
For each set in S is maintained a price, , which is initially 0. For an element a in T, let S(a) be the collection of sets from S containing a. During the algorithm the following invariant is kept
We say that an element, a, from T is tight if . The main part of the algorithm consists of a loop: As long as there is a set in S that contains no element from T which is tight, the price of this set is increased as much as possible without violating the invariant above. When this loop exits, all sets contain some tight element. Pick all the tight elements to be the hitting set.
Correctness
The algorithm always terminates because in each iteration of the loop the price of some set in S is increased enough to make one more element from T tight. If it cannot increase any price, it exits. It runs in polynomial time because the loop will not make more iterations than the number of elements in the union of all the sets of S. It returns a hitting set, because when th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram%20of%20oriented%20gradients | The histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) is a feature descriptor used in computer vision and image processing for the purpose of object detection. The technique counts occurrences of gradient orientation in localized portions of an image. This method is similar to that of edge orientation histograms, scale-invariant feature transform descriptors, and shape contexts, but differs in that it is computed on a dense grid of uniformly spaced cells and uses overlapping local contrast normalization for improved accuracy.
Robert K. McConnell of Wayland Research Inc. first described the concepts behind HOG without using the term HOG in a patent application in 1986. In 1994 the concepts were used by Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories. However, usage only became widespread in 2005 when Navneet Dalal and Bill Triggs, researchers for the French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA), presented their supplementary work on HOG descriptors at the Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). In this work they focused on pedestrian detection in static images, although since then they expanded their tests to include human detection in videos, as well as to a variety of common animals and vehicles in static imagery.
Theory
The essential thought behind the histogram of oriented gradients descriptor is that local object appearance and shape within an image can be described by the distribution of intensity gradients or edge directions. T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic%20rank | In biology, taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in an ancestral or hereditary hierarchy. A common system of biological classification (taxonomy) consists of species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain. While older approaches to taxonomic classification were phenomenological, forming groups on the basis of similarities in appearance, organic structure and behaviour, methods based on genetic analysis have opened the road to cladistics.
A given rank subsumes less general categories under it, that is, more specific descriptions of life forms. Above it, each rank is classified within more general categories of organisms and groups of organisms related to each other through inheritance of traits or features from common ancestors. The rank of any species and the description of its genus is basic; which means that to identify a particular organism, it is usually not necessary to specify ranks other than these first two.
Consider a particular species, the red fox, Vulpes vulpes: the specific name or specific epithet vulpes (small v) identifies a particular species in the genus Vulpes (capital V) which comprises all the "true" foxes. Their close relatives are all in the family Canidae, which includes dogs, wolves, jackals, and all foxes; the next higher major rank, the order Carnivora, includes caniforms (bears, seals, weasels, skunks, raccoons and all those mentioned above), and feliforms (cats, civets, hyenas, mongooses). Car |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfaffian%20function | In mathematics, Pfaffian functions are a certain class of functions whose derivative can be written in terms of the original function. They were originally introduced by Askold Khovanskii in the 1970s, but are named after German mathematician Johann Pfaff.
Basic definition
Some functions, when differentiated, give a result which can be written in terms of the original function. Perhaps the simplest example is the exponential function, f(x) = ex. If we differentiate this function we get ex again, that is
Another example of a function like this is the reciprocal function, g(x) = 1/x. If we differentiate this function we will see that
Other functions may not have the above property, but their derivative may be written in terms of functions like those above. For example, if we take the function h(x) = ex log(x) then we see
Functions like these form the links in a so-called Pfaffian chain. Such a chain is a sequence of functions, say f1, f2, f3, etc., with the property that if we differentiate any of the functions in this chain then the result can be written in terms of the function itself and all the functions preceding it in the chain (specifically as a polynomial in those functions and the variables involved). So with the functions above we have that f, g, h is a Pfaffian chain.
A Pfaffian function is then just a polynomial in the functions appearing in a Pfaffian chain and the function argument. So with the Pfaffian chain just mentioned, functions such as F(x) = x3 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation%20Geoportal | The Conservation Geoportal was an online geoportal, intended to provide a comprehensive listing of geographic information systems (GIS) datasets and web map service relevant to biodiversity conservation. It is currently defunct. The site, its contents and functionality were free for anyone to use and contribute to. The Conservation Geoportal was launched on June 28, 2006 at the joint Society for Conservation Biology and Society for Conservation GIS Conference in San Jose, California, USA. As of October 2007, it included metadata for over 3,667 GIS records.
History
The Conservation Geoportal was conceived when representatives from a group of conservation-minded organizations met at the National Geographic Society in March 2005 to define a vision for a World Conservation Base Map. Initially the focus on developing an inventory or catalog of datasets and maps in the form of a metadata database was to be mined to develop the Conservation Base Map and Atlas.
Overview
The Conservation Geoportal constitutes a collaborative effort by and for the conservation community to facilitate the discovery and publishing of GIS data and maps, to support conservation decision-making and education. It does not actually store maps and data, but rather the descriptions and links to those data resources. These descriptions are known as metadata. It was intended to provide an efficient point of access for people interested in a full range of conservation-related GIS data. Capabilities of the Co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurrite | Spurrite is a white, yellow or light blue mineral with monoclinic crystals. Its chemical formula is Ca5(SiO4)2CO3.
Spurrite is generally formed in contact metamorphism zones as mafic magmas are intruded into carbonate rocks. Spurrite's space group is P 2/a. It is biaxial with a birefringence of 0.0390–0.0400, giving second order red interference colors when viewed under crossed polarizers in a petrographic microscope.
The calcium is in six-fold coordination with the oxygen, the silicon is in a four-fold coordination with the oxygen and the carbon is in two-fold coordination. One unique characteristic of spurrite is that it actually abides by two twin laws. Polysynthetic twinning can occur along its (001) and another type of twinning can occur parallel to its optical axes.
Discovery and occurrence
Spurrite was first described in 1908 for an occurrence in the Terneras Mine, Velardeña District, Durango, Mexico. It was named for American economic geologist Josiah Edward Spurr (1870–1950).
In addition to its type locality, spurrite has been reported from Riverside County, California; Luna County, New Mexico; and from the Little Belt Mountains, Lewis and Clark County, Montana. It is also found in Ireland, Scotland, New Zealand, Turkey, Israel, Japan and Siberia.
Cement manufacture contaminant
Spurrite forms as contaminating spurrite rings on the walls of cement kilns during the production of Portland cement.
References
Nesosilicates
Carbonate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwind%20scheme | In computational physics, the term upwind scheme (sometimes advection scheme) typically refers to a class of numerical discretization methods for solving hyperbolic partial differential equations, in which so-called upstream variables are used to calculate the derivatives in a flow field. That is, derivatives are estimated using a set of data points biased to be more "upwind" of the query point, with respect to the direction of the flow. Historically, the origin of upwind methods can be traced back to the work of Courant, Isaacson, and Rees who proposed the CIR method.
Model equation
To illustrate the method, consider the following one-dimensional linear advection equation
which describes a wave propagating along the -axis with a velocity . This equation is also a mathematical model for one-dimensional linear advection. Consider a typical grid point in the
domain. In a one-dimensional domain, there are only two directions associated with point – left (towards negative infinity) and
right (towards positive infinity). If is positive, the traveling wave solution of the equation above propagates towards the right, the left side of is called upwind side and the right side is the downwind side. Similarly, if is negative the traveling wave solution propagates towards the left, the left side is called downwind side and right side is the upwind side. If the finite difference scheme for the spatial derivative, contains more points in the upwind side, the scheme is called an upw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%20S | Class S may refer to:
Class S (culture), early 20th century Japanese social practice of female romantic friendships, and a literary genre depicting this practice
Class S, a stellar classification for carbon stars
Baltimore and Ohio class S, American steam locomotives
BNCR Class S, Irish steam locomotive
GNRI Class S, Irish steam locomotive
South African Class S 0-8-0, steam locomotives
See also
Type S (disambiguation)
S class (disambiguation)
S-Type (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zussmanite | Zussmanite is a hydrated iron-rich silicate mineral with the chemical formula . It occurs as pale green crystals with perfect cleavage.
Discovery and occurrence
It was first described in 1960 by Stuart Olof Agrell in the Laytonville quarry, Mendocino County, California. Zussmanite is named in honor of Jack Zussman (born 1924), Head of the University of Manchester’s Department of Geology and co-author of Rock-Forming Minerals.
In the Laytonville quarry, Zussmanite occurs in metamorphosed shales, siliceous ironstones and impure limestones of the Franciscan Formation. It is a location of high pressure and low temperatures where blueschist facies metamorphic rocks occur. This is also the locality in which Deerite and Howieite were first discovered. This type of locality also produces micas, which have a similar structure as zussmanite.
The locality in which zussmanite occurs is one of ultra high to high pressure and low temperatures. This Barrovian type of metamorphism is usually distinguished by the P/T range rather than the ranges in pressure and temperatures (). The three principal Barrovian types are low P/T type, medium P/T type, and high P/T type. The high P/T type, referred to as glaucophanic metamorphism, is characterized by the presence of glaucophane and forms glaucophane schists (). Glaucophane schists, commonly referred to as blueschist-facies, result from metamorphism of basaltic rocks and are usually located in folded geosynclinal terranes (). Glaucophane s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag-of-words%20model%20in%20computer%20vision | In computer vision, the bag-of-words model (BoW model) sometimes called bag-of-visual-words model can be applied to image classification or retrieval, by treating image features as words. In document classification, a bag of words is a sparse vector of occurrence counts of words; that is, a sparse histogram over the vocabulary. In computer vision, a bag of visual words is a vector of occurrence counts of a vocabulary of local image features.
Image representation based on the BoW model
To represent an image using the BoW model, an image can be treated as a document. Similarly, "words" in images need to be defined too. To achieve this, it usually includes following three steps: feature detection, feature description, and codebook generation.
A definition of the BoW model can be the "histogram representation based on independent features". Content based image indexing and retrieval (CBIR) appears to be the early adopter of this image representation technique.
Feature representation
After feature detection, each image is abstracted by several local patches. Feature representation methods deal with how to represent the patches as numerical vectors. These vectors are called feature descriptors. A good descriptor should have the ability to handle intensity, rotation, scale and affine variations to some extent. One of the most famous descriptors is Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT). SIFT converts each patch to 128-dimensional vector. After this step, each image is a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20World%27s%20Greatest%20Lover | The World's Greatest Lover is a 1977 American comedy film directed, written by and starring Gene Wilder, and co-starring Carol Kane and Dom DeLuise. It is a tribute/spoof of classic silent comedies and "old Hollywood" of the 1920s, specifically the popularity of romantic icon Rudolph Valentino.
Plot
In the silent film era, Rainbow Studios executives figure they are losing revenue to a rival studio because they don't have Rudolph Valentino. Led by studio head Adolph Zitz, they decide to hold a contest for the World's Greatest Lover in order to find a star to combat Valentino's popularity.
Rudy Hickman is a neurotic baker from Milwaukee, but aspires to become a Hollywood star. His entry into the contest tests his marriage, and his neuroses manifest in his screen test, where he nearly kills his fellow actress. Surprisingly, this behavior scores favorably with Zitz and the studio executives reviewing his performance. Now calling himself "Rudy Valentine," he gets a slot in the final phase of the contest, just after finding his wife Annie has left him.
Cast
Gene Wilder as Rudy Hickman/Rudy Valentine
Carol Kane as Annie Hickman
Dom DeLuise as Adolph Zitz
Fritz Feld as Tomaso Abalone
Ronny Graham as the Director
Danny DeVito as Assistant Director
Rolfe Sedan as Train Conductor
Production
The railroad scenes when Valentine and his wife travel from Milwaukee to Hollywood were filmed on the Sierra Railroad in Tuolumne County, California.
Release
The world premiere of Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disclination | In crystallography, a disclination is a line defect in which rotational symmetry is violated. In analogy with dislocations in crystals, the term, disinclination, for liquid crystals first used by Frederick Charles Frank and since then has been modified to its current usage, disclination.
It is a defect in the orientation of director whereas a dislocation is a defect in positional order.
Example in two dimensions
In 2D, disclinations and dislocations are point defects instead of line defects as in 3D. They are topological defects and play a central role in melting of 2D crystals within the KTHNY theory, based on two Kosterlitz–Thouless transitions.
Equally sized discs (spheres, particles, atoms) form a hexagonal crystal as dense packing in two dimensions. In such a crystal, each particle has six nearest neighbors. Local strain and twist (for example induced by thermal motion) can cause configurations where discs (or particles) have a coordination number different of six, typically five or seven. Disclinations are topological defects, therefore (starting from a hexagonal array) they can only be created in pairs. Ignoring surface/border effects, this implies that there are always as many 5-folded as 7-folded disclinations present in a perfectly plane 2D crystal. A "bound" pair of 5-7-folded disclinations is a dislocation. If myriad dislocations are thermally dissociated into isolated disclinations, then the monolayer of particles becomes an isotropic fluid in two dimensions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3T3-L1 | 3T3-L1 is a sub clonal cell line derived from the original 3T3 Swiss albino cell line of 1962. The 3T3 original cell line was isolated from a mouse embryo and propagated for 3this specific line of 3T3 cells is used to study adipose tissuerelated diseases and dysfunctions. The 3T3-L1 Swiss sub clone line has been widely utilized, since its development, due to its affinity for lipid droplet deposition in vitro. 3T3-L1 cells have a fibroblast-like morphology, but, under appropriate conditions, the cells differentiate into an adipocyte-like phenotype, providing an exemplar model for white adipocytes. 3T3-L1 cells can be utilized to study a number of cellular and molecular mechanisms related to insulin-resistance, obesity, and diabetes in vitro. Aside from its usages, this cell line is widely developed and can be purchased for continuous propagation for numerous research studies. 3T3-L1 cells of the adipocyte morphology increase the synthesis and accumulation of triglycerides and acquire the signet ring appearance of adipose cells. These cells are also sensitive to lipogenic and lipolytic hormones, as well as drugs, including epinephrine, isoproterenol, and insulin.
Lineage development
The 3T3-L1 cell line is a sub clone that was initially developed from a mouse embryo, from a clonal expansion of Swiss 3T3 cells. In 1962, the original 3T3 cell line that it was established by George Todaro and Howard Green of the New York University School of Medicine. The original cell line was |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAD%28P%29%28%2B%29%E2%80%94protein-arginine%20ADP-ribosyltransferase | In enzymology, a NAD(P)+-protein-arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAD+ + protein L-arginine nicotinamide + Nomega-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-protein-L-arginine NADP+ + protein L-arginine nicotinamide + Nomega-[(2'-phospho-ADP)-D-ribosyl]-protein-L-arginine
as well as the corresponding reaction using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NADP+ + protein L-arginine nicotinamide + Nomega-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-protein-L-arginine NADP+ + protein L-arginine nicotinamide + Nomega-[(2'-phospho-ADP)-D-ribosyl]-protein-L-arginine
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are NAD+ (or NADP+) and protein L-arginine, whereas its two products are nicotinamide and Nomega-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-protein-L-arginine (or Nomega-[(2'-phospho-ADP)-D-ribosyl]-protein-L-arginine, respectively).
This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is NAD(P)+:protein-L-arginine ADP-D-ribosyltransferase. Other names in common use include ADP-ribosyltransferase, mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferase, NAD+:L-arginine ADP-D-ribosyltransferase, NAD(P)+-arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase, and NAD(P)+:L-arginine ADP-D-ribosyltransferase.
At least five forms of the enzyme have been characterised to date, some of which are attached to the membrane via glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, while others appear to be secreted. The enzymes contain ~250- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C2-diacylglycerol%203-glucosyltransferase | In enzymology, a 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-glucosyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
UDP-glucose + 1,2-diacylglycerol UDP + 3-D-glucosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-glucose and 1,2-diacylglycerol, whereas its two products are UDP and 3-D-glucosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol.
This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-glucose:1,2-diacylglycerol 3-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include UDP-glucose:diacylglycerol glucosyltransferase, UDP-glucose:1,2-diacylglycerol glucosyltransferase, uridine diphosphoglucose-diacylglycerol glucosyltransferase, and UDP-glucose-diacylglycerol glucosyltransferase. This enzyme participates in glycerolipid metabolism.
References
EC 2.4.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C3-beta-D-glucan%20phosphorylase | In enzymology, a 1,3-beta-D-glucan phosphorylase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
(1,3-beta-D-glucosyl)n + phosphate (1,3-beta-D-glucosyl)n-1 + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (1,3-beta-D-glucosyl)n and phosphate, whereas its two products are (1,3-beta-D-glucosyl)n-1 and alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,3-beta-D-glucan:phosphate alpha-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include laminarin phosphoryltransferase, 1,3-beta-D-glucan:orthophosphate glucosyltransferase, and laminarin phosphoryltransferase.
References
Gene Ontology (GO) codes
EC 2.4.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.