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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomanufacturing
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Nanomanufacturing is both the production of nanoscaled materials, which can be powders or fluids, and the manufacturing of parts "bottom up" from nanoscaled materials or "top down" in smallest steps for high precision, used in several technologies such as laser ablation, etching and others. Nanomanufacturing differs from molecular manufacturing, which is the manufacture of complex, nanoscale structures by means of nonbiological mechanosynthesis (and subsequent assembly).
The term "nanomanufacturing" is widely used, e.g. by the European Technology Platform MINAM and the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). The NNI refers to the sub-domain of nanotechnology as one of its five "priority areas." There is also a nanomanufacturing program at the U.S. National Science Foundation, through which the National Nanomanufacturing Network (NNN) has been established. The NNN is an organization that works to expedite the transition of nanotechnologies from laboratory research to production manufacturing and it does so through information exchange, strategic workshops, and roadmap development.
The NNI has defined nanotechnology very broadly, to include a wide range of tiny structures, including those created by large and imprecise tools. However, nanomanufacturing is not defined in the NNI's recent report, Instrumentation and Metrology for Nanotechnology. In contrast, another "priority area," nanofabrication, is defined as "the ability to fabricate, by directed or self-assembly me
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron%20plot
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A chevron plot is a way of representing protein folding kinetic data in the presence of varying concentrations of denaturant that disrupts the protein's native tertiary structure. The plot is known as "chevron" plot because of the canonical v, or chevron shape observed when the logarithm of the observed relaxation rate is plotted as a function of the denaturant concentration.
In a two-state system, folding and unfolding rates dominate the observed relaxation rates below and above the denaturation midpoint (Cm). This gives rise to the terminology of folding and unfolding arms for the limbs of the chevron. A priori information on the Cm of a protein can be obtained from equilibrium experiments. In fitting to a two-state model, the logarithm of the folding and unfolding rates is assumed to depend linearly on the denaturant concentration, thus resulting in the slopes mf and mu, called the folding and unfolding m-values, respectively (also called the kinetic m-values). The sum of the two rates is the observed relaxation rate. An agreement between equilibrium m-value and the absolute sum of the kinetic m-values is typically seen as a signature for two-state behavior. Most of the reported denaturation experiments have been carried out at 298 K with either urea or guanidinium chloride (GuHCl) as denaturants.
Experimental methodology
To generate the folding limb of the chevron, the protein in a highly concentrated denaturant solution is diluted rapidly (in less than a millisecond) i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm%20valve
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Diaphragm valves (or membrane valves) consists of a valve body with two or more ports, a flexible diaphragm, and a "weir or saddle" or seat upon which the diaphragm closes the valve. The valve body may be constructed from plastic, metal, wood or other materials depending on the intended use.
Categories
There are two main categories of diaphragm valves: one type seals over a "weir" (saddle) and the other (sometimes called a "full bore or straight-through" valve) seals over a seat. In general, straight-through diaphragm valves are used in on-off applications and weir-type diaphragm valves are used for control or throttling applications. While diaphragm valves usually come in two-port forms (2/2-way diaphragm valve), they can also come with three ports (3/2-way diaphragm valves also called T-valves) and more (so called block-valves). When more than three ports are included, they generally require more than one diaphragm seat; however, special dual actuators can handle more ports with one membrane.
Diaphragm valves can be manual or automated. Automated diaphragm valves may use pneumatic, hydraulic or electric actuators along with accessories such as solenoid valves, limit switches and positioners.
In addition to the well known, two way shut off or throttling diaphragm valve, other types include: Three way zero deadleg valve, sterile access port, block and bleed, valbow and tank bottom valve.
Valve body
Many diaphragm valve body dimensions follow the Manufacturers Standardiz
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20Diffusion%20International
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Image Diffusion International (IDI) is a Quebec production company founded by Anne-Marie Losique and Marc Trudeau in 1995. Based in Montreal, it specializes in producing entertainment and lifestyle television magazines. Its shows are sometimes Quebec-based in French and sometimes edited in two versions, French and English. Some of their programmes are shot in the studios of MusiquePlus, a music television station on which many IDI shows are aired. IDI's productions are broadcast on multiple networks across Quebec and Canada. Its show Sex-shop was sold to French television station XXL. Subject matter of their programs include cinema, travel (including gay tourism) and nightlife. A number of their television shows also feature the sex industry.
Productions
In French and English
Box-office
Écrans du monde (Screens)
Gros plan sur… (Spotlight On…)
Il a dit, Elle a dit (He Said, She Said)
Colour Travel Series
Blue: "the world’s most beautiful beaches"
Grey: "the trendiest and most avant-garde cities"
Green: "uncovering the natural beauties of our planet"
Pink: "the hottest gay vacations"
White: "the world’s most beautiful mountains"
Yellow: "exploring the world’s deserts"
Red: "the nightlife - why some cities never sleep"
Culture du X (XXX Culture)
Hot-parade
Others
La Vie rurale (adaptation of the American The Simple Life)
Bimbo, fantasmes et réalité
La Job (adaptation of the British The Office)
Culture de Stars
iCulture
BO2
Le Cinéjournal
Des gens pas ordinaires (adaptation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A3G
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A3G may refer to:
APOBEC3G, an immune system enzyme
Apartment 3-G, a comic strip
A nickname for David Lat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth%20Lutz
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Élisabeth Lutz (May 14, 1914 – July 31, 2008) was a French mathematician. The Nagell–Lutz theorem in Diophantine geometry describes the torsion points of elliptic curves; it is named after Lutz and Trygve Nagell, who both published it in the 1930s.
Lutz was a student of André Weil at the University of Strasbourg, from 1934 to 1938. She earned a thesis for her research for him, on elliptic curves over -adic fields. She completed her doctorate (thèse d’état) on -adic Diophantine approximation at the University of Grenoble in 1951 under the supervision of Claude Chabauty; her dissertation was Sur les approximations diophantiennes linéaires -adiques.
She became a professor of mathematics at the University of Grenoble.
Selected publications
References
1914 births
2008 deaths
Number theorists
20th-century French mathematicians
21st-century French mathematicians
French women mathematicians
20th-century French women scientists
University of Strasbourg alumni
Grenoble Alpes University alumni
Academic staff of Grenoble Alpes University
20th-century women mathematicians
21st-century women mathematicians
21st-century French women
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternally%20Yours%20%28film%29
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Eternally Yours (aka Whose Wife) is a 1939 American comedy drama film produced and directed by Tay Garnett with Walter Wanger as executive producer, from a screenplay by C. Graham Baker and Gene Towne. The film stars Loretta Young and David Niven, and also features a strong supporting cast including Broderick Crawford, Billie Burke, Eve Arden, ZaSu Pitts, and C. Aubrey Smith. Composer Werner Janssen was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Music.
Plot
Anita Halstead (Loretta Young) goes to see a magic act performed by Tony (David Niven), the "Great Arturo", after her bridal shower for her wedding to Don Burns (Broderick Crawford). Anita and Tony are immediately attracted to each other and get married. She becomes his assistant in the act.
One night, Tony becomes drunk in the company of a woman reporter and boasts he will jump out of an aircraft at with his hands handcuffed behind his back. When she prints his claim, he first tries to get out of it with a fake cast on his arm, but when he sees the thousands of fans, he goes through with it, freeing himself in mid-air and parachuting safely to the ground. He promises Anita that he will not attempt the dangerous stunt again, but soon breaks his word and performs it repeatedly all over the world.
Anita becomes weary of the constant travel and longs to settle down and start a family. Secretly, she sells her jewelry and has a house built in the Connecticut countryside. When it is completed, she shows Tony a picture of it,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helly%27s%20selection%20theorem
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In mathematics, Helly's selection theorem (also called the Helly selection principle) states that a uniformly bounded sequence of monotone real functions admits a convergent subsequence.
In other words, it is a sequential compactness theorem for the space of uniformly bounded monotone functions.
It is named for the Austrian mathematician Eduard Helly.
A more general version of the theorem asserts compactness of the space BVloc of functions locally of bounded total variation that are uniformly bounded at a point.
The theorem has applications throughout mathematical analysis. In probability theory, the result implies compactness of a tight family of measures.
Statement of the theorem
Let (fn)n ∈ N be a sequence of increasing functions mapping the real line R into itself,
and suppose that it is uniformly bounded: there are a,b ∈ R such that a ≤ fn ≤ b for every n ∈ N.
Then the sequence (fn)n ∈ N admits a pointwise convergent subsequence.
Generalisation to BVloc
Let U be an open subset of the real line and let fn : U → R, n ∈ N, be a sequence of functions. Suppose that
(fn) has uniformly bounded total variation on any W that is compactly embedded in U. That is, for all sets W ⊆ U with compact closure W̄ ⊆ U,
where the derivative is taken in the sense of tempered distributions;
and (fn) is uniformly bounded at a point. That is, for some t ∈ U, { fn(t) | n ∈ N } ⊆ R is a bounded set.
Then there exists a subsequence fnk, k ∈ N, of fn and a function f : U → R, locally of b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheerios%20effect
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In fluid mechanics, the Cheerios effect is a colloquial name for the phenomenon of floating objects appearing to either attract or repel one another. The example which gives the effect its name is the observation that pieces of breakfast cereal (for example, Cheerios) floating on the surface of a bowl will tend to clump together, or appear to stick to the side of the bowl.
Description
The effect is observed in small objects which are supported by the surface of a liquid. There are two types of such objects: objects which are sufficiently buoyant that they will always float on the surface (for example, Cheerios in milk), and objects which are heavy enough to sink when immersed, but not so heavy as to overcome the surface tension of the liquid (for example, steel pins on water). Objects of the same type will appear to attract one another, and objects of opposite types will appear to repel one another.
In addition, the same attractive or repulsive effect can be observed between objects and the wall of the container. Once again there are two possibilities: the interface between the liquid and the container wall is either a concave or a convex meniscus. Buoyant objects will be attracted in the case of a concave meniscus and repelled for convex. Non-buoyant floating objects will do the opposite.
Explanation
All objects in a fluid experience two opposed forces in the vertical direction: gravity (determined by the mass of the object) and buoyancy (determined by the density
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPRC
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Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C also known as PTPRC is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the PTPRC gene. PTPRC is also known as CD45 antigen (CD stands for cluster of differentiation), which was originally called leukocyte common antigen (LCA).
Function
The protein product of this gene, best known as CD45, is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. CD45 contains an extracellular domain, a single transmembrane segment, and two tandem intracytoplasmic catalytic domains, and thus belongs to the receptor type PTP family.
CD45 is a type I transmembrane protein that is present in various isoforms on all differentiated hematopoietic cells (except erythrocytes and plasma cells). CD45 has been shown to be an essential regulator of T- and B-cell antigen receptor signalling. It functions through either direct interaction with components of the antigen receptor complexes via its extracellular domain (a form of co-stimulation), or by activating various Src family kinases required for the antigen receptor signaling via its cytoplasmic domain. CD45 also suppresses JAK kinases, and so functions as a negative regulator of cytokine receptor signaling.
Many alternatively spliced transcripts variants of this gene, which encode distinct isoforms, have been reported. Antibodies against the dif
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycitric%20acid
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Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is a derivative of citric acid that is found in a variety of tropical plants including Garcinia cambogia and Hibiscus sabdariffa.
There are four isomers, (+)- and (-)-hydroxycitric acid, and (+)- and (-)-allo-hydroxycitric acid. The (-)-hydroxycitric acid isomer is the one found in Garcinia.
Chemistry
Hydroxy citric acid as such cannot be isolated from garcinia fruits or hibiscus sabdariffa fruits. Hydroxy citric acid exist in both the open and lactone forms. The presence of two chiral centres in the molecule is exploited to construct molecular skeletons that are otherwise difficult to synthesize, thus demonstrating the lactones use as chirons.
Biological effects
(-)-HCA is a competitive inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase, which converts citrate into oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA. The reverse of this conversion is a step in the citric acid cycle.
Laboratory and animal studies of HCA have produced results that indicate a potential for modulation of lipid metabolism. However, a clinical study has demonstrated that HCA has no effect in terms of weight loss or reduction of fat mass. A meta-analysis published in 2010 revealed that gastrointestinal adverse effects were twice as likely for users of hydroxycitric acid.
The use of HCA is contraindicated in patients suffering Colitis or Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
One isomer of HCA, known as (2S,3R)-HCA, inhibits pancreatic alpha-amylase and intestinal alpha-glucosidase, leading to a reduction in carbohydrate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A1%20Lehota
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Malá Lehota () is a village and municipality in the Žarnovica District, Banská Bystrica Region in Slovakia.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20071217080336/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Žarnovica District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%A1%20Lehota
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Veľká Lehota () is a village and municipality in the Žarnovica District, Banská Bystrica Region in Slovakia.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223415/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Žarnovica District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDupkov
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Župkov () is a village and municipality in the Žarnovica District, Banská Bystrica Region in Slovakia.
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Žarnovica District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer%20dicing
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In the context of manufacturing integrated circuits, wafer dicing is the process by which die are separated from a wafer of semiconductor following the processing of the wafer. The dicing process can involve scribing and breaking, mechanical sawing (normally with a machine called a dicing saw) or laser cutting. All methods are typically automated to ensure precision and accuracy.
Following the dicing process the individual silicon chips may be encapsulated into chip carriers which are then suitable for use in building electronic devices such as computers, etc.
During dicing, wafers are typically mounted on dicing tape which has a sticky backing that holds the wafer on a thin sheet metal frame. Dicing tape has different properties depending on the dicing application. UV curable tapes are used for smaller sizes and non-UV dicing tape for larger die sizes. Dicing saws may use a dicing blade with diamond particles, rotating at 30,000 RPM and cooled with deionized water. Once a wafer has been diced, the pieces left on the dicing tape are referred to as die, dice or dies. Each will be packaged in a suitable package or placed directly on a printed circuit board substrate as a "bare die". The areas that have been cut away, called die streets, are typically about 75 micrometres (0.003 inch) wide. Once a wafer has been diced, the die will stay on the dicing tape until they are extracted by die-handling equipment, such as a die bonder or die sorter, further in the electronics assem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GH1
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GH1 can refer to:
Glycoside hydrolase family 1, a family of enzymes
Growth hormone 1, a human gene
Pseudomonas virus gh1, a bacteriophage which infects some strains of Pseudomonas putida.
Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1, a digital hybrid still photography/video camera
Guitar Hero (video game), the first game in the series
Hill GH1, 1975 Formula One car
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand%20dune%20ecology
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Sand dune ecology describes the biological and physico-chemical interactions that are a characteristic of sand dunes.
Sand dune systems are excellent places for biodiversity, partly because they are not very productive for agriculture, and partly because disturbed, stressful, and stable habitats are present in proximity to each other. Many of them are protected as nature reserves, and some are parts of larger conservation areas, incorporating other coastal habitats like salt marshes, mud flats, grasslands, scrub, and woodland.
Plant habitat
Sand dunes provide a range of habitats for a range of unusual, interesting and characteristic plants that can cope with disturbed habitats. In the UK these may include restharrow Ononis repens, sand spurge Euphorbia arenaria and ragwort Senecio vulgaris - such plants are termed ruderals.
Other very specialised plants are adapted to the accretion of sand, surviving the continual burial of their shoots by sending up very rapid vertical growth. Marram grass, Ammophila arenaria specialises in this, and is largely responsible for the formation and stabilisation of many dunes by binding sand grains together. The sand couch-grass Elytrigia juncea also performs this function on the seaward edge of the dunes, and is responsible, with some other pioneers like the sea rocket Cakile maritima, for initiating the process of dune building by trapping wind blown sand.
In accreting situations small mounds of vegetation or tide-washed debris form
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturation%20midpoint
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Denaturation midpoint of a protein is defined as the temperature (Tm) or concentration of denaturant (Cm) at which both the folded and unfolded states are equally populated at equilibrium (assuming two-state protein folding). Tm is often determined using a thermal shift assay.
If the widths of the folded and unfolded wells are assumed to be equal both these states will have identical free energies at the midpoint. However, for natural proteins this is not the case. There is an inherent asymmetry as evidenced by the difference in heat capacities between them - the folded ensemble has a lower heat capacity (in other words, lower fluctuations thus indicating a narrower well) than the unfolded ensemble. This would mean that the free energy of the folded state is lower at the denaturation midpoint than the unfolded state. In such a scenario, the temperature at which both the wells have identical free energies is termed the characteristic temperature (To).
References
Protein structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibromin%201
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neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a gene in humans that is located on chromosome 17. NF1 codes for neurofibromin, a GTPase-activating protein that negatively regulates RAS/MAPK pathway activity by accelerating the hydrolysis of Ras-bound GTP. NF1 has a high mutation rate and mutations in NF1 can alter cellular growth control, and neural development, resulting in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1, also known as von Recklinghausen syndrome). Symptoms of NF1 include disfiguring cutaneous neurofibromas (CNF), café au lait pigment spots, plexiform neurofibromas (PN), skeletal defects, optic nerve gliomas, life-threatening malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST), pheochromocytoma, attention deficits, learning deficits and other cognitive disabilities.
Gene
NF1 was cloned in 1990 and its gene product neurofibromin was identified in 1992. Neurofibromin, a GTPase-activating protein, primarily regulates the protein Ras. NF1 is located on the long arm of chromosome 17, position q11.2 NF1 spans over 350-kb of genomic DNA and contains 62 exons. 58 of these exons are constitutive and 4 exhibit alternative splicing ( 9a, 10a-2, 23a, and 28a). The genomic sequence starts 4,951-bp upstream of the transcription start site and 5,334-bp upstream of the translation initiation codon, with the length of the 5' UTR being 484-bp long.
There are three genes that are present within intron 27b of NF1. These genes are EVI2B, EVI2A and OMG, which are encoded on the opposite strand and are transcribed i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibromin
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Neurofibromin can refer to one of two different proteins:
Neurofibromin 1
Neurofibromin 2
See also
Neurofibromatosis type I
Neurofibromatosis type II
Proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable%20random%20variables
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In statistics, an exchangeable sequence of random variables (also sometimes interchangeable) is a sequence X1, X2, X3, ... (which may be finitely or infinitely long) whose joint probability distribution does not change when the positions in the sequence in which finitely many of them appear are altered. Thus, for example the sequences
both have the same joint probability distribution.
It is closely related to the use of independent and identically distributed random variables in statistical models. Exchangeable sequences of random variables arise in cases of simple random sampling.
Definition
Formally, an exchangeable sequence of random variables is a finite or infinite sequence X1, X2, X3, ... of random variables such that for any finite permutation σ of the indices 1, 2, 3, ..., (the permutation acts on only finitely many indices, with the rest fixed), the joint probability distribution of the permuted sequence
is the same as the joint probability distribution of the original sequence.
(A sequence E1, E2, E3, ... of events is said to be exchangeable precisely if the sequence of its indicator functions is exchangeable.) The distribution function FX1,...,Xn(x1, ..., xn) of a finite sequence of exchangeable random variables is symmetric in its arguments Olav Kallenberg provided an appropriate definition of exchangeability for continuous-time stochastic processes.
History
The concept was introduced by William Ernest Johnson in his 1924 book Logic, Part III: The Lo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition%20sequence
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A recognition sequence is a DNA sequence to which a structural motif of a DNA-binding domain exhibits binding specificity. Recognition sequences are palindromes.
The transcription factor Sp1 for example, binds the sequences 5'-(G/T)GGGCGG(G/A)(G/A)(C/T)-3', where (G/T) indicates that the domain will bind a guanine or thymine at this position.
The restriction endonuclease PstI recognizes, binds, and cleaves the sequence 5'-CTGCAG-3'.
A recognition sequence is different from a recognition site. A given recognition sequence can occur one or more times, or not at all, on a specific DNA fragment. A recognition site is specified by the position of the site. For example, there are two PstI recognition sites in the following DNA sequence fragment, starting at base 9 and 31 respectively. A recognition sequence is a specific sequence, usually very short (less than 10 bases). Depending on the degree of specificity of the protein, a DNA-binding protein can bind to more than one specific sequence. For PstI, which has a single sequence specificity, it is 5'-CTGCAG-3'. It is always the same whether at the first recognition site or the second in the following example sequence. For Sp1, which has multiple (16) sequence specificity as shown above, the two recognition sites in the following example sequence fragment are at 18 and 32, and their respective recognition sequences are 5'-GGGGCGGAGC-3' and 5'-TGGGCGGAAC-3'.
5'-AACGTTAGCTGCAGTCGGGGCGGAGCTAGGCTGCAGGAATTGGGCGGAACCT-3'
See also
DNA
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20reactor
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A membrane reactor is a physical device that combines a chemical conversion process with a membrane separation process to add reactants or remove products of the reaction.
Chemical reactors making use of membranes are usually referred to as membrane reactors. The membrane can be used for different tasks:
Separation
Selective extraction of products
Retention of the catalyst
Distribution/dosing of a reactant
Catalyst support (often combined with distribution of reactants)
Membrane reactors are an example for the combination of two unit operations in one step, e.g., membrane filtration with the chemical reaction. The integration of reaction section with selective extraction of a reactant allows an enhancement of the conversions compared to the equilibrium value. This characteristic makes membrane reactors suitable to perform equilibrium-limited endothermic reactions.
Benefits and critical issues
Selective membranes inside the reactor lead to several benefits: reactor section substitutes several downstream processes. Moreover, removing a product allows to exceed thermodynamics limitations. In this way, it is possible to reach higher conversions of the reactants or to obtain the same conversion with a lower temperature.
Reversible reactions are usually limited by thermodynamics: when direct and reverse reactions, whose rate depends from reactants and product concentrations, are balanced, a chemical equilibrium state is achieved. If temperature and pressure are fixed, this
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel%20Blyth
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Melvin Bernard Blyth (born 28 July 1944) is an English former footballer who played for several clubs, including Southampton with whom he won the FA Cup in 1976, and Crystal Palace.
Norwich City and Scunthorpe United
Blyth started his football career with non-league Great Yarmouth. He then joined Norwich City, although he never made an appearance in the first team.
In October 1967, former Norwich manager, Ron Ashman, took up the reins at Scunthorpe United, then struggling at the foot of Division 3. He returned to his old club to sign several players, including Steve Deere, Geoff Barnard and Blyth to shore up the holes in the defence.
Scunthorpe were relegated at the end of the 1967–68 season and in July 1968, Blyth moved on to Crystal Palace.
Crystal Palace
Blyth joined Crystal Palace in the summer of 1968 as an old-style wing-half, but he developed into a centre-back. He immediately became a regular member of Palace's 1968–69 Division 2 promotion side, and in their first ever match in Division 1, he scored Palace's first goal in the top flight with a looping header against Manchester United. He scored another goal the following Saturday, against Everton.
As Palace struggled in Division 1, regularly finishing just above the relegation zone, Blyth became a permanent fixture in the defence alongside John McCormick. He was deposed as centre back for a while by Roger Hynd. But after playing in midfield for much of the 1969–70 season he won his place back when Hynd was temp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20Loss%20Priority
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Cell Loss Priority (CLP) is a flag bit in the ATM cell header that determines the probability of a cell being discarded if the network becomes congested. Cells where the CLP = 0 are insured traffic and unlikely to be dropped. Cells with CLP = 1 are best-effort traffic, which may be discarded in congested conditions in order to free up resources to handle insured traffic.
CLP is used as a control for a network traffic "policing mechanism". Policing is a process that determines if the cells meet predefined restrictions as they enter an ATM network. These restrictions include traffic rates and "burst sizes" that are agreed upon by the customer and the network provider.
Link protocols
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermcidin
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Dermcidin is a protein with 110 amino acids that in humans is encoded by the DCD gene. The full-length protein produces derived peptides as proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF) and other anti-microbial peptides, secreted by human eccrine sweat glands onto the skin as a part of the innate host defense of the immune system. PIF is involved in muscular proteolysis.
Function
Dermcidin is a secreted protein that is subsequently processed into mature peptides of distinct biological activities. The C-terminal peptide is constitutively expressed in sweat and has antibacterial and antifungal activities. The N-terminal peptide, also known as diffusible survival evasion peptide, promotes neural cell survival under conditions of severe oxidative stress. A glycosylated form of the N-terminal peptide may be associated with cachexia (muscle wasting) in cancer patients.
Survival evasion peptide Antimicrobial peptide
YDPEAASAPGSGNPCHEASAAQKENAGEDPGLARQAPKPRKQRSSLLEKGLDGAKKAVGGLGKLGKDAVEDLESVGKGAVHDVKDVLDSVL
The C-terminal precursor DCD-1L is a 48 residue peptide that shows partial helicity in solution, as evidenced by the determination of its solution structure by NMR and CD-spectroscopy. The full length precursor is processed by undetermined proteases present in human sweat, to form several shorter peptides that show variable antimicrobial activity, named according to their C-terminal triplet of amino acids and their residue length. One such active pepti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Asian%20American%20jurists
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Research history
Studies led by California Supreme Court Justice Goodwin Liu (2017) and the Center for American Progress (2019) provided in-depth statistics into the issue.
Judicial officers
This is a dynamic list of Asian Americans who are or were judges, magistrate judges, court commissioners, or administrative law judges. If known, it will be listed if a judge has served on multiple courts.
Other topics of interest
List of first minority male lawyers and judges in the United States
List of first women lawyers and judges in the United States
List of African-American jurists
List of Hispanic and Latino American jurists
List of Jewish American jurists
List of LGBT jurists in the United States
List of Native American jurists
References
Sources
Asian American Bar Association of The Greater Bay Area
APAs In The Judiciary Resource Page
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders on the Federal Bench
Current Asian Pacific American Federal Judges
Selected APA Judges in California
First Vietnamese American and Korean American Women Seated on State Judiciary, by Sam Chu Lin, AsianWeek, August 23, 2002
Vietnamese American Facts, Tieng Magazine
Two New APA Judges in Cook County, Illinois, AsianWeek, March 30, 2007
Asian-American issues
Jurists
Lists of American judges
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigona%20hypogea
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Trigona hypogea is a species of stingless bee from the Neotropics; it is unusual in that it is one of only three known species of bee that exclusively uses carrion as a protein source, rather than pollen, earning it the nickname "vulture bee". These bees consume flesh, carry it internally back to the colony, and regurgitate it along with other secretions into storage pots similar to those used by other bee species to store honey; the larvae are fed on this substance, while the adult bees consume the honey.
References
hypogea
Insects described in 1902
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaru%20Tomita
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is a Japanese scientist in the fields of systems biology and computer science, best known as the founder of the E-Cell simulation system and/or the inventor of GLR parser algorithm. He served a professor of Keio University, Director of the Institute for Advanced Biosciences, and the founder and board member of various spinout companies, including Human Metabolome Technologies, Inc. and Spiber Inc. He is also the co-founder and on the board of directors of The Metabolomics Society. His father was the renowned composer and synthesiser pioneer Isao Tomita.
From Oct. 2005 to Sep. 2007, he served as Dean of Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University.
He received an M.S. (1983) and a Ph.D. (1985) in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) under Jaime Carbonell, and two other doctoral degrees in electronic engineering and molecular biology from Kyoto University (1994) and Keio University (1998).
At CMU, starting in 1985, Tomita achieved a series of academic promotions from assistant professor to associate professor of computer science and from 1986 he became an associate director of the Center for Machine Translation.
In 1990, he returned to Keio University and served as associate professor, professor, and Dean of the faculty of Environmental Information. At Keio University, he shifted his research emphasis to the studies of molecular biology and systems biology. In 2001, he founded Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University in Tsuruo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorokhod%27s%20representation%20theorem
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In mathematics and statistics, Skorokhod's representation theorem is a result that shows that a weakly convergent sequence of probability measures whose limit measure is sufficiently well-behaved can be represented as the distribution/law of a pointwise convergent sequence of random variables defined on a common probability space. It is named for the Soviet mathematician A. V. Skorokhod.
Statement
Let be a sequence of probability measures on a metric space such that converges weakly to some probability measure on as . Suppose also that the support of is separable. Then there exist -valued random variables defined on a common probability space such that the law of is for all (including ) and such that converges to , -almost surely.
See also
Convergence in distribution
References
(see p. 7 for weak convergence, p. 24 for convergence in distribution and p. 70 for Skorokhod's theorem)
Probability theorems
Theorems in statistics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabor%20atom
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In applied mathematics, Gabor atoms, or Gabor functions, are functions used in the analysis proposed by Dennis Gabor in 1946 in which a family of functions is built from translations and modulations of a generating function.
Overview
In 1946, Dennis Gabor suggested the idea of using a granular system to produce sound. In his work, Gabor discussed the problems with Fourier analysis. Although he found the mathematics to be correct, it did not reflect the behaviour of sound in the world, because sounds, such as the sound of a siren, have variable frequencies over time. Another problem was the underlying supposition, as we use sine waves analysis, that the signal under concern has infinite duration even though sounds in real life have limited duration – see time–frequency analysis. Gabor applied ideas from quantum physics to sound, allowing an analogy between sound and quanta. He proposed a mathematical method to reduce Fourier analysis into cells. His research aimed at the information transmission through communication channels. Gabor saw in his atoms a possibility to transmit the same information but using less data. Instead of transmitting the signal itself it would be possible to transmit only the coefficients which represent the same signal using his atoms.
Mathematical definition
The Gabor function is defined by
where a and b are constants and g is a fixed function in L2(R), such that ||g|| = 1. Depending on , , and , a Gabor system may be a basis for L2(R), which is de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P14arf
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p14ARF (also called ARF tumor suppressor, ARF, p14ARF) is an alternate reading frame protein product of the CDKN2A locus (i.e. INK4a/ARF locus). p14ARF is induced in response to elevated mitogenic stimulation, such as aberrant growth signaling from MYC and Ras (protein). It accumulates mainly in the nucleolus where it forms stable complexes with NPM or Mdm2. These interactions allow p14ARF to act as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting ribosome biogenesis or initiating p53-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, respectively. p14ARF is an atypical protein, in terms of its transcription, its amino acid composition, and its degradation: it is transcribed in an alternate reading frame of a different protein, it is highly basic, and it is polyubiquinated at the N-terminus.
Both p16INK4a and p14ARF are involved in cell cycle regulation. p14ARF inhibits mdm2, thus promoting p53, which promotes p21 activation, which then binds and inactivates certain cyclin-CDK complexes, which would otherwise promote transcription of genes that would carry the cell through the G1/S checkpoint of the cell cycle. Loss of p14ARF by a homozygous mutation in the CDKN2A (INK4A) gene will lead to elevated levels in mdm2 and, therefore, loss of p53 function and cell cycle control.
The equivalent in mice is p19ARF.
Background
The p14ARF transcript was first identified in humans in 1995, and its protein product confirmed in mice that same year. Its gene locus is on the short arm of chromosome 9 in humans,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter%20frequency
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Letter frequency is the number of times letters of the alphabet appear on average in written language. Letter frequency analysis dates back to the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi (–873 AD), who formally developed the method to break ciphers. Letter frequency analysis gained importance in Europe with the development of movable type in 1450 AD, where one must estimate the amount of type required for each letterform. Linguists use letter frequency analysis as a rudimentary technique for language identification, where it is particularly effective as an indication of whether an unknown writing system is alphabetic, syllabic, or ideographic.
The use of letter frequencies and frequency analysis plays a fundamental role in cryptograms and several word puzzle games, including Hangman, Scrabble, Wordle and the television game show Wheel of Fortune. One of the earliest descriptions in classical literature of applying the knowledge of English letter frequency to solving a cryptogram is found in Edgar Allan Poe's famous story The Gold-Bug, where the method is successfully applied to decipher a message giving the location of a treasure hidden by Captain Kidd.
Herbert S. Zim, in his classic introductory cryptography text "Codes and Secret Writing", gives the English letter frequency sequence as "ETAON RISHD LFCMU GYPWB VKJXZQ", the most common letter pairs as "TH HE AN RE ER IN ON AT ND ST ES EN OF TE ED OR TI HI AS TO", and the most common doubled letters as "LL EE SS OO TT FF RR NN PP CC".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vy%27s%20modulus%20of%20continuity%20theorem
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Lévy's modulus of continuity theorem is a theorem that gives a result about an almost sure behaviour of an estimate of the modulus of continuity for Wiener process, that is used to model what's known as Brownian motion.
Lévy's modulus of continuity theorem is named after the French mathematician Paul Lévy.
Statement of the result
Let be a standard Wiener process. Then, almost surely,
In other words, the sample paths of Brownian motion have modulus of continuity
with probability one, for and sufficiently small .
See also
Some properties of sample paths of the Wiener process
References
Paul Pierre Lévy, Théorie de l'addition des variables aléatoires. Gauthier-Villars, Paris (1937).
Probability theorems
theorem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrainment
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Entrainment may refer to:
Air entrainment, the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in concrete
Brainwave entrainment, the practice of entraining one's brainwaves to a desired frequency
Entrainment (biomusicology), the synchronization of organisms to an external rhythm
Entrainment (chronobiology), the alignment of a circadian system's period and phase to the period and phase of an external rhythm
Entrainment (engineering), the entrapment of one substance by another substance
Entrainment (hydrodynamics), the movement of one fluid by another
Entrainment (meteorology), a phenomenon of the atmosphere
Entrainment (physical geography), the process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow
Entrainment (physics), the process whereby two interacting oscillating systems assume the same period
Lexical entrainment, the process in conversational linguistics of the subject adopting the terms of their interlocutor
Photoentrainment (chronobiology), the synchronization by light of organisms to environment rhythm
See also
"That's Entrainment", a Van Morrison song
Entrains-sur-Nohain, a commune in the Nièvre department in central France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20%28disambiguation%29
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Linear is used to describe linearity in mathematics.
Linear may also refer to:
Mathematics
Linear algebra
Linear code
Linear cryptanalysis
Linear equation
Linear function
Linear functional
Linear map
Linear programming, a type of optimization problem
Linear system
Linear system of equations
Linear transformation
Technology
Particularly in electronics, a device whose characteristic or transfer function is linear, in the mathematical sense, is called linear
Linear amplifier, a component of amateur radio equipment
Linear element, part of an electric circuit
Linear motor a type of electric motor
Linear phase, a property of an electronic filter
Linear Technology, an integrated circuit manufacturer
Linearity (computer and video games)
Other uses
A kind of leaf shape in botany
LINEAR, the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research project
Linear A, one of two scripts used in ancient Crete
Linear B, a script that was used for writing Mycenaean, an early form of Greek
Linear counterpoint in music
Linear narrative structure
Linear (group), a pop music group popular in the 1990s
Linear (album), their group's debut album
Linear (film), a film that was released with the U2 album No Line on the Horizon
Linear molecular geometry in chemistry
Linear motion, motion along a straight line
Linearity (writing), describing whether symbols in a writing system are composed of lines
A kind of typeface in the VOX-ATypI classification
See also
Curvilinear
Rectilinear
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars%C3%A9%20Semiconductor%20Co.
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Parsé Semiconductor Co. was established in 2003 in Tehran, Iran, is a digital design house for ASIC, SoC and FPGA designs. In 2006, the company announced it has both designed and produced a 32-bit computer microprocessor inside the country for the first time.
The computer microprocessor called Aristo has been manufactured by Iranian researchers and engineers at Parsé Semiconductor with the support the company has received from the Modern Industries Center of the ministry of Industries of Iran. In addition, Parsé has released its own chip called Tachra, which includes the Aristo processor core, together with a suite of Tachra development tools. These architectures seem to have much in common with Leon3.
Designed and manufactured in conformity with SPARC processors architecture, Aristo stands to the international standards and can well compete with similar processors existing in the market. The newly Iran-made computer microprocessor can be used in communications projects, auto-manufacturing industry, industrial automation, robotic systems and artificial intelligence, computer and data transfer networks, etc.
See also
Economy of Iran
External links
Official Website
References
Companies established in 2003
Iranian brands
Semiconductor companies of Iran
2003 establishments in Iran
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20scattering%20mode
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George Heilmeier proposed the dynamic scattering effect which causes a strong scattering of light when the electric field applied to a special liquid crystal mixture exceeds a threshold value.
A DSM cell requires the following ingredients:
a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy (aligns the LC long axis perpendicular to the electric field),
homeotropic alignment of the LC (i.e. perpendicular to the substrate planes),
doping of the LC with a substance that increases the conductivity of the LC to allow a current to flow.
With no voltage applied the LC-cell with the homeotropically aligned LC is clear and transparent. With increasing voltage and current, the electric field tries to align the long molecular axis of the LC perpendicular to the field while the ion transport through the layer has the tendency to align the LC perpendicular to the substrate plates. As a result, a pattern of repetitive striped regions called Williams domains is generated in the cell. Increasing the voltage further causes this regular pattern to be replaced by a turbulent state which strongly scatters light. This effect belongs to the class of electro-hydrodynamic effects in LCs. Electro-optic displays can be realized with the effect in the transmissive and reflective mode of operation. The driving voltages required for light scattering are in the range of several tens of volts, and the non-trivial current depends on the area of the activated segments. Historically the DSM effect was t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax%20barrier
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A parallax barrier is a device placed in front of an image source, such as a liquid crystal display, to allow it to show a stereoscopic or multiscopic image without the need for the viewer to wear 3D glasses. Placed in front of the normal LCD, it consists of an opaque layer with a series of precisely spaced slits, allowing each eye to see a different set of pixels, so creating a sense of depth through parallax in an effect similar to what lenticular printing produces for printed products and lenticular lenses for other displays. A disadvantage of the method in its simplest form is that the viewer must be positioned in a well-defined spot to experience the 3D effect. However, recent versions of this technology have addressed this issue by using face-tracking to adjust the relative positions of the pixels and barrier slits according to the location of the user's eyes, allowing the user to experience the 3D from a wide range of positions. Another disadvantage is that the horizontal pixel count viewable by each eye is halved, reducing the overall horizontal resolution of the image.
History
The principle of the parallax barrier was independently invented by Auguste Berthier, who published an article on stereoscopic pictures including his new idea illustrated with a diagram and pictures with purposely exaggerated dimensions of the interlaced image strips, and by Frederic E. Ives, who made and exhibited a functional autostereoscopic image in 1901. About two years later, Ives bega
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Second%20Hand%20Stopped
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The Second Hand Stopped is the debut studio album by American metalcore band Odd Project, released on July 13, 2004.
Track listing
Statistics Like Cigarettes – 3:41
The Phone Is Such A Blunt Object – 3:32
A Hero's Trial – 4:23
A Perfect Smile and Broken Wings – 3:33
Tear Stained Lies – 3:40
Love – 3:19
The Fashion Police Hate Robots – 3:31
Photographic Memories – 4:57
The Wanderer – 2:02
Silver Screen Lovers – 4:37
Personnel
Matt Lamb – lead vocals
Scott Zschomler – lead guitar, vocals
Eric Cline – bass guitar, backing vocals
Greg Pawloski – rhythm guitar
Christian Escobar – drums
2004 debut albums
Indianola Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20H.%20Bryan
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George Hartley Bryan FRS (1 March 1864 – 13 October 1928) was an English applied mathematician who was an authority on thermodynamics and aeronautics. He was born in Cambridge, and was educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge, obtaining his BA in 1886 (as 5th wrangler), MA in 1890, and DSc in 1896. He was a professor at University College of North Wales, and is generally credited with developing the modern mathematical treatment of the motion of airplanes in flight as rigid bodies with six degrees of freedom.
Aside from minor differences in notation, Bryan's 1911 equations are the same as those used today to evaluate modern aircraft. (Perhaps surprisingly, Bryan's equations—published just eight years after the first aircraft flew—are most accurate when applied to supersonic jets.) In evaluating aircraft mathematically, Bryan focused on issues of aerodynamic stability rather than on control; stability and control of an aircraft tend to lie on opposite ends of the same spectrum. Bryan's aeronautic results were an extension of his earlier work in fluid dynamics. In 1888, Bryan developed mathematical models for fluid pressures within a pipe and for external buckling pressures. These models are still used today.
Childhood and education
Bryan was born on 1 March 1864 in Cambridge and within a year, his father had died; he was brought up by his mother and the extended family. The family spent much of their time in France and Italy and Bryan was home schooled throughout his childhood. He
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20conflict
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Sexual conflict or sexual antagonism occurs when the two sexes have conflicting optimal fitness strategies concerning reproduction, particularly over the mode and frequency of mating, potentially leading to an evolutionary arms race between males and females. In one example, males may benefit from multiple matings, while multiple matings may harm or endanger females, due to the anatomical differences of that species. Sexual conflict underlies the evolutionary distinction between male and female.
The development of an evolutionary arms race can also be seen in the chase-away sexual selection model, which places inter-sexual conflicts in the context of secondary sexual characteristic evolution, sensory exploitation, and female resistance. According to chase-away selection, continuous sexual conflict creates an environment in which mating frequency and male secondary sexual trait development are somewhat in step with the female's degree of resistance. It has primarily been studied in animals, though it can in principle apply to any sexually reproducing organism, such as plants and fungi. There is some evidence for sexual conflict in plants.
Sexual conflict takes two major forms:
Interlocus sexual conflict is the interaction of a set of antagonistic alleles at one or more loci in males and females. An example is conflict over mating rates. Males frequently have a higher optimal mating rate than females because in most animal species, they invest fewer resources in offspring t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unforgiven%20%28disambiguation%29
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Unforgiven is a 1992 Western film directed by Clint Eastwood and starring Eastwood, Gene Hackman and Morgan Freeman.
Unforgiven may also refer to:
Film
The Unforgiven (1960 film), a Western starring Burt Lancaster, Audrey Hepburn and Audie Murphy
The Unforgiven (2005 film), a South Korean film
Unforgiven (2013 film), a Japanese remake of the 1992 film starring Ken Watanabe
Unforgiven (2018 film), a Russian film
Music
The Unforgiven (band), a country rock band that toured from 1985 to 1988
Albums
Unforgiven (X-Raided album), 1999
Unforgiven (Tim Hardin album), 1980
Unforgiven (Cockney Rejects album), 2007
Unforgiven (Le Sserafim album), 2023
The Unforgiven (album), a 1999 album by Michael Schenker Group
Songs
"Unforgiven" (The Go-Go's song), 2001
"Unforgiven" (Le Sserafim song), 2023
"Unforgiven" (Sevendust song), 2018
"Unforgiven" (Tracy Lawrence song), 2001
"The Unforgiven" (song), a 1991 song by Metallica
"The Unforgiven II", Metallica's sequel song to "The Unforgiven", 1998
"The Unforgiven III", Metallica's sequel song to "The Unforgiven" and "The Unforgiven II", 2008
"Unforgiven", a song by Creed from My Own Prison, 1997
"Unforgiven," a song by Sweetbox from Jade, 2002
"Unforgiven", a song by Fefe Dobson from Fefe Dobson, 2003
"Unforgiven", a song by Beck from Morning Phase, 2014
Other uses
WWE Unforgiven, a former annual pay-per-view event held by WWE
Unforgiven (TV series), a 2009 three part ITV drama starring Suranne Jones
"Unforgiven" (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapod%20%28robotics%29
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A six-legged walking robot should not be confused with a Stewart platform, a kind of parallel manipulator used in robotics applications.
A hexapod robot is a mechanical vehicle that walks on six legs. Since a robot can be statically stable on three or more legs, a hexapod robot has a great deal of flexibility in how it can move. If legs become disabled, the robot may still be able to walk. Furthermore, not all of the robot's legs are needed for stability; other legs are free to reach new foot placements or manipulate a payload.
Many hexapod robots are biologically inspired by Hexapoda locomotion – the insectoid robots. Hexapods may be used to test biological theories about insect locomotion, motor control, and neurobiology.
Designs
Hexapod designs vary in leg arrangement. Insect-inspired robots are typically laterally symmetric, such as the RiSE robot at Carnegie Mellon. A radially symmetric hexapod is ATHLETE (All-Terrain Hex-Legged Extra-Terrestrial Explorer) robot at JPL.
Typically, individual legs range from two to six degrees of freedom. Hexapod feet are typically pointed, but can also be tipped with adhesive material to help climb walls or wheels so the robot can drive quickly when the ground is flat.
Locomotion
Most often, hexapods are controlled by gaits, which allow the robot to move forward, turn, and perhaps side-step. Some of the
most common gaits are as follows:
Alternating tripod: 3 legs on the ground at a time.
Quadruped.
Crawl: move just one l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Norgrove
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Sir David Ronald Norgrove (born 23 January 1948) is an English businessman and government official, who was chair of the UK Statistics Authority from 2017 to 2022. He was previously the first chairman of The Pensions Regulator, and then chair of the Low Pay Commission.
Early life
Norgrove was born on 23 January 1948 in Peckham, London. He was educated at Christ's Hospital School and read History at Exeter College, Oxford. He gained a diploma in Economics at Cambridge University and then a master's degree in Economics at the London School of Economics.
Career
Norgrove started his career as an economist at HM Treasury (1972–85), where his time included a secondment to the First National Bank of Chicago.
Norgrove was private secretary to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher between 1985 and 1988.
In 1988 he joined Marks and Spencer, where he held several positions: from 1988–99 he was Director of Europe; Worldwide franchising; Menswear and Strategy. In September 1999 he became chairman of Marks & Spencer's Ventures Division and a year later he was appointed to the executive board as executive director for Strategy, International and Ventures.
Norgrove was heavily involved in the early recovery of Marks and Spencer but in January 2004 he was fired from his role as director of clothing following poor Christmas sales. He continued in his position as chair of the trustees of the Marks & Spencer pension fund until later in the year, playing a role in the attempt by Philip Green to a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelonin
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Gelonin is a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein and toxin of approximately 30 kDa found in the seeds of the Himalayan plant Gelonium multiflorum. In cell-free systems gelonin exerts powerful N-glycosidase activity on the 28S rRNA unit of eukaryotic ribosomes by cleaving out adenine at the 4324 site. Gelonin lacks carbohydrate-binding domains so it is unable to cross the plasma membrane, making it highly effective only in cell free systems.
Structure
Gelonin is a 30 kDa protein. Gelonin is a dimer, consisting of two identical monomers. Each monomer is composed of 251 amino acids, for a total of 502 residues. Gelonin is classified as an (α + β) protein, as its secondary structure consists of both beta sheets and alpha helices. Each monomer’s first 100 amino acids form 10 beta sheets, while their last 151 amino acids form 10 alpha helices. Gelonin’s two dimers are stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. Specifically, the Asn22, Arg178, Asn180, and Lys237 residues of each monomer hydrogen bond with each other to stabilize the molecules. Likewise, the hydrophobic residues Tyr14, Ile15, Val16 and Pro38 from one monomer form hydrophobic interactions with the same residues in the adjacent monomer to further stabilize the dimer.
Active Site
Gelonin’s active site is a cleft formed by six key residues: Tyr74, Gly111, Tyr113, Glu166, Arg169, and Trp198. The shape of the active site is stabilized by hydrogen bonding between Gly111 and Tyr113. Tyr113, Glu166, and Arg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumpin%27%20Gene%20Simmons
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Morris Eugene Simmons (July 10, 1937 – August 29, 2006), better known as Jumpin' Gene Simmons, was an American singer and songwriter best known for his 1964 novelty single "Haunted House".
Biography
Gene Simmons was born in Itawamba County, Mississippi, and began his recording career with Sun Records in 1956 a couple of years after performing as an opening act for former labelmate Elvis Presley. However, the label released only one (non-charting) single from his recording sessions. His first and only Top 40 hit was "Haunted House", a cover of a 1958 recording by Johnny Fuller, which peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1964 and No. 7 in Canada. The song represented one of Hi Records' early successes. The track was later covered by the Compton Brothers, Jerry Lee Lewis, Ace Cannon, Hasil Adkins, Sam the Sham, John Fogerty, and John Anderson. His last work was "Indian Outlaw," which he co-wrote, and was a hit for country music artist Tim McGraw in 1994.
Simmons' Hi Records recordings were released as an anthology, Haunted House: The Complete Jumpin' Gene Simmons on Hi Records, in June 2001. Sun Records followed suit in December 2006 with the 33-song collection Drinkin' Wine: The Sun Years, Plus. He had recorded several albums with both labels but they were never released. In late 1962, he travelled to Mexico to appear as a diver in Paramount's Fun in Acapulco, starring Elvis Presley who, incidentally, could not travel there as he was persona non grata.
Brian Setzer c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%2C4%27-Biphenol
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4,4′-Biphenol is an organic compound which is a phenolic derivative of biphenyl. It is a colorless solid.
4,4′-Biphenol is prepared by dealkylation of the tetra-t-butyl derivative, generated by the oxidative coupling of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol. The oxidative coupling of phenol itself typically gives a mixture of isomers. For example, VCl4 reacts with phenols give 4,4′-, 2,4′-, and 2,2′-biphenols:
2 C6H5OH + 2 VCl4 → HOC6H4–C6H4OH + 2 VCl3 + 2 HCl
An earlier process using oxygen and copper salts to enable the oxidative coupling was reported
Safety
4,4'-Biphenol had actually been elucidated to have an estrogenic SAR.
See Also
Bisphenol
References
Phenols
Biphenyls
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cline%20%28biology%29
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In biology, a cline (from the Greek κλίνειν klinein, meaning "to lean") is a measurable gradient in a single characteristic (or biological trait) of a species across its geographical range. First coined by Julian Huxley in 1938, the cline usually has a genetic (e.g. allele frequency, blood type), or phenotypic (e.g. body size, skin pigmentation) character. Clines can show smooth, continuous gradation in a character, or they may show more abrupt changes in the trait from one geographic region to the next.
A cline refers to a spatial gradient in a specific, singular trait, rather than a collection of traits; a single population can therefore have as many clines as it has traits, at least in principle. Additionally, Huxley recognised that these multiple independent clines may not act in concordance with each other. For example, it has been observed that in Australia, birds generally become smaller the further towards the north of the country they are found. In contrast, the intensity of their plumage colouration follows a different geographical trajectory, being most vibrant where humidity is highest and becoming less vibrant further into the arid centre of the country.
Because of this, clines were defined by Huxley as being an "auxiliary taxonomic principle"; that is, clinal variation in a species is not awarded taxonomic recognition in the way subspecies or species are.
While the terms "ecotype" and "cline" are sometimes used interchangeably, they do in fact differ in that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranello
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Baranello is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Campobasso in the Italian region Molise, located about southwest of Campobasso. This town draws its name as a derivative of Monte Vairano which was a hilltop Samnite village and now is an archeological site.
Baranello borders the following municipalities: Busso, Colle d'Anchise, Spinete, Vinchiaturo.
People
Piero Niro, Italian composer and classical pianist, was born in Baranello.
References
External links
Official website
Cities and towns in Molise
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaro%E2%80%93Winkler%20distance
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In computer science and statistics, the Jaro–Winkler similarity is a string metric measuring an edit distance between two sequences. It is a variant of the Jaro distance metric metric (1989, Matthew A. Jaro) proposed in 1990 by William E. Winkler.
The Jaro–Winkler distance uses a prefix scale which gives more favourable ratings to strings that match from the beginning for a set prefix length .
The higher the Jaro–Winkler distance for two strings is, the less similar the strings are. The score is normalized such that 0 means an exact match and 1 means there is no similarity. The original paper actually defined the metric in terms of similarity, so the distance is defined as the inversion of that value (distance = 1 − similarity).
Although often referred to as a distance metric, the Jaro–Winkler distance is not a metric in the mathematical sense of that term because it does not obey the triangle inequality.
Definition
Jaro similarity
The Jaro similarity of two given strings and is
Where:
is the length of the string ;
is the number of matching characters (see below);
is the number of transpositions (see below).
Jaro similarity score is 0 if the strings do not match at all, and 1 if they are an exact match. In the first step, each character of is compared with all its matching characters in . Two characters from and respectively, are considered matching only if they are the same and not farther than characters apart. For example, the following two nine c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramogen
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The term ramogen refers to a biological factor, typically a growth factor or other protein, that causes a developing biological cell or tissue to branch in a tree-like manner. Ramogenic molecules are branch promoting molecules found throughout the human body,.
Brief History
The term was first coined (from the Latin ramus = branch and the Greek genesis = creation) in an article about kidney development by Davies and Davey (Pediatr Nephrol. 1999 Aug;13(6):535-41). In the article, Davies and Davy describe the existence of "ramogens" in the kidney as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors, neurturin and persephin. The term has now passed into general use in the technical literature concerned with branching of biological structures.
Function
A ramogen is a biochemical signal that enables the creation of a physiological branch. The signal can be in the form of a growth factor or a hormone that makes a tube branch. One specific example would be the hormone that forms the simple tube through which the mammary glands begin to form causing the formation of a highly branched “tree” of milk ducts in females.
Types of Ramogens
Mesenchyme-derived ramogens are found throughout the body and serve as chemoattractants to branching tissues.
An example of how this works is found through a study on a bead soaked in the renal ramogen GDNF. When this ramogen was placed next to a kidney sample in culture, the nearby uteric parts branch and grow toward it.
Another example of a ramo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri%20Prokhorov
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Yuri Vasilyevich Prokhorov (; 15 December 1929 – 16 July 2013) was a Russian mathematician, active in the field of probability theory. He was a PhD student of Andrey Kolmogorov at the Moscow State University, where he obtained his PhD in 1956.
Prokhorov became a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1966, a full member in 1972. He was a vice-president of the IMU. He received Lenin Prize in 1970, Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1975 and 1979. He was also an editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
See also
Lévy–Prokhorov metric
Prokhorov's theorem
References
Larry Shepp, "A Conversation with Yuri Vasilyevich Prokhorov", Statistical Science, Vol. 7, No. 1 (February, 1992), pp. 123–130.
External links
Yuri Prokhorov — scientific works on the website Math-Net.Ru
Yuriĭ Vasilʹevich Prokhorov — scientific works in MathSciNet
Prokhorov's Biography (in Russian)
Yuri Vasilevich Prokhorov (in Russian)
Obituaries: Yuri Vasilyevich Prokhorov
20th-century Russian mathematicians
Soviet mathematicians
Probability theorists
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow State University alumni
1929 births
2013 deaths
Russian scientists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil%20elastase
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Neutrophil elastase (, leukocyte elastase, ELANE, ELA2, elastase 2, neutrophil, elaszym, serine elastase, subtype human leukocyte elastase (HLE)) is a serine proteinase in the same family as chymotrypsin and has broad substrate specificity. Neutrophil elastase is secreted by neutrophils during inflammation, and destroys bacteria and host tissue. It also localizes to neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), via its high affinity for DNA, an unusual property for serine proteases.
As with other serine proteinases it contains a charge relay system composed of the catalytic triad of histidine, aspartate, and serine residues that are dispersed throughout the primary sequence of the polypeptide but that are brought together in the three dimensional conformation of the folded protein. The gene encoding neutrophil elastase, ELA2, consists of five exons. Neutrophil elastase is closely related to other cytotoxic immune serine proteases, such as the granzymes and cathepsin G. It is more distantly related to the digestive CELA1.
The neutrophil form of elastase () is 218 amino acids long, with two asparagine-linked carbohydrate chains (see glycosylation). It is present in azurophil granules in the neutrophil cytoplasm. There appear to be two forms of neutrophil elastase, termed IIa and IIb.
Gene
In humans, neutrophil elastase is encoded by the ELANE gene, which resides on chromosome 11.
Function
Elastases form a subfamily of serine proteases that hydrolyze many proteins in addition t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPVI
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Glycoprotein VI (platelet), also known as GPVI, is a glycoprotein receptor for collagen which is expressed in platelets. In humans, glycoprotein VI is encoded by the GPVI gene.
GPVI was first cloned in 2000 by several groups including that of Martine Jandrot-Perrus from INSERM.
Function
Glycoprotein VI (GP6) is a 58-kD platelet membrane glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in the collagen-induced activation and aggregation of platelets. Upon injury to the vessel wall and subsequent damage to the endothelial lining, exposure of the subendothelial matrix to blood flow results in deposition of platelets. Collagen fibers are the most thrombogenic macromolecular components of the extracellular matrix, with collagen types I, III, and VI being the major forms found in blood vessels. Platelet interaction with collagen occurs as a 2-step procedure: (1) the initial adhesion to collagen is followed by (2) an activation step leading to platelet secretion, recruitment of additional platelets, and aggregation. In physiologic conditions, the resulting platelet plug is the initial hemostatic event limiting blood loss. However, exposure of collagen after rupture of atherosclerotic plaques is a major stimulus of thrombus formation associated with myocardial infarction or stroke.
Complete or partial deficiency of GPVI in humans is a rare condition presenting as a mild bleeding disorder.
Interactions
GPVI has been shown to interact with LYN.
See also
collagen receptor
References
Fu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Funny%20Side
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The Funny Side is an American sketch comedy program that aired on NBC as part of its 1971 fall lineup.
Synopsis
The Funny Side was hosted by Gene Kelly and starred five pairs of actors and actresses who were presented as married couples. Each week was an examination of the "funny side" of a potential issue in real-life marriages, such as health, money, sex, and the like. Each couple was a stereotype. Kelly also appeared as an actor in the sketches, and there was also a musical aspect with production numbers.
Cast
John Amos and Teresa Graves as the Black couple
Warren Berlinger and Pat Finley as the blue collar couple
Dick Clair and Jenna McMahon as the wealthy couple
Michael Lembeck and Cindy Williams as the teenage couple
Burt Mustin and Queenie Smith as the elderly couple
Cancellation
The Funny Side received poor Nielsen ratings and was cancelled after less than four months on the air.
References
Brooks, Tim and Marsh, Earle, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows
External links
NBC original programming
1970s American musical comedy television series
1970s American sketch comedy television series
1971 American television series debuts
1972 American television series endings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seacology
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Seacology is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) charitable organization headquartered in Berkeley, California, that works to preserve island ecosystems and cultures around the world. Founded in 1991, it began with the work of ethnobotanist Paul Alan Cox, who researched tropical plants and their medicinal value in the village of Falealupo in Samoa during the mid-1980s. When the villagers were pressured into selling logging rights to their rainforest in 1988 to build a new school, Cox and his wife offered to help secure funds for the new school in return for an agreement with the villagers to protect their forest. With the help of his friends and family, Cox secured the funds within six months, later earning him and the village chief, Fuiono Senio, the Goldman Environmental Prize for their efforts. Word spread throughout the islands, and with increasing demand for similar projects, Cox, along with Bill Marré and Ken Murdock, decided to form Seacology and expand their work internationally. For the first few years, the organization operated on a volunteer basis.
Because of the high risk of extinction for island fauna and the decline in coral reef ecosystems, Seacology's primary focus is projects in which villagers sign contracts under which they agree to help protect either terrestrial or marine habitat for a specified time in return for new buildings or services. The operations are low-cost, averaging around US$20,000 to $25,000. Construction is done with local labor and sometimes wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vy%E2%80%93Prokhorov%20metric
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In mathematics, the Lévy–Prokhorov metric (sometimes known just as the Prokhorov metric) is a metric (i.e., a definition of distance) on the collection of probability measures on a given metric space. It is named after the French mathematician Paul Lévy and the Soviet mathematician Yuri Vasilyevich Prokhorov; Prokhorov introduced it in 1956 as a generalization of the earlier Lévy metric.
Definition
Let be a metric space with its Borel sigma algebra . Let denote the collection of all probability measures on the measurable space .
For a subset , define the ε-neighborhood of by
where is the open ball of radius centered at .
The Lévy–Prokhorov metric is defined by setting the distance between two probability measures and to be
For probability measures clearly .
Some authors omit one of the two inequalities or choose only open or closed ; either inequality implies the other, and , but restricting to open sets may change the metric so defined (if is not Polish).
Properties
If is separable, convergence of measures in the Lévy–Prokhorov metric is equivalent to weak convergence of measures. Thus, is a metrization of the topology of weak convergence on .
The metric space is separable if and only if is separable.
If is complete then is complete. If all the measures in have separable support, then the converse implication also holds: if is complete then is complete. In particular, this is the case if is separable.
If is separable and complete, a subset i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault%20Vivastella
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The Renault Vivastella was an executive car introduced by Renault in October 1928 and produced for the model years 1929 - 1939.
The car was modified and changed with unusual frequency even by the standards of Renault in the 1930s, and following its evolution in retrospect is rendered more complicated by the way that the Renault catalogue frequently listed two succeeding generations of the model simultaneously, but the Vivastella always occupied a place in the manufacturer's line-up a little below the slightly longer Renault Reinastella. In Latin, "stella" means "star", and viva means "live long".
Evolution
The Vivastella was introduced at the 22nd Paris Motor Show in October 1928 as a more luxurious version of the Renault Vivasix.
First generation
1929 The "Renault Vivastella Type PG2" had an engine of 3180cc (16CV) with claimed output of 52 HP
1930 The "Renault Vivastella Type PG4 was 15 cm larger than the previous model.
1932, a 65 horsepower engine was introduced.
1933, the new series Type PG5 (5 seater) and PG7 (7 seater) were introduced
1934 The "Renault Vivastella Type ZA2" was introduced; it had a radiator behind the engine, which was enlarged in Spring 1934 to 3620cc, now giving a maximum output of 80HP. The 6-cylinder units shared the same 120mm cylinder stroke length, but the bore (cylinder diameter) on the larger engine was increased by 5mm to 80mm. Although a new more modern Vivastella was introduced for 1934, the earlier model continued to be listed, at an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-69%20%28Michigan%20highway%29
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M-69 is an east–west state trunkline highway in the Upper Peninsula (UP) of the U.S. state of Michigan. It connects with US Highway 2 (US 2) on both ends in Crystal Falls and near Bark River. In between, the highway runs for in rural UP forest lands.
Before the creation of the U.S. Highway System, the current M-69 was a portion of M-12. The original M-69 was replaced by US 102 and the M-69 designation was reused on a section of M-12 not replaced by US 2. Further changes to the current highway truncated it for three decades. The eastern section removed from M-69 was given the County-Designated Highway designation G-30 until the change was reversed. In 2002, the historic Paint River Bridge in Crystal Falls was rehabilitated, repairing it and restoring it to the original appearance.
Route description
M-69 starts at the intersection of 5th Street and Superior Avenue in Crystal Falls, where it meets US 2/US 141. The Iron County Courthouse is located at the head of Superior Avenue and overlooks a steep hill headed east through downtown. The City of Crystal Falls states that the courthouse offers "a view of the main street of the City and the scenic panorama of the valley at its feet". On a clear day, Iron Mountain can be seen from the courthouse tower. It is from this starting point that M-69 descends Superior Avenue through downtown toward the Paint River in Iron County. The highway crosses the river on a historic bridge built in 1929 that features decorative lamp posts and r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhimay
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Dhimay, Dhimaya () or Dhime is a traditional Nepalese drum of the Newar people. According to the Hornbostel–Sachs classification, it belongs to the category of double-headed cylindrical membranophone.
Description
The drum is rather big compared to other drums played by the Newars in Nepal. The size of this instrument varies from diameter of 40 inches to 51 inches and length of 17 inches to 21 inches. The shell of the drum is made of wood or metal. Sometimes wooden drums are partly covered with metal foil. The shape of old Dhimay drums is mostly irregular, formed by the natural shape of the piece of wood being used to make the drum body. Modern drums are either cylindrical or slightly barrel-shaped. Both heads are made of goat skin. On the inside of the left membrane, called Mankhah (Haima in Bhaktapur) a red tuning paste (similar in function to the Syahi) is applicated, providing a deep sound.
There are two kinds of dhimay. The smaller ones are called "Dhaacha Dhimay" and bigger dhimay are called "Ma Dhimay"
Playing technique
The left side (Mankhah) is played directly by hand playing either at the upper part of the membrane (ghe), producing a long resonating sound, or a downward stroke (kha), producing a sharp crisp sound. The right membrane, called Nasah, is played with a thin stick, made of cane, which is normally curved at one end. In addition to this three basic strokes a fourth type of stroke (dha) is played, combining the low resonating sound of the left hand i.e. on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleed%20the%20Sky%20%28band%29
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Bleed the Sky is an American metalcore band formed in Orange County, California, in 2002.
History
Formation and Paradigm in Entropy (2002–2006)
The band formed in December 2002 and is considered to be part of the new wave of American heavy metal movement. The band consisted of vocalist Noah Robinson, guitarists Kyle Moorman and Wayne Miller, bassist David "Tank" Garcia, and drummer Austin D'Amond. After being a band for only two months, Bleed the Sky played their first show as an opener for progressive death metal band Opeth. Shortly after, they independently recorded and released a demo EP, Bleed the Sky, recorded at Cleveland's Spider Studios with Producer, and former Chimaira manager, Thom Hazaert and engineered and mixed by Ben Schigel. The EP caught the attention of Emerica who was working on a compilation CD and thought Bleed the Sky would make a good addition. The EP also gained attention of locals as the band also started to headline and sellout local shows. Bleed the Sky toured with legendary hardcore band Integrity throughout the summer of 2003. Due to the large following that Bleed the Sky developed selling out shows along the Sunset Strip in Hollywood, CA, they received an endorsement by Jägermeister and soon caught the attention of Nuclear Blast Records. Bleed the Sky signed a worldwide deal with Nuclear Blast on November 11, 2004, and began working on their debut full-length album.
Producer Ben Schigel (Chimaira, Integrity, Drowning Pool) contributed his t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup%20%28video%29
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A video mashup (also written as video mash-up) combines multiple pre-existing video sources with no discernible relation with each other into a unified video. These are derivative works as defined by the United States Copyright Act , and as such, may find protection from copyright claims under the doctrine of fair use. Examples of mashup videos include movie trailer remixes, vids, YouTube Poop, and supercuts.
Music videos
The first type is a derivative music video, which is the most common one, by recombining two or more pre–existing materials together into a new one. These materials usually are prevailing music videos, but also includes separate songs, videos, and still images. According to Navas, it can be a regressive type, for its promotional purpose.
The second type is slightly different from the first. It allows the users record their own track – either sung or played on an instrument – and then combine it with other tracks from internet together.
These two types of music video mashup are usually edited to match the rhythm of the song, and seeking to show a particular aesthetic style towards a celebrative communication.
The third one is a music video created from bits and pieces from various YouTube performances clipped. It is now a widespread or traditional type, which stresses the participant feature of remix culture. According to the clarification of mashup by Navas, it could be the reflexive mashup, for it beyond the limitation of common music video, and eli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Weatherburn
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Donald James Weatherburn PSM (born 14 May 1951) was Director of the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research in Sydney from 1988 until July 2019. He is a professor at the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre at the University of New South Wales and a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia.
Early life
Weatherburn attended Newington College (1964-1969) and the University of Sydney where in 1974 he received his BA with first class honours. He completed a Ph.D. at the University of Sydney in 1979 and lectured in the School of Justice Administration at Charles Sturt University.
Career
In 1983 Weatherburn was appointed Senior Research Officer at the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (BOCSAR) and four years later he was appointed Foundation Director of Research at the NSW Judicial Commission. He was Director of BOCSAR from 1988 until 3 July 2019.
For his contribution to public debate about crime and justice, he was awarded the Public Service Medal in January 1998. In 2000 he received an Alumni Award for Community Service from the University of Sydney.
Following the introduction in February 2014 of the New South Wales lockout laws which limited the sale of alcohol in the Sydney CBD and Kings Cross, Weatherburn released a study arguing that the drop in the number of alcohol-related assaults since the new laws was "simply precipitous" and "one of the most dramatic effects I've seen in my time, of policy intervention to reduce crime".
In Septemb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karplus%20equation
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The Karplus equation, named after Martin Karplus, describes the correlation between 3J-coupling constants and dihedral torsion angles in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy:
where J is the 3J coupling constant, is the dihedral angle, and A, B, and C are empirically derived parameters whose values depend on the atoms and substituents involved. The relationship may be expressed in a variety of equivalent ways e.g. involving cos 2φ rather than cos2 φ —these lead to different numerical values of A, B, and C but do not change the nature of the relationship.
The relationship is used for 3JH,H coupling constants. The superscript "3" indicates that a 1H atom is coupled to another 1H atom three bonds away, via H-C-C-H bonds. (Such hydrogens bonded to neighbouring carbon atoms are termed vicinal). The magnitude of these couplings are generally smallest when the torsion angle is close to 90° and largest at angles of 0 and 180°.
This relationship between local geometry and coupling constant is of great value throughout nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and is particularly valuable for determining backbone torsion angles in protein NMR studies.
References
External links
Generalized Karplus calculation of proton-proton coupling constants
Karplus equations app
Nuclear magnetic resonance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm%20in%20Entropy
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Paradigm in Entropy is the debut album by American metal band Bleed the Sky. It was released on April 19, 2005, through Nuclear Blast Records.
Track listing
"Minion" – 4:11
"Killtank" – 3:37
"Paradigm in Entropy" – 3:34
"Skin Un Skin" – 4:08
"Leverage" – 3:56
"The Martyr" – 5:50
"Gated" – 3:02
"God in the Frame" – 3:57
"Division" (feat. T.J. Frost & Joe Cafarella of STEMM) – 3:26
"Borrelia Mass" – 5:09
Personnel
Noah Robinson - vocals
Kyle Moorman - guitar
Wayne Miller - guitar
Casey Kulek - bass, backing vocals
Austin D’Amond - drums, backing vocals
Luke Anderson - samples, electronics
Production
Ben Schigel - producer, engineering, mixing
Logan Mader - mastering
Noah Robinson - co producer
Kyle Moorman - co producer
References
2005 debut albums
Nuclear Blast albums
Bleed the Sky (band) albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau%20of%20Crime%20Statistics%20and%20Research
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The Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (BOCSAR), also known as NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, is an agency of the Department of Communities and Justice responsible for research into crime and criminal justice and evaluation of the initiatives designed to reduce crime and reoffending in the state of New South Wales, Australia.
Management and functions
BOCSAR was established in 1969.
The executive director of BOCSAR since July 2019 is Jackie Fitzgerald. She took over from Don Weatherburn PSM, who spent over 30 years in the position.
The Bureau is responsible for identifying factors affecting the distribution and frequency of crime and the effectiveness of the NSW criminal justice system, and for making this information available to its clients.
It develops and maintains statistical databases on crime and criminal justice in NSW, monitors trends in crime and criminal justice, and also conducts research on crime and criminal justice issues and problems.
Statistical information publicly available
Statistical information and various publications of the Bureau are accessible by the public.
Information about crime that is typically stored in the databases includes:
The type of offence committed
Time and location of the offence
The age, gender, plea, outcome of court appearance and penalty (in the cases of persons charged with criminal offences who appear before the courts)
Aggregated data can answer questions such as which areas have high reported crime r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioPHP
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BioPHP is a collection of open-source PHP code, with classes for DNA and protein sequence analysis, alignment, database parsing, and other bioinformatics tools. BioRuby is released under the GNU GPL version 2 licence and is one of a number of Bio* projects, designed to reduce code duplication. As an open source bioinformatics project, BioPHP is affiliated with the Open Bioinformatics Foundation.
History
The BioPHP project grew out of GenePHP, which was started by Serge Gregorio in 2003. GenePHP was conceived as a PHP-based implementation of similar bioinformatics packages such as BioPerl and BioPython and BioRuby. BioPHP was developed in December 2005 by Joseba Bikandi at the University of the Basque Country, Spain as an extension of GenePHP. GenePHP is one of the four projects currently forming BioPHP.
Projects
BioPHP is divided into four 'projects'. The GenePHP project has a similar structure to other Bio* projects, with a number of classes representing (amongst other things) DNA and protein sequences and sequence alignments. Each class is designed to be general enough to be useful in a number of BioPHP projects. Similarly, the Functions project aims to create a number of functions to perform tasks on class objects and reduce code duplication between projects. The Minitools and Tools projects aim to generate a set of PHP scripts for small, repetitive tasks; scripts in the Tools project generally have special requirements, such as interfacing with non-PHP scripts and/or co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAligner
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JAligner is an open source Java implementation of the Smith-Waterman algorithm with Gotoh's improvement for biological local pairwise sequence alignment using the affine gap penalty model. It was written by Ahmed Moustafa.
See also
Sequence alignment software
Clustal
References
External links
Official website
Phylogenetics software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProbCons
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ProbCons is an open source probabilistic consistency-based multiple alignment of amino acid sequences. It is one of the most efficient protein multiple sequence alignment programs, since it has repeatedly demonstrated a statistically significant advantage in accuracy over similar tools, including Clustal and MAFFT.
Algorithm
The following describes the basic outline of the ProbCons algorithm.
Step 1: Reliability of an alignment edge
For every pair of sequences compute the probability that letters and are paired in an alignment that is generated by the model.
(Where is equal to 1 if and are in the alignment and 0 otherwise.)
Step 2: Maximum expected accuracy
The accuracy of an alignment with respect to another alignment is defined as the number of common aligned pairs divided by the length of the shorter sequence.
Calculate expected accuracy of each sequence:
This yields a maximum expected accuracy (MEA) alignment:
Step 3: Probabilistic Consistency Transformation
All pairs of sequences x,y from the set of all sequences are now re-estimated using all intermediate sequences z:
This step can be iterated.
Step 4: Computation of guide tree
Construct a guide tree by hierarchical clustering using MEA score as sequence similarity score. Cluster similarity is defined using weighted average over pairwise sequence similarity.
Step 5: Compute MSA
Finally compute the MSA using progressive alignment or iterative alignment.
See also
Sequence alignment software
Clustal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUSCLE%20%28alignment%20software%29
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MUltiple Sequence Comparison by Log-Expectation (MUSCLE) is computer software for multiple sequence alignment of protein and nucleotide sequences. It is licensed as public domain. The method was published by Robert C. Edgar in two papers in 2004. The first paper, published in Nucleic Acids Research, introduced the sequence alignment algorithm. The second paper, published in BMC Bioinformatics, presented more technical details.
Algorithm
The MUSCLE algorithm proceeds in three stages: the draft progressive, improved progressive, and refinement stage.
Stage 1: Draft Progressive
In this first stage, the algorithm produces a multiple alignment, emphasizing speed over accuracy. This step begins by computing the k-mer distance for every pair of input sequences to create a distance matrix. UPGMA clusters the distance matrix to produce a binary tree. From this tree a progressive alignment is constructed, beginning with the creation of profiles for each leaf of the tree. For every node in the tree, a pairwise alignment is constructed of the two child profiles, creating a new profile to be assigned to that node. This continues until there is a multiple sequence alignment of all input sequences at the root of the tree.
Stage 2: Improved Progressive
This stage focuses on obtaining a more optimal tree by calculating the Kimura distance for each pair of input sequences using the multiple sequence alignment obtained in Stage one, and creates a second distance matrix. UPGMA clusters this d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointwise%20mutual%20information
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In statistics, probability theory and information theory, pointwise mutual information (PMI), or point mutual information, is a measure of association. It compares the probability of two events occurring together to what this probability would be if the events were independent.
PMI (especially in its positive pointwise mutual information variant) has been described as "one of the most important concepts in NLP", where it "draws on the intuition that the best way to weigh the association between two words is to ask how much more the two words co-occur in [a] corpus than we would have a priori expected them to appear by chance."
The concept was introduced in 1961 by Robert Fano under the name of "mutual information", but today that term is instead used for a related measure of dependence between random variables: The mutual information (MI) of two discrete random variables refers to the average PMI of all possible events.
Definition
The PMI of a pair of outcomes x and y belonging to discrete random variables X and Y quantifies the discrepancy between the probability of their coincidence given their joint distribution and their individual distributions, assuming independence. Mathematically:
(with the latter two expressions being equal to the first by Bayes' theorem). The mutual information (MI) of the random variables X and Y is the expected value of the PMI (over all possible outcomes).
The measure is symmetric (). It can take positive or negative values, but is ze
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP%20Semiconductors
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NXP Semiconductors N.V. (NXP) is a Dutch semiconductor designer and manufacturer with headquarters in Eindhoven, Netherlands. The company employs approximately 31,000 people in more than 30 countries. NXP reported revenue of $11.06 billion in 2021.
Originally spun off from Philips in 2006, NXP completed its initial public offering, on August 6, 2010, with shares trading on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol NXPI. On December 23, 2013, NXP Semiconductors was added to the Nasdaq-100 index. On March 2, 2015, it was announced that NXP would merge with Freescale Semiconductor. The merger was closed on December 7, 2015. On October 27, 2016, it was announced that Qualcomm would try to buy NXP. Because the Chinese merger authority did not approve the acquisition before the deadline set by Qualcomm, the attempt was effectively cancelled on July 26, 2018.
Description
NXP provides technology solutions targeting the automotive, industrial, IoT, mobile, and communication infrastructure markets. The company owns over 9,500 patent families.
NXP is the co-inventor of near field communication (NFC) technology along with Sony and Inside Secure and supplies NFC chip sets that enable mobile phones to be used to pay for goods, and store and exchange data securely. NXP manufactures chips for eGovernment applications such as electronic passports; RFID tags and labels; and transport and access management, with the chip set and contactless card for MIFARE used by many major public transit systems worl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid%20dehydrogenase
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3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-4 isomerase (3β-HSD) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of the steroid progesterone from pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone from 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, and androstenedione from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in the adrenal gland. It is the only enzyme in the adrenal pathway of corticosteroid synthesis that is not a member of the cytochrome P450 family. It is also present in other steroid-producing tissues, including the ovary, testis and placenta. In humans, there are two 3β-HSD isozymes encoded by the HSD3B1 and HSD3B2 genes.
3β-HSD is also known as delta Δ5-4-isomerase, which catalyzes the oxidative conversion of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroids to the Δ4-3-keto configuration and is, therefore, essential for the biosynthesis of all classes of hormonal steroids, namely progesterone, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens.
The 3β-HSD complex is responsible for the conversion of:
Pregnenolone to progesterone
17α-Hydroxypregnenolone to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone
DHEA to androstenedione
Androstenediol to testosterone
Androstadienol to androstadienone
Reaction
3β-HSD belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, to be specific, those acting on the CH-OH group with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. This enzyme participates in C21-steroid hormone metabolism and androgen and estrogen metabolism.
3β-HSD catalysis|catalyzes the chemical reaction:
a 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-steroid + NAD+ a 3-oxo-Δ5-steroid + NADH + H+
Thus, the two
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol%20sulfotransferase
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Alcohol sulfotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of primary and secondary alcohols including many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds.
The chemical reaction is:
an alcohol + 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + an organosulfate + H+
Family members
Human genes that encode alcohol sulfotransferases include:
SULT2A1
SULT2B1
SULT1C3
See also
sulfotransferase
References
External links
EC 2.8.2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfotransferase
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In biochemistry, sulfotransferases (SULTs) are transferase enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sulfo group () from a donor molecule to an acceptor alcohol () or amine (). The most common sulfo group donor is 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). In the case of alcohol as acceptor, the product is a sulfate ():
whereas an amine leads to a sulfamate ():
Both reactive groups for a sulfonation via sulfotransferases may be part of a protein, lipid, carbohydrate or steroid.
Examples
The following are examples of sulfotransferases:
carbohydrate sulfotransferase: CHST1, CHST2, CHST3, CHST4, CHST5, CHST6, CHST7, CHST8, CHST9, CHST10, CHST11, CHST12, CHST13, CHST14
galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase: GAL3ST1, GAL3ST2, GAL3ST3, GAL3ST4
heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase: HS2ST1
heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase: HS3ST1, HS3ST2, HS3ST3A1, HS3ST3B1, HS3ST4, HS3ST5, HS3ST6
heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase: HS6ST1, HS6ST2, HS6ST3
N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase: NDST1, NDST2, NDST3, NDST4
tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase: TPST1, TPST2
uronyl-2-sulfotransferase
Estrone sulfotransferase
Chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase
other: SULT1A1, SULT1A2, SULT1A3, SULT1A4, SULT1B1, SULT1C2, SULT1C3, SULT1C4, SULT1D1P, SULT1E1, SULT2A1, SULT2B1, SULT4A1, SULT6B1
See also
List of EC numbers (EC 2)#EC 2.8.2: Sulfotransferases
Wikipedia:MeSH D08#MeSH D08.811.913.817 --- sulfur group transferases .28EC 2.8.29
References
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol%20side-chain%20cleavage%20enzyme
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Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme is commonly referred to as P450scc, where "scc" is an acronym for side-chain cleavage. P450scc is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. This is the first reaction in the process of steroidogenesis in all mammalian tissues that specialize in the production of various steroid hormones.
P450scc is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes (family 11, subfamily A, polypeptide 1) and is encoded by the gene.
Nomenclature
The systematic name of this enzyme class is cholesterol, reduced-adrenal-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (side-chain-cleaving). Other names include:
C27-side-chain cleavage enzyme
cholesterol 20-22-desmolase
cholesterol C20-22 desmolase
cholesterol desmolase
cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme
cholesterol side-chain-cleaving enzyme
cytochrome P-450scc
desmolase, steroid 20-22
enzymes, cholesterol side-chain-cleaving
steroid 20-22 desmolase
steroid 20-22-lyase.
Tissue and intracellular localization
The highest level of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage system is found in the adrenal cortex and the corpus luteum. The system is also expressed at high levels in steroidogenic theca cells in the ovary, and Leydig cells in the testis. During pregnancy, the placenta also expresses significant levels of this enzyme system. P450scc is also present at much lower levels in several other tissue types, including the brain. In the adrenal cortex, the concentrat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20companies%20of%20Malta
|
This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in Malta. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.
See also
Economy of Malta
List of airlines of Malta
List of hotels in Malta
List of newspapers in Malta
List of radio stations in Malta
References
Malta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleason%27s%20theorem
|
In mathematical physics, Gleason's theorem shows that the rule one uses to calculate probabilities in quantum physics, the Born rule, can be derived from the usual mathematical representation of measurements in quantum physics together with the assumption of non-contextuality. Andrew M. Gleason first proved the theorem in 1957, answering a question posed by George W. Mackey, an accomplishment that was historically significant for the role it played in showing that wide classes of hidden-variable theories are inconsistent with quantum physics. Multiple variations have been proven in the years since. Gleason's theorem is of particular importance for the field of quantum logic and its attempt to find a minimal set of mathematical axioms for quantum theory.
Statement of the theorem
Conceptual background
In quantum mechanics, each physical system is associated with a Hilbert space. For the purposes of this overview, the Hilbert space is assumed to be finite-dimensional. In the approach codified by John von Neumann, a measurement upon a physical system is represented by a self-adjoint operator on that Hilbert space sometimes termed an "observable". The eigenvectors of such an operator form an orthonormal basis for the Hilbert space, and each possible outcome of that measurement corresponds to one of the vectors comprising the basis. A density operator is a positive-semidefinite operator on the Hilbert space whose trace is equal to 1. In the language of von Weizsäcker, a density o
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular%20signal-regulated%20kinases
|
In molecular biology, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) or classical MAP kinases are widely expressed protein kinase intracellular signalling molecules that are involved in functions including the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors, transforming agents, and carcinogens, activate the ERK pathway.
The term, "extracellular signal-regulated kinases", is sometimes used as a synonym for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), but has more recently been adopted for a specific subset of the mammalian MAPK family.
In the MAPK/ERK pathway, Ras activates c-Raf, followed by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (abbreviated as MKK, MEK, or MAP2K) and then MAPK1/2 (below). Ras is typically activated by growth hormones through receptor tyrosine kinases and GRB2/SOS, but may also receive other signals. ERKs are known to activate many transcription factors, such as ELK1, and some downstream protein kinases.
Disruption of the ERK pathway is common in cancers, especially Ras, c-Raf, and receptors such as HER2.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) is also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2). Two similar protein kinases with 85% sequence identity were originally called ERK1 and ERK2. They were found during a search for protein kinase
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20guanidinium%20thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform%20extraction
|
Acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction (abbreviated AGPC) is a liquid–liquid extraction technique in biochemistry. It is widely used in molecular biology for isolating RNA (as well as DNA and protein in some cases). This method may take longer than a column-based system such as the silica-based purification, but has higher purity and the advantage of high recovery of RNA: an RNA column is typically unsuitable for purification of short (<200 nucleotides) RNA species, such as siRNA, miRNA, gRNA and tRNA.
It was originally devised by Piotr Chomczynski and Nicoletta Sacchi, who published their protocol in 1987. The reagent is sold by Sigma-Aldrich by the name TRI Reagent; by Invitrogen under the name TRIzol; by Bioline as Trisure; and by Tel-Test as STAT-60.
How it works
This method relies on phase separation by centrifugation of a mixture of the aqueous sample and a solution containing water-saturated phenol and chloroform, resulting in an upper aqueous phase and a lower organic phase (mainly phenol). Guanidinium thiocyanate, a chaotropic agent, is added to the organic phase to aid in the denaturation of proteins (such as those that strongly bind nucleic acids or those that degrade RNA). The nucleic acids (RNA and/or DNA) partition into the aqueous phase, while protein partitions into the organic phase. The pH of the mixture determines which nucleic acids get purified. Under acidic conditions (pH 4-6), DNA partitions into the organic phase while RNA remains
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Apocalypse
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Fort Apocalypse is a multidirectional scrolling shooter for the Atari 8-bit family created by Steve Hales and published by Synapse Software in 1982. Joe Vierra ported it to the Commodore 64 the same year. The player navigates an underground prison in a helicopter, destroying or avoiding enemies and rescuing prisoners. A contemporary of Choplifter, it has similarities to that game as well as the arcade games Scramble and Super Cobra.
Gameplay
Fort Apocalypse is played within a multi-directional scrolling "cave", viewed from the side. Similar to Choplifter, and as opposed to Scramble, the map does not automatically scroll, and the player is free to move in any direction.
The map is divided into four vertical sections, with the uppermost being at ground level, and the lowest containing the titular fortress. The two middle layers, Draconis and the Crystalline Caves, both contain a landing pad that saves the game's progress and allows the player to re-animate at that point if they are destroyed. Eight hostages can be picked up on both of these middle layers. The map is further divided into sections by special walls that can be broken open by firing or dropping bombs on them.
The player's chopper is destroyed if it runs into the cavern walls, is shot down by the numerous enemies, or caught in one of the many laser or moving wall traps. The player has two weapons, a gun and bombs, but only one button on the joystick. Most of the time the button fires the gun, but when the helico
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security%20domain
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A security domain is the determining factor in the classification of an enclave of servers/computers. A network with a different security domain is kept separate from other networks. For example, NIPRNet, SIPRNet, JWICS, and NSANet are all kept separate.
A security domain is considered to be an application or collection of applications that all trust a common security token for authentication, authorization or session management. Generally speaking, a security token is issued to a user after the user has actively authenticated with a user ID and password to the security domain.
Examples of a security domain include:
All the web applications that trust a session cookie issued by a Web Access Management product
All the Windows applications and services that trust a Kerberos ticket issued by Active Directory
In an identity federation that spans two different organizations that share a business partner, customer or business process outsourcing relation – a partner domain would be another security domain with which users and applications (from the local security domain) interact.
Computer networking
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%20bug
|
The term "bin bug" was coined in August 2006 by the British media to refer to the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) chips by some local councils to monitor the amount of domestic waste created by each household. The system works by having a unique RFID chip for each household's non-recycling wheelie bin (such households have two bins: one for general waste and one recycling bin). The chip is scanned by the dustbin lorry and, as it lifts the bin, records the weight of the contents. This is then stored in a central database that monitors the non-recycled waste output of each household.
History in England
If the pilot schemes are successful it is expected that most British cities will introduce the system in the next two years. Three local councils in England and five Ulster councils have been trialling the scheme.
While some councils informed the householders of their intentions to monitor their waste output many others did not. Worcester City Council, for example, detailed their plans through local newspaper Worcester News in August 2005. Aberdeen City Council kept the scheme quiet until a local newspaper ran the story; the council declared no intention to operate or bring the system online but did not rule out future use.
Some councillors said that the purpose of the "bin bugs" was to settle disputes about the ownership of the bins, but others mentioned that the system is a trial and means that they are more prepared should the government introduce a househol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netrin%20receptor%20DCC
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Netrin receptor DCC, also known as DCC, or colorectal cancer suppressor is a protein which in humans is encoded by the DCC gene. DCC has long been implicated in colorectal cancer and its previous name was Deleted in colorectal carcinoma. Netrin receptor DCC is a single transmembrane receptor.
Since it was first discovered in a colorectal cancer study in 1990, DCC has been the focus of a significant amount of research. DCC held a controversial place as a tumour suppressor gene for many years, and is well known as an axon guidance receptor that responds to netrin-1.
More recently DCC has been characterized as a dependence receptor, and many hypotheses have been put forward that have revived interest in DCC'''s candidacy as a tumour suppressor gene, as it may be a ligand-dependent suppressor that is frequently epigenetically silenced.
Background
Early studies of colorectal tumours found that allelic deletions of segments of chromosome 18q occur in a very high percentage of colorectal cancers. DCC was initially cloned out of the region and put forth as a putative tumour suppressor gene, though nothing was known about its function at the time. The DCC gene was examined for the genetic changes found with most other tumour suppressor genes, but it was found to have a comparatively low frequency of somatic mutation. Several years later DCC was shown to encode a transmembrane receptor protein that mediated the effects of netrin-1 on axon outgrowth.
Soon after the protein product
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olduvai%20domain
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The Olduvai domain, known until 2018 as DUF1220 (domain of unknown function 1220) and the NBPF repeat, is a protein domain that shows a striking human lineage-specific (HLS) increase in copy number and appears to be involved in human brain evolution. The protein domain has also been linked to several neurogenetic disorders such as schizophrenia (in reduced copies) and increased severity of autism (in increased copies). In 2018, it was named by its discoverers after Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, one of the most important archaeological sites for early humans, to reflect data indicating its role in human brain size and evolution.
Olduvai domains form the core of NBPF genes, which first appeared in placental mammals and experienced a rapid expansion in monkeys (simians) through duplication to reach over 20 genes in humans. In humans, Olduvai domains are repeated often dozens of times within these genes. The only other gene an Olduvai domain has been found in is mammalian myomegalin, believed to be the origin of the NBPF genes via duplication. Myomegalin itself arose from a duplication of CDK5RAP2, and all of these genes have been implicated in the development of neurons.
Olduvai copy number is the highest in humans (~289, with person-to-person variations), reduced in African great apes (~125 copies in chimpanzees, ~99 in gorillas, ~92 in orangutans), further reduced in Old World monkeys (~35), single- or low-copy in non-primate mammals and absent in non-mammals. Consequently, the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow%20Computing
|
Rainbow Computing was an Apple II retailer and video game software publisher that was established in 1976 by Gene Sprouse and Glenn Dollar in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles, California. The original store was located in Granada Hills but was eventually relocated to Northridge. The company opened a second location in Woodland Hills, where it operated for nine years until the sale of the company to the Torrance-based Pathfinder Computer Centers retail chain in 1985.
Notable employees and customers
David Gordon (customer)
See also
References
Consumer electronics retailers in the United States
Defunct computer companies based in California
Retail companies based in California
Software companies based in California
Video game retailers of the United States
Technology companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Companies based in Los Angeles
Northridge, Los Angeles
Woodland Hills, Los Angeles
American companies established in 1976
Computer companies established in 1976
Retail companies established in 1976
Video game companies established in 1976
Retail companies disestablished in 1985
Video game companies disestablished in 1985
1976 establishments in California
1985 disestablishments in California
Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic%20M.%20Richards
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Frederic Middlebrook Richards (August 19, 1925 – January 11, 2009), commonly referred to as Fred Richards, was an American biochemist and biophysicist known for solving the pioneering crystal structure of the ribonuclease S enzyme in 1967 and for defining the concept of solvent-accessible surface. He contributed many key experimental and theoretical results and developed new methods, garnering over 20,000 journal citations in several quite distinct research areas. In addition to the protein crystallography and biochemistry of ribonuclease S, these included solvent accessibility and internal packing of proteins, the first side-chain rotamer library, high-pressure crystallography, new types of chemical tags such as biotin/avidin, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shift index, and structural and biophysical characterization of the effects of mutations.
Richards spent his entire academic research career at Yale University, where he became Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry in the department that he created and chaired, "one of the major centers in the world for the study of biophysics and structural biology". He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences USA and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and received many other scientific awards. He served as head of the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research and was elected as president both of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB) and of th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiki
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Hibiki is a Japanese word which can be translated as "echo" or "resonance" among other meanings. It may refer to:
People
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese long jumper
Reine Hibiki, a Japanese illustrator whose work includes art for Maria-sama ga Miteru
, Japanese AV actress and an idol singer
, Japanese video artist
, Japanese racing driver
, Japanese scientist
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese stage actress and voice actress
Fictional characters
Dan Hibiki, a character in the fighting game series Street Fighter
Hibiki Amawa, a character in the anime I My Me! Strawberry Eggs
Hibiki Takane, a character in the Last Blade fighting game series
Hibiki Tokai, a character in the anime Vandread
Go Hibiki, the Japanese name for the character Speed Racer in the 1997 series
, a character in the anime series Gatchaman Crowds
Kamen Rider Hibiki, a Japanese tokusatsu superhero television series
Kamen Rider Hibiki (character), the title character of the series
Midori Hibiki, a teacher from the manga Yu-Gi-Oh! GX
Koyo Hibiki, brother of Midori Hibiki
Ran Hibiki, a character from the Rival Schools fighting game series
Ryoga Hibiki, a character in the anime Ranma ½
, a character in the anime series SSSS.Gridman
Hibiki, the title character from the manga Hibiki's Magic
Hibiki, a character from the manga Change 123
Hibiki Hojo, a character from magical girl anime Suite PreCure
Hibiki Ganaha, a character in their Life simulation game and anime The Idolmaster
Hibiki Tachibana, a character in the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential%20concentration
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Preferential concentration is the tendency of dense particles in a turbulent fluid to cluster in regions of high strain (low vorticity) due to their inertia. The extent by which particles cluster is determined by the Stokes number, defined as , where and are the timescales for the particle and fluid respectively; note that and are the mass densities of the fluid and the particle, respectively, is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid, and is the kinetic energy dissipation rate of the turbulence. Maximum preferential concentration occurs at . Particles with follow fluid streamlines and particles with do not respond significantly to the fluid within the times the fluid motions are coherent.
Systems that can be strongly influenced by the dynamics of preferential concentration are aerosol production of fine powders, spray, emulsifier, and crystallization reactors, pneumatic devices, cloud droplet formation, aerosol transport in the upper atmosphere, and even planet formation from protoplanetary nebula.
External links
Turbulence
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1ry%27s%20theorem
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In the mathematical field of graph theory, Fáry's theorem states that any simple, planar graph can be drawn without crossings so that its edges are straight line segments. That is, the ability to draw graph edges as curves instead of as straight line segments does not allow a larger class of graphs to be drawn. The theorem is named after István Fáry, although it was proved independently by , , and .
Proof
One way of proving Fáry's theorem is to use mathematical induction. Let be a simple plane graph with vertices; we may add edges if necessary so that is a maximally plane graph. If < 3, the result is trivial. If ≥ 3, then all faces of must be triangles, as we could add an edge into any face with more sides while preserving planarity, contradicting the assumption of maximal planarity. Choose some three vertices forming a triangular face of . We prove by induction on that there exists a straight-line combinatorially isomorphic re-embedding of in which triangle is the outer face of the embedding. (Combinatorially isomorphic means that the vertices, edges, and faces in the new drawing can be made to correspond to those in the old drawing, such that all incidences between edges, vertices, and faces—not just between vertices and edges—are preserved.) As a base case, the result is trivial when and , and are the only vertices in . Thus, we may assume that ≥ 4.
By Euler's formula for planar graphs, has edges; equivalently, if one defines the deficiency of a ve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipifarnib
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Tipifarnib (INN, proposed trade name Zarnestra) is a farnesyltransferase inhibitor. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors block the activity of the farnesyltransferase enzyme by inhibiting prenylation of the CAAX tail motif, which ultimately prevents Ras from binding to the membrane, rendering it inactive.
History
The compound was discovered by Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C, with registration number R115777.
For treatment of progressive plexiform neurofibromas associated with neurofibromatosis type I, it passed phase I clinical trials but was suspended (NCT00029354) in phase II.
Tipifarnib was submitted to the FDA by Johnson & Johnson for the treatment of AML in patients aged 65 and over with a new drug application (NDA) to the FDA on January 24, 2005. In June 2005, the FDA issued a "not approvable" letter for tipifarnib.
Kura Oncology in-licensed tipifarnib from Janssen in 2014.
Investigations
Cancer
The inhibitor is being investigated in patients with HRAS mutant head and neck cancer, peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). It was previously tested in clinical trials in patients in certain stages of breast cancer. It was also investigated as a treatment for multiple myeloma.
Progeria
It was shown on a mouse model of Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome that dose-dependent administration of tipifarnib can significantly prevent both the onset of the cardiovascular phen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol%20metabolism
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Ethanol, an alcohol found in nature and in alcoholic drinks, is metabolized through a complex catabolic metabolic pathway. In humans, several enzymes are involved in processing ethanol first into acetaldehyde and further into acetic acid and acetyl-CoA. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, it becomes a substrate for the citric acid cycle ultimately producing cellular energy and releasing water and carbon dioxide. Due to differences in enzyme presence and availability, human adults and fetuses process ethanol through different pathways. Gene variation in these enzymes can lead to variation in catalytic efficiency between individuals. The liver is the major organ that metabolizes ethanol due to its high concentration of these enzymes.
Human metabolic physiology
Ethanol and evolution
The average human digestive system produces approximately 3g of ethanol per day through fermentation of its contents. Catabolic degradation of ethanol is thus essential to life, not only of humans, but of all known organisms. Certain amino acid sequences in the enzymes used to oxidize ethanol are conserved (unchanged) going back to the last common ancestor over 3.5bya. Such a function is necessary because all organisms produce alcohol in small amounts by several pathways, primarily through fatty acid synthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, and bile acid biosynthesis pathways. If the body had no mechanism for catabolizing the alcohols, they would build up in the body and become toxic. This could be an evolution
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALAT
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ALAT or Alat may refer to:
Arun Alat, Indian singer/musician
Alanine transaminase (ALAT), an enzyme
Advanced load address table (ALAT), a functional unit in the Intel Itanium processor architecture
French Army Light Aviation (Aviation légère de l’armée de Terre, ALAT)
Alat, Russia, a rural locality in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
Alat, alternative spelling of Olot, a town in Uzbekistan
Ələt, a port town in Azerbaijan
Alat tribe, a Turkic nomadic tribe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum-cost%20flow%20problem
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The minimum-cost flow problem (MCFP) is an optimization and decision problem to find the cheapest possible way of sending a certain amount of flow through a flow network. A typical application of this problem involves finding the best delivery route from a factory to a warehouse where the road network has some capacity and cost associated. The minimum cost flow problem is one of the most fundamental among all flow and circulation problems because most other such problems can be cast as a minimum cost flow problem and also that it can be solved efficiently using the network simplex algorithm.
Definition
A flow network is a directed graph with a source vertex and a sink vertex , where each edge has capacity , flow and cost , with most minimum-cost flow algorithms supporting edges with negative costs. The cost of sending this flow along an edge is . The problem requires an amount of flow to be sent from source to sink .
The definition of the problem is to minimize the total cost of the flow over all edges:
with the constraints
{|
|-
| Capacity constraints: ||
|-
| Skew symmetry: ||
|-
| Flow conservation: ||
|-
| Required flow: ||
|}
Relation to other problems
A variation of this problem is to find a flow which is maximum, but has the lowest cost among the maximum flow solutions. This could be called a minimum-cost maximum-flow problem and is useful for finding minimum cost maximum matchings.
With some solutions, finding the minimum cost maximum flow instead
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokinesis
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Chemokinesis is chemically prompted kinesis, a motile response of unicellular prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms to chemicals that cause the cell to make some kind of change in their migratory/swimming behaviour. Changes involve an increase or decrease of speed, alterations of amplitude or frequency of motile character, or direction of migration. However, in contrast to chemotaxis, chemokinesis has a random, non-vectorial moiety, in general.
Due to the random character, techniques dedicated to evaluate chemokinesis are partly different from methods used in chemotaxis research. One of the most valuable ways to measure chemokinesis is computer-assisted (see, e.g., Image J) checker-board analysis, which provides data about migration of identical cells, whereas, in Protozoa (e.g., Tetrahymena), techniques based on measurement of opalescence were also developed.
References
External links
Chemotaxis
Cell biology
Perception
Signal transduction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Research%20Unit%20for%20Enzymology%20of%20Protein%20Folding
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The Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding was located in Halle (Saale), Germany. It was founded in 1996 and closed 31 December 2012. It was one of 80 institute in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft).
External links
Enzymology of Protein Folding
Biochemistry research institutes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa%20praevia
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Vasa praevia is a condition in which fetal blood vessels cross or run near the internal opening of the uterus. These vessels are at risk of rupture when the supporting membranes rupture, as they are unsupported by the umbilical cord or placental tissue.
Risk factors include low-lying placenta, in vitro fertilization.
Vasa praevia occurs in about 0.6 per 1000 pregnancies. The term "vasa previa" is derived from the Latin; "vasa" means vessels and "previa" comes from "pre" meaning "before" and "via" meaning "way". In other words, vessels lie before the fetus in the birth canal and in the way.
Cause
Vasa previa is present when unprotected fetal vessels traverse the fetal membranes over the internal cervical os. These vessels may be from either a velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord or may be joining an accessory (succenturiate) placental lobe to the main disk of the placenta. If these fetal vessels rupture the bleeding is from the fetoplacental circulation, and fetal exsanguination will rapidly occur, leading to fetal death. It is thought that vasa previa arises from an early placenta previa. As the pregnancy progresses, the placenta tissue surrounding the vessels over the cervix undergoes atrophy, and the placenta grows preferentially toward the upper portion of the uterus. This leaves unprotected vessels running over the cervix and in the lower uterine segment. This has been demonstrated using serial ultrasound. Oyelese et al. found that 2/3 of patient with vasa previ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotactic%20selection
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Chemotaxis receptors are expressed in the surface membrane with diverse dynamics, some of them have long-term characteristics as they are determined genetically, others have short-term moiety as their assembly is induced ad hoc in the presence of the ligand. The diverse feature of the chemotaxis receptors and ligands provides the possibility to select chemotactic responder cells with a simple chemotaxis assay. By chemotactic selection we can determine whether a still not characterized molecule acts via the long- or the short-term receptor pathway. Recent results proved that chemokines (e.g. IL-8, RANTES) are working on long-term chemotaxis receptors, while vasoactive peptides (e.g. endothelin) act more on the short-term ones. Term chemotactic selection is also used to design a technique which separates eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells upon their chemotactic responsiveness to selector ligands.
References
External links
Chemotaxis
Cell biology
Perception
Signal transduction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malliavin%20derivative
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In mathematics, the Malliavin derivative is a notion of derivative in the Malliavin calculus. Intuitively, it is the notion of derivative appropriate to paths in classical Wiener space, which are "usually" not differentiable in the usual sense.
Definition
Let be the Cameron–Martin space, and denote classical Wiener space:
;
By the Sobolev embedding theorem, . Let
denote the inclusion map.
Suppose that is Fréchet differentiable. Then the Fréchet derivative is a map
i.e., for paths , is an element of , the dual space to . Denote by the continuous linear map defined by
sometimes known as the H-derivative. Now define to be the adjoint of in the sense that
Then the Malliavin derivative is defined by
The domain of is the set of all Fréchet differentiable real-valued functions on ; the codomain is .
The Skorokhod integral is defined to be the adjoint of the Malliavin derivative:
See also
H-derivative
References
Generalizations of the derivative
Stochastic calculus
Malliavin calculus
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