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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgrain%20rotation%20recrystallization | In metallurgy, materials science and structural geology, subgrain rotation recrystallization is recognized as an important mechanism for dynamic recrystallisation. It involves the rotation of initially low-angle sub-grain boundaries until the mismatch between the crystal lattices across the boundary is sufficient for them to be regarded as grain boundaries. This mechanism has been recognized in many minerals (including quartz, calcite, olivine, pyroxenes, micas, feldspars, halite, garnets and zircons) and in metals (various magnesium, aluminium and nickel alloys).
Structure
In metals and minerals, grains are ordered structures in different crystal orientations. Subgrains are defined as grains that are oriented at a < 10–15 degree angle at the grain boundary, making it a low-angle grain boundary (LAGB). Due to the relationship between the energy versus the number of dislocations at the grain boundary, there is a driving force for fewer high-angle grain boundaries (HAGB) to form and grow instead of a higher number of LAGB. The energetics of the transformation depend on the interfacial energy at the boundaries, the lattice geometry (atomic and planar spacing, structure [i.e. FCC/BCC/HCP] of the material, and the degrees of freedom of the grains involved (misorientation, inclination). The recrystallized material has less total grain boundary area, which means that failure via brittle fracture along the grain boundary is less probable.
Mechanism
Subgrain rotation recrystalli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland%20at%20the%201904%20Summer%20Olympics | According to the official statistics, one gymnast, Adolf Spinnler, and one wrestler, Gustav Thiefenthaler, from Switzerland competed at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, United States.
But there were more athletes with Swiss roots at the Olympics: Andreas Kempf competed in three gymnastics events, finishing 8th in the combined three events finals. He arrived in the United States in 1902 and represented the Kansas City Turnverein. Kempf applied for naturalization as a US citizen in 1908, but was denied citizenship. Emil Schwegler competed for the United States in three gymnastics events, representing the St. Louis Schweizer Turnverein. Born in Switzerland, he was naturalized as a US citizen with his parents and then was a college student in Kansas City, Missouri. And Oscar Schwab was born in Paris to a Swiss mother and was adopted by her American husband. He competed for the US in the quarter mile cycling race. After the games he raced mostly in Europe and was Swiss sprint champion in 1907.
In fact, eighteen-year old Gustav Tiefenthaler was also born in Switzerland, moved to the United States with his family when he was a child and was naturalized as a US citizen with his parents. So he was "less swiss" than Andreas Kempf. Tiefenthaler represented the South Broadway Athletic Club of St. Louis. At the Olympics, Tiefenthaler had a single bout in the men’s freestyle light flyweight event and lose, but still earned a bronze medal.
Adolf Spinnler on the other hand was clea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive%20activation%20and%20competition%20networks | Interactive activation and competition (IAC) networks are artificial neural networks used to model memory and intuitive generalizations. They are made up of nodes or artificial neurons which are arrayed and activated in ways that emulate the behaviors of human memory.
The IAC model is used by the parallel distributed processing (PDP) Group and is associated with James L. McClelland and David E. Rumelhart; it is described in detail in their book Explorations in Parallel Distributed Processing: A Handbook of Models, Programs, and Exercises. This model does not contradict any currently known biological data or theories, and its performance is close enough to human performance as to warrant further investigation.
References
External links
A tribute to interactive activation
Video overview of IAC networks and a description of how to build them using free software.
Artificial neural networks |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSQ | WSQ can refer to:
Wavelet Scalar Quantization, a fingerprint image compression algorithm
Workforce Skills Qualifications, Singapore national continuing education and training system
World Saxophone Quartet
WSQ (journal): Women's Studies Quarterly, an academic journal
W.S.Q. (album) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory%20Raymer | Cory Gene Raymer (born March 3, 1973) is a former American college and professional football player who was a center in the National Football League (NFL) for eleven seasons. Raymer played college football for the University of Wisconsin, and was honored as an All-American. A second-round pick in the 1995 NFL Draft, he played professionally for the Washington Redskins and San Diego Chargers of the NFL.
Early years
Raymer was born in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. He attended Goodrich High School in Fond du Lac, and was a USA Today All-America honorable mention selection and earned first-team all-state honors as a defensive tackle.
College career
Raymer attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he played for the Wisconsin Badgers football team from 1991 to 1994. As a senior in 1994, he was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American at center. He was Wisconsin's first consensus All-American since Tim Krumrie in 1981. Raymer was also one of 12 nominees for the 1994 Lombardi Award, which is awarded to college football's top lineman. He graduated from Wisconsin with a bachelor's degree in letters and sciences.
Professional career
Raymer was selected by the Washington Redskins in the second round (37th pick) of the 1995 NFL Draft. He played for the Redskins from to . In , while returning home from a fishing trip, a car crossed his path. In an attempt to avoid the car, Raymer turned over his vehicle and suffered a bruised kidney, fractured vertebra and badly sp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%20Italian%20Football%20Championship | The 1900 Italian Football Championship was the third edition of the Italian Football Championship. It was won by Genoa, their third consecutive titles.
Qualifications
Piedmont
Final classification
Results
Liguria
|}
Lombardy
Milan was the only registered team. The team was admitted directly to Round 2.
Semi-final
Played on 15 April
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Final
Played on 22 April in Turin
|}
References and sources
Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005
1900
1899–1900 in European association football leagues
1899–1900 in Italian football |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902%20Italian%20Football%20Championship | The 1902 Italian Football Championship season was won by Genoa.
Qualifications
Group Piedmont
Final classification
Results
|}
Tie-breaker
|}
Group Liguria and Lombardy
|}
Semifinal
Played on 6 April
|}
Final
Played on 13 April
|}
References and sources
Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005
Footnotes
1902
1901–02 in European association football leagues
1901–02 in Italian football |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamer | A pentamer is an entity composed of five sub-units.
In chemistry, it applies to molecules made of five monomers.
In biochemistry, it applies to macromolecules, in particular to pentameric proteins, made of five proteic sub-units.
In microbiology, a pentamer is one of the proteins composing the polyhedral protein shell that encloses the bacterial micro-compartments known as carboxysomes.
In immunology, an MHC pentamer is a reagent used to detect antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.
See also
penta prefix
-mer suffix
Pentamerous Metamorphosis, an album by Global Communication
Pentamery (botany), having five parts in a distinct whorl of a plant structure
Pentamerous can also refer to animals, such as crinoids
Oligomers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20turnover | In cell biology, protein turnover refers to the replacement of older proteins as they are broken down within the cell. Different types of proteins have very different turnover rates.
A balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation is required for good health and normal protein metabolism. More synthesis than breakdown indicates an anabolic state that builds lean tissues, more breakdown than synthesis indicates a catabolic state that burns lean tissues. According to D.S. Dunlop, protein turnover occurs in brain cells the same as any other eukaryotic cells, but that "knowledge of those aspects of control and regulation specific or peculiar to brain is an essential element for understanding brain function."
Protein turnover is believed to decrease with age in all senescent organisms including humans. This results in an increase in the amount of damaged protein within the body.
Protein turnover in the exercise science
Four weeks of aerobic exercise has been shown to increase skeletal muscle protein turnover in previously unfit individuals. A diet high in protein increases whole body turnover in endurance athletes.
Some bodybuilding supplements claim to reduce the protein breakdown by reducing or blocking the number of catabolic hormones within the body. This is believed to increase anabolism. However, if protein breakdown falls too low then the body would not be able to remove muscle cells that have been damaged during workouts which would in turn prevent the gro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convector | Convector may refer to:
Convector (mythology), a Roman god
Convector heater, a type of heating and cooling element
Convection oven, a type of oven |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe%20G.%20Dickinson | Roscoe Gilkey Dickinson (May 3, 1894 – July 13, 1945) was an American chemist, known primarily for his work on X-ray crystallography. As professor of chemistry at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), he was the doctoral advisor of Nobel laureate Linus Pauling and of Arnold O. Beckman, inventor of the pH meter.
Dickinson received his undergraduate education at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and, in 1920, became the first person to receive a PhD from Caltech (which had recently changed its name from Throop College). For his dissertation he had studied the crystal structures of wulfenite, scheelite, sodium chlorate, and sodium bromate. His graduate advisor was Arthur Amos Noyes.
References
External links
Dickinson's Ph.D. thesis
A collection of digitized materials related to Dickinson's and Linus Pauling's structural chemistry research.
1894 births
1945 deaths
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
California Institute of Technology faculty
20th-century American chemists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violarite | Violarite (Fe2+Ni23+S4) is a supergene sulfide mineral associated with the weathering and oxidation of primary pentlandite nickel sulfide ore minerals.
Violarite crystallises in the isometric system, with a hardness of 4.5 to 5.5 and a specific gravity of about 4, is dark violet grey to copper-red, often with verdigris and patina from associated copper and arsenic sulfides, and is typically in amorphous to massive infill of lower saprolite ultramafic lithologies.
Violarite has a characteristic violet colour, hence the name from the Latin 'violaris' alluding to its colour especially when viewed in polished section under a microscope.
Paragenesis
Violarite is formed by oxidisation of primary sulfide assemblages in nickel sulfide mineralisation. The process of formation involves oxidation of Ni2+ and Fe2+ which is contained within the primary pentlandite-pyrrhotite-pyrite assemblage.
Violarite is produced at the expense of both pentlandite and pyrrhotite, via the following basic reaction;
Pentlandite + Pyrrhotite --> Violarite + Acid
(Fe,Ni)9S8 + Fe(1-x)S + O2 → Fe2+Ni23+S4 + H2SO3
Violarite is also reported to be produced in low-temperature metamorphism of primary sulfides, though this is an unusual paragenetic indicator for the mineral.
Continued oxidation of violarite leads to replacement by goethite and formation of a gossanous boxwork, with nickel tending to remain as impurities within the goethite or haematite, or rarely as carbonate minerals.
Occurrence
Violarit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca%20Luker | Rebecca Luker (April 17, 1961 – December 23, 2020) was an American actress, singer, and recording artist, noted for her "crystal clear operatic soprano" and for maintaining long runs in Broadway musicals over the course of her three-decade-long career. The New York Times compared her to actresses such as Barbara Cook and Julie Andrews.
Beginning in regional theatre productions in the early 1980s, Luker made her Broadway debut in the original cast of The Phantom of the Opera as a Christine understudy and later took over the role as the principal actress. She would then originate the role of Lily in The Secret Garden on Broadway in 1991. She was nominated for three Tony Awards, for her performances as Magnolia in Show Boat (1994), Marian in The Music Man (2000) and Winifred in Mary Poppins (2006), another role that she created. She performed widely in theatre throughout her career and also gave concert and cabaret performances. She began acting in television in 2000 and made several films. Luker continued to act until the year of her death, at the age of 59, from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. She can be heard on more than 20 cast albums and various other recordings.
Life and career
Luker, the daughter of Martha (Baggett), a high school treasurer, and Norse Doak Luker, Jr., a construction worker, was born in Birmingham, Alabama and grew up in the suburb of Helena. She attended the University of Montevallo, earning a BA in music, taking a year off in 1984 to perform in Sweene |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonite | Oregonite, Ni2FeAs2 is a nickel iron arsenide mineral first described from Josephine Creek, Oregon, United States.
Oregonite crystallises in the hexagonal crystal system and has a Mohs hardness of 5.
Occurrence
Oregonite is known, apart from its type locality, from the Chirnaisky Massif, Russia, associated with hydrothermal nickel minerals (millerite, heazelwoodite) in a metamorphosed ultramafic; from the Skouriatissa mine, Cyprus, associated with VMS mineralisation; and from the Kidd Mine, Timmins, Ontario, Canada within serpentinite-hosted chromite deposits.
References
Nickel minerals
Iron(II) minerals
Arsenide minerals
Hexagonal minerals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydymite | Polydymite, Ni2+Ni23+S4, is a supergene thiospinel sulfide mineral associated with the weathering of primary pentlandite nickel sulfide.
Polydymite crystallises in the isometric system, with a hardness of 4.5 to 5.5 and a specific gravity of about 4, is dark violet gray to copper-red, often with verdigris and patina from associated copper and arsenic sulfides, and is typically in amorphous to massive infill of lower saprolite ultramafic lithologies.
Polydymite is the nickel equivalent of violarite and in many cases these two minerals are formed together, potentially in solid solution.
Common contaminants of polydymite are cobalt and iron. Polydymite forms a series with linnaeite, Co+2Co+32S4.
Paragenesis
Polydymite is formed by oxidisation of primary sulfide assemblages in nickel sulfide mineralisation. The process of formation involves oxidation of Ni2+ and Fe2+ which is contained within the primary pentlandite-pyrrhotite-pyrite assemblage.
Continued oxidation of polydymite leads to replacement by goethite and formation of a gossanous boxwork, with nickel tending to remain as impurities within the goethite or hematite, or rarely as carbonate minerals.
Occurrence
Polydymite is reported widely from the oxidised regolith above primary nickel sulfide ore systems worldwide. It is less common than related violarite, due to the high iron content of most primary sulfides.
Economic importance
Polydymite is an important transitional ore in many nickel sulfide mines, as it |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified%20starch | Modified starch, also called starch derivatives, are prepared by physically, enzymatically, or chemically treating native starch to change its properties. Modified starches are used in practically all starch applications, such as in food products as a thickening agent, stabilizer or emulsifier; in pharmaceuticals as a disintegrant; or as binder in coated paper. They are also used in many other applications.
Starches are modified to enhance their performance in different applications. Starches may be modified to increase their stability against excessive heat, acid, shear, time, cooling, or freezing; to change their texture; to decrease or increase their viscosity; to lengthen or shorten gelatinization time; or to increase their visco-stability.
Modification methods
Acid-treated starch (INS 1401), also called thin boiling starch, is prepared by treating starch or starch granules with inorganic acids, e.g. hydrochloric acid breaking down the starch molecule and thus reducing the viscosity.
Other treatments producing modified starch (with different INS and E-numbers) are:
dextrin (INS 1400), roasted starch with hydrochloric acid
alkaline-modified starch (INS 1402) with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide
bleached starch (INS 1403) with hydrogen peroxide
oxidized starch (INS 1404, E1404) with sodium hypochlorite, breaking down viscosity
enzyme-treated starch (INS 1405), maltodextrin, cyclodextrin
monostarch phosphate (INS 1410, E1410) with phosphorous acid or the sa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American | Inter-American can refer to:
Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network
Inter-American Conference
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
Inter-American Copyright Union
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Inter-American Defense Board
Inter-American Defense Board Medal
Inter-American Defense College
Inter-American Democratic Charter
Inter-American Development Bank
Inter-American Division of Seventh-day Adventists
Inter-American Economic Council
Inter-American Foundation
Inter-American Highway
Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research
Inter-American Magnet School
Inter-American League
Inter American Press Association
Inter American Regional Organisation of Workers, now Trade Union Confederation of the Americas
Inter-American Telecommunication Commission
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
Inter-American University of Puerto Rico
Inter-American (train)
Inter-American Conventions:
Inter-American Convention Against Corruption
Inter-American Convention Against Racism and All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance
Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism
Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives and Other Related Materials
Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons
Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration
Inter-American Convention on International Traffic in Minors
Inter-American Convention on Letters Rogatory
Inter-American Convention |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe%20network%20analysis | In fluid dynamics, pipe network analysis is the analysis of the fluid flow through a hydraulics network, containing several or many interconnected branches. The aim is to determine the flow rates and pressure drops in the individual sections of the network. This is a common problem in hydraulic design.
Description
To direct water to many users, municipal water supplies often route it through a water supply network. A major part of this network will consist of interconnected pipes. This network creates a special class of problems in hydraulic design, with solution methods typically referred to as pipe network analysis. Water utilities generally make use of specialized software to automatically solve these problems. However, many such problems can also be addressed with simpler methods, like a spreadsheet equipped with a solver, or a modern graphing calculator.
Deterministic network analysis
Once the friction factors of the pipes are obtained (or calculated from pipe friction laws such as the Darcy-Weisbach equation), we can consider how to calculate the flow rates and head losses on the network. Generally the head losses (potential differences) at each node are neglected, and a solution is sought for the steady-state flows on the network, taking into account the pipe specifications (lengths and diameters), pipe friction properties and known flow rates or head losses.
The steady-state flows on the network must satisfy two conditions:
At any junction, the total flow int |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20trap | Magnetic trap refers to one of three types of traps used for atoms or charged particles:
Magnetic trap (atoms), used to trap neutral atoms in a magnetic field gradient
Magnetic tweezers, a trap using a magnetic field to trap micrometre-seized ferromagnetic beads
Magneto-optical trap (or MOT), a trap using a magnetic gradient and laser light to trap neutral atoms
Penning trap, used to trap charged particles or ions in a combination of electrostatic potential and uniform magnetic field |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acinic%20cell%20carcinoma | Acinic cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor representing 2% of all salivary tumors. 90% of the time found in the parotid gland, 10% intraorally on buccal mucosa or palate. The disease presents as a slow growing mass, associated with pain or tenderness in 50% of the cases. Often appears pseudoencapsulated.
Diagnosis
Basophilic, bland cells similar to acinar cells. Growth pattern: solid - acinar cells, microcytic - small cystic spaces mucinous or eosinophilic, papillary-cystic - large cystic lined by epithelium, follicular - similar to thyroid tissue.
These tumors, which resemble serous acinar cells, vary in their behavior from locally aggressive to blatantly malignant.
It can also appear in the breast. The pancreatic form of acinic cell carcinoma is a rare subtype of exocrine pancreatic cancer. Exocrine pancreatic cancers are the most common form of pancreatic cancer when compared to endocrine pancreatic cancer.
Acinic cell carcinomas arise most frequently in the parotid gland. Other sites of primary tumors have included the submandibular gland and other major and minor salivary glands. There have been rare cases of primary tumors involving the parapharyngeal space and the sublingual gland.
Prognosis
Prognosis is good for acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland, with five-year survival rates approaching 90%, and 20-year survival exceeding 50%. Patients with acinic cell carcinomas with high grade transformation (sometimes also called dedifferentiation) have significant |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant-cell%20fibroma | Giant-cell fibroma is a type of fibroma not associated with trauma or irritation. It can occur at any age and on a mucous membrane surface. The most common oral locations are on the gingiva of the mandible, tongue, and palate. It is a localized reactive proliferation of fibrous connective tissue.
Giant-cell fibroma (GCF) is a benign non-neoplastic lesion first described by Weathers and Callihan (1974). It occurs in the first three decades of life and predominates in females (Houston, 1982; Bakos, 1992). Clinically, the GCF presents as an asymptomatic, papillary and pedunculated lesion. The most predominant location is the mandibular gingiva (Houston, 1982; Bakos, 1992). Histologically, the GCF is distinctive, consisting of fibrous connective tissue without inflammation and covered with stratified squamous hyperplastic epithelium. The most characteristic histological feature is the presence of large spindle-shaped and stellate-shaped mononuclear cells and multinucleated cells. These cells occur in a variety of lesions, such as the fibrous papule of the nose, ungual fibroma, acral fibrokeratoma, acral angiofibroma and desmoplastic fibroblastoma (Swan, 1988; Pitt et al., 1993; Karabela-Bouropoulou et al., 1999; Jang et al., 1999).
Despite many studies, the nature of the stellated multinucleate and mononuclear cell is not clear (Weathers and Campbell, 1974; Regezi et al., 1987; Odell et al., 1994; Magnusson and Rasmusson, 1995).
Diagnosis
PCNA and Ki67 immunoreactivity happens |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granular%20cell%20tumor | Granular cell tumor is a tumor that can develop on any skin or mucosal surface, but occurs on the tongue 40% of the time.
It is also known as Abrikossoff's tumor, granular cell myoblastoma, granular cell nerve sheath tumor, and granular cell schwannoma. Granular cell tumors (GCTs) affect females more often than males.
Pathology
Granular cell tumors are derived from neural tissue, as can be demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural evidence using electron microscopy. These lesions characteristically consist of polygonal cells with bland nuclei, abundant cytoplasm and fine eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules. The tumor cells stain positively for S-100 as they are of Schwann cell origin. Both malignant and benign versions of the tumor exist, where malignant tumors are characterized histologically by features such as spindling, high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios, pleomorphism, and necrosis.
Multiple granular cell tumors may seen in the context of LEOPARD syndrome, due to a mutation in the PTPN11 gene.
These tumors, on occasion, may appear similar to neoplasms of renal (relating to the kidneys) origin or other soft tissue neoplasms.
Treatment
The primary method for treatment is surgical, not medical. Radiation and chemotherapy are not needed for benign lesions and are not effective for malignant lesions.
Benign granular cell tumors have a recurrence rate of 2% to 8% when resection margins are deemed clear of tumor infiltration. When the resection margins of a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Friedrich%20Gadow | Hans Friedrich Gadow (8 March 1855 – 16 May 1928) was a German-born ornithologist who worked in Britain. His work on the classification of birds based on anatomical and morphological characters was influential and made use of by Alexander Wetmore in his classification of North American birds.
Gadow was born in Stary Kraków (Pomerania), the son of an inspector of the Prussian royal forests. He studied at the universities of Berlin, Jena and Heidelberg. At Jena he studied under Ernst Haeckel and at Heidelberg University under the anatomist Karl Gegenbaur. After graduation he travelled to the Natural History Museum in London in 1880 at the request of Albert Günther, to work on the museum's Catalogue of Birds. Gadow also established the first new sequence of bird orders and families that departed from earlier works in being based on phylogenetic principles based on a comparison of anatomical and morphological features and made use of the studies made by Max Fürbringer. This sequence was continued with modification by Alexander Wetmore and James L. Peters and followed from the 1930s to the 1960s. Gadow prepared Volume VIII on the titmice, shrikes and nuthatches, and Volume IX on the sunbirds and honeyeaters.
In 1884 Gadow succeeded Osbert Salvin as Curator of the Strickland Collection at Cambridge University, as well as being appointed Lecturer on the Morphology of Vertebrates. He became a member of the British Ornithologists' Union in 1881 and a fellow of the Royal Society in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruption%20cyst | An eruption cyst, or eruption hematoma, is a bluish swelling that occurs on the soft tissue over an erupting tooth. It is usually found in children. The fluid in the cyst is sometimes clear creating a pale-coloured cyst although often they are blue. An eruption cyst (eruption hematoma) is a developmental soft-tissue cyst of odontogenic origin that forms over an erupting tooth. most commonly seen anterior to first molar
Clinical features
common in children while rare in other ages and found in both dentition
forms superficially in the gingiva overlying the involved erupting tooth as soft, rounded and bluish swelling.
Histopathological features
The epithelial lining of eruption cyst is similar to that of the dentigerous cyst (non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium), so the eruption cyst is considered a superficial dentigerous cyst.
The fibrous capsule shows inflammatory cells possibly as a result of trauma.
The epithelial lining of the cyst is separated from the alveolar mucosa by a thin layer of fibrous tissue with the epithelial tags of cystic epithelium facing those of the alveolar mucosa.
The cystic cavity may contain blood in addition to the yellowish protein fluid as a result of trauma.
Management
The cyst roof may be drained with its fluid to allow the tooth to erupt although most of them burst spontaneously.
References
Cysts of the oral and maxillofacial region |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20sponge%20nevus | White sponge nevus (WSN) is an autosomal dominant condition of the oral mucosa (the mucous membrane lining of the mouth). It is caused by a mutations in certain genes coding for keratin, which causes a defect in the normal process of keratinization of the mucosa. This results in lesions which are thick, white and velvety on the inside of the cheeks within the mouth. Usually, these lesions are present from birth or develop during childhood. The condition is entirely harmless, and no treatment is required.
Signs and symptoms
It presents itself in the mouth, most frequently as a thick, bilateral, symmetrical white plaques with a spongy, corrugated or velvety texture. Most usually, the lesions are on the buccal mucosa, but sometimes on the labial mucosa, alveolar ridge, floor of the mouth, ventral surface of the tongue or soft palate. The gingival margin and dorsum of the tongue are almost never affected. Less commonly, sites outside the mouth are affected, including the nasal, esophageal, laryngeal, anal and genital mucosae. It usually is present from birth, or develops during childhood. Rarely, the lesions may develop during adolescence. Apart from the appearance of the affected areas, there are usually no other signs or symptoms.
Pathophysiology
WSN is caused by a mutation of the keratin 4 or keratin 13 genes, located respectively at human chromosomes 12q13 and 17q21-q22. The condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. This indicates that the defective gene resp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic%20optimization | Logic optimization is a process of finding an equivalent representation of the specified logic circuit under one or more specified constraints. This process is a part of a logic synthesis applied in digital electronics and integrated circuit design.
Generally, the circuit is constrained to a minimum chip area meeting a predefined response delay. The goal of logic optimization of a given circuit is to obtain the smallest logic circuit that evaluates to the same values as the original one. Usually, the smaller circuit with the same function is cheaper, takes less space, consumes less power, has shorter latency, and minimizes risks of unexpected cross-talk, hazard of delayed signal processing, and other issues present at the nano-scale level of metallic structures on an integrated circuit.
In terms of Boolean algebra, the optimization of a complex boolean expression is a process of finding a simpler one, which would upon evaluation ultimately produce the same results as the original one.
Motivation
The problem with having a complicated circuit (i.e. one with many elements, such as logic gates) is that each element takes up physical space and costs time and money to produce. Circuit minimization may be one form of logic optimization used to reduce the area of complex logic in integrated circuits.
With the advent of logic synthesis, one of the biggest challenges faced by the electronic design automation (EDA) industry was to find the most simple circuit representation of the g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladan%20Mostofi | Ladan Mostofi (; born November 17, 1972) is an Iranian actress. She has received various accolades, including nominations for three Crystal Simorgh, two Hafez Awards and an Iran Cinema Celebration Awards. She won the Best Actress Award at the 3rd Eurasia International Film Festival for Goodnight Commander (2006).
Filmography
Film
Television
Web
See also
Persian cinema
References
External links
instagram
20th-century Iranian actresses
1972 births
Living people
People from Mazandaran Province
People from Tonekabon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted%20fair%20queueing | Weighted fair queueing (WFQ) is a network scheduling algorithm. WFQ is both a packet-based implementation of the generalized processor sharing (GPS) policy, and a natural extension of fair queuing (FQ). Whereas FQ shares the link's capacity in equal subparts, WFQ allows schedulers to specify, for each flow, which fraction of the capacity will be given.
Weighted fair queuing is also known as packet-by-packet GPS (PGPS or P-GPS) since it approximates generalized processor sharing "to within one packet transmission time, regardless of the arrival patterns."
Parametrization and fairness
Like other GPS-like scheduling algorithms, the choice of the weights is left to the network administrator. There is no unique definition of what is "fair" (see for further discussion).
By regulating the WFQ weights dynamically, WFQ can be utilized for controlling the quality of service, for example, to achieve guaranteed data rate.
Proportionally fair behavior can be achieved by setting the weights to , where is the cost per data bit of data flow . For example, in CDMA spread spectrum cellular networks, the cost may be the required energy (the interference level), and in dynamic channel allocation systems, the cost may be the number of nearby base station sites that can not use the same frequency channel, in view to avoid co-channel interference.
Algorithm
In WFQ, a scheduler handling flows is configured with one weight for each flow. Then, the flow of number will achieve an average |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar%20soft%20part%20sarcoma | Alveolar soft part sarcoma, abbreviated ASPS, is a very rare type of soft-tissue sarcoma, that grows slowly and whose cell of origin is unknown.
ASPS arises mainly in children and young adults and can migrate (metastasize) into other parts of the body, typically the lungs and the brain. Typically, ASPS arises in muscles and deep soft tissue of the thigh or the leg (lower extremities), but can also appear in the upper extremities (hands, neck, and head). While ASPS is a soft tissue sarcoma, it can also spread and grow inside the bones.
Etymology
The term alveolar comes from the microscopic pattern, visible during the analysis of slides of ASPS under the microscope in histopathology. The tumor cells seem to be arranged in the same pattern as the cells of the small air sacks (alveoli) in the lungs. However, this is just a structural similarity. ASPS was first described and characterized in 1952.
ASPS is a sarcoma, and that indicates that this cancer initially arises from tissue of embryonic mesenchymal origin. (The fertilized egg divides and redivides forming a sphere. Early in embryogenesis, dimples appear in the poles of the sphere and burrow through the sphere forming an inner passage that will ultimately form the gut. Malignancies arising from cells that were originally part of the outer layer of the sphere and those that were part of the embryonic tunnel are termed carcinomas; malignancies arising from the cells between the outer layer and the inner burrow are terme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary%20cell | The auxiliary cell is a spore-like structure that form within the fungal family Gigasporaceae (order Gigasporales). Auxiliary cells have thin cell walls, (spiny), papillate, knobby or sometimes smooth surfaces, and are formed from hyphae after spore germination before the formation of mycorrhizae, and then on the extraradical hyphae in the soil. They may not be 'cells' in the biological sense of the word, as they are structures found with coenocytic hyphae belonging to members of the phylum (division) Glomeromycota. Mostly they are known from members of the Gigasporaceae. Currently this family contains Gigaspora, Scutellospora and Racocetra, but there are other generic names that have not been widely accepted (Dentiscutata, Cetraspora, Fuscutata and Quatunica) — all of these form auxiliary cells. Members of the genus Pacispora (another genus in the Diversisporales) are also said to produce a kind of auxiliary cell but this requires further confirmation.
References
Fungal morphology and anatomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem%20of%20corresponding%20states | According to van der Waals, the theorem of corresponding states (or principle/law of corresponding states) indicates that all fluids, when compared at the same reduced temperature and reduced pressure, have approximately the same compressibility factor and all deviate from ideal gas behavior to about the same degree.
Material constants that vary for each type of material are eliminated, in a recast reduced form of a constitutive equation. The reduced variables are defined in terms of critical variables.
The principle originated with the work of Johannes Diderik van der Waals in about 1873 when he used the critical temperature and critical pressure to derive a universal property of all fluids that follow the van der Waals equation of state. It predicts a value of that is found to be an overestimate when compared to real gases.
Edward A. Guggenheim used the phrase "Principle of Corresponding States" in an opt-cited paper to describe the phenomenon where different systems have very similar behaviors when near a critical point.
There are many examples of non-ideal gas models which satisfy this theorem, such as the van der Waals model, the Dieterici model, and so on, that can be found on the page on real gases.
Compressibility factor at the critical point
The compressibility factor at the critical point, which is defined as , where the subscript indicates physical quantities measured at the critical point, is predicted to be a constant independent of substance by many e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Echols | Douglas Echols was convicted in a 1986 rape case. In 2002, his charges were finally cleared through DNA testing after he served over five years in prison. In 2005, a resolution was introduced in the Georgia Assembly by Representatives Tom Bordeaux and Chuck Sims requesting $1.6 million as compensation for his incarceration; however, the resolution was not approved.
The charges
On February 1, 1986, a young woman, Donna Givens, was leaving a Savannah nightclub in the early hours of the morning. As she left, three men accosted her, forced her into a car and drove her into an unknown neighborhood. Two of the men brought her into a house and raped her. Later, while they were arguing, Givens managed to escape and called the police. When asked to show police the location of her rape, Givens brought police to the house of Samuel Scott, where he and Echols were inside. She identified Echols as the man who held her down during the rape (this identification may have been based on suggestive ID procedures by the police including photo displays). Scott fled the scene because he had cocaine on him. Echols gave a false name. Even though Echols and Scott claimed mistaken identity and had two people testify to their whereabouts at the time of the incident, the court convicted them both based on Givens’ eyewitness identification and identification of the house. In the trial, Echols refused to testify against Scott. On March 26, 1987, Scott received a life sentence plus 20 years. Echols receiv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKA | NKA may refer to:
"Now known as"
"No known allergies" in medical jargon
Initialism for North Korean Army, also known as the Korean People's Army
Na+/K+-ATPase, an enzyme located in the plasma membrane in all animals
Karate Canada, previously the "National Karate Association" of Canada
New Kosovo Alliance, a political party
Neurokinin A, a neurologically active peptide that seems to be involved in reactions to pain and the inflammatory responses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-label%20classification | In machine learning, multi-label classification or multi-output classification is a variant of the classification problem where multiple nonexclusive labels may be assigned to each instance. Multi-label classification is a generalization of multiclass classification, which is the single-label problem of categorizing instances into precisely one of several (greater than or equal to two) classes. In the multi-label problem the labels are nonexclusive and there is no constraint on how many of the classes the instance can be assigned to.
Formally, multi-label classification is the problem of finding a model that maps inputs x to binary vectors y; that is, it assigns a value of 0 or 1 for each element (label) in y.
Problem transformation methods
Several problem transformation methods exist for multi-label classification, and can be roughly broken down into:
Transformation into binary classification problems
The baseline approach, called the binary relevance method, amounts to independently training one binary classifier for each label. Given an unseen sample, the combined model then predicts all labels for this sample for which the respective classifiers predict a positive result. Although this method of dividing the task into multiple binary tasks may resemble superficially the one-vs.-all (OvA) and one-vs.-rest (OvR) methods for multiclass classification, it is essentially different from both, because a single classifier under binary relevance deals with a single label, witho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic%20partial%20differential%20equation | A parabolic partial differential equation is a type of partial differential equation (PDE). Parabolic PDEs are used to describe a wide variety of time-dependent phenomena, including heat conduction, particle diffusion, and pricing of derivative investment instruments.
Definition
To define the simplest kind of parabolic PDE, consider a real-valued function of two independent real variables, and . A second-order, linear, constant-coefficient PDE for takes the form
and this PDE is classified as being parabolic if the coefficients satisfy the condition
Usually represents one-dimensional position and represents time,
and the PDE is solved subject to prescribed initial and boundary conditions.
The name "parabolic" is used because the assumption on the coefficients is the same as the condition
for the analytic geometry equation
to define a planar parabola.
The basic example of a parabolic PDE is the one-dimensional heat equation,
where is the temperature at time and at position along a thin rod, and is a positive constant (the thermal diffusivity). The symbol signifies the partial derivative of with respect to the time variable , and similarly is the second partial derivative with respect to . For this example, plays the role of in the general second-order linear PDE:
, , and the other coefficients are zero.
The heat equation says, roughly, that temperature at a given time and point rises or falls at a rate proportional to the difference between the temperatur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuranan | (English: Resonance) is the directorial debut by Bengali filmmaker Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury. The film premiered at the 2006 International Film Festival of India.
(meaning "resonance" in Bengali) explores the relationships of two married couples, and the impacts and consequences of their relationships.
Synopsis
Rahul, a creative and sensitive individual, arrives at a lonely hill station in Sikkim to help build a new holiday resort. The friendship between the two couples, Rahul and Nandita and Amit and Preeti, paves the way for a deeper bond between Rahul and Preeti. Towards the end of the movie, this "anuranan" between the two is misunderstood by society, including Amit. This misunderstanding intensifies when Rahul suddenly dies, leaving Nandita lonely. The fact that the love between Rahul and Nandita was pure does not prevent Nandita from falling prey to the rumors as well. All the four main characters are depicted as lost and lonely.
Awards and prizes
2008 – 54th (Indian) National Film Awards, Winner (Best Feature Film in Bengali)
2008 – Santa Cruz Film Festival, Emerging Filmmaker Award (Aniruddha Roy-Choudhury)
Cast
Rahul Bose as Rahul
Rituparna Sengupta as Nandita
Raima Sen as Preeti
Rajat Kapoor as Amit
Haradhan Bandopadhyay as Nandita's Father
Dolly Basu as Preeti's mother
Mithu Chakraborty as Nandita's sister
Barun Chanda as Mr Guha
Jacqui Dawson as Roda
Laura Price as Victoria
Peter Wear as Rahul's boss in London
Production
The film was shot on location in I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCST | GCST can stand for:
New standard tuning
"Glycine cleavage system T protein", another name for aminomethyltransferase |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty%20method | Penalty methods are a certain class of algorithms for solving constrained optimization problems.
A penalty method replaces a constrained optimization problem by a series of unconstrained problems whose solutions ideally converge to the solution of the original constrained problem. The unconstrained problems are formed by adding a term, called a penalty function, to the objective function that consists of a penalty parameter multiplied by a measure of violation of the constraints. The measure of violation is nonzero when the constraints are violated and is zero in the region where constraints are not violated.
Example
Let us say we are solving the following constrained problem:
subject to
This problem can be solved as a series of unconstrained minimization problems
where
In the above equations, is the exterior penalty function while are the penalty coefficients. In each iteration k of the method, we increase the penalty coefficient (e.g. by a factor of 10), solve the unconstrained problem and use the solution as the initial guess for the next iteration. Solutions of the successive unconstrained problems will asymptotically converge to the solution of the original constrained problem.
Practical application
Image compression optimization algorithms can make use of penalty functions for selecting how best to compress zones of colour to single representative values.
Barrier methods
Barrier methods constitute an alternative class of algorithms for constrained |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotix%20%28competition%29 | Robotix is an annual robotics and programming event that is organised by the Technology Robotix Society at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur). It is held during Kshitij, the institute's annual techno-management festival. Participation is open to college students. The event gives contestants an opportunity to showcase their talents in the fields of mechanical robotics, autonomous robotics and programming.
History
Robotix started in 2001 as an in-house event for the students of IIT Kharagpur. Kunal Sinha, Saurabh Prasad and Varun Rai created the event for IDEON, the school's techno-management festival. The inaugural event hosted eight teams. In 2003, the IDEON festival was reorganized and renamed to Kshitij. Robotix is now organized under Kshitij.
Event participation has increased over the years: Robotix 2006 had 220 teams, Robotix 2007 had 546 teams, and Robotix 2008 had over 1000 teams.
Robotix celebrated its tenth edition in 2010 with an array of challenging problem statements. Robotix 2011 conducted a water surface event, R.A.F.T., in which over 250 teams participated.
Events
Events during Robotix are conducted under three categories: manual, autonomous and programming/online. In the manual events, the participant handles the robot by using a remote control. The remote system may be wired or unwired. The robot then has to perform the specified task, which is usually something mechanical. In the autonomous events, the robots act independently; p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissibility | Transmissibility may have several meanings:
Transmissibility (vibration)
Transmissibility (electromagnetism)
Transmissivity, fluid flow in porous media
Transmissibility (structural dynamics)
In most contexts, transmissibility is related to permeability.
In medicine, transmissibility is a synonym for basic reproduction number and refers to transmission.
See also
Transmitter, a device for propagating electronic signals
Transmittance, in optics, the propagation of a light wave through a medium
Transmissivity in hydraulics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SABR%20volatility%20model | In mathematical finance, the SABR model is a stochastic volatility model, which attempts to capture the volatility smile in derivatives markets. The name stands for "stochastic alpha, beta, rho", referring to the parameters of the model. The SABR model is widely used by practitioners in the financial industry, especially in the interest rate derivative markets. It was developed by Patrick S. Hagan, Deep Kumar, Andrew Lesniewski, and Diana Woodward.
Dynamics
The SABR model describes a single forward , such as a LIBOR forward rate, a forward swap rate, or a forward stock price. This is one of the standards in market used by market participants to quote volatilities. The volatility of the forward is described by a parameter . SABR is a dynamic model in which both and are represented by stochastic state variables whose time evolution is given by the following system of stochastic differential equations:
with the prescribed time zero (currently observed) values and . Here, and are two correlated Wiener processes with correlation coefficient :
The constant parameters satisfy the conditions .
is a volatility-like parameter for the volatility. is the instantaneous correlation between the underlying and its volatility. The initial volatility controls the height of the ATM implied volatility level. Both the correlation and controls the slope of the implied skew. The volatiltiy of volatility controls its curvature.
The above dynamics is a stochastic version of the CEV |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Liberator%20%28magazine%29 | The Liberator was a monthly socialist magazine established by Max Eastman and his sister Crystal Eastman in 1918 to continue the work of The Masses, which was shut down by the wartime mailing regulations of the U.S. government. Intensely political, the magazine included copious quantities of art, poetry, and fiction along with political reporting and commentary. The publication was an organ of the Communist Party of America (CPA) from late 1922 and was merged with two other publications to form The Workers Monthly in 1924.
History
The Liberator focused on international news, featuring war correspondent and Communist Labor Party founder John Reed reporting on the ongoing situation in Soviet Russia; reports were filed from across post-war Europe by Robert Minor, Frederick Kuh, and Crystal Eastman.
As with The Masses, The Liberator relied heavily upon political art, including contributions from Maurice Becker, E.E. Cummings, John Dos Passos, Fred Ellis, Lydia Gibson, William Gropper, Ernest Hemingway, Helen Keller, J.J. Lankes, Boardman Robinson, Edmund Wilson, Wanda Gág, and Art Young. Each color cardstock cover of The Liberator was unique. Poetry and fiction fleshed out its pages, including work by Carl Sandburg, Claude McKay, Arturo Giovannitti, and others.
Maintaining a low price for the elaborate publication came at a huge cost, however. To economize, ultra-thin newsprint was used for the magazine's pages — cheap and high in acid content. The result was a fragile and e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-rep | In statistical hypothesis testing, p-rep or prep has been proposed as a statistical alternative to the classic p-value. Whereas a p-value is the probability of obtaining a result under the null hypothesis, p-rep purports to compute the probability of replicating an effect. The derivation of p-rep contained significant mathematical errors.
For a while, the Association for Psychological Science recommended that articles submitted to Psychological Science and their other journals report p-rep rather than the classic p-value, but this is no longer the case.
Calculation
Approximation from p
The value of the p-rep (prep) can be approximated based on the p-value (p) as follows:
The above applies for one-tailed distributions.
Criticism
The fact that the p-rep has a one-to-one correspondence with the p-value makes it clear that this new measure brings no additional information beyond that conveyed by the significance of the result. Killeen acknowledges this lack of information, but suggests that p-rep better captures the way naive experimenters conceptualize p-values and statistical hypothesis testing.
Among the criticisms of p-rep is the fact that while it attempts to estimate replicability, it ignores results from other studies which can accurately guide this estimate. For example, an experiment on some unlikely paranormal phenomenon may yield a p-rep of 0.75. Most people would still not conclude the probability of a replication was 75%. Rather, they would conclude it i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PECOTA | PECOTA, an acronym for Player Empirical Comparison and Optimization Test Algorithm, is a sabermetric system for forecasting Major League Baseball player performance. The word is a backronym based on the name of journeyman major league player Bill Pecota, who, with a lifetime batting average of .249, is perhaps representative of the typical PECOTA entry. PECOTA was developed by Nate Silver in 2002–2003 and introduced to the public in the book Baseball Prospectus 2003. Baseball Prospectus (BP) has owned PECOTA since 2003; Silver managed PECOTA from 2003 to 2009. Beginning in Spring 2009, BP assumed responsibility for producing the annual forecasts, making 2010 the first baseball season for which Silver played no role in producing PECOTA projections.
One of several widely publicized statistical systems of forecasts of player performance, PECOTA player forecasts are marketed by BP as a fantasy baseball product. Since 2003, annual PECOTA forecasts have been published both in the Baseball Prospectus annual books and, in more detailed form, on the BaseballProspectus.com subscription-based website. PECOTA also inspired some analogous projection systems for other professional sports: KUBIAK for the National Football League, SCHOENE and CARMELO for the National Basketball Association, and VUKOTA for the National Hockey League.
PECOTA forecasts a player's performance in all of the major categories used in typical fantasy baseball games; it also forecasts production in advanced saberm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Nix-Hines | Crystal Nix-Hines (born 1963) served as the United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) with the rank of Ambassador between July 2014 and January 2017.
Early life and education
Crystal Nix grew up in Wilmington, Delaware, where her father, Theophilus R. Nix Sr., was the second African-American attorney admitted to the Delaware bar, and her mother, Dr. Lulu Mae Nix, founded social service organizations. She attended the Wilmington Friends School, along with her sister and two brothers, one of whom is corporate counsel at DuPont Corporation.
In 1985, Nix-Hines was graduated from Princeton University, where she was a classmate of Michelle Robinson Obama and the editor-in-chief of The Daily Princetonian. From 2006 she served for nine years on Princeton's Board of Trustees. In 1990, she graduated from Harvard Law School, where she served as an editor of the Harvard Law Review with Barack Obama.
Career
Following law school, she clerked for Judge William A. Norris of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals from 1990 to 1991. From 1991 to 1992, she clerked for Justices Thurgood Marshall and Sandra Day O’Connor of the U.S. Supreme Court.
During her legal career, Nix-Hines has worked at Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, Fairbank & Vincent and O’Melveny & Myers, LLP. She also served as Assistant to the General Counsel/Senior Vice President of Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. and held several positions at the State De |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levinson%27s%20inequality | In mathematics, Levinson's inequality is the following inequality, due to Norman Levinson, involving positive numbers. Let and let be a given function having a third derivative on the range , and such that
for all . Suppose and for . Then
The Ky Fan inequality is the special case of Levinson's inequality, where
References
Scott Lawrence and Daniel Segalman: A generalization of two inequalities involving means, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. Vol 35 No. 1, September 1972.
Norman Levinson: Generalization of an inequality of Ky Fan, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. Vol 8 (1964), 133–134.
Inequalities |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit%20to%20lead | Hit to lead (H2L) also known as lead generation is a stage in early drug discovery where small molecule hits from a high throughput screen (HTS) are evaluated and undergo limited optimization to identify promising lead compounds. These lead compounds undergo more extensive optimization in a subsequent step of drug discovery called lead optimization (LO). The drug discovery process generally follows the following path that includes a hit to lead stage:
Target validation (TV) → Assay development → High-throughput screening (HTS) → Hit to lead (H2L) → Lead optimization (LO) → Preclinical development → Clinical development
The hit to lead stage starts with confirmation and evaluation of the initial screening hits and is followed by synthesis of analogs (hit expansion). Typically the initial screening hits display binding affinities for their biological target in the micromolar (10−6 molar concentration) range. Through limited H2L optimization, the affinities of the hits are often improved by several orders of magnitude to the nanomolar (10−9 M) range. The hits also undergo limited optimization to improve metabolic half life so that the compounds can be tested in animal models of disease and also to improve selectivity against other biological targets binding that may result in undesirable side effects.
On average, only one in every 5,000 compounds that enters drug discovery to the stage of preclinical development becomes an approved drug.
Hit confirmation
After hits are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Marrow%20Donor%20Association | World Marrow Donor Association (WMDA) is an organization based in Leiden, Netherlands, that coordinates the collection of the HLA phenotypes and other relevant data of volunteer hematopoietic cell donors (used to perform what used to be called bone marrow transplants, but now referred to as hematopoietic cell transplants) and cord blood units across the globe.
The global database with volunteer donors was founded in the Netherlands in 1988. Today, the Search & Match Service of WMDA is the world's largest hematopoietic cell database, listing more than 38 million stem cell donors and over 800,000 cord blood units. WMDA participants consist of 75 hematopoietic cell donor registries from 53 countries, and 53 cord blood banks from 36 countries.
These global hematopoietic cells from donors or cord blood units are used to transplant patients around the world with a variety of life-threatening blood disorders such as leukemia, lymphoma, aplastic anemia, as well as certain immune system and metabolic disorders.
Transplant organizations
International medical associations
International medical and health organizations
International organisations based in the Netherlands
Medical and health organisations based in the Netherlands |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithin%20cholesterol%20acyltransferase%20deficiency | Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency is a disorder of lipoprotein metabolism. The disease has two forms: Familial LCAT deficiency, in which there is complete LCAT deficiency, and Fish-eye disease, in which there is a partial deficiency.
Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters in lipoproteins.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of the familial form include visual impairment caused by diffuse corneal opacities, target cell hemolytic anemia, and kidney failure. Less common symptoms include atherosclerosis, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), and enlarged lymph nodes.
Fish-eye disease is less severe and most commonly presents with impaired vision due to corneal opacification. It rarely presents with other findings, although, atherosclerosis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy can occur. Carlson and Philipson found that the disease was named so because the cornea of the eye was so opaque or cloudy with dots of cholesterol that it resembled a boiled fish.
If an individual only carries one copy of the mutated gene, they typically do not show symptoms.
Pathophysiology
A deficiency of LCAT causes accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in certain body tissues. Cholesterol effluxes from cells as free cholesterol and is transported in HDL as esterified cholesterol. LCAT is the enzyme that esterifies the free cholesterol on HDL to cholesterol ester and allows the maturation of HDL. LCAT deficien |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livewire%20Segmentation%20Technique | Livewire, is a segmentation technique which allows a user to select regions of interest to be extracted quickly and accurately, using simple mouse clicks. It is based on the lowest cost path algorithm, by Edsger W. Dijkstra. Firstly convolve the image with a Sobel filter to extract edges. Each pixel of the resulting image is a vertex of the graph and has edges going to the 4 pixels around it, as up, down, left, right. The edge costs are defined based on a cost function. In 1995, Eric N. Mortensen and William A. Barrett made some extension work on livewire segmentation tool, which is known as Intelligent Scissors.
Livewire segmentation
The user sets the starting point clicking on an image's pixel, known as an anchor. Then, as he starts to move the mouse over other points, the smallest cost path is drawn from the anchor to the pixel where the mouse is over, changing itself if the user moves the mouse. If he wants to choose the path that is being displayed, he simply clicks the image again.
One can easily see in the right image, that the places where the user clicked to outline the desired region of interest are marked with a small square. It is also easy to see that the livewire has snapped on the image's borders.
Livewire algorithm
Convolve the image with a Sobel filter to extract edges. Using this filtered image create a graph using pixels as nodes with edges in four directions (up, down, left right). Edges are weighted with features gathered from the Sobel filter making i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine%20vector-borne%20disease | A canine vector-borne disease (CVBD) is one of "a group of globally distributed and rapidly spreading illnesses that are caused by a range of pathogens transmitted by arthropods including ticks, fleas, mosquitoes and phlebotomine sandflies." CVBDs are important in the fields of veterinary medicine, animal welfare, and public health. Some CVBDs are of zoonotic concern.
Many CVBD are transmissible to humans as well as companion animals. Some CVBD are fatal; most can only be controlled, not cured. Therefore, infection should be avoided by preventing arthropod vectors from feeding on the blood of their preferred hosts. While it is well known that arthropods transmit bacteria and protozoa during blood feeds, viruses are also becoming recognized as another group of transmitted pathogens of both animals and humans.
Some canine vector-borne pathogens of major zoonotic concern are found worldwide, while others are localized by continent. Listed by vector, some such pathogens and their associated diseases are the following:
Phlebotomine sandflies (Psychodidae):
Leishmania amazonensis, L. colombiensis, and L. infantum cause visceral leishmaniasis (see also canine leishmaniasis).
L. braziliensis causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.
L. tropica causes cutaneous leishmaniasis.
L. peruviana and L. major cause localized cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Triatomine bugs (Reduviidae):
Trypanosoma cruzi causes trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease).
Ticks (Ixodidae):
Babesia canis subspecies (Babesia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCX | MCX may refer to:
Manila Commodity Exchange, a commodity and derivatives exchange based in Makati, Philippines
Multi Commodity Exchange, an independent commodity exchange based in India.
Merchant Customer Exchange, a joint venture with the desired purpose of offering a new platform for smartphone-based transactions
MCX connector, a coaxial RF connector
Muntinlupa–Cavite Expressway, an expressway between Muntinlupa and Cavite
1110, in Roman numerals
SIG Sauer MCX, a carbine series designed and manufactured by SIG Sauer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census%20in%20Pakistan | The Census in Pakistan (), is a decennial census and a descriptive count of Pakistan's population on Census Day, and of their dwellings, conducted and supervised by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. The 2017 Census in Pakistan marks the first census to take place in Pakistan since 1998. The most recent census was the 2023 Pakistani census.
Overview
A national census is mandated by the Constitution of Pakistan to be held every ten years. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the first census took place in 1951 under Finance Minister Sir Malik Ghulam, serving under Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan. Since 1951, there have been only 6 nationwide censuses (1961, 1972, 1981, 1998 and 2017). Delays and postponements have often been due to politicization. Pakistan's last completed census took place in 2017. The next national census was scheduled to take place in 2001 and later 2008, and again in 2010, but none of those plans could materialize. There were multiple census counts completed for the latest round in April 2012, but were subsequently thrown out as being "unreliable". A UN led census was to be conducted with staff training and GPS digitisation. As of 2015, the population of Pakistan is estimated at 191.71 million. As of 2016, the population of religious minorities in Pakistan have increased to 3 million. On 25 August 2017, the official results declared Pakistan's population to be 207.74 million.
.
Census
1951
According to 1951 census, the Dominion of Pakistan (both |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manihi%20Airport | Manihi Airport is an airport serving Manihi, an atoll in the Tuamotu archipelago in French Polynesia. It is located 3 km northwest of the village of Paeva.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
References
External links
Airports in French Polynesia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930%E2%80%9331%20Serie%20A | The 1930–31 Serie A season was won by Juventus.
Teams
Casale and Legnano had been promoted from Serie B.
Final classification
Results
Top goalscorers
References and sources
Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005
External links
:it:Classifica calcio Serie A italiana 1931 - Italian version with pictures and info.
- All results with goalscorers on RSSSF Website.
Serie A seasons
Italy
1930–31 in Italian football leagues |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931%E2%80%9332%20Serie%20A | The 1931–32 Serie A season was won by Juventus.
Teams
Fiorentina and Bari had been promoted from Serie B.
Final classification
Relegation tie-breaker
Played in Bologna.
Brescia was relegated to Serie B.
Results
Top goalscorers
References and sources
Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005
External links
:it:Classifica calcio Serie A italiana 1932 - Italian version with pictures and info.
- All results with goalscorers on RSSSF Website.
1931-32
1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932%E2%80%9333%20Serie%20A | The 1932–33 Serie A season was won by Juventus.
Teams
Palermo and Padova had been promoted from Serie B.
Final classification
Results
Top goalscorers
References and sources
Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005
External links
- All results with goalscorers on RSSSF Website.
Serie A seasons
Italy
1932–33 in Italian football leagues |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Statistics%20Office%20%28India%29 | The Central Statistics Office (CSO) is a governmental agency in India under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation responsible for co-ordination of statistical activities in India, and evolving and maintaining statistical standards. It has a Graphical Unit. The CSO is located in Delhi. Some portion of Industrial Statistics work pertaining to Annual Survey of industries is carried out in Calcutta. It deals with statistical data of different departments.
Activities
The Central Statistics Office is responsible for co-ordination of statistical activities in the country, and evolving and maintaining statistical standards. Its activities include National Income Accounting; conduct of Annual Survey of Industries, Economic Censuses and its follow up surveys, compilation of Index of Industrial Production, as well as Consumer Price Indices for Urban Non-Manual Employees, Human Development Statistics, Gender Statistics, imparting training in Official Statistics, Five Year Plan work relating to Development of Statistics in the States and Union Territories; dissemination of statistical information, work relating to trade, energy, construction, and environment statistics, revision of National Industrial Classification, etc.
It has two publications :
1. the statistical abstract- InIndia (annual)
2. the monthly abstract of Statistics
Organisation
The CSO is headed by the Director-General who is assisted by Five additional Director-Generals and four Deputy Director-General |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFIP | HFIP may refer to:
High Frequency Internet Protocol
Hexafluoro-2-propanol
Hurricane Forecast Intensity Project |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20Trinidad | Radio Trinidad was the oldest radio station in Trinidad and Tobago. It began broadcasting in 1947 at 11B Maraval Road in Port of Spain on the frequency 730 AM.
Over the years, the station successfully hosted a wide variety of programmes including soap operas, local and international news, educational documentaries such as the School Broadcasting Unit's show, which aired around 10a.m. on Mondays to Fridays when school was in session, and The Passing Parade hosted by John Doremus.
The station's announcers included June Gonsalves, Barbara Assoon, Glen Antoine, Sam Ghany, Val Douglas, Russell Winston, Trevor McDonald, Errol Chevalier, David Evelyn, Patrick Mathura, Peter Minshall, Don Proudfoot, Bob Gittens and Ashton Chambers.
Two of the most popular programmes were:
Sunday Serenade, a show that featured performers of the day including the Mighty Sparrow and Ken Hutcheon), broadcast at 11.00 a.m. on Sundays and hosted by Sam Ghany.
Auntie Kay, a children's talent show named after its presenter Kathleen Davis, which ran on Sundays at 2 p.m. and was sponsored by the Bermudez Biscuit Company. The back-up band was Choy Aming and the featured pianists were Aldwyn Albino and Dawlett Ahee.
Among other regular features were the Cook Caribbean Jazz programme (which took its name from a Trinidad recording company, Cook Caribbean, that originally produced 78rpm records and later continued with the 33 format), and The Indian Hour at 6 p.m. every day. There was also a programme for chi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splendid%20lanternshark | The splendid lanternshark (Etmopterus splendidus) is a shark of the family Etmopteridae found in the western Pacific at depths between 120 and 210 m. Through the classification of Etmopterus species into several clades based on the positioning of their bioluminescent photophores, the splendid lanternshark can be considered a member of the Etmopterus pusillus clade.
Its length is up to 30 cm.
Reproduction is ovoviviparous.
Physiological Features and Adaptations
Bioluminescence
Patterning
The patterns of bioluminescent photophores found on the rostrum, dorsal area, and around the spine of splendid lantern sharks are similar to those of other members of the family Etmopteridae, namely Etmopterus spinax and Etmopterus molleri, but there are important differences. Dorsal photophores in all three species are arranged in three lines running the length of the back, but what distinguishes the splendid lanternshark from the other species is the longitudinal line of the dorsal area. This line is different from other species' in that it is significantly thicker. The bioluminescence spectra wavelength of Etmopterus splendidus is 476 nm, which is the wavelength light is present in the depths they are normally found. This is significant as it allows their bioluminescence to hide the sharks from predators and prey.
The photophores of Etmopterus splendidus are typical of etmopterid sharks, “i.e. a cluster of photocytes enclosed in a pigmented sheath and surmounted by pigmented and le |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicazione%20geografica%20tipica | Indicazione geografica tipica () is the third of four classifications of wine recognized by the government of Italy. Created to recognize the unusually high quality of the class of wines known as Super Tuscans, IGT wines are labeled with the locality of their creation. However, they do not meet the requirements of the stricter DOC or DOCG designations, which are generally intended to protect traditional wine formulations such as Chianti or Barolo. It is considered broadly equivalent to the former French vin de pays classification (which is now generally protected as Protected geographical indication (French: Indication Géographique Protégée) under EU law. Wines from the Aosta Valley, where the French language is co-official, may state Vin de pays on the label in place of Indicazione geografica tipica. This classification is seen to be a higher quality wine than vino da tavola.
See also
List of Italian IGT wines
Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union
Traditional food
References
Law of Italy
Italian wine
Trademark law
Appellations
Wine classification |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Aston%20Villa%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics | Aston Villa Football Club are an English professional association football club based in Aston, Birmingham, who currently play in the Premier League. The club was founded in 1874 and were founding members of the Football League in 1888, as well as the Premier League in 1992. They are one of the oldest football clubs in England, having won the First Division Championship seven times and the FA Cup seven times. In 1982, the club became one of only six English clubs to win the European Cup.
This list encompasses the honours won by Aston Villa and the records set by the players and the club. The player records section includes details of the club's leading goalscorers and those who have made the most appearances in first-team competitions. Attendance records at Villa Park are also included in the list.
Honours
Aston Villa have won honours both domestically and in European cup competitions. Their most recent domestic honour was a League Cup win in 1996.
European
European Cup:
Winners (1): 1982
European Super Cup:
Winners (1): 1982–83
Intertoto Cup:
Winners (1): 2001
Co-winners (1): 2008
Domestic
League
Football League First Division:
Winners (7): 1894, 1896, 1897, 1899, 1900, 1910, 1981
Runners up (9): 1889, 1903, 1908, 1911, 1913, 1914, 1931, 1933, 1990
Premier League:
Runners up (1): 1993
Football League Second Division:
Winners (2): 1938, 1960
Runners up (2): 1975, 1988
Play-Offs (1): 2019
Football League Third Division:
Winners (1): 1972
Cups
F |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CME%20Group | CME Group Inc., headquartered in Chicago, operates financial derivatives exchanges including the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Chicago Board of Trade, New York Mercantile Exchange, and The Commodity Exchange. The company also owns 27% of S&P Dow Jones Indices. It is the world's largest operator of financial derivatives exchanges. Its exchanges are platforms for trading in agricultural products, currencies, energy, interest rates, metals, futures contracts, options, stock indexes, and cryptocurrencies futures.
In addition to its headquarters in Chicago, the company also has offices in New York, Washington, and Houston in the U.S., as well as abroad in London, Bangalore, Beijing, Belfast, Calgary, Hong Kong, Seoul, Singapore, and Tokyo.
History
CME Group's origins began with the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), which was founded in 1898 as a nonprofit corporation. In 1919, it established its clearing house. In 2000, CME demutualized. In 2002, CME became a public company via an initial public offering.
On July 12, 2007, CME completed a merger with its historical rival the Chicago Board of Trade in an $8 billion deal that created the world's largest financial market. The overarching holding company then launched as CME Group.
In 2012, Phupinder Gill, then CME Group's president and COO, became the company's CEO.
In November 2016, Gill retired from his role and Terrence A. Duffy, then executive chairman and president of the company, took on an expanded role as its CEO.
In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinaria%20ornata | Turbinaria ornata is a tropical brown algae of the order Fucales native to coral reef ecosystems of the South Pacific. Turbinaria ornata is more commonly referred to as crowded sea bells in the US and crowned sea bells worldwide. It can quickly colonize these ecosystems due in part to its method of dispersing by detaching older and more buoyant fronds that travel on surface currents, sometimes in large rafts of many individual thalli, or fronds. Some scientists are investigating whether the increase in density of seaweeds, and a decrease in living coral density, on coral reef ecosystems indicates a change in the health of the reef, focusing studies on this particular species of brown alga.
Description
Yellow in color but can also be dark brown. It can span anywhere from 2-20 CM tall. A good way to describe it would be a club made up of spikey flowers. Turbinaria ornata can alter its morphology and strength of macroalgae in response to hydrodynamic forces.
Distribution and habitat
Widely distributed in the central and western Pacific and Indian oceans. Turbinaria ornata flourishes in tropical areas such as the Hawaiian islands and Tahiti. Very common in rocky interditdal areas. Most of the time they are the most abundant species of algae in the areas where they are found, with massive colonies. Although It is considered an invasive species in some places, Turbinaria Ornata is not considered a problem species in the Hawaiian islands. Turbinaria ornata have had a massiv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediastinal%20germ%20cell%20tumor | Mediastinal germ cell tumors are tumors that derive from germ cell rest remnants in the mediastinum. Germ cell tumors most commonly occur in the gonad but occasionally elsewhere.
Signs and symptoms
Unlike benign germ cell tumors of the mediastinum, malignant mediastinal tumors are usually symptomatic at the time of diagnosis. Most mediastinal malignant tumors are large and cause symptoms by compressing or invading adjacent structures, including the lungs, pleura, pericardium, and chest wall.
Seminomas grow relatively slowly and can become very large before causing symptoms. Tumors 20 to 30 cm in diameter can exist with minimal symptomatology.
Rare cases of adult onset acute megakaryoblastic leukemia are associated with malignant mediastinal germ cell tumor. In these cases, the mediastinal germ cell tumor develops before or concomitantly with but not after acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. The three most common genetic aberrations in the bone marrow cells of these individuals (representing ~65% of all cases) are inversions in the long arm of chromosome 12, trisomy 8, and an extra X chromosome. In several of these cases, the genetic aberrations in the malignant megakaryoblasts were similar to those in the malignant mediastinal germ cells. These results and those of other analyses suggest that the two malignancies derive from a common founding clone of cells (i.e. a set of genetically identical cells).
Cause
Some investigators suggest that this distribution arises as a conseq |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expand%20Networks | Expand Networks, Ltd. was a Tel Aviv, Israel based provider of WAN optimization technology founded in 1998 and liquidated in 2011.
About
Expand Networks was a privately held company, co-founded by Talmon Marco in 1998; initial financing was provided by Discount Investment Corporation Ltd., The Eurocom Group, Ophir Holdings, and a private group of investors, including Memco Software founder Israel Mezin. Additional investors joined in subsequent rounds of funding. The company raised over $95 million.
Expand Networks headquarters was in Tel-Aviv, Israel with sales in the United States and Europe, New Jersey, Australia, China, Singapore, and South Africa.
The company manufactured accelerators in physical, virtual and mobile deployment options.
Liquidation
In mid October 2011, following the requests of Plenus, one of the company's lenders, an Israeli court appointed a liquidator - Paz Rimer. The liquidator gradually terminated the company's employees and eventually, on 11 January 2012 sold most of the assets of the company to Riverbed Technology, which immediately terminated all the company's products and ceased support.
External links
Expand Networks Home Page
Expand Networks reassures partners it's business as usual
References
Software companies established in 1998
Software companies of Israel
WAN optimization
Companies based in Essex County, New Jersey
Networking hardware companies
Israeli companies established in 1998
1998 establishments in New Jersey
2011 dise |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheoscope | In fluid mechanics (specifically rheology), a rheoscope is an instrument for detecting or measuring the viscosity of a fluid.
In the study of blood flow, a rheoscope is used to observe and measure the deformation of blood cells subject to different levels of fluid shear stress.
References
Fluid mechanics
Scientific instruments |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkov%20statistic | Sinkov statistics, also known as log-weight statistics, is a specialized field of statistics that was developed by Abraham Sinkov, while working for the small Signal Intelligence Service organization, the primary mission of which was to compile codes and ciphers for use by the U.S. Army. The mathematics involved include modular arithmetic, a bit of number theory, some linear algebra of two dimensions with matrices, some combinatorics, and a little statistics.
Sinkov did not explain the theoretical underpinnings of his statistics, or characterized its distribution, nor did he give a decision procedure for accepting or rejecting candidate plaintexts on the basis of their S1 scores. The situation becomes more difficult when comparing strings of different lengths because Sinkov does not explain how the distribution of his statistics changes with length, especially when applied to higher-order grams. As for how to accept or reject a candidate plaintext, Sinkov simply said to try all possibilities and to pick the one with the highest S1 value. Although the procedure works for some applications, it is inadequate for applications that require on-line decisions. Furthermore, it is desirable to have a meaningful interpretation of the S1 values.
References
Cryptographic attacks
Computational linguistics
Statistical natural language processing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-flow%20filtration | In chemical engineering, biochemical engineering and protein purification, crossflow filtration (also known as tangential flow filtration) is a type of filtration (a particular unit operation). Crossflow filtration is different from dead-end filtration in which the feed is passed through a membrane or bed, the solids being trapped in the filter and the filtrate being released at the other end. Cross-flow filtration gets its name because the majority of the feed flow travels tangentially across the surface of the filter, rather than into the filter. The principal advantage of this is that the filter cake (which can blind the filter) is substantially washed away during the filtration process, increasing the length of time that a filter unit can be operational. It can be a continuous process, unlike batch-wise dead-end filtration.
This type of filtration is typically selected for feeds containing a high proportion of small particle size solids (where the permeate is of most value) because solid material can quickly block (blind) the filter surface with dead-end filtration. Industrial examples of this include the extraction of soluble antibiotics from fermentation liquors.
The main driving force of cross-flow filtration process is transmembrane pressure. Transmembrane pressure is a measure of pressure difference between two sides of the membrane. During the process, the transmembrane pressure might decrease due to an increase of permeate viscosity, therefore filtration efficien |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Warshall | Stephen Warshall (November 15, 1935 – December 11, 2006) was an American computer scientist. During his career, Warshall carried out research and development in operating systems, compiler design, language design, and operations research. Warshall died on December 11, 2006 of cancer at his home in Gloucester, Massachusetts. He is survived by his wife, Sarah Dunlap, and two children, Andrew D. Warshall and Sophia V. Z. Warshall.
Early life
Warshall was born in New York City and went to public school in Brooklyn. He graduated from A.B. Davis High School in Mount Vernon, New York and attended Harvard University, receiving a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1956. He never received an advanced degree since at that time no programs were available in his areas of interest. However, he took graduate courses at several different universities and contributed to the development of computer science and software engineering. In the 1971–1972 academic year, he lectured on software engineering at French universities.
Employment
After graduating from Harvard, Warshall worked at ORO (Operation Research Office), a program set up by Johns Hopkins to do research and development for the United States Army. In 1958, he left ORO to take a position at a company called Technical Operations, where he helped build a research and development laboratory for military software projects. In 1961, he left Technical Operations to found Massachusetts Computer Associates. Later, this company became part of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-order%20cone%20programming | A second-order cone program (SOCP) is a convex optimization problem of the form
minimize
subject to
where the problem parameters are , and . is the optimization variable.
is the Euclidean norm and indicates transpose. The "second-order cone" in SOCP arises from the constraints, which are equivalent to requiring the affine function to lie in the second-order cone in .
SOCPs can be solved by interior point methods and in general, can be solved more efficiently than semidefinite programming (SDP) problems. Some engineering applications of SOCP include filter design, antenna array weight design, truss design, and grasping force optimization in robotics. Applications in quantitative finance include portfolio optimization; some market impact constraints, because they are not linear, cannot be solved by quadratic programming but can be formulated as SOCP problems.
Second-order cone
The standard or unit second-order cone of dimension is defined as
.
The second-order cone is also known by quadratic cone, ice-cream cone, or Lorentz cone. The second-order cone in is .
The set of points satisfying a second-order cone constraint is the inverse image of the unit second-order cone under an affine mapping:
and hence is convex.
The second-order cone can be embedded in the cone of the positive semidefinite matrices since
i.e., a second-order cone constraint is equivalent to a linear matrix inequality (Here means is semidefinite matrix). Similarly, we also have,
.
Relati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski%E2%80%93Steiner%20formula | In mathematics, the Minkowski–Steiner formula is a formula relating the surface area and volume of compact subsets of Euclidean space. More precisely, it defines the surface area as the "derivative" of enclosed volume in an appropriate sense.
The Minkowski–Steiner formula is used, together with the Brunn–Minkowski theorem, to prove the isoperimetric inequality. It is named after Hermann Minkowski and Jakob Steiner.
Statement of the Minkowski-Steiner formula
Let , and let be a compact set. Let denote the Lebesgue measure (volume) of . Define the quantity by the Minkowski–Steiner formula
where
denotes the closed ball of radius , and
is the Minkowski sum of and , so that
Remarks
Surface measure
For "sufficiently regular" sets , the quantity does indeed correspond with the -dimensional measure of the boundary of . See Federer (1969) for a full treatment of this problem.
Convex sets
When the set is a convex set, the lim-inf above is a true limit, and one can show that
where the are some continuous functions of (see quermassintegrals) and denotes the measure (volume) of the unit ball in :
where denotes the Gamma function.
Example: volume and surface area of a ball
Taking gives the following well-known formula for the surface area of the sphere of radius , :
where is as above.
References
Calculus of variations
Geometry
Hermann Minkowski
Measure theory
Theorems in measure theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunn%E2%80%93Minkowski%20theorem | In mathematics, the Brunn–Minkowski theorem (or Brunn–Minkowski inequality) is an inequality relating the volumes (or more generally Lebesgue measures) of compact subsets of Euclidean space. The original version of the Brunn–Minkowski theorem (Hermann Brunn 1887; Hermann Minkowski 1896) applied to convex sets; the generalization to compact nonconvex sets stated here is due to Lazar Lyusternik (1935).
Statement
Let n ≥ 1 and let μ denote the Lebesgue measure on Rn. Let A and B be two nonempty compact subsets of Rn. Then the following inequality holds:
where A + B denotes the Minkowski sum:
The theorem is also true in the setting where are only assumed to be measurable and non-empty.
Multiplicative version
The multiplicative form of Brunn–Minkowski inequality states that for all .
The Brunn–Minkowski inequality is equivalent to the multiplicative version.
In one direction, use the inequality (exponential is convex), which holds for . In particular, .
Conversely, using the multiplicative form, we find
The right side is maximized at , which gives
.
The Prékopa–Leindler inequality is a functional generalization of this version of Brunn–Minkowski.
On the hypothesis
Measurability
It is possible for to be Lebesgue measurable and to not be; a counter example can be found in "Measure zero sets with non-measurable sum." On the other hand, if are Borel measurable, then is the continuous image of the Borel set , so analytic and thus measurable. See the discussion i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal%20robot | A personal robot is one whose human interface and design make it useful for individuals. This is by contrast to industrial robots which are generally configured and operated by robotics specialists. A personal robot is one that enables an individual to automate the repetitive or menial part of home or work life making them more productive.
Similar to the way that the transition from mainframe computers to the personal computers revolutionized personal productivity, the transition from industrial robotics to personal robotics is changing productivity in home and work settings.
Turning a robot like ASIMO or Atlas into a universally applicable personal robot or artificial servant is mainly a
programming task. As of today vast improvements in motion planning, computer vision (esp. scene recognition), natural language processing, and automated reasoning are indispensable to make this a possibility.
History
iRobot Corp. introduced the Roomba in 2002
The Institute for Personal Robots in Education introduced the concept to teach computing using personal robots in 2006.
Stanford University Personal Robotics Program introduced PR1 in 2007.
Willow Garage introduced the PR2 robot in 2010.
RoboDynamics introduced Luna in 2011.
Milagrow HumanTech introduced India's 1st Robotic vacuum cleaner, the RedHawk in 2011 and then the World's 1st Body Massaging Robot in 2012.
Toys
Robotic toys, such as the well known Furby, have been popular since 1998. There are also small humanoid re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor%20Neurone%20Disease%20Association | The Motor Neurone Disease Association (MND Association) focuses on improving access to care, research and campaigning for those people living with or affected by motor neurone disease (MND) in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. MND is also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or, in the United States, Lou Gehrig's disease.
The Association is the only national charity in England, Wales and Northern Ireland that funds and promotes global research into the disease and provides support for people affected by MND.
Activities
Research
The MND Association funds and promotes research to understand what causes MND, how to diagnose it and, most importantly, how to effectively treat it so that it no longer devastates lives. It does this by:
Funding research
Coordinating research through conferences and symposia
The Association organises the International Symposium on ALS/MND, an annual event which brings together leading international researchers and health and social care professionals to present and debate innovations in their fields.
The Association funds research that includes animal testing.
Care and information
Provide information to patients and carers
Provide care through a network of branches and regional care advisers
Fundraising
Fundraising and income generating activities
The Association has 90 volunteer branches and groups across England, Wales and Northern Ireland, that assist with regional fundraising activities
The Association benefits from l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20wavelet | Continuous wavelets of compact support alpha can be built, which are related to the beta distribution. The process is derived from probability distributions using blur derivative. These new wavelets have just one cycle, so they are termed unicycle wavelets. They can be viewed as a soft variety of Haar wavelets whose shape is fine-tuned by two parameters and . Closed-form expressions for beta wavelets and scale functions as well as their spectra are derived. Their importance is due to the Central Limit Theorem by Gnedenko and Kolmogorov applied for compactly supported signals.
Beta distribution
The beta distribution is a continuous probability distribution defined over the interval . It is characterised by a couple of parameters, namely and according to:
.
The normalising factor is ,
where is the generalised factorial function of Euler and is the Beta function.
Gnedenko-Kolmogorov central limit theorem revisited
Let be a probability density of the random variable , i.e.
, and .
Suppose that all variables are independent.
The mean and the variance of a given random variable are, respectively
.
The mean and variance of are therefore and .
The density of the random variable corresponding to the sum is given by the
Central Limit Theorem for distributions of compact support (Gnedenko and Kolmogorov).
Let be distributions such that .
Let , and .
Without loss of generality assume that and .
The random variable holds, as ,
where and
Bet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung%27s%20theorem | In geometry, Jung's theorem is an inequality between the diameter of a set of points in any Euclidean space and the radius of the minimum enclosing ball of that set. It is named after Heinrich Jung, who first studied this inequality in 1901. Algorithms also exist to solve the smallest-circle problem explicitly.
Statement
Consider a compact set
and let
be the diameter of K, that is, the largest Euclidean distance between any two of its points. Jung's theorem states that there exists a closed ball with radius
that contains K. The boundary case of equality is attained by the regular n-simplex.
Jung's theorem in the plane
The most common case of Jung's theorem is in the plane, that is, when n = 2. In this case the theorem states that there exists a circle enclosing all points whose radius satisfies
and this bound is as tight as possible since when K is an equilateral triangle (or its three vertices) one has
General metric spaces
For any bounded set in any metric space, . The first inequality is implied by the triangle inequality for the center of the ball and the two diametral points, and the second inequality follows since a ball of radius centered at any point of will contain all of . Both these inequalities are tight:
In a uniform metric space, that is, a space in which all distances are equal, .
At the other end of the spectrum, in an injective metric space such as the Manhattan distance in the plane, : any two closed balls of radius centered at points of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindstr%C3%B6m%27s%20theorem | In mathematical logic, Lindström's theorem (named after Swedish logician Per Lindström, who published it in 1969) states that first-order logic is the strongest logic (satisfying certain conditions, e.g. closure under classical negation) having both the (countable) compactness property and the (downward) Löwenheim–Skolem property.
Lindström's theorem is perhaps the best known result of what later became known as abstract model theory, the basic notion of which is an abstract logic; the more general notion of an institution was later introduced, which advances from a set-theoretical notion of model to a category-theoretical one. Lindström had previously obtained a similar result in studying first-order logics extended with Lindström quantifiers.
Lindström's theorem has been extended to various other systems of logic, in particular modal logics by Johan van Benthem and Sebastian Enqvist.
Notes
References
Per Lindström, "On Extensions of Elementary Logic", Theoria 35, 1969, 1–11.
Johan van Benthem, "A New Modal Lindström Theorem", Logica Universalis 1, 2007, 125–128.
Sebastian Enqvist, "A General Lindström Theorem for Some Normal Modal Logics", Logica Universalis 7, 2013, 233–264.
Shawn Hedman, A first course in logic: an introduction to model theory, proof theory, computability, and complexity, Oxford University Press, 2004, , section 9.4
Mathematical logic
Theorems in the foundations of mathematics
Metatheorems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical%20time%20scale | In time standards, dynamical time is the independent variable of the equations of celestial mechanics. This is in contrast to time scales such as mean solar time which are based on how far the earth has turned. Since Earth's rotation is not constant, using a time scale based on it for calculating the positions of heavenly objects gives errors. Dynamical time can be inferred from the observed position of an astronomical object via a theory of its motion. A first application of this concept of dynamical time was the definition of the ephemeris time scale (ET).
In the late 19th century it was suspected, and in the early 20th century it was established, that the rotation of the Earth (i.e. the length of the day) was both irregular on short time scales, and was slowing down on longer time scales. The suggestion was made, that observation of the position of the Moon, Sun and planets and comparison of the observations with their gravitational ephemerides would be a better way to determine a uniform time scale. A detailed proposal of this kind was published in 1948 and adopted by the IAU in 1952 (see Ephemeris time - history).
Using data from Newcomb's Tables of the Sun (based on the theory of the apparent motion of the Sun by Simon Newcomb, 1895, as retrospectively used in the definition of ephemeris time), the SI second was defined in 1960 as:
the fraction 1/31,556,925.9747 of the tropical year for 1900 January 0 at 12 hours ephemeris time.
Caesium atomic clocks became opera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAYA-II | MAYA-II (Molecular Array of YES and ANDNOT logic gates) is a DNA computer, based on DNA Stem Loop Controllers, developed by scientists at Columbia University and the University of New Mexico and created in 2006.
Replacing the normally silicon-based circuits, this chip has DNA strands to form the circuit. It is said that the speed of such DNA-circuited computer chips will rival and surpass the silicon-based ones, they will be of use in blood samples and in the body and might partake in single cell signaling.
It is the successor to the MAYA I which was composed of only 23 logic gates and could only complete specific games of tic-tac-toe. MAYA-II has more than 100 DNA circuits and can now thoroughly play a game of tic-tac-toe. It is very slow - one move in a game of tic-tac-toe can take up to 30 minutes making it more of a demonstration than an actual application.
The arrangement of this device looks like that of a tic-tac-toe grid and consists of nine wells coated with culture cells. The logic gates are made of the E6 Deoxyribozymes (or DNAzyme) which react to specific oligonucleotide input. Upon reaction, the DNAzyme cleaves the substrate producing an increase in red or green fluorescence, depending on whether it is the computer's or the human's turn respectively.
This technology was used to deepen the quality of diagnostics given to patients infected with the West Nile virus. Joanne Macdonald, a Columbia University virologist, hopes this device can be implanted in the h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike%20protein | In virology, a spike protein or peplomer protein is a protein that forms a large structure known as a spike or peplomer projecting from the surface of an enveloped virus. The proteins are usually glycoproteins that form dimers or trimers.
History and etymology
The term "peplomer" refers to an individual spike from the viral surface; collectively the layer of material at the outer surface of the virion has been referred to as the "peplos". The term is derived from the Greek peplos, "a loose outer garment", "robe or cloak", or "woman['s] mantle". Early systems of viral taxonomy, such as the Lwoff-Horne-Tournier system proposed in the 1960s, used the appearance and morphology of the "peplos" and peplomers as important characteristics for classification. More recently, the term "peplos" is considered a synonym for viral envelope.
Properties
Spikes or peplomers are usually rod- or club-shaped projections from the viral surface. Spike proteins are membrane proteins with typically large external ectodomains, a single transmembrane domain that anchors the protein in the viral envelope, and a short tail in the interior of the virion. They may also form protein–protein interactions with other viral proteins, such as those forming the nucleocapsid. They are usually glycoproteins, more commonly via N-linked than O-linked glycosylation.
Functions
Spikes typically have a role in viral entry. They may interact with cell-surface receptors located on the host cell and may have hemagglutin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau%20Ph%C3%A9lan%20S%C3%A9gur | Château Phélan Ségur lies in the commune of Saint-Estèphe in the Bordeaux region of France, neighbouring vineyards Château Calon-Ségur and Château Montrose. In a 2003 Cru Bourgeois classification revision, it was listed as one of 9 Cru Bourgeois Exceptionnels.
A second wine is produced since 1986, under the label Frank Phelan. A more recent venture is a wine titled La Croix Bonis.
History
The Irishman Bernard Phelan (1770–1841) acquired the Domaine Le Clos de Garamey in 1805 and Ségur de Cabarnac in 1810. In Ireland, he was a neighbour and friend of Hugh Barton who established Château Léoville-Barton. By his death in 1841 the estate combined to form Château Ségur de Garamey, which passed on to his son Frank Phelan, 30 years a mayor of Saint-Estèphe. The property was sold in July 1919 to Joseph Chayoux, President of Champagne Chamber of Commerce, whom further developed the brand until before the First World War when the property was sold for large fortune on 1928 to a city consortium headed by his nephew René Chayoux, before the financial crisis of 1930, upon the death of René the operation was managed by a trust that eventually sold the brand and its facilities.
From 1985 until 2017, the operation was owned by the Gardinier Group of Xavier Gardinier, with sons Thierry, Stéphane and Laurent. Michel Rolland is employed as a consulting enologist.
In 2017 Belgian Philippe Van de Vyvere, CEO of Sea-Invest, became the new owner.
Production
The vineyard area extends 89 hectares |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauer%E2%80%93Siegel%20theorem | In mathematics, the Brauer–Siegel theorem, named after Richard Brauer and Carl Ludwig Siegel, is an asymptotic result on the behaviour of algebraic number fields, obtained by Richard Brauer and Carl Ludwig Siegel. It attempts to generalise the results known on the class numbers of imaginary quadratic fields, to a more general sequence of number fields
In all cases other than the rational field Q and imaginary quadratic fields, the regulator Ri of Ki must be taken into account, because Ki then has units of infinite order by Dirichlet's unit theorem. The quantitative hypothesis of the standard Brauer–Siegel theorem is that if Di is the discriminant of Ki, then
Assuming that, and the algebraic hypothesis that Ki is a Galois extension of Q, the conclusion is that
where hi is the class number of Ki. If one assumes that all the degrees are bounded above by a uniform constant
N, then one may drop the assumption of normality - this is what is actually proved in Brauer's paper.
This result is ineffective, as indeed was the result on quadratic fields on which it built. Effective results in the same direction were initiated in work of Harold Stark from the early 1970s.
References
Richard Brauer, On the Zeta-Function of Algebraic Number Fields, American Journal of Mathematics 69 (1947), 243–250.
Analytic number theory
Theorems in algebraic number theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoproteasome | An immunoproteasome is a type of proteasome that degrades ubiquitin-labeled proteins found in the cytoplasm in cells exposed to oxidative stress and proinflammatory stimuli. In general, proteasomes consist of a regulatory and a catalytic part. Immunoproteasomes are induced by interferon gamma (but also by other proinflammatory cytokines) and oxidative stress, which in the cell triggers the transcription of three catalytic subunits that do not occur in the classical proteasome. Another possible variation of proteasome is the thymoproteasome, which is located in the thymus and folds to present peptides to naive T cells.
Structure
Structurally, immunoproteasome is a cylindrical protein complex composed of a catalytic 20S subunit and a 19S regulatory subunit. The catalytic subunit consists of four outer alpha rings and four inner beta rings. In the classical proteasome, the beta (β) 1, β2 and β5 subunits have catalytic activity, which, however, in the immunoproteasome are replaced by the subunits LMP2 (alias β1i), MECL-1 (alias β2i), and LMP7 (alias β5i). The LMP2 protein is composed of 20 amino acids, MECL-1 of 39 amino acids and LMP7 occurs in isoform and therefore can have either 72 or 68 amino acids. The regulatory unit consists of 19 proteins, which are structurally divided into a lid of 9 proteins and a base again of 9 proteins. The RPN10 protein is added to this regulatory complex, which serves to stabilize the structure and as a receptor for ubiquitin.
Function
The fu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20cell | Complex cells can be found in the primary visual cortex (V1), the secondary visual cortex (V2), and Brodmann area 19 (V3).
Like a simple cell, a complex cell will respond primarily to oriented edges and gratings, however it has a degree of spatial invariance. This means that its receptive field cannot be mapped into fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones. Rather, it will respond to patterns of light in a certain orientation within a large receptive field, regardless of the exact location. Some complex cells respond optimally only to movement in a certain direction.
These cells were discovered by Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel in the early 1960s. They refrained from reporting on the complex cells in (Hubel 1959) because they did not feel that they understood them well enough at the time. In Hubel and Wiesel (1962), they reported that complex cells were intermixed with simple cells and when excitatory and inhibitory regions could be established, the summation and mutual antagonism properties didn't hold.
The difference between the receptive fields and the characteristics of simple and complex cells is the hierarchical convergent nature of visual processing. Complex cells receive inputs from a number of simple cells. Their receptive field is therefore a summation and integration of the receptive fields of many input simple cells, although some input is directly received from the LGN. The manner through which simple cells are able to make up complex cells is not fully understo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20%28racial%20classification%29 | Brown is a racialized classification of people, usually a political and skin color-based category for specific populations with a light to moderate brown complexion.
In the age of scientific racism
In the 18th and 19th century, European and American writers proposed geographically based "scientific" differences among "the races". Many of these racial models assigned colors to the groups described, and some included a "brown race" as in the following:
In the late 18th century, German anthropologist Johann Blumenbach extended Linnaeus's four-color race model by adding the brown race, "Malay race", which included both the Malay division of Austronesian (Southern-Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Pattani, Sumatra, Madagascar, Formosans, etc.) and Polynesians and Melanesians of Pacific Islands, as well as Papuans and Aborigines of Australia.
In 1775, "John Hunter of Edinburg included under the label light brown, Southern Europeans, Italians, the Spanish, Persians, Turks and Laplanders, under the label brown."
Jean Baptiste Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy's five-race scheme differed from Blumenbach's by including Ethiopians in the brown race, as well as Oceanic peoples. Louis Figuier adopted and adapted d'Omalius d'Halloy's classification and also included Egyptians in the brown race.
In 1915, Donald Mackenzie conceived a "Mediterranean or Brown race, the eastern branch of which reaches to India and the western to the British Isles... [and includes] pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didot%20%28typeface%29 | Didot is a group of typefaces. The word/name Didot came from the famous French printing and type producing Didot family. The classification is known as modern, or Didone.
The most famous Didot typefaces were developed in the period 1784–1811. Firmin Didot (1764–1836) cut the letters, and cast them as type in Paris. His brother, Pierre Didot (1760–1853) used the types in printing. His edition of La Henriade by Voltaire in 1818 is considered his masterwork. The typeface takes inspiration from John Baskerville's experimentation with increasing stroke contrast and a more condensed armature. The Didot family's development of a high contrast typeface with an increased stress is contemporary to similar faces developed by Giambattista Bodoni in Italy.
Didot is described as neoclassical, and evocative of the Age of Enlightenment. The Didot family were among the first to set up a printing press in the newly independent Greece, and typefaces in the style of Didot have remained popular in Greek since.
Revivals and digitisations
Several revivals of the Didot faces have been made, first for hot metal typesetting and then for phototype and digital versions.
Digital use of Didot poses challenges. While it can look very elegant due to the regular, rational design and fine strokes, a known effect on readers is 'dazzle', where the thick verticals draw the reader's attention and cause them to struggle to concentrate on the other, much thinner strokes that define which letter is which. For th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLH | HLH may refer to:
Biology and medicine
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, a blood disorder
Basic helix–loop–helix, a structural motif in proteins
Hectopsyllidae, a family of parasitic fleas
Places
Haydom Lutheran Hospital, in Manyara Region, Tanzania
Ulanhot Yilelite Airport, in Inner Mongolia, China
Hulan District, in Harbin, China; see List of administrative divisions of Heilongjiang
Merrill (Marriner Wood) Hall, a dorm at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, U.S.; see List of Brigham Young University buildings#Helaman Halls
Other uses
HLH Orion minicomputer, by High Level Hardware Ltd
Harry Lloyd Hopkins (1890–1946), an American statesman; see George Racey Jordan#Congressional testimony
Hillesheimite, a mineral; see List of mineral symbols#H
Hala Air, an airline based in Sudan; see List of airline codes (H)
Heavy-lift helicopter, a type of military helicopter
Haklau Min, a variety of Min Chinese, by proposed ISO 639-3 code |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian%20linear%20regression | Bayesian linear regression is a type of conditional modeling in which the mean of one variable is described by a linear combination of other variables, with the goal of obtaining the posterior probability of the regression coefficients (as well as other parameters describing the distribution of the regressand) and ultimately allowing the out-of-sample prediction of the regressand (often labelled ) conditional on observed values of the regressors (usually ). The simplest and most widely used version of this model is the normal linear model, in which given is distributed Gaussian. In this model, and under a particular choice of prior probabilities for the parameters—so-called conjugate priors—the posterior can be found analytically. With more arbitrarily chosen priors, the posteriors generally have to be approximated.
Model setup
Consider a standard linear regression problem, in which for we specify the mean of the conditional distribution of given a predictor vector :
where is a vector, and the are independent and identically normally distributed random variables:
This corresponds to the following likelihood function:
The ordinary least squares solution is used to estimate the coefficient vector using the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse:
where is the design matrix, each row of which is a predictor vector ; and is the column -vector .
This is a frequentist approach, and it assumes that there are enough measurements to say something meaningful about . In the Bayesi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic%20black%20hole | A sonic black hole, sometimes called a dumb hole or acoustic black hole, is a phenomenon in which phonons (sound perturbations) are unable to escape from a region of a fluid that is flowing more quickly than the local speed of sound. They are called sonic, or acoustic, black holes because these trapped phonons are analogous to light in astrophysical (gravitational) black holes. Physicists are interested in them because they have many properties similar to astrophysical black holes and, in particular, emit a phononic version of Hawking radiation. This Hawking radiation can be spontaneously created by quantum vacuum fluctuations, in close analogy with Hawking radiation from a real black hole. On the other hand, the Hawking radiation can be stimulated in a classical process. The boundary of a sonic black hole, at which the flow speed changes from being greater than the speed of sound to less than the speed of sound, is called the event horizon.
A rotating sonic black hole was used in 2010 to give the first laboratory testing of superradiance, a process whereby energy is extracted from a black hole.
Sonic black holes are possible because phonons in perfect fluids exhibit the same properties of motion as fields, such as gravity, in space and time. For this reason, a system in which a sonic black hole can be created is called a gravity analogue. Nearly any fluid can be used to create an acoustic event horizon, but the viscosity of most fluids creates random motion that makes feat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Atlas%20launches%20%282000%E2%80%932009%29 |
Notable missions
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO)
New Horizons
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)
Launch statistics
Rocket configurations
Launch sites
Launch outcomes
Launch history
Photo gallery
References
Atlas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperScan | The HyperScan is a home video game console from the toy company Mattel. It is unique in that it includes a 13.56 MHz radio-frequency identification (RFID) scanner that reads and writes to the "cards" which, in turn, activate features in and save data from the game. Players are able to enhance the abilities of their characters by scanning cards.
Games retailed for $19.99 and the console itself for $69.99 at launch, but at the end of its very short lifespan, prices of the system were down to $9.99, the games $1.99, and booster packs $0.99. There were only five titles known to have been released, with two canceled games.
Hardware
Sunplus SPG290 SoC implementing the S+core 32-bit microarchitecture designed by Sunplus Technology. The S+core instruction set architecture allows use of a 32/16-bit hybrid instruction mode, features Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) support and includes SJTAG for In-circuit emulation.
UART, I²C, SPI etc.
Composite video output (SoC supports TFT displays, but the system does not implement it)
16 MB SDRAM system RAM
640×480 native resolution
65,535 colors (RGB 565 mode)
1 USB port
RFID scanner (13.56 MHz)
RFID storage: 96 bytes of user memory + 8 bytes unique ID + 6 bytes of one time programmable memory. The HyperScan's RFID systems were provided by Innovision Research and Technology plc, a fabless semiconductor design house based in the UK which specializes in RFID systems and chip design.
The console uses UDF format CD-ROMs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian%20multivariate%20linear%20regression | In statistics, Bayesian multivariate linear regression is a
Bayesian approach to multivariate linear regression, i.e. linear regression where the predicted outcome is a vector of correlated random variables rather than a single scalar random variable. A more general treatment of this approach can be found in the article MMSE estimator.
Details
Consider a regression problem where the dependent variable to be predicted is not a single real-valued scalar but an m-length vector of correlated real numbers. As in the standard regression setup, there are n observations, where each observation i consists of k−1 explanatory variables, grouped into a vector of length k (where a dummy variable with a value of 1 has been added to allow for an intercept coefficient). This can be viewed as a set of m related regression problems for each observation i:
where the set of errors are all correlated. Equivalently, it can be viewed as a single regression problem where the outcome is a row vector and the regression coefficient vectors are stacked next to each other, as follows:
The coefficient matrix B is a matrix where the coefficient vectors for each regression problem are stacked horizontally:
The noise vector for each observation i is jointly normal, so that the outcomes for a given observation are correlated:
We can write the entire regression problem in matrix form as:
where Y and E are matrices. The design matrix X is an matrix with the observations stacked vertically, as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corderoite | Corderoite is an extremely rare mercury sulfide chloride mineral with formula Hg3S2Cl2. It crystallizes in the isometric crystal system. It is soft, 1.5 to 2 on the Mohs scale, and varies in color from light gray to black and rarely pink or yellow.
It was first described in 1974 for occurrences in the McDermitt Mercury mine in Humboldt County, Nevada. The name is from the old name of the mine, the Old Cordero Mine.
Structure
The structure of was determined in the 1960s before it was found in nature.
It has crankshaft chains that are crosswise linked by additional Hg²+.
The crystals are chiral (existing in two enantiomorphic forms), in space group I23 (no. 199). The chloride ions form a lattice similar to a primitive cubic lattice (but with the ions slightly displaced along three-fold axes), and the sulfide ions form a similar lattice by occupying positions near the centres of the cubes of chloride ions, also on three-fold rotation axes. This gives eight chloride and eight sulfide ions per unit cell. The mercury ions are located on two-fold rotation axes that do not intersect the three-fold rotation axes. They occupy positions close to the centres of the faces of the chloride cubes, but only half of such positions are occupied, giving 12 mercury ions per unit cell. The closest neighbors of a mercury ion are two sulfide ions, at a distance of 2.422 Å, the S-Hg-S angle being 165.1°. Each sulfide ion has three mercury ions near it, with the Hg-S-Hg angles being 94.1°. The nea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destrin | Destrin or DSTN (also known as actin depolymerizing factor or ADF) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the DSTN gene. Destrin is a component protein in microfilaments.
The product of this gene belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF (Actin-Depolymerizing Factor)/cofilin family. This family of proteins is responsible for enhancing the turnover rate of actin in vivo. This gene encodes the actin depolymerizing protein that severs actin filaments (F-actin) and binds to actin monomers (G-actin). Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.
Structure
The tertiary structure of destrin was determined by the use of triple-resonance multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR. The secondary and tertiary structures of destrin are similar to the gelsolin family which is another actin-regulating protein family.
There are three ordered layers to destrin which is a globular protein. There is a central β sheet that is composed of one parallel strand and three antiparallel strands. This β sheet is between a long α helix along with a shorter one and two shorter helices on the opposite side. The four helices are parallel to the β strands.
Function
In a variety of eukaryotes, destrin regulates actin in the cytoskeleton. Destrin binds actin and is thought to connect it as gelsolin segment-1 does. Furthermore, the binding of actin by destrin and cofilin is regulated negatively by phosphorylation. Destrin can also sever actin filame |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinin | Actinin is a microfilament protein. Alpha-actinin-1 is necessary for the attachment of actin myofilaments to the Z-lines in skeletal muscle cells, and to the dense bodies in smooth muscle cells. The functional protein is an anti-parallel dimer, which cross-links the thin filaments in adjacent sarcomeres, and therefore coordinates contractions between sarcomeres in the horizontal axis.
The non-sarcomeric alpha-actinins, encoded by ACTN1 and ACTN4, are widely expressed. ACTN2 expression is found in both cardiac and skeletal muscle, whereas ACTN3 is limited to the latter. Both ends of the rod-shaped alpha-actinin dimer contain actin-binding domains.
Mutations in ACTN4 can cause the kidney disease focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS).
See also
Actin
Muscle contraction
References
External links
EF-hand-containing proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestin%20%28protein%29 | Nestin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NES gene.
Nestin (acronym for neuroepithelial stem cell protein) is a type VI intermediate filament (IF) protein. These intermediate filament proteins are expressed mostly in nerve cells where they are implicated in the radial growth of the axon. Seven genes encode for the heavy (NF-H), medium (NF-M) and light neurofilament (NF-L) proteins, nestin and α-internexin in nerve cells, synemin α and desmuslin/synemin β (two alternative transcripts of the DMN gene) in muscle cells, and syncoilin (also in muscle cells). Members of this group mostly preferentially coassemble as heteropolymers in tissues. Steinert et al. has shown that nestin forms homodimers and homotetramers but does not form IF by itself in vitro. In mixtures, nestin preferentially co-assembles with purified vimentin or the type IV IF protein internexin to form heterodimer coiled-coil molecules.
Gene
Structurally, nestin has the shortest head domain (N-terminus) and the longest tail domain (C-terminus) of all the IF proteins. Nestin is of high molecular weight (240kDa) with a terminus greater than 500 residues (compared to cytokeratins and lamins with termini less than 50 residues).
After subcloning the human nestin gene into plasmid vectors, Dahlstrand et al. determined the nucleotide sequence of all coding regions and parts of the introns. In order to establish the boundaries of the introns, they used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a fra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanowodginite | Titanowodginite is a mineral with the chemical formula MnTiTa2O8. Titanowodginite has a Mohs hardness of 5.5 and a vitreous luster. It is an iridescent dark brown to black crystal that commonly forms in a matrix of smoky quartz or white beryl in a complex zoned pegmatite.
It was first described in 1992 for an occurrence in the Tanco Mine located in southern Manitoba, Canada. It was named because it is a titanium bearing member of the wodginite group.
References
Oxide minerals
Titanium minerals
Manganese(II) minerals
Tantalum minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15
Minerals described in 1992 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheddase | Sheddases are membrane-bound enzymes that cleave extracellular portions of transmembrane proteins, releasing the soluble ectodomains from the cell surface. Many sheddases are members of the ADAM or aspartic protease (BACE) protein families.
These enzymes can activate a transmembrane protein if it is a receptor (e.g., HER2), or cut off the part of the transmembrane protein which has already bound an agonist (e.g., in the case of EGFR), allowing this agonist to go and stimulate a receptor on another cell. Hence, sheddases demultiply the yield of agonists. Sheddase inhibitors active on ADAM10 and ADAM17 can potentiate anti-cancer therapy.
Functions
It has been postulated that the activity of sheddases occurs in relation to the amount of general enzymatic activity. Research indicates that sheddases are instead related to phosphatidylserine exposure. When PSA-3 cells' ability to synthesize phosphatidylserine was repressed, sheddase activity decreased, and the sheddase activity returned to normal levels when the cells were again able to synthesize phosphatidylserine. This led researchers to conclude that phosphatidyserine exposure is necessary for cells to exhibit sheddase activity.
Uses
Due to the nature of the mechanisms and functions of sheddase enzymes, they have been studied on the basis of discovering possible uses in medicine. One such use is in the treatment of allergic responses and other processes of the immune system. ADAM10 is responsible for the shedding of the |
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