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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20capacity%20rate | The heat capacity rate is heat transfer terminology used in thermodynamics and different forms of engineering denoting the quantity of heat a flowing fluid of a certain mass flow rate is able to absorb or release per unit temperature change per unit time. It is typically denoted as C, listed from empirical data experimentally determined in various reference works, and is typically stated as a comparison between a hot and a cold fluid, Ch and Cc either graphically, or as a linearized equation. It is an important quantity in heat exchanger technology common to either heating or cooling systems and needs, and the solution of many real world problems such as the design of disparate items as different as a microprocessor and an internal combustion engine.
Basis
A hot fluid's heat capacity rate can be much greater than, equal to, or much less than the heat capacity rate of the same fluid when cold. In practice, it is most important in specifying heat-exchanger systems, wherein one fluid usually of dissimilar nature is used to cool another fluid such as the hot gases or steam cooled in a power plant by a heat sink from a water source—a case of dissimilar fluids, or for specifying the minimal cooling needs of heat transfer across boundaries, such as in air cooling.
As the ability of a fluid to resist change in temperature itself changes as heat transfer occurs changing its net average instantaneous temperature, it is a quantity of interest in designs which have to compensate for th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types%20of%20restaurant | Restaurants fall into several industry classifications, based upon menu style, preparation methods and pricing, as well as the means by which the food is served to the customer. This article mainly describes the situation in the US, while categorisation differs widely around the world.
Origin of categories
Historically, restaurant referred only to places that provided tables where one ate while seated, typically served by a waiter. Following the rise of fast food and take-out restaurants, a retronym for the older "standard" restaurant was created, sit-down restaurant. Most commonly, "sit-down restaurant" refers to a casual-dining restaurant with table service, rather than a fast food restaurant or a diner, where one orders food at a counter. Sit-down restaurants are often further categorized, in North America, as "family-style" or "formal".
In British English, the term restaurant almost always means an eating establishment with table service, so the "sit down" qualification is not usually necessary. Fast food and takeaway (take-out) outlets with counter service are not normally referred to as restaurants. Outside North America, the terms fast casual dining restaurants, family style, and casual dining are not used and distinctions among different kinds of restaurants are often not the same. In France, for example, some restaurants are called "bistros" to indicate a level of casualness or trendiness, though some "bistros" are quite formal in the kind of food they serve and c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHLC-FM | CHLC-FM is a Class B FM station broadcasting on the frequency of 97.1 MHz using an omnidirectional antenna. The station has a hot adult contemporary format.
CHLC-FM operates a rebroadcaster in Forestville, namely CFRP-FM which broadcasts on 100.5 MHz using a directional antenna with an average effective radiated power of 3,374 watts and a peak effective radiated power of 6,000 watts (class A).
Both stations were previously on the AM band. CHLC was on 580 kHz until 1996, and CFRP was on 620 kHz until 2005.
References
External links
www.chlc.com - FM 97,1 et FM 100,5
Hlc
Hlc
Hlc
Baie-Comeau
Year of establishment missing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative%20Human%20Linkage%20Center | CHLC (or Cooperative Human Linkage Center) was a National Institutes of Health project to map a large number of human genome markers, prior to the completion of the Human Genome Project. The project was stopped in 1999.
National Institutes of Health
Genetic mapping |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20Helderberg | Radio Helderberg is a community radio station situated in the Helderberg basin area of the Western Cape, South Africa. They broadcast on FM at a frequency of 93.6 MHz and the only one located in Somerset West area.
History
Radio Helderberg went on air at 06h00 on 1 July 1995, broadcasting on the frequency of 95.9FM from Southey Vines, Somerset WestThe first announcer on air was Martin Bailie, previously a breakfast DJ on a national commercial radio station, 5FM. He now presents an afternoon show on BBC Radio Cornwall. Other presenters making up the first day's schedule were Keren Bracey, Andre Michael & Nik Blundell. The value of this fledgling community radio station was first illustrated during a fire at the nearby AECI chemical plant in 1995, when clouds of poisonous gas enveloped Somerset West and Macassar. The volunteer presenters continued to broadcast throughout the night, becoming the central drop-off point for food and clothing donations, and providing hints and tips to panicked listeners.
Initially broadcasting for 15 hours a day, the station broadcasts a wide range of MOR music, interviews and community notices in three languagesEnglish, Afrikaans and Xhosa, live 24 hours a day.
In September 1996 the station relocated to premises in the Somerset Mall from where the volunteer presenters and a full-time staff of six kept the station going. Radio Helderberg has grown from a charitable association to a business, flourishing on advertising income only.
At the end of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-conductance%20mechanosensitive%20channel | Large conductance mechanosensitive ion channels (MscLs) (TC# 1.A.22) are a family of pore-forming membrane proteins that are responsible for translating stresses at the cell membrane into an electrophysiological response. MscL has a relatively large conductance, 3 nS, making it permeable to ions, water, and small proteins when opened. MscL acts as stretch-activated osmotic release valve in response to osmotic shock.
History
MscL was first discovered on the surface of giant Escherichia coli spheroplasts using patch-clamp technique. Subsequently, the Escherichia coli MscL (Ec-MscL) gene was cloned in 1994. Following the cloning of MscL, the crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MscL (Tb-MscL), was obtained in its closed conformation. In addition, the crystal structure of Staphylococcus aureus MscL (Sa-MscL) and Ec-MscL have been determined using X-ray crystallography and molecular model respectively. However, some evidence suggests that the Sa-MscL structure is not physiological, and is due to the detergent used in crystallization.
Structure
Similar to other ion channels, MscLs are organized as symmetric oligomers with the permeation pathway formed by the packing of subunits around the axis of rotational symmetry. Unlike MscS, which is heptameric, MscL is likely pentameric; although the Sa-MscL appears to be a tetramer in a crystal structure, this may be an artifact. MscL contains two transmembrane helices that are packed in an up-down/nearest neighbor topology. Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Urth%20of%20the%20New%20Sun | The Urth of the New Sun is a 1987 science fiction novel by Gene Wolfe that serves as a coda to his four-volume Book of the New Sun series. Like Book of the New Sun, it is of the Dying Earth subgenre. It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel, Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel and the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1988.
Urth of the New Sun picks up the tale of Severian, the protagonist of Book of the New Sun, years after that work's end. He leaves his role as Autarch of Urth to seek a new sun for Urth.
Plot summary
Unlike The Book of the New Sun, The Urth of the New Sun mostly takes place outside Urth. The book is yet again a continuation of Severian's narration of the aftermath of his ascent to the throne and subsequent journey "between the suns" to be judged and win back the fountain of life that will rejuvenate the slowly dying sun and revive life on Urth. When the book begins, Severian has already rewritten his accounts of before and is beginning his new log aboard the spaceship that will take him to Yesod, an enigmatic planet, home to the godlike beings who have the power to grant Urth and its sun a new lease on life.
Aboard the ship, Severian meets Zak, a mysterious being, who begins small and soon develops human form and turns out to be the all-powerful Tzadkiel of Yesod. Once in Yesod, Severian faces an immense task of facing all the deceased people he has encountered since his childhood, including Thecla and Master Malrubius. When he faces the t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solving%20quadratic%20equations%20with%20continued%20fractions | In mathematics, a quadratic equation is a polynomial equation of the second degree. The general form is
where a ≠ 0.
The quadratic equation on a number can be solved using the well-known quadratic formula, which can be derived by completing the square. That formula always gives the roots of the quadratic equation, but the solutions are expressed in a form that often involves a quadratic irrational number, which is an algebraic fraction that can be evaluated as a decimal fraction only by applying an additional root extraction algorithm.
If the roots are real, there is an alternative technique that obtains a rational approximation to one of the roots by manipulating the equation directly. The method works in many cases, and long ago it stimulated further development of the analytical theory of continued fractions.
Simple example
Here is a simple example to illustrate the solution of a quadratic equation using continued fractions. We begin with the equation
and manipulate it directly. Subtracting one from both sides we obtain
This is easily factored into
from which we obtain
and finally
Now comes the crucial step. We substitute this expression for x back into itself, recursively, to obtain
But now we can make the same recursive substitution again, and again, and again, pushing the unknown quantity x as far down and to the right as we please, and obtaining in the limit the infinite continued fraction
By applying the fundamental recurrence formulas we may easily comput |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20Havoc | Major Havoc (or The Adventures of Major Havoc) is an arcade action game released by Atari, Inc. in 1983. A vector-based upright arcade cabinet, Major Havoc consists of several smaller game experiences played in succession, including a fixed shooter, platform game, and a lunar lander sequence. It was developed by Owen Rubin with some levels designed and tuned by Mark Cerny, who joined the development team approximately a year into the game's development.
The game was released as a dedicated cabinet in 1983 and then one year later as a conversion kit for older vector arcade games like Tempest. Dedicated versions of the game used a roller control for left-right movement, while conversion kits used their native controller hardware, such as the Tempest rotary spinner knob.
Plot
According to the story provided by the game's original cabinet, long ago the evil Vaxxian Empire overran the galaxy. Most of humanity was enslaved and abducted to the Vaxxian homeworld. A few humans, who were scientists, managed to escape.
At the current moment (according to the timeline of the game), the Empire has since collapsed. However, numerous Vaxxian space stations, all blindly controlled and defended by robots, still remain in the galaxy, mindlessly pursuing their original orders.
The small band of scientists who initially escaped managed to clone the great human hero Major Havoc, in order to fly his Catastrofighter through a wormhole in space, so that he may lead a clone army against the dread |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C2%20domain | A C2 domain is a protein structural domain involved in targeting proteins to cell membranes. The typical version (PKC-C2) has a beta-sandwich composed of 8 β-strands that co-ordinates two or three calcium ions, which bind in a cavity formed by the first and final loops of the domain, on the membrane binding face. Many other C2 domain families don't have calcium binding activity.
Coupling with other domains
C2 domains are frequently found coupled to enzymatic domains; for example, the C2 domain in PTEN, brings the phosphatase domain into contact with the plasma membrane, where it can dephosphorylate its substrate, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), without removing it from the membrane - which would be energetically very costly. PTEN consists of two domains, a protein tyrosine phosphatase domain and a C2 domain. This domain pair constitutes a superdomain, a heritable unit that is found in various proteins in fungi, plants and animals. In addition, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase), an enzyme that phosphorylates phosphoinositides on the 3-hydroxyl group of the inositol ring, also uses a C2 domain to bind to the membrane (e.g. 1e8w PDB entry).
Evolution
The C2 domain is currently only known from eukaryotes and the prokaryote Clostridium perfringens where it is part of the alpha-toxin. Over 17 distinct clades of C2 domains have been identified. Most C2 families can be traced back to basal eukaryotic species indicating an early diversification before |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FYVE%20domain | In molecular biology the FYVE zinc finger domain is named after the four cysteine-rich proteins: Fab 1 (yeast orthologue of PIKfyve), YOTB, Vac 1 (vesicle transport protein), and EEA1, in which it has been found. FYVE domains bind phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, in a way dependent on its metal ion coordination and basic amino acids. The FYVE domain inserts into cell membranes in a pH-dependent manner. The FYVE domain has been connected to vacuolar protein sorting and endosome function.
Structure
The FYVE domain is composed of two small beta hairpins (or zinc knuckles) followed by an alpha helix. The FYVE finger binds two zinc ions. The FYVE finger has eight potential zinc coordinating cysteine positions and is characterized by having basic amino acids around the cysteines. Many members of this family also include two histidines in a sequence motif:
The FYVE finger is structurally similar to the RING domain and the PHD finger.
Examples
The following is a list of human proteins containing this domain:
ANKFY1, EEA1, FGD1, FGD2, FGD3, FGD4, FGD5, FGD6, FYCO1, HGS, MTMR3, MTMR4, PIKFYVE, PLEKHF1, PLEKHF2
RUFY1, RUFY2, RUFY3, RUFY4, WDFY1, WDFY2, WDFY3, ZFYVE1, ZFYVE9, ZFYVE16, ZFYVE19, ZFYVE20, ZFYVE21, ZFYVE26, ZFYVE27, ZFYVE28
References
Further reading
Protein domains
Peripheral membrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Show%20%28eMC%20album%29 | The Show is the debut studio album by American hip hop supergroup eMC. It was released on March 25, 2008 via M3 Records/Traffic Entertainment Group. Production was handled by Frequency, J!, Quincy Tones, Ayatollah, The ARE, Koolade, Marco Polo and Nicolay, with DJ Rob, Filthy Rich and Masta Ace serving as executive producers. Beside members Masta Ace, Punchline, Wordsworth and Strick, it features guest appearances from Adi, Ladybug Mecca, Little Brother, Money Harm and Sean Price.
Background
While it was originally rumored that Ace had retired from music after the release of his acclaimed 2004 concept album A Long Hot Summer, the following year the veteran had formed the new collective with his protégé, Milwaukee rapper Strick, and revered underground lyricists Punch & Words. The four had previously collaborated on numerous albums and tracks, and toured extensively as a collective.
Like Ace's previous albums, A Long Hot Summer and Disposable Arts, The Show is a thematic concept album that tells a story. The album's story follows a day in the life of eMC doing a show on the road.
Singles
The first official eMC track, the Ayatollah-produced "Four Brothers", was released in 2006. A music video for the song was released online on December 10, 2006, however, this track was not included on the album. Music videos were released for "What It Stand For" and "Leak It Out" as well.
Track listing
Personnel
eMC
Duval "Masta Ace" – vocals, mixing, executive producer
Vinson "Wordswort |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussman%20anomaly | The Sussman anomaly is a problem in artificial intelligence, first described by Gerald Sussman, that illustrates a weakness of noninterleaved planning algorithms, which were prominent in the early 1970s. Most modern planning systems are not restricted to noninterleaved planning and thus can handle this anomaly. While the significance/value of the problem is now a historical one, it is still useful for explaining why planning is non-trivial. In the problem, three blocks (labeled A, B, and C) rest on a table. The agent must stack the blocks such that A is atop B, which in turn is atop C. However, it may only move one block at a time. The problem starts with B on the table, C atop A, and A on the table:
However, noninterleaved planners typically separate the goal (stack A atop B atop C) into subgoals, such as:
get A atop B
get B atop C
Suppose the planner starts by pursuing Goal 1. The straightforward solution is to move C out of the way, then move A atop B. But while this sequence accomplishes Goal 1, the agent cannot now pursue Goal 2 without undoing Goal 1, since both A and B must be moved atop C:
If instead the planner starts with Goal 2, the most efficient solution is to move B. But again, the planner cannot pursue Goal 1 without undoing Goal 2:
The problem was first identified by Sussman as a part of his PhD research. Sussman (and his supervisor, Marvin Minsky) believed that intelligence requires a list of exceptions or tricks, and developed a modular planning sys |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent%20Karoo | The Succulent Karoo is a ecoregion defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature to include regions of desert in South Africa and Namibia, and a biodiversity hotspot. The geographic area chosen by the WWF for what they call 'Succulent Karoo' does not correspond to the actual Karoo.
Geography
The Succulent Karoo stretches along the coastal strip of southwestern Namibia and South Africa's Northern Cape Province, where the cold Benguela Current offshore creates frequent fogs. The ecoregion extends inland into the uplands of South Africa's Western Cape Province. It is bounded on the south by the Mediterranean climate fynbos, on the east by the Nama Karoo, which has more extreme temperatures and variable rainfall, and on the north by the Namib Desert.
Flora
The Succulent Karoo is notable for the world's richest flora of succulent plants, and harbours about one-third of the world’s approximately 10,000 succulent species. 40% of its succulent plants are endemic. The region is extraordinarily rich in geophytes, harbouring approximately 630 species.
Fauna
The ecoregion is a centre of diversity and endemism for reptiles and many invertebrates. Of the ecoregion’s 50 scorpion species, 22 are endemic. Monkey beetles, largely endemic to southern Africa, are concentrated in the Succulent Karoo and are important pollinators of the flora. So, too, are the Hymenoptera and masarine wasps, and colletid, fideliid, and melittid bees.
Approximately 15 amphibians are found in this ecoregion, includ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog%20forestry | Analog forestry is an approach to ecosystem restoration that considers the process of forest formation and the functioning of forest services to be critical in establishing a sustainable ecosystem characterised by a high biodiversity to biomass ratio. Analogue forestry uses a synthesis of traditional and scientific knowledge to optimize the productive potential of the restoration design rather than maximise the production of one crop, and maximise ecosystem services by increasing the volumetric mass of the photosynthetic component.
Analogue forestry draws design input not only from traditional models but also from the natural forest successional dynamics. When an ecosystem is designed to be analogous to the indigenous climax state, the efficiency and dynamics of the natural processes can be replicated. These quasi-natural forests are designed to mimic the structural and functional aspects of indigenous forests and are referred to as analog forests. In addition to their ecological characteristics, analog forests are also designed to provide economic benefits. However, it is not until all the ecological requirements of the location are satisfied that economic values of species are considered. Therefore, an analog forest may comprise natural and exotic species in any proportion, the contribution to structure and function being the overriding factor that determines its use.
The theoretical underpinnings began in 1978 in San Diego and Guatemala. It was first implemented in Sri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28E%29-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl%20pyrophosphate | (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP or HMB-PP) is an intermediate of the MEP pathway (non-mevalonate pathway) of isoprenoid biosynthesis. The enzyme HMB-PP synthase (GcpE, IspG) catalyzes the conversion of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP) into HMB-PP. HMB-PP is then converted further to isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) by HMB-PP reductase (LytB, IspH).
HMB-PP is an essential metabolite in most pathogenic bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as in malaria parasites, but is absent from the human host.
HMB-PP is the physiological activator ("phosphoantigen") for human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, the major γδ T cell population in peripheral blood. With a bioactivity of 0.1 nM it is 10,000-10,000,000 times more potent than any other natural compound, such as IPP or alkyl amines. HMB-PP functions in this capacity by binding the B30.2 domain of BTN3A1.
References
External links
Biomolecules
Metabolism
Organophosphates
Hemiterpenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis%20male%20players%20statistics | Since 1990, the biggest events in men's tennis have been the four Grand Slam tournaments, the ATP Finals and the ATP Masters tournaments, in addition to the Grand Slam Cup between 1990–99. From 1983 to 1990, men's tennis had a very strong tradition and clear hierarchy of tournaments: the Grand Slam tournaments, including Wimbledon, the US Open, the French Open, and the Australian Open; the season-ending Masters Grand Prix; and the Davis Cup. Before 1983, however, and in particular before the start of the Open Era in 1968, the hierarchy of professional tournaments changed virtually every year. For example, in 1934, the U.S. Pro was a high-class tournament with all the best players, but just two years later, the same tournament was ordinary because only professional teachers (no leading touring pros) entered the event.
Professional tennis before the Open Era
Before the start of the Open Era and in addition to numerous small tournaments and head-to-head tours between the leading professionals, there were a few major professional tournaments that stood out during different periods:
Some survived sporadically because of financial collapses and others temporarily stood out when other important tournaments were not held:
Bristol Cup (held on the Côte d'Azur (French Riviera) at Cannes or Menton or Beaulieu) from 1920 to 1932.
Queen's Club Pro (in the 1927 and 1928).
International Pro Championship of Britain in Southport in the 1930s.
World Pro Championships in Berlin in the 1930s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid%20cyst | A colloid cyst is a non-malignant tumor in the brain. It consists of a gelatinous material contained within a membrane of epithelial tissue. It is almost always found just posterior to the foramen of Monro in the anterior aspect of the third ventricle, originating from the roof of the ventricle. Because of its location, it can cause obstructive hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure. Colloid cysts represent 0.5–1.0% of intracranial tumors.
Symptoms can include headache, vertigo, memory deficits, diplopia, behavioral disturbances, and in extreme cases, sudden death. Intermittency of symptoms is characteristic of this lesion. Untreated pressure caused by these cysts can result in brain herniation. Colloid cyst symptoms have been associated with four variables: cyst size, cyst imaging characteristics, ventricular size, and patient age. Their developmental origin is unclear, though they may be of endodermal origin, which would explain the mucin-producing, ciliated cell type. These cysts can be surgically resected, and opinion is divided about the advisability of this.
Symptoms
Patients with third-ventricular colloid cysts become symptomatic when the tumor enlarges rapidly, causing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obstruction, ventriculomegaly, and increased intracranial pressure. Some cysts enlarge more gradually, however, allowing the patient to accommodate the enlarging mass without disruption of CSF flow, and the patient remains asymptomatic. In these cases, if the cyst |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20W.%20Alton%20Jones%20Cell%20Science%20Center | The W. Alton Jones Cell Science Center (1971–1995) was a non-profit research and education center on 10 Old Barn Road in Lake Placid, New York. The Center was established by a gift of of land and $3 million to the Tissue Culture Association from the W. Alton Jones Foundation through efforts of Nettie Marie Jones, widow of W. Alton Jones, who was former chairman of the Board of Cities Service Company (see Citgo). The original tax-free gift was accompanied by the institutional charter that use of the facility would be restricted forever to non-profit activities related to research and education on the biology of cells.
Cell Culture Research and Education Center 1971-1982
The Cell Center was largely the vision of cell culture pioneer Dr. George Otto Gey, director of the Finney-Howell Cancer Research Laboratory at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, a founder and first President of The Tissue Culture Association (now the Society for In Vitro Biology). Dr. Gey was introduced to Nettie Marie Jones, widow of W. Alton Jones, through her daughter Patricia Jones, an employee or acquaintance at Johns Hopkins. A highlight of the W. Alton Jones Cell Science Center building was the George and Margaret Gey Library. The objective was to provide a center in the peaceful setting of the Adirondack Mountains where experts in the fields of genetics, immunology, virology, insect physiology and other invertebrates unified by common interest in the art and science of culturing cells outside the body could |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runge%E2%80%93Kutta%E2%80%93Fehlberg%20method | In mathematics, the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method (or Fehlberg method) is an algorithm in numerical analysis for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. It was developed by the German mathematician Erwin Fehlberg and is based on the large class of Runge–Kutta methods.
The novelty of Fehlberg's method is that it is an embedded method from the Runge–Kutta family, meaning that identical function evaluations are used in conjunction with each other to create methods of varying order and similar error constants. The method presented in Fehlberg's 1969 paper has been dubbed the RKF45 method, and is a method of order O(h4) with an error estimator of order O(h5). By performing one extra calculation, the error in the solution can be estimated and controlled by using the higher-order embedded method that allows for an adaptive stepsize to be determined automatically.
Butcher tableau for Fehlberg's 4(5) method
Any Runge–Kutta method is uniquely identified by its Butcher tableau. The embedded pair proposed by Fehlberg
The first row of coefficients at the bottom of the table gives the fifth-order accurate method, and the second row gives the fourth-order accurate method.
Implementing an RK4(5) Algorithm
The coefficients found by Fehlberg for Formula 1 (derivation with his parameter α2=1/3) are given in the table below, using array indexing of base 1 instead of base 0 to be compatible with most computer languages:
The coefficients in the below table do not work.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20neurogenetic%20modeling | Computational neurogenetic modeling (CNGM) is concerned with the study and development of dynamic neuronal models for modeling brain functions with respect to genes and dynamic interactions between genes. These include neural network models and their integration with gene network models. This area brings together knowledge from various scientific disciplines, such as computer and information science, neuroscience and cognitive science, genetics and molecular biology, as well as engineering.
Levels of processing
Molecular kinetics
Models of the kinetics of proteins and ion channels associated with neuron activity represent the lowest level of modeling in a computational neurogenetic model. The altered activity of proteins in some diseases, such as the amyloid beta protein in Alzheimer's disease, must be modeled at the molecular level to accurately predict the effect on cognition. Ion channels, which are vital to the propagation of action potentials, are another molecule that may be modeled to more accurately reflect biological processes. For instance, to accurately model synaptic plasticity (the strengthening or weakening of synapses) and memory, it is necessary to model the activity of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR). The speed at which the NMDA receptor lets Calcium ions into the cell in response to Glutamate is an important determinant of Long-term potentiation via the insertion of AMPA receptors (AMPAR) into the plasma membrane at the synapse of the postsynaptic cell (the cel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaumann%20body | In pathology, Schaumann bodies are calcium and protein inclusions inside of Langhans giant cells as part of a granuloma.
Many conditions can cause Schaumann bodies, including:
Sarcoidosis,
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and
Berylliosis.
uncommonly, Crohn's disease and tuberculosis.
Etymology
These inclusions were named after Swedish dermatologist Jörgen Nilsen Schaumann.
See also
Asteroid body
References
Anatomical pathology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%E2%80%93volume%20diagram | A pressure–volume diagram (or PV diagram, or volume–pressure loop) is used to describe corresponding changes in volume and pressure in a system. They are commonly used in thermodynamics, cardiovascular physiology, and respiratory physiology.
PV diagrams, originally called indicator diagrams, were developed in the 18th century as tools for understanding the efficiency of steam engines.
Description
A PV diagram plots the change in pressure P with respect to volume V for some process or processes. Typically in thermodynamics, the set of processes forms a cycle, so that upon completion of the cycle there has been no net change in state of the system; i.e. the device returns to the starting pressure and volume.
The figure shows the features of an idealized PV diagram. It shows a series of numbered states (1 through 4). The path between each state consists of some process (A through D) which alters the pressure or volume of the system (or both).
A key feature of the diagram is that the amount of energy expended or received by the system as work can be measured because the net work is represented by the area enclosed by the four lines.
In the figure, the processes 1-2-3 produce a work output, but processes from 3-4-1 require a smaller energy input to return to the starting position / state; so the net work is the difference between the two.
This figure is highly idealized, in so far as all the lines are straight and the corners are right angles. A diagram showing the changes i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability%20integral%20transform | In probability theory, the probability integral transform (also known as universality of the uniform) relates to the result that data values that are modeled as being random variables from any given continuous distribution can be converted to random variables having a standard uniform distribution. This holds exactly provided that the distribution being used is the true distribution of the random variables; if the distribution is one fitted to the data, the result will hold approximately in large samples.
The result is sometimes modified or extended so that the result of the transformation is a standard distribution other than the uniform distribution, such as the exponential distribution.
The transform was introduced by Ronald Fisher in his 1932 edition of the book Statistical Methods for Research Workers.
Applications
One use for the probability integral transform in statistical data analysis is to provide the basis for testing whether a set of observations can reasonably be modelled as arising from a specified distribution. Specifically, the probability integral transform is applied to construct an equivalent set of values, and a test is then made of whether a uniform distribution is appropriate for the constructed dataset. Examples of this are P–P plots and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests.
A second use for the transformation is in the theory related to copulas which are a means of both defining and working with distributions for statistically dependent multivariate data. He |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20%26%20Debbe | Gene and Debbe were an American pop/country duo hailing from Nashville, Tennessee, United States. They had some brief successes on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart.
Gene Thomas (born Gene Thomasson on 28 December 1937, Palestine, Texas, died 26 August 2012 in Fredericksburg, Texas) had some minor success in the early 1960s with the songs "Sometime" and "Baby's Gone" (1964). After the latter, he dabbled in writing music for a few years. His songs have been performed or covered by numerous other country singers including Waylon Jennings, Kenny Rogers and Everly Brothers as well as Tina Turner. After a few years, Gene met with aspiring crooner, Debbe Neville, (or Nevills as some sources say). In an Everly Brothers style of harmonizing, they launched a career at Acuff-Rose music, singing romantic country style pop melodies.
They were signed to a recording contract with the subsidiary of Hickory Records, TRX, where they recorded their two biggest hits, "Go With Me" and "Playboy". The latter had an eventual combined sales figure of one million discs being awarded a gold record in June 1968. That same year Gene married Debbe and together had a son, Gebron. They shortly after parted ways, professionally and privately ending their union in divorce court.
After hitting the charts with "Playboy" at No. 17, they both faded into chart (but not musical) obscurity.
The couple produced one album Hear and Now in 1968, which is a rarity to find. It contains the single "Playboy".
After le |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant | In biology, and especially in genetics, a mutant is an organism or a new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of mutation, which is generally an alteration of the DNA sequence of the genome or chromosome of an organism. It is a characteristic that would not be observed naturally in a specimen. The term mutant is also applied to a virus with an alteration in its nucleotide sequence whose genome is in the nuclear genome. The natural occurrence of genetic mutations is integral to the process of evolution. The study of mutants is an integral part of biology; by understanding the effect that a mutation in a gene has, it is possible to establish the normal function of that gene.
Mutants arise by mutation
Mutants arise by mutations occurring in pre-existing genomes as a result of errors of DNA replication or errors of DNA repair. Errors of replication often involve translesion synthesis by a DNA polymerase when it encounters and bypasses a damaged base in the template strand. A DNA damage is an abnormal chemical structure in DNA, such as a strand break or an oxidized base, whereas a mutation, by contrast, is a change in the sequence of standard base pairs. Errors of repair occur when repair processes inaccurately replace a damaged DNA sequence. The DNA repair process microhomology-mediated end joining is particularly error-prone.
Etymology
Although not all mutations have a noticeable phenotypic effect, the common usage of the word "mutant" is generally a pejo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20dynamic%20head | In fluid dynamics, total dynamic head (TDH) is the work to be done by a pump, per unit weight, per unit volume of fluid. TDH is expressed as the total equivalent height that a fluid is to be pumped, taking into account friction losses in the pipe.
TDH = Static Lift + Pressure Head + Velocity Head + Friction Loss
where:
Static lift is the difference in elevation between the suction point and the discharge point.
Pressure head is the difference in pressure between the suction point and the discharge point, expressed as an equivalent height of fluid.
Velocity head represents the kinetic energy of the fluid due to its bulk motion.
Friction loss (or head loss) represents energy lost to friction as fluid flows through the pipe.
This equation can be derived from Bernoulli's Equation.
For incompressible liquids such as water, Static lift + Pressure head together equal the difference in fluid surface elevation between the suction basin and the discharge basin.
See also
Hydraulic head
Fluid dynamics
External links
On-line TDH calculator - Pump World
http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=total+dynamic+head -wolframalpha.com
Fluid mechanics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20beam%20prober | The electron beam prober (e-beam prober) is a specialized adaption of a standard scanning electron microscope (SEM) that is used for semiconductor failure analysis. While a conventional SEM may be operated in a voltage range of 10–30 keV, the e-beam Prober typically operates at 1 keV. The e-beam prober is capable of measuring voltage and timing waveforms on internal semiconductor signal structures. Waveforms may be measured on metal line, polysilicon and diffusion structures that have an electrically active, changing signal. The operation of the prober is similar to that of a sampling oscilloscope. A continuously looping, repeating test pattern must be applied to the device-under-test (DUT). E-beam probers are used primarily for front side semiconductor analysis. With the advent of flip-chip technology, many e-beam probers have been replaced with back side analysis instruments.
Theory of operation
The e-beam prober generates an SEM image by raster-scanning a focused electron beam over a selected region of the semiconductor surface. The high energy electrons in the primary beam strike the surface of the silicon, producing a number of low energy secondary electrons. The secondary electrons are guided back up through the SEM column to a detector. The varying numbers of secondary electrons reaching the detector are interpreted to produce the SEM image.
During waveform acquisition mode, the primary electron beam is focused on a single point on the device surface. As the DUT cycl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexis%20ratio | The Lexis ratio is used in statistics as a measure which seeks to evaluate differences between the statistical properties of random mechanisms where the outcome is two-valued — for example "success" or "failure", "win" or "lose". The idea is that the probability of success might vary between different sets of trials in different situations. This ratio is not much used currently having been largely replaced by the use of the chi-squared test in testing for the homogeneity of samples.
This measure compares the between-set variance of the sample proportions (evaluated for each set) with what the variance should be if there were no difference between in the true proportions of success across the different sets. Thus the measure is used to evaluate how data compares to a fixed-probability-of-success Bernoulli distribution. The term "Lexis ratio" is sometimes referred to as L or Q, where
Where is the (weighted) sample variance derived from the observed proportions of success in sets in "Lexis trials" and is the variance computed from the expected Bernoulli distribution on the basis of the overall average proportion of success. Trials where L falls significantly above or below 1 are known as supernormal and subnormal, respectively.
This ratio ( Q ) is a measure that can be used to distinguish between three types of variation in sampling for attributes: Bernoullian, Lexian and Poissonian. The Lexis ratio is sometimes also referred to as L.
Definition
Let there be k samples of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20dot%20cellular%20automaton | Quantum dot cellular automata (QDCA, sometimes referred to simply as quantum cellular automata, or QCA) are a proposed improvement on conventional computer design (CMOS), which have been devised in analogy to conventional models of cellular automata introduced by John von Neumann.
Background
Any device designed to represent data and perform computation, regardless of the physics principles it exploits and materials used to build it, must have two fundamental properties: distinguishability and conditional change of state, the latter implying the former. This means that such a device must have barriers that make it possible to distinguish between states, and that it must have the ability to control these barriers to perform conditional change of state. For example, in a digital electronic system, transistors play the role of such controllable energy barriers, making it extremely practical to perform computing with them.
Cellular automata
A cellular automaton (CA) is a discrete dynamical system consisting of a uniform (finite or infinite) grid of cells. Each cell can be in only one of a finite number of states at a discrete time. As time moves forward, the state of each cell in the grid is determined by a transformation rule that factors in its previous state and the states of the immediately adjacent cells (the cell's "neighborhood"). The most well-known example of a cellular automaton is John Horton Conway's "Game of Life", which he described in 1970.
Quantum-dot cells
Ori |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base%20homeostasis | Acid–base homeostasis is the homeostatic regulation of the pH of the body's extracellular fluid (ECF). The proper balance between the acids and bases (i.e. the pH) in the ECF is crucial for the normal physiology of the body—and for cellular metabolism. The pH of the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid need to be maintained at a constant level.
The three dimensional structures of many extracellular proteins, such as the plasma proteins and membrane proteins of the body's cells, are very sensitive to the extracellular pH. Stringent mechanisms therefore exist to maintain the pH within very narrow limits. Outside the acceptable range of pH, proteins are denatured (i.e. their 3D structure is disrupted), causing enzymes and ion channels (among others) to malfunction.
An acid–base imbalance is known as acidemia when the pH is acidic, or alkalemia when the pH is alkaline.
Lines of defense
In humans and many other animals, acid–base homeostasis is maintained by multiple mechanisms involved in three lines of defense:
Chemical: The first lines of defense are immediate, consisting of the various chemical buffers which minimize pH changes that would otherwise occur in their absence. These buffers include the bicarbonate buffer system, the phosphate buffer system, and the protein buffer system.
Respiratory component: The second line of defense is rapid consisting of the control the carbonic acid (H2CO3) concentration in the ECF by changing the rate and depth of breathing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%20Puzzle%20Protocol | Client Puzzle Protocol (CPP) is a computer algorithm for use in Internet communication, whose goal is to make abuse of server resources infeasible. It is an implementation of a proof-of-work system (PoW).
The idea of the CPP is to require all clients connecting to a server to correctly solve a mathematical puzzle before establishing a connection, if the server is under attack. After solving the puzzle, the client would return the solution to the server, which the server would quickly verify, or reject and drop the connection. The puzzle is made simple and easily solvable but requires at least a minimal amount of computation on the client side. Legitimate users would experience just a negligible computational cost, but abuse would be deterred: those clients that try to simultaneously establish a large number of connections would be unable to do so because of the computational cost (time delay). This method holds promise in fighting some types of spam as well as other attacks like denial-of-service.
See also
Computer security
Intrusion-prevention system
Proof-of-work system
Guided tour puzzle protocol
References
External links
RSA press release about client puzzles
Client Puzzles: A Cryptographic Countermeasure Against Connection Depletion Attacks
New Client Puzzle Outsourcing Techniques for DoS Resistance
Computer network security |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic%20pyrophosphatase | Inorganic pyrophosphatase (or inorganic diphosphatase, PPase) is an enzyme () that catalyzes the conversion of one ion of pyrophosphate to two phosphate ions. This is a highly exergonic reaction, and therefore can be coupled to unfavorable biochemical transformations in order to drive these transformations to completion. The functionality of this enzyme plays a critical role in lipid metabolism (including lipid synthesis and degradation), calcium absorption and bone formation, and DNA synthesis, as well as other biochemical transformations.
Two types of inorganic diphosphatase, very different in terms of both amino acid sequence and structure, have been characterised to date: soluble and transmembrane proton-pumping pyrophosphatases (sPPases and H(+)-PPases, respectively). sPPases are ubiquitous proteins that hydrolyse pyrophosphate to release heat, whereas H+-PPases, so far unidentified in animal and fungal cells, couple the energy of PPi hydrolysis to proton movement across biological membranes.
Structure
Thermostable soluble pyrophosphatase had been isolated from the extremophile Thermococcus litoralis. The 3-dimensional structure was determined using x-ray crystallography, and was found to consist of two alpha-helices, as well as an antiparallel closed beta-sheet. The form of inorganic pyrophosphatase isolated from Thermococcus litoralis was found to contain a total of 174 amino acid residues and have a hexameric oligomeric organization (Image 1).
Humans possess two |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HslVU | The heat shock proteins HslV and HslU (HslVU complex; also known as ClpQ and ClpY respectively, or ClpQY) are expressed in many bacteria such as E. coli in response to cell stress. The hslV protein is a protease and the hslU protein is an ATPase; the two form a symmetric assembly of four stacked rings, consisting of an hslV dodecamer bound to an hslU hexamer, with a central pore in which the protease and ATPase active sites reside. The hslV protein degrades unneeded or damaged proteins only when in complex with the hslU protein in the ATP-bound state. HslV is thought to resemble the hypothetical ancestor of the proteasome, a large protein complex specialized for regulated degradation of unneeded proteins in eukaryotes, many archaea, and a few bacteria. HslV bears high similarity to core subunits of proteasomes.
Genetics
Both proteins are encoded on the same operon within the bacterial genome. Unlike many eukaryotic proteasomes, which have several different peptide substrate specificities, hslV has a specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin; hence it is inhibited by proteasome inhibitors that specifically target the chymotrypsin site in eukaryotic proteasomes. Although the HslVU complex is stable on its own, some evidence suggests that the complex is formed in vivo in a substrate-induced manner due to a conformational change in the hslU-substrate complex that promotes hslV binding.
HslV and hslU genes have also been identified in some eukaryotes, although these also requ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megasonic%20cleaning | Megasonic cleaning is a type of acoustic cleaning related to ultrasonic cleaning. It is a gentler cleaning mechanism that is less likely to cause damage, and is used in wafer cleaning in semiconductor manufacturing, medical implant, and industrial parts cleaning.
Similar to ultrasonic cleaning, megasonics utilizes a transducer that usually sits atop a piezoelectric substrate. The transducer creates an acoustic field at a much higher frequency (typically 0.8–2 MHz) compared to ultrasonic cleaning (20-200 kHz). As a result, the cavitation that occurs is gentler and on a much smaller scale. Megasonics are currently used mainly in the electronics industry for preparation of silicon wafers.
Megasonic cleaning compared to ultrasonic cleaning
The difference between ultrasonic and megasonic cleaning lies in the frequency that is used to generate the acoustic waves. Ultrasonic cleaning uses lower frequencies, and produces random cavitation. Megasonic cleaning uses higher frequencies, and produces controlled cavitation.
An important distinction between the two methods is that the cavitation effects in a megasonic bath are much less damaging than those found with ultrasonic frequencies. This significantly reduces or eliminates cavitation erosion and the likelihood of surface damage to the product being cleaned. Parts that would be damaged by ultrasonic frequencies or cavitation effects can often be cleaned without damage in a megasonic bath using the same solution.
With ultrasonics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%9Fak%20Airport | Uşak Airport is the main airport of the city of Uşak in the Aegean Region of Turkey.
Statistics
External links
Official website
References
Airport
Airports in Turkey
Buildings and structures in Uşak Province
Transport in Uşak Province |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Le%C3%B3n%20S%C3%A1nchez | Luis León Sánchez Gil (born 24 November 1983) is a Spanish road bicycle racer, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam . Sánchez's major achievements include winning the overall classifications of the 2009 Paris–Nice and the 2005 Tour Down Under, as well as the one-day race Clásica de San Sebastián in 2010 and 2012. He also has four Tour de France stage victories and is a four-time winner of the Spanish National Time Trial Championships. He is a time trial specialist and has improved his climbing skills over the course of his career.
Personal life
Born in Mula, he is also known as Lulu Sánchez. León is not his surname but he carries it as a middle name as a mark of respect to his grandfather originally, but since late 2006 also as a tribute to his eldest brother, León Sánchez, who died in a motorbike accident. His younger brother, Pedro León, is a professional footballer, playing for Spanish team CF Fuenlabrada. His other brother, Antonio León Sánchez, plays indoor football. He is not related to fellow Spanish cyclist Samuel Sánchez.
Career
Early career
Sánchez rode for the team from 2004 until 2006, with his major results being overall victories in the 2005 Tour Down Under, and podium positions in the 2006 Tour Down Under, and the 2006 Vuelta a Castilla y León.
Caisse d'Epargne (2007–10)
In 2007, he moved to the team following the collapse of the team in the wake of the Operación Puerto doping case. In his first season with the team, he won the Vuelta a Mallorca, and f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClearSpeed | ClearSpeed Technology Ltd was a semiconductor company, formed in 2002 to develop enhanced SIMD processors for use in high-performance computing and embedded systems. Based in Bristol, UK, the company has been selling its processors since 2005. Its current 192-core CSX700 processor was released in 2008, but a lack of sales has forced the company to downsize and it has since delisted from the London stock exchange.
Products
The CSX700 processor consists of two processing arrays, each with 96 processing elements. The processing elements each contain a 32/64-bit floating point multiplier, a 32/64-bit floating point adder, 6 KB of SRAM, an integer arithmetic logic unit, and a 16-bit integer multiply–accumulate unit. It currently sells its CSX700 processor on a PCI Express expansion card with 2 GB of memory, called the Advance e710. The card is supplied with the ClearSpeed Software Development Kit and application libraries.
Related multi-core architectures include Ambric, PicoChip, Cell BE, Texas Memory Systems, and GPGPU stream processors such as AMD FireStream and Nvidia Tesla. ClearSpeed competes with AMD and Nvidia in the hardware acceleration market, where computationally intensive applications offload tasks to the accelerator. As of 2009, only the ClearSpeed e710 performs 64-bit arithmetic at its peak computational rate.
History
In November 2003 ClearSpeed demonstrated the CS301, with 64 processing elements running at 200 MHz, and peak 25.6 FP32 GFLOPS.
In June 2005 Clea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronan%20synthase | Hyaluronan synthases (HAS) are membrane-bound enzymes that use UDP-α-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and UDP-α-D-glucuronate as substrates to produce the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan at the cell surface and extrude it through the membrane into the extracellular space.
Isoforms
There are three mammalian hyaluronan synthases described to date - HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3. Each of these isoforms resides at a different chromosome location and has been cloned. Two of the main differences between the isoforms are the chain length of the hyaluronan molecules that they produce and the ease with which they can be released from the cell surface. When mammalian cells are stimulated by changes in their immediate environment (cytokines, extracellular matrix proximities), the HAS isoforms respond differently and appear to be under different control mechanisms.
During the development of the embryo, each isoform is uniquely expressed, both spatially and temporally.
HAS2 is probably the most important synthase at this time as mice lacking the ability to express HAS2 (knock-out mice) die at mid-gestation,
HAS1 or HAS3 knock-out mice show no effect on foetal development.
The isoforms of HAS also display varying physiological effects and therapeutic potentials. HAS2 is overexpressed in breast cancer cell lines and is associated with lymph node metastasis, while HAS1 and HAS3 lack any correlations with cancer development or metastasis. HAS-2 has also been proposed as a nanotherapeutic agent to combat os |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium/phosphate%20cotransporter | The sodium/phosphate cotransporter is a member of the phosphate:Na+ symporter (PNaS) family within the TOG Superfamily of transport proteins as specified in the Transporter Classification Database (TCDB).
Nomenclature
Sodium/phosphate cotransporters are also known as:
Na+-Pi cotransport proteins (NaPi-2a)
Sodium-dependent phosphate transporters
Sodium-dependent phosphate symporters
Phosphate:Na+ symporters
PNaS family
The Phosphate:Na+ Symporter (PNaS) family (TC# ) includes several closely related, functionally characterized, sodium-dependent, inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporter (NPT) proteins from mammals. Other organisms that possess PNaS family members include many in eukaryotic, bacterial and archaeal phyla. Bacterial sodium:phosphate symporters, NptA of Vibrio cholerae (TC#2.A.58.1.2) and YjbB of E. coli (TC# 2.A.58.2.1) have been functionally characterized.
The well-characterized mammalian proteins are found in renal (IIa isoform) and intestinal (IIb isoform) brush border membranes and are about 640 amino acyl residues long with 8-12 putative TMSs. The N- and C-termini both reside in the cytoplasm, and a large hydrophilic loop is localized between trans-membrane segments (TMSs) 3 and 4. While IIa isoforms are pH-dependent, IIb isoforms are pH-independent. The IIa sodium phosphate symporter isoform is a functional monomer, but it interacts with PDZ proteins which probably mediate apical sorting, parathyroid hormone-controlled endocytosis and/or lysosomal s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93hydrogen%20antiporter | The sodium–hydrogen antiporter or sodium–proton exchanger (Na+/H+ exchanger) is a membrane protein that transports Na+ into the cell, and H+ out of the cell (antiport).
Function
They are found in the membranes of many cells, and especially in those of the nephron of the kidney, specifically in the intercalary cells of the collecting duct and in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule. The membrane pump is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis of pH and sodium. Defects in Na+/H+ antiporters may result in heart or kidney failure. Angiotensin II upregulates this antiporter in the proximal convoluted tubule in order to promote Na+ reabsorption and H+ secretion. Na+/H+ exchangers are thought to be implicated in other disorders such as hypertension. In one study, transgenic mice over expressing this membrane protein were shown to have increased reabsorption and retention of sodium after increased salt intake.
In dopamine receptor signalling, the widely expressed Na+/H+ exchanger NHE-1 is activated downstream of the D2, D3, and D4 receptors.
Isoforms
There are several isoforms of the antiporter:
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 1
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 2
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 3
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 4
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 5
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 6
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 7
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 8
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 9
Families
There are several families of sodium/proton antiporters that facilitate the exchange of so |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20response%20function | A linear response function describes the input-output relationship of a signal transducer, such as a radio turning electromagnetic waves into music or a neuron turning synaptic input into a response. Because of its many applications in information theory, physics and engineering there exist alternative names for specific linear response functions such as susceptibility, impulse response or impedance; see also transfer function. The concept of a Green's function or fundamental solution of an ordinary differential equation is closely related.
Mathematical definition
Denote the input of a system by (e.g. a force), and the response of the system by (e.g. a position). Generally, the value of will depend not only on the present value of , but also on past values. Approximately is a weighted sum of the previous values of , with the weights given by the linear response function :
The explicit term on the right-hand side is the leading order term of a Volterra expansion for the full nonlinear response. If the system in question is highly non-linear, higher order terms in the expansion, denoted by the dots, become important and the signal transducer cannot adequately be described just by its linear response function.
The complex-valued Fourier transform of the linear response function is very useful as it describes the output of the system if the input is a sine wave with frequency . The output reads
with amplitude gain and phase shift .
Example
Consider a damped harmonic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion%20in%20Austria | Religion in Austria is predominantly Christianity, adhered to by 68.2% of the country's population according to the 2021 national survey conducted by Statistics Austria. Among Christians, 80.9% were Catholics, 7.2% were Orthodox Christians (mostly belonging to the Eastern Orthodox Church), 5.6% were Protestants, while the remaining 6.2% were other Christians, belonging to other denominations of the religion or not affiliated to any denomination. In the same census, 8.3% of the Austrians declared that their religion was Islam, 1.2% declared to believe in other non-Christian religions (including Buddhism, Hindusim, Judaism and others), and 22.4% declared they did not belong to any religion, denomination or religious community.
According to church membership data, in 2021 53.9% of the population were Roman Catholics and 3.0% adhered to Protestant churches.
Austria was historically a strongly Catholic country, having been the centre of the Habsburg monarchy (1273–1918) which championed Roman Catholicism. Although in the 16th century many Austrians converted to Protestantism, Lutheranism in particular, as the Protestant Reformation (begun in 1517) was spreading across Europe, the Habsburgs enacted measures of Counter-Reformation as early as 1527 and harshly repressed Austrian Protestantism, albeit a minority of Austrians remained Protestant. A few decades after the fall of the Habsburg monarchy at the end of the World War I, and the transformation of Austria into a federal repu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity%20of%20cell%20membranes | A cell membrane defines a boundary between a cell and its environment. The primary constituent of a membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that forms in a water-based environment due to the hydrophilic nature of the lipid head and the hydrophobic nature of the two tails. In addition there are other lipids and proteins in the membrane, the latter typically in the form of isolated rafts.
Of the numerous models that have been developed to describe the deformation of cell membranes, a widely accepted model is the fluid mosaic model proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972. In this model, the cell membrane surface is modeled as a two-dimensional fluid-like lipid bilayer where the lipid molecules can move freely. The proteins are partially or fully embedded in the lipid bilayer. Fully embedded proteins are called integral membrane proteins because they traverse the entire thickness of the lipid bilayer. These communicate information and matter between the interior and the exterior of the cell. Proteins that are only partially embedded in the bilayer are called peripheral membrane proteins. The membrane skeleton is a network of proteins below the bilayer that links with the proteins in the lipid membrane.
Elasticity of closed lipid vesicles
The simplest component of a membrane is the lipid bilayer which has a thickness that is much smaller than the length scale of the cell. Therefore, the lipid bilayer can be represented by a two-dimensional mathematical surface. In 1973, based |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route%20nationale%2019 | The Route nationale 19 (N19) is a trunk road (nationale) in north east France. The road forms part of European route E54.
Reclassification
The RN19 has been subsequently downgraded in several sections to the RD319 and RD619.
Route
Paris - Provins - Troyes - Chaumont - Langres - Vesoul -
Belfort - Switzerland
Paris to Troyes (0 to 148 km)
The road starts as the Quai d'Ivry on the south bank of the river Seine south east of the City centre. The road crosses the river just downstream from the river Marne on the Pont d'Ivry. in a predominantly industrial area. The road then has a junction with the N6 (Paris to Lyon road at the Carrefour de la Résistance. The road then heads through the suburb of Maisons Alfort. After it crosses the A86 autoroute the road passes east of Créteil as the Avenue de Paris.
The road passes south east through Bonneuil-sur-Marne and the Foret de Gros Bois. The road crosses the N104 (Paris outer ring road) and enters an area famous for its cheese (Brie. The road passes through Brie Comte Robert now classified as the D319. Through traffic is now directed onto the N104 and then to Guigers where the two routes are re-united.
At Guigers the road crosses the N36 (Meaux to Melun) and then passes a refinery to Nangris. The road then turns east to the town of Provins. The road turns south east through the Foret de Sourdun (167 m) and then into the valley of the river Seine. The road next comes to Nogent-s-Seine and then heading east to Romilly-s- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation%20to%20the%20Dance%20%28film%29 | Invitation to the Dance is a 1956 American dance anthology film consisting of three distinct stories, all starring and directed by Gene Kelly. It was the first film Kelly directed on his own, after co-directing three films with Stanley Donen.
The film is unusual in that it has no spoken dialogue, with the characters performing their roles entirely through dance and mime. Kelly appears in all three stories, which feature leading dancers of the era, including Tommy Rall, Igor Youskevitch, Tamara Toumanova and Carol Haney.
The film's shooting was completed in 1954, but its release was delayed until 1956 because of doubts at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The movie performed poorly at the box office, and it generally is regarded as an artistic as well as commercial failure.
The film takes its name from a piano composition of the same name by Carl Maria von Weber, portions of which are played during the opening credits.
Plot
"Circus"
The first segment, set to original music composed for the film by Jacques Ibert, is a tragic love triangle set in a mythical land sometime in the past. Kelly plays a clown, who is in love with another circus performer, played by Claire Sombert. She, however, is in love with an aerialist, played by Youskevitch. The clown, after entertaining the crowds with the other clowns, sees his love and the aerialist kiss, and then wanders into a crowd in shock. That night, he watches them dance together, and after the lady finds him with her shawl, he confesses his |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-induced%20voltage%20alteration | Charge-induced voltage alteration (CIVA) is a technique which uses a scanning electron microscope to locate open conductors on CMOS integrated circuits. This technique is used in semiconductor failure analysis.
Theory of operation
The scanning of an electron beam across the surface of the device may result in additional charge buildup on conductors which are disconnected from the remainder of the circuit (floating conductors). If a CMOS device is under active bias, the presence of open conductors may not prevent the circuit from operating at low clock frequencies as the result of quantum tunneling effects. By injecting charge into floating conductors that are operating in this tunneling mode, it is possible to produce additional loading which can be detected by monitoring the power supply current. These changes in supply current may be associated with the visual image of the device at the coordinates at which the change was detected. The result is a scanning electron microscope image which has an overlay of the floating conductors superimposed on it.
References
Semiconductor analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA%20Division%20I%20men%27s%20lacrosse%20records | NCAA Division I men's lacrosse records listed here are primarily records compiled by the NCAA's Director of Statistics office.
Included in this consolidation are the NCAA men's Division I individual single-season and career leaders. Official NCAA men's lacrosse records did not begin until the 1971 season and are based on information submitted to the NCAA statistics service by institutions participating in the weekly statistics rankings, which started in 1996. Career records include players who played at least three seasons (in a four-season career) or two (in a three-season career) in Division I during the era of official NCAA statistics. In statistical rankings, the rounding of percentages and/or averages may indicate ties where none exist. In these cases, the numerical order of the rankings is accurate.
Career leaders
Points
[a] Granted a fifth season of eligibility
[b] Lehigh records have Cameron with 308 career points, while NCAA record book shows Cameron with 307 career points.
[c] Zach Greer's career points mark of 353 points is not officially recognized by the NCAA. Greer was granted a fifth season of eligibility and Bryant was considered a reclassifying institution that year. The NCAA lists Greer's career points as 285, though he scored 42 goals with 26 assists for 68 points in 2009, for a total of 353 career points.
Points per game
[a] Not recognized by the NCAA
Goals
[a] Zach Greer's career goals of 248 are not officially recognized by the NCAA, becau |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legi | Legi may refer to:
Legi, a day in the Pasaran cycle of the Javanese calendar
Łęgi (disambiguation), the name of several places in Poland
N,N'-diacetyllegionaminate synthase, an enzyme
Giacomo Legi, a Baroque painter of Flemish descent who was active principally in Italy during the first half of the 17th century. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U70 | U70 may refer to:
U-70 (synchrotron), a Soviet proton synchrotron
, various vessels
Great dodecahemidodecahedron
Small nucleolar RNA SNORA70
VGV U70, a Chinese SUV
U70, a line of the Düsseldorf Stadtbahn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20FCHV | The Toyota FCHV is a hybrid hydrogen fuel cell vehicle development programme of the Toyota Motor Corporation, which was leased to a limited number of drivers in the United States and Japan beginning in 2002. The Toyota FCHV and Honda FCX, which began leasing on 2 December 2002, became the world's first government-certified commercial hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Its first commercial fuel cell vehicle was developed from the FCHV-4, which was adapted from the Toyota Highlander body. "FCHV" stands for "Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle". A number of prototypes have been produced, up to the latest FCHV-adv ("advanced").
History
There are six generations of FCHVs for testing. The FCHV-1, introduced in 1996, was Toyota's first fuel cell vehicle, based on the Toyota RAV4 and equipped with a hydrogen-absorbing alloy storage unit. The FCHV-2, introduced in 1997, was equipped with a reformer to extract hydrogen from methanol. FCHV-3, 4, and 5, introduced in 2001, were based on the Toyota Highlander, and FCHV-3 and 4 were capable of generating four times more power than FCHV-1. The FCHV-4 was the first fuel cell vehicle to be tested on public roads in Japan, and driving tests continued until 2004. The Clean Hydrocarbon Fuel (CHF) reformer of the FCHV-5 was equipped with a newly developed catalyst and heat exchanger to improve acceleration and fuel economy.
As of 2008 the FCHV-adv was available for lease in Japan. The use of the vehicles by government ministries and companies is intended to pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/103.9%20FM | The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 103.9 MHz:
Albania
BBC World Service in Tirana
Argentina
LRI319 del Rosario in Rosario, Santa Fe
Radio María in Sauce, Corrientes
Australia
ABC Classic FM in Adelaide, South Australia
Good News Radio in Ballarat, Victoria
3GCB in Latrobe Valley
3SEY Seymour, Central Victoria
Canada (Channel 280)
CBAF-FM-13 in Chéticamp, Nova Scotia
CBBP-FM in Peterborough, Ontario
CBRQ-FM in Lake Louise, Alberta (formerly VF2105)
CBRF-FM in Calgary, Alberta
CBTM-FM in Masset, British Columbia
CFCK-FM in Canoe Lake, Saskatchewan
CFFD-FM in Laforge-2, Quebec
CFIN-FM-1 in Armagh, Quebec
CFJH-FM in Burns Lake, British Columbia
CFQM-FM in Moncton, New Brunswick
CHNO-FM in Sudbury, Ontario
CHOA-FM-2 in La Sarre, Quebec
CHOK-1-FM in Sarnia, Ontario
CHVO-FM in Carbonear, Newfoundland and Labrador
CIFM-FM-3 in Merritt, British Columbia
CIME-FM in St-Jerome, Quebec
CIMS-FM in Campbellton, New Brunswick
CIRR-FM in Toronto, Ontario
CISN-FM in Edmonton, Alberta
CJAW-FM in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan
CJBC-FM-1 in Windsor, Ontario
CKOV-FM in Kelowna, British Columbia
CKDK-FM in Woodstock, Ontario
CKWE-FM in Maniwaki, Quebec
CKXX-FM in Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador
VF2015 in Chetwynd, British Columbia
VF2103 in Fort St. James, British Columbia
VF2155 in Poste Laverendrye, Quebec
VF2294 in Rainbow Lake, Alberta
VF2371 in Kemess Mine Site, British Columbia
VF2377 in Campbell Road, British Columbia
China
Be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth%20hormone%20receptor | Growth hormone receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GHR gene. GHR orthologs have been identified in most mammals.
Structure
Growth hormone receptor (GHR) is a transmembrane protein consisting of 620 amino acids. The receptor is part of the Type I cytokine receptor family of receptors. GHR exists in two forms as a full length membrane-bound receptor and as a soluble GH binding protein (GHBP). GHR contains two fibronectin type III β domains in its extracellular domain, whereas the intracellular domain contains tyrosine Kinase JAK2 binding sites for SH2 proteins. JAK2 is the primary signal transducer for growth hormone.
Function
This gene encodes a protein that is a transmembrane receptor for growth hormone. Binding of growth hormone to the receptor leads to reorientation of a pre-assembled receptor dimer dimerization (the receptor may however also exist as monomers on the cell surface ) and the activation of an intra- and intercellular signal transduction pathway leading to growth. A common alternate allele of this gene, called GHRd3, lacks exon three and has been well characterized. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Laron syndrome, also known as the growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (GHIS), a disorder characterized by short stature (proportional dwarfism). Other splice variants, including one encoding a soluble form of the protein (GHRtr), have been observed but have not been thoroughly characterized. Laron mice (that is mice genetical |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humster | A humster is a hybrid cell line made from a hamster oocyte fertilized with human sperm. This is possible due to the unique promiscuity of hamster ova, which allows them to fuse with non-hamster sperm. It always consists of single cells, and cannot form a multi-cellular being. Humsters are usually destroyed before they divide into two cells; if isolated and left alone to divide, they would still be unviable.
Humsters are routinely created mainly for two reasons:
To avoid legal issues with working with pure human embryonic stem cell lines.
To assess the viability of human sperm for in vitro fertilization
Somatic cell hybrids between humans and hamsters or mice have been used for the mapping of various traits since at least the 1970s.
See also
Hamster zona-free ovum test
Human–animal hybrid
Recombinant DNA
References
Further reading
Analysis of the first cell cycle in the cross between hamster eggs and human sperm
Cell biology
Bioethics
Mammal hybrids
Human hybrids
Intergeneric hybrids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL7 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7) is a small cytokine that was previously called monocyte-chemotactic protein 3 (MCP3). CCL7 is a small protein that belongs to the CC chemokine family and is most closely related to CCL2 (previously called MCP1).
Genomics
In the human genome, CCL7 is encoded by the CCL7 gene which is one of the several chemokine genes clustered on chromosome 17q11.2-q12. This region contains the gene for the MCP subset of CC chemokines. The CCL7 gene has been given the locus symbol SCYA7.
The gene consists of three exons and two introns. The first exon contains a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR), the information for the signal sequence (23 amino acids), and the mature protein's first two amino acids. The second exon encodes amino acids 3–42 of the mature proteins. The third exon is composed of the C-terminal region of the protein, a 3′-UTR containing one or more destabilizing AU-rich sequences and a polyadenylation signal.
Molecular biology
CCL7 was first characterized from osteosarcoma supernatant. CCL7 consists of 99 amino acids, which contains 23-amino acid signal peptide. The mature protein about 76 amino acids is secreted after cleavage of the signal peptide. In contrast to most chemokines, CCL7 exists in a general monomeric form, differing from the dimer formed in a highly concentrated solution.
CCL7 can exist in four different glycotypes with a molecular weight 11, 13, 17 and 18 kDa in COS cells.
CCL7 mediates effects on the immune cell type |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate%20dehydrogenase | Pyruvate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of pyruvate and a lipoamide to give the acetylated dihydrolipoamide and carbon dioxide. The conversion requires the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase is usually encountered as a component, referred to as E1, of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). PDC consists of other enzymes, referred to as E2 and E3. Collectively E1-E3 transform pyruvate, NAD+, coenzyme A into acetyl-CoA, CO2, and NADH. The conversion is crucial because acetyl-CoA may then be used in the citric acid cycle to carry out cellular respiration. To distinguish between this enzyme and the PDC, it is systematically called pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring).
Mechanism
The thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) converts to an ylide by deprotonation. The ylide attack the ketone group of pyruvate. The resulting adduct decarboxylates. The resulting 1,3-dipole reductively acetylates lipoamide-E2.
In terms of details, biochemical and structural data for E1 revealed a mechanism of activation of TPP coenzyme by forming the conserved hydrogen bond with glutamate residue (Glu59 in human E1) and by imposing a V-conformation that brings the N4’ atom of the aminopyrimidine to intramolecular hydrogen bonding with the thiazolium C2 atom. This unique combination of contacts and conformations of TPP leads to formation of the reactive C2-carbanion, eventually. After the cofactor TPP decarboxylates pyruvate, the acetyl portion becomes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionyl-CoA%20carboxylase | Propionyl-CoA carboxylase (, PCC) catalyses the carboxylation reaction of propionyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix. PCC has been classified both as a ligase and a lyase. The enzyme is biotin-dependent. The product of the reaction is (S)-methylmalonyl CoA.
ATP + propionyl-CoA + HCO3− <=> ADP + phosphate + (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA
(S)-Methylmalonyl-CoA cannot be directly utilized by animals. It is acted upon by a racemase, yielding (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA, which is then converted into succinyl-CoA by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (one of the few metabolic enzymes which requires vitamin B12 as a cofactor). Succinyl-CoA, a Krebs cycle intermediate, is further metabolized into fumarate, then malate, and then oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate may be transported into the cytosol to form phosphoenol pyruvate and other gluconeogenic intermediates. Propionyl-CoA is therefore an important precursor to glucose.
Propionyl-CoA is the end product of odd-chain fatty acid metabolism, including most methylated fatty acids. The amino acids valine, isoleucine, and methionine are also substrates for propionyl-CoA metabolism.
Structure
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) is a 750 kDa alpha(6)-beta(6)-dodecamer. (Only approximately 540 kDa is native enzyme. ) The alpha subunits are arranged as monomers, decorating the central beta-6 hexameric core. Said core is oriented as a short cylinder with a hole along its axis.
The alpha subunit of PCC contains the biotin carboxylase (BC) and biotin carboxyl carrier pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola%20Airport | Yoshkar-Ola Airport () is an airport in Mari El Republic, Russia, located north of Yoshkar-Ola and from Moscow Domodedovo Airport (DME).
As a category 2 airport (based on an MAK classification),
it handles Tu-134, Yak-42 and smaller aircraft.
The airport is the base for Yoshkar-Ola Joint Aviation Group.
Airlines and destinations
All flights from the Airport are temporarily suspended since due to runway reconstruction.
Previously following flights were operated from the Airport:
External links
Yoshkar-Ola Airport Official Site
References
Airports built in the Soviet Union
Airports in Mari El |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyketide%20synthase | Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are a family of multi-domain enzymes or enzyme complexes that produce polyketides, a large class of secondary metabolites, in bacteria, fungi, plants, and a few animal lineages. The biosyntheses of polyketides share striking similarities with fatty acid biosynthesis.
The PKS genes for a certain polyketide are usually organized in one operon or in gene clusters. Type I and type II PKSs form either large modular protein complexes or dissociable molecular assemblies; type III PKSs exist as smaller homodimeric proteins.
Classification
PKSs can be classified into three types:
Type I PKSs are large, complex protein structures with multiple modules which in turn consist of several domains that are usually covalently connected to each other and fulfill different catalytic steps. The minimal composition of a type I PKS module consists of an acyltransferase (AT) domain, which is responsible for choosing the building block to be used, a keto synthase (KS) domain, which catalyzes the C-C bond formation and an acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain, also known as thiolation domain. The latter contains a conserved Ser residue, post-translationally modified with a phosphopantetheine at the end of which the polyketide chain is covalently bound during biosynthesis as a thioester. Moreover, multiple other optional domains can also exist within a module like ketoreductase or dehydratase domains which alter the default 1,3-dicarbonyl functionality of the installed keti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisthiosemicarbazone | In organic chemistry, a bisthiosemicarbazone is a derivative from an elimination reaction between a thiosemicarbazide and a diketone. Their structure is . A 'thiosemicarbazone' contains a sulfur atom in lieu of the ketonic oxygen in semicarbazone. Bisthiosemicarbazones are known to have antiviral, antimalarial and anticancer activity, usually mediated through binding to copper or iron in cells. They have also been identified as potential ligands for radioisotope delivery, with selectivity towards hypoxic tissues, particularly in the heart and brain. When chelated to zinc atoms some bisthiosemicarbazones may have uses as fluorescing agents in optical microscopy.
See also
Salen ligand
Ambazone
References
Functional groups
Thiocarbonyl compounds
Thiosemicarbazone |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena%20contracta | Vena contracta is the point in a fluid stream where the diameter of the stream is the least, and the fluid velocity is at its maximum, such as in the case of a stream issuing out of a nozzle (orifice). (Evangelista Torricelli, 1643). It is a place where the cross section area is minimal. The maximum contraction takes place at a section slightly downstream of the orifice, where the jet is more or less horizontal.
The effect is also observed in flow from a tank into a pipe, or a sudden contraction in pipe diameter. Streamlines will converge just downstream of the diameter change, and a region of separated flow occurs at the sharp corner of the diameter change and extends past the vena contracta.
The formation of the vena contracta can be seen in the venturimeter.
Explanation
The reason for this phenomenon is that fluid streamlines cannot abruptly change direction. In the case of both the free jet and the sudden pipe diameter change, the streamlines are unable to closely follow the sharp angle in the pipe/tank wall. The converging streamlines follow a smooth path, which results in the narrowing of the jet (or primary pipe flow).
Echocardiography
Measurement of the vena contracta is useful in echocardiography, where it describes the smallest area of the blood flow jet as it exits a heart valve. This corresponds to the effective orifice area (EOA) calculated for heart valves using the continuity equation.
Shotguns
Vena Contracta was a term used by several English shotgun buil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls%20and%20Mirrors | Walls And Mirrors is a computer science textbook, for undergraduates taking a second computer science course (typically on the subject of data structures and algorithms), originally written by Paul Helman and Robert Veroff. The book attempts to strike a balance between being too mathematically rigorous and formal, and being so informal, practical, and hands-on that computer science theory is not taught.
The "walls" of the title refer to the abstract data type (ADT) which has a wall between its public interface and private implementation. Early languages like Pascal did not build this wall very high; later languages like Modula-2 did create a much stronger wall between the two; and object-oriented languages such as C++ and Java implement walls using the class concept.
The "mirrors" of the title refer to recursion. The idea is of looking at a reflection in two mirrors placed in opposition to one another, so a repeated image is reflected smaller and smaller in them.
Editions
The first edition, which used the language Pascal, was published in 1986.
An edition that used Modula-2 was published in 1988. Modula-2 had much better support for the sort of ADT the book taught than Pascal.
Later editions from the mid-1990s and the 2000s used C++ and Java, reflecting a fundamental shift in how computer science was taught. The original authors' names have been removed from the most recent editions of the book.
Publication history
Walls and Mirrors, Intermediate Problem Solving and D |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJA | NJA may refer to:
New Jewish Agenda, former US organization
Naval Air Facility Atsugi, Japan, IATA code
New Japan Aviation, Kagoshima, services company, ICAO code
Newman-Janis Algorithm, a method of finding solutions in general relativity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%20Statistical%20Institute | Turkish Statistical Institute (commonly known as TurkStat; or TÜİK) is the Turkish government agency commissioned with producing official statistics on Turkey, its population, resources, economy, society, and culture. It was founded in 1926 and headquartered in Ankara. Formerly named as the State Institute of Statistics (Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü (DİE)), the institute was renamed as the Turkish Statistical Institute on November 18, 2005.
See also
List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy
References
External links
Official website of the institute
National statistical services
Statistical
Organizations established in 1926
Organizations based in Ankara |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereocilia | Stereocilia (or stereovilli or villi) are non-motile apical cell modifications. They are distinct from cilia and microvilli, but are closely related to microvilli. They form single "finger-like" projections that may be branched, with normal cell membrane characteristics. They contain actin. Stereocilia are found in the vas deferens, the epididymis, and the sensory cells of the inner ear.
Structure
Stereocilia are cylindrical and non-motile. They are much longer and thicker than microvilli, form single "finger-like" projections that may be branched, and have more of the characteristics of the cellular membrane proper. Like microvilli, they contain actin and lack an axoneme. This distinguishes them from cilia.
They do not have a Basal body at their base since they do not contain microtubules. They may or may not be covered by a glycocalyx coating. They have no fixed arrangement, different to the structure present in kinocilium.
Organs containing stereocilia
Stereocilia are found in:
the vas deferens.
the epididymis. Some consider epididymal stereocilia to be a variant of microvilli, rather than their own distinct type of structure.
the sensory (hair) cells of the inner ear.
References
External links
J.A. Illingworth, "Sensory Transducers" (Lectures, 2011), University of Leeds
Histology
Actin-based structures |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpecGram | SpecGram may refer to:
Speculative Grammarian: a satirical linguistics journal.
specgram, a time-dependent frequency analysis (spectrogram) tool in the Signal Processing Toolbox of MATLAB. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierocrypt | In cryptography, Hierocrypt-L1 and Hierocrypt-3 are block ciphers created by
Toshiba in 2000. They were submitted to the NESSIE project, but were not selected. Both
algorithms were among the cryptographic techniques recommended for Japanese government use by CRYPTREC in 2003, however, both have been dropped to "candidate" by CRYPTREC revision in 2013.
The Hierocrypt ciphers are very similar, differing mainly in block size: 64 bits for Hierocrypt-L1, 128 bits for Hierocrypt-3. Hierocrypt-L1's key size is 128 bits, while Hierocrypt-3 can use keys of 128, 192, or 256 bits. The number of rounds of encryption also varies: Hierocrypt-L1 uses 6.5 rounds, and Hierocrypt-3 uses 6.5, 7.5, or 8.5, depending on the key size.
The Hierocrypt ciphers use a nested substitution–permutation network (SPN) structure. Each round consists of parallel applications of a transformation called the XS-box, followed by a linear diffusion operation. The final half-round replaces the diffusion with a simple
post-whitening. The XS-box, which is shared by the two algorithms, is itself an SPN, consisting of a subkey XOR, an S-box lookup, a linear diffusion, another subkey XOR, and another S-box lookup. The diffusion operations use two MDS matrices, and there is a single 8×8-bit S-box. The key schedule uses the binary expansions of the square roots of some small integers as a source of "nothing up my sleeve numbers".
No analysis of the full ciphers has been announced, but certain weaknesses were discovere |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2884922%29%202003%20VS2 | is a trans-Neptunian object discovered by the Near Earth Asteroid Tracking program on 14 November 2003. Like Pluto, it is in a 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune and is thus a plutino. Analysis of light-curve suggests that it is not a dwarf planet.
Orbit and rotation
Like Pluto, is locked in the 3:2 mean-motion resonance with Neptune, although its orbit is both less inclined and significantly less eccentric than Pluto's.
has a significant light-curve amplitude of . The most likely value of the rotation period is .
Physical characteristics
has a moderately red surface with a moderately red color indices B−V=0.93, V−R=0.59. Its geometrical albedo is about 0.13.
In 2007, its diameter was initially estimated by the Spitzer Space Telescope at . However, in 2012, this was reduced to after new Herschel Space Telescope observations. In 2019, was found to be ellipsoidal in shape based on stellar occultations that occurred in 2013 and 2014; the light curve derived from the occultations suggests that this plutino is not in hydrostatic equilibrium and hence not a dwarf planet. The dimensions of are estimated at , with a volume-equivalent diameter . has no known satellite that can be used to directly determine its mass, but assuming a density of 1 g/cm3, typical of mid size TNO's, gives a mass estimate of about 7.5 kg.
See also
Sedna, another large trans-Neptunian object discovered the same day (14 November 2003)
References
External links
Huge rock-ice body circles Sun (P |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiovox%20Snapper | The Audiovox Snapper is a 2005 cell phone made by Audiovox that was available from Virgin Mobile. It includes a color screen, a VGA camera, and Bluetooth technology.
References
audiovox snapper cdm8915 virgin mobile specs
user manual
specs per phonescoop
Mobile phones by company |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARB%20Project | The ARB Project is a free software package for the phylogenetic analysis of rRNA and other biological sequences including DNA and protein sequence. It simplifies the import and assembly of genetic sequences from any organisms with the use of an automated aligner. This editing process can be depicted into two subcategories: "Primary Structure Editor" and "Secondary Structure Editor". Comprehensively, this allows the necessary make up for developing a phylogenetic tree. The software provides the visualization of the biological sequences which gives the user a more in depth experience and interaction. This is particularly necessary when comparing phylogeny data from various organisms.
Introduction
From the authors' description,
The ARB (ARB short for the Latin arbor) program package comprises a variety of directly interacting software tools for sequence database maintenance and analysis controlled by a common graphical user interface. Although it was initially designed for ribosomal RNA data, it can be used for nucleic acid and amino acid sequence data. A central database contains processed (aligned) primary structure data. Additional descriptive data can be stored in database fields assigned to the individual sequences or linked via local or worldwide networks. A phylogenetic tree visualized in the main window can be used for data access and visualization. The package contains additional tools for data import and export, sequence alignment, primary and secondary structure edi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20der%20Waerden%20number | Van der Waerden's theorem states that for any positive integers r and k there exists a positive integer N such that if the integers {1, 2, ..., N} are colored, each with one of r different colors, then there are at least k integers in arithmetic progression all of the same color. The smallest such N is the van der Waerden number W(r, k).
Tables of Van der Waerden numbers
There are two cases in which the van der Waerden number W(r, k) is easy to compute: first, when the number of colors r is equal to 1, one has W(1, k) = k for any integer k, since one color produces only trivial colorings RRRRR...RRR (for the single color denoted R). Second, when the length k of the forced arithmetic progression is 2, one has W(r, 2) = r + 1, since one may construct a coloring that avoids arithmetic progressions of length 2 by using each color at most once, but using any color twice creates a length-2 arithmetic progression. (For example, for r = 3, the longest coloring that avoids an arithmetic progression of length 2 is RGB.) There are only seven other van der Waerden numbers that are known exactly. The table below gives exact values and bounds for values of W(r, k); values are taken from Rabung and Lotts except where otherwise noted.
{| class="wikitable"
! k\r
! 2 colors
! 3 colors
! 4 colors
! 5 colors
! 6 colors
|-
| 3
| style="text-align:right;"| 9
| style="text-align:right;"| 27
| style="text-align:right;"| 76
| style="text-align:right;"| >170
| style="text-align:right;"| >22 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorapatite | Fluorapatite, often with the alternate spelling of fluoroapatite, is a phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F (calcium fluorophosphate). Fluorapatite is a hard crystalline solid. Although samples can have various color (green, brown, blue, yellow, violet, or colorless), the pure mineral is colorless, as expected for a material lacking transition metals. Along with hydroxylapatite, it can be a component of tooth enamel, but for industrial use both minerals are mined in the form of phosphate rock, whose usual mineral composition is primarily fluorapatite but often with significant amounts of the other.
Fluorapatite crystallizes in a hexagonal crystal system. It is often combined as a solid solution with hydroxylapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH or Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) in biological matrices. Chlorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3Cl) is another related structure. Industrially, the mineral is an important source of both phosphoric and hydrofluoric acids.
Fluorapatite as a mineral is the most common phosphate mineral. It occurs widely as an accessory mineral in igneous rocks and in calcium rich metamorphic rocks. It commonly occurs as a detrital or diagenic mineral in sedimentary rocks and is an essential component of phosphorite ore deposits. It occurs as a residual mineral in lateritic soils.
Fluorapatite is found in the teeth of sharks and other fishes in varying concentrations. It is also present in human teeth that have been exposed to fluoride ions, for example, through water fluoridation or |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox-ATypI%20classification | In typography, the Vox-ATypI classification makes it possible to classify typefaces into general classes. Devised by Maximilien Vox in 1954, it was adopted in 1962 by the Association Typographique Internationale (ATypI) and in 1967 as a British Standard, as British Standards Classification of Typefaces (BS 2961:1967), which is a very basic interpretation and adaptation/modification of the earlier Vox-ATypI classification. On April 27, 2021, ATypI announced that they had de-adopted the system and that they were establishing a working group building towards a new, larger system incorporating the different scripts of the world.
Vox proposed a nine-type classification which tends to group typefaces according to their main characteristics, often typical of a particular century (15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th century), based on a number of formal criteria: downstroke and upstroke, forms of serifs, stroke axis, x-height, etc. Although the Vox-ATypI classification defines archetypes of typefaces, many typefaces can exhibit the characteristics of more than one class.
At the 2010 ATypI general meeting, the association voted to make a minor amendment to add Gaelic to the calligraphic group in the Vox-ATypI classification, to state that the Vox-ATypI system was seriously flawed, and to create a new working group on typeface classification.
Classicals
The classicals can be broken down into humanist, Garald, and transitional categories, and are characterized by triangular serifs, o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine%20translocase%20deficiency | Ornithine translocase deficiency, also called hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive urea cycle disorder affecting the enzyme ornithine translocase, which causes ammonia to accumulate in the blood, a condition called hyperammonemia.
Ammonia, which is formed when proteins are broken down in the body, is toxic if the levels become too high. The nervous system is especially sensitive to the effects of excess ammonia.
Pathophysiology
Mutations in SLC25A15 cause ornithine translocase deficiency. Ornithine translocase deficiency belongs to a class of metabolic disorders referred to as urea cycle disorders. The urea cycle is a sequence of reactions that occurs in liver cells. This cycle processes excess nitrogen, generated when protein is used by the body, to make a compound called urea that is excreted by the kidneys. The SLC25A15 gene provides instructions for making a protein called a mitochondrial ornithine transporter. This protein is needed to move a molecule called ornithine within the mitochondria (the energy-producing centers in cells). Specifically, this protein transports ornithine across the inner membrane of mitochondria to the region called the mitochondrial matrix, where it participates in the urea cycle. Mutations in the SLC25A15 gene result in a mitochondrial ornithine transporter that is unstable or the wrong shape, and which cannot bring ornithine to the mitochondrial matrix. This failure of ornithine tr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudoku%20solving%20algorithms | A standard Sudoku contains 81 cells, in a 9×9 grid, and has 9 boxes, each box being the intersection of the first, middle, or last 3 rows, and the first, middle, or last 3 columns. Each cell may contain a number from one to nine, and each number can only occur once in each row, column, and box. A Sudoku starts with some cells containing numbers (clues), and the goal is to solve the remaining cells. Proper Sudokus have one solution. Players and investigators use a wide range of computer algorithms to solve Sudokus, study their properties, and make new puzzles, including Sudokus with interesting symmetries and other properties.
There are several computer algorithms that will solve 9×9 puzzles (=9) in fractions of a second, but combinatorial explosion occurs as increases, creating limits to the properties of Sudokus that can be constructed, analyzed, and solved as increases.
Techniques
Backtracking
Some hobbyists have developed computer programs that will solve Sudoku puzzles using a backtracking algorithm, which is a type of brute force search. Backtracking is a depth-first search (in contrast to a breadth-first search), because it will completely explore one branch to a possible solution before moving to another branch. Although it has been established that approximately 5.96 x 1126 final grids exist, a brute force algorithm can be a practical method to solve Sudoku puzzles.
A brute force algorithm visits the empty cells in some order, filling in digits sequentially, o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20marching%20method | The fast marching method is a numerical method created by James Sethian for solving boundary value problems of the Eikonal equation:
Typically, such a problem describes the evolution of a closed surface as a function of time with speed in the normal direction at a point on the propagating surface. The speed function is specified, and the time at which the contour crosses a point is obtained by solving the equation. Alternatively, can be thought of as the minimum amount of time it would take to reach starting from the point . The fast marching method takes advantage of this optimal control interpretation of the problem in order to build a solution outwards starting from the "known information", i.e. the boundary values.
The algorithm is similar to Dijkstra's algorithm and uses the fact that information only flows outward from the seeding area. This problem is a special case of level-set methods. More general algorithms exist but are normally slower.
Extensions to non-flat (triangulated) domains solving
for the surface and , were introduced by Ron Kimmel and James Sethian.
Algorithm
First, assume that the domain has been discretized into a mesh. We will refer to meshpoints as nodes. Each node has a corresponding value .
The algorithm works just like Dijkstra's algorithm but differs in how the nodes' values are calculated. In Dijkstra's algorithm, a node's value is calculated using a single one of the neighboring nodes. However, in solving the PDE in , betw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR1 | PR1 may refer to:
Polskie Radio Program I, a radio channel broadcast by the Polish public broadcaster Polskie Radio
the first group of plant pathogenesis-related proteins
the first of three categories of para-rowing, also known as adaptive rowing
VR Class Pr1, a Finnish locomotive
PR-1 may refer to:
Puerto Rico Highway 1, a road connecting the city of Ponce to San Juan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR2 | PR2 may refer to:
PR2 (classification), a Paralympic rowing classification
Aircrew Survival Equipmentman 2nd Class (US Navy rating); previously designated as 'Parachute Rigger 2nd Class', hence PR2
London Buses route PR2
Personal Robot 2 open source robot project by sponsored by Willow Garage
Google PageRank
πr2, see Area of a disk
Polskie Radio Program II, a radio channel broadcast by the Polish public broadcaster Polskie Radio
VR Class Pr2, a locomotive class
PR-2 may refer to:
Puerto Rico Highway 2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarity-determining%20region | Complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are part of the variable chains in immunoglobulins (antibodies) and T cell receptors, generated by B-cells and T-cells respectively, where these molecules bind to their specific antigen. A set of CDRs constitutes a paratope. As the most variable parts of the molecules, CDRs are crucial to the diversity of antigen specificities generated by lymphocytes.
Location and structure
There are three CDRs (CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3), arranged non-consecutively, on the amino acid sequence of a variable domain of an antigen receptor. Since the antigen receptors are typically composed of two variable domains (on two different polypeptide chains, heavy and light chain), there are six CDRs for each antigen receptor that can collectively come into contact with the antigen. A single antibody molecule has two antigen receptors and therefore contains twelve CDRs total. There are three CDR loops per variable domain in antibodies. Sixty CDRs can be found on a pentameric IgM molecule.
Since most sequence variation associated with immunoglobulins and T cell receptors are found in the CDRs, these regions are sometimes referred to as hypervariable regions. Within the variable domain, CDR1 and CDR2 are found in the variable (V) region of a polypeptide chain, and CDR3 includes some of V, all of diversity (D, heavy chains only) and joining (J) regions. CDR3 is the most variable.
The tertiary structure of an antibody is important to analyze and design new antibodi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDR2 | CDR2 can refer to
Complementarity-determining region 2 on antibodies
CDR2 (gene), cerebellar degeneration-related protein 2, a protein expressed by ovarian cancer cells
Mitosis inducer protein kinase cdr2, Cdr2 (S. pombe), a protein in the yeast S. pombe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDR1 | CDR1 can refer to
Complementarity-determining region 1 on antibodies
CDR1 (gene), cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance%20%28ecology%29 | In ecology, local abundance is the relative representation of a species in a particular ecosystem. It is usually measured as the number of individuals found per sample. The ratio of abundance of one species to one or multiple other species living in an ecosystem is referred to as relative species abundances. Both indicators are relevant for computing biodiversity.
A variety of sampling methods are used to measure abundance. For larger animals, these may include spotlight counts, track counts and roadkill counts, as well as presence at monitoring stations. In many plant communities the abundances of plant species are measured by plant cover, i.e. the relative area
covered by different plant species in a small plot. Abundance is in simplest terms usually measured by identifying and counting every individual of every species in a given sector. It is common for the distribution of species to be skewed so that a few species take up the bulk of individuals collected.
Relative species abundance is calculated by dividing the number of species from one group by the total number of species from all groups.
Community ecology
These measures are all a part of community ecology. Understanding patterns within a community is easy when the community has a relatively low number of species. However most communities do not have a low number of species. Measuring species abundance allows for understanding of how species are distributed within an ecosystem. For example, salt water marshes have |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash%E2%80%93Karp%20method | In numerical analysis, the Cash–Karp method is a method for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It was proposed by Professor Jeff R. Cash from Imperial College London and Alan H. Karp from IBM Scientific Center. The method is a member of the Runge–Kutta family of ODE solvers. More specifically, it uses six function evaluations to calculate fourth- and fifth-order accurate solutions. The difference between these solutions is then taken to be the error of the (fourth order) solution. This error estimate is very convenient for adaptive stepsize integration algorithms. Other similar integration methods are Fehlberg (RKF) and Dormand–Prince (RKDP).
The Butcher tableau is:
The first row of b coefficients gives the fifth-order accurate solution, and the second row gives the fourth-order solution.
See also
Adaptive Runge–Kutta methods
List of Runge–Kutta methods
Notes
References
J. R. Cash, A. H. Karp. "A variable order Runge-Kutta method for initial value problems with rapidly varying right-hand sides", ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 16: 201-222, 1990. .
Numerical differential equations
Runge–Kutta methods |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20Individual%20Consumption%20According%20to%20Purpose | Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP) is a Reference Classification published by the United Nations Statistics Division that divides the purpose of individual consumption expenditures incurred by three institutional sectors, namely households, non-profit institutions serving households, and general government.
Categories in COICOP generally correspond to categories in the UN's CPC. Division 14 of COICOP corresponds to the Classification of the Purposes of Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households (COPNI); Division 15 of COICOP corresponds to the Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG).
The classification units are transactions.
COICOP has been recently revised and is now available as COICOP 2018.
Structure
Structure levels
Structure Level 1: Divisions (two-digit)
Structure Level 2: Groups (three-digit)
Structure Level 3: Classes (four-digit)
Structure Level 4: Subclasses (five-digit)
Broad structure
01 Food and non-alcoholic beverages
01.1 Food
01.2 Non-alcoholic beverages
01.3 Services for processing primary goods for food and non-alcoholic beverages
02 Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics
02.1 Alcoholic beverages
02.2 Alcohol production services
02.3 Tobacco
02.4 Narcotics
03 Clothing and footwear
03.1 Clothing
03.2 Footwear
04 Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels
04.1 Actual rentals for housing
04.2 Imputed rentals for housing
04.3 Maintenance, repair and security of the dwelling
04.4 Water supply and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20step%20size | In mathematics and numerical analysis, an adaptive step size is used in some methods for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations (including the special case of numerical integration) in order to control the errors of the method and to ensure stability properties such as A-stability.
Using an adaptive stepsize is of particular importance when there is a large variation in the size of the derivative.
For example, when modeling the motion of a satellite about the earth as a standard Kepler orbit, a fixed time-stepping method such as the Euler method may be sufficient.
However things are more difficult if one wishes to model the motion of a spacecraft taking into account both the Earth and the Moon as in the Three-body problem.
There, scenarios emerge where one can take large time steps when the spacecraft is far from the Earth and Moon, but if the spacecraft gets close to colliding with one of the planetary bodies, then small time steps are needed. Romberg's method and Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg are examples of a numerical integration methods which use an adaptive stepsize.
Example
For simplicity, the following example uses the simplest integration method, the Euler method; in practice, higher-order methods such as Runge–Kutta methods are preferred due to their superior convergence and stability properties.
Consider the initial value problem
where y and f may denote vectors (in which case this equation represents a system of coupled ODEs in several variabl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias%20of%20an%20estimator | In statistics, the bias of an estimator (or bias function) is the difference between this estimator's expected value and the true value of the parameter being estimated. An estimator or decision rule with zero bias is called unbiased. In statistics, "bias" is an property of an estimator. Bias is a distinct concept from consistency: consistent estimators converge in probability to the true value of the parameter, but may be biased or unbiased; see bias versus consistency for more.
All else being equal, an unbiased estimator is preferable to a biased estimator, although in practice, biased estimators (with generally small bias) are frequently used. When a biased estimator is used, bounds of the bias are calculated. A biased estimator may be used for various reasons: because an unbiased estimator does not exist without further assumptions about a population; because an estimator is difficult to compute (as in unbiased estimation of standard deviation); because a biased estimator may be unbiased with respect to different measures of central tendency; because a biased estimator gives a lower value of some loss function (particularly mean squared error) compared with unbiased estimators (notably in shrinkage estimators); or because in some cases being unbiased is too strong a condition, and the only unbiased estimators are not useful.
Bias can also be measured with respect to the median, rather than the mean (expected value), in which case one distinguishes median-unbiased from |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocin | Podocin is a protein component of the filtration slits of podocytes. Glomerular capillary endothelial cells, the glomerular basement membrane and the filtration slits function as the filtration barrier of the kidney glomerulus.
Mutations in the podocin gene NPHS2 can cause nephrotic syndrome, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) or minimal change disease (MCD). Symptoms may develop in the first few months of life (congenital nephrotic syndrome) or later in childhood.
Structure
Podocin is a membrane protein of the band-7-stomatin family, consisting of 383 amino acids. It has a transmembrane domain forming a hairpin structure, with two cytoplasmic ends at the N- and C-terminus, the latter of which interacts with the cytosolic tail of nephrin, with CD2AP serving as an adaptor.
Function
Podocin is localized on the membranes of podocyte pedicels (foot-like long processes), where it oligomerizes in lipid rafts together with nephrin to form the filtration slits.
References
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golija | Golija (, ) is a mountain in southwestern Serbia, between towns of Ivanjica and Novi Pazar. It is part of the Dinaric mountain range. The mountain is heavily forested with significant biodiversity. It contains the Golija-Studenica Biosphere Reserve, the first UNESCO-MAB registered biosphere reserve in Serbia. It is also a small ski resort, with several historical monuments and monasteries. The highest peak is Jankov Kamen at .
Geography
Golija stretches in north–south direction, in an S-shape between Novi Pazar and Raška on south and Ivanjica on the north. It covers an area of about .
The highest peak is Jankov Kamen . It was named after Sibinjanin Janko, Serbian romanticized version of Hungarian medieval knight John Hunyadi. According to local myths, when he was returning to Hungary after the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448. He placed a stone on top of the mountain to mark his presence, hence the name which is Serbian for "Janko's stone". The highest peak is followed by Radulovac (), Bojevo Brdo () and Crni Vrh (). The peaks offer sightseeing to Golija's forests and pastures, as well as the peaks of nearby Kopaonik, Komovi and Prokletije mountains. On a clear day, even a distant mountains, like Durmitor in Montenegro or even Kosmaj, close to Belgrade, are visible.
There are over 100 water springs on Golija. The Moravica and Studenica rivers have their headwaters at this mountain. Studenica breaches through the mountain, in its deep valley with several shorter gorges. The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormand%E2%80%93Prince%20method | In numerical analysis, the Dormand–Prince (RKDP) method or DOPRI method, is an embedded method for solving ordinary differential equations (ODE). The method is a member of the Runge–Kutta family of ODE solvers. More specifically, it uses six function evaluations to calculate fourth- and fifth-order accurate solutions. The difference between these solutions is then taken to be the error of the (fourth-order) solution. This error estimate is very convenient for adaptive stepsize integration algorithms. Other similar integration methods are Fehlberg (RKF) and Cash–Karp (RKCK).
The Dormand–Prince method has seven stages, but it uses only six function evaluations per step because it has the "First Same As Last" (FSAL) property: the last stage is evaluated at the same point as the first stage of the next step. Dormand and Prince chose the coefficients of their method to minimize the error of the fifth-order solution. This is the main difference with the Fehlberg method, which was constructed so that the fourth-order solution has a small error. For this reason, the Dormand–Prince method is more suitable when the higher-order solution is used to continue the integration, a practice known as local extrapolation.
Butcher tableau
The Butcher tableau is:
The first row of b coefficients gives the fifth-order accurate solution, and the second row gives the fourth-order accurate solution.
Applications
, Dormand–Prince is the default method in the ode45 solver for MATLAB and GNU Octave |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-induced%20voltage%20alteration | Light-induced voltage alteration (LIVA) is a semiconductor analysis technique that uses a laser or infrared light source to induce voltage changes in a device while scanning the beam of light across its surface. The technique relies upon the generation of electron-hole pairs in the semiconductor material when exposed to photons.
Theory of operation
The device to be analyzed is biased using a constant current power supply. As the light source is scanned across the surface of the silicon, electron-hole pairs are generated. This causes subtle alterations of the operating characteristics of the device, which may result in slight changes to the power supply voltage. Any changes that are detected in the power supply voltage are noted and correlated with the position of the light source on the device. This allows the physical locations corresponding to power supply fluctuations to be mapped onto an image of the device. This provides the device analyst with specific locations at which the device may be examined for defects.
Notes
References
.
Semiconductor analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20laser%20stimulation | Thermal laser stimulation represents a class of defect imaging techniques which employ a laser to produce a thermal variation in a semiconductor device. This technique may be used for semiconductor failure analysis. There are four techniques associated with thermal laser stimulation: optical beam induced resistance change (OBIRCH), thermally induced voltage alteration (TIVA)), external induced voltage alteration (XIVA) and Seebeck effect imaging (SEI)
Optical beam induced resistance change
Optical beam induced resistance change (OBIRCH) is an imaging technique which uses a laser beam to induce a thermal change in the device. Laser stimulation highlights differences in thermal characteristics between areas containing defects and areas which are defect-free. As the laser locally heats a defective area on a metal line which is carrying a current, the resulting resistance changes can be detected by monitoring the input current to the device. OBIRCH is useful for detecting electromigration effects resulting in open metal lines.
A constant voltage is applied to the device-under-test (DUT). An area of interest is selected on the device, and a laser beam is used to scan the area. The input current being drawn by the device is monitored for changes during this process. When a change in current is noted, the position of the laser at the time that the change occurred is marked on the image of the device.
When the laser beam strikes a location which does not contain a void, good therm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomeningocele | A pseudomeningocele is an abnormal collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that communicates with the CSF space around the brain or spinal cord. In contrast to a meningocele, in which the fluid is surrounded and confined by dura mater, in a pseudomeningocele, the fluid has no surrounding membrane, but is contained in a cavity within the soft tissues.
Pseudomeningocele may result after brain surgery, spine surgery, or brachial plexus avulsion injury.
Treatment for pseudomeningocele is conservative or may involve neurosurgical repair.
References
Pseudomeningocele - USC Neurosurgery
Neurosurgery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim%20till%20Dead | Slim till Dead () (Orig. Sul sun) is a 2005 Hong Kong film directed by Marco Mak and stars Anthony Wong and Cherrie Ying.
Cast
Anthony Wong
Cherrie Ying
Sheren Tang
Raymond Wong Ho-yin
Crystal Tin
Zuki Lee
Wong Jing
Jing Gangshan
External links
2005 films
2000s Cantonese-language films
2005 thriller films
Hong Kong thriller films
2000s Hong Kong films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miron%20Nicolescu | Miron Nicolescu (; August 27, 1903 – June 30, 1975) was a Romanian mathematician, best known for his work in real analysis and differential equations. He was President of the Romanian Academy and Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union.
Born in Giurgiu, the son of a teacher, he attended the Matei Basarab High School in Bucharest. After completing his undergraduate studies at the Faculty of Mathematics of the University of Bucharest in 1924, he went to Paris, where he enrolled at the École Normale Supérieure and the Sorbonne. In 1928, he completed his doctoral dissertation, Fonctions complexes dans le plan et dans l'espace, under the direction of Paul Montel. Upon returning to Romania, he taught at the University of Cernăuți until 1940, when he was named professor at the University of Bucharest.
In 1936, he was elected an associate member of the Romanian Academy, and, in 1953, full member. After King Michael's Coup of August 23, 1944, Nicolescu joined the Social Democratic Party, and later became a member of the Romanian Communist Party. In 1963, he became director of the Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy, a position he held until 1973. From 1966 until his death, he served as President of the Romanian Academy. Peter Freund (who met Nicolescu when he gave a lecture in Timișoara), described him as an "affable, debonair man, and a very handsome ladies' man."
Nicolescu was awarded the Legion of Honour, Commander rank, and was elected in 1972 mem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladin | Palladin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PALLD gene. Palladin is a component of actin-containing microfilaments that control cell shape, adhesion, and contraction.
Discovery
Palladin was characterised independently by two research groups, first in the lab of Carol Otey (in 2000) and then in the lab of Olli Carpén (in 2001). It is a part of the myotilin-myopalladin-palladin family and may play an important role in modulating the actin cytoskeleton. Palladin, in contrast to myotilin and myopalladin, which are expressed only in striated muscle, is expressed ubiquitously in cells of mesenchymal origin.
Palladin was named after the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio, reflecting its localization to architectural elements of the cell.
Isoforms
In humans, it appears that seven different isoforms exist, some of which arise through alternative splicing. In mice, three major isoforms of palladin arise from a single gene. These isoforms contain between three and five copies (depending on the isoform) of an Ig-like domain and between one and two copies of a polyproline domain.
Function
Palladin's precise biological role is poorly understood, but it has been shown to play a role in cytoskeletal organization, embryonic development, cell motility, scar formation in the skin, and nerve cell development.
Disease linkage
Recently, it has been demonstrated that palladin RNA is overexpressed in patients with pancreatic neoplasia, and that palladin is both ove |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20protected%20areas%20of%20Peru | This is a list of protected areas in Peru.
Natural heritage
The Constitution of Peru of 1993 recognized the natural resources and ecosystem variety of its country as a heritage. In 1990, the National System of Natural Areas that are protected by the Government (SINANPE) was created. This entity depends on the National Service of Protected Areas by the State (SERNANP), Ministry of Environment.
Peru has 76 natural protected areas (more of 15% of the country surface area) that are preserved by the National Government: 15 national parks, 9 national sanctuaries, 4 historical sanctuaries, 17 national reserves, 3 wildlife refuges, 2 landscape reserves, 10 communal reserves, 6 protected forests, 2 hunting enclosed lands and 8 reserved zones. A map was also created containing the natural protected areas.
Peru is considered to be among 17 of the most megadiverse countries in the world. With over 1,850 species of birds, it has the world's second most diverse avian community, after Colombia.
National Parks are places where the wild flora and fauna are protected and preserved. Natural resources exploitation and human settlements are forbidden.
National System of Natural State Protected Areas
National parks
Cutervo, created in 1961 and located in Cajamarca, is the oldest Peruvian National Park. It contains many caves, including the San Andres Cave is a home of the endangered guacharo (oilbird) and golden quetzal.
Tingo Maria is located in Huanuco Region. Its principal attraction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL8 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8 (CCL8), also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein 2 (MCP2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL8 gene.
CCL8 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. The CCL8 protein is produced as a precursor containing 109 amino acids, which is cleaved to produce mature CCL8 containing 75 amino acids. The gene for CCL8 is encoded by 3 exons and is located within a large cluster of CC chemokines on chromosome 17q11.2 in humans. MCP-2 is chemotactic for and activates many different immune cells, including mast cells, eosinophils and basophils, (that are implicated in allergic responses), and monocytes, T cells, and NK cells that are involved in the inflammatory response. CCL8 elicits its effects by binding to several different cell surface receptors called chemokine receptors. These receptors include CCR1, CCR2B, CCR3 and CCR5.
CCL8 is a CC chemokine that utilizes multiple cellular receptors to attract and activate human leukocytes. CCL8 is a potent inhibitor of HIV1 by virtue of its high-affinity binding to the receptor CCR5, one of the major co-receptors for HIV1. In addition, CCL8 attributes to the growth of metastasis in breast cancer cells. The manipulation of this chemokine activity influences the histology of tumors promoting steps of metastatic processes. CCL8 is also involved in attracting macrophages to the decidua in labor.
References
External links
Further reading
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eotaxin | The eotaxins are a CC chemokine subfamily of eosinophil chemotactic proteins. Eotaxin is a special CC chemokine because it primarily attracts eosinophils. By being a chemoattractant for eosinophils, eotaxin has a direct relationship with inflammation. This is because eosinophils are known to promote inflammation. In order to induce stimulation, eotaxin binds with the CCR-3 receptor. The binding of eotaxin with the CCR-3 Receptor recruits eosinophils, which ultimately induces inflammation. According to early studies, the production of eotaxin can be linked to Th2 lymphocytes. Eotaxin appears to be T-cell dependent because of evidence that suggests that eosinophil recruitment is regulated by Th2 lymphocytes. The regulation occurs because of the presence of the CCR-3 Receptor on the Th2 lymphocyte. Some examples of the types of cells that have the ability of synthesizing eotaxin are lung cells, vascular endothelial cells, and macrophages.
In humans, there are three family members:
CCL11 (eotaxin-1)
CCL24 (eotaxin-2)
CCL26 (eotaxin-3)
Structure and Role
After analyzing the cDNA from guinea pig cDNA, it is determined that eotaxin is a 96 amino acid sequence. The beginning 23 amino acids are hydrophobic, while the remaining 73 are what make up the active eotaxin protein. Within the 73 amino acids present in the active eotaxin protein, there is similarity with other C-C chemokines that are categorized as “eosinophil- activating.” Some of these are human MPC-3 with a 51% simil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem%20approach | The ecosystem approach is a conceptual framework for resolving ecosystem issues. The idea is to protect and manage the environment through the use of scientific reasoning. Another point of the ecosystem approach is preserving the Earth and its inhabitants from potential harm or permanent damage to the planet itself. With the preservation and management of the planet through an ecosystem approach, the future monetary and planetary gain are the by-product of sustaining and/or increasing the capacity of that particular environment. This is possible as the ecosystem approach incorporates humans, the economy, and ecology to the solution of any given problem. The initial idea for an ecosystem approach would come to light during the second meeting (November 1995) at the Conference of the Parties (COP) it was the central topic in implementation and framework for the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), it would further elaborate on the ecosystem approach as using varies methodologies for solving complex issues.
Throughout, the use and incorporation of ecosystem approaches, two similar terms have been created in that time: ecosystem-based management and ecosystem management. The Convention on Biological Diversity has seen ecosystem-based management as a supporting topic/concept for the ecosystem approach. Similarly, ecosystem management has a minor difference with the two terms. Conceptual the differences between the three terms come from a framework structure and the different |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL11 | C-C motif chemokine 11 also known as eosinophil chemotactic protein and eotaxin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL11 gene. This gene is encoded on three exons and is located on chromosome 17.
Function
CCL11 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. CCL11 selectively recruits eosinophils by inducing their chemotaxis, and therefore, is implicated in allergic responses. The effects of CCL11 are mediated by its binding to a G-protein-linked receptor known as a chemokine receptor. Chemokine receptors for which CCL11 is a ligand include CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5. However, it has been found that eotaxin-1 (CCL11) has high degree selectivity for its receptor, such that they are inactive on neutrophils and monocytes, which do not express CCR3.
Clinical significance
Increased CCL11 levels in blood plasma are associated with aging in mice and humans. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that exposing young mice to CCL11 or the blood plasma of older mice decreases their neurogenesis and cognitive performance on behavioural tasks thought to be dependent on neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
Higher plasma concentrations of CCL11 have been found in current cannabis users compared to past users and those who had never used. CCL11 has also been found in higher concentrations in people with schizophrenia; cannabis is a known trigger of schizophrenia.
It's also a biomarker for CTE or punch-drunk syndrome.
During periods of bone inflammation, CCL11 and CCR |
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