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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395%20First%20League%20of%20FR%20Yugoslavia | Statistics of First League of FR Yugoslavia () for the 1994–95 season.
Overview
Just as the previous season, the league consisted of 2 groups, A and B, each containing 10 clubs. Both groups were played in league system. By winter break all clubs in each group had met each other twice, home and away, with the bottom four from A group moving to group B, and being replaced by the top four from the B group. At the end of the season the same situation happened with four teams being replaced from A and B groups, and in addition, the bottom three clubs from the B group were relegated into the Second League of FR Yugoslavia for the next season and replaced by the top three from that league.
At the end of the season Red Star Belgrade became champions.
FK Partizan striker Savo Milošević become the league's top-scorer for second consecutive time, this time with 30 goals.
The relegated clubs were FK Spartak Subotica, FK Sutjeska Nikšić, FK Rudar Pljevlja.
That was the first season when Yugoslav clubs again qualified to the UEFA competitions after three years of ban due to UN embargo.
Teams
Autumn
IA league
Table
Results
IB league
Table
Results
Spring
IA league
Table
Results
IB league
Table
Results
UEFA Cup Playoff
Vojvodina was qualified to the 1995–96 UEFA Cup but they are not admitted, along with Partizan, because the country coefficient of Yugoslavia has been recalculated due to the split up. Budućnost Podgorica was qualified to the 1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup.
Wi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396%20First%20League%20of%20FR%20Yugoslavia | Statistics of First League of FR Yugoslavia () for the 1995–96 season.
Overview
Just as in the two previous seasons, the league was divided into 2 groups, A and B, consisting each one of 10 clubs. Both groups were played in league system. By winter break all clubs in each group meet each other twice, home and away, with the bottom four classified from A group moving to the group B, and being replaced by the top four from the B group. At the end of the season the same situation happened with four teams being replaced from A and B groups, adding the fact that the bottom two clubs from the B group were relegated into the Second League of FR Yugoslavia for the next season and replaced by the top two from that league.
At the end of the season FK Partizan were the champions.
The league top-scorer was FK Čukarički striker Vojislav Budimirović with 23 goals.
The relegated clubs were FK Napredak Kruševac and FK Radnički Beograd.
Autumn
IA league
Table
Results
IB league
Table
Results
Spring
IA league
Table
Results
IB league
Table
Results
IA Playoff
Relegation playoff
Winning squad
Champions: Partizan Belgrade (Coach: Ljubiša Tumbaković)
Players (league matches/league goals)
Ivica Kralj
Nikola Damjanac
Viktor Trenevski
Bratislav Mijalković
Darko Tešović
Gjorgji Hristov
Ivan Tomić
Dražen Bolić
Mladen Krstajić
Predrag Pažin
Đorđe Svetličić
Dejan Peković
Dejan Vukićević
Damir Čakar
Dragan Ćirić
Zoran Mirković
Niša Saveljić
Zoran Đu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moho%20%28software%29 | Moho (previously marketed as Anime Studio) is a proprietary vector-based 2D animation application distributed by Lost Marble LLC. It has two different packages: Moho Pro and Moho Debut, similar to the pro version but with features which are restricted.
History
The software was originally developed under the name "Moho" in 1999 by Mike Clifton at Lost Marble. The software was distributed by E Frontier until 2007, when it was acquired by Smith Micro and renamed Anime Studio, as a marketing companion for the former Manga Studio.
In 2010, Smith Micro released Anime Studio 7, which added features such as Physics, 3D creation and an improved interface.
In 2011, Anime Studio 8 added features such as the Character Wizard, layered Photoshop import, and real-time media connection. Version 8.1 also supported the new Poser 9 SDK and integrated the Wacom multi-touch API, allowing it to work natively with Wacom's Bamboo and Intuos tablets.
In 2012, Smith Micro released Anime Studio 9, with new features including Smart Bones, Editable Motion Graphs, and Bézier handles, as well as enhancements to the timeline, key frames, and onionskins.
In 2014, Anime Studio 10 contained upgraded features and new mechanics to its predecessor.
In 2015, Anime Studio 11 added frame-by-frame animation, layer referencing, animated shape ordering, enhanced tools and brushes, JSON file format support, and other features.
In 2016, Anime Studio was rebranded as Moho by Smith Micro Software to reflect the sof |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol%20reformer | A methanol reformer is a device used in chemical engineering, especially in the area of fuel cell technology, which can produce pure hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide by reacting a methanol and water (steam) mixture.
Methanol is transformed into hydrogen and carbon dioxide by pressure and heat and interaction with a catalyst.
Technology
A mixture of water and methanol with a molar concentration ratio (water:methanol) of 1.0 - 1.5 is pressurized to approximately 20 bar, vaporized and heated to a temperature of 250 - 360 °C. The hydrogen that is created is separated through the use of Pressure swing adsorption or a hydrogen-permeable membrane made of polymer or a palladium alloy.
There are two basic methods of conducting this process.
The water-methanol mixture is introduced into a tube-shaped reactor where it makes contact with the catalyst. Hydrogen is then separated from the other reactants and products in a later chamber, either by pressure swing adsorption (PSA), or through use of a membrane where the majority of the hydrogen passes through. This method is typically used for larger, non-mobile units.
The other process features an integrated reaction chamber and separation membrane, a membrane reactor. In this relatively new approach, the reaction chamber is made to contain high-temperature, hydrogen-permeable membranes that can be formed of refractory metals, palladium alloys, or a PdAg-coated ceramic. The hydrogen is thereby separated out of the reaction chamber as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riodininae |
Riodininae is the largest of the three subfamilies within the metalmark butterfly family, Riodinidae.
Classification
Riodininae contains the following tribes:
Befrostiini Grishin, 2019
Calydnini Seraphim, Freitas & Kaminski, 2018
Dianesiini Seraphim, Freitas & Kaminski, 2018
Emesidini Seraphim, Freitas & Kaminski, 2018
Eurybiini Reuter, 1896
Helicopini Reuter 1897
Nymphidiini Bates, 1859
Riodinini Grote, 1895
Sertaniini Seraphim, Freitas & Kaminski, 2018
Symmachiini Bates, 1859
References
Further reading
Glassberg, Jeffrey Butterflies through Binoculars, The West (2001)
Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H. Butterflies of British Columbia (2001)
James, David G. and Nunnallee, David Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies (2011)
Pelham, Jonathan Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada (2008)
Pyle, Robert Michael The Butterflies of Cascadia (2002)
External links
Pteron Images. In Japanese but with binomial names
Butterflies and Moths of North America
Butterflies of America
Butterfly subfamilies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robust%20optimization | Robust optimization is a field of mathematical optimization theory that deals with optimization problems in which a certain measure of robustness is sought against uncertainty that can be represented as deterministic variability in the value of the parameters of the problem itself and/or its solution. It is related to, but often distinguished from, probabilistic optimization methods such as chance-constrained optimization.
History
The origins of robust optimization date back to the establishment of modern decision theory in the 1950s and the use of worst case analysis and Wald's maximin model as a tool for the treatment of severe uncertainty. It became a discipline of its own in the 1970s with parallel developments in several scientific and technological fields. Over the years, it has been applied in statistics, but also in operations research, electrical engineering, control theory, finance, portfolio management logistics, manufacturing engineering, chemical engineering, medicine, and computer science. In engineering problems, these formulations often take the name of "Robust Design Optimization", RDO or "Reliability Based Design Optimization", RBDO.
Example 1
Consider the following linear programming problem
where is a given subset of .
What makes this a 'robust optimization' problem is the clause in the constraints. Its implication is that for a pair to be admissible, the constraint must be satisfied by the worst pertaining to , namely the pair that maximi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Palace%20%28basketball%29 | Crystal Palace was a basketball team competing in the National Basketball League (NBL) and then the British Basketball League (BBL), until they merged with the London Towers in 1998. They played in the Crystal Palace Sports Centre and were the most successful team in Britain throughout the seventies and early eighties.
History
In 1966 the Old Suttonians basketball club was founded by several ex pupils of Sutton Grammar School including David Last and Terry Doherty who both performed the role of director of the club in future years. In 1972 the club entered the new National League as Sutton basketball club and finished third of six teams. the following season they relocated to Crystal Palace and became the Sutton & Crystal Palace club. Success arrived quickly with a league and cup double the very next season.
In 1975 the club dropped the Sutton prefix and gained sponsorship from Cinzano which helped propel them into being the best club in Britain. The team would go on to complete three consecutive doubles of National League and National Cup. The team became regarded as the pioneers of UK basketball and their early players included Jim Guymon, Martin Hall, Barry Huxley, Mark Saiers, Alan Baillie, Pete Jeremich and Paul Philp. An incredible treble ensued in the 79–80 season and other players to represent the club included players such as Dan Lloyd, Bob Roma, Paul Stimpson, Mick Bett and Alton Byrd, the latter considered the man who revolutionised basketball in Britain.
Further |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uarini | Uarini is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. According to estimates of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), its population was 13,690 inhabitants in 2020. Its area is 10,246 km2.
The municipality contains 38% of the Baixo Juruá Extractive Reserve, created in 2001.
History
It has its history linked to the history of Tefé , which goes back to the village founded at the end of century XVII by the Jesuit Samuel Fritz . Until the end of the seventeenth century, disputes between the Spaniards and the Portuguese overlapped in the territory, only consolidating under the military occupation of Portugal in 1790. As a municipality, Tefé came to possess an area of 500,000 km2. From the middle of the 19th century onwards, dismemberment of its territory began, giving rise to the new municipalities of São Paulo de Olivença , Coari , Fonte Boa, São Felipe (now Eirunepé), Xibauá (now Carauari) Japurá and Maraã.
At the end of 1981 Tefé had an administrative structure in which five sub-districts were planned: Tefé, Caiambé, Alvarães, Jarauá and Uarini.
Economy
Primary Sector
Agriculture: is the most productive economic activity, with special emphasis for the culture of the cassava , from which the flour of Uarini is made. The brown-nut is in 2nd place in the economy. It has crops of rice, beans, jute, mallow, corn and sugarcane between temporary crops and, mango, avocado, banana, orange and lemon among permanent crops.
Livestock : in econ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilaminar%20veneer | Multilaminar wood veneer uses plantation wood to reproduce decorative effects that are typical of quality wood species (often protected and rare). This aids the preservation of biodiversity and complies with the principles of sustainable forest management.
In this veneering process, large sheets of veneer are produced on a machine similar to a lathe. These are dyed, spread with suitable adhesives, and then compressed and bonded into thick (typically 70 cm) logs, which are then sliced to create the end product. If the sheets are compressed between platens with an undulating surface, the slice will cross several layers to produce a patterned effect. Many different designs can be obtained by varying the platens, the dyes and the stacking order.
Although the product may be considered sustainable, multilaminar veneer does have a relatively high carbon footprint due to the numerous dyeing, laminating, pressing, and slicing operations.
References
Engineered wood |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindling%20%28album%29 | Kindling is the debut solo album by Country rock musician Gene Parsons recorded in 1973. Guest musicians on this album include former Byrds bandmate Clarence White, plus Vassar Clements, Ralph Stanley, Bill Payne, and Gib Guilbeau.
Track listing
"Monument" (Gene Parsons) – 2:06
"Long Way Back" (Gene Parsons) – 2:29
"Do Not Disturb" (Skip Battin, Kim Fowley) – 1:55
"Willin'" (Lowell George) – 3:18
"On the Spot" (Gene Parsons, Clarence White, Gib Guilbeau) – 1:38
"Take a City Bride" (Gib Guilbeau) – 2:17
"Sonic Bummer" (Gene Parsons) – 2:18
"I Must Be a Tree" (Gene Parsons, Gib Guilbeau) – 3:17
"Drunkard's Dream" (Ralph Stanley) – 2:37
"Banjo Dog" (Gene Parsons) – 2:10
"Back Again" (Gene Parsons) – 2:57
Personnel
Gene Parsons - guitar, bass, banjo, drums, harmonica, auto harp, percussion, vocals
Clarence White - guitar, mandolin
Vassar Clements - violin
Gib Guilbeau - rhythm guitar, fiddle
Roger Bush (musician) - bass
Bill Payne - keyboards
Nick DeCaro - accordion
Ralph Stanley - tenor vocal
Red Callender - tuba
Andy Newmark - drums
Production
Producer: Russ Titelman
Recording Engineer: Lee Herschberg, Donn Landee, Bobby Hata
Art Direction: John and Barbara Cascado
Photography: Greg Gorman
References
External links
The Kindling Collection
Gene Parsons albums
1973 albums
Albums produced by Russ Titelman
Warner Records albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric%20mucosa | The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach, which contains the glands and the gastric pits. In humans, it is about 1 mm thick, and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety. It consists of simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae.
Description
In its fresh state, it is of a pinkish tinge at the pyloric end and of a red or reddish-brown color over the rest of its surface. In infancy it is of a brighter hue, the vascular redness being more marked.
It is thin at the cardiac extremity, but thicker toward the pylorus. During the contracted state of the organ it is thrown into numerous plaits or rugae, which, for the most part, have a longitudinal direction, and are most marked toward the pyloric end of the stomach, and along the greater curvature. These folds are entirely obliterated when the organ becomes distended.
When examined with a lens, the inner surface of the mucous membrane presents a peculiar honeycomb appearance from being covered with funnel-like depressions or foveolae of a polygonal or hexagonal form, which vary from 0.12 to 0.25 mm. in diameter. These are the ducts of the gastric glands, and at the bottom of each may be seen one or more minute orifices, the openings of the gland tubes. Gastric glands are simple or branched tubular glands that emerge on the deeper part of the gastric foveola, inside the gastric areas and outlined by the folds of the mucosa.
Types of glands
There are three types of glands: cardiac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary%20adenylate%20cyclase-activating%20peptide | Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide also known as PACAP is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADCYAP1 gene. pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide is similar to vasoactive intestinal peptide. One of its effects is to stimulate enterochromaffin-like cells. It binds to vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor and to the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor.
Function
This gene encodes adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1. Mediated by adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1 receptors, this polypeptide stimulates adenylate cyclase and subsequently increases the cAMP level in target cells. Adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1 not only is a hypophysiotropic hormone (i.e. a substance that induces activity in the hypophysis), but also functions as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In addition, it plays a role in paracrine and autocrine regulation of certain types of cells. This gene is composed of five exons. Exons 1 and 2 encode the 5' UTR and signal peptide, respectively; exon 4 encodes an adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1-related peptide; and exon 5 encodes the mature peptide and 3' UTR. This gene encodes three different mature peptides, including two isotypes: a shorter form and a longer form.
A version of this gene has been associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women (but not men). This disorder involves a maladaptive psychological response to traumatic, i.e. existence-thre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraganglion | A paraganglion (pl. paraganglia) is a group of non-neuronal cells derived of the neural crest. They are named for being generally in close proximity to sympathetic ganglia. They are essentially of two types: (1) chromaffin or sympathetic paraganglia made of chromaffin cells and (2) nonchromaffin or parasympathetic paraganglia made of glomus cells. They are neuroendocrine cells, the former with primary endocrine functions and the latter with primary chemoreceptor functions.
Chromaffin paraganglia (also called chromaffin bodies) are connected with the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk and the ganglia of the celiac, renal, adrenal, aortic and hypogastric plexuses. They are concentrated near the adrenal glands and essentially function the same way as the adrenal medulla. They are sometimes found in connection with the ganglia of other sympathetic plexuses. None have been found with the sympathetic ganglia associated with the branches of the trigeminal nerve. The largest chromaffin paraganglion is the organ of Zuckerkandl, it is probably the largest source of circulating catecholamines in the fetus and young infants, and gradually atrophies to microscopic loci.
Nonchromaffin paraganglia include carotid bodies and aortic bodies, some are distributed in the ear, along the vagus nerve, in the larynx and at various other places.
Clinical significance
Tumors of the paraganglionic tissues are known as paragangliomas, though this term tends to imply the nonchromaffin type, and can occu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling%20fluid%20invasion | Drilling fluid invasion is a process that occurs in a well being drilled with higher wellbore pressure (normally caused by excessive mud weights) than formation pressure. The liquid component of the drilling fluid (known as the mud filtrate, or spurt) continues to "invade" the porous and permeable formation until the solids present in the mud, commonly bentonite, clog enough pores to form a mud cake capable of preventing further invasion.
If invasion is severe enough, and reservoir pressures are unable to force the fluid and associated particles out entirely when the well starts producing, the amount of oil and gas a well can produce can be permanently reduced. This is especially true when a process called phase trapping occurs. This is when a fluid enters a formation that is below its irreducible saturation of that fluid. Once the fluid is present, it is held in place by capillary forces and usually can not be removed.
Invasion also has significant implications for well logging. In many cases the "depth of investigation" of a well logging tool is only a few inches (or even less for methods such as sonic logs), and it is quite possible that drilling fluid has invaded beyond this depth. In these cases readings are strongly influenced by mud filtrate properties rather than pure formation (in situ) properties. This influence must be considered when interpreting the resulting logs.
See also
Resistivity logging
References
Drilling fluid
Well logging |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein%28a%29 | Lipoprotein(a) is a low-density lipoprotein variant containing a protein called apolipoprotein(a). Genetic and epidemiological studies have identified lipoprotein(a) as a risk factor for atherosclerosis and related diseases, such as coronary heart disease and stroke.
Lipoprotein(a) was discovered in 1963 by Kåre Berg. The human gene encoding apolipoprotein(a) was successfully cloned in 1987.
Structure
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] consists of an LDL-like particle and the specific apolipoprotein(a), which is bound covalently to the apoB contained in the outer shell of the particle. Lp(a) plasma concentrations are highly heritable and mainly controlled by the LPA gene located on chromosome 6q26-27. Apo(a) proteins vary in size due to a size polymorphism [KIV-2 VNTR], which is caused by a variable number of kringle IV repeats in the LPA gene. This size variation at the gene level is expressed on the protein level as well, resulting in apo(a) proteins with 10 to more than 50 kringle IV repeats (each of the variable kringle IV consists of 114 amino acids). These variable apo(a) sizes are known as "apo(a) isoforms".
There is a general inverse correlation between the size of the apo(a) isoform and the Lp(a) plasma concentration. One theory explaining this correlation involves different rates of protein synthesis. Specifically, the larger the isoform, the more apo(a) precursor protein accumulates intracellularly in the endoplasmic reticulum. Lp(a) is not fully synthesised until the prec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route%20nationale%204 | The Route nationale 4 is a trunk road (nationale) in France between Paris and the frontier with Germany.
Reclassification
The RN 4 has been re-classified around Nancy as the RD 400 as through traffic is now directed onto the Autoroutes A 31 and A 33.
Route
Paris-St Dizier-Nancy-Strasbourg-Germany
Paris to Saint Dizier (0 km to 191 km)
The road begins in Central Paris at the Porte Doree and a junction with the RN 6 a separate branch starts in the Bois Vincennes with a junction with the RN 34 before heading south through the park and meeting the other branch the Avenue de Gravelle. The road follows the southern edge of the park. It crosses the A4 autoroute and continues east as the Avenue des Canadiens and then crossing the river Marne. It passes through the suburbs of Joinville-le-Pont and Champigny-sur-Marne. It then passes through Chennevières-sur-Marne and an industrial area before reaching open countryside and the northern edge of the Forêt de Notre-Dame.
The road has a junction with the RN 104 and becomes a dual-carriageway and now bypasses Ozoir-la-Ferrière and then Gretz Armainvilliers south of the Forêt d'Armainvilliers. The road passes through rolling countryside past the Château de Boulayes. This is cheese county with the road taking an eastern course after Rozay-en-Brie. The road crosses the Forêt de la Traconne to Sézanne.
The road passes over open flat countryside increasingly sparsely populated reaching RN 77 and A 26. The road then drops from 200 m t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD80 | The Cluster of differentiation 80 (also CD80 and B7-1) is a B7, type I membrane protein in the immunoglobulin superfamily, with an extracellular immunoglobulin constant-like domain and a variable-like domain required for receptor binding. It is closely related to CD86, another B7 protein (B7-2), and often works in tandem. Both CD80 and CD86 interact with costimulatory receptors CD28, CTLA-4 (CD152) and the p75 neurotrophin receptor .
Structure
CD80 is a member of the B7 family, which consists of molecules present at APCs and their receptors present on the T-cells. CD80 is present specifically on DC, activated B-cells, and macrophages, but also T-cells CD80 is also a transmembrane glycoprotein and a member of the Ig superfamily. It is composed of 288 amino acids, and its mass is 33 kDa. It consists of two Ig-like extracellular domains (208 AA), a transmembrane helical segment (21 AA), and a short cytoplasmic tail (25 AA). The Ig-like extracellular domains are formed by single V-type and C2-type domains. It is expressed as both monomers or dimers, but predominantly dimers. These two forms exist in dynamic equilibrium.
CD80 shares 25% of sequences with CD86; however, CD80 has a ten-fold higher affinity for CD28 and CTLA-4 than CD86. Moreover, CD80 interacts with its ligand with faster binding kinetics and slower dissociation constants than CD86. Both human CD80 and CD86 are located at chromosome 3; the exact region is 3q13.3-q21.
Human and murine CD80 share approximately 44% |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20H6 | NVC community H6 (Erica vagans - Ulex europaeus heath) is one of the heath communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as lowland dry heaths.
It has a very localised distribution in southern England. There are four subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Brown Bent (Agrostis vinealis)
Glaucous Sedge (Carex flacca)
Bell Heather (Erica cinerea)
Cornish Heath (Erica vagans)
Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria)
Common Gorse (Ulex europaeus)
Western Gorse (Ulex gallii)
Common Dog-violet (Viola riviniana)
A number of rare species are associated with the community: Bristle Bent (Agrostis curtisii), Chives (Allium schoenoprasum), Cornish Heath (Erica vagans), Dwarf Rush (Juncus capitatus), Spring Squill (Scilla verna) and Twin-headed Clover (Trifolium bocconei).
Distribution
This community is confined to The Lizard peninsula in Cornwall.
Subcommunities
There are four subcommunities:
the so-called typical subcommunity
the Festuca ovina subcommunity
the Agrostis curtisii subcommunity
the Molinia caerulea subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 2 - Mires and heaths (hardback), (paperback)
H06
Lizard Peninsula |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoen%E2%80%93Yau%20conjecture | In mathematics, the Schoen–Yau conjecture is a disproved conjecture in hyperbolic geometry, named after the mathematicians Richard Schoen and Shing-Tung Yau.
It was inspired by a theorem of Erhard Heinz (1952). One method of disproof is the use of Scherk surfaces, as used by Harold Rosenberg and Pascal Collin (2006).
Setting and statement of the conjecture
Let be the complex plane considered as a Riemannian manifold with its usual (flat) Riemannian metric. Let denote the hyperbolic plane, i.e. the unit disc
endowed with the hyperbolic metric
E. Heinz proved in 1952 that there can exist no harmonic diffeomorphism
In light of this theorem, Schoen conjectured that there exists no harmonic diffeomorphism
(It is not clear how Yau's name became associated with the conjecture: in unpublished correspondence with Harold Rosenberg, both Schoen and Yau identify Schoen as having postulated the conjecture). The Schoen(-Yau) conjecture has since been disproved.
Comments
The emphasis is on the existence or non-existence of an harmonic diffeomorphism, and that this property is a "one-way" property. In more detail: suppose that we consider two Riemannian manifolds M and N (with their respective metrics), and write
if there exists a diffeomorphism from M onto N (in the usual terminology, M and N are diffeomorphic). Write
if there exists an harmonic diffeomorphism from M onto N. It is not difficult to show that (being diffeomorphic) is an equivalence relation on the objects of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asilomar%20Conference%20on%20Recombinant%20DNA | The Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA was an influential conference organized by Paul Berg, Maxine Singer, and colleagues to discuss the potential biohazards and regulation of biotechnology, held in February 1975 at a conference center at Asilomar State Beach, California. A group of about 140 professionals (primarily biologists, but also including lawyers and physicians) participated in the conference to draw up voluntary guidelines to ensure the safety of recombinant DNA technology. The conference also placed scientific research more into the public domain, and can be seen as applying a version of the precautionary principle.
The effects of these guidelines are still being felt through the biotechnology industry and the participation of the general public in scientific discourse. Due to potential safety hazards, scientists worldwide had halted experiments using recombinant DNA technology, which entailed combining DNAs from different organisms. After the establishment of the guidelines during the conference, scientists continued with their research, which increased fundamental knowledge about biology and the public's interest in biomedical research.
Background: recombinant DNA technology
Recombinant DNA technology arose as a result of advances in biology that began in the 1950s and '60s. During these decades, a tradition of merging the structural, biochemical and informational approaches to the central problems of classical genetics became more apparent. Two main under |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TO-3 | In electronics, TO-3 is a designation for a standardized metal semiconductor package used for power semiconductors, including transistors, silicon controlled rectifiers, and, integrated circuits. TO stands for "Transistor Outline" and relates to a series of technical drawings produced by JEDEC.
The TO-3 case has a flat surface which can be attached to a heatsink, normally via a thermally conductive but electrically insulating washer. The design originated at Motorola around 1955 from a group headed by Dr. Virgil E. Bottom. who was director of research of the Motorola Semiconductor Division. The first use of this design was for the germanium alloy-junction power transistor 2N176 – the first power transistor to be put into quantity production. The lead spacing was originally intended to allow plugging the device into a then-common tube socket.
Typical applications
The metal package can be attached to a heat sink, making it suitable for devices dissipating several watts of heat. Thermal compound is used to improve heat transfer between the device case and the heat sink. Since the device case is one of the electrical connections, an insulator may be required to electrically isolate the component from the heatsink. Insulating washers may be made of mica or other materials with good thermal conductivity.
The case is used with high-power and high-current devices, on the order of a few tens of amperes current and up to a hundred watts of heat dissipation. The case surfaces are m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauer%E2%80%93Suzuki%20theorem | In mathematics, the Brauer–Suzuki theorem, proved by , , , states that if a finite group has a generalized quaternion Sylow 2-subgroup and no non-trivial normal subgroups of odd order, then the group has a center of order 2. In particular, such a group cannot be simple.
A generalization of the Brauer–Suzuki theorem is given by Glauberman's Z* theorem.
References
gives a detailed proof of the Brauer–Suzuki theorem.
Theorems about finite groups |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD86 | Cluster of Differentiation 86 (also known as CD86 and B7-2) is a protein constitutively expressed on dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, macrophages, B-cells (including memory B-cells), and on other antigen-presenting cells. Along with CD80, CD86 provides costimulatory signals necessary for T cell activation and survival. Depending on the ligand bound, CD86 can signal for self-regulation and cell-cell association, or for attenuation of regulation and cell-cell disassociation.
The CD86 gene encodes a type I membrane protein that is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Alternative splicing results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Additional transcript variants have been described, but their full-length sequences have not been determined.
Structure
CD86 belongs to the B7 family of the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is a 70 kDa glycoprotein made up of 329 amino acids. Both CD80 and CD86 share a conserved amino acid motif that forms their ligand binding domain. CD86 consists of Ig-like extracellular domains (one variable and one constant), a transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic domain that is longer than that of CD80. costimulatory ligands CD80 and CD86 can be found on professional antigen presenting cells such as monocytes, dendritic cells, and even activated B-cells. They can also be induced on other cell types, for example T cells. CD86 expression is more abundant compared to CD80, and upon its activation is CD86 increased faster than CD8 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route%20nationale%205 | The Route nationale 5, or RN 5, is a trunk road (nationale) in France now connecting Dijon with the frontier of Switzerland. It is also numbered the European route E21.
Reclassification
The RN 5 originally ran to Paris following the route now numbered RN 6 to Sens. Thereafter the road has been mostly been detrunked, with control and maintenance handed to local départments. A short section of road between Poligny and Les Rousses is still trunk.
Route
Sens-Dijon-Dole-Geneva-Thonon-Switzerland
Sens to Dijon (0 km to 199 km) (as D905)
The road branches east from Sens as the N 60 along the Vanne valley. After 8 km the D 905 turns south east over rolling wooded countryside. The TGV line runs parallel. The road crosses the ridge of the Forêt d'Othe. The road continues through Saint-Florentin where there is a junction with the RN 77. The road then runs southeast along the valley of the Armançon, following the Canal de Bourgogne, as far as Tonnerre where it crosses to the south of both canal and river and then through Lézinnes and Ancy-le-Franc. The road continues through the Bois de la Ville eventually leaving the valley at Montbard and the nearby Abbaye de Fontenay.
The road now follows the River Brenne and leaves the Canal de Bourgogne, which it has been following for almost 100 km. The road passes the Auxois to Vitteaux and then below the Forêt de Boutas et Charmot (542 m) and then along the northern shore of the Reservoir de Grosbois and then east passing over a ridge where |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due | Due or DUE may refer to:
DUE or DNA unwinding element, the originating site for splitting the DNA helix
DÜE (Datenübertragungseinrichtung), German for “data communications equipment”
Due (surname), including a list of people with the name
Due, Georgia, a ghost town in Fannin County, Georgia, United States
ISO 639:due, code for the Umiray Dumaget language
"Due", a song by Raf from the 1993 album Cannibali
"Due", a song by Mindless Self Indulgence from the 2008 album If
Due, a character in the anime Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha Strikers
Rai Due, an Italian television channel
Telegiornale Due, an Italian news program broadcast on Rai 2
See also
Doo (disambiguation)
Due date (disambiguation)
Deus (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keykit | KeyKit is a graphical environment and programming language for MIDI synthesis and algorithmic composition. It was originally developed by Tim Thompson and released by AT&T.
Overview
Tim Thompson is a software engineer and the originator of various software titles, including Keykit and Stevie (predecessor of the now widely distributed and popular text editor Vim). Keykit (originally named "Keynote") was developed by Thompson in his spare time while he worked for AT&T. However, it was not related to his actual job there. Keynote was originally released through the AT&T Toolchest, and
in 1995 was released as KeyKit with a license making it freely available for non-commercial use.
Keykit is noteworthy for its versatility and expressiveness. Complex algorithmic arrangements can be produced with as much detail and sophistication as required, and the software works on multiple platforms and operating systems. It is not dependent on peripherals or sound cards from a specific vendor. These are unique advantages over similar "music workstation" products with the same or similar functionality for algorithmic composition and computer generated music.
Language features
variables, functions, classes, and dynamic typing
supports object-oriented programming
always-active MIDI recording
multi-tasking environment
library functions and classes (both built-in and user-definable)
multi-platform multi-os and not dependent on specific peripherals
GUI features
Features:
GUI-based mu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains%20of%20Central%20Asia | The Mountains of Central Asia are a biodiversity hot spot designated by Conservation International which covers several montane and alpine ecoregions of Central Asia, including those of the Pamir and Tian Shan ranges, and extending across portions of Afghanistan, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and the Karakoram range in China, Pakistan and India. The Karakoram range is also famously known for Karakoram Anomaly that relates to the anomalous growth of glaciers in the central Karakoram that is in contrast with melting glaciers in other mountainous ranges of Himalayas and other parts of the world due to the effects of climate change.
The hotspot encompasses several habitat types, including montane grasslands and shrublands, temperate coniferous forests, and alpine tundra. The ecoregions in the hotspot include:
Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe
Gissaro-Alai open woodlands
Pamir alpine desert and tundra
Tian Shan montane steppe and meadows
Tian Shan montane conifer forests
References
External links
Mountains of Central Asia (Conservation International)
Mountains Central Asia Tien-Shan Mountains Kyrgyzstan Pamir
Ecoregions of Asia
Geography of Central Asia
Landforms of Central Asia
Palearctic ecoregions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irano-Anatolian | The Irano-Anatolian region is a biodiversity hotspot designated by Conservation International's Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, extending across portions of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Turkmenistan. This hotspot covers the South-West portion of the Irano-Turanian floristic region, connecting the Mediterranean Basin with Western Asia.
It includes highlands of the central and eastern Anatolian Plateau as well as the Zagros, Alborz, and Kopet Dag mountain ranges.
The ecoregions included within the hotspot are:
Central Anatolian steppe
Central Anatolian deciduous forests
Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests
Eastern Anatolian montane steppe
Elburz Range forest steppe
Kopet Dag woodlands and forest steppe
Zagros Mountains forest steppe
References
External links
Conservation International: Irano-Anatolian Biodiversity hotspot
Ecoregions of Asia
Geography of West Asia
Alborz (mountain range)
Palearctic ecoregions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarjan%27s%20strongly%20connected%20components%20algorithm | Tarjan's strongly connected components algorithm is an algorithm in graph theory for finding the strongly connected components (SCCs) of a directed graph. It runs in linear time, matching the time bound for alternative methods including Kosaraju's algorithm and the path-based strong component algorithm. The algorithm is named for its inventor, Robert Tarjan.
Overview
The algorithm takes a directed graph as input, and produces a partition of the graph's vertices into the graph's strongly connected components. Each vertex of the graph appears in exactly one of the strongly connected components. Any vertex that is not on a directed cycle forms a strongly connected component all by itself: for example, a vertex whose in-degree or out-degree is 0, or any vertex of an acyclic graph.
The basic idea of the algorithm is this: a depth-first search (DFS) begins from an arbitrary start node (and subsequent depth-first searches are conducted on any nodes that have not yet been found). As usual with depth-first search, the search visits every node of the graph exactly once, declining to revisit any node that has already been visited. Thus, the collection of search trees is a spanning forest of the graph. The strongly connected components will be recovered as certain subtrees of this forest. The roots of these subtrees are called the "roots" of the strongly connected components. Any node of a strongly connected component might serve as a root, if it happens to be the first node of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Hamdoud | Mohamed "Moha" Hamdoud (born June 9, 1976 in El Biar, Alger, Algeria) is an Algerian former football player.
Club career
International career
Career statistics
Club
Honours
Won the Algerian League four times with USM Alger in 1996, 2002, 2003 and 2005
Won the Algerian Cup five times with USM Alger in 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003 and 2004
Semi-finalist in the African Champions League twice with USM Alger in 1997 and 2003
Runner-up in the Algerian League three times with USM Alger in 1998, 2001 and 2004
Finalist in the Algerian Cup two times with USM Alger in 2006 and 2007
Has 5 caps for the Algerian National Team
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Algerian men's footballers
Algeria men's international footballers
USM Alger players
Paradou AC players
JS El Biar players
People from El Biar
Footballers from Algiers
Algeria men's under-23 international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Competitors at the 1997 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games competitors for Algeria
21st-century Algerian people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains%20of%20Southwest%20China | The Mountains of Southwest China is a biodiversity hotspot designated by Conservation International which includes several temperate coniferous forests in southwestern China, which lie in the river valleys on the southeastern corner of the Tibetan plateau, between the alpine scrublands and steppes of the Tibetan Plateau and the temperate broadleaf and mixed and subtropical moist broadleaf forests of central and southeastern China and northern Myanmar. The hotspot is mostly in China, in the provinces of Tibet, Sichuan, Qinghai, and Gansu, and extending into the northwestern Myanmar.
The ecoregions in the hotspot include:
Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests
Nujiang Lancang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests
Qionglai-Minshan conifer forests (in the Qionglai and Min mountains of central and northern Sichuan; home to Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries)
See also
Zomia (geography)
External links
Mountains of Southwest China (Conservation International)
Biodiversity of the Hengduan Mountains and Adjacent Areas of South-Central China (Harvard University Herbaria; Institute of Botany, Beijing; Kunming Institute of Botany; Field Museum of Natural History)
Forests of China
Montane forests
Palearctic realm
Temperate coniferous forests |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Burma | Indo-Burma is a biodiversity hotspot designated by Conservation International.
Geography
Indo-Burma encompasses of tropical Asia, east of the Ganges-Brahmaputra lowlands. Formerly including the Himalaya chain and the associated foothills in Nepal, Bhutan, and India, Indo-Burma has now been more narrowly redefined as the Indo-Chinese subregion. The area contains the Lower Mekong catchment. It begins in eastern Bangladesh and then extends across north-eastern India, south of the Brahmaputra River, to encompass nearly all of Myanmar, part of southern and western Yunnan Province in China, all of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Cambodia and Vietnam, the vast majority of Thailand and a small part of Peninsular Malaysia. In addition, the hotspot covers the coastal lowlands of southern China (in southern Guangxi and Guangdong), as well as several offshore islands, such as Hainan Island (of China) in the South China Sea and the Andaman Islands (of India) in the Andaman Sea. The hotspot contains the Lower Mekong catchment.
The hotspot encompasses 33 terrestrial ecoregions, which include tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, tropical and subtropical coniferous forests, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, and mangroves.
The transition to the Sundaland Hotspot in the south occurs on the Thai-Malay Peninsula, the boundary between the two hotspots is represented by the Kangar-Pattani Line, which cuts across the Thaila |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MC6 | British NVC community MC6 (Atriplex prostrata - Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima sea-bird cliff community) is one of the maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of two communities associated with sea-bird cliffs.
This community is found in a number of coastal areas. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
Four constant species are found in this community:
Spear-leaved Orache (Atriplex prostata agg.)
Sea Beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima)
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
Sea Mayweed (Matricaria maritima)
No rare species are associated with this community.
Distribution
This community is found in coastal areas on the west coast of Britain from southwest Scotland to Devon, along the English south coast from Cornwall to Sussex, and at single site in Suffolk.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
MC06 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theaflavin | Theaflavin (TF) and its derivatives, known collectively as theaflavins, are antioxidant polyphenols that are formed from the condensation of flavan-3-ols in tea leaves during the enzymatic oxidation (sometimes erroneously referred to as fermentation) of black tea. Theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3'-gallate, and theaflavin-3-3'-digallate are the main theaflavins. Theaflavins are types of thearubigins, and are therefore reddish in color.
See also
Theaflavin 3-gallate
References
Phenol antioxidants
Cancer research
Antiviral drugs
Thearubigins
Catechols
Resorcinols
Tropolones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20H7 | NVC community H7 (Calluna vulgaris - Scilla verna heath) is one of the heath communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of two communities categorised as maritime heaths.
It is a fairly widespread coastal community. There are five subcommunities.
Community composition
The following eleven constant species are found in this community:
Heather (Calluna vulgaris)
Bell Heather (Erica cinerea)
Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovina)
Yorkshire-fog (Holcus lanatus)
Common Cat's-ear (Hypochaeris radicata)
Bird's-foot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)
Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata)
Sea Plantain (Plantago maritima)
Tormentil (Potentilla erecta)
Spring Squill (Scilla verna)
Wild Thyme (Thymus praecox)
The following rare species are associated with the community:
Chives (Allium schoenoprasum)
Purple Milk-vetch (Astragalus danicus)
Cornish Heath (Erica vagans)
Portland Spurge (Euphorbia portlandica)
Hairy Greenweed (Genista pilosa)
Fringed Rupturewort (Herniaria ciliolata)
Land Quillwort (Isoetes histrix)
Spring Sandwort (Minuartia verna)
Scottish Primrose (Primula scotica)
Autumn Squill (Scilla autumnalis)
Spring Squill (Scilla verna)
Autumn Ladies'-tresses (Spiranthes spiralis)
Twin-headed Clover (Trifolium bocconei)
Western Clover (Trifolium occidentale)
Distribution
This community is found all around the coasts of Scotland, western Wales, Devon and Cornwall.
Subcommunities
There are five subcommunities:
the Armeria mariti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MC10 | British NVC community MC10 (Festuca rubra - Plantago spp. maritime grassland) is one of the maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as maritime sea-cliff grasslands.
This community is found widely in coastal areas. There are three subcommunities.
Community composition
Five constant species are found in this community:
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
Buck's-horn Plantain (Plantago coronopus)
Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata)
Sea Plantain (Plantago maritima)
Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera)
Five rare species are associated with this community:
Purple Milk-vetch (Astragalus danicus)
Purple Oxytropis (Oxytropus halleri)
Scottish Primrose (Primula scotica)
Spring Squill (Scilla verna)
Western Clover (Trifolium occidentale)
Distribution
This community is found in coastal areas on the west coast of Britain from Devon and Cornwall north to Shetland, with outlying examples in southeast Scotland and Northumberland.
Subcommunities
There are three subcommunities:
the Armeria maritima subcommunity
the Carex panicea subcommunity
the Schoenus nigricans subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
MC10 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional%20and%20behavioral%20disorders | Emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD; also known as behavioral and emotional disorders) refer to a disability classification used in educational settings that allows educational institutions to provide special education and related services to students who have displayed poor social and/or academic progress.
The classification is often given to students after conducting a Functional Behavior Analysis. These students need individualized behavior supports such as a Behavior Intervention Plan, to receive a free and appropriate public education. Students with EBD may be eligible for an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) and/or accommodations in the classroom through a 504 Plan.
History
Early history
Before any studies were done on the subject, mental illnesses were often thought to be a form of demonic possession or witchcraft. Since much was unknown, there was little to no distinction between the different types of mental illness and developmental disorders that we refer to today. Most often, they were dealt with by performing an exorcism on the person exhibiting signs of any mental illness. In the early to mid-1800s, asylums were introduced to America and Europe. There, patients were treated cruelly and often referred to as lunatics by doctors in the professional fields. The main focus of asylums were to shun people with mental illnesses from the public. In 1963, the Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act (Public Law 88–164), was passed by Congress and signed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MC3 | British NVC community MC3 (Rhodiola rosea - Armeria maritima maritime cliff-ledge community) is one of the maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as maritime cliff crevice and ledge communities.
This community is confined to Scotland. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
Four constant species is found in this community:
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
Thrift (Armeria maritima)
Roseroot (Rhodiola rosea)
Common Sorrel (Rumex acetosa)
No rare species are associated with this community.
Distribution
This community is found on western and northern coasts of Scotland, in the Shetland Isles, and in Aberdeenshire.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
MC03 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halorhodopsin | Halorhodopsin is a seven-transmembrane retinylidene protein from microbial rhodopsin family. It is a chloride-specific light-gated ion pump found in archaea known as halobacteria. It is activated by green light wavelengths of approximately 578nm. Halorhodopsin also shares sequence similarity to channelrhodopsin, another light-driven ion channel.
Halorhodopsin contains the essential light-isomerizable vitamin A derivative all-trans-retinal. Due to the dedication towards discovering the structure and function of this moleculc, halorhodopsin is one of the few membrane proteins whose crystal structure is known. Halorhodopsin uses the energy of green/yellow light to move chloride ions into the cell, overcoming the membrane potential. Beside chlorides it transports other halides and nitrates into the cell. Potassium chloride uptake by cells helps to maintain osmotic balance during cell growth. By performing the same task, light-driven anion pumps can considerably reduce the use of metabolic energy. Halorhodopsin has been the subject of much study and its structure is accurately known. Its properties are similar to those of bacteriorhodopsin, and these two light-driven ion pumps transport cations and anions in opposite directions.
Halorhodopsin isoforms can be found in multiple species of halobacteria, including Halobacterium salinarum, and Natronobacterium pharaonis. Much ongoing research is exploring these differences, and using them to parse apart the photocycle and pump prop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric%20array | A parametric array, in the field of acoustics, is a nonlinear transduction mechanism that generates narrow, nearly side lobe-free beams of low frequency sound, through the mixing and interaction of high frequency sound waves, effectively overcoming the diffraction limit (a kind of spatial 'uncertainty principle') associated with linear acoustics. The main side lobe-free beam of low frequency sound is created as a result of nonlinear mixing of two high frequency sound beams at their difference frequency. Parametric arrays can be formed in water, air, and earth materials/rock.
History
Priority for discovery and explanation of the parametric array owes to Peter J. Westervelt, winner of the Lord Rayleigh Medal (currently Professor Emeritus at Brown University), although important experimental work was contemporaneously underway in the former Soviet Union.
According to Muir and Albers, the concept for the parametric array occurred to Dr. Westervelt while he was stationed at the London, England, branch office of the Office of Naval Research in 1951.
According to Albers, he (Westervelt) there first observed an accidental generation of low frequency sound in air by Captain H.J. Round (British pioneer of the superheterodyne receiver) via the parametric array mechanism.
The phenomenon of the parametric array, seen first experimentally by Westervelt in the 1950s, was later explained theoretically in 1960, at a meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. A few years after this, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20ViVA | ViVA (Virtual Vector Architecture) is a technology from IBM for coupling together multiple scalar floating point units to act as a single vector processor. Certain computing tasks are more efficiently handled through vector computations where an instruction can be applied to multiple elements simultaneously, rather than the scalar approach where one instruction is applied to one piece of data at a time. This kind of technology is highly sought after for scientific computing and is IBM's answer to the vector-based supercomputers pioneered by Cray and that was the basis for NEC's Earth Simulator which was the fastest supercomputer in the world 2002-2004.
ViVA was developed and implemented by IBM together with National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center inside the Blue Planet project where they had 8 dual core POWER5 processors made into one vector processor capable of approximately 60-80 GFLOPS of computing power. ViVA technology is in use in the ASC Purple supercomputer.
Where ViVA was a software implementation in high-end POWER5 based systems, the second generation, ViVA-2, is directly supported by hardware in the POWER6 processor.
References
Blue Planet: Extending IBM Power Technology and Virtual Vector Processing – NERSC
Science-Driven System Architecture: A New Process for Leadership Class Computing – NERSC
An eCLipz Looms on the Horizon – Real World Technologies
IBM computer hardware |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Cave%20%28Sequoia%20National%20Park%29 | Crystal Cave is a marble karst cave within Sequoia National Park, in the western Sierra Nevada of California. It is one of at least 240 known caves in Sequoia National Park but the only one accessible to the public. Crystal Cave is in the Giant Forest area, between the Ash Mountain entrance of the park and the Giant Forest museum.
The cave is a constant . It is accessible by Sequoia Park Conservancy guided tours only. Tickets are not sold on-site, but must be bought on Recreation.Gov https://www.recreation.gov/ticket/facility/251898
References
External links
Caves and Karst Management, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park
Caves Biology, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park
Caves of California
Sequoia National Park
Limestone caves
Landforms of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Landforms of Tulare County, California
Show caves in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromophobe%20cell | A chromophobe is a histological structure that does not stain readily, and thus appears relatively pale under the microscope.
Chromophobe cells are one of three cell stain types present in the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland, the others being basophils and acidophils. One type of chromophobe cell is known as amphophils. Amphophils are epithelial cells found in the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary. Together, these epithelial cells are responsible for producing the hormones of the anterior pituitary and releasing them into the bloodstream. Melanotrophs (also, Melanotropes) are another type of chromophobe which secrete melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).
Clinical significance
"Chromophobe" also refers to a type of renal cell carcinoma (distinct from "clear cell"). Chromophobe renal cancer is part of a rare, genetic disorder known as Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome. While renal cell carcinoma is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers, chromophobe renal cancer only accounts for five percent of renal cancer cases. Furthermore, 30% of patients with Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome will also develop chromophobe renal cancer. One of the only treatments for this type of cancer is to have surgery to remove any tumors that may be present.
See also
Melanotroph
Chromophil
Acidophil cell
Basophil cell
Oxyphil cell
Oxyphil cell (parathyroid)
Pituitary gland
Neuroendocrine cell
References
Staining |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basophil%20cell | An anterior pituitary basophil is a type of cell in the anterior pituitary which manufactures hormones.
It is called a basophil because it is basophilic (readily takes up bases), and typically stains a relatively deep blue or purple.
These basophils are further classified by the hormones they produce. (It is usually not possible to distinguish between these cell types using standard staining techniques.)
*Produced only in pregnancy by the developing embryo.
See also
Chromophobe cell
Melanotroph
Chromophil
Acidophil cell
Oxyphil cell
Oxyphil cell (parathyroid)
Pituitary gland
Neuroendocrine cell
Basophilic
References
External links
Histology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20M4 |
NVC community M4 (Carex rostrata - Sphagnum recurvum mire) is one of the mire communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is a localised community of northern and western Britain. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Bottle Sedge (Carex rostrata)
Common Haircap (Polytrichum commune)
Feathery Bog-moss (Sphagnum cuspidatum)
Flat-topped / Flexuous Bog-mosses S. recurvum
Two rare species are associated with the community:
String Sedge (Carex chordorrhiza)
Tufted Loosestrife (Lysimachia thrysiflora)
Distribution
This community is found in Cornwall and in various locations in Wales, northern England and Scotland.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 2 - Mires and heaths (hardback), (paperback)
M04 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblast | A glioblast is a type of cell derived from neuroectoderm and with the ability to differentiate into several different types of neuroglia.
It comes from a precursor (spongioblast). However, the latter may also differentiate into an ependymoblast.
Glioblasts differentiate into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Its tumor is called a glioblastoma, and is the most common type of central nervous system malignancy.
See also
Glioblastoma multiforme
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
References
Embryology of nervous system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate%20turn-off%20thyristor | A gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) is a special type of thyristor, which is a high-power (e.g. 1200 V AC) semiconductor device. It was invented by General Electric. GTOs, as opposed to normal thyristors, are fully controllable switches which can be turned on and off by their gate lead.
Device description
Normal thyristors (silicon-controlled rectifiers) are not fully controllable switches (a fully controllable switch can be turned on and off at will). Thyristors can only be turned on using the gate lead, but cannot be turned off using the gate lead. Thyristors are switched on by a gate signal, but even after the gate signal is de-asserted (removed, reverse biased), the thyristor remains in the on state until a turn-off condition occurs (which can be the application of a reverse voltage to the terminals or a decrease of the forward current below a certain threshold value known as the holding current). Thus, a thyristor behaves like a normal semiconductor diode after it is turned on, or fired.
The GTO can be turned on by a gate signal and can also be turned off by a gate signal of negative polarity.
Turn on is accomplished by a positive current pulse between the gate and cathode terminals. As the gate-cathode behaves like PN junction, there will be some relatively small voltage between the terminals. The turn-on phenomenon in GTO is, however, not as reliable as an SCR (thyristor), and a small positive gate current must be maintained even after turn on to improve reliability.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20precipitation | Protein precipitation is widely used in downstream processing of biological products in order to concentrate proteins and purify them from various contaminants. For example, in the biotechnology industry protein precipitation is used to eliminate contaminants commonly contained in blood. The underlying mechanism of precipitation is to alter the solvation potential of the solvent, more specifically, by lowering the solubility of the solute by addition of a reagent.
General principles
The solubility of proteins in aqueous buffers depends on the distribution of hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acid residues on the protein's surface. Hydrophobic residues predominantly occur in the globular protein core, but some exist in patches on the surface. Proteins that have high hydrophobic amino acid content on the surface have low solubility in an aqueous solvent. Charged and polar surface residues interact with ionic groups in the solvent and increase the solubility of a protein. Knowledge of a protein's amino acid composition will aid in determining an ideal precipitation solvent and methods.
Repulsive electrostatic force
Repulsive electrostatic forces form when proteins are dissolved in an electrolyte solution. These repulsive forces between proteins prevent aggregation and facilitate dissolution. Upon dissolution in an electrolyte solution, solvent counterions migrate towards charged surface residues on the protein, forming a rigid matrix of counterions on the protein's surface. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum%20amyloid%20A | Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are a family of apolipoproteins associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma. Different isoforms of SAA are expressed constitutively (constitutive SAAs) at different levels or in response to inflammatory stimuli (acute phase SAAs). These proteins are produced predominantly by the liver.
Acute-phase serum amyloid A proteins
Acute-phase serum amyloid A proteins (A-SAAs) are secreted during the acute phase of inflammation. These proteins have several roles, including the transport of cholesterol to the liver for secretion into the bile, the recruitment of immune cells to inflammatory sites, and the induction of enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix. A-SAAs are implicated in several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as amyloidosis, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Three acute-phase SAA isoforms have been reported in mice, called SAA1, SAA2, and SAA3. During inflammation, SAA1 and SAA2 are expressed and induced principally in the liver, whereas SAA3 is induced in many distinct tissues. SAA1 and SAA2 genes are regulated in liver cells by the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. Both SAA1 and SAA2 are induced up to a 1000-fold in mice under acute inflammatory conditions following exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Three A-SAA genes have also been identified in humans, although the third gene, SAA3, is believed to represent a pseudogene that does not generate messenger RNA or protein. Molecular we |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20modeling | Plasma modeling refers to solving equations of motion that describe the state of a plasma. It is generally coupled with Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields or Poisson's equation for electrostatic fields. There are several main types of plasma models: single particle, kinetic, fluid, hybrid kinetic/fluid, gyrokinetic and as system of many particles.
Single particle description
The single particle model describes the plasma as individual electrons and ions moving in imposed (rather than self-consistent) electric and magnetic fields. The motion of each particle is thus described by the Lorentz Force Law.
In many cases of practical interest, this motion can be treated as the superposition of a relatively fast circular motion around a point called the guiding center and a relatively slow drift of this point.
Kinetic description
The kinetic model is the most fundamental way to describe a plasma, resultantly producing a distribution function
where the independent variables and are position and velocity, respectively.
A kinetic description is achieved by solving the Boltzmann equation or, when the correct description of long-range Coulomb interaction is necessary, by the Vlasov equation which contains self-consistent collective electromagnetic field, or by the Fokker–Planck equation, in which approximations have been used to derive manageable collision terms. The charges and currents produced by the distribution functions self-consistently determine the electromagnet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20separation%20by%20silica%20adsorption | DNA separation by silica adsorption is a method of DNA separation that is based on DNA molecules binding to silica surfaces in the presence of certain salts and under certain pH conditions.
Operations
In order to conduct DNA separation by silica adsorption, a sample (this may be anything from purified cells to a tissue specimen) is lysed, releasing proteins, DNA, phospholipids, etc. from the cells. The remaining tissue is discarded. The supernatant containing the DNA is then exposed to silica in a solution with high ionic strength. The highest DNA adsorption efficiencies occur in the presence of buffer solution with a pH at or below the pKa of the surface silanol groups.
The mechanism behind DNA adsorption onto silica is not fully understood; one possible explanation involves reduction of the silica surface's negative charge due to the high ionic strength of the buffer. This decrease in surface charge leads to a decrease in the electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged DNA and the negatively charged silica. Meanwhile, the buffer also reduces the activity of water by formatting hydrated ions. This leads to the silica surface and DNA becoming dehydrated. These conditions lead to an energetically favorable situation for DNA to adsorb to the silica surface.
A further explanation of how DNA binds to silica is based on the action of guanidinium chloride (GuHCl), which acts as a chaotrope. A chaotrope denatures biomolecules by disrupting the shell of hydration around |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin-activating%20enzyme | Ubiquitin-activating enzymes, also known as E1 enzymes, catalyze the first step in the ubiquitination reaction, which (among other things) can target a protein for degradation via a proteasome. This covalent bond of ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins to targeted proteins is a major mechanism for regulating protein function in eukaryotic organisms. Many processes such as cell division, immune responses and embryonic development are also regulated by post-translational modification by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins.
Ubiquitination (ubiquitylation)
Ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) starts the ubiquitination process (Figure 1). The E1 enzyme, along with ATP, binds to the ubiquitin protein. The E1 enzyme then passes the ubiquitin protein to a second protein, called ubiquitin carrier or conjugation protein (E2). The E2 protein complexes with a ubiquitin protein ligase (E3). This ubiquitin protein ligase recognizes which protein needs to be tagged and catalyzes the transfer of ubiquitin to that protein. This pathway repeats itself until the target protein has a full chain of ubiquitin attached to itself.
Structure and mechanism
At the start of the ubiquitination cascade, the E1 enzyme (Figure 2) binds ATP-Mg2+ and ubiquitin and catalyses ubiquitin C-terminal acyl adenylation. In the next step a catalytic cysteine (Figure 3) on the E1 enzyme attacks the ubiquitin-AMP complex through acyl substitution, simultaneously creating a thioester bond and an AMP leaving group. Fi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin-conjugating%20enzyme | Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, also known as E2 enzymes and more rarely as ubiquitin-carrier enzymes, perform the second step in the ubiquitination reaction that targets a protein for degradation via the proteasome. The ubiquitination process covalently attaches ubiquitin, a short protein of 76 amino acids, to a lysine residue on the target protein. Once a protein has been tagged with one ubiquitin molecule, additional rounds of ubiquitination form a polyubiquitin chain that is recognized by the proteasome's 19S regulatory particle, triggering the ATP-dependent unfolding of the target protein that allows passage into the proteasome's 20S core particle, where proteases degrade the target into short peptide fragments for recycling by the cell.
Relationships
A ubiquitin-activating enzyme, or E1, first activates the ubiquitin by covalently attaching the molecule to its active site cysteine residue. The activated ubiquitin is then transferred to an E2 cysteine. Once conjugated to ubiquitin, the E2 molecule binds one of several ubiquitin ligases or E3s via a structurally conserved binding region. The E3 molecule is responsible for binding the target protein substrate and transferring the ubiquitin from the E2 cysteine to a lysine residue on the target protein.
A particular cell usually contains only a few types of E1 molecule, a greater diversity of E2s, and a very large variety of E3s. In humans, there are about 30 E2s which can bind with one of the 600+ E3s. The E3 molecules re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin%20receptor | Melatonin receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) which bind melatonin. Three types of melatonin receptors have been cloned. The MT1 (or Mel1A or MTNR1A) and MT2 (or Mel1B or MTNR1B) receptor subtypes are present in humans and other mammals, while an additional melatonin receptor subtype MT3 (or Mel1C or MTNR1C) has been identified in amphibia and birds. The receptors are crucial in the signal cascade of melatonin. In the field of chronobiology, melatonin has been found to be a key player in the synchrony of biological clocks. Melatonin secretion by the pineal gland has circadian rhythmicity regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) found in the brain. The SCN functions as the timing regulator for melatonin; melatonin then follows a feedback loop to decrease SCN neuronal firing. The receptors MT1 and MT2 control this process. Melatonin receptors are found throughout the body in places such as the brain, the retina of the eye, the cardiovascular system, the liver and gallbladder, the colon, the skin, the kidneys, and many others. In 2019, X-ray crystal and cryo-EM structures of MT1 and MT2 were reported.
History
Melatonin has been known about since the beginning of the 20th century with experiments led by Carey P. McCord and Floyd P. Allen. The two scientists obtained extracts of the pineal gland from bovines and noticed its blanching effects on the skin of tadpoles. The melatonin chemical was found and isolated in the pineal gland in 1958 by physician Aaron |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglia%20%28disambiguation%29 | The term ganglia may refer to:
Plural form of ganglion, a cluster of neurons
Lymph node
Ganglion cyst
Ganglia (software), a scalable distributed monitoring system for high-performance computing systems
See also
Ganglion (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitermination | Antitermination is the prokaryotic cell's aid to fix premature termination of RNA synthesis during the transcription of RNA. It occurs when the RNA polymerase ignores the termination signal and continues elongating its transcript until a second signal is reached. Antitermination provides a mechanism whereby one or more genes at the end of an operon can be switched either on or off, depending on the polymerase either recognizing or not recognizing the termination signal.
Antitermination is used by some phages to regulate progression from one stage of gene expression to the next. The lambda gene N, codes for an antitermination protein (pN) that is necessary to allow RNA polymerase to read through the terminators located at the ends of the immediate early genes. Another antitermination protein, pQ, is required later in phage infection. pN and pQ act on RNA polymerase as it passes specific sites. These sites are located at different relative positions in their respective transcription units.
Antitermination may be a regulated event
Antitermination was discovered in bacteriophage infections. A common feature in the control of phage infection is that very few of the phage genes can be transcribed by the bacterial host RNA polymerase. Among these genes, however, are regulators whose products allow the next set of phage genes to be expressed. One of these types of regulator is an antitermination protein. In the absence of the antitermination protein, RNA polymerase terminates at |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20common%20shading%20algorithms | This article lists common shading algorithms used in computer graphics.
Interpolation techniques
These techniques can be combined with any illumination model:
Flat shading
Gouraud shading
Phong shading
Illumination models
Realistic
The illumination models listed here attempt to model the perceived brightness of a surface or a component of the brightness in a way that looks realistic. Some take physical aspects into consideration, like for example the Fresnel equations, microfacets, the rendering equation and subsurface scattering.
Diffuse reflection
Light that is reflected on a non-metallic and/or a very rough surface gives rise to a diffuse reflection. Models that describe the perceived brightness due to diffuse reflection include:
Lambert
Oren–Nayar (Rough opaque diffuse surfaces)
Minnaert
Specular reflection
Light that is reflected on a relatively smooth surface gives rise to a specular reflection. This kind of reflection is especially strong for metal surfaces. Models that describe the perceived brightness due to specular reflection include:
Phong
Blinn–Phong
Cook–Torrance (microfacets)
Ward anisotropic
Subsurface scattering
Subsurface scattering is an indirect form of reflection where some of the light is transmitted into a semi-transparent material, scattered under the surface and bounced back out again. The light that is not absorbed by the material and bounced out through the surface again gives rise to a diffuse indirect reflection, which will illumin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior%20information | Prior information may refer to
Prior probability
A prior information notice (PIN) issued in advance of procurement actions for the purposes of government procurement in the European Union |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20men%27s%20international%20soccer%20players | The following tables include various statistics for players on the United States men's national soccer team (featuring all caps, goals, assists and goalkeeper wins and shutouts) from the team's inception in 1916 through the October 17, 2023 game with Ghana.
Appearances
Players capped since 2022 are shown in Bold.
Goals
Active players are shown in Bold.
Assists
Active players are shown in Bold.
USSF did not begin tracking assists until the 1970s. The top twenty are most likely accurate as no players before the mid-1980s amassed more than twenty or thirty caps. For example, Boris Bandov, the player active before 1980 with the highest number of caps, played 33 times between 1976 and 1983, while Perry Van der Beck played 23 times between 1979 and 1985. With the typical low scores of the times, it was unlikely any players before the 1980s assisted on more than a handful of goals.
Wins
Active players are shown in Bold.
Shutouts
Active players are shown in Bold.
See also
List of United States men's national soccer team hat-tricks
List of United States women's international soccer players
Association football player non-biographical articles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL3 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha (MIP-1-alpha) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL3 gene.
Function
CCL3 is a cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is involved in the acute inflammatory state in the recruitment and activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes through binding to the receptors CCR1, CCR4 and CCR5.
Sherry et al. (1988) demonstrated 2 protein components of MIP1, called by them alpha (CCL3, this protein) and beta (CCL4).
CCL3 produces a monophasic fever of rapid onset whose magnitude is equal to or greater than that of fevers produced with either recombinant human tumor necrosis factor or recombinant human interleukin-1. However, in contrast to these two endogenous pyrogens, the fever induced by MIP-1 is not inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen and CCL3 may participate in the febrile response that is not mediated through prostaglandin synthesis and clinically cannot be ablated by cyclooxygenase.
Interactions
CCL3 has been shown to interact with CCL4.
Attracts macrophages, monocytes and neutrophils.
See also
Macrophage inflammatory proteins
References
External links
Further reading
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL4 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligands 4 (also CCL4) previously known as macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1β), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCL4 gene. CCL4 belongs to a cluster of genes located on 17q11-q21 of the chromosomal region. Identification and localization of the gene on the chromosome 17 was in 1990 although the discovery of MIP-1 was initiated in 1988 with the purification of a protein doublet corresponding to inflammatory activity from supernatant of endotoxin-stimulated murine macrophages. At that time, it was also named as "macrophage inflammatory protein-1" (MIP-1) due to its inflammatory properties.
CCL4 is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine subfamily. CCL4 is being secreted under mitogenic signals and antigens and hereby acts as a chemoattractant for natural killer cells, monocytes and various other immune cells in the site of inflamed or damaged tissue.
Genomics
In the human genome, CCL4 and many other CC chemokines is encoded by a single gene on chromosome 17 (17q11-q21). The CCL4 gene consists of three exons and two introns which are separated by 14 kb and are organized in a head to head fashion. MIP-1 genes have 3 untranslated gene regions containing a polyadenylation site (AATAAA) and several AT-rich sequences. The CCL4 protein precursor consist of 92 amino acids. In turn, the mature CCL4 protein is 92 amino acids long. The CCL4 predicted Mr weight is 7814.8 Da with no apparent N-linked glycosylation site as in other of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clastogen | A clastogen is a mutagenic agent that disturbs normal DNA related processes or directly causes DNA strand breakages, thus causing the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of entire chromosome sections. These processes are a form of mutagenesis which if left unrepaired, or improperly repaired, can lead to cancer. Known clastogens include acridine yellow, benzene, ethylene oxide, arsenic, phosphine, mimosine, actinomycin D, camptothecin, methotrexate, methyl acrylate, resorcinol and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. Additionally, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine is a known colon carcinogen and shows signs of possessing clastogenic activity. There are many clastogens not listed here and research is ongoing to discover new clastogens. Some known clastogens only exhibit clastogenic activity in certain cell types, such as caffeine which exhibits clastogenic activity in plant cells. Researchers are interested in clastogens for researching cancer, as well as for other human health concerns such as the inheritability of clastogen effected paternal germ cells that lead to fetus developmental defects.
Mechanism
There is not one all encompassing method by which clastogens damage chromosomal DNA, instead different clastogens have unique ways they interact with DNA, or DNA associated proteins, and disrupt normal function. Broadly these different types of clastogenic activity can be organized into three classes: ‘classic’ breaks theory; ‘mis-repair of breaks’ theory and ‘repair-created breaks’ theory. It may |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20things%20named%20after%20Srinivasa%20Ramanujan | Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887 – 1920) is the eponym of all of the topics listed below.
Mathematics
Brocard–Ramanujan Diophantine equation
Dougall–Ramanujan identity
Landau–Ramanujan constant
Ramanujan's congruences
Hardy–Ramanujan number
Hardy–Ramanujan theorem
Hardy–Ramanujan asymptotic formula
Ramanujan identity
Ramanujan machine
Ramanujan–Nagell equation
Ramanujan–Peterssen conjecture
Ramanujan–Soldner constant
Ramanujan summation
Ramanujan theta function
Ramanujan graph
Ramanujan's tau function
Ramanujan's ternary quadratic form
Ramanujan prime
Ramanujan's constant
Ramanujan's lost notebook
Ramanujan's master theorem
Ramanujan's sum
Rogers–Ramanujan identities
Rogers–Ramanujan continued fraction
Ramanujan–Sato series
Ramanujan magic square
Journals
Hardy–Ramanujan Journal
Journal of the Ramanujan Mathematical Society
Ramanujan Journal
Institutions and societies
Ramanujan College, University of Delhi
Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics
Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute of Technology
Ramanujan Mathematical Society
Srinivasa Ramanujan Centre at Sastra University https://sas.sastra.edu/src/
Srinivasa Ramanujan Concept School
Ramanujan Hostel, Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta
Ramanujan computer centre, Department of Mathematics, Rajdhani College, University of Delhi
Srinivisa Ramanujan Library, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune
Prizes and awards
Srinivasa Ramanujan Medal
SASTRA Ramanujan Prize
DST-ICTP-IMU Ramanujan Prize
Ramanu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuser%20%28sewage%29 | An air diffuser or membrane diffuser is an aeration device typically in the shape of a disc, tube or plate, which is used to transfer air and with that oxygen into the
sewage or industrial wastewater. Oxygen is required by microorganisms/bacteria residents in the water to break down the pollutants. Diffusers use either rubber membranes or ceramic elements typically and produce either fine or coarse bubbles.
Types
Diffusers are generally referred to as either:
Fine Bubble/Fine Pore
Coarse Bubble
Other diffused aeration devices include: jet aerators, aspirators, and U tubes.
Design specifications
Typical efficiency of a full floor coverage diffused aeration system in clean water is 2%/ft submergence or 6.6%/m submergence. When converted to mass transfer into process or dirty water, it is typically closer to about half of those figures. Manufacturers of fine bubble systems have supported claims that the type, number and size of "pores" have a great effect on efficiency of a diffused aeration system.
Types of diffused aeration systems
Diffusers are typically connected to a piping system which is supplied with pressurized air by a blower. This system is commonly referred to as a diffused aeration system or aeration grid.
There are two main types of diffused aeration systems, retrievable and fixed grid, that are designed to serve different purposes. In the case of a plant with a single tank, a retrievable system is desirable, in order to avoid stopping operation of the p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coboglobin | A coboglobin is a synthetic compound, a metalloprotein chemically similar to hemoglobin or myoglobin but using the metal cobalt instead of iron (hence the name). Just like hemoglobin and myoglobin, the coboglobins are able to reversibly bind molecular oxygen (O2) at the metal atom. However, they lose this ability much faster than the natural molecules.
Blood of this type would be uncoloured and clear when in the veins while amber yellow in colour in the arteries.
References
.
Metalloproteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persulfide | In chemistry, persulfide refers to the functional group R-S-S-H. Persulfides are intermediates in the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur proteins and are invoked as precursors to hydrogen sulfide, a signaling molecule.
Nomenclature
The nomenclature used for organosulfur compounds is often non-systematic. Sometimes persulfides are called hydrodisulfides to further avoid confusion with disulfides with the grouping R-S-S-R, by emphasizing the presence of an H at one end of a disulfide bond.
Properties
Compared to thiols (R-S-H), persulfides are uncommon. They are thermodynamically unstable with respect to loss of elemental sulfur:
RSSH → RSH + 1/8 S8
Nonetheless, persulfides are often kinetically stable.
The S-H bond is both more acidic and more fragile than in thiols. This can be seen in the bond dissociation energy of a typical persulfide, which is 22 kcal/mol weaker than a typical thiol, and the lower pKa of about 6.2 for persulfides compared to 7.5 for thiols. Thus, persulfides exist predominantly in the ionized form at neutral pH. This effect is attributed to the stability of the RSS· radical.
Structure and reactions
The structure of trityl persulfide has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The S-S bond length is 204 picometers and the C-S-S-H dihedral angle is 82°. These parameters are unexceptional. (C6H5)3CSSH behaves as a source of sulfur, illustrated by its reaction with triphenylphosphine to give triphenylphosphine sulfide and triphenylmethanethiol:
(C6H5)3C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route%20nationale%2010 | Route nationale 10, or RN 10, is a trunk (route nationale) in France between Paris and the border with Spain via Bordeaux.
Reclassification
Unlike many other routes nationales, the road retains its status along the majority of its route. However, several sections have been downgraded to RD, route départementale (departmental road): the RD 810, RD 910 and RD 911.
Route
Paris-Chartres-Poitiers-Bordeaux-Spain
Paris to Chartres (0 km to 83 km)
The road begins at the Porte de Saint Cloud, southwest of central Paris, as the Avenue du Général Leclerc. It passes the suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt. The road crosses the river Seine. Through traffic then takes the RN 118 dual carriageway. The old RN 10 is now renamed the RD 910 and called Grande Rue through the suburb of Sèvres.
The road then passes Chaville between the Forêt de Fausses Reposses and Forêt de Meudon. It continues west as the Avenue de Paris to the town of Versailles and its palace as the RD 10 (route départementale). The road then turns south in the square past the railway station before turning west again as the Avenue de la Division Leclerc, skirting the domain of the Château de Versailles.
The road crosses the RN 12 before becoming the RN 10 southbound with a junction onto the A 12. The road plunges into the Forêt de Rambouillet and then reaches the town of Rambouilet. At Ablis, it crosses the A 11 and turns west through flat countryside to Chartres.
Chartres to Poitiers (83 km to 320 km)
To the south of Chartre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenic%20amine%20receptor | Biogenic amine receptor are a variety of neurotransmitter receptors that are sensitive to biogenic amine neurotransmitters. They mostly belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family of transmembrane receptors, specifically within GPCR "Family A" (Rhodopsin-like receptors). A notable exception is the serotonin 5-HT3 receptor, which is a ligand-gated ion channel. The biogenic amine receptors include the monoamine receptors.
References
External links
Transmembrane receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20M.%20Bingham | Paul Montgomery Bingham (born February 25, 1951) is an American molecular biologist and evolutionary biologist, Associate Professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology at Stony Brook University and Vice President for Research at Rafael Pharmaceuticals. He is known for his work in molecular biology, and has also published recent articles and a book on human evolution.
Biography
Bingham received his undergraduate degree at Blackburn College in Carlinville, Illinois, and then completed his PhD in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Harvard University in 1980 (thesis advisor, Matthew Meselson) after completing an MS in Microbiology at the University of Illinois (with John W. Drake). He spent two years at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) before joining the faculty of the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and the School of Medicine at Stony Brook University in 1982.
Molecular biology
He was part of a collaborative team that discovered the parasitic DNA sequence element, the P element transposon. This enabled a widely used strategy still used today for retrieving genes from animals. It also shed fundamental new light on how evolution shapes the (self-interested) individual genes that collaborate to build organisms.
With his wife (Zuzana Zachar), he demonstrated that transposon insertion mutations were responsible for most of the alleles used in the development of classical genetics. He also collaborated with Carl Wu and S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Bureau%20of%20Investigation%20and%20Statistics | The Central Bureau of Investigation and Statistics (CBIS) (, commonly known as Zhongtong, ), was an intelligence unit under the Organisation Department of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang. It was one of Chiang Kai-shek's two police and military intelligence agencies, the other being the Military Bureau of Investigation and Statistics headed by Dai Li from 1929 until his death in 1946. The CBIS focused on civilian intelligence, while the MBIS targeted military activities.
The CBIS bureau was largely superseded by the Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau in Taiwan after 1949.
History
The previous body of CBIS had its origin in the CC Clique, which was founded in 1927 as a secret spying agency.
In 1931, Chen Lifu was appointed the head of the Kuomintang's Organization Department and he set up the intelligence unit.
In 1935, this intelligence body was re-organized as the Central Bureau of Investigation and Statistics.
See also
Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau
National Security Bureau (Taiwan)
Bureau of Investigation and Statistics
Republic of China (1912–1949)
Kuomintang
References
Further reading
Warlord cliques in Republican China
Taiwanese intelligence agencies
Defunct intelligence agencies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehn%E2%80%93Sommerville%20equations | In mathematics, the Dehn–Sommerville equations are a complete set of linear relations between the numbers of faces of different dimension of a simplicial polytope. For polytopes of dimension 4 and 5, they were found by Max Dehn in 1905. Their general form was established by Duncan Sommerville in 1927. The Dehn–Sommerville equations can be restated as a symmetry condition for the [[h-vector|h-vector]] of the simplicial polytope and this has become the standard formulation in recent combinatorics literature. By duality, analogous equations hold for simple polytopes.
Statement
Let P be a d-dimensional simplicial polytope. For i = 0, 1, ..., d − 1, let fi denote the number of i-dimensional faces of P. The sequence
is called the 'f-vector of the polytope P. Additionally, set
Then for any k = −1, 0, ..., d − 2, the following Dehn–Sommerville equation' holds:
When k = −1, it expresses the fact that Euler characteristic of a (d − 1)-dimensional simplicial sphere is equal to 1 + (−1)d − 1.
Dehn–Sommerville equations with different k are not independent. There are several ways to choose a maximal independent subset consisting of equations. If d is even then the equations with k = 0, 2, 4, ..., d − 2 are independent. Another independent set consists of the equations with k = −1, 1, 3, ..., d − 3. If d is odd then the equations with k = −1, 1, 3, ..., d − 2 form one independent set and the equations with k = −1, 0, 2, 4, ..., d − 3 form another.
Equivalent formulations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forget%20Paris | Forget Paris is a 1995 American romantic comedy film produced, directed, co-written by and starring Billy Crystal as an NBA referee and Debra Winger as an independent working woman whose lives are interrupted by love and marriage.
It also stars Joe Mantegna, Julie Kavner, Cynthia Stevenson, Richard Masur, Cathy Moriarty, and John Spencer. A number of professional basketball players, present and past, appear as themselves.
Plot
At a restaurant in New York City, Andy prepares to introduce his friends to his fiancée, Liz. As the couple waits for the rest of the party to arrive, he tells her the story of how his friends Mickey and Ellen came to fall in love. As each of Andy's friends arrive, more of the story is unfolded.
Mickey Gordon is a National Basketball Association referee who honors his recently deceased father's wishes by burying him with his World War II Army platoon in France, of which he was the sole survivor. The plans are delayed when the airline misplaces the casket.
Ellen Andrews, an airline employee from Wichita working in Paris, assists Mickey in locating and retrieving the casket. She surprises him by attending the burial so he will not be alone. Mickey rides back to Paris with Ellen, and they get to know each other along the way. He decides to delay his return trip to the US to spend time with Ellen. They fall in love, but Mickey is forced to return for the beginning of the NBA season.
Mickey's loneliness leads him to lose his temper during a nationally t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20neural%20network | The random neural network (RNN) is a mathematical representation of an interconnected network of neurons or cells which exchange spiking signals. It was invented by Erol Gelenbe and is linked to the G-network model of queueing networks as well as to Gene Regulatory Network models. Each cell state is represented by an integer whose value rises when the cell receives an excitatory spike and drops when it receives an inhibitory spike. The spikes can originate outside the network itself, or they can come from other cells in the networks. Cells whose internal excitatory state has a positive value are allowed to send out spikes of either kind to other cells in the network according to specific cell-dependent spiking rates. The model has a mathematical solution in steady-state which provides the joint probability distribution of the network in terms of the individual probabilities that each cell is excited and able to send out spikes. Computing this solution is based on solving a set of non-linear algebraic equations whose parameters are related to the spiking rates of individual cells and their connectivity to other cells, as well as the arrival rates of spikes from outside the network. The RNN is a recurrent model, i.e. a neural network that is allowed to have complex feedback loops.
A highly energy-efficient implementation of random neural networks was demonstrated by Krishna Palem et al. using the Probabilistic CMOS or PCMOS technology and was shown to be c. 226–300 times more |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route%20nationale%2011 | The Route nationale 11, or RN11, is a trunk road (nationale) in Southwest France between Poitiers and La Rochelle. It is part of European route E611.
Reclassification
The road has been downgraded along part of its original route and re-numbered the RD611 between Poitiers and Niort.
Route
Poitiers to Niort (0km to 68 Km) (As RD611)
The road begins on the RN10 south west of Poitiers branching west towards the coast. It passes the Abbey of Fontaine-le-Comte and then by-passes the village of Lusignan. The road enters the Foret de Soudan and a junction with the A10 autoroute, afterwards passing through the village of Soudan.
At Saint-Maucent-l'École the road crosses the river Sèvre Niortaise. South of La Crèche the road crosses the A83 autoroute becoming a dual-carriageway. The road enters the town of Niort.
Niort to La Rochelle (68km to 138 km)
The road passes Southwest now designated European Route E601. At Mauze-sur-le-Mignon the road turns north west through Foret de Benon and over the marshes including the Canal de Marane and then reaches the port of La Rochelle on the Atlantic coast.
The road here has a junction with the RN137 which runs along the coast connecting Nantes to Rochefort, designated the European Route E3. The RD11 becomes the Boulevard Andre Sautel as it heads towards the city centre. The RN735 connects the RN11 to the airport and the Pont-Viaduc, a bridge leading to the Île de Ré.
References
Routes nationales in France |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20Trucks | Tensor Trucks is a skateboarding truck company founded and designed by professional skateboarder, Rodney Mullen, in 2000. Tensor's parent company is Dwindle Distribution. The company offers trucks in three different heights (lo, mid, hi) that are tailored for different wheel diameters—the hi is designed for 58mm wheels and smaller; the mid for 54mm or smaller; and the lo for 52mm and smaller. Mullen holds US patent no. 6,443,471B1 for design features implemented in Tensors. Tensor's trucks are manufactured in China.
History
Mullen explained the origin of the brand in a 2010 interview:
I didn’t feel it was legitimate to just build another truck like an Indy [Independent Truck Co.]. I thought, ‘How can I do it differently?’ The way I skate was flip tricks—setting up your feet and landing ... I wanted to build a truck that would help you do those kind of things better. I wanted to build a truck that doesn’t turn that well because that’s going to help me. If you want that other truck, it’s already there. I don’t feel I deserve a place by copying someone else. That is the value I’ve always got from skateboarding—to be part of something bigger.
Key design features
Baseplate sliders
The most visible feature on a Tensor truck (not including the Response model) is the polymer baseplate slider. Trucks can wear out on the baseplates from nose and tail slides. The slider is replaceable and is touted to slide better than standard aluminum baseplates.
Interlocking bushings
Tensor b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20animals%20by%20number%20of%20neurons | The following are two lists of animals ordered by the size of their nervous system. The first list shows number of neurons in their entire nervous system, indicating their overall neural complexity. The second list shows the number of neurons in the structure that has been found to be representative of animal intelligence. The human brain contains 86 billion neurons, with 16 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex.
Scientists are engaged in counting, quantification, in order to find answers to the question in the strategy of neuroscience and intelligence of "self-knowledge": how the evolution of a set of components and parameters (~1011 neurons, ~1014 synapses) of a complex system could lead to the phenomenon of the appearance of intelligence in the biological species "sapiens".
Overview
Neurons are the cells that transmit information in an animal's nervous system so that it can sense stimuli from its environment and behave accordingly. Not all animals have neurons; Trichoplax and sponges lack nerve cells altogether.
Neurons may be packed to form structures such as the brain of vertebrates or the neural ganglions of insects.
The number of neurons and their relative abundance in different parts of the brain is a determinant of neural function and, consequently, of behavior.
Whole nervous system
All numbers for neurons (except Caenorhabditis and Ciona), and all numbers for synapses (except Ciona) are estimations.
List of animal species by forebrain (cerebrum or pallium |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-Rock%20Hawaii | Z-Rock Hawaii is the name of the debut (and only) self-titled album by Z-Rock Hawaii, released in 1996. The supergroup features Gene Ween, Dean Ween and Claude Coleman Jr. of Ween collaborating with Yamantaka Eye, Seiichi Yamamoto, Yoshimi P-We, and Yoshikawa Toyohito of Boredoms.
History
In 1994, during the recording of Chocolate & Cheese, Gene Ween, Dean Ween and Claude Coleman Jr. of Ween collaborated with Japanese noise rock band Boredoms on a project released two years later as Z-Rock Hawaii. Melchiondo had become a big fan of Boredoms upon seeing them live in Philadelphia in 1993, calling them "the heaviest band [he] had ever seen since the Butthole Surfers". Prior to that, Boredoms frontman Yamantaka Eye had released an album that heavily sampled Ween's The Pod.
Track listing
"Chuggin'"
"Bad to the Bone" (George Thorogood and the Destroyers cover)
"In the Garden"
"Love like Cement"
"Tuchus"
"Piledriver"
"I Get a Little Taste of You"
"God in My Bed"
"The Meadow"
"Sunset over Osaka"
"Hexagon" (bonus track)
See also
Boredoms
Ween
References
1996 albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonzo%20Goes%20to%20College | Bonzo Goes to College is a 1952 American comedy film directed by Frederick De Cordova and starring Maureen O'Sullivan, Edmund Gwenn, Charles Drake, Gigi Perreau, Gene Lockhart, and Bonzo. It is a sequel to the 1951 film Bedtime for Bonzo.
Plot
Former lab chimpanzee Bonzo, suddenly literate, runs away from a carnival sideshow. He lands in the college town of Pawlton, where young Betsy mistakenly believes the chimp is a gift from her grandfather, Pop Drew, the football coach at Pawlton.
Betsy wants to formally adopt Bonzo, something her parents, Marion and Malcolm Drew, aren't too sure about. A judge goes along with the idea, pretending to officially approve an adoption, just to humor the girl. Betsy then writes her other grandfather, millionaire Clarence Gateson, to inform him she now has a baby brother. Gateson is thrilled until he arrives in Pawlton and finds the truth.
Gateson warms up to Bonzo and even takes him golfing. Discovering what a natural athlete the chimpanzee is, an idea is hatched that Bonzo could play quarterback for the college, where Pop is desperate for good players. A couple of con men, Edwards and Wilbur Crane, kidnap the chimpanzee just before the big game and replace Bonzo with one that can't play ball. Before they can collect their bets, the real Bonzo turns up and wins the game.
Cast
Maureen O'Sullivan as Marion Gateson Drew
Edmund Gwenn as Ten 'Pop' Drew
Charles Drake as Malcolm Drew
Gigi Perreau as Betsy Drew
Gene Lockhart as Clarence B. G |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20Y | In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup Y is a descendant of haplogroup N9.
Distribution
Haplogroup Y has been found with high frequency in many indigenous populations who live around the Sea of Okhotsk, including approximately 66% of Nivkhs, approximately 43% of Ulchs, approximately 40% of Nanais, approximately 21% of Negidals, and approximately 20% of Ainus. It is also fairly common among indigenous peoples of the Kamchatka Peninsula (Koryaks, Itelmens) and among certain Austronesian peoples (especially groups closely related to Native Taiwanese).
The distribution of haplogroup Y in populations of the Malay Archipelago contrasts starkly with the absence or extreme rarity of this clade in populations of continental Southeast Asia in a manner reminiscent of haplogroup E. However, the frequency of haplogroup Y fades more smoothly away from its maximum around the Sea of Okhotsk in Northeast Asia, being found in approximately 2% of Koreans and in South Siberian and Central Asian populations with an average frequency of 1%.
The Y2 subclade has been observed in 40% (176/440) of a large pool of samples from Nias people in western Indonesia, ranging from a low of 25% (3/12) among the Zalukhu subpopulation to a high of 52% (11/21) among the Ho subpopulation.
Table of frequencies of mtDNA haplogroup Y
Subclades
Haplogroup Y has been divided into two primary subclades, Y1 and Y2. In a study published in 2016 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20Q%20%28mtDNA%29 | In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup Q is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup typical for Oceania. It is a subgroup of haplogroup M29'Q.
Origin
Haplogroup Q is a descendant of haplogroup M.
Distribution
Today, mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup Q is found in the southern Pacific region, especially in New Guinea, Melanesia and indigenous Australians. Haplogroup Q is very diverse and frequently occurring among Papuan and Melanesian populations, with an inferred coalescence time of approximately 50,000 years before present. The frequency of this haplogroup among the populations of the islands of Wallacea in eastern Indonesia is quite high, indicating some genetic affinity between the populations of these islands and the indigenous peoples of New Guinea. Haplogroup Q has also been found at higher frequencies, among modern populations of Sundaland but in moderate frequencies Micronesia, and Polynesia. In Southeast Asia it is found in lower frequencies. Malaysians 1.8%, It's also found in Indonesians, Filipinos (especially in Surigaonon people it's 4.17%), Balinese 1.2%, Borneans 1.3%,
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup Q subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
Q
Q1'2
Q1
Q1a
Q1b
Q1c
Q2
Q2a
Q2b
Q3
Q3a
Q3a1
Q3b
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20G%20%28mtDNA%29 | In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup G is a descendant of haplogroup M. Haplogroup G is divided into subclades G1, G2, G3, and G4.
Distribution
It is an East Asian haplogroup. Today, haplogroup G is found at its highest frequency in indigenous populations of the lands surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk. Haplogroup G is one of the most common mtDNA haplogroups among modern Ainu, Siberian, Mongol, Tibetan and Central and North Asian Turkic peoples people (as well as among people of the prehistoric Jōmon culture in Hokkaidō). It is also found at a lower frequency among many other populations of East Asia, Central Asia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. However, unlike other mitochondrial DNA haplogroups typical of populations of northeastern Asia, such as haplogroup A, haplogroup C, and haplogroup D, haplogroup G has not been found among indigenous peoples of the Americas.
Table of Frequencies by ethnic group
Subclades
Subclade G2 is the most widely distributed, being found with low frequency in many populations all the way from eastern Europe (Poles, Ukrainians, Lipka Tatars) and western Siberia (Mansi, Khanty) to Japan (Japanese, Ainu) and from Iran (Persian) to southern China (Hmong and Tujia in Hunan and Mien in Guangxi) and Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia). G2 (and especially its subclade G2a) is notably frequent among many Mongolic- or Turkic-speaking populations of northern East Asia a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20CZ | In human mitochondrial genetics, the Haplogroup CZ is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup CZ is a descendant of haplogroup M8 and is a parent to the haplogroups C and Z. The C and Z subclades share a common ancestor dated to approximately 36,500 years ago.
Distribution
Today, CZ is found in eastern Asian, Central Asian, Siberian, indigenous American, and European populations, and is most common in Siberian populations. It is recognized by a genetic marker at 249d.
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup CZ subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
M
M8
CZ
C
Z
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
References
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
CZ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n%20constant | In fluid dynamics, the von Kármán constant (or Kármán's constant), named for Theodore von Kármán, is a dimensionless constant involved in the logarithmic law describing the distribution of the longitudinal velocity in the wall-normal direction of a turbulent fluid flow near a boundary with a no-slip condition. The equation for such boundary layer flow profiles is:
where u is the mean flow velocity at height z above the boundary. The roughness height (also known as roughness length) z0 is where appears to go to zero. Further κ is the von Kármán constant being typically 0.41, and is the friction velocity which depends on the shear stress τw at the boundary of the flow:
with ρ the fluid density.
The Kármán constant is often used in turbulence modeling, for instance in boundary-layer meteorology to calculate fluxes of momentum, heat and moisture from the atmosphere to the land surface. It is considered to be a universal (κ ≈ 0.40).
Gaudio, Miglio and Dey argued that the Kármán constant is however nonuniversal in flows over mobile sediment beds.
In recent years the von Kármán constant has been subject to periodic scrutiny. Reviews (Foken, 2006; Hogstrom, 1988; Hogstrom, 1996) report values of κ between 0.35 and 0.42. The overall conclusion of over 18 studies is that κ is constant, close to 0.40.
See also
Law of the wall
Log wind profile
References
Bonan, G. B. (2005). "Land Surface Model (LSM 1.0) for Ecological, Hydrological, Atmospheric Studies. Model product". Availab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallows%27s%20Cp | In statistics, Mallows's , named for Colin Lingwood Mallows, is used to assess the fit of a regression model that has been estimated using ordinary least squares. It is applied in the context of model selection, where a number of predictor variables are available for predicting some outcome, and the goal is to find the best model involving a subset of these predictors. A small value of means that the model is relatively precise.
Mallows's Cp has been shown to be equivalent to Akaike information criterion in the special case of Gaussian linear regression.
Definition and properties
Mallows's Cp addresses the issue of overfitting, in which model selection statistics such as the residual sum of squares always get smaller as more variables are added to a model. Thus, if we aim to select the model giving the smallest residual sum of squares, the model including all variables would always be selected. Instead, the Cp statistic calculated on a sample of data estimates the sum squared prediction error (SSPE) as its population target
where is the fitted value from the regression model for the ith case, E(Yi | Xi) is the expected value for the ith case, and σ2 is the error variance (assumed constant across the cases). The mean squared prediction error (MSPE) will not automatically get smaller as more variables are added. The optimum model under this criterion is a compromise influenced by the sample size, the effect sizes of the different predictors, and the degree of collineari |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20fate%20determination | Within the field of developmental biology, one goal is to understand how a particular cell develops into a final cell type, known as fate determination. Within an embryo, several processes play out at the cellular and tissue level to create an organism. These processes include cell proliferation, differentiation, cellular movement and programmed cell death. Each cell in an embryo receives molecular signals from neighboring cells in the form of proteins, RNAs and even surface interactions. Almost all animals undergo a similar sequence of events during very early development, a conserved process known as embryogenesis. During embryogenesis, cells exist in three germ layers, and undergo gastrulation. While embryogenesis has been studied for more than a century, it was only recently (the past 25 years or so) that scientists discovered that a basic set of the same proteins and mRNAs are involved in embryogenesis. Evolutionary conservation is one of the reasons that model systems such as the fly (Drosophila melanogaster), the mouse (Mus musculus), and other organisms are used as models to study embryogenesis and developmental biology. Studying model organisms provides information relevant to other animals, including humans. While studying the different model systems, cells fate was discovered to be determined via multiple ways, two of which are by the combination of transcription factors the cells have and by the cell-cell interaction. Cells’ fate determination mechanisms were cate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribot%27s%20law | Ribot's law of retrograde amnesia was hypothesized in 1881 by Théodule Ribot. It states that there is a time gradient in retrograde amnesia, so that recent memories are more likely to be lost than the more remote memories. Not all patients with retrograde amnesia report the symptoms of Ribot's law.
History and context
Ribot's law was first postulated by the French psychologist Théodule Ribot (1839–1916), who is recognized as one of the pioneer 19th century advocates for psychology as an objective and biologically based empirical field. Ribot's split from the mainstream "Eclectic" psychology of the era was associated with a transition from philosophical to evolutionary explanations of human psychology and behavior. As Ribot was not a true experimentalist himself, this increased focus on the natural science basis of human mentality was manifested in an interest for case studies and diseases of dysfunction which helped to shape theories of psychological function. Ribot's law actually was first defined in terms of a broad generalization of functional decline in psychopathology: the observation that functions acquired most recently are the first to degenerate. However, in the current context of neuroscience research, Ribot's law is used almost exclusively to describe the perceived effect of older memories being less prone to disruption.
In his 1882 book, "Diseases of Memory: An Essay in the Positive Psychology", Ribot explained the retroactive phenomena of trauma or event-induce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20algorithm | An adaptive algorithm is an algorithm that changes its behavior at the time it is run, based on information available and on a priori defined reward mechanism (or criterion). Such information could be the story of recently received data, information on the available computational resources, or other run-time acquired (or a priori known) information related to the environment in which it operates.
Among the most used adaptive algorithms is the Widrow-Hoff’s least mean squares (LMS), which represents a class of stochastic gradient-descent algorithms used in adaptive filtering and machine learning. In adaptive filtering the LMS is used to mimic a desired filter by finding the filter coefficients that relate to producing the least mean square of the error signal (difference between the desired and the actual signal).
For example, stable partition, using no additional memory is O(n lg n) but given O(n) memory, it can be O(n) in time. As implemented by the C++ Standard Library, stable_partition is adaptive and so it acquires as much memory as it can get (up to what it would need at most) and applies the algorithm using that available memory. Another example is adaptive sort, whose behavior changes upon the presortedness of its input.
An example of an adaptive algorithm in radar systems is the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector.
In machine learning and optimization, many algorithms are adaptive or have adaptive variants, which usually means that the algorithm parameters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barab%C3%A1si%E2%80%93Albert%20model | The Barabási–Albert (BA) model is an algorithm for generating random scale-free networks using a preferential attachment mechanism. Several natural and human-made systems, including the Internet, the World Wide Web, citation networks, and some social networks are thought to be approximately scale-free and certainly contain few nodes (called hubs) with unusually high degree as compared to the other nodes of the network. The BA model tries to explain the existence of such nodes in real networks. The algorithm is named for its inventors Albert-László Barabási and Réka Albert.
Concepts
Many observed networks (at least approximately) fall into the class of scale-free networks, meaning that they have power-law (or scale-free) degree distributions, while random graph models such as the Erdős–Rényi (ER) model and the Watts–Strogatz (WS) model do not exhibit power laws. The Barabási–Albert model is one of several proposed models that generate scale-free networks. It incorporates two important general concepts: growth and preferential attachment. Both growth and preferential attachment exist widely in real networks.
Growth means that the number of nodes in the network increases over time.
Preferential attachment means that the more connected a node is, the more likely it is to receive new links. Nodes with a higher degree have a stronger ability to grab links added to the network. Intuitively, the preferential attachment can be understood if we think in terms of social networks con |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDS%20matrix | An MDS matrix (maximum distance separable) is a matrix representing a function with certain diffusion properties that have useful applications in cryptography. Technically, an matrix over a finite field is an MDS matrix if it is the transformation matrix of a linear transformation from to such that no two different -tuples of the form coincide in or more components.
Equivalently, the set of all -tuples is an MDS code, i.e., a linear code that reaches the Singleton bound.
Let be the matrix obtained by joining the identity matrix to . Then a necessary and sufficient condition for a matrix to be MDS is that every possible submatrix obtained by removing rows from is non-singular. This is also equivalent to the following: all the sub-determinants of the matrix are non-zero. Then a binary matrix (namely over the field with two elements) is never MDS unless it has only one row or only one column with all components .
Reed–Solomon codes have the MDS property and are frequently used to obtain the MDS matrices used in cryptographic algorithms.
Serge Vaudenay suggested using MDS matrices in cryptographic primitives to produce what he called multipermutations, not-necessarily linear functions with this same property. These functions have what he called perfect diffusion: changing of the inputs changes at least of the outputs. He showed how to exploit imperfect diffusion to cryptanalyze functions that are not multipermutations.
MDS matrices are used for diffusion in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss%20102 | Kiss 102 was a dance music radio station based in Manchester, England.
History
The frequency was originally issued to Sunset 102 Radio - The Kickin FM but that suffered some financial problems. In May 1993, the Radio Authority made a decision to prematurely terminate Sunset's licence, apparently accusing the station of providing inaccurate information about its financial and management affairs. In August 1993 the station reportedly had its transmission facilities withdrawn by NTL for non-payment. Following a brief return to the air the liquidator was called in and Sunset's frequency finally fell silent. The liquidator was later to re-apply on behalf of Sunset Radio for its re-advertised licence. Faze FM won the re-advertised licence for Manchester. Like Sunset, Faze FM's remit was to broadcast dance music, licensing the brand name "Kiss" from London station Kiss 100FM and the station launched as Kiss 102 on the 16 October 1994. The licence win was spearheaded by Eugene Perera's Level Broadcast and included shareholders UKRD, Eastern Counties Newspaper Group and 3i. The format was the brainchild of two highly experienced UK radio programmers - Managing Director, Guy Hornsby and Programme Director, Mike Gray who first worked together at the original BBC Radio London where they produced the station's highest profile presenters Tony Blackburn and Robbie Vincent.
Kiss 102 station won awards for its coverage of social issues and is acknowledged by writers like Dave Haslam and c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability%20conditions | The stability conditions of watercraft are the various standard loading configurations to which a ship, boat, or offshore platform may be subjected. They are recognized by classification societies such as Det Norske Veritas, Lloyd's Register and American Bureau of Shipping (ABS). Classification societies follow rules and guidelines laid down by International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) conventions, the International Maritime Organization and laws of the country under which the vessel is flagged, such as the Code of Federal Regulations.
Stability is normally broken into two distinct types: intact and damaged.
Intact stability
The vessel is in normal operational configuration. The hull is not breached in any compartment. The vessel will be expected to meet various stability criteria such as GMt (metacentric height), area under the GZ (righting lever) curve, range of stability, trim, etc.
Intact conditions
Lightship or Light Displacement
The vessel is complete and ready for service in every respect, including permanent ballast, spare parts, lubricating oil, and working stores but is without fuel, cargo, drinking or washing water, officers, crew, passengers, their effects, temporary ballast or any other variable load.
Full load departure or full displacement
Along with all the Lightship loads, the vessel has all systems charged meaning that all fresh water, cooling, lubricating, hydraulic and fuel service header tanks, piping and equipment systems ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%20nm%20process | The 14 nm process refers to the MOSFET technology node that is the successor to the 22nm (or 20nm) node. The 14nm was so named by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). Until about 2011, the node following 22nm was expected to be 16nm. All 14nm nodes use FinFET (fin field-effect transistor) technology, a type of multi-gate MOSFET technology that is a non-planar evolution of planar silicon CMOS technology.
Samsung Electronics taped out a 14 nm chip in 2014, before manufacturing 10 nm class NAND flash chips in 2013. The same year, SK Hynix began mass-production of 16nm NAND flash, and TSMC began 16nm FinFET production. The following year, Intel began shipping 14nm scale devices to consumers.
History
Background
14 nm resolution is difficult to achieve in a polymeric resist, even with electron beam lithography. In addition, the chemical effects of ionizing radiation also limit reliable resolution to about 30 nm, which is also achievable using current state-of-the-art immersion lithography. Hardmask materials and multiple patterning are required.
A more significant limitation comes from plasma damage to low-k materials. The extent of damage is typically 20 nm thick, but can also go up to about 100 nm. The damage sensitivity is expected to get worse as the low-k materials become more porous. For comparison, the atomic radius of an unconstrained silicon is 0.11 nm. Thus about 90 Si atoms would span the channel length, leading to substantial leakage.
Tel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decacarbonyldihydridotriosmium | Decacarbonyldihydridotriosmium is an organoosmium compound with the formula H2Os3(CO)10. This purple-violet crystalline air-stable cluster is noteworthy because it is electron-deficient and hence adds a variety of substrates.
Structure and synthesis
The trinuclear cluster features an isosceles triangular array of metals with one short edge (rOs-Os = 2.68 Å), which is spanned by the two hydride ligands, and two longer edges (rOs-Os = 2.81 Å). It can be described as Os(CO)4[Os(CO)3(μ-H)]2. The bonding in the Os2H2 subunit has been compared to the 3-center, 2e bonding in diborane. The molecule forms a variety of adducts with loss of H2.
It is prepared by purging a solution of Os3(CO)12 in octane (or other inert solvent of similar boiling point) with H2.
Os3(CO)12 + H2 → Os3H2(CO)10 + 2 CO
Reactions
The cluster reacts with a wide range of reagents under mild conditions. Illustrative is its reaction with diazomethane to give Os3(CO)10(μ-H)(μ-CH3), exhibiting an agostic interaction, the first identified in a metal cluster.
References
Organoosmium compounds
Carbonyl complexes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL1 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 (CCL1) is also known as small inducible cytokine A1 and I-309 in humans. CCL1 is a small glycoprotein that belongs to the CC chemokine family.
Genomics
CCL1 is encoded by CCL1 gene which is one of the several chemokine genes clustered on the chromosome 17q11.2-q12 in humans. It is expressed by specifically activated T cells upon secondary stimulation. The homologous mouse gene is termed Tca-3.
Discovery
CCL is the first human CCL chemokine that was identified by molecular cloning during searching for genes expressed by T cells.
Function
CCL1 is a small glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 15-16 kDa. CCL1 is secreted by activated monocytes/macrophages, T lymphocytes and endothelial cells.
CCL1 binds to the chemokine receptor CCR8 and induces Ca2+ influx, chemotaxis and regulate apoptosis. CCR8 is constitutively expressed in monocytes/macrophages, Th2, and regulatory T lymphocytes.
Thus, CCL1 mainly acts as a chemoattractant for monocytes/macrophages, T lymphocytes, specially Th2-differentiated T cells and a subset of T regulatory cells in vitro into inflammatory siter. It can also attract NK cells, immature B cells but do not attracts neutrophils.
CCL1 stimulates a transient increase in the concentration of cytoplasmic free calcium in monocytes but not in other type of cells. Furthermore, CCL1 inhibits apoptosis in thymic cell lines by the RAS/MAPK pathway but can prevent dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in cultured murine t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory%20ordering | Memory ordering describes the order of accesses to computer memory by a CPU. The term can refer either to the memory ordering generated by the compiler during compile time, or to the memory ordering generated by a CPU during runtime.
In modern microprocessors, memory ordering characterizes the CPU's ability to reorder memory operations – it is a type of out-of-order execution. Memory reordering can be used to fully utilize the bus-bandwidth of different types of memory such as caches and memory banks.
On most modern uniprocessors memory operations are not executed in the order specified by the program code. In single threaded programs all operations appear to have been executed in the order specified, with all out-of-order execution hidden to the programmer – however in multi-threaded environments (or when interfacing with other hardware via memory buses) this can lead to problems. To avoid problems, memory barriers can be used in these cases.
Compile-time memory ordering
Most programming languages have some notion of a thread of execution which executes statements in a defined order. Traditional compilers translate high-level expressions to a sequence of low-level instructions relative to a program counter at the underlying machine level.
Execution effects are visible at two levels: within the program code at a high level, and at the machine level as viewed by other threads or processing elements in concurrent programming, or during debugging when using a hardware deb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre%20saturation%20point | Fibre saturation point is a term used in wood mechanics and especially wood drying, to denote the point in the drying process at which only water bound in the cell walls remains - all other water, called free water, having been removed from the cell cavities. Further drying of the wood results in strengthening of the wood fibres, and is usually accompanied by shrinkage. Wood is normally dried to a point where it is in equilibrium with the atmospheric moisture content or relative humidity, and since this varies so does the equilibrium moisture content.
Laboratory testing has found the average FSP in many types of wood to be approximately 26%. Individual species may differ from the average.
References
Timber seasoning
Wood |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardinho%20%28footballer%2C%20born%20May%201984%29 | José Ricardo dos Santos Oliveira or simply Ricardinho (born May 19, 1984 in João Pessoa, Brazil) is a Brazilian striker, who plays for Santa Cruz Futebol Clube.
Club statistics
References
External links
CBF
Living people
1984 births
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Santa Cruz Futebol Clube players
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Figueirense FC players
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
Botafogo Futebol Clube (SP) players
Mogi Mirim Esporte Clube players
Kashiwa Reysol players
Paulista Futebol Clube players
Associação Desportiva São Caetano players
Guaratinguetá Futebol players
J1 League players
Expatriate men's footballers in South Korea
Jeju United FC players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in South Korea
Men's association football forwards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tse%20Man%20Wing | Tse Man Wing (, born 5 January 1983 in Hong Kong) is a former Hong Kong professional footballer who currently plays as an amateur player for Hong Kong First Division club Tai Po.
Career statistics
Club career
As of 4 April 2008
International career
As of 6 December 2006
References
External links
Tse Man Wing at HKFA
1983 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Hong Kong men's footballers
South China AA players
Hong Kong Rangers FC players
Sun Hei SC players
Southern District FC players
Eastern Sports Club footballers
Hong Kong Sapling players
Hong Kong First Division League players
Hong Kong Premier League players
Hong Kong men's international footballers
Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Hong Kong |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20view%20cells | Spatial view cells are neurons in primates' hippocampus; they respond when a certain part of the environment is in the animal's field of view.
They are related to place cells and head direction cells. Spatial view cells differ from place cells, since they are not localized in space. They also differ from head direction cells since they don't represent a global orientation (like a compass), but the direction towards a specific object. Spatial view cells are the cells that respond in the hippocampus when a particular location is being recalled. These cells are identified in the hippocampus of test subjects by monitoring individual neurons while the test subject is moved around in a cue controlled spatial environment. The spatial view cells are the cells that fire consistently when the monkey is looking at a certain direction in the environment; this is independent of the head direction or the location of the monkey. Also, these cells are confirmed to be spatial view cells by observing that there is minimal randomized firing of the cells without the appropriate stimulus present.
Characteristics
Spatial view cells can be characterized by the following features:
respond to a region of visual space being looked at, relatively independently of where the monkey is located
respond to a small number of visual cues generally within a 30° receptive field
activated when doing spatial tasks which include active walking in a spatial environment
fire relatively independent of the place |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretomotor | The adjective secretomotor refers to the capacity of a structure (often a nerve) to induce a gland to secrete a substance (usually mucus or serous fluid).
Secretomotor nerve endings are frequently contrasted with sensory neuron endings and motor nerve endings. An example of secretomotor activity can be seen with the lacrimal gland, which secretes the aqueous layer of the tear film. The lacrimal branch of the ophthalmic nerve (itself a branch of trigeminal nerve V1) supplies secretomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland, stimulating its secretion of the aqueous layer. However, these nerves fibers originate from the facial nerve (VII) and only travel briefly with fibers from the trigeminal nerve.
Secretomotor neurons in the intestines and gall bladder control the movement of fluid and electrolytes.
References
Medical terminology |
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