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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20snoR60 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA snoR60 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA snoR60 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA snoR60 was identified in a screen of Arabidopsis thaliana.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20snoR86 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA snoR86 (also known as snoR86) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) which modifies other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). It is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines. Plant snoR86 was identified in a screen of Arabidopsis thaliana.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20snoR9 | snoR9 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'.
R9 is a member of the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
This snoRNA was identified in a computational search for GC-rich regions in the AT-rich genomes of hyperthermophiles. This snoRNA is not related to the plant snoRNA snoR9.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20snoR98 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA snoR98 (also known as snoR98) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) which modifies other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). It is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines. Plant snoR98 was identified in a screen of Arabidopsis thaliana.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA1 | In molecular biology, SNORA1 (also known as ACA1) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
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External links
Link to HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee entry for SNORA1
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA12 | In molecular biology, U108 belongs to the H/ACA family of snoRNAs.
The sequence is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of the U372 residue in the 28S rRNA subunit. However it has not been reported as a pseudouridylation site.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA13 | In molecular biology, SNORA13 (also known as ACA13) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA14 | In molecular biology, SNORA14 (also known as ACA14) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA15 | In molecular biology, SNORA15 (also known as ACA15) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
This family also includes the mouse MBI-79 sequence.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA17 | In molecular biology, SNORA17 (also known as ACA17) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines. Specifically, it is predicted to guide pseudouridylation of the 28S rRNA at positions U4659 and U4598. It shares the same host gene together with ACA43.
There are many closely related sequences that do not appear to have conserved H and ACA boxes, and may be pseudogenes.
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Further reading
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA18 | In molecular biology, SNORA18 (also known as ACA18) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z157/R69/R10 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z157 (homologous to R69 and R10) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z157 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z157 was identified in screens of Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA19 | In molecular biology, SNORA19 (also known as ACA19) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
The family also includes the mouse sequence MBI-51.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA2 | In molecular biology, SNORA2 (also known as ACA2) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) which modifies other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). It is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
ACA2 was originally cloned from HeLa cells by association with GAR1 protein. It has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure and has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs. Originally two sequence variants of ACA2 were identified (called ACA2a and ACA2b). Both variants share approximately 66% sequence identity to another snoRNA characterised in the same study called ACA34 (also known as SNORA34). In the human genome all three snoRNAs (ACA2a, ACA2b and ACA34) are found to be located in the introns of the same gene. This gene encodes a predicted protein referred to as FLJ20436.
Both variants of ACA2 have the same two predicted target sites (U4263 and U4282) in 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). ACA34 is also predicted to target one of these sites (U4282) in addition to U4269 of 28S rRNA. The sequence similarity, genomic location and the predicted target sites of these three snoRNAs suggest they have been generated by subsequent gene duplications during evolution.
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Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA20 | In molecular biology, SNORA20 (also known as ACA20) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA21 | In molecular biology, SNORA21 (also known as ACA21) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
This family also contains the mouse sequence MBI-3.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA22 | In molecular biology, SNORA22 (also known as ACA22) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z159/U59 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z159/U59 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z159/U59 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z159/U59 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA24 | In molecular biology, SNORA24 (also known as ACA24) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA25 | In molecular biology, SNORA25 (also known as ACA25) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA26 | In molecular biology, SNORA26 is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
The snoRNA HBI-6 belong to the H/ACA family of snoRNAs, guiding the pseudouridylation of position U4522 of the 28S rRNA. HBI-6 is the human orthologue of mouse MBI-6 snoRNA.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA27 | In molecular biology, SNORA27 (also known as ACA27) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z161/Z228 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z161 (homologous to snoRNA Z228) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z161 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z161 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA28 | In molecular biology, SNORA28 (also known as ACA28) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
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Further reading
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA29 | In molecular biology, SNORA29 (also known as ACA29) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
The family also contains the mouse sequence MBI-39.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA30 | In molecular biology, SNORA30 (also known as ACA30) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of eukaryotic cells. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA' as it 'guides' the modification process.
ACA30 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs based on its structure and the proteins it is associated with. snoRNA ACA30 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U4643 of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the (isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine) to the different isomeric form pseudouridine(Ψ).
This snoRNA is related to other snoRNAs identified in human (ACA37) and mouse (MBI-26).
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA32 | In molecular biology, SNORA32 (also known as ACA32) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z163/Z177%20family | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z163 (homologous to snoRNA Z177) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z163 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA SNORD54 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA33 | In molecular biology, SNORA33 (also known as ACA33) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
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Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA35 | In molecular biology, for Homo sapiens snoRA35 (also known as HBI-36) is an H/ACA box snoRNA, first cloned from a mouse adult brain cDNA library by Cavaillé et al. (2000), and found to be specifically expressed in the choroid plexus. Its human orthologue, HBI-36 was discovered by a homology search, and was found to be specifically expressed in the brain. Its gene resides in the second intron of the serotonin receptor 2c (5HT-2c) gene, which is predominantly expressed in choroid plexus epithelial cells. The human 5HT-2c mRNA was predicted to be 2'O-methylated by the C/D box snoRNP HBII-52 at a position also subjected to A:I editing. HBI-36 has no documented RNA target.
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Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA38 | In molecular biology, SNORA38 (also known as ACA38) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA4 | In molecular biology, SNORA4 (also known as ACA4) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z168/Z174 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z168/Z174 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z168/Z174 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z168/Z174 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA40 | In molecular biology, the small nucleolar RNA ACA40 belongs to the H/ACA family of snoRNAs and guides the pseudouridylation of 28S rRNA subunit at position U4565. snoRNA ACA40 was discovered using large-scale cloning by Kiss et al. (2004) from a HeLa cell extract immunoprecipitated with an anti-GAR1 antibody. It is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of residues 28S rRNA U4546 and 18S rRNA 1174. The pseudouridylation of these residues was reported by Ofengand and Bakin (1997) and Maden (1990). ACA1, ACA8, ACA18, ACA25, ACA32 and ACA40 and the C/D box snoRNAs mgh28S-2409 and mgh28S-2411 share the same host gene (MGC5306).
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Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA41 | In molecular biology, SNORA41 (also known as ACA41) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
The family also includes the mouse sequence MBI-83.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA42 | In molecular biology, SNORA42 (also known as ACA42) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA43 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA43 (also known as ACA43) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'.
ACA43 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA43 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U4938 of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA44 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA44 (also known as ACA44) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'.
ACA44 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA44 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U822 and U686 of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the (isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine) to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
snoRNA ACA44 is homologous to the mouse snoRNA sequence MBI-64 described by Hüttenhofer et al in 2001.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA46 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA46 (also known as ACA46) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'.
ACA46 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA46 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U649 of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z195/SNORD33%20family | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z195/SNORD33 (also known as U33) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z195/SNORD33 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z195 was identified in a screen of Arabidopsis thaliana.
An experiment that looked at 22 different non-small-cell lung cancer tissues found that SNORD33, SNORD66 and SNORD76 were over-expressed relative to matched noncancerous lung tissues.
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Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA48 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA48 is a pseudouridylation guide H/ACA box snoRNA. This snoRNA was cloned in 2004 from a HeLa cell extract immunoprecipitated with an anti-GAR1 antibody. It is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of residue U3797 of 28S rRNA.
The pseudouridylation of this residue had been reported in 1997. The H/ACA box snoRNAs ACA48 and U67, and the C/D box snoRNA mgU6-77, share the same host gene (EIF4A1).
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA49 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA ACA49 is a snoRNA, originally cloned in 2004 from a HeLa cell extract immunoprecipitated with an anti-GAR1 antibody. It has no identified target RNA.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA5 | In molecular biology, SNORA5 (also known as ACA5) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z196/R39/R59%20family | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z196/R39/R59 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z196/R39/R59 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z196 was identified in a screen of Arabidopsis thaliana.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA50 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA50 (also known as ACA50) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'.
ACA50 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA50 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U34 and U105 of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the (isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine) to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA51 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA51 (also known as ACA51) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'.
ACA51 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA52 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA52 (also known as ACA52) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'.
ACA52 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA52 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U3823 of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the (isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine) to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA53 | In molecular biology, the snoRNA ACA53 belongs to the H/ACA family of pseudouridylation guide snoRNAs. This H/ACA box RNA was cloned by Kiss et al. (2004) from a HeLa cell extract immunoprecipitated with an anti-GAR1 antibody. It has no identified target RNA. RNA residues targeted for pseudouridylation by this molecule have not been identified.
References
External links
snoRNAbase entry snoRA53
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA54 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA54 (also known as ACA54) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'.
ACA54 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA54 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U3801 of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation (of the nucleoside uridine) to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA55 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA55 (also known as ACA55) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'.
ACA55 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA55 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U36 of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the (isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine) to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
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External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA56 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA56 (also known as ACA56) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'.
ACA56 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA56 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U1664 of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the (isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine) to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HgcG%20RNA | The HgcG RNA gene is a non-coding RNA that was identified computationally and experimentally verified in AT-rich hyperthermophiles. The genes from this screen were named hgcA through hgcG ("high GC"). HgcG is of unknown function. hgcG is significantly similar to a region of the Archaeoglobus fulgidus genome. The genes were named hgcA through hgcG ("high GC"). It was later identified as Pab40 H/ACA snoRNA with rRNA targets.
See also
HgcC family RNA
HgcE RNA
HgcF RNA
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA57 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA57 (also known as U99 and MBI-64) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a "guide RNA".
ACA57 was originally cloned from a mouse brain library and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA57 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U1004 of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA58 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA58 (also known as ACA58) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a "guide RNA".
ACA58 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA58 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U3823 of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the (isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine) to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
snoRNA ACA58 is homologous to the mouse snoRNA sequence MBI-12 described in.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA61 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA61 (also known as ACA61) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'.
ACA61 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA61 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U2495 of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the (isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine) to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA62 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA62 (E2) belongs to the H/ACA class of snoRNAs.
E2 is involved in the processing of eukaryotic pre-rRNA and has regions of complementarity to 28S rRNA.
E2 is encoded in introns in the gene for a laminin-binding protein.
This family also contains the related ACA6, M2 and MBI-136 snoRNAs.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA63 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA63 (E3) belongs to the H/ACA class of snoRNAs, is involved in the processing of eukaryotic pre-rRNA and has regions of complementarity to 18S rRNA. E3 is encoded in introns in the gene for protein synthesis initiation factor 4AII.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA65 | In molecular biology, SNORA65 (also known as U65) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'.
U65 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure and has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs.
snoRNA U65 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of residues U4373 and U4427 of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to pseudouridine(Ψ). U65 is related to the snoRNA MBII-351 identified in mouse.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA66 | In molecular biology, SNORA66 (also known as U66) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a "guide RNA".
U66 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. U66 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U119 of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the (isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine) to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA67 | In molecular biology, snoRNA U67 is a non-coding RNA molecule that belongs to the H/ACA class of snoRNAs which are thought to guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines. This snoRNA guides pseudouridylation of position U1445 in 18S rRNA. This RNA is expressed from the intron of the host gene EIF4A1.
References
External links
U67 entry in snoRNABase
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA68 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA68 (also known as U68) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a "guide RNA".
ACA68 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA68 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U4393 of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the (isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine) to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIF-1%20alpha%20IRES | The HIF-1α internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is an RNA element present in the 5' UTR of the mRNA of HIF-1α that allows cap-independent translation. The HIF-1α internal ribosome entry site (IRES) allows translation to be maintained under hypoxic cell conditions that inhibit cap-dependent translation [1]. The hypoxia-inducible factor-1α protein (HIF-1α) is a subunit of the HIF-1 transcription factor, which induces transcription of several genes involved in the cellular response to hypoxia.
References
Further reading
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA69 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA69 (also known as U69) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a "guide RNA".
ACA69 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA69 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U36 of 18S and U69 of 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the (isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine) to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine%20operon%20leader | The Histidine operon leader is an RNA element found in the bacterial histidine operon. At least 6 amino acid operons are known to be regulated by attenuation. In each a leader sequence of 150–200 bp is found upstream of the first gene in the operon. This leader sequence can assume two different secondary structures known as the terminator and the anti-terminator structure. In each case the leader also codes for very short peptide sequence that is rich in the end product amino acid of the operon. The terminator structure is recognised as a termination signal for RNA polymerase and the operon is not transcribed. This structure forms when the cell has an excess of the regulatory amino acid and ribosome movement over the leader transcript is not impeded. When there is a deficiency of the charged tRNA of the regulatory amino acid the ribosome translating the leader peptide stalls and the antiterminator structure can form. This allows RNA polymerase to transcribe the operon.
References
Further reading
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA7 | In molecular biology, SNORA7 (also known as ACA7) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
The family also contains the mouse sequence MBI-141.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone%203%E2%80%B2%20UTR%20stem-loop | The histone 3′ UTR stem-loop is an RNA element involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport of the histone mRNAs, and in the regulation of stability and of translation efficiency in the cytoplasm. The mRNAs of metazoan histone genes lack polyadenylation and a poly-A tail, instead 3′ end processing occurs at a site between this highly conserved stem-loop and a purine rich region around 20 nucleotides downstream (the histone downstream element, or HDE). The stem-loop is bound by a 31 kDa stem-loop binding protein (SLBP - also termed the histone hairpin binding protein, or HBP). Together with U7 snRNA binding of the HDE, SLBP binding nucleates the formation of the processing complex.
References
External links
Transterm page for Histone 3′ stem loop
UTRSite page for Histone 3′UTR stem-loop structure (HSL3)
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV%20gag%20stem%20loop%203%20%28GSL3%29 | HIV gag stem loop 3 (GSL3) is a secondary structural component of the Retroviral Psi packaging element, also known as the psi recognition element. This domain plays a major role in RNA packaging and is located the 5’ untranslated region of the unspliced HIV-1 genome. GSL3 is known to direct specific packaging of HIV-1 genomic RNA. While deletion of GSL3 leads to decreases in both viral RNA packaging and dimerization, mutagenic studies have shown that it does not eliminate encapsulation of retroviral RNA.
Pharmaceutical Advancements
Interaction with NCp7
RNA encapsulation involves detection of the psi recognition element by the protein NCp7. NCp7 contains two successive zinc fingers which are linked by a stretch of basic residues. Their function is to activate annealing of primer tRNA to the initiation site (where reverse transcription occurs). During this process, GSL3 interacts with NCp7 specifically. Current pharmaceuticals utilized for HIV/AIDS treatment inhibit fundamental processes in the replication cycle of the retrovirus. This interaction is a potential point of inhibition.
Inhibitory Ligands
Inhibitor development remains in an early phase. The challenge of synthesizing a compound with a simple molecular structure and low molecular weight in order to limit side interactions and the existence potentially detrimental stereoisomers requires both a computational and high-throughput approach. 2-((5-nitroquinolin-8-yl)thio)ethanol, a potential lead compound, is shown |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA71 | In molecular biology, U71 belongs to the H/ACA class of Small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs). snoRNAs bind a number of proteins (including dyskerin, Gar1p and Nop10p in the case of the H/ACA class) to form snoRNP complexes. This class are thought to guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines by forming direct base pairing interactions with substrate RNAs. Targets may include ribosomal and spliceosomal RNAs but the exact function of many snoRNAs, including U71, is unclear.
References
Further reading
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer%20binding%20site | A primer binding site is a region of a nucleotide sequence where an RNA or DNA single-stranded primer binds to start replication. The primer binding site is on one of the two complementary strands of a double-stranded nucleotide polymer, in the strand which is to be copied, or is within a single-stranded nucleotide polymer sequence.
DNA Replication
DNA replication is the semi-conservative, biological process of two DNA strands copying themselves, resulting in two identical copies of DNA. This process is considered semi-conservative because, after replication, each copy of DNA contains a strand from the original DNA molecule and a strand from the newly-synthesized DNA molecule.
An RNA primer is a short chain of single-stranded RNA, consisting of roughly five to ten nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand. DNA polymerase will then take each nucleotide and make a new complementary DNA strand to the template strand, but only in the 5' to 3' direction. One of the new strands, the leading strand, moves in the 5' to 3' direction until it reaches the replication fork, allowing DNA polymerase to take the RNA primer and make a new complementary DNA strand to the template strand. The lagging strand moves away from the replication fork in the 3' to 5' direction and consists of small fragments called Okazaki fragments. DNA polymerase makes the lagging strand by using a new RNA primer for each Okazaki fragment it encounters. Overall, the leading strand only uses one RNA pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA72 | In molecular biology, small nucleolar RNA SNORA72 (also known as U72) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a "guide RNA".
ACA30 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA72 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U55 of 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the (isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine) to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV%20Rev%20response%20element | The HIV-1 Rev response element (RRE) is a highly structured, ~350 nucleotide RNA segment present in the Env coding region of unspliced and partially spliced viral mRNAs. In the presence of the HIV-1 accessory protein Rev, HIV-1 mRNAs that contain the RRE can be exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for downstream events such as translation and virion packaging.
RRE and HIV-1 biology
Early phase
The HIV-1 genome contains a single promoter and uses multiple reading frames and alternative splicing to encode 15 proteins from a single pre-mRNA species. Transcription from an integrated HIV-1 provirus generates a single 9 kilobase (kb) pre-mRNA containing multiple splice sites and nuclear retention signals. In the early phase of the viral life cycle, this pre-RNA is completely spliced to RRE-free, 2 kb messages. These smaller messages are then transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm via standard mRNA nuclear export pathways (see Figure). One of these small, 2kb messages encodes the HIV-1 Rev protein which is imported into the nucleus via its nuclear localization sequence. This phase of the virus life cycle is both Rev and RRE independent.
Late phase
The late phase of the viral life cycle is characterized by the expression of viral proteins that are encoded on the long, unspliced (9kb) or partially spliced (4 kb) messages containing the RRE. Because of their retention and splicing signals, these intron-containing RNAs are initially retained in the nucleus for spl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA73 | In molecular biology, the small nucleolar RNA SNORA73 (also called U17/E1 RNA) belongs to the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). Vertebrate U17 is intron-encoded and ranges in length from 200-230 nucleotides, longer than most snoRNAs. It is one of the most abundant snoRNAs in human cells and is essential for the cleavage of pre-rRNA within the 5' external transcribed spacer (ETS). This cleavage leads to the formation of 18S rRNA. Regions of the U17 RNA are complementary to rRNA and act as guides for RNA/RNA interactions, although these regions do not seem to be well conserved between organisms.
There is evidence that SNORA73 (isoforms: SNORA73A and SNORA73B) functions as a regulator of chromatin function. SNORA73 is chromatin-associated RNA (caRNA) and stably linked to chromatin. Notably, SNORA73 can bind to PARP1, leading to the activation of its ADPRylation (PAR) function. SNORA73 Interacts with the PARP1 DNA-Binding Domain. In addition, the snoRNA-activated PARP1 ADPRylates DDX21 in cells to promote cell proliferation.
See also
Small nucleolar SNORD12/SNORD106
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV%20ribosomal%20frameshift%20signal | HIV ribosomal frameshift signal is a ribosomal frameshift (PRF) that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses to translate several different proteins from the same sequence.
Intact and consistent protein biosynthesis relies on the ability of the ribosome to stay in the correct open reading frame (ORF) during translation. When the ribosome fails to maintain the proper ORF, translation usually results in either incorrect protein synthesis or early termination as a result of the introduction of a premature stop codon. However, a shift in the ORF is not universally deleterious, as many viruses capitalize on this phenomenon by using a programmed ribosomal frameshift (PRF) to translate several proteins from the same sequence, thereby maximizing the storage capacity of their genome. Thus, many viruses (including HIV-1) are categorized as having a polycistronic genome, meaning they employ multiple active ORF's in a single gene.
The HIV-1 virus requires a programmed -1 ribosomal frameshift signal (the HIV-1 Ribosomal Frameshift Signal) for the expression of the Pol gene, which is an example of a cis-acting element of gene regulation. In HIV-1, the gag ORF that encodes the 55 kDa Gag protein, the major viral structural protein, is located at the 5' end of the full-length viral mRNA. Translation of the 160 kDa Gag-Pol polyprotein is contingent on a -1 ribosomal frameshift event revealing the pol ORF. The pol ORF is located 3' to the gag ORF and encodes the Pol polyprotein, which |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA74 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA74 (U19) belongs to the H/ACA class of snoRNAs. snoRNAs bind a number of proteins (including dyskerin, Gar1p and Nop10p in the case of the H/ACA class) to form snoRNP complexes. This class is thought to guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines by forming direct base pairing interactions with substrate RNAs. Targets may include ribosomal and spliceosomal RNAs but the exact functions of many snoRNAs, including U19, are not confirmed. Co-precipitation of U19 snoRNA with RNase MRP RNA suggests that U19 may be involved in pre-rRNA processing.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA
Spliceosome
RNA splicing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsp90%20cis-regulatory%20element | The Hsp90 cis regulatory element is an RNA element (RNA thermometer) found in the 5' UTR of the Drosophila hsp90 mRNA. It is required for increased translational efficiency during the heat shock response.
The hsp90 gene product is involved in the Drosophila heat shock response. Translation of the hsp90 mRNA is very inefficient under normal growth temperatures; when heat shock occurs, translation becomes more efficient. This is mediated via this regulatory element.
See also
ROSE element
FourU thermometer
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA75 | In molecular biology, U23 belongs to the H/ACA class of snoRNAs. snoRNAs bind a number of proteins (including dyskerin, Gar1p and Nop10p in the case of the H/ACA class) to form snoRNP complexes. This class are thought to guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines by forming direct base pairing interactions with substrate RNAs. Targets include ribosomal and spliceosomal RNAs as well as the Trypanosoma spliced leader RNA (SL RNA) as possibly other, still unknown cellular RNAs. U23 can direct the pseudouridylation of U97 in human 18S rRNA. U23 is encoded within intron 12 of the nucleolin gene in human, mouse, rat chicken, and Xenopus laevis.
References
Further reading
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA8 | In molecular biology, SNORA8 (also known as ACA8) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA9 | In molecular biology, SNORA9 (also known as ACA9) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD101 | In molecular biology, snoRNA U101 (also known as SNORD101) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA U101 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
U101 was identified by computational screening of the introns of ribosomal protein genes for conserved C/D box sequence motifs and expression experimentally verified by northern blotting. snoRNA U101 resides in intron 3 of the ribosomal protein S12. U101 shares the same host gene with C/D box snoRNA HBII-429, and the H/ACA box snoRNA ACA33.
There is currently no predicted methylation target for U101.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD102 | In molecular biology, snoRNA U102 (also known as SNORD102) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA U102 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
U102 was identified by computational screening of the introns of ribosomal protein genes for conserved C/D box sequence motifs and expression experimentally verified by northern blotting. It is found within intron 2 of the L21 ribosomal protein gene. The H/ACA box snoRNA ACA27 is found in the same host gene within a different intron.
U102 is predicted to guide the 2'O-ribose methylation of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue G4020.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD103 | In molecular biology, snoRNA U103 (also known as SNORD103) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA U103 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
U103 was identified by computational screening of the introns of ribosomal protein genes for conserved C/D box sequence motifs and expression experimentally verified by northern blotting.
U103 is predicted to guide the 2'O-ribose methylation of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue G601. In both the human and mouse genome there are two U103 gene copies (called U103A or SNORD103A and U103B or SNORD103B) located within introns 17 and 21 of the PUM1 gene.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20parechovirus%201%20%28HPeV1%29%20cis%20regulatory%20element%20%28CRE%29 | The Human Parechovirus 1 cis regulatory element is an RNA element which is located in the 5'-terminal 112 nucleotides of the genome of human parechovirus 1 (HPeV1). The element consists of two stem-loop structures (SL-A and SL-B) together with a pseudoknot. Disruption of any of these elements impairs both viral replication and growth.
See also
Human rhinovirus internal cis-acting regulatory element (CRE)
Rotavirus cis-acting replication element (CRE)
Parechovirus
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD105 | In molecular biology, U105 belongs to the C/D family of snoRNAs. It is encoded in an intron of the Peter pan homolog gene and is predicted to guide 2'O-ribose methylation of residue U799 of the small 18S rRNA subunit.
References
External links
snoRNABase page for Small nucleolar RNA SNORD105
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD115 | In molecular biology, SNORD115 (also known as HBII-52) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule known as a small nucleolar RNA which usually functions in guiding the modification of other non-coding RNAs. This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. HBII-52 refers to the human gene, whereas RBII-52 is used for the rat gene and MBII-52 is used for naming the mouse gene.
HBII-52 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
In the human genome, HBII-52 is encoded in a tandemly repeated array with another C/D box snoRNA, HBII-85 (SNORD116), in the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) region of chromosome 15. However, a microdeletion in one family of the snoRNA HBII-52 cluster has excluded it from playing a major role in the disease. HBII-52 is found in 47 tandem near identical copies on human chromosome 15q11-13. This locus is maternally imprinted, meaning that only the paternal copy of the locus is transcribed. HBII-52 is exclusively expressed in the brain but is absent in PWS patients. HBII-52 lacks any significant complementarity with ribosomal RNAs, but does have an 18 nucleotide region of conserved complementarity to serotonin 2C receptor mRNA. The serotonin 2C receptor is also expressed in the brain. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD116 | In molecular biology, SNORD116 (also known as HBII-85) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
SNORD116 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
In the human genome, there are 29 tandemnly repeated copies of SNORD116, followed by 48 copies of another C/D box snoRNA, SNORD115, in the Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) region of chromosome 15. Unlike most other snoRNAs, SNORD116 is expressed prevalently in the brain (but is absent in PWS patients) and lacks any significant complementarity with ribosomal RNA. Mouse models of PWS show similar symptoms to humans (hyperphagia and growth deficiency), providing further evidence that PWS is directly linked to the deletion of SNORD116.
More evidence comes from the discovery of two individuals that share many traits of PWS sufferers, both have atypical microdeletions on chromosome 15q11–13, the intersection of which contains only the SNORD116 snoRNAs.
The targets of SNORD116 are unknown, however a bioinformatic screen located 23 possible targets withi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD15 | In molecular biology, SNORD15 (also known as U15) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs, also a type of ncRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
U15 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. U15 is predicted to guide the 2'O-ribose methylation of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue A3764.
In humans there are two closely related copies of the U15 snoRNA (called SNORD15A and SNORD15B). They are both encoded in the introns of the ribosomal protein S3. In Xenopus laevis it is located within the introns of ribosomal protein S1
snoR75 from Arabidopsis thaliana and homologues in rice Oryza sativa and other plants are alternatively known as U15, and, despite a significantly shorter sequence length, appear to be related.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD16 | In molecular biology, snoRNA U16 (also known as SNORD16) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA U16 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
U16 is predicted to guide the 2'O-ribose methylation of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue A484 and is encoded within an intron of the gene for ribosomal proteins L1 in animals. This snoRNA was independently named MBII-98 in mouse.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD17 | In molecular biology, SNORD17 (also known as HBI-43) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
HBI-43 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
This snoRNA is the human orthologue of mouse HBI-43. HBII-43 is predicted to guide 2'O-ribose methylation of 28s ribosomal RNA (rRNA) at position U3797. This residue (U3797) is also predicted to be pseudouridylated (the uridine residue is converted to pseudouridine) by the H/ACA box snoRNA ACA48.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD18 | In molecular biology, SNORD18 (also known as U18) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
U18 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
In humans and Xenopus laevis there are three closely related copies of U18 (called U18A, U18B, U18C) which are encoded in introns of ribosomal protein L1. In yeast U18 is located in the introns of Elongation Factor 1 beta (EF1-beta). Related snoRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice Oryza sativa have been named R63 and Z106 respectively. Factors involved in the processing of the intronic snoRNA have recently been elucidated.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD19 | In molecular biology, SNORD19 (also known as HBII-108) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
SNORD19 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
HBII-108 is the human orthologue of the mouse MBII-108 and is predicted to guide 2'O-ribose methylation of the small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 18S, on position G683.
In the human genome snoRNA HBII-108 is located in the introns of the gene nucleostemin (NS), along with another snoRNA HBII-210.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD20 | In molecular biology, snoRNA U20 (also known as SNORD20) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA U20 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
U20 is encoded in intron 11 of the nucleolin gene in human, mouse and rat. It is predicted to guide the 2'O-ribose methylation of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue U1804.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD21 | In molecular biology, U21 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. U21 is encoded within an intron of the gene for ribosomal protein L5 in mammals, but within introns of the ADP ribosylation factor gene in Drosophila. U21 snoRNA has a 13 nucleotide region of complementarity with an invariant region of eukaryotic 28S ribosomal RNA.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rhinovirus%20internal%20cis-acting%20regulatory%20element | Human rhinovirus internal cis-acting regulatory element (CRE) is
a CRE from the human rhinoviruses. The CRE is located within the genome segment encoding the capsid proteins so is found in a protein coding region. The element is essential for efficient viral replication and it has been suggested that the CRE is required for initiation of minus-strand RNA synthesis.
See also
Human parechovirus 1 (HPeV1) cis regulatory element (CRE)
Rotavirus cis-acting replication element (CRE)
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Enteroviruses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD22 | In molecular biology, snoRNA U22 (also known as SNORD22) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
U22 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
In the human genome snoRNA U22 is encoded along with seven other snoRNAs within the introns of the same gene (called UHG for U22 host gene) in mammals. U22 has also been identified in the amphibian Xenopus laevis U22 is predicted to guide the 2'-O-ribose methylation guide for ribosomal RNA.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD24 | In molecular biology, U24 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. C/D box snoRNAs have been shown to act as methylation guides for a number of RNA targets. U24 is encoded within an intron of the gene for ribosomal protein L7a in mammals, chicken and Fugu. The U76/SNORD76 snoRNA is found in an intron of the uRNA host gene (UHG) growth arrest specific 5 (GAS5) transcript gene. snoRNAs Z20 and U76 snoRNAs show clear similarity to U24.
An experiment that looked at 22 different non-small-cell lung cancer tissues found that SNORD33, SNORD66 and SNORD76 were over-expressed relative to matched noncancerous lung tissues.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD25 | In molecular biology, snoRNA U25 (also known as SNORD25) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
U25 is a member of the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
U25 is found in gene clusters in plants and within the U22 snoRNA host gene (UHG) in mammals. U25 is thought to as a 2'-O-ribose methylation guide for ribosomal RNA. This RNA has also been named snoRNA R73 in some plants.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD26 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORD26 (U26) is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. U26 is encoded within the U22 snoRNA host gene (UHG) in mammals and is thought to act as a 2'-O-ribose methylation guide for ribosomal RNA.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD27 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORD27 (also known as U27 in mammals and snR74 in fungi) is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. U27 is encoded within the U22 snoRNA host gene (UHG) in mammals and is thought to act as a 2'-O-ribose methylation guide for ribosomal RNA. This family also contains several related snoRNAs from yeast and plants.
References
External links
UMASS Yeast snoRNA page for snR74
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20H.%20Ring | Douglas H. Ring (March 28, 1907 in Montana – September 8, 2000 in Red Bank, New Jersey) was one of the Bell Labs engineers that invented the cell phone. The history of cellular phone technology began on December 11, 1947 with an internal memo written by Douglas H. Ring in which he proposed development of a cellular telephone system by AT&T.
Although Martin Cooper of Motorola is considered the inventor of the first handheld cellular telephone and the first person to demonstrate to reporters a handheld cell phone call, Cooper's April 1973 call used cellular telephone technology invented and developed by Bell Labs engineers.
See also
History of mobile phones
W. Rae Young
Amos E. Joel, Jr.
References
Patents of Douglas H. Ring
-- Volume Control Circuits, filed May 26, 1934
-- Oscillation Generator, filed Apr 22, 1938
-- Multiple Unit Steerable Antenna System, filed July 14, 1939
-- Frequency Adjustment of Resonant Cavities, filed Sep 3, 1941
-- Microwave Coupling System, filed Mar 26, 1942
-- Microwave Transmission System, filed Dec 23, 1942
-- Guided Wave Frequency Range, filed Dec 30, 1948
-- Reduction of Phase Distortion, filed Aug 20, 1949
-- Microwave Frequency Structure Using Hybrid Junctions, filed Mar 6, 1951
-- Reduction of Phase Distortion, filed Sep 21, 1951
-- Frequency Stabilized Oscillator, filed Oct 1, 1953
-- High Speed Microwave Switching Networks, filed May 31, 1960
External links
1947 memo by Douglas H. Ring proposing hexagonal c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD28 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORD28 (U28) is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. U28 is encoded within the U22 snoRNA host gene (UHG) in mammals and is thought to act as a 2'-O-ribose methylation guide for ribosomal RNA.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
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