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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z50 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z50 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z50 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
snoRNA Z50 was originally cloned from mouse brain tissues.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spi-1%20%28PU.1%29%205%E2%80%B2%20UTR%20regulatory%20element | The Spi-1 (PU.1) 5′ UTR regulatory element is an RNA element found in the 5′ UTR of Spi-1 mRNA which is able to inhibit the translation Spi-1 transcripts by 8-fold. Spi-1 regulates myeloid gene expression during haemopoietic development. Mutations in this regulatory region of the 5′ UTR can lead to overexpression of Spi-1 which has been linked to development of leukaemia.
See also
InvR
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot%2042%20RNA | Spot 42 (spf) RNA is a regulatory non-coding bacterial small RNA encoded by the spf (spot forty-two) gene. Spf is found in gammaproteobacteria and the majority of experimental work on Spot42 has been performed in Escherichia coli and recently in Aliivibrio salmonicida. In the cell Spot42 plays essential roles as a regulator in carbohydrate metabolism and uptake, and its expression is activated by glucose, and inhibited by the cAMP-CRP complex.
The sRNA is transcribed from a separate promoter and binds to messenger RNA targets through imperfect base pairing. The half-life of Spot42 in vivo is 12 to 13 minutes at 37 °C. When grown in media supplemented with glucose, each cell contains 100–200 Spot42 copies. The corresponding level is however reduced 3–4-fold when cells are grown in succinate or when cAMP is added to cells grown in glucose.
Discovery
Spot42 was first described in 1973 as an unstable RNA species of 109 nucleotides in Escherichia coli. It was discovered by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 2-D fingerprinting in an attempt to study the accumulation of small RNAs in E. coli during amino acid starvation. In these experiments the electrophoretic mobility of Spot42 was similar to that of 5S rRNA. In 1979 Spot42 was found to accumulate under growth in the presence of glucose (i.e., when adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) is low). During growth with a non-glucose carbon source (i.e., when cAMP concentrations are high) the Spot42 concentrations were foun |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SraB%20RNA | The SraB RNA is a small non-coding RNA discovered in E. coli during a large scale experimental screen. The 14 novel RNAs discovered were named 'sra' for small RNA, examples include SraC, SraD and SraG. This ncRNA was found to be expressed only in stationary phase. The exact function of this RNA is unknown but it has been shown to affect survival of Salmonella enterica to antibiotic administration in egg albumin. The authors suggest this may be due to SraB regulating a response to components in albumin.
See also
Escherichia coli sRNA
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicA%20RNA | The MicA RNA (also known as SraD) is a small non-coding RNA that was discovered in E. coli during a large scale screen. Expression of SraD is highly abundant in stationary phase, but low levels could be detected in exponentially growing cells as well.
Function
This RNA binds the Hfq protein and regulates levels of gene expression by an antisense mechanism. It is known to target the OmpA gene in E. coli and occludes the ribosome binding site. Under conditions of envelope stress, micA transcription is induced. MicA, RybB RNA and MicL RNA transcription is under the control of the sigma factor sigma(E). In E.coli, SraD also interacts in cis and trans with the mRNA species, luxS, ompA and phoP, respectively. This observation describes MicA to be the first known sRNA to carry out antisense regulation in both structural configurations. MicA is known to interact with the mRNA encoding the quorum sensing synthase homolog, LuxS in E.coli and both RNAs are processed by the double stranded RNA endonuclease, RNase III. Based on its conservation, this is presumably the case in close relatives and may serve as a long elusive link between envelope stress and quorum sensing.
The PhoPQ two-component system is repressed by MicA.
The RNA presumably pairs with the ribosomal binding site of phoP mRNA, thereby inhibiting translation.
This links micA to cellular processes such as Mg(2+) transport, virulence, LPS modifications and resistance to antimicrobial peptides.
In S. typhimurium MicA has |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SraG%20RNA | SraG (small RNA G) is a small non-coding RNA (ncRNA). It is the functional product of a gene which is not translated into protein.
This ncRNA was discovered in the bacteria Escherichia coli during a large scale computational screen for transcription signals and genomic features of known small RNA-encoding genes. During this screen 14 novel ncRNA genes were identified, including GlmZ, SraB, SraC and SraD.
The expression of SraG was experimentally confirmed by Northern blotting which also indicated this RNA undergoes specific cleavage processing. The function of this RNA is unknown.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArcZ%20RNA | In molecular biology the ArcZ RNA (also known as RyhA and SraH) is a small non-coding RNA (ncRNA). It is the functional product of a gene which is not translated into protein. ArcZ is an Hfq binding RNA that functions as an antisense regulator of a number of protein coding genes.
Discovery
This non-coding RNA was discovered in the bacteria Escherichia coli during a large scale computational screen for transcription signals and genomic features of known small RNA-encoding genes. During this screen 14 novel ncRNA genes were identified, including GlmZ, SraB, SraC and SraD. The expression of SraH was experimentally confirmed by Northern blotting. Its expression is highly abundant in stationary growth phase but low levels of expression can still be detected in exponentially growing cells.
Processing
Although ArcZ is initially transcribed as a transcript of ~120 nucleotides. This precursor is unstable and is processed into an abundant fragment ~58 nucleotides which represents the 3' end of the initial transcript. The stability and abundance of the shorter 3' transcript is confirmed in both Northern blotting and deep sequencing analysis.
Function
ArcZ has been shown to strongly bind the global post-transcriptional regulator protein Hfq. In Salmonella it has been shown to repress the expression of protein coding genes sdaCB (involved in serine uptake) and tpx (involved in oxidative stress) genes, and of the horizontally acquired gene methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP). Bot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlmZ%20RNA | GlmZ (formally known as SraJ) is a small non-coding RNA (ncRNA). It is the functional product of a gene which is not translated into protein.
This ncRNA was discovered in the bacteria Escherichia coli during a large scale computational screen for transcription signals and genomic features of known small RNA-encoding genes. During this screen 14 novel ncRNA genes were identified, including SraB, SraC, SraD and SraG.
The expression of SraJ was experimentally confirmed by Northern blotting. This ncRNA is expressed in early logarithmic phase, but its level decreases into stationary phase. Northern blot analysis also indicated this RNA undergoes specific cleavage processing.
The GlmZ sRNA has been shown to positively control the synthesis of GlmS mRNA. GlmZ is regulated by a related sRNA called GlmY. GlmY functions as an anti-adaptor, it binds to RapZ (RNase adaptor protein for sRNA GlmZ), this binding prevents RapZ from binding to GlmZ and targeting it for cleavage by RNase E.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SroB%20RNA | The sroB RNA (also known as MicM, rybC, or ChiX) is a non-coding RNA gene of 90 nucleotides in length. sroB is found in several Enterobacterial species but its function is unknown.
SroB is found in the intergenic region on the opposite strand to the ybaK and ybaP genes. SroB is expressed in stationary phase.
Experiments have shown that SroB is a Hfq binding sRNA.
Further evidence has shown that SroB negatively regulates the outer membrane protein YbfM by sequestering the ribosome binding site of ybfM mRNA by an antisense interaction. SroB also regulates the DpiA/DpiB two-component system.
Furthermore, SroB itself appears to be the target of a non-coding transcript from the chbBC intergenic region.
References
Further reading
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SroC%20RNA | The bacterial SroC RNA is a non-coding RNA gene of around 160 nucleotides in length. SroC is found in several enterobacterial species. This RNA interacts with the Hfq protein.
SroC acts as a ‘sponge,’ and base pairs with and regulates activity of the sRNA GcvB. This interaction triggers the degradation of GcvB by RNase E, alleviating the GcvB-mediated mRNA repression of other amino acid-related transport and metabolic genes.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SroD%20RNA | The bacterial sroD RNA gene is a non-coding RNA of 90 nucleotides in length. sroD is found in several Enterobacterial species but its function is unknown.
SroE and SroH were identified in the same bioinformatics search.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SroE%20RNA | The bacterial sroE RNA gene is a non-coding RNA molecule of 90 nucleotides in length. sroE is found in several Enterobacterial species but its function is unknown.
SroD and SroH were identified in the same bioinformatics search.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SroH%20RNA | The bacterial sroH RNA is a non-coding RNA that is 160 nucleotides in length. The function of this family is unknown. An SroH gene deletion strain was shown to be sensitive to cell wall stress.
SroE and SroD were identified in the same bioinformatics search.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SscA%20RNA | The SscA RNA (Secondary Structure Conserved A) gene was identified computationally in AT-rich hyperthermophiles using QRNA bioinformatics software. SscA is 97 nucleotides in length and is of unknown function.
The predicted distribution of SscA RNA is currently restricted to the genera pyrococcus and thermococcus (see Rfam page).
Other RNAs identified with SscA include HgcC, HgcE, HgcF and HgcG.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuhB | suhB, also known as mmgR (makes more granules regulator), is a non-coding RNA found multiple times in the Agrobacterium tumefaciens genome and related alpha-proteobacteria. Other non-coding RNAs uncovered in the same analysis include speF, ybhL, metA, and serC.
Several studies in Sinorhizobium meliloti showed that the suhB element is indeed a non-coding RNA. It was first detected by Northern blot and called Sm8RNA, then in an RNAseq study and referred to as SmelC689.
The mutant (lacking the small RNA) phenotype's cytoplasm contains a higher content of polyhydroxybutyrate (PBH) storage granules than the wild type strain. The sRNA is required to limit the PBH intracellular accumulation when the nitrogen-fixing Sinorhizobium meliloti is converting surplus carbon to nitrogen [this needs to be modified, carbon cannot be converted to nitrogen]. Further study confirmed that suhB fine-tunes the regulation of PBH storage.
Northern blot confirmed the expression of the sRNA in other rhizobia species. suhB homologues were found in most alpha-proteobacteria. The Rho-independent terminator and a single-stranded region 10-mer (UUUCCUCCCU) are completely conserved. Hence, it was proposed to define a new family of alpha-proteobacterial sRNA, alpha-r8, of which suhB is a member.
RNA binding protein Hfq binds and stabilises suhB. Expression of the mmgR gene was shown to be controlled by nitrogen (N). Further study has shown that the regulatory proteins NtrC may be required for expression |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T44%20RNA | The T44 RNA family consists of a number of bacterial RNA genes of between 135 and 170 bases in length. The t44 gene has been identified in several species of enteric bacteria but homologs have also been identified in Pseudomonas and Coxiella species. The t44 gene is found between the map and rpsB genes in all species in the full alignment apart from Shigella flexneri. The function of this RNA is unknown.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-box%20leader | Usually found in gram-positive bacteria, the T box leader sequence is an RNA element that controls gene expression through the regulation of translation by binding directly to a specific tRNA and sensing its aminoacylation state. This interaction controls expression of downstream aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes, amino acid biosynthesis, and uptake-related genes in a negative feedback loop. The uncharged tRNA acts as the effector for transcription antitermination of genes in the T-box leader family. The anticodon of a specific tRNA base pairs to a specifier sequence within the T-box motif, and the NCCA acceptor tail of the tRNA base pairs to a conserved bulge in the T-box antiterminator hairpin.
tRNA-mediated attenuation
Although the exact mechanism of T box leader is still unclear and currently being studied, it has recently been recognized as a member of an expanding group of RNAs that are phylogenetically conserved across many gram-positive bacteria. They are structurally complex and able to directly sense physiological signals which results in the control of downstream gene expression. This controlling of gene expression is accomplished by transcriptional attenuation—a general transcriptional regulation strategy that senses when an alteration in the rate of transcription is necessary and initiating alteration at a particular site (sometimes preceding one or more genes of an operon). The operons that encode aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, regulated by tRNA-mediated transcripti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine%20operon%20leader | The threonine operon leader is an RNA element. Threonine is one of at least 6 amino acid operons are known to be regulated by attenuation. In each a leader sequence of 150–200 bp is found upstream of the first gene in the operon. This leader sequence can assume two different secondary structures known as the terminator and the anti-terminator structure. In each case the leader also codes for very short peptide sequence that is rich in the end product amino acid of the operon. The terminator structure is recognised as a termination signal for RNA polymerase and the operon is not transcribed. This structure forms when the cell has an excess of the regulatory amino acid and ribosome movement over the leader transcript is not impeded. When there is a deficiency of the charged tRNA of the regulatory amino acid the ribosome translating the leader peptide stalls and the antiterminator structure can form. This allows RNA polymerase to transcribe the operon.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlmY%20RNA | The GlmY RNA (formally known as tke1) family consists of a number of bacterial RNA genes of around 167 bases in length. The GlmY RNA gene is present in Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Yersinia pestis and Salmonella species, where it is found between the yfhK and purL genes. It was originally predicted in a bioinformatic screen for novel ncRNAs in E. coli.
The GlmY sRNA has been shown to activate the synthesis of GlmS. It achieves this by influencing the action of another sRNA called GlmZ in a hierarchical fashion. GlmY functions as an anti-adaptor, it binds to RapZ (RNase adaptor protein for sRNA GlmZ), this binding prevents RapZ from binding to GlmZ and targeting it for cleavage by RNase E.
Further studies have shown that GlmY mutants are sensitive to cell envelope stress.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobamovirus%20internal%20ribosome%20entry%20site%20%28IRES%29 | The Tobamovirus internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is an element that allows cap and end-independent translation of mRNA in the host cell. The IRES achieves this by mediating the internal initiation of translation by recruiting a ribosomal 43S pre-initiation complex directly to the initiation codon and eliminates the requirement for the eukaryotic initiation factor, eIF4F.
See also
Mnt IRES
N-myc IRES
TrkB IRES
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Tobamovirus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togavirus%205%E2%80%B2%20plus%20strand%20cis-regulatory%20element | The Togavirus 5′ plus strand cis-regulatory element is an RNA element which is thought to be essential for both plus and minus strand RNA synthesis.
Genus Alphavirus belongs to the family Togaviridae. Alpha viruses contain secondary structural motifs in the 5′ UTR that allow them to avoid detection by IFIT1.
See also
Rubella virus 3′ cis-acting element
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombusvirus%203%E2%80%B2%20UTR%20region%20IV | Tombusvirus 3′ UTR is an important cis-regulatory region of the Tombus virus genome.
Tomato bushy stunt virus is the prototype member of the family Tombusviridae. The genome of this virus is positive sense single stranded RNA. Replication occurs via a negative strand RNA intermediate. In addition to viral proteins p33 and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase p92, and unknown host factors, conserved and structural regions within the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) are important for regulating genome replication. This 3′ structural element contains a pseudoknot.
Other non-coding RNA structures in Tombusvirus include the 5′ UTR and an internal replication element.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Tombusviridae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombusvirus%205%E2%80%B2%20UTR | Tombusvirus 5′ UTR is an important cis-regulatory region of the Tombus virus genome.
Tomato bushy stunt virus is the prototype member of the Tombusviridae family. The genome of this virus is positive sense single stranded RNA. Replication occurs via a negative strand RNA intermediate. In addition to viral proteins p33 and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase p92, and unknown host factors, conserved and structural regions within the 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) are important for regulating genome replication.
2 RNA domains in the 5′ UTR have been reported, a 5′ T-shaped domain (TSD) followed by a stem-loop (SL5) and a downstream domain (DSD). TSD-DSD interactions are proposed to be involved in the mediation of viral RNA replication.
An interesting feature of Tombusvirus is its ability to support the replication of defective interfering (DI) RNAs. These sub-viral replicons are small, non-coding, deletion mutants of the viral genome that maintain cis-acting RNA elements necessary for replication
Other non-coding RNA structures in Tombusvirus include the 3′ UTR region IV and an internal replication element.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Tombusviridae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombus%20virus%20defective%20interfering%20%28DI%29%20RNA%20region%203 | Tombus virus defective interfering (DI) RNA region 3 is an important cis-regulatory region identified in the 3' UTR of Tombusvirus defective interfering particles (DI).
Defective interfering RNAs are small sub-viral replicons which are non-coding deletion mutants of the virus that maintain cis-acting RNA elements necessary for replication of the host virus. This conserved region of the 3'UTR has been found to enhance DI RNA accumulation by approximately 10-fold as well as mediating viral replication.
See also
Infectious bronchitis virus D-RNA
Red clover necrotic mosaic virus translation enhancer elements
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Tombusviridae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombusvirus%20internal%20replication%20element%20%28IRE%29 | In virology, the tombusvirus internal replication element (IRE) is a segment of RNA located within the region coding for p92 polymerase. This element is essential for viral replication; specifically, it is thought to be required at an early stage of replication, such as template recruitment and/or replicase complex assembly.
Other non-coding RNA structures in Tombusvirus include the 3' UTR region IV and 5' UTR.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPP%20riboswitch | The TPP riboswitch, also known as the THI element and Thi-box riboswitch, is a highly conserved RNA secondary structure. It serves as a riboswitch that binds thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) directly and modulates gene expression through a variety of mechanisms in archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. TPP is the active form of thiamine (vitamin B1), an essential coenzyme synthesised by coupling of pyrimidine and thiazole moieties in bacteria. The THI element is an extension of a previously detected thiamin-regulatory element, the thi box, there is considerable variability in the predicted length and structures of the additional and facultative stem-loops represented in dark blue in the secondary structure diagram Analysis of operon structures has identified a large number of new candidate thiamin-regulated genes, mostly transporters, in various prokaryotic organisms. The x-ray crystal structure of the TPP riboswitch aptamer has been solved.
References
External links
PDB entry for the TPP riboswitch tertiary structure
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Riboswitch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraJ%205%27%20UTR | The traJ 5' UTR is a cis acting RNA element which is involved in regulating plasmid transfer in bacteria.
In conjugating bacteria the FinOP system regulates the transfer of F-like plasmids. The FinP gene encodes an antisense RNA product that is complementary to part of the 5' UTR of the traJ mRNA. The traJ gene encodes a protein required for transcription from the major transfer promoter, pY. The FinO protein is essential for effective repression, acting by binding to FinP and protecting it from RNase E degradation.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-activation%20response%20element%20%28TAR%29 | The HIV trans-activation response (TAR) element is an RNA element which is known to be required for the trans-activation of the viral promoter and for virus replication. The TAR hairpin is a dynamic structure that acts as a binding site for the Tat protein, and this interaction stimulates the activity of the long terminal repeat promoter.
Further analysis has shown that TAR is a pre-microRNA that produces mature microRNAs from both strands of the TAR stem-loop.
These miRNAs are thought to prevent infected cells from undergoing apoptosis by downregulating the genes ERCC1, IER3, CDK9, and Bim.
Human polyomavirus 2 (JC virus) contains a TAR-homologous sequence in its late promoter that is responsive to HIV-1 derived Tat.
References
External links
miRBase page for hiv1-mir-TAR
MicroRNA
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrkB%20IRES | The TrkB internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is an RNA element which is present in the 5' UTR sequence of the mRNA. TrkB is a neurotrophin receptor which is essential for the development and maintenance of the nervous system. The internal ribosome entry site IRES element allows cap-independent translation of TrkB which may be needed for efficient translation in neuronal dendrites.
See also
Mnt IRES
N-myc IRES
Tobamovirus IRES
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnip%20crinkle%20virus%20%28TCV%29%20core%20promoter%20hairpin%20%28Pr%29 | The turnip crinkle virus (TCV) core promoter hairpin (Pr) is an RNA element located in the 3' UTR of the viral genome that is required for minus strand RNA synthesis. The picture shown is not the TCV core promoter, but an upstream hairpin that is also required for replication of the virus.
See also
Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) repressor of minus strand synthesis H5
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Tombusviridae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnip%20crinkle%20virus%20%28TCV%29%20repressor%20of%20minus%20strand%20synthesis%20H5 | The TCV hairpin 5 (H5) is an RNA element found in the turnip crinkle virus. This RNA element is composed of a stem-loop that contains a large symmetrical internal loop (LSL). H5 can repress minus-strand synthesis when the 3' side of the LSL pairs with the 4 bases at the 3'-terminus of the RNA(GCCC-OH).
See also
Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) core promoter hairpin (Pr)
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Tombusviridae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U11%20spliceosomal%20RNA | The U11 snRNA (small nuclear ribonucleic acid) is an important non-coding RNA in the minor spliceosome protein complex, which activates the alternative splicing mechanism. The minor spliceosome is associated with similar protein components as the major spliceosome. It uses U11 snRNA to recognize the 5' splice site (functionally equivalent to U1 snRNA) while U12 snRNA binds to the branchpoint to recognize the 3' splice site (functionally equivalent to U2 snRNA).
Secondary structure
U11 snRNA has a stem-loop structure with a 5' end as splice site sequence (5' ss) and contains four stem loops structures (I-IV). A structural comparison of U11 snRNA between plants, vertebrates and insects shows that it is folded into a structure with a four-way junction at the 5' site and in a stem loop structure at the 3' site.
Binding site during assembly pathway
The 5' splice site region possesses sequence complementarity with the 5' splice site of the eukaryotic U12 type pre-mRNA introns. Both the 5' splice site and the Sm binding site are highly conserved in all species. Also, stem loop III is either a possible protein binding site or a base-pairing region since it has a highly conserved nucleotide sequence 'AUCAAGA'.
Role during alternative splicing
U11 and U12 snRNPs (minor spliceosomal pathway) are functional analogs of U1 and U2 snRNPs (major spliceosomal pathway) whereas the U4 atac/U6 atac snRNPs are similar to U4/U6. Unlike the major splicing pathway, U11 and U12 snRNPs bind to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U12%20minor%20spliceosomal%20RNA | U12 minor spliceosomal RNA is formed from U12 small nuclear (snRNA), together with U4atac/U6atac, U5, and U11 snRNAs and associated proteins, forms a spliceosome that cleaves a divergent class of low-abundance pre-mRNA introns. Although the U12 sequence is very divergent from that of U2, the two are functionally analogous.
Structure
The predicted secondary structure of U12 RNA is published,. However, the alternative single hairpin in the 3' end shown here seems to better match the alignment of divergent Drosophila melanogaster and Arabidopsis thaliana sequences. The sequences U12 introns that are spliced out are collected in a biological database called the U12 intron database.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA
Spliceosome
RNA splicing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U1A%20polyadenylation%20inhibition%20element%20%28PIE%29 | The U1A polyadenylation inhibition element (PIE) is an RNA element which is responsible for the regulation of the length of the polyA tail of the U1A protein pre-mRNA. The PIE is located in the U1A mRNA 3' UTR. PIE adopts a U-shaped structure, with binding sites for a single U1A protein at each bend and when complexed with the two proteins it blocks activity of poly(A) polymerase (PAP), and inhibits its activity.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U1%20spliceosomal%20RNA | U1 spliceosomal RNA is the small nuclear RNA (snRNA) component of U1 snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein), an RNA-protein complex that combines with other snRNPs, unmodified pre-mRNA, and various other proteins to assemble a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs. Splicing, or the removal of introns, is a major aspect of post-transcriptional modification, and takes place only in the nucleus of eukaryotes.
Structure and function
In humans, the U1 spliceosomal RNA is 164 bases long, forms four stem-loops, and possesses a 5'-trimethylguanosine five-prime cap. Bases 3 to 10 are a conserved sequence that base-pairs with the 5' splice site of introns during RNA splicing, and bases 126 to 133 form the Sm site, around which the Sm ring is assembled. Stem-loop I binds to the U1-70K protein, stem-loop II binds to the U1 A protein, stem-loops III and IV bind to the core RNP domain, a heteroheptameric Sm ring consisting of SmB/B', SmD1/2/3, SmE, SmF, and SmG. U1 C interacts primarily through protein-protein interactions.
Experimentation has demonstrated that the binding of U1 snRNA to the 5'-splice site is necessary, but not sufficient, to begin spliceosome assembly. Following recruitment of the U2 snRNP and U5.U4/U6 tri-snRNP the spliceosome transfers the 5'-splice site from the U1 snRNA to U6 snRNA before splicing catalysis occurs.
There are significant differences in sequence and secondary structure between metazoan and yeast |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2%20spliceosomal%20RNA | U2 spliceosomal snRNAs are a species of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) molecules found in the major spliceosomal (Sm) machinery of virtually all eukaryotic organisms. In vivo, U2 snRNA along with its associated polypeptides assemble to produce the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP), an essential component of the major spliceosomal complex. The major spliceosomal-splicing pathway is occasionally referred to as U2 dependent, based on a class of Sm intron—found in mRNA primary transcripts—that are recognized exclusively by the U2 snRNP during early stages of spliceosomal assembly. In addition to U2 dependent intron recognition, U2 snRNA has been theorized to serve a catalytic role in the chemistry of pre-RNA splicing as well. Similar to ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), Sm snRNAs must mediate both RNA:RNA and RNA:protein contacts and hence have evolved specialized, highly conserved, primary and secondary structural elements to facilitate these types of interactions.
Shortly after the discovery that mRNA primary transcripts contain long, non-coding intervening sequences (introns) by Sharp and Roberts, Joan Steitz began work to characterize the biochemical mechanism of intron excision. The curious observation that a sequence found in the 5´ region of the U1 snRNA exhibited extensive base pairing complementarity with conserved sequences across 5´ splice junctions in hnRNA transcripts prompted speculation that certain snRNAs may be involved in recognizing splice site boundaries through RN |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U4%20spliceosomal%20RNA | The U4 small nuclear Ribo-Nucleic Acid (U4 snRNA) is a non-coding RNA component of the major or U2-dependent spliceosome – a eukaryotic molecular machine involved in the splicing of pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA). It forms a duplex with U6, and with each splicing round, it is displaced from the U6 snRNA (and the spliceosome) in an ATP-dependent manner, allowing U6 to re-fold and create the active site for splicing catalysis. A recycling process involving protein Brr2 releases U4 from U6, while protein Prp24 re-anneals U4 and U6. The crystal structure of a 5′ stem-loop of U4 in complex with a binding protein has been solved.
Biological role
The U4 snRNA has been shown to exist in a number of different formats including: bound to proteins as a small nuclear Ribo-Nuclear Protein snRNP, involved with the U6 snRNA in the di-snRNP, as well as involved with both the U6 snRNA and the U5 snRNA in the tri-snRNP. The different formats have been proposed to coincide with different temporal events in the activity of the penta-snRNP, or as intermediates in the step-wise model of spliceosome assembly and activity.
The U4 snRNA (and its likely analog snR14 in Yeast) has been shown not to participate directly in the specific catalytic activities of the splicing reaction, and is proposed instead to act as a regulator of the U6 snRNA. The U4 snRNA inhibits spliceosome activity during assembly by complementary base pairing between the U6 snRNA in two highly conserved stem regions. It is sugge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U5%20spliceosomal%20RNA | U5 snRNA is a small nuclear RNA (snRNA) that participates in RNA splicing as a component of the spliceosome. It forms the U5 snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein) by associating with several proteins including Prp8 - the largest and most conserved protein in the spliceosome, Brr2 - a helicase required for spliceosome activation, Snu114, and the 7 Sm proteins. U5 snRNA forms a coaxially-stacked series of helices that project into the active site of the spliceosome. Loop 1, which caps this series of helices, forms 4-5 base pairs with the 5'-exon during the two chemical reactions of splicing. This interaction appears to be especially important during step two of splicing, exon ligation.
References
Further reading
External links
Small nuclear RNA
Spliceosome
RNA splicing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U6%20spliceosomal%20RNA | U6 snRNA is the non-coding small nuclear RNA (snRNA) component of U6 snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein), an RNA-protein complex that combines with other snRNPs, unmodified pre-mRNA, and various other proteins to assemble a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex that catalyzes the excision of introns from pre-mRNA. Splicing, or the removal of introns, is a major aspect of post-transcriptional modification and takes place only in the nucleus of eukaryotes.
The RNA sequence of U6 is the most highly conserved across species of all five of the snRNAs involved in the spliceosome, suggesting that the function of the U6 snRNA has remained both crucial and unchanged through evolution.
It is common in vertebrate genomes to find many copies of the U6 snRNA gene or U6-derived pseudogenes. This prevalence of "back-ups" of the U6 snRNA gene in vertebrates further implies its evolutionary importance to organism viability.
The U6 snRNA gene has been isolated in many organisms, including C. elegans. Among them, baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is a commonly used model organism in the study of snRNAs.
The structure and catalytic mechanism of U6 snRNA resembles that of domain V of group II introns. The formation of the triple helix in U6 snRNA is deemed to be important in splicing activity, where its role is to bring the catalytic site to the splice site.
Role
Base-pair specificity of the U6 snRNA allows the U6 snRNP to bind tightly to the U4 snRNA and loosely to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U7%20small%20nuclear%20RNA | The U7 small nuclear RNA (U7 snRNA) is an RNA molecule and a component of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (U7 snRNP). The U7 snRNA is required for histone pre-mRNA processing.
The 5' end of the U7 snRNA binds the HDE (histone downstream element), a conserved purine-rich region, located 15 nucleotides downstream the histone mRNA cleavage site. The binding of the HDE region by the U7 snRNA, through complementary base-pairing, is an important step for the future recruitment of cleavage factors during histone pre-mRNA processing.
See also
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Histone 3' UTR stem-loop
LSM10
References
Further reading
External links
The uRNA database
RNA splicing
Small nuclear RNA
Spliceosome |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U8%20small%20nucleolar%20RNA | In molecular biology, U8 small nucleolar RNA (also known as SNORD118) is the RNA component of a small RNA:protein complex (the U8 snoRNP) which is required for biogenesis of mature large subunit ribosomal RNAs, 5.8S and 28S rRNAs.
More specifically, U8 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA U8 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
U8 RNA genes have been identified in human, mouse, rat and the amphibian Xenopus laevis.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U98%20small%20nucleolar%20RNA | U98 small nucleolar RNA also is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a "guide" RNA.
U98 belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs which are thought to guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines, the target for this family is unknown.
The mouse homologue was cloned and is called MBII-367.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnaL2%20LINE%203%E2%80%B2%20element | The UnaL2 LINE 3′ element is an RNA element found in the UnaL2 LINE (long interspersed nuclear element) and partner SINE (short interspersed nuclear element) from eel. This conserved element is a stem-loop that is critical for their retrotransposition found in their 3′ end. The first step of retrotransposition is the recognition of their 3′ tails by UnaL2-encoded reverse transcriptase. The NMR structure of a 17-nucleotide RNA derived from the 3′ tail of UnaL2 has been determined.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPSK%20RNA | The Upstream pseudoknot (UPSK) domain is an RNA element found in the turnip yellow mosaic virus, beet virus Q, barley stripe mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus, which is thought to be needed for efficient transcription. Disruption of the pseudoknot structure gives rise to a 50% drop in transcription efficiency. This element acts in conjunction with the Tymovirus/Pomovirus tRNA-like 3' UTR element to enhance translation.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VA%20RNA | The VA (viral associated) RNA is a type of non-coding RNA found in adenovirus. It plays a role in regulating translation. There are two copies of this RNA called VAI or VA RNAI and VAII or VA RNAII. These two VA RNA genes are distinct genes in the adenovirus genome. VA RNAI is the major species with VA RNAII expressed at a lower level. Neither transcript is polyadenylated and both are transcribed by PolIII.
Function
VAI stimulates the translation of both early and late viral genes including E3 and hexon. VAII does not stimulate translation. Transient transfection assays have shown that VAI-RNA increases the stability of ribosome-bound transcripts.
VAI RNA is processed in the cell to create 22 nucleotide long RNAs that can act as siRNA or miRNA. VAI RNA functions as a decoy RNA for the double stranded RNA activated protein kinase R which would otherwise phosphorylate eukaryotic initiation factor 2.
Structure
VA RNA is composed of two stem-loops separated by a central region essential for function.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular%20endothelial%20growth%20factor%20%28VEGF%29%20IRES%20A | This family represents the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) A. VEGF is an endothelial cell mitogen with many crucial functions such as embryogenic development and wound healing. The 5' UTR of VEGF mRNA contains two IRES elements which are able to promote efficient translation at the AUG start codon, this family represents IRES A.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault%20RNA | Many eukaryotic cells contain large ribonucleoprotein particles in the cytoplasm known as vaults. The vault complex comprises the major vault protein (MVP), two minor vault proteins (VPARP and TEP1), and a variety of small untranslated RNA molecules known as vault RNAs (vRNAs, vtRNAs) only found in higher eukaryotes. These molecules are transcribed by RNA polymerase III.
Given the association with the nuclear membrane and the location within the cell, vaults are thought to play roles in intracellular and nucleocytoplasmic transport processes. A study, using cryo-electron microscopy, has determined that vtRNAs are found close to the end caps of vaults. This positioning of the RNA indicates that they could interact with both the interior and exterior of the vault particle. Overall, the current belief is that the vtRNAs do not have a structural role in the vault protein, but rather play some kind of functional role. However, while there has been an expanding body of research on vtRNA, there has yet to be a solid conclusion on the exact function.
History
Vault RNA was first identified as part of the vault ribonucleoprotein complex in 1986. Since the first discovery of non-coding RNA in the mid 1960s, there had been considerable interest in the field. The fruition of this interest was apparent in the 1980s during a string of non-coding RNA discoveries, such as Ribosomal RNA, snoRNA, Xist, and vault RNA.
Early research in the 1990s looked into the specifics of vault RNA and focu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimentin%203%E2%80%B2%20UTR%20protein-binding%20region | The vimentin 3′ UTR protein-binding region is an RNA element that contains a Y shaped structure which has been shown to have protein binding activity. The same region has been implicated in the control of mRNA localisation to the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm, possibly at sites of intermediate filament assembly. The identity of the proteins involved and the localisation mechanism are not known.
References
External links
Transterm page for Vimentin Localisation Element
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20field%20NMR | Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in the geomagnetic field is conventionally referred to as Earth's field NMR (EFNMR). EFNMR is a special case of low field NMR.
When a sample is placed in a constant magnetic field and stimulated (perturbed) by a time-varying (e.g., pulsed or alternating) magnetic field, NMR active nuclei resonate at characteristic frequencies. Examples of such NMR active nuclei are the isotopes carbon-13 and hydrogen-1 (which in NMR is conventionally known as proton NMR). The resonant frequency of each isotope is directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field, and the magnetogyric or gyromagnetic ratio of that isotope. The signal strength is proportional both to the stimulating magnetic field and the number of nuclei of that isotope in the sample. Thus in the 21 tesla magnetic field that may be found in high resolution laboratory NMR spectrometers, protons resonate at 900 MHz. However, in the Earth's magnetic field the same nuclei resonate at audio frequencies of around 2 kHz and generate very weak signals.
The location of a nucleus within a complex molecule affects the 'chemical environment' (i.e. the rotating magnetic fields generated by the other nuclei) experienced by the nucleus. Thus different hydrocarbon molecules containing NMR active nuclei in different positions within the molecules produce slightly different patterns of resonant frequencies.
EFNMR signals can be affected by both magnetically noisy laboratory environments and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography%20of%20Birmingham | The demography of Birmingham, England, is analysed by the Office for National Statistics and data produced for each of the wards that make up the city, and the overall city itself, which is the largest city proper in England as well as the core of the third most populous urban area, the West Midlands conurbation.
Population
Birmingham city's total population was 977,099 in 2001. The 2005 estimate for the population of the district of Birmingham was 1,001,200. This is the first time the population has broken the 1,000,000 barrier since 1996. This was a population increase of 0.9% (8,800) from 2004, higher than the 0.6% for the United Kingdom as a whole and 0.7% for England. It is believed to have been caused as a result of increased numbers of births, increased migration and a decrease in deaths in the district. The population of Birmingham is predicted to increase, though it cannot be predicted at certainty due to fluctuations in previous years in migration. The population in Birmingham is predicted to increase by 12.2% (121,500) from 992,100 in 2003 to 1,113,600 in 2028. This is an increase of around 4,000 - 5,000 each year until 2028.
The mid-year population estimates from previous years have showed a general decrease in the population of Birmingham from 1982 to 2002, before beginning to increase again up to 2005, with the increase from 2004 to 2005 being the largest population increase recorded. Though, in total, the overall decline in the population of Birmingham has |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuregulin%201 | Neuregulin 1, or NRG1, is a gene of the epidermal growth factor family that in humans is encoded by the NRG1 gene. NRG1 is one of four proteins in the neuregulin family that act on the EGFR family of receptors. Neuregulin 1 is produced in numerous isoforms by alternative splicing, which allows it to perform a wide variety of functions. It is essential for the normal development of the nervous system and the heart.
Structure
Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) was originally identified as a 44-kD glycoprotein that interacts with the NEU/ERBB2 receptor tyrosine kinase to increase its phosphorylation on tyrosine residues. It is known that an extraordinary variety of different isoforms are produced from the NRG1 gene by alternative splicing. These isoforms include heregulins (HRGs), glial growth factors (GGFs) and sensory and motor neuron-derived factor (SMDF). They are tissue-specific and differ significantly in their structure. The HRG isoforms all contain immunoglobulin (Ig) and epidermal growth factor-like (EGF-like) domains. GGF and GGF2 isoforms contain a kringle-like sequence plus Ig and EGF-like domains; and the SMDF isoform shares only the EGF-like domain with other isoforms. The receptors for all NRG1 isoforms are the ERBB family of tyrosine kinase transmembrane receptors. Through their displayed interaction with ERBB receptors, NRG1 isoforms induce the growth and differentiation of epithelial, neuronal, glial, and other types of cells.
Function
Synaptic plasticity
Neuregulin 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosylhomocysteinase | Adenosylhomocysteinase (, S-adenosylhomocysteine synthase, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, S-adenosylhomocysteinase, SAHase, AdoHcyase) is an enzyme that converts S-adenosylhomocysteine to homocysteine and adenosine. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O L-homocysteine + adenosine
The enzyme contains one tightly bound NAD+ per subunit. The mechanism involves dehydrogenative oxidation of the 3'-OH of the ribose. The resulting ketone is susceptible to α-deprotonation. The resulting carbanion eliminates thiolate. The a,b-unsaturated ketone is then hydrated, and the ketone is reduced by the NADH.
This enzyme is encoded by the AHCY gene in humans, which is believed to have a prognostic role in neuroblastoma.
References
External links
Further reading
EC 3.3.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidar%20Aboodi | Haeder Aboudi () (born 1986) is an Iraqi former footballer who played as a defender for Najaf FC and the Iraq national football team.
Managerial statistics
Honours
Country
2002 Arab Police Championship: Champions
2006 Asian Games Silver medallist.
External links
Profil on www.goalzz.com
1986 births
Living people
Iraqi men's footballers
Iraqi expatriate men's footballers
Al-Najaf SC players
Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates
Iraqi expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Amanat Baghdad SC players
Fujairah FC players
Asian Games medalists in football
Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games
UAE First Division League players
Asian Games silver medalists for Iraq
Men's association football defenders
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Iraq men's international footballers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylglycine | Dimethylglycine (DMG) is a derivative of the amino acid glycine with the structural formula (CH3)2NCH2COOH. It can be found in beans and liver, and has a sweet taste. It can be formed from trimethylglycine upon the loss of one of its methyl groups. It is also a byproduct of the metabolism of choline.
When DMG was first discovered, it was referred to as Vitamin B16, but, unlike true B vitamins, deficiency of DMG in the diet does not lead to any ill-effects and it is synthesized by the human body in the citric acid cycle meaning it does not meet the definition of a vitamin.
Uses
Dimethylglycine has been suggested for use as an athletic performance enhancer, immunostimulant, and a treatment for autism, epilepsy, or mitochondrial disease. There is no evidence that dimethylglycine is effective for treating mitochondrial disease. Published studies on the subject have shown little to no difference between DMG treatment and placebo in autism spectrum disorders.
Biological activity
Dimethylglycine has been found to act as an agonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor.
Preparation
This compound is commercially available as the free form amino acid, and as the hydrochloride salt []. DMG may be prepared by the alkylation of glycine via the Eschweiler–Clarke reaction. In this reaction, glycine is treated with aqueous formaldehyde in formic acid that serves as both solvent and reductant. Hydrochloric acid is added thereafter to give the hydrochloride salt. The free amino acid ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystathionine%20gamma-lyase | The enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase (EC 4.4.1.1, CTH or CSE; also cystathionase; systematic name L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating; 2-oxobutanoate-forming)) breaks down cystathionine into cysteine, 2-oxobutanoate (α-ketobutyrate), and ammonia:
L-cystathionine + H2O = L-cysteine + 2-oxobutanoate + NH3 (overall reaction)
(1a) L-cystathionine = L-cysteine + 2-aminobut-2-enoate
(1b) 2-aminobut-2-enoate = 2-iminobutanoate (spontaneous)
(1c) 2-iminobutanoate + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + NH3 (spontaneous)
Pyridoxal phosphate is a prosthetic group of this enzyme.
Cystathionine γ-lyase also catalyses the following elimination reactions:
L-homoserine to form H2O, NH3 and 2-oxobutanoate
L-cystine, producing thiocysteine, pyruvate and NH3
L-cysteine producing pyruvate, NH3 and H2S
In some bacteria and mammals, including humans, this enzyme takes part in generating hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is one of a few gases that was recently discovered to have a role in cell signaling in the body.
Enzyme mechanism
Cystathionase uses pyridoxal phosphate to facilitate the cleavage of the sulfur-gamma carbon bond of cystathionine, resulting in the release of cysteine. The lysine residue reforms the internal aldimine by kicking off α-iminobutyric acid. Afterwards the external ketimine is hydrolyzed, causing the formation of α-ketobutyrate.
The amino group on cystathionine is deprotonated and undergoes a nucleophilic attack of the internal aldimine. An additional deprotonation by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-adenosylhomocysteine%20hydrolase | S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase may refer to:
Adenosylhomocysteinase, an enzyme
Adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase, an enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosylmethionine%20decarboxylase | The enzyme adenosylmethionine decarboxylase () catalyzes the conversion of S-adenosyl methionine to S-adenosylmethioninamine.
Polyamines such as spermidine and spermine are essential for cellular growth under most conditions, being implicated in many cellular processes including DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) plays an essential regulatory role in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway by generating the n-propylamine residue required for the synthesis of spermidine and spermine from putrescein. Unlike many amino acid decarboxylases AdoMetDC uses a covalently bound pyruvate residue as a cofactor rather than the more common pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. These proteins can be divided into two main groups which show little sequence similarity either to each other, or to other pyruvoyl-dependent amino acid decarboxylases: class I enzymes found in bacteria and archaea, and class II enzymes found in eukaryotes. In both groups the active enzyme is generated by the post-translational autocatalytic cleavage of a precursor protein. This cleavage generates the pyruvate precursor from an internal serine residue and results in the formation of two non-identical subunits termed alpha and beta which form the active enzyme.
References
External links
Reaction: R00178
Protein families
EC 4.1.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha%20SY99 | The Yamaha SY99 is a synthesiser combining frequency modulation synthesis (branded as Advanced FM) and sample-based synthesis (branded as Advanced Wave Memory 2) and the direct successor to Yamaha's SY77/TG77. Compared to the SY77, it has a larger keyboard at 76 keys instead of 61, a larger ROM with more in-built AWM samples, the ability to load user-specified AWM samples into on-board RAM, an upgraded effects processor (based upon the Yamaha SPX900 rather than the SPX50 or SPX90), and several other enhanced features.
Specifications
Date produced: 1991
Polyphony: 16 notes ("Elements") of AFM + 16 notes (Elements") of sample-playback (AWM2)
Voice Architecture: Each voice can have up to 2 AFM (6-operator) Elements polyphonically, or 4 AFM (6-op) Elements monophonically, plus up to 2 AWM Elements
Filter: 2 multi-stage, time-variant, with resonance and self-oscillation per Element
Sequencer: 16 tracks, ~27,000 note capacity, 99 patterns, up to 10 songs (cf. the SY77's single song only and ~16,000 notes)
Effects: 2 internal digital effects processors with 63 types of effects, derived from Yamaha's popular rack-mounted processor, SPX900
Keyboard: 76 notes with velocity and channel aftertouch, which can be zoned along with pitch-bend to affect only specific keys (unlike on the SY77)
Memory: 128 preset patches and 128 user patches, 16 preset multi-patch setups (up to 16 voices each) and 16 user multi-patches, 512kB of RAM as standard for user-loaded AWM samples or MIDI data |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziki%20wa%20dansi | Muziki wa dansi (in Swahili: "dance music"), or simply dansi, is a Tanzanian music genre, derivative of Congolese soukous and Congolese rumba. It is sometimes called Swahili jazz because most dansi lyrics are in Swahili, and "jazz" is an umbrella term used in Central and Eastern Africa to refer to soukous, highlife, and other dance music and big band genres. Muziki wa dansi can also be referred to as Tanzanian rumba, as "african rumba" is another name for soukous.
Muziki wa dansi began in the 1930s in the Dar es Salaam area (where most dansi bands come from),and it is still popular in Tanzania, although new generations are more likely to listen to bongo flava or other forms of pop music. Notable dansi bands include DDC Mlimani Park, International Orchestra Safari Sound, Juwata Jazz, Maquis Original, Super Matimila, and Vijana Jazz.
History
In the first decades of the 20th century, soukous bands from Belgian Congo and French Congo were getting very popular across Eastern Africa. This craze brought along dance clubs, especially in major cities like Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, where bands would play live 7 days a week. While some of these bands were actually from Zaire, local bands emerged in Kenya, Tanzania and elsewhere and began to develop their own blend of soukous. In Dar, some of the bands that pioneered the "tanzanian rumba" were Dar es Salaam Jazz Band (founded in 1932), Morogoro Jazz and Tabora Jazz. These early bands were typically big bands based on brass and drums.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Al-Busafy | Ahmed Al Busafy (; born 1 September 1976) is an Omani former footballer. He played for Al-Seeb Club from 1999 to 2011 in the Omani League.
Club career statistics
International career
Ahmed was part of the first team squad of the Oman national football team till 2008. He was selected for the national team for the first time in 2002. He has represented the national team in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification.
National team career statistics
Goals for Senior National Team
Honours
Club
With Al-Seeb
Sultan Qaboos Cup (0): Runners-up 2003, 2005
Omani Federation Cup (1): 2007
Oman Super Cup (0): Runners-up 1999, 2004
References
External links
Ahmed Al-Busafy - GOALZZ.com
Ahmed Al-Busafy - KOOORA.com
1976 births
Living people
Omani men's footballers
Oman men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Al-Seeb Club players
Oman Professional League players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20scene%20cleanup | Crime scene cleanup is a term applied to cleanup of blood, bodily fluids, and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). It is also referred to as biohazard remediation, and forensic cleanup, because crime scenes are only a portion of the situations in which biohazard cleaning is needed. Incidents which may require this type of cleanup include accidents, suicide (or attempted suicide), homicides, and decomposition after unattended death, as well as mass trauma, industrial accidents, infectious disease contamination, animal biohazard contamination (e.g. feces or blood) or regulated waste transport, treatment, and disposal.
Usage
Television productions like CSI: Crime Scene Investigation have added to the popularity of the term "crime scene cleanup". Australia, Canada and England have added it to their professional cleaning terminology. As a profession, it is growing in popularity because of media exposure and the growth of training programs worldwide.
The generic terms for crime scene cleanup include trauma cleaning, crime and trauma scene decontamination ("CTS Decon"), biohazard remediation, biohazard removal, and blood cleanup. The state of California refers to individuals who practice this profession as Valid Trauma Scene Waste Management Practitioners.
Types of cleanups
Crime scene cleanup includes blood spills following an assault, homicide or suicide, tear gas residue, and vandalism removal/cleanup. There are many different sub-segments, named primarily after add |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FluidSynth | FluidSynth, formerly named iiwusynth, is a free open source software synthesizer which converts MIDI note data into an audio signal using SoundFont technology without need for a SoundFont-compatible soundcard. FluidSynth can act as a virtual MIDI device, able to receive MIDI data from any program and transform it into audio on-the-fly. It can also read in SMF (.mid) files directly. On the output side, it can send audio data directly to an audio device for playback, or to a Raw or Wave file. It can also convert a SMF file directly to an audio file in faster-than-real-time. The combination of these features gives FluidSynth the following major use cases:
Synthesizing MIDI data from another application directly to the speakers,
Synthesizing MIDI data from another application, recording the output to an audio file,
Playing a MIDI file to the speakers,
Converting a MIDI file to a digital audio file.
The size of loaded SoundFont banks is limited by the amount of RAM available. There is a GUI for FluidSynth called Qsynth, which is also open source. Both are available in most Linux distributions, and can also be compiled for Windows. Windows binary installers are not distributed alone and are bundled with QSynth.
It features microtonal support and was used in the MicrotonalISM project of the Network for Interdisciplinary Studies in Science, Technology, and Music. A Max/MSP plugin is available from IRCAM.
The core synthesizer is written as a C library with a large application p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aar%C4%ABra | Śarīra is a generic term referring to Buddhist relics, although in common usage it usually refers to pearl or crystal-like bead-shaped objects that are apparently found among the cremated ashes of Buddhist spiritual masters. Relics of the Buddha after cremation are termed dhātu in the Mahaparinibbana Sutta. Śarīra are held to emanate or incite 'blessings' and 'grace' (Sanskrit: adhiṣṭhāna) within the mindstream and experience of those connected to them. Sarira are also believed to ward off evil in the Himalayan Buddhist tradition.
Terminology
Śarīraḥ (pronounced /ɕɐɽiːɽɐh/) means "body" in Sanskrit. When used in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit texts to mean "relics", it is always used in the plural: śarīrāḥ. The term ringsel is a loanword from the Tibetan རིང་བསྲེལ (ring bsrel). Both of these terms are ambiguous in English; they are generally used as synonyms, although according to some interpretations, ringsels are a subset of śarīras.
Śarīra can refer to:
Dharmakāya śarīra, which are sutras as told by the Buddha. According to Ding Fubao's Dictionary of Buddhist Terms, a Dharma body śarīra is "the Sutra as told by the Buddha: That which is unchanging in what is told by the Buddha, is of the same property as the essence of the Buddha himself, hence it is called the 'dharma body śarīra'".
Remains of the Buddha or other spiritual masters, either cremated remains or other pieces, including a finger bone or a preserved body, similar to the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox incor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole%20carboxylase | The enzyme Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, or AIR carboxylase () is involved in nucleotide biosynthesis and in particular in purine biosynthesis. It catalyzes the conversion of 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole ("AIR") into 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole ("CAIR") as described in the reaction:
5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide + CO2 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole + 2 H+
In plants and fungi
Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase is a fusion protein in plants and fungi, but consists of two non-interacting proteins in bacteria, PurK and PurE.
The crystal structure of PurE indicates a unique quaternary structure that confirms the octameric nature of the enzyme.
In Escherichia coli
In the bacterium Escherichia coli the reaction is catalyzed in two steps carried out by two separate enzymes, PurK and PurE.
PurK, N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase, catalyzes the conversion of 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide ("AIR"), ATP, and bicarbonate to N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide ("N5-CAIR"), ADP, and phosphate.
PurE, N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase, converts N5-CAIR to CAIR, the sixth step of de novo purine biosynthesis. In the presence of high concentrations of bicarbonate, PurE is reported able to convert AIR to CAIR directly and without ATP. Some members of this family contain two copies of this domain.
References
External links
PAICS photo
EC 4.1.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifunctional%20purine%20biosynthetic%20protein%20adenosine-3 | Trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GART gene.
This protein is a trifunctional polypeptide. It has phosphoribosylamine—glycine ligase (EC 6.3.4.13), phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.2), AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase) (EC 6.3.3.1) activity which is required for de novo purine biosynthesis.
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosine%20monophosphate%20synthase | Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATIC gene.
ATIC encodes an enzyme which generates inosine monophosphate from aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide.
It has two functions:
- 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase
- IMP cyclohydrolase
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folliculin | The tumor suppressor gene FLCN encodes the protein folliculin, also known as Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome protein, which functions as an inhibitor of Lactate Dehydrogenase-A and a regulator of the Warburg effect. Folliculin (FLCN) is also associated with Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome, which is an autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndrome in which affected individuals are at risk for the development of benign cutaneous tumors (folliculomas), pulmonary cysts (often associated with pneumothorax), and kidney tumors.
Gene
Structure
The FLCN gene consists of 14 exons.
Location
Cytogenetic location: The FLCN gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 17 at position 11.2. (17p11.2).
Molecular location on chromosome 17: base pairs 17,056,252 to 17,081,230 (NCI Build 36.1)
Clinical significance
Germline mutations in the FLCN gene cause Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome (BHD), an autosomal dominant disease that predisposes individuals to develop benign tumors of the hair follicle called fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts, spontaneous pneumothorax, and an increased risk for kidney tumors. FLCN mutations have also been found in the germline of patients with inherited spontaneous pneumothorax and no other clinical manifestations.
In a risk assessment performed in affected and unaffected members of BHD families, the odds ratio for developing kidney tumors in a person affected with BHD was 6.9 times greater than his unaffected siblings. The odds ratio for spontaneous pneumothorax in BHD affected indi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic%20acid | 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (4-HPPA) is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine. The aromatic side chain of phenylalanine is hydroxylated by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase to form tyrosine. The conversion from tyrosine to 4-HPPA is in turn catalyzed by tyrosine aminotransferase. Additionally, 4-HPPA can be converted to homogentisic acid which is one of the precursors to ochronotic pigment.
It is an intermediary compound in the biosynthesis of scytonemin.
See also
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
References
Natural phenols
Phenols
Alpha-keto acids
Propionic acids
Hydroxy acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine%20aminotransferase | Tyrosine aminotransferase (or tyrosine transaminase) is an enzyme present in the liver and catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate.
L-tyrosine + 2-oxoglutarate 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + L-glutamate
In humans, the tyrosine aminotransferase protein is encoded by the TAT gene. A deficiency of the enzyme in humans can result in what is known as type II tyrosinemia, wherein there is an abundance of tyrosine as a result of tyrosine failing to undergo an aminotransferase reaction to form 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate.
Mechanism
Structures of the three main molecules involved in chemical reaction catalyzed by the tyrosine aminotransferase enzyme are shown below: the amino acid tyrosine (left), the prosthetic group pyridoxal phosphate (right), and the resulting product 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (center).
Each side of the dimer protein includes pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) bonded to the Lys280 residue of the tyrosine aminotransferase molecule. The amine group of tyrosine attacks the alpha carbon of the imine bonded to Lys280, forming a tetrahedral complex and then kicking off the LYS-ENZ. This process is known as transimination by the act of switching out the imine group bonded to PLP. The newly formed PLP-TYR molecule is then attacked by a base.
A possible candidate for the base in the mechanism could be Lys280 that was just pushed off of PLP, which sequesters the newly formed amino group of the PLP-TYR molecule. In a similar mechanism of aspartate transamina |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarylacetoacetic%20acid | Fumarylacetoacetic acid (fumarylacetoacetate) is an intermediate in the metabolism of tyrosine. It is formed through the conversion of maleylacetoacetate into fumarylacetoacetate by the enzyme maleylacetoacetate isomerase.
See also
Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
References
Dicarboxylic acids
Beta-keto acids
Enones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarylacetoacetate%20hydrolase | Fumarylacetoacetase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FAH gene located on chromosome 15. The FAH gene is thought to be involved in the catabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine in humans.
Function
Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) is a protein homodimer which cleaves fumarylacetoacetate at its carbon-carbon bond during a hydrolysis reaction. As a critical enzyme in phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism, 4-Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase catalyzes the final step in the catabolism of 4-fumarylacetoacetate and water into acetoacetate, fumarate, and H+ respectively. These hydrolytic reactions are essential during aromatic amino acid human metabolism. Furthermore, FAH does not share known protein sequence homologs with other nucleotides or amino acids.
Reaction mechanism
The active site of FAH contains Ca2+ which acts to bind the substrate and a Glu-His-Water catalytic triad functions where the imidaxole ring of His133 activates a nucleophilic water molecule to attack the carbon-carbon bond of fumarylactoacetate thus forming fumarate and acetoacetate. Similar to Phenylalanine-associated pathways, the reaction molecular basis is critical in mammalian metabolism, as evidenced by the observed liver enzyme activity in FAH deficiency during hereditary tyrosinemia type 1. In humans, this enzyme is mainly expressed in the liver. FAH is among the amino acid hydroxylases. Tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPD), homogentisate 1,2-diox |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosylprotein%20sulfotransferase | Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes tyrosine sulfation.
Function
Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase is the enzyme that catalyzes the sulfation reaction of protein tyrosines, a post-translational modification of proteins. It utilizes 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as the sulfonate donor and binds proteins with target tyrosine residues to eventually form the tyrosine O-sulfate ester group and the desulfonated 3’-phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphate (PAP).
TPST and tyrosine sulfation is involved in a large number of biological and physiological processes. Tyrosine sulfation has been found to be an important part of the inflammatory process, leukocyte movement and cytosis, viral cell entrance, and other cell-cell and protein-protein interactions. Selection for specific tyrosine residues requires a generally accessible tyrosine residue, and acidic residues within +5 or -5 residues of the target tyrosine. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) has been extensively studied as a substrate for TPST and the importance of sulfation in PSGL-1 and its ability to bind its receptor. Another substrate for TPST, CC-chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5), has generated interest because of its role as the target protein for the viral entrance of HIV into cells. The importance of CCR5's sulfation for HIV invasion has led to research on TPST and CCR5, including a characterization of the pattern of sulfation of CCR5. Beyond these two proteins, other notable protein substra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-responsive%20element-binding%20protein | The iron-responsive element-binding proteins, also known as IRE-BP, IRBP, IRP and IFR
, bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs) in the regulation of human iron metabolism.
Function
ACO1, or IRP1, is a bifunctional protein that functions as an iron-responsive element (IRE)-binding protein involved in the control of iron metabolism by binding mRNA to repress translation or degradation. It functions also as the cytoplasmic isoform of aconitase. Aconitases are iron-sulfur proteins that require a 4Fe-4S cluster for their enzymatic activity, in which they catalyze conversion of citrate to isocitrate. This structure was based on x-ray crystal diffraction. The resolution was 2.80 Å. This protein was harvested from the species Oryctolagus cuniculus, more commonly known as a rabbit. This protein has a couple of conformational changes associated with it to explain the alternative functions as either mRNA regulator or as an enzyme. This information was obtained from the RCSB protein data bank website.
IRP2 is less abundant than IRP1 in most cells. The strongest expression is in intestine and brain. Relative to IRP1, IRP2 has a 73-amino acid insertion, and this insertion mediates the IRP2 degradation in iron-replete cells. IRP2 is regulated by the F-Box FBXL5 which activate the ubiquitination and then the degradation of IRP2. IRP2 has no aconitase activity.
Iron transport
All cells use some iron, and must get it from the circulating blood. Since iron is tightly bound to transferrin, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipe%20%28software%29 | Ipe extensible drawing editor is a free vector graphics editor for creating figures in PDF or EPS format. It can be used for making small figures for inclusion into LaTeX documents as well as making multi-page PDF presentations.
It is developed by Otfried Cheong since 1993 and initially worked on SGI workstations only. Ipe 6 was released in 2003 which changed the file format into XML code embedded into PDF and EPS files. Ipe 7 was released in 2009. Ipe 7 (see below) can be compiled under Windows, macOS and Unix but binaries are available for many distributions.
Ipe graphics can be stored using either the .ipe or .xml extension. But they can also be stored under the .pdf extension which is the most convenient way to be integrated into LaTeX documents. Most PDF graphics can be converted to .ipe using the pdftoipe tool in order to be enriched with legends using the mathematical LaTeX language.
Ipe lets users draw geometric objects such as polylines, arcs and spline curves and text. Ipe supports use of layers and multiple pages. It can paste bitmap images from clipboard or import from JPEG or BMP, and also through a conversion software it can import PDF figures generated by other software. It differentiates itself from similar programs by including advanced snapping tools and the ability to directly include LaTeX text and equations. Ipe is extensible by use of ipelets, which are plugins written in C++ or Lua.
Snapping
Several advanced snapping modes can be turned on in order |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Rothberg | Jonathan Marc Rothberg (born April 28, 1963) is an American scientist and entrepreneur. He is best known for his contributions to next-generation DNA sequencing. He works and resides in Guilford, Connecticut.
Early life
Rothberg was born in New Haven, Connecticut, to Lillian Rothberg and Henry Rothberg, a chemical engineer. Prior to Rothberg's birth, his parents founded Laticrete International, Inc. a family-owned manufacturer of products for the installation of tile and stone. As a child Jonathan went on sales calls with his father. Rothberg's family laid the foundation for his scientific career.
Education and scientific career
Rothberg earned a BS in chemical engineering with an option in biomedical engineering from Carnegie Mellon University in 1985. He then went on to earn an MS, MPhil, and PhD in biology from Yale University.
Rothberg himself holds more than 100 patents.
Business career
CuraGen
While a graduate student at Yale, he founded CuraGen, one of the first genomics companies in 1991. CuraGen went public in 1999. By the next year it had a market cap of $5 billion, bigger than that of American Airlines. Rothberg resigned as chief executive of CuraGen in 2005.
454 Life Sciences
In 2000, 454 Life Sciences was founded as a subsidiary of CuraGen; Rothberg was the CEO of CuraGen at the time. The idea for 454 Life Sciences came when Noah, his second child, was born in 1999, and had to be sent to the neonatal intensive care unit because of breathing troubles. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Wallace | Charles William Wallace (20 January 1885 – 26 January 1970) was an English footballer who played for Aston Villa, Crystal Palace and Oldham Athletic.
Playing career
Wallace was born in Sunderland and played for local club Southwick before signing with Crystal Palace for the club's inaugural season of 1905–06. He was initially signed as a reserve player, but made the transition to first team football, making 19 League appearances that season (out of 24), scoring five goals and helping Palace to win the Southern League second division title and promotion to division one. The next season, Wallace missed only one of 38 games, scoring eight goals, and in the 1907 close season moved on to Aston Villa.
Wallace made 314 League appearances for Aston Villa over 14 years but only 9 competitive seasons due to sport being interrupted by the outbreak of World War I.
Wallace was the first player to miss a penalty kick in an FA Cup Final, when he missed the target from the spot in 1913 against Sunderland at London's Crystal Palace. A penalty kick miss would not occur again in an FA Cup Final until 1988, when Liverpool player John Aldridge had his penalty saved by Wimbledon goalkeeper Dave Beasant. Villa still went on to win 1–0 in the 1913 FA Cup Final, despite Wallace's penalty miss. Villa's goal that day came from Tommy Barber courtesy of a Wallace assist from a corner kick. Wallace also played in Villa's 1920 FA Cup Final winning side.
In 1921 Wallace moved on to Oldham Athletic befor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrownBoost | BrownBoost is a boosting algorithm that may be robust to noisy datasets. BrownBoost is an adaptive version of the boost by majority algorithm. As is true for all boosting algorithms, BrownBoost is used in conjunction with other machine learning methods. BrownBoost was introduced by Yoav Freund in 2001.
Motivation
AdaBoost performs well on a variety of datasets; however, it can be shown that AdaBoost does not perform well on noisy data sets. This is a result of AdaBoost's focus on examples that are repeatedly misclassified. In contrast, BrownBoost effectively "gives up" on examples that are repeatedly misclassified. The core assumption of BrownBoost is that noisy examples will be repeatedly mislabeled by the weak hypotheses and non-noisy examples will be correctly labeled frequently enough to not be "given up on." Thus only noisy examples will be "given up on," whereas non-noisy examples will contribute to the final classifier. In turn, if the final classifier is learned from the non-noisy examples, the generalization error of the final classifier may be much better than if learned from noisy and non-noisy examples.
The user of the algorithm can set the amount of error to be tolerated in the training set. Thus, if the training set is noisy (say 10% of all examples are assumed to be mislabeled), the booster can be told to accept a 10% error rate. Since the noisy examples may be ignored, only the true examples will contribute to the learning process.
Algorithm d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20enzyme | An artificial enzyme is a synthetic organic molecule or ion that recreates one or more functions of an enzyme. It seeks to deliver catalysis at rates and selectivity observed in naturally occurring enzymes.
History
Enzyme catalysis of chemical reactions occur with high selectivity and rate. The substrate is activated in a small part of the enzyme's macromolecule called the active site. There, the binding of a substrate close to functional groups in the enzyme causes catalysis by so-called proximity effects. It is possible to create similar catalysts from small molecules by combining substrate-binding with catalytic functional groups. Classically, artificial enzymes bind substrates using receptors such as cyclodextrin, crown ethers, and calixarene.
Artificial enzymes based on amino acids or peptides have expanded the field of artificial enzymes or enzyme mimics. For instance, scaffolded histidine residues mimic certain metalloproteins and enzymes such as hemocyanin, tyrosinase, and catechol oxidase).
Artificial enzymes have been designed from scratch via a computational strategy using Rosetta. A December 2014 publication reported active enzymes made from molecules that do not occur in nature. In 2016, a book chapter entitled "Artificial Enzymes: The Next Wave" was published.
Nanozymes
Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics. They have been explored for applications such as biosensing, bioimaging, tumor diagnosis and therapy, and anti-biofouling.
1990 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparallel%20%28biochemistry%29 | In biochemistry, two biopolymers are antiparallel if they run parallel to each other but with opposite directionality (alignments). An example is the two complementary strands of a DNA double helix, which run in opposite directions alongside each other.
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acid molecules have a phosphoryl (5') end and a hydroxyl (3') end. This notation follows from organic chemistry nomenclature, and can be used to define the movement of enzymes such as DNA polymerases relative to the DNA strand in a non-arbitrary manner.
G-quadruplexes
G-quadruplexes, also known as G4 DNA are secondary structures found in nucleic acids that are rich in guanine. These structures are normally located at the telomeres (the ends of the chromosomes). The G-quadruplex can either be parallel or antiparallel depending on the loop configuration, which is a component of the structure. If all the DNA strands run in the same direction, it is termed to be a parallel quadruplex, and is known as a strand-reversal/propeller, connecting adjacent parallel strands. If one or more of the DNA strands run in opposite direction, it is termed as an anti-parallel quadruplex, and can either be in a form of a lateral/edgewise, connecting adjacent anti-parallel strands, or a diagonal, joining two diagonally opposite strands. The structure of these G-quadruplexes can be determined by a cation.
DNA replication
In DNA, the 5' carbon is located at the top of the leading strand, and the 3' carbon is located at the l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopterin | Biopterins are pterin derivatives which function as endogenous enzyme cofactors in many species of animals and in some bacteria and fungi. The prototypical compound of the class is biopterin (6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pterin), as shown in the infobox. Biopterins act as cofactors for aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAH), which are involved in synthesizing a number of neurotransmitters including dopamine, norepinephrine, epinepherine, and serotonin, along with several trace amines. Nitric oxide synthesis also uses biopterin derivatives as cofactors. In humans, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is the endogenous cofactor for AAAH enzymes.
As with pterins in general, biopterins exhibit tautomerism. In other words, there are a number of forms that readily interconvert, differing by the placement of hydrogen atoms. Depictions of the chemical structure may therefore vary among sources.
Compounds
Biopterin compounds found in the animal body include BH4, the free radical BH3•, and the semi-oxidized form BH2. The fully oxidized form, i.e. "biopterin" proper, has little biological significance.
Bacteria produce several unique glycosides of biopterin (and of other pterins as well), using a specific BPt glucosyltransferase. They may have a function in UV protection.
Biosynthesis
BH4 is the principal active cofactor. BH4 synthesis occurs through two principal pathways; the de novo pathway involves three enzymatic steps and proceeds from GTP, while the salvage pathway converts sepiapterin t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20Ark | The Solar Ark (ソーラーアーク) is a Japanese ark-shaped solar photovoltaic power generation facility which offers activities to cultivate a better appreciation of solar power generation, and thereby benefitting both ecology and science. This 315-meter-wide, 37-meter-tall facility is located in Anpachi, Gifu Prefecture, in the geographical center of Japan, and can be seen from the JR Tōkaidō bullet train, which runs past on an adjacent railway. It has over 5000 panels that produce approximately 530,000 kilowatt-hours on an annual basis and a maximum system power of 630 kilowatts.
Stationed at the center of the Solar Ark is the Solar Lab, a museum of solar energy. A hands-on, outdoor light exhibition was planned for opening in 2005. The Solar Ark was an enterprise partner with the 2005 World Exhibition, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. It is one of the largest solar buildings in the world.
History
The Solar Ark was constructed by Sanyo Electric Co. Its development was accidental among other things. Initially, Sanyo Electric had intended to create the largest photovoltaic system in the world, with a 3.4 megawatt output, to mark the organisation's 50th anniversary. By 1998, designers had already been in discussions about the Solar Ark's appearance. Sanyo had planned on using cutting edge solar technology available to them at the time, using a combination of crystal silicon and thin-film amorphous silicon with 14-15% efficiency. However, during the initial planning, Sanyo had to recall seve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin%20synthase | Riboflavin synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the final reaction of riboflavin biosynthesis. It catalyzes the transfer of a four-carbon unit from one molecule of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine onto another, resulting in the synthesis of riboflavin and 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione:
(2) 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine → riboflavin + 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione
Structure
The riboflavin synthase monomer has a molecular weight of about 23 kDa. Each monomer contains two beta barrels and one α-helix at the C-terminus (residues 186-206). The monomer folds into pseudo two-fold symmetry, predicted by sequence similarity between the N-terminus barrel (residues 4-86) and the C-terminus barrel (residues 101-184). The interface between these barrels of two different subunits is the location of the active site. The enzyme from different species adopts different quaternary structures, containing up to 120 subunits.
Archeal riboflavin synthase forms as a homopentamer, whereas eubacterial, fungal and plant riboflavin synthase exists as a homotrimer. Their sequences are entirely unrelated, the archeal enzyme is paralogous to 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase. The reactions catalyzed by these two types of riboflavin synthase proceed via "enantiomeric" intermediates.
Active site
Two 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine (synthesized by lumazine synthase) molecules are hydrogen bound to each monomer as the two domains are topologically similar. The ac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo%20Curcio | Vincenzo Curcio (born c. 1960), a member of the Sicilian Mafia, is famous for escaping from his Turin prison cell by sawing through the bars of his cell with a piece of dental floss on March 17, 2000.
Biography
Curcio was convicted of one murder and arranging seven others. The jail had been built in the 1970s and was designed to withstand outside attacks rather than breakouts, and as such the bars were made of iron low in carbon which were ductile but easy to saw through. Curcio tied bedsheets together and climbed down to the ground, scaling the outer fence to gain his freedom.
On July 11, 2000, Curcio was captured in Pancalieri, in the Province of Turin.
References
Sicilian mafiosi
Sicilian mafiosi sentenced to life imprisonment
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo%20Sawilowsky | Shlomo S. Sawilowsky (1954 - 11 January 2021) was a professor of educational statistics and Distinguished Faculty Fellow at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, where he has received teaching, mentoring, and research awards.
Academic career
Sawilowsky obtained his Ph.D. in 1985 at the University of South Florida. He was inducted into the USF chapter of the Phi Kappa Phi honor society on May 17, 1981, when he received his M.A. In 2008 Sawilowsky served as president of the American Educational Research Association Special Interest Group/Educational Statisticians. He served as an Assistant Dean in the College of Education at WSU. Along with Miodrag Lovric (Serbia) and C. R. Rao (India), he was nominated for the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize for his contributions to the International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science.
Contributions to applied statistics and social/behavioral sciences
In 2000, the AMSTAT News, a publication of the American Statistical Association, described Professor Sawilowsky's award of Distinguished Faculty Fellow "in recognition of Sawilowsky's outstanding scholarly achievements in applied statistics, psychometrics, and experimental design in education and psychology."
Applied statistics
He is the author of a statistics textbook that presents statistical methods via Monte Carlo simulation methods, editor of a volume on real data analysis published by the American Educational Research Association SIG/Educational Statisticians, and author of over a hundred |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine%20racemase | Serine racemase (SR, ) is the first racemase enzyme in human biology to be identified. This enzyme converts L-serine to its enantiomer form, D-serine. D-serine acts as a neuronal signaling molecule by activating NMDA receptors in the brain.
Since NMDA receptors Dysfunction has been suggested as one of the promising hypotheses for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, it has been shown that underexpression of this enzyme is an indicator, especially for the paranoid subtype. Treatment of schizophrenia with D-serine has been shown to play some role in ameliorating some symptoms.
In humans, the serine racemase protein is encoded by the SRR gene. Serine racemase may have evolved from L-thre-hydroxyaspartate (L-THA) eliminase and served as the precursor to aspartate racemase.
Mammalian serine racemase is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent enzyme that catalyzes both the racemization of L-serine to D-serine and also the elimination of water from L-serine, generating pyruvate and ammonia through the β-elimination of L-serine. This makes serine a known bifurcating enzyme. The β-elimination pathway is thought to serve as a bleed valve that allows local stores of L-serine to be diverted away from D-serine as a means of muting the D-serine signaling pathway. The canonical tetraglycine loop that serves as a PLP phosphate binding pocket includes the active residues being F55, K56, G185, G186, G187, G188, and S313.
The enzyme is physiologically stimulated by divalent cations (e.g., magne |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowyer%E2%80%93Watson%20algorithm | In computational geometry, the Bowyer–Watson algorithm is a method for computing the Delaunay triangulation of a finite set of points in any number of dimensions. The algorithm can be also used to obtain a Voronoi diagram of the points, which is the dual graph of the Delaunay triangulation.
Description
The Bowyer–Watson algorithm is an incremental algorithm. It works by adding points, one at a time, to a valid Delaunay triangulation of a subset of the desired points. After every insertion, any triangles whose circumcircles contain the new point are deleted, leaving a star-shaped polygonal hole which is then re-triangulated using the new point. By using the connectivity of the triangulation to efficiently locate triangles to remove, the algorithm can take O(N log N) operations to triangulate N points, although special degenerate cases exist where this goes up to O(N2).
History
The algorithm is sometimes known just as the Bowyer Algorithm or the Watson Algorithm. Adrian Bowyer and David Watson devised it independently of each other at the same time, and each published a paper on it in the same issue of The Computer Journal (see below).
Pseudocode
The following pseudocode describes a basic implementation of the Bowyer-Watson algorithm. Its time complexity is . Efficiency can be improved in a number of ways. For example, the triangle connectivity can be used to locate the triangles which contain the new point in their circumcircle, without having to check all of the triangles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAI1 | RAI1 is a transcription factor associated with Smith–Magenis syndrome when individuals have deletions of the gene and Potocki–Lupski syndrome when individuals have a duplication. It is known as retinoic acid induced 1.
See also
Retinoic acid
External links
GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Smith-Magenis Syndrome |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium%20oxysporum%20f.sp.%20albedinis | Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis is a fungal plant pathogen that causes a disease known as Bayoud disease or fusarium wilt primarily on date palm.
Genome
Fernandez et al., 1998 identify the Fot1 (F.o. transposable elements) in F.o. albedinis.
Detection
F.o. albedinis may be diagnosed by molecular tests targeting sequences found by Fernandez et al., 1998.
See also
List of date palm diseases
References
External links
USDA ARS Fungal Database
oxysporum f.sp. albedinis
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Palm diseases
Food plant pathogens and diseases
Forma specialis taxa
Fungi described in 1930 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium%20oxysporum%20f.sp.%20citri | Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. citri is a fungus which reproduces by cell fission. It is a well known plant pathogen infecting citruses.
References
oxysporum f.sp. citri
Fungal citrus diseases
Forma specialis taxa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQO | AQO may refer to:
Llano Municipal Airport, Texas, United States (IATA code)
Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa Aircraft Operations), United States (ICAO code)
Adiabatic Quantum Optimization |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronavigation | Neuronavigation is the set of computer-assisted technologies used by neurosurgeons to guide or "navigate” within the confines of the skull or vertebral column during surgery, and used by psychiatrists to accurately target rTMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation). The set of hardware for these purposes is referred to as a neuronavigator.
Stereotactic Surgery
Neuronavigation is recognized as the next evolutionary step of stereotactic surgery, a set of techniques that dates back to the early 1900s and that gained popularity during the 1940s, particularly in Germany, France and the U.S., with the development of surgery for the treatment of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and dystonias. In its infancy the purpose of this technology was to create a mathematical model describing a proposed coordinate system for the space within a closed structure, e.g., the skull. This "fiducial spatial coordinate system” uses fiducial markers as a reference to describe with high accuracy the position of specific structures within this arbitrarily defined space. The surgeon then refers to that data to target particular structures within the brain. This technology was boosted by the collection of data on human anatomy in “stereotactic atlases”, expanding the quantitatively defined “targets” that could be readily used in surgery. Finally, the advent of modern neuro-imaging technologies such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—along with the ever-increasin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosaposin | Prosaposin, also known as PSAP, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PSAP gene.
This highly conserved glycoprotein is a precursor for 4 cleavage products: saposins A, B, C, and D. Saposin is an acronym for Sphingolipid Activator PrO[S]teINs. Each domain of the precursor protein is approximately 80 amino acid residues long with nearly identical placement of cysteine residues and glycosylation sites. Saposins A-D localize primarily to the lysosomal compartment where they facilitate the catabolism of glycosphingolipids with short oligosaccharide groups. The precursor protein exists both as a secretory protein and as an integral membrane protein and has neurotrophic activities.
Saposins A–D are required for the hydrolysis of certain sphingolipids by specific lysosomal hydrolases.
Family members
Saposin A was identified as an N-terminal domain in the prosaposin cDNA prior to its isolation. It is known to stimulate the enzymatic hydrolysis of 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-glucoside, glucocerebroside, and galactocerebroside.
Saposin B was the first to be discovered and was found to be required as a heat-stable factor for hydrolysis of sulfatides by arylsulfatase A. It is known by many different names, such as, sphingolipid activator protein-1 (SAP-1), sulfatide activator protein, GM1 ganglioside activator, dispersin, and nonspecific. It has been observed that this particular saposin activates many enzymes through interaction with the substrates not the enzymes themselves.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel%20Hamid%20Bassiouny | Abdel Hamid Bassiouny (; born 15 December 1971) is an Egyptian footballer. He previously played in Egypt for Kafr El-Sheikh, Zamalek, Ismaily and Haras El-Hodood.
Managerial statistics
References
External links
Abdul-Hamid Bassiouny at Footballdatabase
1971 births
Living people
Zamalek SC players
Egyptian men's footballers
1999 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Ismaily SC players
Haras El Hodoud SC players
Egyptian Premier League players
Egyptian Premier League managers
Haras El Hodoud SC managers
People from Kafr El Sheikh Governorate
Men's association football forwards
Egyptian football managers
Egypt men's international footballers
Oman Professional League managers
Egyptian expatriate football managers
Mirbat SC managers
Egyptian expatriate sportspeople in Oman
Expatriate football managers in Oman
Tala'ea El Gaish SC managers
Ghazl El Mahalla SC managers
Smouha SC managers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamer%20Abdel%20Hamid | Tamer Abdel Hamid (; born 27 October 1975) is an Egyptian retired footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.
Career statistics
International
International goals
Scores and results list Egypt's goal tally first.
Honours
Zamalek
Egyptian Premier League: 2000–01, 2002–03, 2003–04
Egypt Cup: 2001–02, 2007–08
Egyptian Super Cup: 2001, 2002
CAF Champions League: 2002
CAF Super Cup: 2003
UAFA Club Cup: 2003
Saudi-Egyptian Super Cup: 2003
External links
Zamalek SC players
Egyptian men's footballers
1975 births
Living people
2004 African Cup of Nations players
People from Mansoura, Egypt
Egyptian Premier League players
Men's association football midfielders
Egypt men's international footballers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestim | Ancestim is a recombinant methionyl human stem cell factor, branded by Amgen as StemGen. It was developed by Amgen and sold to Biovitrium, now Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, in December, 2008.
It is a 166 amino acid protein produced by E. coli bacteria into which a gene has been inserted for soluble human stem cell factor. It has a monomeric molecular weight of approximately 18,500 daltons and normally exists as a noncovalently associated dimer. The protein has an amino acid sequence that is identical to the natural sequence predicted from human DNA sequence analysis, except for the addition of an N-terminal methionine retained after expression in E. coli. Because Ancestim is produced in E. coli, it is nonglycosylated. Ancestim is supplied as a sterile, white, preservative-free, lyophilised powder for reconstitution and administration as a subcutaneous (SC) injection and is indicated for use in combination with filgrastim for mobilizing peripheral hematopoietic stem cells for later transplantation in certain cancer patients.
References
Recombinant proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteratively%20reweighted%20least%20squares | The method of iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) is used to solve certain optimization problems with objective functions of the form of a p-norm:
by an iterative method in which each step involves solving a weighted least squares problem of the form:
IRLS is used to find the maximum likelihood estimates of a generalized linear model, and in robust regression to find an M-estimator, as a way of mitigating the influence of outliers in an otherwise normally-distributed data set, for example, by minimizing the least absolute errors rather than the least square errors.
One of the advantages of IRLS over linear programming and convex programming is that it can be used with Gauss–Newton and Levenberg–Marquardt numerical algorithms.
Examples
L1 minimization for sparse recovery
IRLS can be used for ℓ1 minimization and smoothed ℓp minimization, p < 1, in compressed sensing problems. It has been proved that the algorithm has a linear rate of convergence for ℓ1 norm and superlinear for ℓt with t < 1, under the restricted isometry property, which is generally a sufficient condition for sparse solutions. However, in most practical situations, the restricted isometry property is not satisfied.
Lp norm linear regression
To find the parameters β = (β1, …,βk)T which minimize the Lp norm for the linear regression problem,
the IRLS algorithm at step t + 1 involves solving the weighted linear least squares problem:
where W(t) is the diagonal matrix of weights, usually with all |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93Ljungdahl%20pathway | The Wood–Ljungdahl pathway is a set of biochemical reactions used by some bacteria. It is also known as the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) pathway. This pathway enables these organisms to use hydrogen as an electron donor, and carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor and as a building block for biosynthesis.
In this pathway carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide and formic acid or directly into a formyl group, the formyl group is reduced to a methyl group and then combined with the carbon monoxide and Coenzyme A to produce acetyl-CoA. Two specific enzymes participate on the carbon monoxide side of the pathway: CO Dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA synthase. The former catalyzes the reduction of the CO2 and the latter combines the resulting CO with a methyl group to give acetyl-CoA.
Some anaerobic bacteria use the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway in reverse to break down acetate. For example, Sulfate reducing bacteria oxidize acetate completely to CO2 and H2 coupled with the reduction of sulfate to sulfide. When operating in the reverse direction, the acetyl-CoA synthase is sometimes called acetyl-CoA decarbonylase.
Not to be confused with the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, an evolutionarily related but biochemically distinct pathway named the Wolfe Cycle occurs exclusively in some methanogenic archaea called methanogens. In these anaerobic archaea, the Wolfe Cycle functions as a methanogenesis pathway to reduce CO2 into methane with electron donors such as hydrogen and formate. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E2%80%9306%20Belgian%20First%20Division | Statistics of Belgian First Division in the 1905–06 season.
Overview
It was contested by 10 teams, and Union Saint-Gilloise won the championship.
League standings
Results
See also
1905–06 in Belgian football
References
Belgian Pro League seasons
Belgian First Division, 1913-14
1905–06 in Belgian football |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307%20Belgian%20First%20Division | Statistics of Belgian First Division in the 1906–07 season.
Overview
It was contested by 10 teams, and Union Saint-Gilloise won the championship.
League standings
Results
See also
1906–07 in Belgian football
References
Belgian Pro League seasons
Belgian First Division, 1913-14
1906–07 in Belgian football |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907%E2%80%9308%20Belgian%20First%20Division | Statistics of Belgian First Division in the 1907–08 season.
Overview
It was contested by 10 teams, and Racing Club de Bruxelles won the championship.
There was no relegation, as the First Division was extended the following season from 10 clubs to 12.
League standings
Results
See also
1907–08 in Belgian football
References
Belgian Pro League seasons
Belgian First Division, 1913-14
1907–08 in Belgian football |
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