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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation%20gene | A segmentation gene is a gene involved in the early stages of pattern formation that define repeated units (metameres) in a segmented organism, usually the embryo. They are classified into 3 groups: gap genes, pair-rule genes, and segment polarity genes. The expression of gap genes result in the formation of gaps in the normal pattern of structure in the embryo. Expression of pair-rule genes subdivides the embryo into a series of stripes and sets the boundaries of the parasegments. Segment polarity genes define the anterior and posterior polarities within each embryonic parasegment.
References
Embryology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythium%20ultimum%20var.%20ultimum | Pythium ultimum var. ultimum is a plant pathogen infecting potato.
References
External links
Pythium Genome Database
Index Fungorum
USDA ARS Fungal Database
Water mould plant pathogens and diseases
Potato diseases
ultimum var. ultimum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovaleryl-CoA | Isovaleryl-coenzyme A, also known as isovaleryl-CoA, is an intermediate in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids.
Leucine metabolism
See also
Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase
References
Thioesters of coenzyme A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20funiculosum | Penicillium funiculosum is a plant pathogen infecting pineapples.
It is also used as a source of the enzymes xylanase and beta-glucanase which are a non-starch polysaccharide hydrolysing enzymes used in the pig feed Rovabio Excel.
[[file:Funicone.svg|thumb|300px|right|Funicone, Penicillium funiculosum'''s active principle]]
Hosts and symptoms
Fruitlet core rot (FCR) is the disease of a pineapple fruit, from the pathogen Penicillium funiculosum that is brown or black in color and rotted in the center. FCR is associated with multiple pathogens, such as Candida guilliermondi in addition to P. funiculosum, however, leathery pocket (LP) and interfruitlet corking (IFC) are only associated with P. funiculosum. FCR, LP and IFC were reported as separate diseases at one time, but are now known to be symptoms of the same disease, referred to as Pineapple Fruit Rot.P. funiculosum infects the flower of pineapple fruits, before the characteristic yellow fruit is formed. When P. funiculosum infects the closed pineapple flowers, early symptoms include necrosis of the anthers, which are the male parts of the flower, and pistil, the female part, and cork formation and sporulation within the ovary of the flower. This destruction of reproductive tissue prevents propagation of healthy fruit and ruins the growing crops. Later symptoms of the disease include a darkening of the septa between the locules. This discoloration can spread throughout the fruit. Extensive corking is what results in lea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcrotonyl-CoA | 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA (β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA or MC-CoA) is an intermediate in the metabolism of leucine.
It is found in mitochondria, where it is formed from isovaleryl-coenzyme A by isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase. It then reacts with CO2 to yield 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase.
Leucine metabolism
See also
Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
References
Thioesters of coenzyme A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA | 3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA (MG-CoA), also known as β-methylglutaconyl-CoA, is an intermediate in the metabolism of leucine. It is metabolized into HMG-CoA.
Leucine metabolism
See also
Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
References
Organophosphates
Thioesters of coenzyme A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%280%2C%2B%29-type%20amino%20acid%20transporter%201 | b(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1, also known as b(0,+)AT1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SLC7A9 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a protein that belongs to a family of light subunits of amino acid transporters. This protein plays a role in the high-affinity and sodium-independent transport of cystine and neutral and dibasic amino acids, and appears to function in the reabsorption of cystine in the kidney tubule. The protein associates with the protein coded for by SLC3A1.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene cause non-type I cystinuria, a disease that leads to cystine stones in the urinary system due to impaired transport of cystine and dibasic amino acids.
See also
Heterodimeric amino acid transporter
Solute carrier family
References
Solute carrier family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral%20and%20basic%20amino%20acid%20transport%20protein%20rBAT | Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC3A1 gene.
Mutations in the SLC3A1 gene are associated with cystinuria.
See also
Heterodimeric amino acid transporter
Solute carrier family
References
Further reading
Solute carrier family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaryl-CoA | Glutaryl-coenzyme A is an intermediate in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan.
See also
Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase
References
Thioesters of coenzyme A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotonyl-CoA | Crotonyl-coenzyme A is an intermediate in the fermentation of butyric acid, and in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan. It is important in the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids.
Crotonyl-coA and reductases
Before a 2007 report by Alber and coworkers, crotonyl-coA carboxylases and reductases (CCRs) were known for reducing crotonyl-coA to butyryl-coA. A report by Alber and coworkers concluded that a specific CCR homolog was able to reduce crotonyl-coA to (2S)-ethyl malonyl-coA which was a favorable reaction. The specific CCR homolog came from the bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides.
Role of Crotonyl-coA in Transcription
Post-translational modification of histones either by acetylation or crotonylation is important for the active transcription of genes. Histone crotonylation is regulated by the concentration of crotonyl-coA which can change based on environmental cell conditions or genetic factors.
References
See also
Crotonic acid
Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase
Biomolecules
Metabolism
Thioesters of coenzyme A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA | β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA (or 3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A) is an intermediate in the fermentation of butyric acid, and in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan. The L-3-hydroxybutyl-CoA (or (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA) enantiomer is also the second to last intermediate in beta oxidation of even-numbered, straight chain, and saturated fatty acids.
See also
Crotonyl-coenzyme A
Acetoacetyl CoA
Beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
References
Biomolecules
Metabolism
Thioesters of coenzyme A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotonase%20family | The crotonase family comprises mechanistically diverse proteins that share a conserved trimeric quaternary structure (sometimes a hexamer consisting of a dimer of trimers), the core of which consists of 4 turns of a (beta/beta/alpha)n superhelix.
Some enzymes in the superfamily have been shown to display dehalogenase, hydratase, and isomerase activities, while others have been implicated in carbon-carbon bond formation and cleavage as well as the hydrolysis of thioesters. However, these different enzymes share the need to stabilize an enolate anion intermediate derived from an acyl-CoA substrate. This is accomplished by two structurally conserved peptidic NH groups that provide hydrogen bonds to the carbonyl moieties of the acyl-CoA substrates and form an "oxyanion hole". The CoA thioester derivatives bind in a characteristic hooked shape and a conserved tunnel binds the pantetheine group of CoA, which links the 3'-phosphate ADP binding site to the site of reaction. Enzymes in the crotonase superfamily include:
Enoyl-CoA hydratase (crotonase; ), which catalyses the hydratation of 2-trans-enoyl-CoA into 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA.
3-2trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase (or dodecenoyl-CoA isomerise; ), which shifts the 3-double bond of the intermediates of unsaturated fatty acid oxidation to the 2-trans position.
3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (crotonase; ), a bacterial enzyme involved in the butyrate/butanol-producing pathway.
4-Chlorobenzoyl-CoA dehalogenase (), a Pseudomonas enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic%20acid | Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of histidine. It is a colorless compound that is sensitive to light in air. The compound features an imidazolone ring.
Occurrence
It arises via the action of urocanase on urocanic acid. Hydrolysis of the heterocycle to the glutamic acid derivative is catalyzed by imidazolonepropionate hydrolase.
Microbial production of imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid in the human gut has been shown to affect insulin signaling, which is relevant to type II diabetes.
See also
Formiminoglutamic acid
Urocanate
Urocanate hydratase
References
Carboxylic acids
Imidazolines
Lactams |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formimidoyltransferase%20cyclodeaminase | Formimidoyltransferase cyclodeaminase or formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase (symbol FTCD in humans) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of formiminoglutamate and tetrahydrofolate into formiminotetrahydrofolate and glutamate.
Role in pathology
Mutations of the FTCD gene cause glutamate formiminotransferase deficiency.
See also
Glutamate-1-semialdehyde
References
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLS2 | Glutaminase 2 (liver, mitochondrial) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLS2 gene.
Structure
The GLS2 gene is on the 12th chromosome in humans, with its specific location being 12q13.3. It contains 19 exons.
Function
GLS2 is a part of the glutaminase family. The protein encoded by this gene is a mitochondrial phosphate-activated glutaminase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine to stoichiometric amounts of glutamate and ammonia. Originally thought to be liver-specific, this protein has been found in other tissues as well. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode different isoforms.
Clinical significance
GLS2 has interesting molecular relationships with tumor progression and cancer. Glutaminase 2 negatively regulates the PI3K/AKT signaling and shows tumor suppression activity in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Additionally, silencing of GLS and overexpression of GLS2 genes cooperate in decreasing the proliferation and viability of glioblastoma cells.
References
Further reading
Genes
Human proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Administrative%20Department%20of%20Statistics | The National Administrative Department of Statistics (), commonly referred to as DANE, is the Colombian Administrative Department responsible for the planning, compilation, analysis and dissemination of the official statistics of Colombia. DANE is responsible for conducting the National Population and Housing census every ten years, among several other studies.
DANE offers more than 100 statistical operations on industrial, economic, agricultural, population and quality of life aspects aimed at supporting decision-making in the country.
Since 2022, the director is Beatriz Piedad Urdinola Contreras.
See also
Administrative Department of Security
National Planning Department
Geographic Institute Agustín Codazzi
References
External links
Official website
Colombia
Demographics of Colombia
National Administrative Department of Statistics
Government agencies established in 1953
1953 establishments in Colombia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamine%20oxidase | Diamine oxidase (DAO), also known "amine oxidase, copper-containing, 1" (AOC1), formerly called histaminase, is an enzyme () involved in the metabolism, oxidation, and inactivation of histamine and other polyamines such as putrescine or spermidine. The enzyme belongs to the amine oxidase (copper-containing) (AOC) family of amine oxidase enzymes.
The enzyme is expressed in bilateria, a biological group of animals. The enzyme is encoded by the AOC1 gene. This gene is highly conserved across the bilateria group which includes mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and insects, to name a few.
Chemical activity
DAO catalyzes the oxidative deamination of polyamines, such as histamine and putrescine, to produce aminoaldehydes, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia.
Biological role
DAO is involved in the physiology of digestion and other physiological processes, such as inflammation, immune response, and wound healing. Dysfunction of DAO has been associated with various diseases, including allergies, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. DAO also plays a role in healthy pregnancy in placental mammals.
In case of a shortage or low enzymatic activity of diamine oxidase in the human body, it may appear as an allergy or histamine intolerance.
Expression
In placental mammals, including humans, the highest levels of DAO expression are observed in the digestive tract (intestinal mucosa) and the placenta. DAO expression is also observed in kidney of various species.
DAO is also expressed in eosinophil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine%20N-methyltransferase | Histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT, HMT) is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of histamine. It is one of two enzymes involved in the metabolism of histamine in mammals, the other being diamine oxidase (DAO). HNMT catalyzes the methylation of histamine in the presence of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM-e) forming N-methylhistamine. The HNMT enzyme is present in most body tissues but is not present in serum. Histamine N-methyltransferase is encoded by a single gene, HNMT, which in humans has been mapped to chromosome 2.
Function
The function of the HNMT enzyme is histamine metabolism by ways of Nτ-methylation using SAM-e as the methyl donor, producing N-methylhistamine, which, unless excreted, can be further processed by monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) or by DAO. Methylated histamine metabolites are excreted with urine.
In mammals, histamine is metabolized by two major pathways: oxidative deamination via DAO, encoded by the AOC1 gene, and Nτ-methylation via HNMT, encoded by the HNMT gene. In the brain of mammals histamine neurotransmitter activity is controlled by Nτ-methylation since DAO is not present in the central nervous system.
As about the biologic species, the HNMT enzyme is found in vertebrates, including birds, reptiles and amphibian, but not in invertebrates and plants.
The HNMT enzyme resides in the cytosol intracellular fluid. Whereas DAO metabolizes extracellular free histamine, be it either exogenous came with food or mostly endogenous released from granules of mas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharopine%20dehydrogenase | In molecular biology, the protein domain Saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH), also named Saccharopine reductase, is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of the amino acid lysine, via an intermediate substance called saccharopine. The Saccharopine dehydrogenase enzyme can be classified under , , , and . It has an important function in lysine metabolism and catalyses a reaction in the alpha-Aminoadipic acid pathway. This pathway is unique to fungal organisms therefore, this molecule could be useful in the search for new antibiotics. This protein family also includes saccharopine dehydrogenase and homospermidine synthase. It is found in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and archaea.
Function
Simplistically, SDH uses NAD+ as an oxidant to catalyse the reversible pyridine nucleotide dependent oxidative deamination of the substrate, Saccharopine, in order to form the products, lysine and alpha-ketoglutarate.
This can be described by the following equation:
SDH
Saccharopine ⇌ lysine + alpha-ketoglutarate
Saccharopine dehydrogenase EC catalyses the condensation to of l-alpha-aminoadipate-delta-semialdehyde (AASA) with l-glutamate to give an imine, which is reduced by NADPH to give saccharopine. In some organisms this enzyme is found as a bifunctional polypeptide with lysine ketoglutarate reductase (PF).
Homospermidine synthase proteins (EC). Homospermidine synthase (HSS) catalyses the synthesis of the polyamine homospermidine from 2 mol putrescine in an NAD+-dependent reaction.
Structu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagine%20synthetase | Asparagine synthetase (or aspartate-ammonia ligase) is a chiefly cytoplasmic enzyme that generates asparagine from aspartate. This amidation reaction is similar to that promoted by glutamine synthetase. The enzyme is ubiquitous in its distribution in mammalian organs, but basal expression is relatively low in tissues other than the exocrine pancreas.
Above average presence of asparagine synthetase in certain leukemia strains has been linked to be a significant contributing factor of chemotherapy resistance, particularly to the chemotherapy drug, L-asparaginase.
Structure
Escherichia coli derived asparagine synthetase is a dimeric protein with each subunit folding into two distinct domains. The N-terminal region consists of two layers of six-stranded antiparallel β-sheets between which is the active site responsible for the hydrolysis of glutamine. The C-terminal domain consists of a five-stranded parallel β-sheet flanked on either side by α-helices. This domain is responsible for the binding of both Mg2+ATP and aspartate. These two active sites are connected by a tunnel lined primarily with backbone atoms and hydrophobic, nonpolar amino acid residues.
Structural characterization of asparagine synthetase from mammalian sources have been difficult due to the low abundance and instability of the enzyme during purification procedures.
Mechanism
Using information from Escherichia coli derived asparagine synthetase, some basic mechanisms of the enzyme have been understood. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCN | DCN may refer to:
Daily Cargo News, an Australian monthly shipping magazine
Decorin, a protein encoded by the DCN gene
Deputy Chief of Navy, Australia
Dorsal cochlear nucleus, a structure on the brainstem
Dynamic circuit network, a computer network technology
Data Communication Network, for network management in Radio access networks
Naval Group, French shipbuilder formerly known as Direction des Constructions Navales (DCN)
RAAF Base Curtin, IATA airport code "DCN" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr%20Ghoneim | Amr Ghoneim (Arabic:عمرو غنيم) is a former tennis player
Rankings
Career High ATP ranking - Singles: 261 (30-Oct-00)
Career High Stanford ATP Doubles Ranking: 320 (13-Nov-00)
Davis Cup Statistics
He has the all-time Egyptian records for Davis cup ties played: 29
He has the all-time Egyptian records for Davis cup years played: 13
External links
Egyptian male tennis players
Egyptian tennis coaches
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
African Games medalists in tennis
African Games silver medalists for Egypt
African Games bronze medalists for Egypt
Competitors at the 1991 All-Africa Games
Competitors at the 1995 All-Africa Games |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix%20Suns%20all-time%20roster | The following is a list of players, both past and current, who have appeared in at least one regular season or playoff game for the Phoenix Suns NBA franchise.
All statistics and awards listed were during the player's tenure with the Suns only. All statistics are accurate as of the end of the 2022–23 season.
Players
A to B
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|F/C || align="left"|Baylor || align="center"|1 || align="center"| || 10 || 123 || 25 || 8 || 17 || 12.3 || 2.5 || 0.8 || 1.7 || align=center|
|-
|align="left" bgcolor="#FFCC00"|+ (#33) || align="center"|F/C || align="left"|Oklahoma || align="center" bgcolor="#CFECEC"|13 || align="center"|– || bgcolor="#CFECEC"|988 || bgcolor="#CFECEC"|27,203 || bgcolor="#CFECEC"|6,937 || 4,012 || 13,910 || 27.5 || 7.0 || 4.1 || 14.1 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|G/F || align="left"|Syracuse || align="center"|1 || align="center"| || 62 || 711 || 106 || 45 || 359 || 11.5 || 1.7 || 0.7 || 5.8 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|G || align="left"|BYU || align="center"|3 || align="center"|– || 222 || 5,092 || 454 || 650 || 2,124 || 22.9 || 2.0 || 2.9 || 9.6 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|G || align="left"|Creighton || align="center"|1 || align="center"| || 15 || 47 || 10 || 6 || 9 || 3.1 || 0.7 || 0.4 || 0.6 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|F/C || align="left"|UNLV || align="center"|2 || align="center"|– || 155 || 2,212 || 616 || 59 || 692 || 14.3 || 4.0 || |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20probe | In the field of chemical biology, a chemical probe is a small molecule that is used to study and manipulate a biological system such as a cell or an organism by reversibly binding to and altering the function of a biological target (most commonly a protein) within that system. Probes ideally have a high affinity and binding selectivity for one protein target as well as high efficacy. By changing the phenotype of the cell, a molecular probe can be used to determine the function of the protein with which it interacts.
See also
Chemical Probes Portal
References
Chemical biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL%2068RS | ALGOL 68RS is the second ALGOL 68 compiler written by I. F. Currie and J. D. Morrison, at the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE).
Unlike the earlier ALGOL 68-R, it was designed to be portable, and implemented the language of the Revised Report.
Versions of ALGOL 68RS were written for the ICL 2900 Series, Multics, and VAX running VMS.
Subsequently, parts of this compiler were released into the public domain, as a translator from ALGOL 68 to C, as part of the public release of the hardware description language ELLA, also by the RSRE.
History
Although the ALGOL 68-R compiler, written by I.F. Currie, J.D. Morrison, and S.G. Bond, was a great success, it suffered from two major problems: it had been written for the nearly obsolete ICL 1900 computer, and it implemented an out-of-date version of the language as it was released before the Revised Report on ALGOL 68 was available.
RSRE needed a newer compiler for various internal projects, so the team of Currie and Morrison wrote a new compiler designed for cross-platform software portability between machines. The compiler dealt with the parsing of ALGOL 68, producing a high level intermediate language known as stream language that is then compiled to machine code by a translator. The compiler needed to know only the sizes of the various object machine data types and the character encoding (set) available.
The compiler was written in ALGOL 68, bootstrapped initially using the ALGOL 68-R compiler.
A team of two programm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YbhL%20leader | The YbhL leader is a putative structured RNA element that is found upstream of the uncharacterized YbhL membrane protein in alpha-proteobacteria.
Other non-coding RNAs uncovered in the same analysis include: speF, suhB, metA and serC.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast%20U1%20spliceosomal%20RNA | U1 is a small nuclear RNA (snRNA) component of the spliceosome and is involved in pre-mRNA splicing.
In the splicing process the 5' end of the U1 snRNA forms complementary base pairing with the 5' splice junction of the intron to be excised, thus defining the 5' donor site of an intron.
There are significant differences in sequence and secondary structure between metazoan and yeast U1 snRNAs, the latter being much longer (568 nucleotides as compared to 164 nucleotides in human). Nevertheless, secondary structure predictions suggest that all U1 snRNAs share a 'common core' consisting of helices I, II, the proximal region of III, and IV. The secondary structure model shows the structure prediction for the larger yeast sequences.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA
Spliceosome
RNA splicing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YkkC-yxkD%20leader | The ykkC/yxkD leader is a conserved RNA structure found upstream of the ykkC and yxkD genes in Bacillus subtilis and related genes in other bacteria. The function of this family is unclear for many years although it has been suggested that it may function to switch on efflux pumps and detoxification systems in response to harmful environmental molecules. The Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis sequence AE013027 overlaps with that of purine riboswitch suggesting that the two riboswitches may work in conjunction to regulate the upstream gene which codes for TTE0584 (Q8RC62), a member of the permease family.
Nelson et al. showed that this riboswitch senses and responds to guanidine and it was renamed Guanidine-I riboswitch. Furthermore, they demonstrated that bacteria are capable of endogenously producing guanidine and the riboswitch controls genes whose products are involved in modification or pumping out guanidine as a toxic compound from bacteria. Crystal structures of the riboswitch bound to the ligand have also been determined.
The mini-ykkC RNA motif is a putative cis-regulatory element that apparently regulates similar genes to those regulated by the Guanidine-I riboswitch (ykkC/yxkD leader). However, the mini-ykkC RNA motif is simpler in structure and has fewer highly conserved nucleotide positions than the ykkC-yxkD leader. Despite this each of its two stem-loop structures directly bind free guanidine. Therefore, mini-ykkC RNA motif represents a distinct class of gua |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YkoK%20leader | The Ykok leader or M-box is a Mg2+-sensing RNA structure that controls the expression of Magnesium ion transport proteins in bacteria. It is a distinct structure to the Magnesium responsive RNA element.
The Ykok leader was originally described as a conserved sequence with potential riboswitch function found upstream of the B. subtilis ykoK gene and genes with related functions in other bacteria. Examples of the conserved M-box RNA structure occur upstream of each of the three major families of Mg2+ transporters (CorA, MgtE and MgtA/MgtB) in various bacterial species.
The molecular structure of the M-box example upstream of the B. subtilis ykoK gene includes six bound Mg2+ ions. Biochemical studies indicate that this M-Box RNA compacts in the presence of Mg2+ and other divalent ions. This folding process appears to disrupt an antiterminator structure, and thereby allow a transcription terminator structure to form. As expected from this model, B. subtilis cells repress expression of a downstream reporter gene when grown in the presence of Mg2+. Therefore, the M-box appears to function as a genetic "off" switch that is important for maintaining Mg2+ homeostasis in bacteria.
References
External links
Protein Data Bank: M-Box Structure
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Riboswitch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YlbH%20leader | This family is a putative regulatory RNA structure that is found upstream of the ylbH gene in B. subtilis and related low GC Gram-positive bacteria.
See also
Leader sequence
Riboswitch
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YybP-ykoY%20leader | The yybP-ykoY leader RNA element was originally discovered in E. coli during a large scale screen and was named SraF. This family was later found to exist upstream of related families of protein genes in many bacteria, including the yybP and ykoY genes in B. subtilis. The specific functions of these proteins are unknown, but this structured RNA element may be involved in their genetic regulation as a riboswitch.
The yybP-ykoY element was later proposed to be manganese-responsive after another associated family of genes, YebN/MntP, was shown to encode Mn2+ efflux pumps in several bacteria. Genetic data and a crystal structure confirmed that yybp-ykoY is a manganese riboswitch that directly binds Mn2+
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z12%20small%20nucleolar%20RNA | In molecular biology, Z12 small nucleolar RNA is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
Z12 snoRNA belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z18%20small%20nucleolar%20RNA | Z18 small nucleolar RNA (also known as SNORD74 and U74) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
Z18 snoRNA belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
See also
Z6 small nucleolar RNA
Z12 small nucleolar RNA
Z30 small nucleolar RNA
References
External links
snoRNABase page for U74
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z30%20small%20nucleolar%20RNA | In molecular biology, Z30 small nucleolar RNA, also known as SNORD7, is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
Z30 snoRNA belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
References
External links
SNORD7 entry at snoRNAbase
SNORD7 at HGNC
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA64/SNORA10%20family | In molecular biology, small nucleolar RNA SNORA10 and small nuclear RNA SNORA64 are homologous members of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA). This family of ncRNAs involved in the maturation of ribosomal RNA.
snoRNA in this family act as guides in the modification of uridines to pseudouridines. This family includes the human snoRNAs U64 and ACA10 and mouse MBI-29.
References
External links
Link to the snoRNAbase entry for SNORA10
Link to the snoRNAbase entry for SNORA64
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA70 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA70 (also known as U70) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a "guide RNA".
ACA70 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA70 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U1692 of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the (isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine) to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional%20change%20model | The conditional change model in statistics is the analytic procedure in which change scores are regressed on baseline values, together with the explanatory variables of interest (often including indicators of treatment groups). The method has some substantial advantages over the usual two-sample t-test recommended in textbooks.
References
Regression models |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20active%20synagogues%20in%20Poland | Before the Nazi German invasion of Poland in 1939, almost every Polish town had a synagogue or a Jewish house of prayer of some kind. The 1939 statistics recorded the total of 1,415 Jewish communities in the country just before the outbreak of war, each composed of at least 100 members (Gruber, 1995). Every one of them owned at least one synagogue and a Jewish cemetery nearby. Approximately 9.8% of all believers in Poland were Jewish (according to 1931 census).
The list of actives synagogues in Poland cannot possibly include the hundreds of synagogue buildings which still stand today in about 250 cities and towns across the country – seventy years after the Holocaust in Poland which claimed the lives of over 90% of Polish Jewry. Devoid of their original hosts, many synagogue buildings house libraries and smaller museums as in Kraków, Łańcut, Włodawa, Tykocin, Zamość, Radzanów, but many more serve as apartment buildings, shops, gyms and whatever else community needs require. This isn't necessarily bad however, because the synagogues which remain empty are usually worse off due to lack of maintenance.
Active synagogues in Poland
The Union of Jewish Religious Communities in Poland (ZGWŻ) with branches in nine metropolitan centres helps the descendants of the Holocaust survivors in the process of recovery and restoration of synagogue buildings once owned by the Jewish Kehilla (קהלה), and nationalized in Communist Poland. The list of active and rededicated synagogues in the coun |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karger%27s%20algorithm | In computer science and graph theory, Karger's algorithm is a randomized algorithm to compute a minimum cut of a connected graph. It was invented by David Karger and first published in 1993.
The idea of the algorithm is based on the concept of contraction of an edge in an undirected graph . Informally speaking, the contraction of an edge merges the nodes and into one, reducing the total number of nodes of the graph by one. All other edges connecting either or are "reattached" to the merged node, effectively producing a multigraph. Karger's basic algorithm iteratively contracts randomly chosen edges until only two nodes remain; those nodes represent a cut in the original graph. By iterating this basic algorithm a sufficient number of times, a minimum cut can be found with high probability.
The global minimum cut problem
A cut in an undirected graph is a partition of the vertices into two non-empty, disjoint sets . The cutset of a cut consists of the edges between the two parts. The size (or weight) of a cut in an unweighted graph is the cardinality of the cutset, i.e., the number of edges between the two parts,
There are ways of choosing for each vertex whether it belongs to or to , but two of these choices make or empty and do not give rise to cuts. Among the remaining choices, swapping the roles of and does not change the cut, so each cut is counted twice; therefore, there are distinct cuts.
The minimum cut problem is to find a cut of smallest size amo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Trounson | Alan Osborne Trounson (born 16 February 1946) is an Australian embryologist with expertise in stem cell research. Trounson was the President of the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine between 2007 and 2014, a former Professor of Stem Cell Sciences and the Director of the Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories at Monash University, and retains the title of emeritus professor.
Trounson's areas of interest include cloning, stem cells, biotechnology, cloning for agricultural industry, gene storage and in-vitro fertilisation.
Background and early career
Trounson graduated from the University of New South Wales in 1971 with a Master of Science in Wool and Pastoral Sciences. In 1974 he was awarded his PhD in animal embryology by the University of Sydney. Between 1971 and 1976 Trounson was the Dalgety Research Fellow at the Australian Research Council Institute of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry at Cambridge University. Returning to Australia in 1977, he was appointed Senior Research Fellow at Monash University.
Career
Trounson introduced two world-first procedures which greatly improved the success rate of in-vitro fertilisation (IVF). They were the use of a fertility drug to induce multiple ova and the freezing of embryos for future use. These procedures enabled more than 300,000 women worldwide to conceive successfully.
Trounson made headlines in 1980 with the first IVF birth in Australia and afterwards set up the Monash team of Carl Wood, Trounson, John L |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBR2 | NBR2 is a gene best known for its location near the breast cancer associated gene BRCA1. Like BRCA1, NBR2 has been a subject of research, but links to breast cancer are currently inconclusive.
NBR2 recently was identified as a glucose starvation-induced long non-coding RNA. NBR2 interacts with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a critical energy sensor in most eukaryotic cells, and promotes AMPK function to mediate energy stress response. Knockdown of NBR2 attenuates energy stress-induced AMPK activation, resulting in unchecked cell cycling, altered apoptosis/autophagy response, and increased tumour development in vivo. It is now appreciated that NBR2, a former junk gene, plays critical roles in tumor suppression.
References
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel%20Horspool | R. Nigel Horspool is a retired professor of computer science, formerly of the University of Victoria. He invented the Boyer–Moore–Horspool algorithm, a fast string search algorithm adapted from the Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm. Horspool is co-inventor of dynamic Markov compression and was associate editor and then editor-at-large of the journal Software: Practice and Experience from 2007 to 2017. He is the author of C Programming in the Berkeley UNIX Environment.
Nigel Horspool is British by birth, but is now a citizen of Canada.
After a public school education at Monmouth School, he studied at Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he received a BA in natural science, but specializing in theoretical physics, in 1969.
After two years employment as an assembly language programmer on a partially successful air traffic control system project, he went to the University of Toronto for an MSc followed by a PhD in computer science.
This was followed by seven years as an assistant professor and then an associate professor at McGill University.
In 1983, he made a permanent move to the University of Victoria. As of July 2016, he retired from the university but retains the title of professor emeritus.
References
Canadian computer scientists
British computer scientists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious%20hematopoietic%20necrosis%20virus | Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), is a negative-sense single-stranded, bullet-shaped RNA virus that is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family, and from the genus Novirhabdovirus. It causes the disease known as infectious hematopoietic necrosis in salmonid fish such as trout and salmon. The disease may be referred to by a number of other names such as Chinook salmon disease, Coleman disease, Columbia River sockeye disease, Cultus Lake virus disease, Oregon sockeye disease, Sacramento River Chinook disease and sockeye salmon viral disease. IHNV is commonly found in the Pacific Coast of Canada and the United States, and has also been found in Europe and Japan. The first reported epidemics of IHNV occurred in the United States at the Washington and the Oregon fish hatcheries during the 1950s.
IHNV is transmitted following shedding of the virus in the feces, urine, sexual fluids, and external mucus and by direct contact or close contact with the surrounding water. The virus gains entry into fish at the base of the fins.
The disease is listed as a nonexotic disease of the EU and is therefore watched closely by the European Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases. To keep track of the distribution of different IHNV genotypes, a database called Fishpathogens.eu has been created to store data on different fish pathogens (including IHNV) and their sequences.
Classification
IHNV is the causal agent of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) disease of fish and is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans%20in%20Germany | Koreans in Germany numbered 31,248 individuals , according to the statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Though they are now only the 14th-largest Korean diaspora community worldwide, they remain the second-largest in Western Europe, behind the rapidly growing community of Koreans in the United Kingdom. As of 2010, Germany has been hosting the second-largest number of Koreans residing in Western Europe, if one excludes Korean sojourners (students and general sojourners).
The largest community of Koreans is situated in the Frankfurt-Rhine Main Area, with 5,300 residents. This area also contains German and European headquarters of large Korean companies such as Kia Motors, Hyundai, Samsung Electronics, LG International, SK Group, Nexen Tire.
History
South Koreans
Some students, nurses, and industrial trainees from South Korea had already been in West Germany in the late 1950s. However, mass migration did not begin until the 1960s, when West Germany invited nurses and miners from South Korea to come as Gastarbeiter; their recruitment of labourers specifically from South Korea was driven not just by economic necessity, but also by a desire to demonstrate support for a country that, like Germany, had been divided by ideology. The first group of miners arrived on 16 December 1963, under a programme paid for largely by the South Korean government; German enterprises were not responsible for travel costs, but only for wages and language training. They |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFE | The word LFE may refer to:
Low-frequency effects, a channel used in surround sound
Lambda Phi Epsilon, a nationally recognized Asian-interest fraternity based in the United States
Leicester Forest East, a settlement community to the west of Leicester, UK
Lisp Flavoured Erlang, a dialect of Erlang with Lisp-like syntax
Laminar Flow Element, a device used to smooth and help measure mass air flow. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20S.%20Richardson | Jane Shelby Richardson (born January 25, 1941) is an American biophysicist best known for developing the Richardson diagram, or ribbon diagram, a method of representing the 3D structure of proteins. Ribbon diagrams have become a standard representation of protein structures that has facilitated further investigation of protein structure and function globally. With interests in astronomy, math, physics, botany, and philosophy, Richardson took an unconventional route to establishing a science career. Today Richardson is a professor in biochemistry at Duke University.
Biography
Richardson was born on January 25, 1941, and grew up in Teaneck, New Jersey. Her father was an electrical engineer and her mother was an English teacher. Her parents encouraged an interest in science and she was a member of local astronomy clubs as early as elementary school. She attended Teaneck High School and in 1958 won third place in the Westinghouse Science Talent Search, the most prestigious science fair in the United States, with calculations of the satellite Sputnik's orbit from her own observations.
She continued her education intending to study mathematics, astronomy and physics at Swarthmore College. However, Richardson instead graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a bachelor's degree in philosophy and a minor in physics in 1962 before she pursued graduate work in philosophy at Harvard University. Meanwhile, she was able to enroll in plant taxonomy and evolution courses at Harvard that would later c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20M.%20Lesk | Arthur Mallay Lesk, is a protein science researcher, who is a professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at the Pennsylvania State University in University Park.
Education
Lesk received a bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University in 1961. He received his doctoral degree from Princeton University in 1966. He also received a master's degree from the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom in 1999.
Research
Lesk has made significant contributions to the study of protein evolution. He and Cyrus Chothia, working at the Medical Research Council (UK) Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, United Kingdom, discovered the relationship between changes in amino-acid sequence and changes in protein structure by analyzing the mechanism of evolution in protein families. This discovery has provided the quantitative basis for the most successful and widely used method of structure prediction, known as homology modelling.
Lesk and Chothia also studied the conformations of antigen-binding sites of immunoglobulins. They discovered the “canonical-structure model” for the conformation of the complementarity-determining regions of antibodies, and they applied this model to the analysis of antibody-germ-line genes, including the prediction of the structure of the corresponding proteins. This work has supported the “humanization” of antibodies for therapy in the treatment of cancer. “This approach to cancer therapy is based on the observation of H. Waldmann that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon%20diagram | Ribbon diagrams, also known as Richardson diagrams, are 3D schematic representations of protein structure and are one of the most common methods of protein depiction used today. The ribbon depicts the general course and organisation of the protein backbone in 3D and serves as a visual framework for hanging details of the entire atomic structure, such as the balls for the oxygen atoms attached to myoglobin's active site in the adjacent figure. Ribbon diagrams are generated by interpolating a smooth curve through the polypeptide backbone. α-helices are shown as coiled ribbons or thick tubes, β-strands as arrows, and non-repetitive coils or loops as lines or thin tubes. The direction of the polypeptide chain is shown locally by the arrows, and may be indicated overall by a colour ramp along the length of the ribbon.
Ribbon diagrams are simple yet powerful, expressing the visual basics of a molecular structure (twist, fold and unfold). This method has successfully portrayed the overall organization of protein structures, reflecting their three-dimensional nature and allowing better understanding of these complex objects both by expert structural biologists and by other scientists, students, and the general public.
History
The first ribbon diagrams, hand-drawn by Jane S. Richardson in 1980 (influenced by earlier individual illustrations), were the first schematics of 3D protein structure to be produced systematically. They were created to illustrate a classification of protein |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCOLN1 | Mucolipin-1 also known as TRPML1 (transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin subfamily, member 1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MCOLN1 gene. It is a member of the small family of the TRPML channels, a subgroup of the large protein family of TRP ion channels.
TRPML1 is a 65 kDa protein associated with mucolipidosis type IV. Its predicted structure includes six transmembrane domains, a transient receptor potential (TRP) cation-channel domain, and an internal channel pore. TRPML1 is believed to channel iron ions across the endosome/lysosome membrane into the cell and so its malfunction causes cellular iron deficiency. It is important in lysosome function and plays a part in processes such as vesicular trafficking, exocytosis and autophagy.
Ligands
Agonists
ML-SA1
MK6-83
See also
transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin subfamily, member 2 (MCOLN2)
transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin subfamily, member 3 (MCOLN3)
mucolipidosis type IV
TRPML
References
External links
GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Mucolipidosis IV |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate%20transferase | N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase is a transferase enzyme.
Function
It is made up of two alpha (α), two betas (β), and two gammas (γ) subunits. GNPTAB produces the alpha and beta subunits, GNPTG produces the gamma subunit. GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase functions to prepare newly made enzymes for lysosome transportation (lysosomal hydrolases to the lysosome). Lysosomes, a part of an animal cell, helps break down large molecules into smaller ones that can be reused. GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase phosphorylates carbon 6 of one or more mannosyl residues of N linked glycoproteins being processed in Golgi Apparatus . UDP-GLcNAc provides the phosphate in a reaction catalysed by this enzyme. M6P acts as an indicator of whether a hydrolase should be transported to the lysosome or not. Once a hydrolase indicates an M6P, it can be transported to a lysosome. Surprisingly some lysosomal enzymes are only tagged at a rate of 5% or lower.
Clinical significance
It is associated with the following conditions:
mucolipidosis II alpha/beta (I-cell disease) - GNPTAB
mucolipidosis III alpha/beta (pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy) - GNPTAB
mucolipidosis III gamma - GNPTG
stuttering (Kang et al., 2010)
In melanocytic cells, GNPTG gene expression may be regulated by MITF.
References
Kang, C., Riazuddin, S., Mundorff, J., Krasnewich, D., Friedman, P., Mullikin, J.C., and Drayna, D. (2010). Mutations in the Lysosomal Enzyme–Targeting Pathway and Persistent Stuttering. New England Journal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunolabeling | Immunolabeling is a biochemical process that enables the detection and localization of an antigen to a particular site within a cell, tissue, or organ. Antigens are organic molecules, usually proteins, capable of binding to an antibody. These antigens can be visualized using a combination of antigen-specific antibody as well as a means of detection, called a tag, that is covalently linked to the antibody. If the immunolabeling process is meant to reveal information about a cell or its substructures, the process is called immunocytochemistry. Immunolabeling of larger structures is called immunohistochemistry.
There are two complex steps in the manufacture of antibody for immunolabeling. The first is producing the antibody that binds specifically to the antigen of interest and the second is fusing the tag to the antibody. Since it is impractical to fuse a tag to every conceivable antigen-specific antibody, most immunolabeling processes use an indirect method of detection. This indirect method employs a primary antibody that is antigen-specific and a secondary antibody fused to a tag that specifically binds the primary antibody. This indirect approach permits mass production of secondary antibody that can be bought off the shelf. Pursuant to this indirect method, the primary antibody is added to the test system. The primary antibody seeks out and binds to the target antigen. The tagged secondary antibody, designed to attach exclusively to the primary antibody, is su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPC1 | Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is a membrane protein that mediates intracellular cholesterol trafficking in mammals. In humans the protein is encoded by the NPC1 gene (chromosome location 18q11).
Function
NPC1 was identified as the gene that when mutated, results in Niemann-Pick disease, type C. Niemann-Pick disease, type C is a rare neurovisceral lipid storage disorder resulting from autosomal recessively inherited loss-of-function mutations in either NPC1 or NPC2. This disrupts intracellular lipid transport, leading to the accumulation of lipid products in the late endosomes and lysosomes. Approximately 95% of NPC patients are found to have mutations in the NPC1 gene.
NPC1 encodes a putative integral membrane protein containing sequence motifs consistent with a role in intracellular transport of cholesterol and sphingosine to post-lysosomal destinations.
Clinical significance
Obesity
Mutations in the NPC1 gene have been strongly linked with obesity. A genome-wide association study identified NPC1 mutations as a risk factor in childhood obesity and adult morbid obesity, and 1,416 age-matched normal weight controls. Mutations in NPC1 were also correlated with ordinary weight gain in the population. Previous studies in mice have suggested that the NPC1 gene has a role in controlling appetite, as mice with a non-functioning NPC1 gene suffer late-onset weight loss and have poor food intake. NPC1 gene variant could account for around 10 per cent of all childhood o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-vector | In algebraic combinatorics, the h-vector of a simplicial polytope is a fundamental invariant of the polytope which encodes the number of faces of different dimensions and allows one to express the Dehn–Sommerville equations in a particularly simple form. A characterization of the set of h-vectors of simplicial polytopes was conjectured by Peter McMullen and proved by Lou Billera and Carl W. Lee and Richard Stanley (g-theorem). The definition of h-vector applies to arbitrary abstract simplicial complexes. The g-conjecture stated that for simplicial spheres, all possible h-vectors occur already among the h-vectors of the boundaries of convex simplicial polytopes. It was proven in December 2018 by Karim Adiprasito.
Stanley introduced a generalization of the h-vector, the toric h-vector, which is defined for an arbitrary ranked poset, and proved that for the class of Eulerian posets, the Dehn–Sommerville equations continue to hold. A different, more combinatorial, generalization of the h-vector that has been extensively studied is the flag h-vector of a ranked poset. For Eulerian posets, it can be more concisely expressed by means of a noncommutative polynomial in two variables called the cd-index.
Definition
Let Δ be an abstract simplicial complex of dimension d − 1 with fi i-dimensional faces and f−1 = 1. These numbers are arranged into the f-vector of Δ,
An important special case occurs when Δ is the boundary of a d-dimensional convex polytope.
For k = 0, 1, …, d, le |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epididymal%20secretory%20protein%20E1 | The epididymal secretory protein E1, also known as NPC2( Niemann-Pick intracellular cholesterol transporter 2), is one of two main lysosomal transport proteins that assist in the regulation of cellular cholesterol by exportation of LDL-derived cholesterol from lysosomes. Lysosomes have digestive enzymes that allow it to break down LDL particles to LDL-derived cholesterol once the LDL particle is engulfed into the cell via receptor mediated endocytosis.
NPC2(or, alternatively, epididymal secretory protein E1) works cooperatively with the NPC1 protein to facilitate the exportation of LDL-derived cholesterol out of the lysosome to regulate the concentrations of lipids and cholesterol in the body. Epididymal secretory protein E1 is a protein associated with Niemann-Pick disease, type C, which is one of the 3 types of the Niemann-Pick diseases(Type A,B, and C). This disease can lead to an over accumulation of cholesterol and lipids in different types of tissues, including the brain. It is caused by a mutation in the NPC2 gene that impairs the bodies ability to transport lipids or cholesterol intracellularly.
Structure
The epididymal secretory protein E1 is a small soluble glycoprotein consisting of 132 amino acids that is found in a large variety of cells.
Function
Lysosomal secretion of cholesterol is one part of the regulation of cholesterol in the body. LDL particles are low density lipoproteins that carry cholesterol to cells. LDL particles are engulfed into cells by re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramidase | Ceramidase (, acylsphingosine deacylase, glycosphingolipid ceramide deacylase) is an enzyme which cleaves fatty acids from ceramide, producing sphingosine (SPH) which in turn is phosphorylated by a sphingosine kinase to form sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P).
Function
Ceramide, SPH, and S1P are bioactive lipids that mediate cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, adhesion, and migration. Presently, 7 human ceramidases encoded by 7 distinct genes have been cloned:
acid ceramidase (ASAH1) – cell survival
neutral ceramidase (ASAH2, ASAH2B, ASAH2C) – protective against inflammatory cytokines
alkaline ceramidase 1 (ACER1) – mediating cell differentiation by controlling the generation of SPH and S1P
alkaline ceramidase 2 (ACER2) – important for cell proliferation and survival
alkaline ceramidase 3 (ACER3)
Clinical significance
A deficiency in ASAH1 is associated with Farber disease.
Human neutral ceramidase (nCDase) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in colon cancer and there are currently no potent or clinically effective inhibitors for nCDase reported to date. Inhibitors of nCDase were identified via a high-throughput screening effort of large chemical libraries at Scripps Research. Multiple rounds of chemical optimization ensued with improved potency in terms of IC50 and selectivity over counterscreen assays. The crystal structure of nCDase has been solved and these leads are now being pursued in crystal docking studies and in vitro drug metabolism and ph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic%20multifocal%20Langerhans%20cell%20histiocytosis | Chronic multifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis, previously known as Hand–Schüller–Christian disease, is a type of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), which can affect multiple organs. The condition is traditionally associated with a combination of three features; bulging eyes, breakdown of bone (lytic bone lesions often in the skull), and diabetes insipidus (excessive thirst and passing urine), although around 75% of cases do not have all three features. Other features may include a fever and weight loss, and depending on the organs involved there may be rashes, asymmetry of the face, ear infections, signs in the mouth and the appearance of advanced gum disease. Features relating to lung and liver disease may occur.
It is due to a genetic mutation in the MAPKinase pathway that occurs during early development. The diagnosis may be suspected based on symptoms and MRI and confirmed by tissue biopsy. Blood tests may show anaemia, and less commonly a low white blood cell count and low platelet count.
Treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and certain medicines.
Hand–Schüller–Christian disease was named for the American pediatrician Alfred Hand Jr., the Austrian neuroradiologist Arthur Schüller, and the American internist Henry Asbury Christian, who described it in 1893, 1915 and 1919, respectively. Before the Histiocyte Society classified histiocytoses in the 1980s, the condition was also known as "Histiocytosis X", where "X" denoted the then unknown |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansen%20%28surname%29 | Jansen is a Dutch/Flemish and Low German patronymic surname meaning son of Jan, a common derivative of Johannes. It is equivalent to the English surname Johnson. The near homonyms "Jensen" and "Jansson" are its Danish, Norwegian and Swedish counterparts.
Jansen is a very common surname in the Dutch-language area. Jansen is one of the most common names in the Netherlands and the most common when combined with variant spelling Janssen. In Belgium, the variant Janssens is the second most common name.
People named Jansen
Ada Jansen (born 1942), Dutch politician
Adam Jansen, American archivist
Alandson Jansen da Silva (born 1988), Belgian-Brazilian footballer
Alexandre Jansen Da Silva (born 1987), Belgian-Brazilian footballer
Alf-Inge Jansen (born 1939), Norwegian political scientist and politician
Amund Grøndahl Jansen (born 1994), Norwegian cyclist
Anco Jansen (born 1989), Dutch football forward
Angela Jansen (born 1929), American artist
Annemiek Padt-Jansen (1921–2007), Dutch harpist and Labour Party politician
Arne Jansen (born 1975), German jazz guitarist
Astrid Jansen (born 1950s), Dutch figure skater
Barend Coenraad Petrus Jansen (1884–1962), Dutch chemist and biochemist
Bernt Jansen (table tennis) (born 1949), German table tennis player
Birger Jansen (1948–2016), Norwegian ice hockey player and sailor
Cas Jansen (born 1977), Dutch actor
Catherine Jansen (born 1950), American photographer
Chris Jansen (born 1966), Dutch politician
Cisita Joity Jansen (born 1990), Indone |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylglutaconyl-CoA%20hydratase | 3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase, also known as MG-CoA hydratase and AUH, is an enzyme () encoded by the AUH gene on chromosome 19. It is a member of the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase superfamily, but it is the only member of that family that is able to bind to RNA. Not only does it bind to RNA, AUH has also been observed to be involved in the metabolic enzymatic activity, making it a dual-role protein. Mutations of this gene have been found to cause a disease called 3-Methylglutaconic Acuduria Type 1.
Structure
The enzyme AUH has a molecular mass of 32 kDa and the AUH gene consists of 18 exons, is 1.7 kb long, and is mainly found in kidney, skeletal muscle, heart, liver, and spleen cells. AUH has a similar fold that is found in other members of the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family; however, it is a hexamer as a dimer of trimers. Also unlike other members of its family, AUH's surface is positively charged in contrast to the negative charge seen on that of other classes. Between the two trimers of the enzyme, wide clefts were seen with a highly positive charge and lysine residues in alpha helix H1. These lysine residues were shown to be the main reason why AUH is able to bind to RNA rather than its counterparts. Moreover, it has been found that the oligomeric state of AUH depends on whether or not RNA is present. If RNA is near, the AUH will take on an asymmetric shape that loses the 3- and 2-fold crystallographic rotation axes, because of realignment of the internal 3-f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Mangum | Crystal Gail Mangum (born July 18, 1978) is an American former exotic dancer and convicted murderer from Durham, North Carolina who is best known for having made false allegations of rape against lacrosse players in the 2006 Duke lacrosse case. The fact that Mangum was a black woman working in the sex industry, while the accused were all white men, created extensive media interest and academic debate about race, class, gender and the politicization of the justice system.
In February 2010, she was arrested on charges of attempted murder of her live-in partner, Milton Walker. She was eventually convicted of contributing to the delinquency of a juvenile, injury to personal property and resisting a public officer.
In November 2013, she was found guilty of second-degree murder after she stabbed boyfriend Reginald Daye, who died 10 days after. She argued that she acted in self-defense, fearing that Daye would kill her. She was sentenced to 14 to 18 years in prison.
Early life
Mangum was born and grew up in Durham, North Carolina, the daughter of Travis Mangum, a truck driver, and his wife Mary. She was the youngest of three children. She attended Hillside High School, graduating in 1996.
In 1996, Mangum filed a police report alleging that three years earlier, when she was 14, she had been kidnapped by three assailants, driven to Creedmoor, North Carolina, and raped. One of those she accused was her boyfriend, who was 21 at the time, which would constitute statutory rape. She s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILWIS | Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) is a geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing software for both vector and raster processing. Its features include digitizing, editing, analysis and display of data, and production of quality maps. ILWIS was initially developed and distributed by ITC Enschede (International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation) in the Netherlands for use by its researchers and students. Since 1 July 2007, it has been released as free software under the terms of the GPL-2.0-only license.
Having been used by many students, teachers and researchers for more than two decades, ILWIS is one of the most user-friendly integrated vector and raster software programmes currently available. ILWIS has some very powerful raster analysis modules, a high-precision and flexible vector and point digitizing module, a variety of very practical tools, as well as a great variety of user guides and training modules all available for downloading. The current version is ILWIS 3.8.6.
Similar to the GRASS GIS in many respects, ILWIS is currently available natively only on Microsoft Windows. However, a Linux Wine manual has been released.
History
In late 1984, ITC was awarded a grant from the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which led to developing a geographic information system (GIS) which could be used as a tool for land use planning and watershed management studies. By the end of 1988, a DOS version 1.0 of the Integrated La |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20Rover%20Challenge | The University Rover Challenge (URC) by the Mars Society is a robotics competition for university level students that challenges teams to design and build a rover that would be of use to early explorers on Mars. The competition is held annually at the Mars Desert Research Station, outside Hanksville, Utah in the United States. The site was selected by the Mars Society for its geographic similarity to Mars: In addition to being a largely barren desert area, the soil in the area has a chemical composition similar to Martian soil. The competition has also expanded internationally to include the European Rover Challenge, Canadian International Rover Challenge, and the Indian Rover Challenge as part of the Rover Challenge Series.
The aim of the University Rover Challenge is to encourage students to develop skills in robotics, improve the state-of-the-art in rovers, and work in multi-disciplinary teams with collaboration between scientists and engineers. The competition was launched in 2006 with competitions held annually every summer since 2007.
History
Inception
The URC was first established in 2006 with the goal of promoting STEM education and inspiring the next generation of space explorers. Since its inception, the competition has grown in scale and significance, attracting teams from universities and institutions worldwide.
The idea behind the URC's creation is that the kinds of rovers teams are building would assist astronauts in the field, controlled remotely by anoth |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonds%27%20algorithm | In graph theory, Edmonds' algorithm or Chu–Liu/Edmonds' algorithm is an algorithm for finding a spanning arborescence of minimum weight (sometimes called an optimum branching).
It is the directed analog of the minimum spanning tree problem.
The algorithm was proposed independently first by Yoeng-Jin Chu and Tseng-Hong Liu (1965) and then by Jack Edmonds (1967).
Algorithm
Description
The algorithm takes as input a directed graph where is the set of nodes and is the set of directed edges, a distinguished vertex called the root, and a real-valued weight for each edge .
It returns a spanning arborescence rooted at of minimum weight, where the weight of an arborescence is defined to be the sum of its edge weights, .
The algorithm has a recursive description.
Let denote the function which returns a spanning arborescence rooted at of minimum weight.
We first remove any edge from whose destination is .
We may also replace any set of parallel edges (edges between the same pair of vertices in the same direction) by a single edge with weight equal to the minimum of the weights of these parallel edges.
Now, for each node other than the root, find the edge incoming to of lowest weight (with ties broken arbitrarily).
Denote the source of this edge by .
If the set of edges does not contain any cycles, then .
Otherwise, contains at least one cycle.
Arbitrarily choose one of these cycles and call it .
We now define a new weighted directed graph in which the cycle is "cont |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27-Formylkynurenine | {{DISPLAYTITLE:N-Formylkynurenine}}-Formylkynurenine''' is an intermediate in the catabolism of tryptophan. It is a formylated derivative of kynurenine. The formation of ''-formylkynurenine is catalyzed by heme dioxygenases.
See also
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
References
Alpha-Amino acids
Formamides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polariton%20superfluid | Polariton superfluid is predicted to be a state of the exciton-polaritons system that combines the characteristics of lasers with those of excellent electrical conductors. Researchers look for this state in a solid state optical microcavity coupled with quantum well excitons. The idea is to create an ensemble of particles known as exciton-polaritons and trap them.
Wave behavior in this state results in a light beam similar to that from a laser but possibly more energy efficient.
Unlike traditional superfluids that need temperatures of approximately ~4 K, the polariton superfluid could in principle be stable at much higher temperatures, and might soon be demonstrable at room temperature. Evidence for polariton superfluidity was reported in by Alberto Amo and coworkers, based on the suppressed scattering of the polaritons during their motion.
Although several other researchers are working in the same field, the terminology and conclusions are not completely shared by the different groups. In particular, important properties of superfluids, such as zero viscosity, and of lasers, such as perfect optical coherence, are a matter of debate. Although, there is clear indication of quantized vortices when the pump beam has orbital angular momentum.
Furthermore, clear evidence has been demonstrated also for superfluid motion of polaritons, in terms of the Landau criterion and the suppression of scattering from defects when the flow velocity is slower than the speed of sound in the flu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamudi%20Brick | Mohamad "Hamoudi" Brik (, ; born March 19, 1978) is a former Arab-Israeli footballer.
External links
Profile and statistics of Hamudi Brick on One.co.il
1978 births
Living people
Arab citizens of Israel
Arab-Israeli footballers
Israeli Muslims
Israeli men's footballers
Maccabi Kafr Kanna F.C. players
Maccabi Netanya F.C. players
Bnei Sakhnin F.C. players
Hapoel Acre F.C. players
Ahva Arraba F.C. players
Liga Leumit players
Israeli Premier League players
Men's association football defenders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burstsort | Burstsort and its variants are cache-efficient algorithms for sorting strings. They are variants of the traditional radix sort but faster for large data sets of common strings, first published in 2003, with some optimizing versions published in later years.
Burstsort algorithms use a trie to store prefixes of strings, with growable arrays of pointers as end nodes containing sorted, unique, suffixes (referred to as buckets). Some variants copy the string tails into the buckets. As the buckets grow beyond a predetermined threshold, the buckets are "burst" into tries, giving the sort its name. A more recent variant uses a bucket index with smaller sub-buckets to reduce memory usage. Most implementations delegate to multikey quicksort, an extension of three-way radix quicksort, to sort the contents of the buckets. By dividing the input into buckets with common prefixes, the sorting can be done in a cache-efficient manner.
Burstsort was introduced as a sort that is similar to MSD radix sort, but is faster due to being aware of caching and related radixes being stored closer to each other due to specifics of trie structure. It exploits specifics of strings that are usually encountered in real world. And although asymptotically it is the same as radix sort, with time complexity of (w – word length and n – number of strings to be sorted), but due to better memory distribution it tends to be twice as fast on big data sets of strings. It has been billed as the "fastest known algor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20lists | Cell lists (also sometimes referred to as cell linked-lists) is a data structure in molecular dynamics simulations to find all atom pairs within a given cut-off distance of each other. These pairs are needed to compute the short-range non-bonded interactions in a system, such as Van der Waals forces or the short-range part of the electrostatic interaction when using Ewald summation.
Algorithm
Cell lists work by subdividing the simulation domain into cells with an edge length greater than or equal to the cut-off radius of the interaction to be computed. The particles are sorted into these cells and the interactions are computed between particles in the same or neighbouring cells.
In its most basic form, the non-bonded interactions for a cut-off distance are computed as follows:
for all neighbouring cell pairs do
for all do
for all do
if then
Compute the interaction between and .
end if
end for
end for
end for
Since the cell length is at least in all dimensions, no particles within of each other can be missed.
Given a simulation with particles with a homogeneous particle density, the number of cells is proportional to and inversely proportional to the cut-off radius (i.e. if increases, so does the number of cells). The average number of particles per cell therefore does not depend on the total number of particles. The cost of interacting two cells is in . The number of cell pairs is proportional to the number of cells which is again proportional to the numbe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic%20automaton | In mathematics and computer science, the probabilistic automaton (PA) is a generalization of the nondeterministic finite automaton; it includes the probability of a given transition into the transition function, turning it into a transition matrix. Thus, the probabilistic automaton also generalizes the concepts of a Markov chain and of a subshift of finite type. The languages recognized by probabilistic automata are called stochastic languages; these include the regular languages as a subset. The number of stochastic languages is uncountable.
The concept was introduced by Michael O. Rabin in 1963; a certain special case is sometimes known as the Rabin automaton (not to be confused with the subclass of ω-automata also referred to as Rabin automata). In recent years, a variant has been formulated in terms of quantum probabilities, the quantum finite automaton.
Informal Description
For a given initial state and input character, a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) has exactly one next state, and a nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) has a set of next states. A probabilistic automaton (PA) instead has a weighted set (or vector) of next states, where the weights must sum to 1 and therefore can be interpreted as probabilities (making it a stochastic vector). The notions states and acceptance must also be modified to reflect the introduction of these weights. The state of the machine as a given step must now also be represented by a stochastic vector of states, and a state a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrin | Citrin, also known as solute carrier family 25, member 13 (citrin) or SLC25A13, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SLC25A13 gene.
Citrin is associated with type II citrullinemia and neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency (NICCD).
Function
Citrin (74 kDa) is a dimeric calcium-activated glutamate/aspartate carrier found in the mitochondrial membrane of mammals. Citrin is one of two isoforms of these mitochondrial calcium-activated glutamate/aspartate carriers found in humans and is predominately expressed in non-excitable tissues.
Upon binding calcium, citrin catalyzes the transport of glutamate and a proton into the mitochondrial matrix in exchange for aspartate transport to the cytosol. Upon being transported by citrin from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol, aspartate is converted into oxaloacetate, and then into malate, which is then transported back into the matrix by means of the malate-aspartate shuttle. Upon entering the mitochondrial matrix, malate is converted back into oxaloacetate to participate in the citric acid cycle. Citrin is also important because it supplies liver cells with aspartate that is used during the urea cycle and gluconeogenesis.
Structure
The citrin monomer peptide has a three-domain structure, consisting of an N-terminal domain, a carrier domain, and a C-terminal domain. The N-terminal domain contains eight EF-hand motifs and is responsible for the binding of a single calcium ion. The N-terminal domain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial%20progenitor%20cell | Endothelial progenitor cell (or EPC) is a term that has been applied to multiple different cell types that play roles in the regeneration of the endothelial lining of blood vessels. Outgrowth endothelial cells are an EPC subtype committed to endothelial cell formation. Despite the history and controversy, the EPC in all its forms remains a promising target of regenerative medicine research.
History and controversy
Developmentally, the endothelium arises in close contact with the hematopoietic system. This, and the existence of hemogenic endothelium, led to a belief and search for adult hemangioblast- or angioblast-like cells; cells which could give rise to functional vasculature in adults. The existence of endothelial progenitor cells has been posited since the mid-twentieth century, however their existence was not confirmed until the 1990s when Asahara et al. published the discovery of the first putative EPC.
Recently, controversy has developed over the definition of true endothelial progenitors. Although bone marrow-derived cells do appear to localize to injured vessels and promote an angiogenic switch, other studies have suggested these cells do not contribute directly to the functional endothelium, instead acting via paracrine methods to provide support for the resident endothelial cells. While some other authors have contested these, and maintained that they are true EPCs, many investigators have begun to term these cells colony forming unit-Hill cells (CFU-Hill) or ci |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Tolman%20metric | In physics, the Lemaître–Tolman metric, also known as the Lemaître–Tolman–Bondi metric or the Tolman metric, is a Lorentzian metric based on an exact solution of Einstein's field equations; it describes an isotropic and expanding (or contracting) universe which is not homogeneous, and is thus used in cosmology as an alternative to the standard Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric to model the expansion of the universe. It has also been used to model a universe which has a fractal distribution of matter to explain the accelerating expansion of the universe. It was first found by Georges Lemaître in 1933 and Richard Tolman in 1934 and later investigated by Hermann Bondi in 1947.
Details
In a synchronous reference system where and , the time coordinate (we set ) is also the proper time and clocks at all points can be synchronized. For a dust-like medium where the pressure is zero, dust particles move freely i.e., along the geodesics and thus the synchronous frame is also a comoving frame wherein the components of four velocity are . The solution of the field equations yield
where is the radius or luminosity distance in the sense that the surface area of a sphere with radius is and is just interpreted as the Lagrangian coordinate and
subjected to the conditions and , where and are arbitrary functions and is the matter density. We can also assume and that excludes cases resulting in crossing of material particles during its motion. To each particle there |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptor%20hypothesis | The adaptor hypothesis is a theoretical scheme in molecular biology to explain how information encoded in the nucleic acid sequences of messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the amino acids that make up proteins during the process of translation. It was formulated by Francis Crick in 1955 in an informal publication of the RNA Tie Club, and later elaborated in 1957 along with the central dogma of molecular biology and the sequence hypothesis. It was formally published as an article "On protein synthesis" in 1958. The name "adaptor hypothesis" was given by Sydney Brenner.
Crick postulated that there must exist a small molecule to precisely recognise and bind the mRNA sequences while amino acids are being synthesised. The hypothetical adaptor molecule was later established to be a hitherto unknown nucleic acid, transfer RNA (tRNA).
Development
In 1953, English biophysicist Francis Crick and American biologist James Watson, working together at the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge, worked out the correct description of the structure of DNA, one of the major genetic materials. In their follow-up paper the same year, they introduced the concept of genetic information alongside the notion that DNA and protein cloud be related. By 1954, it was becoming to be understood that DNA, RNA (only messenger RNA was understood at the time, but only as a vague nucleic acid, and identified as such only in 1960) and proteins were related as components of the same genetic in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rjan%20Ouchterlony | Örjan Thomas Ouchterlony (January 14, 1914, Stockholm – September 25, 2004) was a Swedish bacteriologist and immunologist who is credited with the creation of the Ouchterlony double immuno diffusion test in the 1940s. He was trained at Karolinska Institute, where his received his medical doctorate. He worked at Sweden's State Bacteriology Laboratory from 1935 to 1952. Ouchterlony was a professor of bacteriology at the Medical Faculty of Gothenburg University from 1952 to 1980 and was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1968. In addition to his laboratory work, he did research in field epidemiology of infectious diseases and worked and lectured in Africa and the United States, as well as in several countries in Europe. Upon his retirement in 1980, the successor to his professorial chair was Jan Holmgren.
Important works
References
Swedish bacteriologists
Swedish immunologists
Academic staff of the University of Gothenburg
Karolinska Institute alumni
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1914 births
2004 deaths |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunodiffusion | Immunodiffusion is a diagnostic test which involves diffusion through a substance such as agar which is generally soft gel agar (2%) or agarose (2%), used for the detection of antibodies or antigen.
The commonly known types are:
Single diffusion in one dimension (Oudin procedure)
Double diffusion in one dimension (Oakley Fulthorpe procedure)
Single diffusion in two dimensions (radial immunodiffusion or Mancini method)
Double diffusion in two dimensions (Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion)
Notes
External links
Biological techniques and tools
Diagnostic virology
Immunologic tests |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahalomethane | Tetrahalomethanes are fully halogenated methane derivatives of general formula CFkCllBrmInAtp, where:Tetrahalomethanes are on the border of inorganic and organic chemistry, thus they can be assigned both inorganic and organic names by IUPAC: tetrafluoromethane - carbon tetrafluoride, tetraiodomethane - carbon tetraiodide, dichlorodifluoromethane - carbon dichloride difluoride.
Each halogen (F, Cl, Br, I, At) forms a corresponding halomethane, but their stability decreases in order CF4 >
CCl4 > CBr4 > CI4 from exceptionally stable gaseous tetrafluoromethane with bond energy 515 kJ·mol−1 to solid tetraiodomethane, depending on bond energy.
Many mixed halomethanes are also known, such as CBrClF2.
Uses
Fluorine, chlorine, and sometimes bromine-substituted halomethanes were used as refrigerants, commonly known as CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons).
See also
Monohalomethane
Dihalomethane
Trihalomethane
Inorganic carbon compounds
Nonmetal halides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland%20national%20football%20team%20records%20and%20statistics | This page details Scotland national football team records and statistics; the most capped players, the players with the most goals, and Scotland's match record by opponent and decade.
Player records
Most capped players
Players in bold are still active with Scotland.
Top goalscorers
Players in bold are still active with Scotland.
Hat-tricks
Table
Wartime internationals, not regarded as official matches, are not included in the list.
Team records
Head to head records
Statistics include official FIFA recognised matches, five matches from a 1967 overseas tour that were reclassified as full internationals in 2021, and a match against a Hong Kong League XI played on 23 May 2002 that the Scottish Football Association includes in its statistical totals.
By period
Statistics include official FIFA recognised matches, five matches from a 1967 overseas tour that were reclassified as full internationals in 2021, and a match against a Hong Kong League XI played on 23 May 2002 that the Scottish Football Association includes in its statistical totals.
Notes
References
National association football team records and statistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie%20Brown%20%28baseball%29 | Jackie Gene Brown (May 31, 1943 – January 8, 2017) was an American professional baseball pitcher and coach, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Washington Senators / Texas Rangers, Cleveland Indians, and Montreal Expos from 1970 –1977. Brown threw and batted right-handed. His older brother, Paul Brown, also pitched in the big leagues.
In 7 seasons he had a 47–53 win–loss record, 214 games (105 started), 26 complete games, 8 shutouts, 39 games finished, 3 saves, 892 innings pitched, 934 hits allowed, 460 runs allowed, 415 earned runs allowed, 82 home runs allowed, 353 walks, 516 strikeouts, 20 hit batsmen, 28 wild pitches, 3,865 batters faced, 24 intentional walks, 1 balk, a 4.18 earned run average (ERA), and a 1.442 WHIP.
Brown was dealt from the Indians to the Expos for Andre Thornton on December 10, 1976. In his final season, he was the winning pitcher on Opening Day, defeating Steve Carlton, in Philadelphia and also pitched in the first Expos game ever played at Olympic Stadium.
After his playing career, Brown was a pitching coach for the Texas Rangers (1979–82), Chicago White Sox (1992–95), and Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2002); he also was a minor league pitching coordinator and pitching coach in a number of organizations.
References
External links
Jackie Brown at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)
1943 births
2017 deaths
Águilas del Zulia players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Bakersfield Bears players
Baseball co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial | Industrial may refer to:
Industry
Industrial archaeology, the study of the history of the industry
Industrial engineering, engineering dealing with the optimization of complex industrial processes or systems
Industrial city, a city dominated by one or more industries
Industrial loan company, a financial institution in the United States that lends money, and may be owned by non-financial institutions
Industrial organization, a field that builds on the theory of the firm by examining the structure and boundaries between firms and markets
Industrial Revolution, the development of industry in the 18th and 19th centuries
Industrial society, a society that has undergone industrialization
Industrial technology, a broad field that includes designing, building, optimizing, managing and operating industrial equipment, and predesignated as acceptable for industrial uses, like factories
Industrial video, a video that targets “industry” as its primary audience
Industrialization, the societal process and period of developing such technology and transforming into such societies
Arts and entertainment
Music
Industrial (album), debut album by Pitchshifter
Industrial music, the genre of music that draws on transgressive and provocative themes
Industrial dance, a subgenre characterized by electronic beats, symphonic keyboard lines, pile-driver rhythms, angst-ridden or sampled vocals, and cyberpunk imagery
Industrial metal, a fusion genre characterized by repeating metal guitar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%20attack | Wolf attacks are injuries to humans or their property by any subspecies of wolf. Their frequency varies with geographical location and historical period, but overall gray wolf attacks are rare. Wolves today tend to live mostly far from people or have developed the tendency and ability to avoid them. The country with the most extensive historical records is France, where nearly 7,600 fatal attacks were documented from 1200 to 1920. There are few historical records or modern cases of wolf attacks in North America. In the half-century up to 2002, there were eight fatal attacks in Europe and Russia, three in North America, and more than 200 in south Asia. Experts categorize wolf attacks into various types, including rabies-infected, predatory, agonistic, and defensive.
The gray wolf is the largest wild member of the canid family, with males averaging , and females . It is the most specialized member of its genus in the direction of carnivory and hunting large game.
Wolf–human interactions
Although they primarily target ungulates, wolves are at times versatile in their diet; for example, those in the Mediterranean region largely subsist on garbage and domestic animals. They have powerful jaws and teeth and powerful bodies capable of great endurance, and often run in large packs. Nevertheless, they tend to fear and avoid human beings, especially in North America.
Wolves vary in temperament and their reaction to humans. Those with little prior experience with humans, and those p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerite | A traditional glycerite is a fluid extract of an herb or other medicinal substance made using glycerin as the majority of the fluid extraction medium.
Definition
According to King's American Dispensatory (1898), glycerite is:Glycerita.—Glycerites.
By this class of preparations is generally understood solutions of medicinal substances in glycerin, although in certain instances the various Pharmacopoeias deviate to an extent. The term Glycerita as here applied to fluid glycerines, or solutions of agents in glycerin, is preferable to the ordinary names, "glyceroles," "glycerates," or "glycemates," etc., and includes all fluid preparations of the kind referred to, whether for internal administration or local application.
Glycerites may consist of either vegetable source glycerin, animal source glycerin or a combination of the two. In the case of liquid herbal products (a segment of the dietary supplements industry), the general rule is to utilize vegetable glycerin only, while nutraceuticals (another segment of the dietary supplements industry) might use a combination of both vegetable and animal source derived glycerin.
Alcohol-free (as opposed to alcohol-removed) glycerite products, in which alcohol is never used or added at any time, are preferred by those desiring or requiring that no alcohol be used in making products or added thereafter. The reasons are typically for personal or religious beliefs.
Muslims for instance, represent the largest population requiring an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santenay | Santenay may refer to:
Places
Santenay, Côte-d'Or, France
Santenay, Loir-et-Cher, France
Other uses
Santenay AOC, a wine classification
Ensemble Santenay, a German early music ensemble |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotidyltransferase | Nucleotidyltransferases are transferase enzymes of phosphorus-containing groups, e.g., substituents of nucleotidylic acids or simply nucleoside monophosphates. The general reaction of transferring a nucleoside monophosphate moiety from A to B, can be written as:
A-P-N + B A + B-P-N
For example, in the case of polymerases, A is pyrophosphate and B is the nascent polynucleotide.
They are classified under EC number 2.7.7 and they can be categorised into:
Uridylyltransferases, which transfer uridylyl- groups
Adenylyltransferases, which transfer adenylyl- groups
Guanylyltransferases, which transfer guanylyl- groups
Cytitidylyltransferases, which transfer cytidylyl- groups
Thymidylyltransferases, which transfer thymidylyl- groups
Role in metabolism
Many metabolic enzymes are modified by nucleotidyltransferases. The attachment of an AMP (adenylylation) or UMP (uridylylation) can activate or inactivate an enzyme or change its specificity (see figure). These modifications can lead to intricate regulatory networks that can finely tune enzymatic activities so that only the needed compounds are made (here: glutamine).
Role in DNA repair mechanisms
Nucleotidyl transferase is a component of the repair pathway for single nucleotide base excision repair. This repair mechanism begins when a single nucleotide is recognized by DNA glycosylase as incorrectly matched or has been mutated in some way (UV light, chemical mutagen, etc.), and is removed. Later, a nucleotidyl transferase is used |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphosphotransferase | Diphosphotransferase are phosphotransferase enzymes which act upon pyrophosphate groups.
They are classified under EC number 2.7.6.
External links
Enzymes
EC 2.7.6 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine%20transporter%201 | Thiamine transporter 1, also known as thiamine carrier 1 (TC1) or solute carrier family 19 member 2 (SLC19A2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC19A2 gene. SLC19A2 is a thiamine transporter. Mutations in this gene cause thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome (TRMA), which is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by diabetes mellitus, megaloblastic anemia and sensorineural deafness.
Structure
The SLC19A2 gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 1 in position 24.2 and spans 22,062 base pairs. The gene produces a 55.4 kDa protein composed of 497 amino acids. In the encoded protein (TC1), a multi-pass membrane protein located in the cell membrane, the N-terminus and C-terminus face the cytosol. This gene has 6 exons while the protein has 12 putative transmembrane domains, with 3 phosphorylation sites in putative intracellular domains, 2 N-glycolysation sites in putative extracellular domains, and a 17-amino acid long G protein-coupled receptor signature sequence. The thiamine transporter protein encoded by SLC19A2 has a 40% shared amino acid identity with the folate transporter SLC19A1. The N-terminal domain and the sequence between the C-terminal domain and sixth transmembrane domain are required for proper localization of this protein to the cell membrane.
Function
The encoded protein is a high-affinity transporter specific to the intake of thiamine. Thiamine transport is not inhibited by other organic cations nor affected by sodium ion co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine%20transporter%202 | Thiamine transporter 2 (ThTr-2), also known as solute carrier family 19 member 3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC19A3 gene. SLC19A3 is a thiamine transporter.
Function
ThTr-2 is a ubiquitously expressed transmembrane thiamine transporter that lacks folate transport activity.
It is specifically inhibited by chloroquine.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene cause biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease (BBGD); a recessive disorder manifested in childhood that progresses to chronic encephalopathy, dystonia, quadriparesis, and death if untreated. Patients with BBGD have bilateral necrosis in the head of the caudate nucleus and in the putamen. Administration of high doses of biotin in the early progression of the disorder eliminates pathological symptoms while delayed treatment results in residual paraparesis, mild mental retardation, or dystonia. Administration of thiamine is ineffective in the treatment of this disorder. Experiments have failed to show that this protein can transport biotin. Mutations in this gene also cause a Wernicke's-like encephalopathy.
References
Further reading
External links
Solute carrier family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Hull%20City%20A.F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics |
Most league goals
Most goals in a season
Most league appearances
Players
Youngest Player
Matt Edeson, 16 years & 63 days – Hull City vs Fulham – 10 October 1992
Oldest Player
Steve Harper, 40 years & 71 days – Hull City vs Manchester United – 24 May 2015
Oldest goal scorer
Dean Windass, 39 years & 235 days – Hull City v Portsmouth
Results
Biggest Victory
11–1 vs Carlisle United, Division 3, 14 January 1939
In Premier League (home):
6–0 vs Fulham, Premier League, 28 December 2013
In Premier League (away):
4–0 vs Cardiff City, Premier League, 22 February 2014
Biggest Defeat
0–8 vs Wolverhampton Wanderers, Division 2, 4 November 1911
0–8 vs Wigan Athletic, EFL Championship, 14 July 2020
Transfer fees
Paid
£13,000,000 – Ryan Mason from Tottenham Hotspur – 2016
£10,000,000 – Abel Hernández from Palermo – 2014
£8,000,000 (reportedly) – Jake Livermore from Tottenham Hotspur – 2014
£7,000,000 – Robert Snodgrass from Norwich City – 2014
£6,000,000 (reportedly) (rising to £7,000,000) – Shane Long from West Bromwich Albion – 2014 & Nikica Jelavić from Everton – 2014
£5,250,000 (reportedly) – Tom Huddlestone from Tottenham – 2013
£5,000,000 – Jimmy Bullard from Fulham – 2009
£3,500,000 – Stephen Hunt from Reading – 2009 (undisclosed fee reportedly in the region of £3.5 million)
£3,000,000 – Seyi Olofinjana from Stoke City – 2009
£2,600,000 – Nick Proschwitz from Paderborn 07 – 2012 (€3.3 million)
£2,500,000 – Anthony Gardner from Tottenham Hotspur – |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate%20formimidoyltransferase | Glutamate formimidoyltransferase is a methyltransferase enzyme which uses tetrahydrofolate as part of histidine catabolism. It catalyses two reactions:
5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate + L-glutamate <=> tetrahydrofolate + N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate
5-formyltetrahydrofolate + L-glutamate <=> tetrahydrofolate + N-formyl-L-glutamate
It is classified under and in mammals is found as part of a bifunctional enzyme that also has formimidoyltetrahydrofolate cyclodeaminase activity.
Structure
The formiminotransferase (FT) domain of formiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase (FTCD) forms a homodimer, with each protomer comprising two subdomains. The formiminotransferase domain has an N-terminal subdomain that is made up of a six-stranded mixed beta-pleated sheet and five alpha helices, which are arranged on the external surface of the beta sheet. This, in turn, faces the beta-sheet of the C-terminal subdomain to form a double beta-sheet layer. The two subdomains are separated by a short linker sequence, which is not thought to be any more flexible than the remainder of the molecule. The substrate is predicted to form a number of contacts with residues found in both the N-terminal and C-terminal subdomains. In humans, deficiency of this enzyme results in a disease phenotype.
References
External links
Protein domains
EC 2.1.2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription%20factor%20II%20A | Transcription factor TFIIA is a nuclear protein involved in the RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription of DNA. TFIIA is one of several general (basal) transcription factors (GTFs) that are required for all transcription events that use RNA polymerase II. Other GTFs include TFIID, a complex composed of the TATA binding protein TBP and TBP-associated factors (TAFs), as well as the factors TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH. Together, these factors are responsible for promoter recognition and the formation of a transcription preinitiation complex (PIC) capable of initiating RNA synthesis from a DNA template.
Functions
TFIIA interacts with the TBP subunit of TFIID and aids in the binding of TBP to TATA-box containing promoter DNA. Interaction of TFIIA with TBP facilitates formation of and stabilizes the preinitiation complex. Interaction of TFIIA with TBP also results in the exclusion of negative (repressive) factors that might otherwise bind to TBP and interfere with PIC formation. TFIIA also acts as a coactivator for some transcriptional activators, assisting with their ability to increase, or activate, transcription. The requirement for TFIIA in vitro transcription systems has been variable, and it can be considered either as a GTF and/or a loosely associated TAF-like coactivator. Genetic analysis in yeast has shown that TFIIA is essential for viability.
Structure
TFIIA is a heterodimer with two subunits: one large unprocessed (subunit 1, or alpha/beta; gene name ) an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luraine%20Tansey | Luraine Tansey (née Collins) (January 29, 1918 – June 18, 2014) was an American slide librarian who created the first Universal Slide Classification System in 1969 with Wendell Simons.
Life
Tansey worked to develop a "universal" slide classification scheme that would serve the needs of both catalogers and patrons. Co-authored by Wendell Simons, it was published in 1969 under the title, A slide classification system for the organization and automatic indexing of interdisciplinary collections of slides and pictures. Created mostly during her tenure at the University of California, Santa Cruz in the late 1960s-early 1970s, this system is still in use at UCSC and other institutions and is known as the Tansey or Santa Cruz system. This system was also built with computer indexing in mind.
Tansey worked with the College Art Association (CAA) for the benefit of librarians and image librarians. Her work contributed to the eventual founding of two professional societies, the Art Libraries Society of North America (ARLIS/NA) and the Visual Resources Association (VRA). In 1993 she received both the VRA and ARLIS/NA's Distinguished Service Awards. In 1993, Tansey underwrote the VRA Travel Awards Program; several Luraine Tansey Travel Awards are still awarded each year.
Luraine Tansey worked on several lectures and publications throughout the 1970’s. Her work “Potential Uses of Slide Classification Data Bases in Art History,” was in 1st international Conference of Art History Volu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huber%27s%20equation | Huber's equation, first derived by a Polish engineer Tytus Maksymilian Huber, is a basic formula in elastic material tension calculations, an equivalent of the equation of state, but applying to solids. In most simple expression and commonly in use it looks like this:
where is the tensile stress, and is the shear stress, measured in newtons per square meter (N/m2, also called pascals, Pa), while —called a reduced tension—is the resultant tension of the material.
Finds application in calculating the span width of the bridges, their beam cross-sections, etc.
See also
Yield surface
Stress–energy tensor
Tensile stress
von Mises yield criterion
References
Physical quantities
Structural analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depolarization%20%28disambiguation%29 | Depolarization or depolarizer may refer to:
Depolarization, a decrease in the absolute value of a cell's membrane potential
Depolarizer, a substance used to depolarize an electrochemical cell
Depolarization ratio, the intensity ratio between the parallel component and the perpendicular component of Raman scattered light
Depolarizer (optics), a device for randomizing the polarization of light |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furylfuramide | Furylfuramide (also known as AF-2) is a synthetic nitrofuran derivative which was widely used as a food preservative in Japan since at least 1965, but withdrawn from the market in 1974 when it was observed to be mutagenic to bacteria in vitro and thus suspected of carcinogenicity. This was confirmed later when animal testing found it to cause benign and malignant tumors in the mammary glands, stomachs, esophagi, and lungs of rodents of both sexes, although insufficient evidence exists in human exposure.
This successful use of bacterial mutagenicity as a screen for carcinogenicity confirmed the use of this methodology as a rapid and efficient test, in comparison to animal testing alone, and led to its further development. The availability of such simpler tests in turn gave rise to greater government oversight and testing of compounds to which the public would be exposed.
References
Acrylamides
Carboxamides
Carcinogens
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Nitrofurans
Toxicology
Suspected fetotoxicants
Male reproductive toxicants |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah%20Jazz%20all-time%20roster | The following is a list of players, both past and current, who have appeared at least in one game for the New Orleans/Utah Jazz NBA basketball franchise.
Players
Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the season.
A to B
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|G || align="left"|Loyola Marymount || align="center"|1 || align="center"| || 28 || 613 || 55 || 69 || 175 || 21.9 || 2.0 || 2.5 || 6.3 || align=center|
|-
|align="left" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"|x || align="center"|G || align="left"|Kansas || align="center"|1 || align="center"| || 59 || 1,209 || 121 || 67 || 467 || 20.5 || 2.1 || 1.1 || 7.9 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|G || align="left"|Missouri State || align="center"|1 || align="center"| || 4 || 30 || 2 || 1 || 10 || 7.5 || 0.5 || 0.3 || 2.5 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|G || align="left"|Virginia Tech || align="center"|2 || align="center"|– || 51 || 677 || 82 || 93 || 281 || 13.3 || 1.6 || 1.8 || 5.5 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|G || align="left"|Duke || align="center"|1 || align="center"| || 38 || 416 || 23 || 25 || 211 || 10.9 || 0.6 || 0.7 || 5.6 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|G || align="left"|Rice || align="center"|2 || align="center"|– || 34 || 294 || 38 || 10 || 105 || 8.6 || 1.1 || 0.3 || 3.1 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|F/C || align="left"|Penn State || align="center"|2 || align="center"|– || 104 || 1,060 || 186 || 50 || 274 || 10.2 || 1.8 | |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth%20hormone%20secretagogue%20receptor | Growth hormone secretagogue receptor(GHS-R), also known as ghrelin receptor, is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs), such as ghrelin, the "hunger hormone". The role of GHS-R is thought to be in regulating energy homeostasis and body weight. In the brain, they are most highly expressed in the hypothalamus, specifically the ventromedial nucleus and arcuate nucleus. GSH-Rs are also expressed in other areas of the brain, including the ventral tegmental area, hippocampus, and substantia nigra. Outside the central nervous system, too, GSH-Rs are also found in the liver, in skeletal muscle, and even in the heart.
Structure
Two identified transcript variants are expressed in several tissues and are evolutionarily conserved in fish and swine. One transcript, 1a, excises an intron and encodes the functional protein; this protein is the receptor for the ghrelin ligand and defines a neuroendocrine pathway for growth hormone release. The second transcript (1b) retains the intron and does not function as a receptor for ghrelin; however, it may function to attenuate activity of isoform 1a.
GHS-R1a is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. Previous studies have shown that GPCRs can form heterodimers, or functional receptor pairs with other types of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Various studies suggest that GHS-R1a specifically forms dimers with the following hormone and neurotransmitter receptors: somatostatin receptor 5, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20photovoltaics%20companies | This is a list of notable photovoltaics (PV) companies.
Grid-connected solar photovoltaics (PV) is the fastest growing energy technology in the world, growing from a cumulative installed capacity of 7.7 GW in 2007, to 320 GW in 2016. In 2016, 93% of the global PV cell manufacturing capacity utilizes crystalline silicon (cSi) technology, representing a commanding lead over rival forms of PV technology, such as cadmium telluride (CdTe), amorphous silicon (aSi), and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS). In 2016, manufacturers in China and Taiwan met the majority of global PV module demand, accounting for 68% of all modules, followed by the rest of Asia at 14%. The United States and Canada manufactured 6%, and Europe manufactured a mere 4%. In 2021 China produced about 80% of the polysilicon, 95% of wafers, 80% of cells and 70% of modules. Module production capacity reached 460 GW with crystalline silicon technology assembly accounting for 98%.
Photovoltaics companies include PV capital equipment producers, cell manufacturers, panel manufacturers and installers. The list does not include silicon manufacturing companies.
Photovoltaic manufacturers
Top 10 by year
Summary
According to EnergyTrend, the 2011 global top ten polysilicon, solar cell and solar module manufacturers by capacity were found in countries including People's Republic of China, United States, Taiwan, Germany, Japan, and Korea.
In 2011, the global top ten polysilicon makers by capacity were GCL, Hemlock, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship%20extraction | A relationship extraction task requires the detection and classification of semantic relationship mentions within a set of artifacts, typically from text or XML documents. The task is very similar to that of information extraction (IE), but IE additionally requires the removal of repeated relations (disambiguation) and generally refers to the extraction of many different relationships.
Concept and applications
The concept of relationship extraction was first introduced during the 7th Message Understanding Conference in 1998. Relationship extraction involves the identification of relations between entities and it usually focuses on the extraction of binary relations. Application domains where relationship extraction is useful include gene-disease relationships, protein-protein interaction etc.
Current relationship extraction studies use machine learning technologies, which approach relationship extraction as a classification problem. Never-Ending Language Learning is a semantic machine learning system developed by a research team at Carnegie Mellon University that extracts relationships from the open web.
Approaches
There are several methods used to extract relationships and these include text-based relationship extraction. These methods rely on the use of pretrained relationship structure information or it could entail the learning of the structure in order to reveal relationships. Another approach to this problem involves the use of domain ontologies. There is also the ap |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KvLQT2 | Kv7.2 (KvLQT2) is a voltage- and lipid-gated potassium channel protein coded for by the gene KCNQ2.
It is associated with benign familial neonatal epilepsy.
Function
The M channel is a slowly activating and deactivating potassium channel that plays a critical role in the regulation of neuronal excitability. The M channel is formed by the association of the protein encoded by this gene and a related protein encoded by the KCNQ3 gene, both integral membrane proteins. M channel currents are inhibited by M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and activated by retigabine, a novel anti-convulsant drug. Defects in this gene are a cause of benign familial neonatal convulsions type 1 (BFNC), also known as epilepsy, benign neonatal type 1 (EBN1). At least five transcript variants encoding five different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Ligands
ICA-069673: channel opener at KCNQ2/Q3, 20-fold selective over KCNQ3/Q5, no measurable activity against a panel of cardiac ion channels (hERG, Nav1.5, L type channels, and KCNQ1) and no activity on GABAA gated channels at 10 μM. A range of related benzamides exhibited activity, of which compound number 40 is shown here.
ML252: channel inhibitor, IC50 = 70nM.
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)
References
Further reading
External links
Ion channels
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KvLQT3 | Kv7.3 (KvLQT3) is a potassium channel protein coded for by the gene KCNQ3.
It is associated with benign familial neonatal epilepsy.
The M channel is a slowly activating and deactivating potassium channel that plays a critical role in the regulation of neuronal excitability. The M channel is formed by the association of the protein encoded by this gene and one of two related proteins encoded by the KCNQ2 and KCNQ5 genes, both integral membrane proteins. M channel currents are inhibited by M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and activated by retigabine, a novel anti-convulsant drug. Defects in this gene are a cause of benign familial neonatal convulsions type 2 (BFNC2), also known as epilepsy, benign neonatal type 2 (EBN2).
Interactions
KvLQT3 has been shown to interact with KCNQ5.
References
Further reading
External links
Ion channels
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Kay%20discography | The discography of Japanese contemporary R&B singer Crystal Kay consists of 12 studio albums, three extended plays, five compilation albums, four video albums and numerous single releases. Crystal Kay debuted as a singer at 13 years of age in 1999 under Epic Records Japan. Her third album Almost Seventeen (2002) saw a great leap in popularity for Crystal Kay, reaching number two on Oricon's albums chart. In 2005, Crystal Kay sang the eponymous theme song for the Tsuyoshi Kusanagi drama Koi ni Ochitara: Boku no Seikō no Himitsu. "Koi ni Ochitara" became Crystal Kay's most successful single, being certified for a million ringtone downloads.
In 2011, Crystal Kay signed to Delicious Deli Records, after 11 years with Epic Records, and released the album Vivid (2012). In March 2013 Crystal Kay relocated to New York City to pursue an American debut through Copetin Inc, releasing the single "Busy Doing Nothing" a year later. In October 2014, Crystal Kay re-focused on Japan by switching her management to LDH.
Studio albums
Extended plays
Compilation albums
Cover albums
Soundtrack albums
Singles
As a lead artist
As a featured artist
Promotional singles
Other appearances
Video albums
Notes
References
Discographies of Japanese artists
Pop music discographies
Rhythm and blues discographies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censoring%20%28statistics%29 | In statistics, censoring is a condition in which the value of a measurement or observation is only partially known.
For example, suppose a study is conducted to measure the impact of a drug on mortality rate. In such a study, it may be known that an individual's age at death is at least 75 years (but may be more). Such a situation could occur if the individual withdrew from the study at age 75, or if the individual is currently alive at the age of 75.
Censoring also occurs when a value occurs outside the range of a measuring instrument. For example, a bathroom scale might only measure up to 140 kg. If a 160-kg individual is weighed using the scale, the observer would only know that the individual's weight is at least 140 kg.
The problem of censored data, in which the observed value of some variable is partially known, is related to the problem of missing data, where the observed value of some variable is unknown.
Censoring should not be confused with the related idea truncation. With censoring, observations result either in knowing the exact value that applies, or in knowing that the value lies within an interval. With truncation, observations never result in values outside a given range: values in the population outside the range are never seen or never recorded if they are seen. Note that in statistics, truncation is not the same as rounding.
Types
Left censoring – a data point is below a certain value but it is unknown by how much.
Interval censoring – a data |
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