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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68%E2%80%9395%E2%80%9399.7%20rule | In statistics, the 68–95–99.7 rule, also known as the empirical rule, is a shorthand used to remember the percentage of values that lie within
an interval estimate in a normal distribution: 68%, 95%, and 99.7% of the values lie within one, two, and three standard deviations of the mean, respectively.
In mathematical notation, these facts can be expressed as follows, where is the probability function, is an observation from a normally distributed random variable, (mu) is the mean of the distribution, and (sigma) is its standard deviation:
The usefulness of this heuristic especially depends on the question under consideration.
In the empirical sciences, the so-called three-sigma rule of thumb (or 3 rule) expresses a conventional heuristic that nearly all values are taken to lie within three standard deviations of the mean, and thus it is empirically useful to treat 99.7% probability as near certainty.
In the social sciences, a result may be considered "significant" if its confidence level is of the order of a two-sigma effect (95%), while in particle physics, there is a convention of a five-sigma effect (99.99994% confidence) being required to qualify as a discovery.
A weaker three-sigma rule can be derived from Chebyshev's inequality, stating that even for non-normally distributed variables, at least 88.8% of cases should fall within properly calculated three-sigma intervals. For unimodal distributions, the probability of being within the interval is at least 95% by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20%28TV%20channel%29 | Central was a Singaporean English and Tamil language free-to-air television channel. Its programming schedule was composed of three timeshared channels on its frequency slot: Kids Central, Vasantham Central and Arts Central.
Previously, Indian-related programming was broadcast along with Malay-language programmes on Prime 12, while Premiere 12's schedule consisted of arts, documentaries and kids shows.
Tamil programming was carried from the outset of television in Singapore on Channel 5 from its launch on 15 February 1963, and later that year also on Channel 8. In 1973 the language structure of the two channels was changed, with Channel 5 broadcasting in English and Malay and Channel 8 in Chinese and Tamil.
MediaCorp TV12 Central was closed down on 19 October 2008 when Vasantham Central relaunched as the standalone channel Vasantham. Arts Central and Kids Central were merged into a single channel named okto, with kids and arts programming.
History
Tamil programming was carried from the outset of television in Singapore on Channel 5 from its launch on 15 February 1963, and later that year also on Channel 8. In 1973 the language structure of the two channels was changed, with Channel 5 broadcasting in English and Malay and Channel 8 in Chinese and Tamil.
On 26 August 1994, ahead of the bill that suggested the planned privatisation of the Singapore Broadcasting Corporation, the Minister for Information and the Arts (Brigadier General) George Yeo announced the plan for the c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity%20Classification%20Automated%20Tracking%20System | Commodity Classification Automated Tracking System (CCATS) is an alphanumeric code assigned by the United States Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) to products that it has classified under the Export Administration Regulations (EAR). Software companies provide the CCATS number because some encryption exports require the exporter to make post-shipment reporting to BIS on a bi-annual basis and the CCATS number is one of the mandatory elements required for reporting.
References
Bureau of Industry and Security
Guidelines for requesting commodity classification
Freight transport
Foreign trade of the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match%20rating%20approach | The match rating approach (MRA) is a phonetic algorithm for indexing of words by their pronunciation developed by Western Airlines in 1977 for the indexation and comparison of homophonous names.
The algorithm itself has a simple set of encoding rules but a more lengthy set of comparison rules.
The main mechanism is the similarity comparison, which calculates the number of unmatched characters by comparing the strings from left to right and then from right to left, and removing identical characters. This value is subtracted from 6 and then compared to a minimum threshold. The minimum threshold is defined in table A and is dependent upon the length of the strings.
The encoded name is known (perhaps incorrectly) as a personal numeric identifier (PNI). The encoded name can never contain more than 6 alpha only characters.
The match rating approach performs well with names containing the letter "y", unlike the original flavor of the NYSIIS algorithm; for example, the surnames "Smith" and "Smyth" are successfully matched. However, MRA does not perform well with encoded names that differ in length by more than 2.
Encoding rules
Delete all vowels unless the vowel begins the word
Remove the second consonant of any double consonants present
Reduce codex to 6 letters by joining the first 3 and last 3 letters only
Comparison rules
In this section, the words "string(s)" and "name(s)" mean "encoded string(s)" and "encoded name(s)".
If the length difference between the encoded st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence%20loss%20in%20photobleaching | Fluorescence Loss in Photobleaching (FLIP) is a fluorescence microscopy technique used to examine movement of molecules inside cells and membranes. A cell membrane is typically labeled with a fluorescent dye to allow for observation. A specific area of this labeled section is then bleached several times using the beam of a confocal laser scanning microscope. After each imaging scan, bleaching occurs again. This occurs several times, to ensure that all accessible fluorophores are bleached since unbleached fluorophores are exchanged for bleached fluorophores, causing movement through the cell membrane. The amount of fluorescence from that region is then measured over a period of time to determine the results of the photobleaching on the cell as a whole.
Experimental Setup
Before photobleaching can occur, cells must be injected with a fluorescent protein, often a green fluorescent protein (GFP), which will allow the targeted proteins to fluoresce and therefore be followed throughout the process. Then, a region of interest must be defined. This initial region of interest usually contains the whole cell or several cells. In FLIP, photobleaching occurs just outside the region of interest; therefore a photobleaching region also needs to be defined. A third region, the region where measurement will take place, needs to be determined as well. A number of initial scans need to be made to determine fluorescence before photobleaching. These scans will serve as the control scans, to wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine%20triphosphate | Thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) is a biomolecule found in most organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Chemically, it is the triphosphate derivative of the vitamin thiamine.
Function
It has been proposed that ThTP has a specific role in nerve excitability, but this has never been confirmed and recent results suggest that ThTP probably plays a role in cell energy metabolism. Low or absent levels of thiamine triphosphate have been found in Leighs disease.
In E. coli, ThTP is accumulated in the presence of glucose during amino acid starvation. On the other hand, suppression of the carbon source leads to the accumulation, of adenosine thiamine triphosphate (AThTP).
Metabolism
It has been shown that in brain ThTP is synthesized in mitochondria by a chemiosmotic mechanism, perhaps similar to ATP synthase. In mammals, ThTP is hydrolyzed to thiamine pyrophosphate (ThDP) by a specific thiamine-triphosphatase. It can also be converted into ThDP by thiamine-diphosphate kinase.
History
Thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) was chemically synthesized in 1948 at a time when the only organic triphosphate known was ATP. The first claim of the existence of ThTP in living organisms was made in rat liver, followed by baker’s yeast. Its presence was later confirmed in rat tissues and in plants germs, but not in seeds, where thiamine was essentially unphosphorylated. In all those studies, ThTP was separated from other thiamine derivatives using a paper chromatographic method, followe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Kent%20%28computer%20specialist%29 | Michael Kent was one of two founders of the Computer Group which used a statistics based sports betting to predict the outcome of college football. The group reportedly made millions each season. According to figures compiled at the time by Michael Kent, the Computer Group in 1983-84 earned almost $5 million from wagers on college and, occasionally, NFL games. Yet Michael Kent suspects that his records are incomplete. They do not account for personal bets made by Dr. Mindlin, or Billy Walters and Glen Walker or by the dozens of other associates who had access to the Computer Group's information. By the time everyone had exhausted Kent's forecasts in the 1983-84 sports year, the group was estimated to have earned $10 to $15 million.
Kent invented the statistical models. He was 34 when he had created the first successful program for handicapping basketball and football games: together with his brother, Michael collected statistical data about every team to put all that info to his computer and update the program.
The story was first reported by a national publication in the March 1986 Sports Illustrated.
References
External links
Keyboard Cappers: A sports-betting history lesson, with a nod to the computer and the trailblazers who saw the future
Gambling � The Story of the Computer Group
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative%20chromosome | A derivative chromosome (der) is a structurally rearranged chromosome generated either by a chromosome rearrangement involving two or more chromosomes or by multiple chromosome aberrations within a single chromosome (e.g. an inversion and a deletion of the same chromosome, or deletions in both arms of a single chromosome). The term always refers to the chromosome that has an intact centromere.
Derivative chromosomes are designated by the abbreviation der when used to describe a Karyotype. The derivative chromosome must be specified in parentheses followed by all aberrations involved in this derivative chromosome. The aberrations must be listed from pter to qter and not be separated by a comma.
For example, 46,XY,der(4)t(4;8)(p16;q22)t(4;9)(q31;q31) would refer to a derivative chromosome 4 which is the result of a translocation between the short arm of chromosome 4 at region 1, band 6 and the long arm of chromosome 8 at region 2, band 2, and a translocation between the long arm of chromosome 4 at region 3, band 1 and the long arm of chromosome 9 at region 3, band 1. As for the initial string "46,XY", it only signifies that this translocation is occurring in an organism, which has this set of chromosomes, i.e. a human being.
References
An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature, Shaffer, L.G., Tommerup N. (eds); S. Karger, Basel 2005
Chromosomes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF%20kinase | RAF kinases are a family of three serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that are related to retroviral oncogenes. The mouse sarcoma virus 3611 contains a RAF kinase-related oncogene that enhances fibrosarcoma induction. RAF is an acronym for Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma.
RAF kinases participate in the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signal transduction cascade, also referred to as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. Activation of RAF kinases requires interaction with RAS-GTPases.
The three RAF kinase family members are:
A-RAF
B-RAF
c-Raf
References
EC 2.7.11 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophin-4 | Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), also known as neurotrophin-5 (NT-5), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTF4 gene. It is a neurotrophic factor that signals predominantly through the TrkB receptor tyrosine kinase.
See also
Tropomyosin receptor kinase B § Agonists
References
Further reading
External links
Neurotrophic factors
Peptide hormones
Growth factors
Developmental neuroscience
Proteins
TrkB agonists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin%20receptor | Transferrin receptor (TfR) is a carrier protein for transferrin. It is needed for the import of iron into cells and is regulated in response to intracellular iron concentration. It imports iron by internalizing the transferrin-iron complex through receptor-mediated endocytosis. The existence of a receptor for transferrin iron uptake has been recognized since the late 1950s. Earlier two transferrin receptors in humans, transferrin receptor 1 and transferrin receptor 2 had been characterized and until recently cellular iron uptake was believed to occur chiefly via these two well documented transferrin receptors. Both these receptors are transmembrane glycoproteins. TfR1 is a high affinity ubiquitously expressed receptor while expression of TfR2 is restricted to certain cell types and is unaffected by intracellular iron concentrations. TfR2 binds to transferrin with a 25-30 fold lower affinity than TfR1. Although TfR1 mediated iron uptake is the major pathway for iron acquisition by most cells and especially developing erythrocytes, several studies have indicated that the uptake mechanism varies depending upon the cell type. It is also reported that Tf uptake exists independent of these TfRs although the mechanisms are not well characterized. The multifunctional glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, EC 1.2.1.12) has been shown to utilize post translational modifications to exhibit higher order moonlighting behavior wherein it switches its function as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial%20natriuretic%20peptide%20receptor | An atrial natriuretic peptide receptor is a receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide.
Mechanism
NPRA and NPRB are linked to guanylyl cyclases, while NPRC is G-protein-linked and is a "clearance receptor" that acts to internalise and destroy the ligand.
ANP activation of the ANP catalytic receptor will stimulate its intracellular guanylyl cyclase activity to convert GTP to cGMP. cGMP will then stimulate cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), which will then induce smooth muscle relaxation. This is particularly important in the vasculature, where vascular smooth muscle will bind ANP released as a result of increasing right atrial pressure and will cause the walls of the vasculature to relax. This relaxation will decrease total peripheral resistance, which will in turn decrease venous return to the heart. The decrease in venous return to the heart will reduce the preload and will result in the heart's having to do less work.
There is also a soluble guanylyl cyclase that cannot be stimulated by ANP. Instead, vascular endothelial cells will use L-arginine to make nitric oxide via nitric oxide synthase. The nitric oxide will then diffuse into the vascular smooth muscle and will activate the soluble guanylyl cyclase. The subsequent increase in cGMP will cause vasodilation with the same effects as described above. This is why nitroglycerine is given to a person having a heart attack. The nitroglycerine will be metabolized to nitric oxide, which will stimulate soluble guan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin%20receptor | The oxytocin receptor, also known as OXTR, is a protein which functions as receptor for the hormone and neurotransmitter oxytocin. In humans, the oxytocin receptor is encoded by the OXTR gene which has been localized to human chromosome 3p25.
Function and location
The OXTR protein belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor family, specifically Gq, and acts as a receptor for oxytocin. Its activity is mediated by G proteins that activate several different second messenger systems.
Oxytocin receptors are expressed by the myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland, and in both the myometrium and endometrium of the uterus at the end of pregnancy.
The oxytocin-oxytocin receptor system plays an important role as an inducer of uterine contractions during parturition and of milk ejection.
OXTR is also associated with the central nervous system. The gene is believed to play a major role in social, cognitive, and emotional behavior. A decrease in OXTR expression by methylation of the OXTR gene is associated with Callous and unemotional traits in adolescence, rigid thinking in anorexia nervosa, problems with facial and emotional recognition, and difficulties in the affect regulation. A reduction in this gene is believed to lead to prenatal stress, postnatal depression, and social anxiety. Further research must be gathered before concluding these findings, however strong evidence is pointing in this direction. Studies on OXTR methylation—which downregulates oxytocin mechanisms—suggest |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regress | Regress may refer to:
Regress argument, a problem in epistemology concerning the justification of propositions
Infinite regress, a problem in epistemology
See also
Regression (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20Through%20a%20Cheap%20Transistor | Music Through a Cheap Transistor is a compilation album by the Northern Irish rock band Therapy?. It was one of the first releases in Universal Records 2007 series of BBC sessions. Originally released as a download only on 26 February 2007, the set was later released on double CD on 13 August 2007.
The album features five different performances by Therapy?, which were recorded between 1991 and 1998 for BBC radio. It includes unique and exclusive versions of some of their greatest hits, alongside live favourites and three previously unreleased tracks: "Pile of Bricks", "The Sweeney" and "Lost Highway" (originally by Hank Williams).
(Aside from the first John Peel Session, the band were on A&M Records when all the featured sessions were recorded, but A&M have since been taken over by Universal Music Group; hence this release.)
"It's very flattering to be in the first batch of artists to have these old sessions made available in their entirety especially in a digital download format. Having existed as scraps on C-90's or as half-forgotten memories, it's brilliant to be able to re-visit so many unique (and one-off) performances and let people see what all the fuss was about..."
Michael McKeegan – Therapy?
Missing sessions
Most noticeably lacking is a live studio session recorded for the Evening Session on 13 June 1995. The tracks performed were "Loose", "Bad Mother", "Our Love Must Die" and "30 Seconds". The reasons why this session is not included are unknown.
Also not inc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.%20David%20Mermin | Nathaniel David Mermin (; born 30 March 1935) is a solid-state physicist at Cornell University best known for the eponymous Mermin–Wagner theorem, his application of the term "boojum" to superfluidity, his textbook with Neil Ashcroft on solid-state physics, and for contributions to the foundations of quantum mechanics and quantum information science.
Education and career
Mermin was born in 1935 in New Haven, Connecticut. He obtained a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Harvard University in 1956, graduating summa cum laude. He remained at Harvard for his graduate studies, earning a PhD in physics in 1961. After holding postdoctoral positions at the University of Birmingham and the University of California, San Diego, he joined the Cornell University faculty in 1964. He became a Cornell professor emeritus in 2006.
Early in his career, Mermin worked in statistical physics and condensed-matter physics, including the study of matter at low temperatures, the behavior of electron gases, the classification of quasicrystals, and quantum chemistry. His later research contributions included work in quantum information science and the foundations of quantum mechanics.
Mermin was the first to note how the three-particle GHZ state demonstrates that no local hidden-variable theory can explain quantum correlations, and together with Asher Peres, he introduced the "magic square" proof, another demonstration that attempting to "complete" quantum mechanics with hidden variables does no |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oja%27s%20rule | Oja's learning rule, or simply Oja's rule, named after Finnish computer scientist Erkki Oja, is a model of how neurons in the brain or in artificial neural networks change connection strength, or learn, over time. It is a modification of the standard Hebb's Rule (see Hebbian learning) that, through multiplicative normalization, solves all stability problems and generates an algorithm for principal components analysis. This is a computational form of an effect which is believed to happen in biological neurons.
Theory
Oja's rule requires a number of simplifications to derive, but in its final form it is demonstrably stable, unlike Hebb's rule. It is a single-neuron special case of the Generalized Hebbian Algorithm. However, Oja's rule can also be generalized in other ways to varying degrees of stability and success.
Formula
Consider a simplified model of a neuron that returns a linear combination of its inputs using presynaptic weights :
Oja's rule defines the change in presynaptic weights given the output response of a neuron to its inputs to be
where is the learning rate which can also change with time. Note that the bold symbols are vectors and defines a discrete time iteration. The rule can also be made for continuous iterations as
Derivation
The simplest learning rule known is Hebb's rule, which states in conceptual terms that neurons that fire together, wire together. In component form as a difference equation, it is written
,
or in scalar form with implicit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSN | TSN may refer to:
Science and technology
Translin, a DNA binding protein involved in microRNA function
Taxonomic serial number, a stable and unique taxonomic serial number issued by the Integrated Taxonomic Information System
The Science Network, a non-profit, web-based organization concerned with science and its impact on society
Time-Sensitive Networking, a set of IEEE 802 standards that define mechanisms for the transmission of time-sensitive data over Ethernet networks
Film and media
Televiziyna Sluzhba Novyn, an integrated TV/web news service of the Ukrainian 1+1 TV channel
The Sporting News, the former name of the American-based sports magazine Sporting News
The Sports Network, a Canadian English-language cable television specialty channel
Texas State Network, an all-news radio network available for stations in the state of Texas
Television Sydney, a former television station in Sydney, Australia, which had a callsign of TSN
Other uses
Tianjin Binhai International Airport (IATA code: TSN), Dongli District, Tianjin, China
Tswana language (ISO 639 code: tsn), a language of Southern Africa
Tyson Foods (NYSE code: TSN), an American multinational corporation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodges%E2%80%93Lehmann%20estimator | In statistics, the Hodges–Lehmann estimator is a robust and nonparametric estimator of a population's location parameter. For populations that are symmetric about one median, such as the Gaussian or normal distribution or the Student t-distribution, the Hodges–Lehmann estimator is a consistent and median-unbiased estimate of the population median. For non-symmetric populations, the Hodges–Lehmann estimator estimates the "pseudo–median", which is closely related to the population median.
The Hodges–Lehmann estimator was proposed originally for estimating the location parameter of one-dimensional populations, but it has been used for many more purposes. It has been used to estimate the differences between the members of two populations. It has been generalized from univariate populations to multivariate populations, which produce samples of vectors.
It is based on the Wilcoxon signed-rank statistic. In statistical theory, it was an early example of a rank-based estimator, an important class of estimators both in nonparametric statistics and in robust statistics. The Hodges–Lehmann estimator was proposed in 1963 independently by Pranab Kumar Sen and by Joseph Hodges and Erich Lehmann, and so it is also called the "Hodges–Lehmann–Sen estimator".
Definition
In the simplest case, the "Hodges–Lehmann" statistic estimates the location parameter for a univariate population. Its computation can be described quickly. For a dataset with n measurements, the set of all possible two- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20orbits |
Common abbreviations
List of abbreviations of common Earth orbits
List of abbreviations of other orbits
Classifications
The following is a list of types of orbits:
Centric classifications
Galactocentric orbit: An orbit about the center of a galaxy. The Sun follows this type of orbit about the Galactic Center of the Milky Way.
Heliocentric orbit: An orbit around the Sun. In the Solar System, all planets, comets, and asteroids are in such orbits, as are many artificial satellites and pieces of space debris. Moons by contrast are not in a heliocentric orbit but rather orbit their parent object.
Geocentric orbit: An orbit around the planet Earth, such as that of the Moon or of artificial satellites.
Selenocentric orbit (named after Selene): An orbit around Earth's Moon.
Areocentric orbit (named after Ares): An orbit around the planet Mars, such as that of its moons or artificial satellites.
For orbits centered about planets other than Earth and Mars and for the dwarf planet Pluto, the orbit names incorporating Greek terminology is less commonly used
Mercury orbit (Hermeocentric orbit, named after Hermes): An orbit around the planet Mercury.
Venus orbit (Cytherocentric orbit, named after Cythera): An orbit around the planet Venus.
Jupiter orbit (Zenocentric orbit, named after Zeus, or Latin equivalent Jovicentric): An orbit around the planet Jupiter.
Saturn orbit (Cronocentric orbit, named after Cronus, or Latin equivalent Saturnicentric): An orbit around the plane |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocyte%20colony-stimulating%20factor%20receptor | The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSF-R) also known as CD114 (Cluster of Differentiation 114) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSF3R gene. G-CSF-R is a cell-surface receptor for the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). The G-CSF receptors belong to a family of cytokine receptors known as the hematopoietin receptor family. The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor is present on precursor cells in the bone marrow, and, in response to stimulation by G-CSF, initiates cell proliferation and differentiation into mature neutrophilic granulocytes and macrophages.
The G-CSF-R is a transmembrane receptor that consists of an extracellular ligand-binding portion, a transmembrane domain, and the cytoplasmic portion that is responsible for signal transduction. GCSF-R ligand-binding is associated with dimerization of the receptor and signal transduction through proteins including Jak, Lyn, STAT, and Erk1/2.
Isoforms
The class IV isoform defective for both internalization and differentiation signaling, and colony-stimulating.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene are a cause of Kostmann syndrome, also known as severe congenital neutropenia.
Mutations in the intracellular part of this receptor are also associated with certain types of leukemia.
In clinical medicine, there is a suggestion that use of GCSF should be avoided, at least in children and adolescents and perhaps adults, when G-CSFR isoform IV is overexpressed.
Inter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclase | A cyclase is an enzyme, almost always a lyase, that catalyzes a chemical reaction to form a cyclic compound. Important cyclase enzymes include:
Adenylyl cyclase, which forms cyclic AMP from adenosine triphosphate (EC 4.6.1.1)
ADCY1
ADCY2
ADCY3
ADCY4
ADCY5
ADCY6
ADCY7
ADCY8
ADCY9
ADCY10
Guanylyl cyclase, which forms cyclic GMP from guanosine triphosphate (EC 4.6.1.2)
GUCY1A2
GUCY1A3
GUCY1B3
Guanylate cyclase 2C
Guanylate cyclase 2D
Guanylate cyclase 2F
NPR1
NPR2
Protein cyclase, a ligase enzyme that produces backbone-cyclised proteins by intramolecular transpeptidation
EC 4.6.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve%20injury | Nerve injury is an injury to nervous tissue. There is no single classification system that can describe all the many variations of nerve injuries. In 1941, Seddon introduced a classification of nerve injuries based on three main types of nerve fiber injury and whether there is continuity of the nerve. Usually, however, peripheral nerve injuries are classified in five stages, based on the extent of damage to both the nerve and the surrounding connective tissue, since supporting glial cells may be involved.
Unlike in the central nervous system, neuroregeneration in the peripheral nervous system is possible. The processes that occur in peripheral regeneration can be divided into the following major events: Wallerian degeneration, axon regeneration/growth, and reinnervation of nervous tissue. The events that occur in peripheral regeneration occur with respect to the axis of the nerve injury. The proximal stump refers to the end of the injured neuron that is still attached to the neuron cell body; it is the part that regenerates. The distal stump refers to the end of the injured neuron that is still attached to the end of the axon; it is the part of the neuron that will degenerate, but the stump remains capable of regenerating its axons.
The study of peripheral nerve injury began during the American Civil War and greatly expanded during modern medicine with such advances as use of growth-promoting molecules.
Types
To assess the location and severity of a peripheral nerve inj |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%E2%80%93P%20plot | In statistics, a P–P plot (probability–probability plot or percent–percent plot or P value plot) is a probability plot for assessing how closely two data sets agree, or for assessing how closely a dataset fits a particular model. It works by plotting the two cumulative distribution functions against each other; if they are similar, the data will appear to be nearly a straight line. This behavior is similar to that of the more widely used Q–Q plot, with which it is often confused.
Definition
A P–P plot plots two cumulative distribution functions (cdfs) against each other:
given two probability distributions, with cdfs "F" and "G", it plots as z ranges from to As a cdf has range [0,1], the domain of this parametric graph is and the range is the unit square
Thus for input z the output is the pair of numbers giving what percentage of f and what percentage of g fall at or below z.
The comparison line is the 45° line from (0,0) to (1,1), and the distributions are equal if and only if the plot falls on this line. The degree of deviation makes it easy to visually identify how different the distributions are, but because of sampling error, even samples drawn from identical distributions will not appear identical.
Example
As an example, if the two distributions do not overlap, say F is below G, then the P–P plot will move from left to right along the bottom of the square – as z moves through the support of F, the cdf of F goes from 0 to 1, while the cdf of G stays at 0 – and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubbalamadugu%20Falls | Ubbalamudugu Falls (also called Tada Falls) is a waterfall located near Oneness Temple and Sricity in the Tirupati district of India. It is a crystal clear waterfall falling from a height of 100-odd meters making it a glorious sight. Coming under the Buchinaidu kandriga and Varadaiahpalem mandals the falls are located from Chennai and from Srikalahasti.
The falls are located in a dense forest called the Siddulaiah Kona. The relation to Shiva ensures that the festival of Maha Shivaratri is a common time for people to visit.
Trekking
Tada falls is becoming famous among residents from Chennai for Trekking. You can park the Vehicle near Tada falls parking lot and follow the trail to trek to the Tada falls. Total trek is almost of 10 km through rough patches and rocky terrains. Novice hikers can trek along a 3 km long trail one way that snakes along a clear stream of water. Mid-level trekkers can go further up, climbing the boulders to reach the base of the falls. Though the trail can be a little exhausting, there are multiple water pools along the trail and the area has good green cover making it a pleasant hike.
References
Waterfalls of Andhra Pradesh
Geography of Tirupati district
Tirupati district
Waterfalls of India |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangkor%20Airport | Pangkor Airport is an airport on Pangkor Island, Manjung District, Perak, Malaysia.
Airlines and destinations
Traffic and statistics
See also
List of airports in Malaysia
References
External links
Short Take-Off and Landing Airports (STOL) at Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad
Aviation Photos: Pangkor Island (PKG / WMPA) at Airliners.net
Airports in Perak
Manjung District |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muller%20automaton | In automata theory, a Muller automaton is a type of an ω-automaton.
The acceptance condition separates a Muller automaton from other ω-automata.
The Muller automaton is defined using a Muller acceptance condition, i.e. the set of all states visited infinitely often must be an element of the acceptance set. Both deterministic and non-deterministic Muller automata recognize the ω-regular languages. They are named after David E. Muller, an American mathematician and computer scientist, who invented them in 1963.
Formal definition
Formally, a deterministic Muller-automaton is a tuple A = (Q,Σ,δ,q0,F) that consists of the following information:
Q is a finite set. The elements of Q are called the states of A.
Σ is a finite set called the alphabet of A.
δ: Q × Σ → Q is a function, called the transition function of A.
q0 is an element of Q, called the initial state.
F is a set of sets of states. Formally, F ⊆ P(Q) where P(Q) is powerset of Q. F defines the acceptance condition. A accepts exactly those runs in which the set of infinitely often occurring states is an element of F
In a non-deterministic Muller automaton, the transition function δ is replaced with a transition relation Δ that returns a set of states and the initial state q0 is replaced by a set of initial states Q0. Generally, 'Muller automaton' refers to a non-deterministic Muller automaton.
For more comprehensive formalisation look at ω-automaton.
Equivalence with other ω-automata
The Muller automata are equ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptake%20signal%20sequence | Uptake signal sequences (USS) are short DNA sequences preferentially taken up by competent bacteria of the family Pasteurellaceae (e.g., Haemophilus influenzae). Similar sequences, called DNA uptake sequences (DUS), are found in species of the family Neisseriaceae (including Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae).
Neisseria meningitidis
Genetic transformation is the process by which a recipient bacterial cell takes up naked DNA from its environment and integrates this DNA into the recipient's genome by recombination. In N. meningitidis, DNA transformation requires the presence of short DUS (10-12 mers residing in coding and intergenic regions) of the donor DNA. Specific recognition of DUSs is mediated by a type IV pilin. Davidsen et al. reported that in N. meningitidis DUSs occur at a significantly higher density in genes involved in DNA repair and recombination (as well as in restriction-modification and replication) than in other annotated gene groups. These authors proposed that the over-representation of DUS in DNA repair and recombination genes may reflect the benefit of maintaining the integrity of the DNA repair and recombination machinery by preferentially taking up genome maintenance genes that could replace their damaged counterparts in the recipient cell's genome. Uptake of such genes could provide a mechanism for facilitating recovery from DNA damage after genotoxic stress.
References
External links
DNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%E2%80%93Radau%20equation | In astrophysics, the Darwin–Radau equation (named after Rodolphe Radau and Charles Galton Darwin) gives an approximate relation between the moment of inertia factor of a planetary body and its rotational speed and shape. The moment of inertia factor is directly related to the largest principal moment of inertia, C. It is assumed that the rotating body is in hydrostatic equilibrium and is an ellipsoid of revolution. The Darwin–Radau equation states
where M and Re represent the mass and mean equatorial radius of the body. Here λ is the d'Alembert parameter and the Radau parameter η is defined as
where q is the geodynamical constant
and ε is the geometrical flattening
where Rp is the mean polar radius and Re is the mean equatorial radius.
For Earth, and , which yields , a good approximation to the measured value of 0.3307.
References
Astrophysics
Planetary science
Equations of astronomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretin%20receptor | The secretin receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SCTR gene. This protein is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds secretin and is the leading member (i.e., first cloned) of the secretin receptor family, also called class B GPCR subfamily.
Interactions
The secretin receptor has been shown to interact with pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide.
References
Further reading
External links
IUPHAR GPCR Database - Secretin receptor
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLUT3 | Glucose transporter 3 (or GLUT3), also known as solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 3 (SLC2A3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC2A3 gene. GLUT3 facilitates the transport of glucose across the plasma membranes of mammalian cells. GLUT3 is most known for its specific expression in neurons and has originally been designated as the neuronal GLUT. GLUT3 has been studied in other cell types with specific glucose requirements, including sperm, preimplantation embryos, circulating white blood cells and carcinoma cell lines.
Discovery
GLUT3 was the third glucose transporter to be discovered, first cloned in 1988 from a fetal skeletal muscle cell line, using a GLUT1 cDNA probe and shown to share 64.4% identity with GLUT1.
Function
Although GLUT3 was found to be expressed in various tissues, it is most specifically expressed in neurons, found predominantly in axons and dendrites and also, but less prominently, in the cell body. GLUT3 has at least a fivefold greater transport capacity than GLUT1 or GLUT4, as well as a higher glucose affinity than GLUT1, GLUT2 or GLUT4. This is significant as glucose levels surrounding the neurons are only 1–2 mM, compared to 5–6 mM in the serum.
Brain
Glucose delivery and utilization in the mammalian brain is mediated primarily by a high molecular weight form of GLUT1 in the blood–brain barrier, GLUT3 in neuronal populations and a less glycosylated form of GLUT1 in the remainder of the parenchyma. GLUT3 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine%20nucleotide%20translocator | Adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), also known as the ADP/ATP translocase (ANT), ADP/ATP carrier protein (AAC) or mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier, exchanges free ATP with free ADP across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ANT is the most abundant protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane and belongs to mitochondrial carrier family.
Free ADP is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix, while ATP produced from oxidative phosphorylation is transported from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytoplasm, thus providing the cells with its main energy currency. ADP/ATP translocases are exclusive to eukaryotes and are thought to have evolved during eukaryogenesis. Human cells express four ADP/ATP translocases: SLC25A4, SLC25A5, SLC25A6 and SLC25A31, which constitute more than 10% of the protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These proteins are classified under the mitochondrial carrier superfamily.
Types
In humans, there exist three paraologous ANT isoforms:
SLC25A4 – found primarily in heart and skeletal muscle
SLC25A5 – primarily expressed in fibroblasts
SLC25A6 – primarily express in liver
Structure
ANT has long been thought to function as a homodimer, but this concept was challenged by the projection structure of the yeast Aac3p solved by electron crystallography, which showed that the protein was three-fold symmetric and monomeric, with the translocation pathway for the substrate through the centre. The atomic structure of the bovine ANT confirmed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiak%C3%A1%20language | Apiaká is a recently extinct Tupi language of the Apiacá people of the upper Rio Tapajos area of Mato Grosso, Brazil. It has been supplanted by Portuguese.
Classification
The Apiaká language belongs to subgroup VI of the Tupi-Guarani languages. It is very close to Kagwahiva and may be a dialect of that language.
History
After coming into contact with the Neo-Brazilians, the Apiaca language changed with combined elements of the Lingua Geral, A Tupi-based trade jargon. Today, Portuguese or Munduruku are more widely spoken as opposed to the Apiaca language, though these people have always been known by the name "Apiaca."
All the Apiacá speak Portuguese and those married to members of the Munduruku and Kaiabi tribes speak their spouse's language fluently or have the ability to understand them fully. Although the Munduruku and Kaiabi languages and idioms are spoken on a day-to-day basis in the Apiaca villages, they are, however, limited to domestic spaces and informal conversations. The language used in formal conversations is Portuguese, due to contact with the Neo-Brazilians and Portuguese settlers. Although they cannot impose their own language on the co-resident Munduruku and Kaiabi people, due to such a small number of them who actually speak the Apiaca language, the Apiaca manage to impede the languages of these peoples from becoming the official languages in their villages. This allows Portuguese to function as an instrument of resistance employed by the Apiaca to preve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building-integrated%20photovoltaics | Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are photovoltaic materials that are used to replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as the roof, skylights, or façades. They are increasingly being incorporated into the construction of new buildings as a principal or ancillary source of electrical power, although existing buildings may be retrofitted with similar technology. The advantage of integrated photovoltaics over more common non-integrated systems is that the initial cost can be offset by reducing the amount spent on building materials and labor that would normally be used to construct the part of the building that the BIPV modules replace. In addition, BIPV allows for more widespread solar adoption when the building's aesthetics matter and traditional rack-mounted solar panels would disrupt the intended look of the building.
The term building-applied photovoltaics (BAPV) is sometimes used to refer to photovoltaics that are retrofit – integrated into the building after construction is complete. Most building-integrated installations are actually BAPV. Some manufacturers and builders differentiate new construction BIPV from BAPV.
History
PV applications for buildings began appearing in the 1970s. Aluminum-framed photovoltaic modules were connected to, or mounted on, buildings that were usually in remote areas without access to an electric power grid. In the 1980s photovoltaic module add-ons to roofs began being demonstrated. These PV sy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialoglycoprotein | A sialoglycoprotein is a combination of sialic acid and glycoprotein, which is, itself, a combination of sugar and protein. These proteins often contain one or more sialyl oligosaccharides that are covalently bound to the rest of the molecule.
Glycophorin C is one common sialoglycoprotein.
Podocalyxin is another sialoglycoprotein found in the foot processes of the podocyte cells of the glomerulus in kidneys. Podocalyxin is negatively charged and therefore repels other negatively charged molecules, thus contributing to the minimal filtration of negatively charged molecules by the kidney. Its molecular weight is 46 kDa.
References
External links
Glycoproteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%20German%20Grand%20Prix | The 1936 German Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at the Nürburgring on 26 July 1936.
Classification
References
German Grand Prix
German Grand Prix
Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglec | Siglecs (Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins) are cell surface proteins that bind sialic acid. They are found primarily on the surface of immune cells and are a subset of the I-type lectins. There are 14 different mammalian Siglecs, providing an array of different functions based on cell surface receptor-ligand interactions.
History
The first described candidate Siglec was Sialoadhesin (Siglec-1/CD169) a lectin-like adhesion protein on macrophages. Parallel studies by Ajit Varki and colleagues on the previously cloned CD22 (a B cell surface protein involved in adhesion and activation) showed direct evidence for sialic acid recognition. The subsequent cloning of Sialoadhesin by Crocker revealed homology to CD22 (Siglec-2), CD33 (Siglec-3) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG/Siglec-4), leading to the proposal for a family of "Sialoadhesins". Varki then suggested the term Siglec as a better alternative and as a subset of I-type (Ig-type) lectins. This nomenclature was agreed upon and has been adopted by almost all investigators working on these molecules (by convention, Siglecs are always capitalised.) Several additional Siglecs (Siglecs 5–12) have been identified in humans that are highly similar in structure to CD33 and so are collectively referred to as "CD33-related Siglecs". Further Siglecs have been identified including Siglec-14 and Siglec-15. Siglecs have been characterized into two distinct groups: the first and highly conserved-across-mamma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannosamine | D-Mannosamine (2-amino-2-deoxymannose) is a hexosamine derivative of mannose.
See also
Neuraminic acid
References
Hexosamines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%204.1 | Protein 4.1, (Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1), is a protein associated with the cytoskeleton that in humans is encoded by the EPB41 gene. Protein 4.1 is a major structural element of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. It plays a key role in regulating membrane physical properties of mechanical stability and deformability by stabilizing spectrin-actin interaction. Protein 4.1 (80 kD) interacts with spectrin and short actin filaments to form the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. Mutations of spectrin and protein 4.1 are associated with elliptocytosis or spherocytosis and anemia of varying severity.
Clinical significance
Elliptocytosis is a hematologic disorder characterized by elliptically shaped erythrocytes and a variable degree of hemolytic anemia. Inherited as an autosomal dominant, elliptocytosis results from mutation in any one of several genes encoding proteins of the red cell membrane skeleton. The form discussed here is the one found in the 1950s to be linked to Rh blood group and more recently shown to be caused by a defect in protein 4.1. 'Rh-unlinked' forms of elliptocytosis are caused by mutation in the alpha-spectrin gene (MIM 182860), the beta-spectrin gene (MIM 182870), or the band 3 gene (MIM 109270) [supplied by OMIM].
Interactions
Protein 4.1 has been shown to interact with:
CENPJ,
EIF3G
NUMA1, and
TJP2.
See also
Elliptocytosis
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20temporal%20RNA | Small temporal RNA (abbreviated stRNA) regulates gene expression during roundworm development by preventing the mRNAs they bind from being translated. In contrast to siRNA, stRNAs downregulate expression of target RNAs after translation initiation without affecting mRNA stability. Nowadays, stRNAs are better known as miRNAs.
stRNAs exert negative post-transcriptional regulation by binding to complementary sequences in the 3' untranslated regions of their target genes. stRNAs are transcribed as longer precursor RNAs that are processed by the RNase Dicer/DCR-1 and members of the RDE-1/AGO1 family of proteins, which are better known for their roles in RNA interference (RNAi). stRNAs may function to control temporal identity during development in C. elegans and other organisms.
References
RNA
RNA interference |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin-linked%20kinase | Integrin-linked kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ILK gene involved with integrin-mediated signal transduction. Mutations in ILK are associated with cardiomyopathies. It is a 59kDa protein originally identified in a yeast-two hybrid screen with integrin β1 as the bait protein. Since its discovery, ILK has been associated with multiple cellular functions including cell migration, proliferation, and adhesion.
Integrin-linked kinases (ILKs) are a subfamily of Raf-like kinases (RAF). The structure of ILK consists of three features: 5 ankyrin repeats in the N-terminus, Phosphoinositide binding motif and extreme N-terminus of kinase catalytic domain. Integrins lack enzymatic activity and depend on adapters to signal proteins. ILK is linked to beta-1 and beta-3 integrin cytoplasmic domains and is one of the best described integrins. Although first described as a serine/threonine kinase by Hannigan, important motifs of ILK kinases are still uncharacterized. ILK is thought to have a role in development regulation and tissue homeostasis, however it was found that in flies, worms and mice ILK activity isn't required to regulate these processes.
Animal ILKs have been linked to the pinch- parvin complex which control muscle development. Mice lacking ILK were embryonic lethal due to lack of organized muscle cell development. In mammals ILK lacks catalytic activity but supports scaffolding protein functions for focal adhesions. In plants, ILKs signal complexes to foca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseradish%20peroxidase | The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP), found in the roots of horseradish, is used extensively in biochemistry applications. It is a metalloenzyme with many isoforms, of which the most studied type is C. It catalyzes the oxidation of various organic substrates by hydrogen peroxide.
Structure
The structure of the enzyme was first solved by X-ray crystallography in 1997 and has since been solved several times with various substrates. It is a large alpha-helical glycoprotein which binds heme as a redox cofactor.
Substrates
Alone, the HRP enzyme, or conjugates thereof, is of little value; its presence must be made visible using a substrate that, when oxidized by HRP using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent, yields a characteristic color change that is detectable by spectrophotometric methods.
Numerous substrates for horseradish peroxidase have been described and commercialized to exploit the desirable features of HRP. These substrates fall into several distinct categories. HRP catalyzes the conversion of chromogenic substrates (e.g., TMB, DAB, ABTS) into colored products, and produces light when acting on chemiluminescent substrates (e.g. Enhanced Chemiluminescence by luminol).
Applications
Horseradish peroxidase is a 44,173.9-dalton glycoprotein with 6 lysine residues which can be conjugated to a labeled molecule. It produces a coloured, fluorimetric, or luminescent derivative of the labeled molecule when incubated with a proper substrate, allowing it to be det |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucial | Crucial may refer to:
Brands
Crucial, a consumer products brand used by semiconductor manufacturer Micron Technology
Music
Crucial, album by Ali (British singer) (1998)
The Crucial Conspiracy, an album by The Dingees (2001)
The Crucial Squeegie Lip, a demo recording by Ween (1987)
Crucial, the backing band for Judy Nylon on the album Pal Judy (1982)
Crucial Three, a short-lived band of approximately six weeks duration in early 1977
"Crucial" (song), by New Edition (1989)
Crucial, a song by Prince on his box set Crystal Ball (1998)
Crucial Star, a South Korean hip-hop artist active 2007–present |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal%20cancer | Vaginal cancer is an extraordinarily rare form of cancer that develops in the tissue of the vagina. Primary vaginal cancer originates from the vaginal tissue – most frequently squamous cell carcinoma, but primary vaginal adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, and melanoma have also been reported – while secondary vaginal cancer involves the metastasis of a cancer that originated in a different part of the body. Secondary vaginal cancer is more common. Signs of vaginal cancer may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, dysuria, tenesmus, or pelvic pain, though as many as 20% of women diagnosed with vaginal cancer are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. Vaginal cancer occurs more frequently in women over age 50, and the mean age of diagnosis of vaginal cancer is 60 years. It often can be cured if found and treated in early stages. Surgery alone or surgery combined with pelvic radiation is typically used to treat vaginal cancer.
Description
Carcinoma of the vagina occurs in less than 2% of women with pelvic malignant tumors. Squamous carcinoma is the most common type of vaginal cancer. The human papilloma virus (HPV) is strongly associated with vaginal cancer. Vaginal cancer occurs most often in the upper third of the vagina (51%), 30% are found in the lower third, and 19% in the middle third. Vaginal cancer can present as an elevated lesion growing out from the epithelial surface or an ulcer-like, shallow depression. Definitive diagnosis is determined by biopsy.
Signs and symptoms
Most va |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%204.2 | Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPB42 gene. It is part of the red blood cell cytoskeleton.
Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.2 is an ATP-binding protein which may regulate the association of band 3 with ankyrin. It probably has a role in erythrocyte shape and mechanical property regulation. Mutations in the EPB42 gene are associated with recessive spherocytic elliptocytosis and recessively transmitted hereditary hemolytic anemia.
See also
Hereditary elliptocytosis
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Codazzi%20equations | In Riemannian geometry and pseudo-Riemannian geometry, the Gauss–Codazzi equations (also called the Gauss–Codazzi–Weingarten-Mainardi equations or Gauss–Peterson–Codazzi formulas) are fundamental formulas which link together the induced metric and second fundamental form of a submanifold of (or immersion into) a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian manifold.
The equations were originally discovered in the context of surfaces in three-dimensional Euclidean space. In this context, the first equation, often called the Gauss equation (after its discoverer Carl Friedrich Gauss), says that the Gauss curvature of the surface, at any given point, is dictated by the derivatives of the Gauss map at that point, as encoded by the second fundamental form. The second equation, called the Codazzi equation or Codazzi-Mainardi equation, states that the covariant derivative of the second fundamental form is fully symmetric. It is named for Gaspare Mainardi (1856) and Delfino Codazzi (1868–1869), who independently derived the result, although it was discovered earlier by Karl Mikhailovich Peterson.
Formal statement
Let be an n-dimensional embedded submanifold of a Riemannian manifold P of dimension . There is a natural inclusion of the tangent bundle of M into that of P by the pushforward, and the cokernel is the normal bundle of M:
The metric splits this short exact sequence, and so
Relative to this splitting, the Levi-Civita connection of P decomposes into tangential and normal components. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenal%20atresia | Duodenal atresia is the congenital absence or complete closure of a portion of the lumen of the duodenum. It causes increased levels of amniotic fluid during pregnancy (polyhydramnios) and intestinal obstruction in newborn babies. Newborns present with bilious or non-bilous vomiting (depending on where in the duodenum the obstruction is) within the first 24 to 48 hours after birth, typically after their first oral feeding. Radiography shows a distended stomach and distended duodenum, which are separated by the pyloric valve, a finding described as the double-bubble sign.
Treatment includes suctioning out any fluid that is trapped in the stomach, providing fluids intravenously, and surgical repair of the intestinal closure.
Signs and symptoms
History and physical examination
During pregnancy, duodenal atresia is associated with increased amniotic fluid in the uterus, which is called polyhydramnios. This increase in amniotic fluid is caused by the inability of the fetus to swallow the amniotic fluid and absorb it in their digestive tract.
After birth, duodenal atresia may cause abdominal distension, especially of the upper abdomen. Bilious or non-bilious vomiting, depending on the position of the atresia in relation to the Ampulla of Vater, commonly occurs within the first day of life.
Associated conditions
Approximately 20–40 percent of all infants with duodenal atresia have Down syndrome and 50% have a congenital cardiac anomaly. Approximately 8% of infants with Dow |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioara%20Mugur-Sch%C3%A4chter | Mioara Mugur-Schächter is a French-Romanian physicist, specialized in fundamental quantum mechanics, probability theory and information theory. She is also an epistemologist (methodologist) of scientific knowledge generation. As a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Reims, she founded the Laboratory of Quantum Mechanics and Information Structures, which she directed until 1997. She is currently president of the Centre pour la Synthèse d'une Épistémologie Formalisée.
Biography
Born in Romania, she arrived in France in 1962 from Bucharest. Her PhD thesis, of which the whole content had been elaborated beforehand in Bucharest and sent to Louis de Broglie, was published in a volume prefaced by de Broglie and published in the collection "Les grands problèmes des sciences", Gauthiers Villars, Paris, 1964.
She became a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, where she founded the Laboratory for Quantum Mechanics and Information Structure, which she directed until 1997.
Selected publications
Étude du caractère complet de la théorie quantique (1964)
The quantum mechanical one-system formalism, joint probabilities and locality, in Quantum Mechanics a half Century Later, J. L. Lopes and M. Paty, eds., Reidel, pp. 107-146, 1977
Study of Wigner’s Theorem on Joint Probabilities, Found. Phys., Vol. 9, pp. 389-404, 1979.
Le concept nouveau de fonctionnelle d’opacité d’une statistique. Etude des relations entre la loi des grand |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmolase | A desmolase is any of various enzymes that catalyze the formation or destruction of carbon-carbon bonds within a molecule. These enzymes play a significant role in cellular respiration and in fermentation. Desmolases are involved in steroidogenesis.
Examples of desmolases are:
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, also called 20,22-desmolase; converts cholesterol to pregnenolone.
17,20-Desmolase, also called CYP17A1 or 17α-hydroxylase; converts pregnenolone to 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, progesterone to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, and corticosterone to aldosterone.
Diacetyl desmolase is added to beer late in the brewing process to remove diacetyl flavor that may have accumulated during processing.
See also
Steroidogenic enzyme
References
Enzymes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20trapping | Gene trapping is a high-throughput approach that is used to introduce insertional mutations across an organism's genome.
Method
Trapping is performed with gene trap vectors whose principal element is a gene trapping cassette consisting of a promoterless reporter gene and/or selectable genetic marker, flanked by an upstream 3' splice site (splice acceptor; SA) and a downstream transcriptional termination sequence (polyadenylation sequence; polyA).
When inserted into an intron of an expressed gene, the gene trap cassette is transcribed from the endogenous promoter of that gene in the form of a fusion transcript in which the exon(s) upstream of the insertion site is spliced in frame to the reporter/selectable marker gene. Since transcription is terminated prematurely at the inserted polyadenylation site, the processed fusion transcript encodes a truncated and nonfunctional version of the cellular protein and the reporter/selectable marker. Thus, gene traps simultaneously inactivate and report the expression of the trapped gene at the insertion site, and provide a DNA tag (gene trap sequence tag, GTST) for the rapid identification of the disrupted gene.
Access
The International Gene Trap Consortium is centralizing the data and supplies modified cell lines.
References
Further reading
External links
Genetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%20Swiss%20Grand%20Prix | The 1936 Swiss Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Bremgarten on 23 August 1936.
Classification
References
Swiss Grand Prix
Swiss Grand Prix
Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%20Italian%20Grand%20Prix | The 1936 Italian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Monza on 13 September 1936. The 72 lap event was won by Bernd Rosemeyer.
Classification
References
Italian Grand Prix
Italian Grand Prix
Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly%20Labor%20Review | The Monthly Labor Review (MLR) is published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Issues often focus on a particular topic. Most articles are by BLS staff.
Annually since 1969, the Lawrence R. Klein Award has been awarded to authors of articles appearing in the Monthly Labor Review, generally one to BLS authors and one to non-BLS authors.
History
In 1915, under commissioner Royal Meeker, BLS began publishing the Monthly Review, with a circulation of 8,000. The name became Monthly Labor Review in 1918, and circulation rose to 20,000 in June 1920.
The journal has published its articles on the web for a decade. In 2008 the journal ceased to publish a bound paper edition, and now publishes only online.
References
External links
The Monthly Labor Review web site
Open access journals
Monthly journals
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Academic journals published by the United States government
1915 establishments in the United States
Publications established in 1915
United States Department of Labor publications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20R.%20Srinivasa%20Varadhan | Sathamangalam Ranga Iyengar Srinivasa Varadhan, (born 2 January 1940) is an Indian American mathematician. He is known for his fundamental contributions to probability theory and in particular for creating a unified theory of large deviations. He is regarded as one of the fundamental contributors to the theory of diffusion processes with an orientation towards the refinement and further development of Itô’s stochastic calculus. In the year 2007, he became the first Asian to win the Abel Prize.
Early life and education
Srinivasa was born into a Hindu Tamil Brahmin Iyengar family in 1940 in Chennai (then Madras). In 1953, his family migrated to Kolkata. He grew up in Chennai and Kolkata. Varadhan received his undergraduate degree in 1959 and his postgraduate degree in 1960 from Presidency College, Chennai. He received his doctorate from ISI in 1963 under C R Rao, who arranged for Andrey Kolmogorov to be present at Varadhan's thesis defence. He was one of the "famous four" (the others being R Ranga Rao, K R Parthasarathy, and Veeravalli S Varadarajan) in ISI during 1956–1963.
Career
Since 1963, he has worked at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University, where he was at first a postdoctoral fellow (1963–66), strongly recommended by Monroe D Donsker. Here he met Daniel Stroock, who became a close colleague and co-author. In an article in the Notices of the American Mathematical Society, Stroock recalls these early years:
Varadhan is currently a p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoidance%20reaction | Avoidance reaction is a term used in the description of the movement of paramecium. This helps the cell avoid obstacles and causes other objects to bounce off of the cell's outer membrane. The paramecium does this by reversing the direction in which its cilia beat. This results in stopping, spinning or turning, after which point the paramecium resumes swimming forward. If multiple avoidance reactions follow one another, it is possible for a paramecium to swim backward, though not as smoothly as swimming forward.
Avoidance reaction occurs when the cell hits an obstruction, providing an anterior, mechanical stimulus:
- The cell will then reverse.
- It will then stop and rotate.
- Now facing a new direction, the cell will move off in that direction.
This process will continue until the cell is able to negotiate its way around the obstruction.
Movement of Paramecium cells is caused by control of calcium ions inside the cell and membrane potentials. The simplest explanation for the avoidance reaction is that membrane potential controls the influx of calcium ions, which regulates the beat frequency and angles of cilia on the surface of the cell.
References
Oligohymenophorea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazinho%20Oliveira | Waldemar Aureliano de Oliveira Filho, usually known as Mazinho Oliveira (born 26 December 1965), is a retired Brazilian footballer who played as a forward.
Career statistics
Club
International
References
External links
1965 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazil men's international footballers
Santos FC players
FC Bayern Munich footballers
Sport Club Internacional players
Club Athletico Paranaense players
Clube Atlético Bragantino players
CR Flamengo footballers
Kashima Antlers players
Kawasaki Frontale players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
J1 League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Bundesliga players
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
People from Guarujá
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from São Paulo (state) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20A.%20Lyons | Leslie A. Lyons is an associate professor at University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine.
Career
In 2002, Lyons made international headlines by analyzing the DNA of the world's first cloned cat, a kitten named
Cc:, and confirming that it was indeed a true clone, a genetic copy of its mother.
Lyons has helped develop DNA tests for polycystic kidney disease (PKD), an inherited condition that shortens the life of cats by causing them to suffer kidney cysts. Previous tests for this condition involved ultrasound scanning and were not very accurate, unlike the DNA test devised by Lyons. Approximately one third of all Persian cats carried the PKD gene at one time, but because of ultrasound testing and the newer, more accurate DNA tests, these PKD-carrier cats are gradually being identified and removed from the feline gene pool by spaying and neutering.
A DNA test for feline coat color carriers and feline parentage has also been developed by Lyons, and is being offered to cat breeders, like the PKD test, so that they can determine whether cats they have bred have correct pedigrees, and whether these cats carry colorpoints, Burmese Colour Restriction, long hair, colour dilution or rare coat colors, such as chocolate and cinnamon.
One of Lyons' current projects is identification of the genes that cause head defect, a lethal deformity in American Burmese cats. She is also working on identifying genes that cause Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA), which causes affected kit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB5%20toxin | {{DISPLAYTITLE:AB5 toxin}}
The AB5 toxins are six-component protein complexes secreted by certain pathogenic bacteria known to cause human diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and hemolytic–uremic syndrome. One component is known as the A subunit, and the remaining five components are B subunits. All of these toxins share a similar structure and mechanism for entering targeted host cells. The B subunit is responsible for binding to receptors to open up a pathway for the A subunit to enter the cell. The A subunit is then able to use its catalytic machinery to take over the host cell's regular functions.
Families
There are four main families of the AB5 toxin. These families are characterized by the sequence of their A (catalytic) subunit, as well as their catalytic activity.
Cholera toxin
This family is also known as Ct or Ctx, and also includes the heat-labile enterotoxin, known as LT. Cholera toxin's discovery is credited by many to Dr. Sambhu Nath De. He conducted his research in Calcutta (now Kolkata) making his discovery in 1959, although it was first purified by Robert Koch in 1883. Cholera toxin is composed of a protein complex that is secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Some symptoms of this toxin include chronic and widespread watery diarrhea and dehydration that, in some cases, leads to death.
Pertussis toxin
This family is also known as Ptx and contains the toxin responsible for whooping cough. Pertussis toxin is secreted by the gram-negative bact |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaredoxin | Glutaredoxins (also known as Thioltransferase) are small redox enzymes of approximately one hundred amino-acid residues that use glutathione as a cofactor. In humans this oxidation repair enzyme is also known to participate in many cellular functions, including redox signaling and regulation of glucose metabolism. Glutaredoxins are oxidized by substrates, and reduced non-enzymatically by glutathione. In contrast to thioredoxins, which are reduced by thioredoxin reductase, no oxidoreductase exists that specifically reduces glutaredoxins. Instead, glutaredoxins are reduced by the oxidation of glutathione. Reduced glutathione is then regenerated by glutathione reductase. Together these components compose the glutathione system.
Like thioredoxin, which functions in a similar way, glutaredoxin possesses an active centre disulfide bond. It exists in either a reduced or an oxidized form where the two cysteine residues are linked in an intramolecular disulfide bond. Glutaredoxins function as electron carriers in the glutathione-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. Moreover, GRX act in antioxidant defense by reducing dehydroascorbate, peroxiredoxins, and methionine sulfoxide reductase. Beside their function in antioxidant defense, bacterial and plant GRX were shown to bind iron-sulfur clusters and to deliver the cluster to enzymes on demand.
In viruses
Glutaredoxin has been sequenced in a variety of viruses. On the basis of extensive s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorodecalin | Perfluorodecalin () is a fluorocarbon, a derivative of decalin in which all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine atoms. It is chemically and biologically inert and stable up to 400 °C. Several applications make use of its ability to dissolve gases.
Manufacture
It is manufactured by the fluorination of tetralin or decalin with cobalt(III) fluoride in the Fowler process. For most applications, several steps of purification are required after reaction.
Isomers
Perfluorodecalin exhibits cis-trans isomerism, as the tertiary fluorines atoms on the bridge carbon atoms can be either on the same side as each other (cis-isomer) or on opposite sides (trans-isomer). Both isomers are chemically and biologically inert and are very similar in their physical properties. The most notable difference is in the melting point, which is −3.6 °C for the cis-isomer, +18 °C for the trans-isomer, and −6.7 °C for a 50/50 mixture.
Medical applications
Of all the perfluorocarbons, perfluorodecalin has probably seen the most interest in medical applications. Most applications utilize its ability to dissolve large amounts of oxygen (100 mL of perfluorodecalin at 25 °C can dissolve 49 mL of oxygen at STP).
Perfluorodecalin was an ingredient in Fluosol, an artificial blood product developed by Green Cross Corporation in the 1980s. It is also being studied for use in liquid breathing. Perfluorodecalin can be applied topically, to provide extra oxygen to a specific location, to accelerate wound |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissonite | Nissonite is a very rare copper phosphate mineral with formula: Cu2Mg2(PO4)2(OH)2·5H2O. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system typically as crusts, tabular crystals, and diamond-shaped crystals. The color is blue-green. It has a light green streak, a Mohs hardness of 2.5 and a specific gravity of 2.73. Cleavage is {100} distinct.
Nissonite was discovered in 1966 and was named after William H. Nisson (1912–1965). It is from Llanada copper mine, near Llanada, San Benito Co., California.
References
Webmineral data
Handbook of Mineralogy
Mindat with location data
Phosphate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20programming | A geometric program (GP) is an optimization problem of the form
where are posynomials and are monomials. In the context of geometric programming (unlike standard mathematics), a monomial is a function from to defined as
where and . A posynomial is any sum of monomials.
Geometric programming is
closely related to convex optimization: any GP can be made convex by means of a change of variables. GPs have numerous applications, including component sizing in IC design, aircraft design, maximum likelihood estimation for logistic regression in statistics, and parameter tuning of positive linear systems in control theory.
Convex form
Geometric programs are not in general convex optimization problems, but they can be transformed to convex problems by a change of variables and a transformation of the objective and constraint functions. In particular, after performing the change of variables and taking the log of the objective and constraint functions, the functions , i.e., the posynomials, are transformed into log-sum-exp functions, which are convex, and the functions , i.e., the monomials, become affine. Hence, this transformation transforms every GP into an equivalent convex program. In fact, this log-log transformation can be used to convert a larger class of problems, known as log-log convex programming (LLCP), into an equivalent convex form.
Software
Several software packages exist to assist with formulating and solving geometric programs.
MOSEK is a commercial sol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%20projection%20theorem | In mathematics, the Hilbert projection theorem is a famous result of convex analysis that says that for every vector in a Hilbert space and every nonempty closed convex there exists a unique vector for which is minimized over the vectors ; that is, such that for every
Finite dimensional case
Some intuition for the theorem can be obtained by considering the first order condition of the optimization problem.
Consider a finite dimensional real Hilbert space with a subspace and a point If is a or of the function defined by (which is the same as the minimum point of ), then derivative must be zero at
In matrix derivative notation
Since is a vector in that represents an arbitrary tangent direction, it follows that must be orthogonal to every vector in
Statement
Detailed elementary proof
Proof by reduction to a special case
It suffices to prove the theorem in the case of because the general case follows from the statement below by replacing with
Consequences
:
If then
which implies
:
Let where is the underlying scalar field of and define
which is continuous and linear because this is true of each of its coordinates
The set is closed in because is closed in and is continuous.
The kernel of any linear map is a vector subspace of its domain, which is why is a vector subspace of
:
Let
The Hilbert projection theorem guarantees the existence of a unique such that (or equivalently, for all ).
Let so that and it remains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky%20mouse | Sticky mouse is a murine possessing a gene mutation in the enzyme alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AARS). The sticky mouse, with this particular mutation, presents a good model in which to investigate mechanisms of neuronal degeneration. Its most immediately obvious symptom is a sticky secretion on the mouse's fur (thus the name); however, it is accompanied by lack of muscle control, ataxia, alopecia, loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, and eventually, death.
Sticky mouse is one of several animal mutants that are known to have problems in mRNA translation and are used in studies.
See also
Wasted mouse (wst) - EEF1A2 defect
Harlequin mouse
Reeler - RELN defect
Shaking rat Kawasaki - RELN defect
References
External links
A sticky wicket - editor's summary, Nature, 2006
Forward Genetics Reveals Novel Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration - free online videolecture by Ackerman SL.; June 2009
'Sticky' mice lead to discovery of new cause of neurodegenerative disease - Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 2006
Susan L. Ackerman - bio at the Institute site
Rodent diseases
Laboratory mouse strains
Behavioural genetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disodium%20hydrogen%20phosphite | Disodium hydrogen phosphite is the name for inorganic compounds with the formula Na2HPO3•(H2O)x. The commonly encountered salt is the pentahydrate. A derivative of phosphorous acid (HP(O)(OH)2), it contains the anion HPO32−. Its common name suggests that it contains an acidic hydrogen atom, as in sodium hydrogen carbonate. However, this name is misleading as the hydrogen atom is not acidic, being bonded to phosphorus rather than oxygen. The salt has reducing properties. It is white or colorless solid, and is little studied.
References
Phosphites
Inorganic phosphorus compounds
Sodium compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBD | KBD may refer to:
K-B-D, a Semitic triliteral root meaning "be heavy"
KBD algorithm, for simulating spin models
Kabardian language (ISO 639 code), North Caucasus
Kaiser–Bessel-derived window, in digital signal processing
Kashin–Beck disease, a bone disease
Kentucky Bourbon Distillers
King's Bench Division
, the HTML element for keyboard input |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie%20Basset | Jean-Marie Basset (born 9 June 1943) is a French chemist, and is currently the director of KAUST catalysis research center.
Biography
Jean Marie Basset is an engineer from the École Supérieure de Chimie Industrielle de Lyon. He is doing a doctoral thesis under the supervision of Professor Marcel Prettre, a corresponding member of the institute. After a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Toronto in Toronto and Imperial College in London (with Nobel Prize winner Prof. Wilkinson), he joined the CNRS Catalytic Institute, where he became deputy director. He was then a founding member, along with Jean Claude Charpentier, of the École de Chimie Physique et Électronique de Lyon (CPE Lyon), where he became scientific director. He created the Surface Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory and then the Catalysis and Process Chemistry Laboratory COMS UMR CNRS-CPE-UCB 52, of which he is the director. He then became a founding member and director of the Catalysis Centre at King Abdullah University of Science and technology in 2008. He was President of a European Laboratory of Excellence (NOE) IDECAT, which includes 44 catalyst laboratories in Europe. He has been a member of the board of numerous institutions such as AXELERA (competition pole, chemistry and environment), CPE, the Maison de la Chimie.
Research
Jean Marie Basset's only scientific objective was to bring together two a priori very different disciplines; homogeneous catalysis on the one hand (governed by the laws of mo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diiodothyronine | Diiodothyronine may refer to:
3,3'-Diiodothyronine (3,3'-T2)
3,5-Diiodothyronine (3,5-T2)
Iodinated tyrosine derivatives
Thyroid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giv | Giv or GIV may refer to:
Places
Giv, Markazi, Iran
Giv, South Khorasan, Iran
Other uses
Giv (Shahnameh) a character in the Persian epic Shahnameh
CCDC88A, a protein
The Governor's Institutes of Vermont
Gulfstream IV
Rostam Giv (1880–1980), Iranian politician and philanthropist
See also
G4 (disambiguation)
Give (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesteryl%20nonanoate | Cholesteryl nonanoate, also called cholesteryl pelargonate, 3β-cholest-5-en-3-ol nonaoate or cholest-5-ene-3-β-yl nonanoate, is an ester of cholesterol and nonanoic acid. It is a liquid crystal material forming cholesteric liquid crystals with helical structure. It forms spherulite crystals.
Uses
It is used in some hair colors, make-ups, and some other cosmetic preparations; e.g. the ISP ColorFlow line is based on mixtures with e.g. cholesteryl chloride, cholesteryl oleyl carbonate and BHT. The mixture provides an opalescent, iridescent appearance.
It is also used in some pleochroic dyes and together with e.g. cholesteryl oleyl carbonate and cholesteryl benzoate in some thermochromic applications.
It can be also used as a component of the liquid crystals used for liquid crystal displays.
References
Cholestanes
Liquid crystals
Nonanoate esters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20American%20U-17%20Championship | The South American U-17 Championship (; ) is a football competition held every two years for South American under-17 teams. The tournament was born in 1985 out of a need for a classification tournament for the newly created FIFA U-16 World Cup (now the FIFA U-17 World Cup). For the first three editions (1985, 1986, and 1988), the competition was limited to under-16 teams. Afterwards, the age limit was raised one year. The tournament is held every two years. Since the first edition, Brazil has been the dominant force of the tournament, winning a record thirteen times.
Results
Notes
Performances by country
* = As hosts
Participating nations
Legend
1st – Champions
2nd – Runners-up
3rd – Third place
4th – Fourth place
5th-6th – Fifth to Sixth place
7th-9th – Seventh to Ninth place
GS – Group stage
× – Did not enter
– Hosts
Overall statistics
Men's U-17 World Cup Qualifiers
Legend
1st – Champions
2nd – Runners-up
3rd – Third place
4th – Fourth place
QF – Quarterfinals
R2 – Round 2
R1 – Round 1
– Hosts
q – Qualified for upcoming tournament
See also
FIFA U-17 World Cup
South American Under-15 Football Championship
South American Youth Football Championship
References
External links
CONMEBOL competitions for national teams
Under-17 association football competitions
South American youth sports competitions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AICD | The acronym AICD may refer to:
Automated Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator
Amyloid precursor protein Intracellular Cytoplasmic/C-terminal Domain, the smaller cleavage product of APP by gamma-secretase
Australian Institute of Company Directors, an organisation supporting company directors in Australia
Activation-induced cell death (AICD), important for maintaining T cell homeostasis of the immune system. Autoreactive T cells undergo apoptosis through AICD both from the thymus and periphery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20fusion%20protein | Membrane fusion proteins (not to be confused with chimeric or fusion proteins) are proteins that cause fusion of biological membranes. Membrane fusion is critical for many biological processes, especially in eukaryotic development and viral entry. Fusion proteins can originate from genes encoded by infectious enveloped viruses, ancient retroviruses integrated into the host genome, or solely by the host genome. Post-transcriptional modifications made to the fusion proteins by the host, namely addition and modification of glycans and acetyl groups, can drastically affect fusogenicity (the ability to fuse).
Fusion in eukaryotes
Eukaryotic genomes contain several gene families, of host and viral origin, which encode products involved in driving membrane fusion. While adult somatic cells do not typically undergo membrane fusion under normal conditions, gametes and embryonic cells follow developmental pathways to non-spontaneously drive membrane fusion, such as in placental formation, syncytiotrophoblast formation, and neurodevelopment. Fusion pathways are also involved in the development of musculoskeletal and nervous system tissues. Vesicle fusion events involved in neurotransmitter trafficking also relies on the catalytic activity of fusion proteins.
SNARE family
The SNARE family include bona fide eukaryotic fusion proteins. They are only found in eukaryotes and their closest archaeal relatives like Heimdallarchaeota.
Retroviral
These proteins originate from the env gene o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion%20protein | Fusion proteins or chimeric (kī-ˈmir-ik) proteins (literally, made of parts from different sources) are proteins created through the joining of two or more genes that originally coded for separate proteins. Translation of this fusion gene results in a single or multiple polypeptides with functional properties derived from each of the original proteins. Recombinant fusion proteins are created artificially by recombinant DNA technology for use in biological research or therapeutics. Chimeric or chimera usually designate hybrid proteins made of polypeptides having different functions or physico-chemical patterns. Chimeric mutant proteins occur naturally when a complex mutation, such as a chromosomal translocation, tandem duplication, or retrotransposition creates a novel coding sequence containing parts of the coding sequences from two different genes. Naturally occurring fusion proteins are commonly found in cancer cells, where they may function as oncoproteins. The bcr-abl fusion protein is a well-known example of an oncogenic fusion protein, and is considered to be the primary oncogenic driver of chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Functions
Some fusion proteins combine whole peptides and therefore contain all functional domains of the original proteins. However, other fusion proteins, especially those that occur naturally, combine only portions of coding sequences and therefore do not maintain the original functions of the parental genes that formed them.
Many whole gene fusion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semimartingale | In probability theory, a real valued stochastic process X is called a semimartingale if it can be decomposed as the sum of a local martingale and a càdlàg adapted finite-variation process. Semimartingales are "good integrators", forming the largest class of processes with respect to which the Itô integral and the Stratonovich integral can be defined.
The class of semimartingales is quite large (including, for example, all continuously differentiable processes, Brownian motion and Poisson processes). Submartingales and supermartingales together represent a subset of the semimartingales.
Definition
A real valued process X defined on the filtered probability space (Ω,F,(Ft)t ≥ 0,P) is called a semimartingale if it can be decomposed as
where M is a local martingale and A is a càdlàg adapted process of locally bounded variation.
An Rn-valued process X = (X1,…,Xn) is a semimartingale if each of its components Xi is a semimartingale.
Alternative definition
First, the simple predictable processes are defined to be linear combinations of processes of the form Ht = A1{t > T} for stopping times T and FT -measurable random variables A. The integral H · X for any such simple predictable process H and real valued process X is
This is extended to all simple predictable processes by the linearity of H · X in H.
A real valued process X is a semimartingale if it is càdlàg, adapted, and for every t ≥ 0,
is bounded in probability. The Bichteler–Dellacherie Theorem states that these two d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phred%20quality%20score | A Phred quality score is a measure of the quality of the identification of the nucleobases generated by automated DNA sequencing. It was originally developed for the computer program Phred to help in the automation of DNA sequencing in the Human Genome Project. Phred quality scores are assigned to each nucleotide base call in automated sequencer traces. The FASTQ format encodes phred scores as ASCII characters alongside the read sequences. Phred quality scores have become widely accepted to characterize the quality of DNA sequences, and can be used to compare the efficacy of different sequencing methods. Perhaps the most important use of Phred quality scores is the automatic determination of accurate, quality-based consensus sequences.
Definition
Phred quality scores are logarithmically related to the base-calling error probabilities and defined as
.
This relation can be also be written as
.
For example, if Phred assigns a quality score of 30 to a base, the chances that this base is called incorrectly are 1 in 1000.
The phred quality score is the negative ratio of the error probability to the reference level of expressed in Decibel (dB).
History
The idea of sequence quality scores can be traced back to the original description of the SCF file format by Staden's group in 1992. In 1995, Bonfield and Staden proposed a method to use base-specific quality scores to improve the accuracy of consensus sequences in DNA sequencing projects.
However, early attempts to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940%E2%80%9341%20Serie%20A | The 1940–41 Serie A season was won by Bologna.
Teams
Atalanta and Livorno had been promoted from Serie B.
Final classification
Results
Top goalscorers
References and sources
Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005
External links
- All results on RSSSF Website.
Serie A seasons
Italy
1940–41 in Italian football leagues |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium%20chlorate | Barium chlorate, Ba(ClO3)2, is the barium salt of chloric acid. It is a white crystalline solid, and like all soluble barium compounds, irritant and toxic. It is sometimes used in pyrotechnics to produce a green color. It also finds use in the production of chloric acid.
Reactions
Synthesis
Barium chlorate can be produced through a double replacement reaction between solutions of barium chloride and sodium chlorate:
BaCl2 + 2 NaClO3 → Ba(ClO3)2 + 2 NaCl
On concentrating and chilling the resulting mixture, barium chlorate precipitates. This is perhaps the most common preparation, exploiting the lower solubility of barium chlorate compared to sodium chlorate.
The above method does result in some sodium contamination, which is undesirable for pyrotechnic purposes, where the strong yellow of sodium can easily overpower the green of barium. Sodium-free barium chlorate can be produced directly through electrolysis:
BaCl2 + 6 H2O → Ba(ClO3)2 + 6 H2
It can also be produced by the reaction of barium carbonate with boiling ammonium chlorate solution:
2 NH4ClO3 + BaCO3 + Q → Ba(ClO3)2 + 2 NH3 + H2O + CO2
The reaction initially produces barium chlorate and ammonium carbonate; boiling the solution decomposes the ammonium carbonate and drives off the resulting ammonia and carbon dioxide, leaving only barium chlorate in solution.
Decomposition
When exposed to heat, barium chlorate alone will decompose to barium chloride and oxygen:
Ba(ClO3)2 → BaCl2 + 3 O2
Chloric acid
Bariu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20conference | The term Open conference (or "openconference") is a derivative of the adjective "opensource", and its meaning is similarly based on the ideas of public access and community development found in the open source culture and OpenCourseWare movements. "Conference" in this sense is used to indicate an academic or professional gathering of practitioners in a given field to present and discuss current thought, research, and practice.
An open conference is a conference that is open to the general public (usually at no cost) and encourages or requires participants to relax or eliminate intellectual property restrictions on ideas generated and presentations delivered during the conference. Presenters often make presentations and materials available to the public for free access and use, for example through the use of a Creative Commons non-commercial attribution license.
Open conference organizers seek to open access to the conference for attendees by elimination of cost (relying on community support and sponsorships), they also provide community access to archived presentations and discussions through similar licensing agreements.
Additionally, attendees are encouraged to become participants in a collaborative community that supports and grows the conference—even to derive new open conferences.
Conference |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20rankings%20of%20South%20Korea | The following are international rankings of South Korea.
Economy
Education
Environment
Health & Safety
Note: In the case of statistics with potentially conflicting meanings, the rankings have been converted to reflect the same direction - Positive statistics rank higher, while negative statistics rank lower.
Industry
Innovation
Politics, Law and Military
Science & Technology
Society & Quality of Life
Tourism
Transportation
See also
International rankings of North Korea
International rankings of China
International rankings of Japan
References
South Korea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon%20type%20I | The type-I interferons (IFN) are cytokines which play essential roles in inflammation, immunoregulation, tumor cells recognition, and T-cell responses. In the human genome, a cluster of thirteen functional IFN genes is located at the 9p21.3 cytoband over approximately 400 kb including coding genes for IFNα (IFNA1, IFNA2, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16, IFNA17 and IFNA21), IFNω (IFNW1), IFNɛ (IFNE), IFNк (IFNK) and IFNβ (IFNB1), plus 11 IFN pseudogenes.
Interferons bind to interferon receptors. All type I IFNs bind to a specific cell surface receptor complex known as the IFN-α receptor (IFNAR) that consists of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 chains.
Type I IFNs are found in all mammals, and homologous (similar) molecules have been found in birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish species.
Sources and functions
IFN-α and IFN-β are secreted by many cell types including lymphocytes (NK cells, B-cells and T-cells), macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, osteoblasts and others. They stimulate both macrophages and NK cells to elicit an anti-viral response, involving IRF3/IRF7 antiviral pathways, and are also active against tumors. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have been identified as being the most potent producers of type I IFNs in response to antigen, and have thus been coined natural IFN producing cells.
IFN-ω is released by leukocytes at the site of viral infection or tumors.
IFN-α acts as a pyrogenic factor by altering the activity of thermosensitive |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STRIDE%20%28algorithm%29 | In protein structure, STRIDE (Structural identification) is an algorithm for the assignment of protein secondary structure elements given the atomic coordinates of the protein, as defined by X-ray crystallography, protein NMR, or another protein structure determination method. In addition to the hydrogen bond criteria used by the more common DSSP algorithm, the STRIDE assignment criteria also include dihedral angle potentials. As such, its criteria for defining individual secondary structures are more complex than those of DSSP. The STRIDE energy function contains a hydrogen-bond term containing a Lennard-Jones-like 8-6 distance-dependent potential and two angular dependence factors reflecting the planarity of the optimized hydrogen bond geometry. The criteria for individual secondary structural elements, which are divided into the same groups as those reported by DSSP, also contain statistical probability factors derived from empirical examinations of solved structures with visually assigned secondary structure elements extracted from the Protein Data Bank.
Although DSSP is the older method and continues to be the most commonly used, the original STRIDE definition reported it to give a more satisfactory structural assignment in at least 70% of cases. In particular, STRIDE was observed to correct for the propensity of DSSP to assign shorter secondary structures than would be assigned by an expert crystallographer, usually due to the minor local variations in structure that a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPV1 | The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), also known as the capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor 1, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the TRPV1 gene. It was the first isolated member of the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor proteins that in turn are a sub-family of the transient receptor potential protein group. This protein is a member of the TRPV group of transient receptor potential family of ion channels. Fatty acid metabolites with affinity for this receptor are produced by cyanobacteria, which diverged from eukaryotes at least 2000 million years ago (MYA).
The function of TRPV1 is detection and regulation of body temperature. In addition, TRPV1 provides a sensation of scalding heat and pain (nociception). In primary afferent sensory neurons, it cooperates with TRPA1 (a chemical irritant receptor) to mediate the detection of noxious environmental stimuli.
Function
TRPV1 is an element of or mechanism used by the mammalian somatosensory system. It is a nonselective cation channel that may be activated by a wide variety of exogenous and endogenous physical and chemical stimuli. The best-known activators of TRPV1 are: temperature greater than ; acidic conditions; capsaicin (the irritating compound in hot chili peppers); and allyl isothiocyanate, the pungent compound in mustard and wasabi. The activation of TRPV1 leads to a painful, burning sensation. Its endogenous activators include: low pH (acidic con |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection%20%28heat%20transfer%29 | Convection (or convective heat transfer) is the transfer of heat from one place to another due to the movement of fluid. Although often discussed as a distinct method of heat transfer, convective heat transfer involves the combined processes of conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat transfer by bulk fluid flow). Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases.
Note that this definition of convection is only applicable in Heat transfer and thermodynamic contexts. It should not be confused with the dynamic fluid phenomenon of convection, which is typically referred to as Natural Convection in thermodynamic contexts in order to distinguish the two.
Overview
Convection can be "forced" by movement of a fluid by means other than buoyancy forces (for example, a water pump in an automobile engine). Thermal expansion of fluids may also force convection. In other cases, natural buoyancy forces alone are entirely responsible for fluid motion when the fluid is heated, and this process is called "natural convection". An example is the draft in a chimney or around any fire. In natural convection, an increase in temperature produces a reduction in density, which in turn causes fluid motion due to pressures and forces when fluids of different densities are affected by gravity (or any g-force). For example, when water is heated on a stove, hot water from the bottom of the pan is displaced (or forced up) by the colder denser liquid, which falls. After h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shq1 | Shq1p is a protein involved in the rRNA processing pathway. It was discovered by Pok Yang in the Chanfreau laboratory at UCLA. Depletion of Shq1p has led to decreased level of various H/ACA box snoRNAs (H/ACA box snoRNAs are responsible for pseuduridylation of pre-rRNA) and certain pre-rRNA intermediates.
Background
During the synthesis of eukaryotic ribosomes, four mature ribosomal RNAs (the 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 25S) must be synthesized. Three of these rRNAs (5.8S, 18S, and 25S) come from a single pre-rRNA known as the 35S. Although many of the intermediates in this rRNA processing pathway have been identified in the last thirty years, there are still a number of proteins involved in this process whose specific function is unknown.
Function
Shq1, a protein thought to play a role in the stabilization and/or production of box H/ACA snoRNA, is still uncharacterized. It has been proposed that Shq1, along with Naf1p, is involved in the initial steps of the biogenesis of H/ACA box snoRNPs (box H/ACA snoRNAs form complexes with proteins, thereby forming snoRNPs) because of its association with certain snoRNP proteins during the snoRNP’s maturation, while showing very little association with the mature snoRNP complex. Despite the known involvement of Shq1 in H/ACA box snoRNP's production, the exact function of this protein in the overall rRNA processing pathway is still unknown.
See also
rRNA
snoRNA
Ribosomes
Eukaryotic translation
Proteins
References
External links
Cha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontogenesis | Frontogenesis is a meteorological process of tightening of horizontal temperature gradients to produce fronts. In the end, two types of fronts form: cold fronts and warm fronts. A cold front is a narrow line where temperature decreases rapidly. A warm front is a narrow line of warmer temperatures and essentially where much of the precipitation occurs. Frontogenesis occurs as a result of a developing baroclinic wave. According to Hoskins & Bretherton (1972, p. 11), there are eight mechanisms that influence temperature gradients: horizontal deformation, horizontal shearing, vertical deformation, differential vertical motion, latent heat release, surface friction, turbulence and mixing, and radiation. Semigeostrophic frontogenesis theory focuses on the role of horizontal deformation and shear.
Kinematics
Horizontal deformation in mid-latitude cyclones concentrates temperature gradients—cold air from the poles and warm air from the equator.
Horizontal shear has two effects on an air parcel; it tends to rotate the parcel (think of placing a wheel at a point in space and as the wind blows, the wheel rotates) and deform the parcel through stretching and shrinking. In the end, this can also tighten temperature gradient, but most importantly, this rotates a concentrated temperature gradient for example, from the x-axis to the y direction.
Within a mid-latitude cyclone, these two key features play an essential role in frontogenesis. On a typical mid-latitude cyclone, there are
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOMNET | The TOMNET optimization Environment is a platform for solving applied optimization problems in Microsoft .NET. It makes it possible to use solvers like SNOPT, MINOS and CPLEX with one single model formulation. The solvers handle everything from linear programming and integer programming to global optimization.
External links
(home page)
Numerical software
Mathematical optimization software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphism | An amorphism, in chemistry, crystallography and, by extension, to other areas of the natural sciences is a substance or feature that lacks an ordered form. In the specific case of crystallography, an amorphic material is one that lacks long range (significant) crystalline order at the molecular level. In the history of chemistry, amorphism was recognised even before the discovery of the nature of the exact atomic crystalline lattice structure. The concept of amorphism can also be found in the fields of art, biology, archaeology and philosophy as a characterisation of objects without form, or with random or unstructured form.
Amorphous and Crystalline solid
In the context of solids, amorphous and crystalline are terms used to describe the structure of materials. Amorphous solids are the opposite of crystalline. The atoms or molecules in amorphous substances are arranged randomly without any long-range order. As a result, they do not have a sharp melting point. The phase transition from solid to liquid occurs over a range of temperatures. Some examples include glass, rubber and some plastics.
See also
Glass
Obsidian
References
Bibliography
Crystallography
Physical chemistry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrisystem | Nutrisystem is a commercial provider of weight loss products and services headquartered in Fort Washington, Pennsylvania.
Company history
Nutrisystem's initial product in 1972 was a liquid protein diet, but the company changed its offering after Slim-Fast came to prominence in that market.
The company originally offered weight loss counseling and products in brick and mortar centers, but in 1999, Nutrisystem moved to a direct-to-consumer business model, selling its products and programs on the Internet and by telephone.
The company launched its mobile platform in 2010. WebDiet, Inc., a Silicon Valley startup, accused Nutrisystem of stealing their technology, but the case was dismissed in May, 2014.
In 2015, the firm acquired the South Beach Diet brand.
In December 2018, Tivity Health announced that it would acquire the Nutrisystem brand.
In 2021, Stephen Mikulak was named President of Nutrisystem.
On October 19, 2020, Kainos Capital acquired the brand from Tivity Health.
The company is known for its celebrity marketing, which has included Marie Osmond in national advertising. One of its primary competitors is Weight Watchers with the rivalry deemed "diet wars" by the media.
Efficacy and criticism
A systematic review in 2015 concluded that Nutrisystem "shows promise" because, in the short term, studies have shown that Nutrisystem was more effective at weight-loss than a control group, but found no studies of long-term efficacy.
, four weeks of a basic Nutrisystem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C2%2C4-Trichlorobenzene | 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene is an organochlorine compound, one of three isomers of trichlorobenzene. It is a derivative of benzene with three chloride substituents. It is a colorless liquid used as a solvent for a variety of compounds and materials.
Production and uses
Depending on the conditions and additives (e.g., sulfur), it can be the main product from the chlorination of benzene. It is virtually the exclusive product from the chlorination of 1,4-dichlorobenzene. It is also the main product from the dehydrochlorination of hexachlorocyclohexane.
It is useful as a high-temperature solvent, e.g. for GPC of polyolefines such as PE or PP which are otherwise insoluble.
Aside from its use as a solvent, this compound is a useful precursor to dye and pesticides.
Safety
The LD50 (oral, rats) is 756 mg/kg. Animal studies have shown that 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene affects the liver and kidney, and is possibly a teratogen. There is no regulated occupational exposure limit for chemical exposure, but the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends no greater exposure than 5 ppm, over an 8-hour workday.
See also
Chlorobenzenes—different numbers of chlorine substituents and isomeric forms
References
Chlorobenzenes
Halogenated solvents
Aromatic solvents |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic%20boundary%20conditions | Periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) are a set of boundary conditions which are often chosen for approximating a large (infinite) system by using a small part called a unit cell. PBCs are often used in computer simulations and mathematical models. The topology of two-dimensional PBC is equal to that of a world map of some video games; the geometry of the unit cell satisfies perfect two-dimensional tiling, and when an object passes through one side of the unit cell, it re-appears on the opposite side with the same velocity. In topological terms, the space made by two-dimensional PBCs can be thought of as being mapped onto a torus (compactification). The large systems approximated by PBCs consist of an infinite number of unit cells. In computer simulations, one of these is the original simulation box, and others are copies called images. During the simulation, only the properties of the original simulation box need to be recorded and propagated. The minimum-image convention is a common form of PBC particle bookkeeping in which each individual particle in the simulation interacts with the closest image of the remaining particles in the system.
One example of periodic boundary conditions can be defined according to smooth real functions by
for all m = 0, 1, 2, ... and for constants and .
In molecular dynamics simulations and Monte Carlo molecular modeling, PBCs are usually applied to calculate properties of bulk gasses, liquids, crystals or mixtures. A common application uses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion%20%28taxonomy%29 | The legion, in biological classification, is a non-obligatory taxonomic rank within the Linnaean hierarchy sometimes used in zoology.
Taxonomic rank
In zoological taxonomy, the legion is:
subordinate to the class
superordinate to the cohort.
consists of a group of related orders
Legions may be grouped into superlegions or subdivided into sublegions, and these again into infralegions.
Use in zoology
Legions and their super/sub/infra groups have been employed in some classifications of birds and mammals. Full use is made of all of these (along with cohorts and supercohorts) in, for example, McKenna and Bell's classification of mammals.
See also
Linnaean taxonomy
Mammal classification
References
Biology terminology
Taxa by rank
rank08a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichlorobenzene | Trichlorobenzene (TCB) may refer to any of three isomeric chlorinated derivatives of benzene with the molecular formula C6H3Cl3. Trichlorobenzenes are man-made chemical compounds that occur in three different forms. Even though the forms have the same molecular weight and molecular formulae, they are structurally different by the positions of the chlorine atoms attached to the benzene ring. 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene are colorless solids, but 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is a colorless oil. The isomers may also have different chemical and toxicological properties.
Identification numbers and regulations
1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene - EC number 201-757-1, CAS number 87-61-6, substance subjected to REACH Registration, added to the list of Submitted SVHC Intentions List
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene - EC number 204-428-0, CAS number 120-82-1, substance subjected to REACH Registration, on 2 Aug 2010. added to the list of Submitted SVHC Intentions List on 2 Aug 2010.
1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene - EC number 203-608-6, CAS 108-70-3, added to the list of Submitted SVHC Intentions List on 2 Aug 2010.
See also
Chlorobenzenes—different numbers of chlorine substituents
References
Chlorobenzenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGFA | TGFA may refer to:
Tanzania Government Flight Agency, an executive agency of Tanzania that provides VIP flight service
TGF alpha, a human protein |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion%20in%20Transnistria | Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria) official statistics show that 91 percent of the Transnistrian population adhere to Eastern Orthodox Christianity, with 4 percent adhering to the Catholic Church. Roman Catholics are mainly located in Northern Transnistria, where a notable Polish minority is living.
Transnistria's government has supported the restoration and construction of new Orthodox churches. It affirms that the republic has freedom of religion and states that 114 religious beliefs and congregations are officially registered. However, as recently as 2009, registration hurdles were met with by some religious groups, notably the Jehovah's Witnesses.
References
Demographics of Transnistria
History of Eastern Europe
History of Transnistria
Transnistrian culture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death-associated%20protein%206 | Death-associated protein 6 also known as Daxx is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAXX gene.
Function
Daxx, a Death domain-associated protein, was first discovered through its cytoplasmic interaction with the classical death receptor Fas. It has been associated with heterochromatin and PML-NBs (Promyelocytic Leukaemia nuclear bodies) and has been implicated in many nuclear processes including transcription and cell cycle regulation.
This gene encodes a multifunctional protein that resides in multiple locations in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Daxx serves as an H3.3 specific histone chaperone, interacting with an H3.3/H4 dimer. It interacts with a wide variety of proteins, such as apoptosis antigen Fas, centromere protein C, and transcription factor erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 (ETS1). In the nucleus, the encoded protein functions as a potent transcription repressor that binds to sumoylated transcription factors. Its repression can be relieved by the sequestration of this protein into promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies or nucleoli. This protein also associates with centromeres in the G2 phase. In the cytoplasm, the encoded protein may function to regulate apoptosis. The subcellular localization and function of this protein are modulated by post-translational modifications, including sumoylation, phosphorylation and polyubiquitination.
Structure and localization
Daxx is uniformly expressed throughout the body, except in the testes and thymu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetany | Tetany or tetanic seizure is a medical sign consisting of the involuntary contraction of muscles, which may be caused by disorders that increase the action potential frequency of muscle cells or the nerves that innervate them.
Muscle cramps caused by the disease tetanus are not classified as tetany; rather, they are due to a lack of inhibition to the neurons that supply muscles. Tetanic contractions (physiologic tetanus) are a broad range of muscle contraction types, of which tetany is only one.
Signs and symptoms
Tetany is characterized by contraction of distal muscles of the hands (carpal spasm with extension of interphalangeal joints and adduction and flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints) and feet (pedal spasm) and is associated with tingling around the mouth and distally in the limbs.
Causes
The usual cause of tetany is a deficiency of calcium. An excess of phosphate (high phosphate-to-calcium ratio) can also trigger the spasms.
Underfunction of the parathyroid gland can lead to tetany.
Low levels of carbon dioxide cause tetany by altering the albumin binding of calcium such that the ionized (physiologically influencing) fraction of calcium is reduced; one common reason for low carbon dioxide levels is hyperventilation.
Low levels of magnesium can lead to tetany.
Clostridium tetani toxin, via inhibition of glycine-mediated and GABA-ergic neurotransmission, may lead to tetany.
An excess of potassium in grass hay or pasture can trigger winter tetany, or gra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysophosphatidic%20acid | A lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid derivative that can act as a signaling molecule.
Function
LPA acts as a potent mitogen due to its activation of three high-affinity G-protein-coupled receptors called LPAR1, LPAR2, and LPAR3 (also known as EDG2, EDG4, and EDG7). Additional, newly identified LPA receptors include LPAR4 (P2RY9, GPR23), LPAR5 (GPR92) and LPAR6 (P2RY5, GPR87).
Clinical significance
Because of its ability to stimulate cell proliferation, aberrant LPA-signaling has been linked to cancer in numerous ways. Dysregulation of autotaxin or the LPA receptors can lead to hyperproliferation, which may contribute to oncogenesis and metastasis.
LPA may be the cause of pruritus (itching) in individuals with cholestatic (impaired bile flow) diseases.
GTPase activation
Downstream of LPA receptor activation, the small GTPase Rho can be activated, subsequently activating Rho kinase. This can lead to the formation of stress fibers and cell migration through the inhibition of myosin light-chain phosphatase.
Metabolism
There are a number of potential routes to its biosynthesis, but the most well-characterized is by the action of a lysophospholipase D called autotaxin, which removes the choline group from lysophosphatidylcholine.
Lysophosphatidic acids are also intermediates in the synthesis of phosphatidic acids.
See also
Autotaxin
GPR35
Phosphatidic acid
Sphingosine-1-phosphate
Gintonin
References
Further reading
Phospholipids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin%20ATPase | Myosin ATPase () is an enzyme with systematic name ATP phosphohydrolase (actin-translocating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
ATP + H2O ADP + phosphate
ATP hydrolysis provides energy for actomyosin contraction.
See also
Myosin
References
External links
EC 3.6.4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction%20alkalosis | Contraction alkalosis refers to the increase in blood pH that occurs as a result of fluid losses (volume contraction). The change in pH is especially pronounced with acidic fluid losses caused by problems like vomiting.
Pathophysiology
There are several possible explanations for the process of alkalosis observed after volume contraction.
One popular theory is that alkalosis is simply the loss of solvent volume without a proportional loss in bicarbonate concentration or increase in carbon dioxide concentration. This explanation may be especially appropriate for the very short term after volume loss.
Another suggests that the alkalosis is due to renal compensatory mechanisms used to correct volume loss. Extracellular fluid (ECF) volume contraction is associated with decreased blood volume and decreased renal perfusion pressure. Three compensation mechanisms engage as a result:
renin secretion is increased,
production of angiotensin II is increased, and
secretion of aldosterone is increased.
Increases in angiotensin II cause increased Na+–H+ exchange in the proximal tubule and increased HCO3− (bicarbonate) reabsorption in the proximal tubule due to increased luminal H+. Increased aldosterone secretion stimulates the H-ATPase of alpha-intercalated cells of the collecting duct, which causes 1) increased distal tubule H+ secretion, worsening the metabolic alkalosis, and 2) increased generation of "new" bicarbonate within these same cells, which will be reabsorbed.
Additio |
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