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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len%20Sassaman | Leonard Harris Sassaman (April 9, 1980 – July 3, 2011) was an American technologist, information privacy advocate, and the maintainer of the Mixmaster anonymous remailer code and operator of the randseed remailer. Much of his career gravitated towards cryptography and protocol development.
Early life and education
Sas... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella | Shigella is a genus of bacteria that is Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non–spore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped, and is genetically closely related to Escherichia. The genus is named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who discovered it in 1897.
Shigella causes disease in primates, but not in other mammals; it is the causat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20Miller | Stanley Lloyd Miller (March 7, 1930 – May 20, 2007) was an American chemist who made important experiments concerning the origin of life by demonstrating that a wide range of vital organic compounds can be synthesized by fairly simple chemical processes from inorganic substances. In 1952 he performed the Miller–Urey ex... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert%20W%20function | In mathematics, the Lambert function, also called the omega function or product logarithm, is a multivalued function, namely the branches of the converse relation of the function , where is any complex number and is the exponential function.
For each integer there is one branch, denoted by , which is a complex-val... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein | A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly whose primary function is to transport hydrophobic lipid (also known as fat) molecules in water, as in blood plasma or other extracellular fluids. They consist of a triglyceride and cholesterol center, surrounded by a phospholipid outer shell, with the hydrophilic portions orient... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%201620 | The IBM 1620 was announced by IBM on October 21, 1959, and marketed as an inexpensive scientific computer. After a total production of about two thousand machines, it was withdrawn on November 19, 1970. Modified versions of the 1620 were used as the CPU of the IBM 1710 and IBM 1720 Industrial Process Control Systems (m... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%201401 | The IBM 1401 is a variable-wordlength decimal computer that was announced by IBM on October 5, 1959. The first member of the highly successful IBM 1400 series, it was aimed at replacing unit record equipment for processing data stored on punched cards and at providing peripheral services for larger computers. The 1401 ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic%20organism | An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. The ability to exhibit aerobic respiration may yield benefits to the aerobic organism, as aerobic respiration yields more energy than anaerobic respiration. Energy production of the cell involves the synthesis of ATP by... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic%20organism | An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require molecular oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present. In contrast, an aerobic organism (aerobe) is an organism that requires an oxygenated environment. Anaerobes may be unicellular (e.g. protozoans, bacteria) o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio%20power%20amplifier | An audio power amplifier (or power amp) is an electronic amplifier that amplifies low-power electronic audio signals, such as the signal from a radio receiver or an electric guitar pickup, to a level that is high enough for driving loudspeakers or headphones. Audio power amplifiers are found in all manner of sound syst... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog%20converter | In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC, D/A, D2A, or D-to-A) is a system that converts a digital signal into an analog signal. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) performs the reverse function.
There are several DAC architectures; the suitability of a DAC for a particular application is determined by figu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20New%20Kind%20of%20Science | A New Kind of Science is a book by Stephen Wolfram, published by his company Wolfram Research under the imprint Wolfram Media in 2002. It contains an empirical and systematic study of computational systems such as cellular automata. Wolfram calls these systems simple programs and argues that the scientific philosophy a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Heinrich%20Lambert | Johann Heinrich Lambert (, Jean-Henri Lambert in French; 26 or 28 August 1728 – 25 September 1777) was a polymath from the Republic of Mulhouse, generally referred to as either Swiss or French, who made important contributions to the subjects of mathematics, physics (particularly optics), philosophy, astronomy and map ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy%20initialization | In computer programming, lazy initialization is the tactic of delaying the creation of an object, the calculation of a value, or some other expensive process until the first time it is needed. It is a kind of lazy evaluation that refers specifically to the instantiation of objects or other resources.
This is typically... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%20space%20and%20kernel%20space | A modern computer operating system usually segregates virtual memory into user space and kernel space. Primarily, this separation serves to provide memory protection and hardware protection from malicious or errant software behaviour.
Kernel space is strictly reserved for running a privileged operating system kernel, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web%20service | A web service (WS) is either:
a service offered by an electronic device to another electronic device, communicating with each other via the Internet, or
a server running on a computer device, listening for requests at a particular port over a network, serving web documents (HTML, JSON, XML, images).
In a web service... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed%20Component%20Object%20Model | Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) is a proprietary Microsoft technology for communication between software components on networked computers. DCOM, which originally was called "Network OLE", extends Microsoft's COM, and provides the communication substrate under Microsoft's COM+ application server infrastructur... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COM%20%28hardware%20interface%29 | COM (communication port) is the original, yet still common, name of the serial port interface on PC-compatible computers. It can refer not only to physical ports, but also to emulated ports, such as ports created by Bluetooth or USB adapters.
History
The name for the COM port started with the original IBM PC. IBM had ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object%20Linking%20and%20Embedding | Object Linking & Embedding (OLE) is a proprietary technology developed by Microsoft that allows embedding and linking to documents and other objects. For developers, it brought OLE Control Extension (OCX), a way to develop and use custom user interface elements. On a technical level, an OLE object is any object that ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Milner | Arthur John Robin Gorell Milner (13 January 1934 – 20 March 2010) was a British computer scientist, and a Turing Award winner.
Life, education and career
Milner was born in Yealmpton, near Plymouth, England into a military family. He gained a King's Scholarship to Eton College in 1947, and was awarded the Tomline Pr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius%20Kircher | Athanasius Kircher (2 May 1602 – 27 November 1680) was a German Jesuit scholar and polymath who published around 40 major works of comparative religion, geology, and medicine. Kircher has been compared to fellow Jesuit Roger Joseph Boscovich and to Leonardo da Vinci for his vast range of interests, and has been honoure... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20nutrition | Human nutrition deals with the provision of essential nutrients in food that are necessary to support human life and good health. Poor nutrition is a chronic problem often linked to poverty, food security, or a poor understanding of nutritional requirements. Malnutrition and its consequences are large contributors to d... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural%20biotechnology | Agricultural biotechnology, also known as agritech, is an area of agricultural science involving the use of scientific tools and techniques, including genetic engineering, molecular markers, molecular diagnostics, vaccines, and tissue culture, to modify living organisms: plants, animals, and microorganisms. Crop biotec... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmunity | In immunology, autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells, tissues and other normal body constituents. Any disease resulting from this type of immune response is termed an "autoimmune disease". Prominent examples include celiac disease, post-infectious IBS, diabetes mell... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%20inversion%20theorem | In mathematical analysis, the Lagrange inversion theorem, also known as the Lagrange–Bürmann formula, gives the Taylor series expansion of the inverse function of an analytic function.
Statement
Suppose is defined as a function of by an equation of the form
where is analytic at a point and Then it is possible t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus%20classification | Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system similar to the classification systems used for cellular organisms.
Viruses are classified by phenotypic characteristics, such as morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo%20Linux | Gentoo Linux (pronounced ) is a Linux distribution built using the Portage package management system. Unlike a binary software distribution, the source code is compiled locally according to the user's preferences and is often optimized for the specific type of computer. Precompiled binaries are available for some pack... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COWSEL | COWSEL (COntrolled Working SpacE Language) is a programming language designed between 1964 and 1966 by Robin Popplestone. It was based on an reverse Polish notation (RPN) form of the language Lisp, combined with some ideas from Combined Programming Language (CPL).
COWSEL was initially implemented on a Ferranti Pegasus... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative%20array | In computer science, an associative array, map, symbol table, or dictionary is an abstract data type that stores a collection of (key, value) pairs, such that each possible key appears at most once in the collection. In mathematical terms, an associative array is a function with finite domain. It supports 'lookup', 're... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISA | The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (, ) is a commonly used analytical biochemistry assay, first described by Eva Engvall and Peter Perlmann in 1971. The assay uses a solid-phase type of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect the presence of a ligand (commonly a protein) in a liquid sample using antibodies direct... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic | is a Japanese multinational electronics company, headquartered in Kadoma, Osaka. It was founded in 1918 as in Fukushima, Osaka by Kōnosuke Matsushita. In 1935, it was incorporated and renamed In 2008, it changed its name to . In 2022, it became a holding company and was renamed.
In addition to consumer electronics, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development%20of%20the%20human%20body | Development of the human body is the process of growth to maturity. The process begins with fertilization, where an egg released from the ovary of a female is penetrated by a sperm cell from a male. The resulting zygote develops through mitosis and cell differentiation, and the resulting embryo then implants in the ute... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Piaget | Jean William Fritz Piaget (, , ; 9 August 1896 – 16 September 1980) was a Swiss psychologist known for his work on child development. Piaget's theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology".
Piaget placed great importance on the education of children. As the Directo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling%20number | In mathematics, Stirling numbers arise in a variety of analytic and combinatorial problems. They are named after James Stirling, who introduced them in a purely algebraic setting in his book Methodus differentialis (1730). They were rediscovered and given a combinatorial meaning by Masanobu Saka in 1782.
Two different... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Stirling%20%28mathematician%29 | James Stirling (11 May O.S. 1692, Garden, Stirlingshire – 5 December 1770, Edinburgh) was a Scottish mathematician. He was nicknamed "The Venetian".
The Stirling numbers, Stirling permutations, and Stirling's approximation are named after him. He also proved the correctness of Isaac Newton's classification of cubic pl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Vincent%20Atanasoff | John Vincent Atanasoff, , (October 4, 1903 – June 15, 1995) was an American physicist and inventor credited with inventing the first electronic digital computer. Atanasoff invented the first electronic digital computer in the 1930s at Iowa State College (now known as Iowa State University). Challenges to his claim were... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioptre | A dioptre (British spelling) or (American spelling), symbol dpt, is a unit of measurement with dimension of reciprocal length, equivalent to one reciprocal metre, . It is normally used to express the optical power of a lens or curved mirror, which is a physical quantity equal to the reciprocal of the focal length, exp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exokernel | Exokernel is an operating system kernel developed by the MIT Parallel and Distributed Operating Systems group, and also a class of similar operating systems.
Operating systems generally present hardware resources to applications through high-level abstractions such as (virtual) file systems. The idea behind exokernels... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L4%20microkernel%20family | L4 is a family of second-generation microkernels, used to implement a variety of types of operating systems (OS), though mostly for Unix-like, Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) compliant types.
L4, like its predecessor microkernel L3, was created by German computer scientist Jochen Liedtke as a response to t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoclonal%20band | Oligoclonal bands (OCBs) are bands of immunoglobulins that are seen when a patient's blood serum, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is analyzed. They are used in the diagnosis of various neurological and blood diseases. Oligoclonal bands are present in the CSF of more than 95% of patients with clinically definite multiple s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offspring | In biology, offspring are the young creation of living organisms, produced either by a single organism or, in the case of sexual reproduction, two organisms. Collective offspring may be known as a brood or progeny in a more general way. This can refer to a set of simultaneous offspring, such as the chicks hatched from ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio%20crossover | Audio crossovers are a type of electronic filter circuitry that splits an audio signal into two or more frequency ranges, so that the signals can be sent to loudspeaker drivers that are designed to operate within different frequency ranges. The crossover filters can be either active or passive. They are often described... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary%20nutritional%20groups | Primary nutritional groups are groups of organisms, divided in relation to the nutrition mode according to the sources of energy and carbon, needed for living, growth and reproduction. The sources of energy can be light or chemical compounds; the sources of carbon can be of organic or inorganic origin.
The terms aerob... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotroph | A heterotroph (; ) is an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter. In the food chain, heterotrophs are primary, secondary and tertiary consumers, but not producers. Living organisms that are heterotrophic include all animals... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs%20of%20Fermat%27s%20little%20theorem | This article collects together a variety of proofs of Fermat's little theorem, which states that
for every prime number p and every integer a (see modular arithmetic).
Simplifications
Some of the proofs of Fermat's little theorem given below depend on two simplifications.
The first is that we may assume that is in ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perverse%20incentive | A perverse incentive is an incentive that has an unintended and undesirable result that is contrary to the intentions of its designers. The cobra effect is the most direct kind of perverse incentive, typically because the incentive unintentionally rewards people for making the issue worse. The term is used to illustrat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi%20symbol | Jacobi symbol for various k (along top) and n (along left side). Only are shown, since due to rule (2) below any other k can be reduced modulo n. Quadratic residues are highlighted in yellow — note that no entry with a Jacobi symbol of −1 is a quadratic residue, and if k is a quadratic residue modulo a coprime n, the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heh%20%28god%29 | Ḥeḥ (ḥḥ, also Huh, Hah, Hauh, Huah, and Hehu) was the personification of infinity or eternity in the Ogdoad in ancient Egyptian religion. His name originally meant "flood", referring to the watery chaos Nu that the Egyptians believed existed before the creation of the world. The Egyptians envisioned this chaos as infin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven%20of%20Nine | Seven of Nine (born Annika Hansen) is a fictional character introduced in the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager. Portrayed by Jeri Ryan, she is a former Borg drone who joins the crew of the Federation starship Voyager. Her full Borg designation was Seven of Nine, Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatri... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20synthesis%20%2820th%20century%29 | The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity into a joint mathematical framework. Julian Huxley coined the term in his 1942 book, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. The synthesis combined the ideas of natural selection, Mendelian g... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket%20sort | Bucket sort, or bin sort, is a sorting algorithm that works by distributing the elements of an array into a number of buckets. Each bucket is then sorted individually, either using a different sorting algorithm, or by recursively applying the bucket sorting algorithm. It is a distribution sort, a generalization of pig... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%27s%20paradox | In logic, Richard's paradox is a semantical antinomy of set theory and natural language first described by the French mathematician Jules Richard in 1905. The paradox is ordinarily used to motivate the importance of distinguishing carefully between mathematics and metamathematics.
Kurt Gödel specifically cites Richar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row%20and%20column%20spaces | In linear algebra, the column space (also called the range or image) of a matrix A is the span (set of all possible linear combinations) of its column vectors. The column space of a matrix is the image or range of the corresponding matrix transformation.
Let be a field. The column space of an matrix with components ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Size-exclusion%20chromatography | Size-exclusion chromatography, also known as molecular sieve chromatography, is a chromatographic method in which molecules in solution are separated by their size, and in some cases molecular weight. It is usually applied to large molecules or macromolecular complexes such as proteins and industrial polymers. Typicall... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20scanning%20calorimetry | Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature. Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature throughout the experi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20image%20processing | Digital image processing is the use of a digital computer to process digital images through an algorithm. As a subcategory or field of digital signal processing, digital image processing has many advantages over analog image processing. It allows a much wider range of algorithms to be applied to the input data and can ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20image | A binary image is one that consists of pixels that can have one of exactly two colors, usually black and white. Binary images are also called bi-level or two-level, Pixelart made of two colours is often referred to as 1-Bit or 1bit. This means that each pixel is stored as a single bit—i.e., a 0 or 1. The names black-an... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieratic | Hieratic (; ) is the name given to a cursive writing system used for Ancient Egyptian and the principal script used to write that language from its development in the third millennium BC until the rise of Demotic in the mid-first millennium BC. It was primarily written in ink with a reed pen on papyrus.
Etymology
In t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossible%20cube | The impossible cube or irrational cube is an impossible object invented by M.C. Escher for his print Belvedere. It is a two-dimensional figure that superficially resembles a perspective drawing of a three-dimensional cube, with its features drawn inconsistently from the way they would appear in an actual cube.
Usage i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexagon | In geometry, flexagons are flat models, usually constructed by folding strips of paper, that can be flexed or folded in certain ways to reveal faces besides the two that were originally on the back and front.
Flexagons are usually square or rectangular (tetraflexagons) or hexagonal (hexaflexagons). A prefix can be add... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunet | nunet was a global provider of mobile and IPTV video management technologies for broadcasters, media brands and Mobile Network Operators. The Mobile TV CMS product provides broadcasters with the ability to aggregate, encode, optimise and schedule live, looped and VOD channels for broadcast to mobile devices and IPTV pl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma%20%28computer%20algebra%20system%29 | Magma is a computer algebra system designed to solve problems in algebra, number theory, geometry and combinatorics. It is named after the algebraic structure magma. It runs on Unix-like operating systems, as well as Windows.
Introduction
Magma is produced and distributed by the Computational Algebra Group within the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20automaton | A tree automaton is a type of state machine. Tree automata deal with tree structures, rather than the strings of more conventional state machines.
The following article deals with branching tree automata, which correspond to regular languages of trees.
As with classical automata, finite tree automata (FTA) can be eit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coset | In mathematics, specifically group theory, a subgroup of a group may be used to decompose the underlying set of into disjoint, equal-size subsets called cosets. There are left cosets and right cosets. Cosets (both left and right) have the same number of elements (cardinality) as does . Furthermore, itself is both a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanning%20Tree%20Protocol | The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a network protocol that builds a loop-free logical topology for Ethernet networks. The basic function of STP is to prevent bridge loops and the broadcast radiation that results from them. Spanning tree also allows a network design to include backup links providing fault tolerance if ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serialism | In music, serialism is a method of composition using series of pitches, rhythms, dynamics, timbres or other musical elements. Serialism began primarily with Arnold Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique, though some of his contemporaries were also working to establish serialism as a form of post-tonal thinking. Twelve-tone... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolometer | A bolometer is a device for measuring radiant heat by means of a material having a temperature-dependent electrical resistance. It was invented in 1878 by the American astronomer Samuel Pierpont Langley.
Principle of operation
A bolometer consists of an absorptive element, such as a thin layer of metal, connected to... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20integer | In algebraic number theory, an algebraic integer is a complex number which is integral over the integers. That is, an algebraic integer is a complex root of some monic polynomial (a polynomial whose leading coefficient is 1) whose coefficients are integers. The set of all algebraic integers is closed under addition, s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeDOS | FreeDOS (formerly Free-DOS and PD-DOS) is a free software operating system for IBM PC compatible computers. It intends to provide a complete MS-DOS-compatible environment for running legacy software and supporting embedded systems.
FreeDOS can be booted from a floppy disk or USB flash drive. It is designed to run well... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography | Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area. Phytogeography is the branch of biogeography that s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Encryption%20Standard%20process | The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), the symmetric block cipher ratified as a standard by National Institute of Standards and Technology of the United States (NIST), was chosen using a process lasting from 1997 to 2000 that was markedly more open and transparent than its predecessor, the Data Encryption Standard (DE... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation | In mathematics, exponentiation is an operation involving two numbers, the base and the exponent or power. Exponentiation is written as , where is the base and is the power; this is pronounced as " (raised) to the (power of) ". When is a positive integer, exponentiation corresponds to repeated multiplication of the b... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation%20of%20a%20group | In mathematics, a presentation is one method of specifying a group. A presentation of a group G comprises a set S of generators—so that every element of the group can be written as a product of powers of some of these generators—and a set R of relations among those generators. We then say G has presentation
Informally... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCNET | Attached Resource Computer NETwork (ARCNET or ARCnet) is a communications protocol for local area networks. ARCNET was the first widely available networking system for microcomputers; it became popular in the 1980s for office automation tasks. It was later applied to embedded systems where certain features of the proto... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueprint | A blueprint is a reproduction of a technical drawing or engineering drawing using a contact print process on light-sensitive sheets introduced by Sir John Herschel in 1842. The process allowed rapid and accurate production of an unlimited number of copies. It was widely used for over a century for the reproduction of s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperplane | In geometry, a hyperplane is a subspace whose dimension is one less than that of its ambient space. For example, if a space is 3-dimensional then its hyperplanes are the 2-dimensional planes, while if the space is 2-dimensional, its hyperplanes are the 1-dimensional lines. This notion can be used in any general space... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting%20sort | In computer science, counting sort is an algorithm for sorting a collection of objects according to keys that are small positive integers; that is, it is an integer sorting algorithm. It operates by counting the number of objects that possess distinct key values, and applying prefix sum on those counts to determine the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating%20set%20of%20a%20group | In abstract algebra, a generating set of a group is a subset of the group set such that every element of the group can be expressed as a combination (under the group operation) of finitely many elements of the subset and their inverses.
In other words, if is a subset of a group , then , the subgroup generated by , is... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20engineering | Military engineering is loosely defined as the art, science, and practice of designing and building military works and maintaining lines of military transport and military communications. Military engineers are also responsible for logistics behind military tactics. Modern military engineering differs from civil engine... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling%20System%20No.%207 | Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) is a set of telephony signaling protocols developed in the 1970s, which is used to set up and tear down telephone calls in most parts of the world-wide public switched telephone network (PSTN). The protocol also performs number translation, local number portability, prepaid billing, Short ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI8 | MI8, or Military Intelligence, Section 8 was a British Military Intelligence group responsible for signals intelligence and was created in 1914. It originally consisted of four sections: MI8(a), which dealt with wireless policy; MI8(b), based at the General Post Office, dealt with commercial and trade cables; MI8(c) de... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News.admin.net-abuse.email | news.admin.net-abuse.email (sometimes abbreviated nanae or n.a.n-a.e, and often incorrectly spelled with a hyphen in "email") is a Usenet newsgroup devoted to discussion of the abuse of email systems, specifically through email spam and similar attacks. According to a timeline compiled by Keith Lynch, news.admin.net-ab... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20group%20theory%20topics | In mathematics and abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Groups recu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre%20polynomials | In mathematics, Legendre polynomials, named after Adrien-Marie Legendre (1782), are a system of complete and orthogonal polynomials with a vast number of mathematical properties and numerous applications. They can be defined in many ways, and the various definitions highlight different aspects as well as suggest genera... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingspan | The wingspan (or just span) of a bird or an airplane is the distance from one wingtip to the opposite wingtip. For example, the Boeing 777–200 has a wingspan of , and a wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) caught in 1965 had a wingspan of , the official record for a living bird.
The term wingspan, more technically ex... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrox | Matrox Graphics, Inc. is a producer of video card components and equipment for personal computers and workstations. Based in Dorval, Quebec, Canada, it was founded in 1976 by Lorne Trottier and Branko Matić. The name is derived from "Ma" in Matić and "Tro" in Trottier.
Company
Matrox Graphics, Inc., the entity most ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%2A%20search%20algorithm | A* (pronounced "A-star") is a graph traversal and path search algorithm, which is used in many fields of computer science due to its completeness, optimality, and optimal efficiency. One major practical drawback is its space complexity, as it stores all generated nodes in memory. Thus, in practical travel-routing syst... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20on%20a%20chip | A system on a chip or system-on-chip (SoC ; pl. SoCs ) is an integrated circuit that integrates most or all components of a computer or other electronic system. These components almost always include on-chip central processing unit (CPU), memory interfaces, input/output devices and interfaces, and secondary storage int... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel%20port | In computing, a parallel port is a type of interface found on early computers (personal and otherwise) for connecting peripherals. The name refers to the way the data is sent; parallel ports send multiple bits of data at once (parallel communication), as opposed to serial communication, in which bits are sent one at a ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter%20%28logic%20gate%29 | In digital logic, an inverter or NOT gate is a logic gate which implements logical negation. It outputs a bit opposite of the bit that is put into it. The bits are typically implemented as two differing voltage levels.
Description
The NOT gate outputs a zero when given a one, and a one when given a zero. Hence, it in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga%20Advanced%20Graphics%20Architecture | Amiga Advanced Graphics Architecture (AGA) is the third-generation Amiga graphic chipset, first used in the Amiga 4000 in 1992. Before release AGA was codenamed Pandora by Commodore International.
AGA was originally called AA for Advanced Architecture in the United States. The name was later changed to AGA for the Eur... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists%20of%20engineers | Types of engineer include:
Chartered Engineer
European Engineer
Incorporated Engineer
Professional Engineer
Royal Engineer
Lists of individual engineers by discipline include:
List of aerospace engineers
List of canal engineers
List of chemical engineers
List of civil engineers
List of combat engineering co... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun%20debugging | Shotgun debugging can be defined as:
A process of making relatively un-directed changes to software in the hope that a bug will be perturbed out of existence.
Using the approach of trying several possible solutions of hardware or software problem at the same time, in the hope that one of the solutions (typically sourc... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLAN | A virtual local area network (VLAN) is any broadcast domain that is partitioned and isolated in a computer network at the data link layer (OSI layer 2). In this context, virtual, refers to a physical object recreated and altered by additional logic, within the local area network. VLANs work by applying tags to network ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diophantine%20set | In mathematics, a Diophantine equation is an equation of the form P(x1, ..., xj, y1, ..., yk) = 0 (usually abbreviated P(, ) = 0) where P(, ) is a polynomial with integer coefficients, where x1, ..., xj indicate parameters and y1, ..., yk indicate unknowns.
A Diophantine set is a subset S of , the set of all j-tuples... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20game%20publisher | A video game publisher is a company that publishes video games that have been developed either internally by the publisher or externally by a video game developer.
They often finance the development, sometimes by paying a video game developer (the publisher calls this external development) and sometimes by paying an i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALOHAnet | ALOHAnet, also known as the ALOHA System, or simply ALOHA, was a pioneering computer networking system developed at the University of Hawaii.
The ALOHAnet used a new method of medium access, called ALOHA random access, and experimental ultra high frequency (UHF) for its operation. In its simplest form, later known as ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20tenth%20problem | Hilbert's tenth problem is the tenth on the list of mathematical problems that the German mathematician David Hilbert posed in 1900. It is the challenge to provide a general algorithm that, for any given Diophantine equation (a polynomial equation with integer coefficients and a finite number of unknowns), can decide ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20independence | In the theory of vector spaces, a set of vectors is said to be if there exists no nontrivial linear combination of the vectors that equals the zero vector. If such a linear combination exists, then the vectors are said to be . These concepts are central to the definition of dimension.
A vector space can be of finite... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian-Carlo%20Rota | Gian-Carlo Rota (April 27, 1932 – April 18, 1999) was an Italian-American mathematician and philosopher. He spent most of his career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he worked in combinatorics, functional analysis, probability theory, and phenomenology.
Early life and education
Rota was born in Vige... |
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