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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturbation%20theory | In mathematics and applied mathematics, perturbation theory comprises methods for finding an approximate solution to a problem, by starting from the exact solution of a related, simpler problem. A critical feature of the technique is a middle step that breaks the problem into "solvable" and "perturbative" parts. In pe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation%20layer | In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the presentation layer is layer 6 and serves as the data translator for the network. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.
Description
Within the service layering semantics of the OSI network architecture, the presentation layer responds to service requests from ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperH | SuperH (or SH) is a 32-bit reduced instruction set computing (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Hitachi and currently produced by Renesas. It is implemented by microcontrollers and microprocessors for embedded systems.
At the time of introduction, SuperH was notable for having fixed-length 16-bit i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola%2096000 | The Motorola 96XXX (aka 96000, 96K) is a family of digital signal processor (DSP) chips produced by Motorola. They are based on the earlier Motorola 56000 and remain software compatible with them, but have been updated to a full single-precision (32-bit) floating point implementation.
Many of the design features of th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyacrylamide%20gel%20electrophoresis | Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is a technique widely used in biochemistry, forensic chemistry, genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology to separate biological macromolecules, usually proteins or nucleic acids, according to their electrophoretic mobility. Electrophoretic mobility is a function of the len... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-normal%20distribution | In probability theory, a log-normal (or lognormal) distribution is a continuous probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm is normally distributed. Thus, if the random variable is log-normally distributed, then has a normal distribution. Equivalently, if has a normal distribution, then the exponen... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell | Dell Inc. is an American based technology company. It develops, sells, repairs, and supports computers and related products and services. Dell is owned by its parent company, Dell Technologies.
Dell sells personal computers (PCs), servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals, HDTVs, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20Data%20Bank | The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a database for the three-dimensional structural data of large biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. The data, typically obtained by X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, or, increasingly, cryo-electron microscopy, and submitted by biologists and biochemists from aro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition | A coalition is formed when two or more people or groups temporarily work together to achieve a common goal. The term is most frequently used to denote a formation of power in political or economic spaces.
Formation
According to A Guide for Political Parties published by the National Democratic Institute and the Oslo ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiko%20Scientific | Meiko Scientific Ltd. was a British supercomputer company based in Bristol, founded by members of the design team working on the Inmos transputer microprocessor.
History
In 1985, when Inmos management suggested the release of the transputer be delayed, Miles Chesney, David Alden, Eric Barton, Roy Bottomley, James Cown... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAME | MAME (formerly an acronym of Multiple Arcade Machine Emulator) is a free and open-source emulator designed to recreate the hardware of arcade game systems in software on modern personal computers and other platforms. Its intention is to preserve gaming history by preventing vintage games from being lost or forgotten. I... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoresistor | A photoresistor (also known as a photocell, or light-dependent resistor, LDR, or photo-conductive cell) is a passive component that decreases resistance with respect to receiving luminosity (light) on the component's sensitive surface. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increase in incident light intensit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20theory | In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory first formulated in the mid-nineteenth century, that organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit%20ratio | The digit ratio is the ratio taken of of the lengths of different digits or fingers on a hand. In modern sciences, the 2D:4D ratio has become the most commonly studied digit ratio and is calculated by dividing the length of the index finger of a given hand by the length of the ring finger of the same hand. On average, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20call | In computing, a system call (commonly abbreviated to syscall) is the programmatic way in which a computer program requests a service from the operating system on which it is executed. This may include hardware-related services (for example, accessing a hard disk drive or accessing the device's camera), creation and exe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunk%20cost | In economics and business decision-making, a sunk cost (also known as retrospective cost) is a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered. Sunk costs are contrasted with prospective costs, which are future costs that may be avoided if action is taken. In other words, a sunk cost is a sum paid in the pa... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded%20ring | In mathematics, in particular abstract algebra, a graded ring is a ring such that the underlying additive group is a direct sum of abelian groups such that . The index set is usually the set of nonnegative integers or the set of integers, but can be any monoid. The direct sum decomposition is usually referred to as gr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive%20property | In mathematics, the distributive property of binary operations is a generalization of the distributive law, which asserts that the equality
is always true in elementary algebra.
For example, in elementary arithmetic, one has
Therefore, one would say that multiplication distributes over addition.
This basic property ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide%20nucleic%20acid | Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is an artificially synthesized polymer similar to DNA or RNA.
Synthetic peptide nucleic acid oligomers have been used in recent years in molecular biology procedures, diagnostic assays, and antisense therapies. Due to their higher binding strength, it is not necessary to design long PNA olig... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosen-ciphertext%20attack | A chosen-ciphertext attack (CCA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the cryptanalyst can gather information by obtaining the decryptions of chosen ciphertexts. From these pieces of information the adversary can attempt to recover the hidden secret key used for decryption.
For formal definitions of security aga... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20%28biology%29 | In biology, tissue is a historically derived biological organizational level between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is therefore often thought of as an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function. Organs are then formed by the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape%20Communicator | Netscape Communicator (or Netscape 4) is a discontinued Internet suite produced by Netscape Communications Corporation, and was the fourth major release in the Netscape line of browsers. It was first in beta in 1996 and was released in June 1997. Netscape Communicator addressed the problem of Netscape Navigator 3.x bei... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprinter%20%28computer%29 | The Sprinter (also called Peters Plus Sprinter or PPS ) is a microcomputer made by the Russian firm Peters Plus, Ltd. It was the last ZX Spectrum clone produced in a factory.
It was built using what the company called a "Flex architecture", using an Altera PLD as part of the core logic. This allows the machine's har... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langton%27s%20ant | Langton's ant is a two-dimensional universal Turing machine with a very simple set of rules but complex emergent behavior. It was invented by Chris Langton in 1986 and runs on a square lattice of black and white cells. The universality of Langton's ant was proven in 2000. The idea has been generalized in several differ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s%20t-distribution | In probability and statistics, Student's t-distribution (or simply the t-distribution) is
a continuous probability distribution that generalizes the standard normal distribution. Like the latter, it is symmetric around zero and bell-shaped.
However, has heavier tails and the amount of probability mass in the tails i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittaker%E2%80%93Shannon%20interpolation%20formula | The Whittaker–Shannon interpolation formula or sinc interpolation is a method to construct a continuous-time bandlimited function from a sequence of real numbers. The formula dates back to the works of E. Borel in 1898, and E. T. Whittaker in 1915, and was cited from works of J. M. Whittaker in 1935, and in the formul... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal%20matrix | In linear algebra, an orthogonal matrix, or orthonormal matrix, is a real square matrix whose columns and rows are orthonormal vectors.
One way to express this is
where is the transpose of and is the identity matrix.
This leads to the equivalent characterization: a matrix is orthogonal if its transpose is equal ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s%20criterion | In number theory, Euler's criterion is a formula for determining whether an integer is a quadratic residue modulo a prime. Precisely,
Let p be an odd prime and a be an integer coprime to p. Then
Euler's criterion can be concisely reformulated using the Legendre symbol:
The criterion dates from a 1748 paper by Leonha... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophosphate | In chemistry, pyrophosphates are phosphorus oxyanions that contain two phosphorus atoms in a P–O–P linkage. A number of pyrophosphate salts exist, such as disodium pyrophosphate (Na2H2P2O7) and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7), among others. Often pyrophosphates are called diphosphates. The parent pyrophosphates a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote%20control | In electronics, a remote control (also known as a remote or clicker) is an electronic device used to operate another device from a distance, usually wirelessly. In consumer electronics, a remote control can be used to operate devices such as a television set, DVD player or other digital home media appliance. A remote c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncotic%20pressure | Oncotic pressure, or colloid osmotic-pressure, is a type of osmotic pressure induced by the plasma proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel's plasma (or any other body fluid such as blood and lymph) that causes a pull on fluid back into the capillary. Participating colloids displace water molecules, thus creating a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%27s%20theorem | In group theory, Cayley's theorem, named in honour of Arthur Cayley, states that every group is isomorphic to a subgroup of a symmetric group.
More specifically, is isomorphic to a subgroup of the symmetric group whose elements are the permutations of the underlying set of .
Explicitly,
for each , the left-multipl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization%20vector | In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) or starting variable is an input to a cryptographic primitive being used to provide the initial state. The IV is typically required to be random or pseudorandom, but sometimes an IV only needs to be unpredictable or unique. Randomization is crucial for some encryption sche... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex%20%28software%29 | Lex is a computer program that generates lexical analyzers ("scanners" or "lexers").
Lex is commonly used with the yacc parser generator. Lex, originally written by Mike Lesk and Eric Schmidt and described in 1975, is the standard lexical analyzer generator on many Unix systems, and an equivalent tool is specified as ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator | A pollinator is an animal that moves pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma of a flower. This helps to bring about fertilization of the ovules in the flower by the male gametes from the pollen grains.
Insects are the major pollinators of most plants, and insect pollinators include all families of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poem%20code | The poem code is a simple, and insecure, cryptographic method which was used during World War II by the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) to communicate with their agents in Nazi-occupied Europe.
The method works by the sender and receiver pre-arranging a poem to use. The sender chooses a set number of words ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecule | A macromolecule is a very large molecule important to biological processes, such as a protein or nucleic acid. It is composed of thousands of covalently bonded atoms. Many macromolecules are polymers of smaller molecules called monomers. The most common macromolecules in biochemistry are biopolymers (nucleic acids, pro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipette | A pipette (sometimes spelled as pipet) is a laboratory tool commonly used in chemistry, biology and medicine to transport a measured volume of liquid, often as a media dispenser. Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with differing levels of accuracy and precision, from single piece glass pipettes to m... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20sum%20of%20groups | In mathematics, a group G is called the direct sum of two normal subgroups with trivial intersection if it is generated by the subgroups. In abstract algebra, this method of construction of groups can be generalized to direct sums of vector spaces, modules, and other structures; see the article direct sum of modules fo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20structure | In mathematics, an algebraic structure consists of a nonempty set A (called the underlying set, carrier set or domain), a collection of operations on A (typically binary operations such as addition and multiplication), and a finite set of identities, known as axioms, that these operations must satisfy.
An algebraic st... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20%28computing%29 | In computer science, a library is a collection of non-volatile resources used by computer programs, often for software development. These may include configuration data, documentation, help data, message templates, pre-written code and subroutines, classes, values or type specifications. In IBM's OS/360 and its success... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulated-gate%20bipolar%20transistor | An insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a three-terminal power semiconductor device primarily forming an electronic switch. It was developed to combine high efficiency with fast switching. It consists of four alternating layers (P–N–P–N) that are controlled by a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) gate structure.
A... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotex | Videotex (or interactive videotex) was one of the earliest implementations of an end-user information system. From the late 1970s to early 2010s, it was used to deliver information (usually pages of text) to a user in computer-like format, typically to be displayed on a television or a dumb terminal.
In a strict defin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxtor | Maxtor was an American computer hard disk drive manufacturer. Founded in 1982, it was the third largest hard disk drive manufacturer in the world before being purchased by Seagate in 2006.
History
Overview
In 1981, three former IBM employees began searching for funding, and Maxtor was founded the following year. In ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusion%20detection%20system | An intrusion detection system (IDS; also intrusion prevention system or IPS) is a device or software application that monitors a network or systems for malicious activity or policy violations. Any intrusion activity or violation is typically reported either to an administrator or collected centrally using a security in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20of%20linear%20equations | In mathematics, a system of linear equations (or linear system) is a collection of one or more linear equations involving the same variables.
For example,
is a system of three equations in the three variables . A solution to a linear system is an assignment of values to the variables such that all the equations are s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20sines | In trigonometry, the law of sines, sine law, sine formula, or sine rule is an equation relating the lengths of the sides of any triangle to the sines of its angles. According to the law,
where , and are the lengths of the sides of a triangle, and , and are the opposite angles (see figure 2), while is the radius of ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule%E2%80%93Thomson%20effect | In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect (also known as the Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect) describes the temperature change of a real gas or liquid (as differentiated from an ideal gas) when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it insulated so that no heat is exchanged with the envi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20anti-aliasing | In digital signal processing, spatial anti-aliasing is a technique for minimizing the distortion artifacts (aliasing) when representing a high-resolution image at a lower resolution. Anti-aliasing is used in digital photography, computer graphics, digital audio, and many other applications.
Anti-aliasing means removin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM%20broadcasting | AM broadcasting is radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation (AM) transmissions. It was the first method developed for making audio radio transmissions, and is still used worldwide, primarily for medium wave (also known as "AM band") transmissions, but also on the longwave and shortwave radio bands.
The earliest ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%E2%80%93Scholes%20model | The Black–Scholes or Black–Scholes–Merton model is a mathematical model for the dynamics of a financial market containing derivative investment instruments, using various underlying assumptions. From the parabolic partial differential equation in the model, known as the Black–Scholes equation, one can deduce the Black... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20linear%20group | In mathematics, the general linear group of degree n is the set of invertible matrices, together with the operation of ordinary matrix multiplication. This forms a group, because the product of two invertible matrices is again invertible, and the inverse of an invertible matrix is invertible, with the identity matrix ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics%20card | A graphics card (also called a video card, display card, graphics adapter, VGA card/VGA, video adapter, display adapter, or colloquially GPU) is a computer expansion card that generates a feed of graphics output to a display device such as a monitor. Graphics cards are sometimes called discrete or dedicated graphics ca... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%20and%20the%20Biosphere%20Programme | Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) is an intergovernmental scientific program, launched in 1971 by UNESCO, that aims to establish a scientific basis for the improvement of relationships between people and their environments.
MAB's work engages fully with the international development agenda—specially with the Susta... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Network%20of%20Biosphere%20Reserves | The UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) covers internationally designated protected areas, known as biosphere reserves, which are meant to demonstrate a balanced relationship between people and nature (e.g. encourage sustainable development). They are created under the Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga%20E | Amiga E is a programming language created by Wouter van Oortmerssen on the Amiga computer. The work on the language started in 1991 and was first released in 1993. The original incarnation of Amiga E was being developed until 1997, when the popularity of the Amiga platform dropped significantly after the bankruptcy of ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopy | Hygroscopy is the phenomenon of attracting and holding water molecules via either absorption or adsorption from the surrounding environment, which is usually at normal or room temperature. If water molecules become suspended among the substance's molecules, adsorbing substances can become physically changed, e.g. chan... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parse%20tree | A parse tree or parsing tree or derivation tree or concrete syntax tree is an ordered, rooted tree that represents the syntactic structure of a string according to some context-free grammar. The term parse tree itself is used primarily in computational linguistics; in theoretical syntax, the term syntax tree is more co... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdifferentiation | Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, is the process in which one mature somatic cell is transformed into another mature somatic cell without undergoing an intermediate pluripotent state or progenitor cell type. It is a type of metaplasia, which includes all cell fate switches, including the interc... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20theorem | In mathematics, particularly linear algebra and functional analysis, a spectral theorem is a result about when a linear operator or matrix can be diagonalized (that is, represented as a diagonal matrix in some basis). This is extremely useful because computations involving a diagonalizable matrix can often be reduced t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workaround | A workaround is a bypass of a recognized problem or limitation in a system or policy. A workaround is typically a temporary fix that implies that a genuine solution to the problem is needed. But workarounds are frequently as creative as true solutions, involving outside the box thinking in their creation.
Typically th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20addition | In mathematics, matrix addition is the operation of adding two matrices by adding the corresponding entries together.
For a vector, , adding two matrices would have the geometric effect of applying each matrix transformation separately onto , then adding the transformed vectors.
However, there are other operations t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20programming | Dynamic programming is both a mathematical optimization method and an algorithmic paradigm. The method was developed by Richard Bellman in the 1950s and has found applications in numerous fields, from aerospace engineering to economics.
In both contexts it refers to simplifying a complicated problem by breaking it dow... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%20Mitchell%20effect | The Martha Mitchell effect occurs when a medical professional labels a patient's accurate perception of real events as delusional, resulting in misdiagnosis.
Description
According to Bell et al., "Sometimes, improbable reports are erroneously assumed to be symptoms of mental illness (Maher, 1998)", due to a "failure o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NuBus | NuBus () is a 32-bit parallel computer bus, originally developed at MIT and standardized in 1987 as a part of the NuMachine workstation project. The first complete implementation of the NuBus was done by Western Digital for their NuMachine, and for the Lisp Machines Inc. LMI Lambda. The NuBus was later incorporated i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20track | Continuous track or tracked treads are a system of vehicle propulsion used in tracked vehicles, running on a continuous band of treads or track plates driven by two or more wheels. The large surface area of the tracks distributes the weight of the vehicle better than steel or rubber tyres on an equivalent vehicle, enab... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric%20matrix | In linear algebra, a symmetric matrix is a square matrix that is equal to its transpose. Formally,
Because equal matrices have equal dimensions, only square matrices can be symmetric.
The entries of a symmetric matrix are symmetric with respect to the main diagonal. So if denotes the entry in the th row and th colum... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20recognition | Pattern recognition is the automated recognition of patterns and regularities in data. While similar, pattern recognition (PR) is not to be confused with pattern machines (PM) which may possess (PR) capabilities but their primary function is to distinguish and create emergent pattern. PR has applications in statisti... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization%20and%20localization | In computing, internationalization and localization (American) or internationalisation and localisation (British), often abbreviated i18n and l10n respectively, are means of adapting computer software to different languages, regional peculiarities and technical requirements of a target locale.
Internationalization is ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsequencer | In computer architecture and engineering, a sequencer or microsequencer generates the addresses used to step through the microprogram of a control store. It is used as a part of the control unit of a CPU or as a stand-alone generator for address ranges.
Usually the addresses are generated by some combination of a cou... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20sequencer | A DNA sequencer is a scientific instrument used to automate the DNA sequencing process. Given a sample of DNA, a DNA sequencer is used to determine the order of the four bases: G (guanine), C (cytosine), A (adenine) and T (thymine). This is then reported as a text string, called a read. Some DNA sequencers can be also... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel%20i860 | The Intel i860 (also known as 80860) is a RISC microprocessor design introduced by Intel in 1989. It is one of Intel's first attempts at an entirely new, high-end instruction set architecture since the failed Intel iAPX 432 from the beginning of the 1980s. It was the world's first million-transistor chip. It was releas... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary%20matrix | In linear algebra, an invertible complex square matrix is unitary if its conjugate transpose is also its inverse, that is, if
where is the identity matrix.
In physics, especially in quantum mechanics, the conjugate transpose is referred to as the Hermitian adjoint of a matrix and is denoted by a dagger (†), so the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short%20five%20lemma | In mathematics, especially homological algebra and other applications of abelian category theory, the short five lemma is a special case of the five lemma.
It states that for the following commutative diagram (in any abelian category, or in the category of groups), if the rows are short exact sequences, and if g and h ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talker | A talker is a chat system that people use to talk to each other over the Internet. Dating back to the 1980s, they were a predecessor of instant messaging.
A talker is a communication system precursor to MMORPGs and other virtual worlds such as Second Life. Talkers are a form of online virtual worlds in which multiple u... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extranet | An extranet is a controlled private network that allows access to partners, vendors and suppliers or an authorized set of customers – normally to a subset of the information accessible from an organization's intranet. An extranet is similar to a DMZ in that it provides access to needed services for authorized parties, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuple | In mathematics, a tuple is a finite sequence or ordered list of numbers or, more generally, mathematical objects, which are called the elements of the tuple. An -tuple is a tuple of elements, where is a non-negative integer. There is only one 0-tuple, called the empty tuple. A 1-tuple and a 2-tuple are commonly call... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20law%20of%20thermodynamics | The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions. A simple statement of the law is that heat always flows spontaneously from hotter to colder regions of matter (or 'downhill' in terms of the temperature gradient). Another statement i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant | Surfactants are chemical compounds that decrease the surface tension or interfacial tension between two liquids, a liquid and a gas, or a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may function as emulsifiers, wetting agents, detergents, foaming agents, or dispersants. The word "surfactant" is a blend of surface-active agent, coi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigsaw%20puzzle | A jigsaw puzzle (with context, sometimes just jigsaw or just puzzle) is a tiling puzzle that requires the assembly of often irregularly shaped interlocking and mosaicked pieces, each of which typically has a portion of a picture. When assembled, the puzzle pieces produce a complete picture.
In the 18th century, jigsaw... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20Blue%20Gene | Blue Gene was an IBM project aimed at designing supercomputers that can reach operating speeds in the petaFLOPS (PFLOPS) range, with low power consumption.
The project created three generations of supercomputers, Blue Gene/L, Blue Gene/P, and Blue Gene/Q. During their deployment, Blue Gene systems often led the TOP500... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory%20hierarchy | In computer organisation, the memory hierarchy separates computer storage into a hierarchy based on response time. Since response time, complexity, and capacity are related, the levels may also be distinguished by their performance and controlling technologies. Memory hierarchy affects performance in computer architect... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACCESS.bus | ACCESS.bus, or A.b for short, is a peripheral-interconnect computer bus developed by Philips and DEC in the early 1990s, based on Philips' I²C system. It is similar in purpose to USB, in that it allows low-speed devices to be added or removed from a computer on the fly. While it was made available earlier than USB, it ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2C | I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit; pronounced as “”), alternatively known as I2C or IIC, is a synchronous, multi-master/multi-slave (controller/target), single-ended, serial communication bus invented in 1982 by Philips Semiconductors. It is widely used for attaching lower-speed peripheral ICs to processors and microcontro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five%20lemma | In mathematics, especially homological algebra and other applications of abelian category theory, the five lemma is an important and widely used lemma about commutative diagrams.
The five lemma is not only valid for abelian categories but also works in the category of groups, for example.
The five lemma can be thought... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact%20sequence | An exact sequence is a sequence of morphisms between objects (for example, groups, rings, modules, and, more generally, objects of an abelian category) such that the image of one morphism equals the kernel of the next.
Definition
In the context of group theory, a sequence
of groups and group homomorphisms is said to ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splitting%20lemma | In mathematics, and more specifically in homological algebra, the splitting lemma states that in any abelian category, the following statements are equivalent for a short exact sequence
If any of these statements holds, the sequence is called a split exact sequence, and the sequence is said to split.
In the above ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain%20complex | In mathematics, a chain complex is an algebraic structure that consists of a sequence of abelian groups (or modules) and a sequence of homomorphisms between consecutive groups such that the image of each homomorphism is included in the kernel of the next. Associated to a chain complex is its homology, which describes h... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative%20diagram | In mathematics, and especially in category theory, a commutative diagram is a diagram such that all directed paths in the diagram with the same start and endpoints lead to the same result. It is said that commutative diagrams play the role in category theory that equations play in algebra.
Description
A commutative di... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%27s%20function | In mathematics, Landau's function g(n), named after Edmund Landau, is defined for every natural number n to be the largest order of an element of the symmetric group Sn. Equivalently, g(n) is the largest least common multiple (lcm) of any partition of n, or the maximum number of times a permutation of n elements can be... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VESA%20Display%20Power%20Management%20Signaling | VESA Display Power Management Signaling (or DPMS) is a standard from the VESA consortium for power management of video monitors. Example usage includes turning off, or putting the monitor into standby after a period of idle time to save power. Some commercial displays also incorporate this technology.
History
VESA i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Bonnet%20theorem | In the mathematical field of differential geometry, the Gauss–Bonnet theorem (or Gauss–Bonnet formula) is a fundamental formula which links the curvature of a surface to its underlying topology.
In the simplest application, the case of a triangle on a plane, the sum of its angles is 180 degrees. The Gauss–Bonnet theor... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20Desktop%20Bus | Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) is a proprietary bit-serial peripheral bus connecting low-speed devices to computers. It was introduced on the Apple IIGS in 1986 as a way to support low-cost devices like keyboards and mice, allowing them to be connected together in a daisy chain without the need for hubs or other devices. Appl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homological%20algebra | Homological algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies homology in a general algebraic setting. It is a relatively young discipline, whose origins can be traced to investigations in combinatorial topology (a precursor to algebraic topology) and abstract algebra (theory of modules and syzygies) at the end of the ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20Channel%20architecture | Micro Channel architecture, or the Micro Channel bus, is a proprietary 16- or 32-bit parallel computer bus introduced by IBM in 1987 which was used on PS/2 and other computers until the mid-1990s. Its name is commonly abbreviated as "MCA", although not by IBM. In IBM products, it superseded the ISA bus and was itself s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyweight%20pattern | In computer programming, the flyweight software design pattern refers to an object that minimizes memory usage by sharing some of its data with other similar objects. The flyweight pattern is one of twenty-three well-known GoF design patterns. These patterns promote flexible object-oriented software design, which is ea... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memento%20pattern | The memento pattern is a software design pattern that exposes the private internal state of an object.
One example of how this can be used is to restore an object to its previous state (undo via rollback), another is versioning, another is custom serialization.
The memento pattern is implemented with three objects: th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BS2000 | BS2000 is an operating system for IBM 390-compatible mainframe computers developed in the 1970s by Siemens (Data Processing Department EDV) and from early 2000s onward by Fujitsu Technology Solutions.
Unlike other mainframe systems, BS2000 provides exactly the same user and programming interface in all operating modes... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna%20Development%20Method | The Vienna Development Method (VDM) is one of the longest-established formal methods for the development of computer-based systems. Originating in work done at the IBM Laboratory Vienna in the 1970s, it has grown to include a group of techniques and tools based on a formal specification language—the VDM Specification L... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification%20language | A specification language is a formal language in computer science used during systems analysis, requirements analysis, and systems design to describe a system at a much higher level than a programming language, which is used to produce the executable code for a system.
Overview
Specification languages are generally no... |
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