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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room%20acoustics | Room acoustics is a subfield of acoustics dealing with the behaviour of sound in enclosed or partially-enclosed spaces. The architectural details of a room influences the behaviour of sound waves within it, with the effects varying by frequency. Acoustic reflection, diffraction, and diffusion can combine to create au... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%20cohomology | In mathematics (more specifically, in homological algebra), group cohomology is a set of mathematical tools used to study groups using cohomology theory, a technique from algebraic topology. Analogous to group representations, group cohomology looks at the group actions of a group G in an associated G-module M to eluci... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic%20equipartition%20property | In information theory, the asymptotic equipartition property (AEP) is a general property of the output samples of a stochastic source. It is fundamental to the concept of typical set used in theories of data compression.
Roughly speaking, the theorem states that although there are many series of results that may be pr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical%20set | In information theory, the typical set is a set of sequences whose probability is close to two raised to the negative power of the entropy of their source distribution. That this set has total probability close to one is a consequence of the asymptotic equipartition property (AEP) which is a kind of law of large number... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online%20encyclopedia | Online encyclopedias, also called Internet encyclopedias, are digital encyclopedias accessible through the Internet. Examples include Wikipedia, the Encyclopædia Britannica since 2016 and Encyclopedia.com.
Digitization of old content
In January 1995, Project Gutenberg started to publish the ASCII text of the Encyclop... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%20News | B News was a Usenet news server developed at the University of California, Berkeley by Matt Glickman and Mary Ann Horton as a replacement for A News. It was used on Unix systems from 1981 into the 1990s and is the reference implementation for the de facto Usenet standard described in and . Releases from 2.10.2 were ma... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20variety | Algebraic varieties are the central objects of study in algebraic geometry, a sub-field of mathematics. Classically, an algebraic variety is defined as the set of solutions of a system of polynomial equations over the real or complex numbers. Modern definitions generalize this concept in several different ways, while a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite | A theodolite () is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes. The traditional use has been for land surveying, but it is also used extensively for building and infrastructure construction, and some specialized applications such as meteoro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20development | Software development is the process used to conceive, specify, design, program, document, test, and bug fix in order to create and maintain applications, frameworks, or other software components. Software development involves writing and maintaining the source code, but in a broader sense, it includes all processes fro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product%20rule | In calculus, the product rule (or Leibniz rule or Leibniz product rule) is a formula used to find the derivatives of products of two or more functions. For two functions, it may be stated in Lagrange's notation as or in Leibniz's notation as
The rule may be extended or generalized to products of three or more functi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication%20sign | The multiplication sign, also known as the times sign or the dimension sign, is the symbol ×, used in mathematics to denote the multiplication operation and its resulting product. While similar to a lowercase X (), the form is properly a four-fold rotationally symmetric saltire.
History
The earliest known use of the ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%AFve%20empiricism | Naïve empiricism is a term used in several ways in different fields.
In the philosophy of science, it is used by opponents to describe the position, associated with some logical positivists, that "knowledge can be clearly learnt through evaluation of the natural world and its substances, and, through empirical means, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergence%20of%20the%20sum%20of%20the%20reciprocals%20of%20the%20primes | The sum of the reciprocals of all prime numbers diverges; that is:
This was proved by Leonhard Euler in 1737, and strengthens Euclid's 3rd-century-BC result that there are infinitely many prime numbers and Nicole Oresme's 14th-century proof of the divergence of the sum of the reciprocals of the integers (harmonic seri... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20group%20theory | A group is a set together with an associative operation which admits an identity element and such that every element has an inverse.
Throughout the article, we use to denote the identity element of a group.
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Subgroup. A subset of a group which remains ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirepoix | A mirepoix ( ; ) is a mixture of diced vegetables cooked with fat (usually butter) for a long time on low heat without coloring or browning. The ingredients are not sautéed or otherwise hard-cooked, because the intention is to sweeten rather than caramelize them. Mirepoix is a long-standing part of French cuisine and i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20spectrum | Open spectrum (also known as free spectrum) is a movement to get the Federal Communications Commission to provide more unlicensed radio-frequency spectrum that is available for use by all. Proponents of the "commons model" of open spectrum advocate a future where all the spectrum is shared, and in which people use Inte... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20terminal | A computer terminal is an electronic or electromechanical hardware device that can be used for entering data into, and transcribing data from, a computer or a computing system. The teletype was an example of an early-day hard-copy terminal and predated the use of a computer screen by decades.
Early terminals were inex... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20Ring%20%28computer%20network%29 | The Cambridge Ring was an experimental local area network architecture developed at the Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge starting in 1974 and continuing into the 1980s. It was a ring network with a theoretical limit of 255 nodes (though such a large number would have badly affected performance), around whic... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20of%20equations | In mathematics, a set of simultaneous equations, also known as a system of equations or an equation system, is a finite set of equations for which common solutions are sought. An equation system is usually classified in the same manner as single equations, namely as a:
System of linear equations,
System of nonlinear... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Radar%20Establishment | The Royal Radar Establishment was a research centre in Malvern, Worcestershire in the United Kingdom. It was formed in 1953 as the Radar Research Establishment by the merger of the Air Ministry's Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) and the British Army's Radar Research and Development Establishment (RRDE). ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-valued%20logic | In logic, a three-valued logic (also trinary logic, trivalent, ternary, or trilean, sometimes abbreviated 3VL) is any of several many-valued logic systems in which there are three truth values indicating true, false and some third value. This is contrasted with the more commonly known bivalent logics (such as classical... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setun | Setun () was a computer developed in 1958 at Moscow State University. It was built under the leadership of Sergei Sobolev and Nikolay Brusentsov. It was the most modern ternary computer, using the balanced ternary numeral system and three-valued ternary logic instead of the two-valued binary logic prevalent in other c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonotactics | Phonotactics (from Ancient Greek "voice, sound" and "having to do with arranging") is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. Phonotactics defines permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters and vowel sequences by means of phonotactic constr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20logarithm | In mathematics, the binary logarithm () is the power to which the number must be raised to obtain the value . That is, for any real number ,
For example, the binary logarithm of is , the binary logarithm of is , the binary logarithm of is , and the binary logarithm of is .
The binary logarithm is the logarithm t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20clock | The molecular clock is a figurative term for a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged. The biomolecular data used for such calculations are usually nucleotide sequences for DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequences for proteins. The benchmark... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herapathite | Herapathite, or iodoquinine sulfate, is a chemical compound whose crystals are dichroic and thus can be used for polarizing light.
It was discovered in 1852 by William Bird Herapath, a Bristol surgeon and chemist. One of his pupils found that adding iodine to the urine of a dog that had been fed quinine produced unusu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potometer | A potometer (from Greek ποτό = drunken, and μέτρο = measure), sometimes known as transpirometer, is a device used for measuring the rate of water uptake of a leafy shoot which is almost equal to the water lost through transpiration. The causes of water uptake are photosynthesis and transpiration.
The rate of transpira... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial%20options%20pricing%20model | In finance, the binomial options pricing model (BOPM) provides a generalizable numerical method for the valuation of options. Essentially, the model uses a "discrete-time" (lattice based) model of the varying price over time of the underlying financial instrument, addressing cases where the closed-form Black–Scholes fo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewes%27s%20number | In number theory, Skewes's number is any of several large numbers used by the South African mathematician Stanley Skewes as upper bounds for the smallest natural number for which
where is the prime-counting function and is the logarithmic integral function. Skewes's number is much larger, but it is now known that t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks%20%28finance%29 | In mathematical finance, the Greeks are the quantities (known in calculus as partial derivatives; first-order or higher) representing the sensitivity of the price of a derivative instrument such as an option to changes in one or more underlying parameters on which the value of an instrument or portfolio of financial in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb%20line | In navigation, a rhumb line, rhumb (), or loxodrome is an arc crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle, that is, a path with constant bearing as measured relative to true north.
Introduction
The effect of following a rhumb line course on the surface of a globe was first discussed by the Portuguese mathema... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covering%20space | In topology, a covering or covering projection is a surjective map between topological spaces that, intuitively, locally acts like a projection of multiple copies of a space onto itself. In particular, coverings are special types of local homeomorphisms. If is a covering, is said to be a covering space or cover of , ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarcation%20point | In telephony, the demarcation point is the point at which the public switched telephone network ends and connects with the customer's on-premises wiring. It is the dividing line which determines who is responsible for installation and maintenance of wiring and equipment—customer/subscriber, or telephone company/provid... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielefeld%20conspiracy | The Bielefeld conspiracy (German: or , ) is a satirical conspiracy theory that claims that the city of Bielefeld, Germany, does not exist, but is an illusion propagated by various forces. First posted on the German Usenet in 1994, the conspiracy has since been mentioned in the city's marketing, and alluded to in a spe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring%20theory | In algebra, ring theory is the study of rings—algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those operations defined for the integers. Ring theory studies the structure of rings, their representations, or, in different language, modules, special classes of rings (g... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative%20art | Generative art refers to art that in whole or in part has been created with the use of an autonomous system. An autonomous system in this context is generally one that is non-human and can independently determine features of an artwork that would otherwise require decisions made directly by the artist. In some cases th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiblih |
In the Baháʼí Faith the Qiblih (, "direction") is the location to which Baháʼís face when saying their daily obligatory prayers. The Qiblih is fixed at the Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh, near Acre, in present-day Israel; approximately at .
In Bábism the Qiblih was originally identified by the Báb with "the One Whom God will... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme%20Delivery%20Control | Programme delivery control (PDC) is specified by the standard ETS 300 231 (ETSI EN 300 231), published by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). This specifies the signals sent as hidden codes in the teletext service, indicating when transmission of a programme starts and finishes.
PDC (also known... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectron%20tube | The Selectron was an early form of digital computer memory developed by Jan A. Rajchman and his group at the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) under the direction of Vladimir K. Zworykin. It was a vacuum tube that stored digital data as electrostatic charges using technology similar to the Williams tube storage devic... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable%20computer | A portable computer is a computer designed to be easily moved from one place to another, as opposed to those designed to remain stationary at a single location such as desktops and workstations. These computers usually include a display and keyboard that are directly connected to the main case, all sharing a single po... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit%20function | In mathematics, an implicit equation is a relation of the form where is a function of several variables (often a polynomial). For example, the implicit equation of the unit circle is
An implicit function is a function that is defined by an implicit equation, that relates one of the variables, considered as the valu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous%20efficiency%20function | A luminous efficiency function or luminosity function represents the average spectral sensitivity of human visual perception of light. It is based on subjective judgements of which of a pair of different-colored lights is brighter, to describe relative sensitivity to light of different wavelengths. It is not an absolu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20River%20Floodway | The Red River Floodway () is an artificial flood control waterway in Western Canada. It is a long channel which, during flood periods, takes part of the Red River's flow around the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba to the east and discharges it back into the Red River below the dam at Lockport. It can carry floodwater at a r... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass-ceramic | Glass-ceramics are polycrystalline materials produced through controlled crystallization of base glass, producing a fine uniform dispersion of crystals throughout the bulk material. Crystallization is accomplished by subjecting suitable glasses to a carefully regulated heat treatment schedule, resulting in the nucleati... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence%20theorem | In mathematics, an existence theorem is a theorem which asserts the existence of a certain object. It might be a statement which begins with the phrase "there exist(s)", or it might be a universal statement whose last quantifier is existential (e.g., "for all , , ... there exist(s) ..."). In the formal terms of symboli... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twistor%20memory | Twistor memory is a form of computer memory formed by wrapping magnetic tape around a current-carrying wire. Operationally, twistor was very similar to core memory. Twistor could also be used to make ROM memories, including a re-programmable form known as piggyback twistor. Both forms were able to be manufactured using... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monodromy | In mathematics, monodromy is the study of how objects from mathematical analysis, algebraic topology, algebraic geometry and differential geometry behave as they "run round" a singularity. As the name implies, the fundamental meaning of monodromy comes from "running round singly". It is closely associated with coverin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27%20compensation | Workers' compensation or workers' comp is a form of insurance providing wage replacement and medical benefits to employees injured in the course of employment in exchange for mandatory relinquishment of the employee's right to sue his or her employer for the tort of negligence. The trade-off between assured, limited co... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application%20framework | In computer programming, an application framework consists of a software framework used by software developers to implement the standard structure of application software.
Application frameworks became popular with the rise of graphical user interfaces (GUIs), since these tended to promote a standard structure for app... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20ring%20theory | Ring theory is the branch of mathematics in which rings are studied: that is, structures supporting both an addition and a multiplication operation. This is a glossary of some terms of the subject.
For the items in commutative algebra (the theory of commutative rings), see Glossary of commutative algebra. For ring-the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie%20rule | The pie rule, sometimes referred to as the swap rule, is a rule used to balance abstract strategy games where a first-move advantage has been demonstrated. After the first move is made in a game that uses the pie rule, the second player must select one of two options:
Letting the move stand. The second player remains ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic%20form | In mathematics, a quadratic form is a polynomial with terms all of degree two ("form" is another name for a homogeneous polynomial). For example,
is a quadratic form in the variables and . The coefficients usually belong to a fixed field , such as the real or complex numbers, and one speaks of a quadratic form over ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic%20equation | In mathematics, a quartic equation is one which can be expressed as a quartic function equaling zero. The general form of a quartic equation is
where a ≠ 0.
The quartic is the highest order polynomial equation that can be solved by radicals in the general case (i.e., one in which the coefficients can take any value).... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargaining | In the social sciences, bargaining or haggling is a type of negotiation in which the buyer and seller of a good or service debate the price or nature of a transaction. If the bargaining produces agreement on terms, the transaction takes place. It is often commonplace in poorer countries, or poorer localities within any... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibla | The qibla () is the direction towards the Kaaba in the Sacred Mosque in Mecca, which is used by Muslims in various religious contexts, particularly the direction of prayer for the salah. In Islam, the Kaaba is believed to be a sacred site built by prophets Ibrahim and Ismail, and that its use as the qibla was ordained ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible%20electronics | Flexible electronics, also known as flex circuits, is a technology for assembling electronic circuits by mounting electronic devices on flexible plastic substrates, such as polyimide, PEEK or transparent conductive polyester film. Additionally, flex circuits can be screen printed silver circuits on polyester. Flexible ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine%20transaminase | Alanine transaminase (ALT) is a transaminase enzyme (). It is also called alanine aminotransferase (ALT or ALAT) and was formerly called serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase or serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and was first characterized in the mid-1950s by Arthur Karmen and colleagues. ALT is found in plas... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language%20technology | Language technology, often called human language technology (HLT), studies methods of how computer programs or electronic devices can analyze, produce, modify or respond to human texts and speech. Working with language technology often requires broad knowledge not only about linguistics but also about computer science.... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical%20of%20an%20ideal | In ring theory, a branch of mathematics, the radical of an ideal of a commutative ring is another ideal defined by the property that an element is in the radical if and only if some power of is in . Taking the radical of an ideal is called radicalization. A radical ideal (or semiprime ideal) is an ideal that is equa... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Branges%27s%20theorem | In complex analysis, de Branges's theorem, or the Bieberbach conjecture, is a theorem that gives a necessary condition on a holomorphic function in order for it to map the open unit disk of the complex plane injectively to the complex plane. It was posed by and finally proven by .
The statement concerns the Taylor co... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20science | Food science is the basic science and applied science of food; its scope starts at overlap with agricultural science and nutritional science and leads through the scientific aspects of food safety and food processing, informing the development of food technology.
Food science brings together multiple scientific disci... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localization%20%28commutative%20algebra%29 | In commutative algebra and algebraic geometry, localization is a formal way to introduce the "denominators" to a given ring or module. That is, it introduces a new ring/module out of an existing ring/module R, so that it consists of fractions such that the denominator s belongs to a given subset S of R. If S is the se... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilpotent | In mathematics, an element of a ring is called nilpotent if there exists some positive integer , called the index (or sometimes the degree), such that .
The term, along with its sister idempotent, was introduced by Benjamin Peirce in the context of his work on the classification of algebras.
Examples
This definit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit%20%28dynamics%29 | In mathematics, specifically in the study of dynamical systems, an orbit is a collection of points related by the evolution function of the dynamical system. It can be understood as the subset of phase space covered by the trajectory of the dynamical system under a particular set of initial conditions, as the system ev... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEEK%20and%20POKE | In computing, PEEK and POKE are commands used in some high-level programming languages for accessing the contents of a specific memory cell referenced by its memory address. PEEK gets the byte located at the specified memory address.
POKE sets the memory byte at the specified address. These commands originated with mac... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequent%20calculus | In mathematical logic, sequent calculus is a style of formal logical argumentation in which every line of a proof is a conditional tautology (called a sequent by Gerhard Gentzen) instead of an unconditional tautology. Each conditional tautology is inferred from other conditional tautologies on earlier lines in a formal... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequent | In mathematical logic, a sequent is a very general kind of conditional assertion.
A sequent may have any number m of condition formulas Ai (called "antecedents") and any number n of asserted formulas Bj (called "succedents" or "consequents"). A sequent is understood to mean that if all of the antecedent conditions ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual%20Aid%3A%20A%20Factor%20of%20Evolution | Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 collection of anthropological essays by Russian naturalist and anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. The essays, initially published in the English periodical The Nineteenth Century between 1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winning%20Ways%20for%20Your%20Mathematical%20Plays | Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays (Academic Press, 1982) by Elwyn R. Berlekamp, John H. Conway, and Richard K. Guy is a compendium of information on mathematical games. It was first published in 1982 in two volumes.
The first volume introduces combinatorial game theory and its foundation in the surreal numbers... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon%20BBN | Raytheon BBN (originally Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.) is an American research and development company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.
In 1966, the Franklin Institute awarded the firm the Frank P. Brown Medal, in 1999 BBN received the IEEE Corporate Innovation Recognition, and on 1 February 2013, BB... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape%20ecology | Landscape ecology is the science of studying and improving relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems. This is done within a variety of landscape scales, development spatial patterns, and organizational levels of research and policy. Concisely, landscape ecology can be descr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial%20complex | In mathematics, a simplicial complex is a set composed of points, line segments, triangles, and their n-dimensional counterparts (see illustration). Simplicial complexes should not be confused with the more abstract notion of a simplicial set appearing in modern simplicial homotopy theory. The purely combinatorial coun... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%20disk | In mathematics, the open unit disk (or disc) around P (where P is a given point in the plane), is the set of points whose distance from P is less than 1:
The closed unit disk around P is the set of points whose distance from P is less than or equal to one:
Unit disks are special cases of disks and unit balls; as such... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered%20state%20of%20consciousness | An altered state of consciousness (ASC), also called altered state of mind or mind alteration, is any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking state. By 1892, the expression was in use in relation to hypnosis, though there is an ongoing debate as to whether hypnosis is to be identified as an ASC ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method%20of%20Fluxions | Method of Fluxions () is a mathematical treatise by Sir Isaac Newton which served as the earliest written formulation of modern calculus. The book was completed in 1671 and published in 1736. Fluxion is Newton's term for a derivative. He originally developed the method at Woolsthorpe Manor during the closing of Cambrid... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Perfect%20General | The Perfect General is a computer wargame published in 1991 by Quantum Quality Productions.
Publication
The game was designed by Peter Zaccagnino and published in 1991 for the Amiga and DOS. A sequel, The Perfect General II, was released in 1994. The original game was modified for the 3DO by Game Guild in 1996 and pub... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension%20of%20an%20algebraic%20variety | In mathematics and specifically in algebraic geometry, the dimension of an algebraic variety may be defined in various equivalent ways.
Some of these definitions are of geometric nature, while some other are purely algebraic and rely on commutative algebra. Some are restricted to algebraic varieties while others apply... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20industrial%20engineers | This is a list of notable industrial engineers, people who were trained in or practiced industrial engineering who have established prominence in their profession.
A
Bud Adams – oil tycoon and owner of the Tennessee Titans.
Ravindra K. Ahuja – editor of journals Operations Research, Transportation Science, and Netw... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Giana%20Sisters | The Great Giana Sisters is a 1987 platform game developed by German studio Time Warp Productions and published by Rainbow Arts. The scroll screen melody of the game was composed by Chris Huelsbeck and is a popular Commodore 64 soundtrack. The game is heavily based on Nintendo's Super Mario Bros. (1985), which led to pr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20computing | DNA computing is an emerging branch of unconventional computing which uses DNA, biochemistry, and molecular biology hardware, instead of the traditional electronic computing. Research and development in this area concerns theory, experiments, and applications of DNA computing. Although the field originally started wit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective%20bargaining | Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at agreements to regulate working salaries, working conditions, benefits, and other aspects of workers' compensation and rights for workers. The interests of the employees are commonly presented by representatives of a tr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost | In set theory, when dealing with sets of infinite size, the term almost or nearly is used to refer to all but a negligible amount of elements in the set. The notion of "negligible" depends on the context, and may mean "of measure zero" (in a measure space), "finite" (when infinite sets are involved), or "countable" (wh... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-defined%20expression | In mathematics, a well-defined expression or unambiguous expression is an expression whose definition assigns it a unique interpretation or value. Otherwise, the expression is said to be not well defined, ill defined or ambiguous. A function is well defined if it gives the same result when the representation of the inp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon%20effect | The horizon effect, also known as the horizon problem, is a problem in artificial intelligence whereby, in many games, the number of possible states or positions is immense and computers can only feasibly search a small portion of them, typically a few plies down the game tree. Thus, for a computer searching only five ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implied%20volatility | In financial mathematics, the implied volatility (IV) of an option contract is that value of the volatility of the underlying instrument which, when input in an option pricing model (such as Black–Scholes), will return a theoretical value equal to the current market price of said option. A non-option financial instrum... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USENIX | USENIX is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit membership organization based in Berkeley, California and founded in 1975 that supports advanced computing systems, operating system (OS), and computer networking research. It organizes several highly respected conferences in these fields. Its stated mission is to foster techni... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20ProDOS | ProDOS is the name of two similar operating systems for the Apple II series of personal computers. The original ProDOS, renamed ProDOS 8 in version 1.2, is the last official operating system usable by all 8-bit Apple II series computers, and was distributed from 1983 to 1993. The other, ProDOS 16, was a stop-gap solu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20DOS | Apple DOS is the family of disk operating systems for the Apple II series of microcomputers from late 1978 through early 1983. It was superseded by ProDOS in 1983. Apple DOS has three major releases: DOS 3.1, DOS 3.2, and DOS 3.3; each one of these three releases was followed by a second, minor "bug-fix" release, but o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-value%20%28insulation%29 | In the context of construction, the R-value is a measure of how well a two-dimensional barrier, such as a layer of insulation, a window or a complete wall or ceiling, resists the conductive flow of heat. R-value is the temperature difference per unit of heat flux needed to sustain one unit of heat flux between the warm... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rithmomachia | Rithmomachia (also known as rithmomachy, arithmomachia, rythmomachy, rhythmomachy, the philosophers' game, and other variants) is an early European mathematical board game. Its earliest known description dates from the eleventh century. The name comes loosely from Greek and means "the battle of the numbers." The game i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20decomposition | In the mathematical discipline of linear algebra, a matrix decomposition or matrix factorization is a factorization of a matrix into a product of matrices. There are many different matrix decompositions; each finds use among a particular class of problems.
Example
In numerical analysis, different decompositions are u... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-second%20rule | The five-second rule, or sometimes the three-second rule, is a food hygiene myth that states a defined time window after which it is not safe to eat food (or sometimes to use cutlery) after it has been dropped on the floor or on the ground and thus exposed to contamination.
There appears to be no scientific consensus ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast%20cell | A mast cell (also known as a mastocyte or a labrocyte) is a resident cell of connective tissue that contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin. Specifically, it is a type of granulocyte derived from the myeloid stem cell that is a part of the immune and neuroimmune systems. Mast cells were discovered by Paul ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSF/1 | OSF/1 is a variant of the Unix operating system developed by the Open Software Foundation during the late 1980s and early 1990s. OSF/1 is one of the first operating systems to have used the Mach kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University, and is probably best known as the native Unix operating system for DEC Alpha ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatible%20Time-Sharing%20System | The Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) was the first general purpose time-sharing operating system. Compatible Time Sharing referred to time sharing which was compatible with batch processing; it could offer both time sharing and batch processing concurrently.
CTSS was developed at the MIT Computation Center ("Comp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci%20heap | In computer science, a Fibonacci heap is a data structure for priority queue operations, consisting of a collection of heap-ordered trees. It has a better amortized running time than many other priority queue data structures including the binary heap and binomial heap. Michael L. Fredman and Robert E. Tarjan developed... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20General%20RDOS | The Data General RDOS (Real-time Disk Operating System) is a real-time operating system released in 1970. The software was bundled with the company's popular Nova and Eclipse minicomputers.
Overview
RDOS is capable of multitasking, with the ability to run up to 32 tasks (similar to the current term threads) simultane... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof%20of%20Bertrand%27s%20postulate | In mathematics, Bertrand's postulate (actually now a theorem) states that for each there is a prime such that . First conjectured in 1845 by Joseph Bertrand, it was first proven by Chebyshev, and a shorter but also advanced proof was given by Ramanujan.
The following elementary proof was published by Paul Erdős in 1... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry%E2%80%93Howard%20correspondence | In programming language theory and proof theory, the Curry–Howard correspondence (also known as the Curry–Howard isomorphism or equivalence, or the proofs-as-programs and propositions- or formulae-as-types interpretation) is the direct relationship between computer programs and mathematical proofs.
It is a generaliza... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20fallacy | In mathematics, certain kinds of mistaken proof are often exhibited, and sometimes collected, as illustrations of a concept called mathematical fallacy. There is a distinction between a simple mistake and a mathematical fallacy in a proof, in that a mistake in a proof leads to an invalid proof while in the best-known e... |
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