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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasexual%20cycle | The parasexual cycle, a process restricted to fungi and single-celled organisms, is a nonsexual mechanism of parasexuality for transferring genetic material without meiosis or the development of sexual structures. It was first described by Italian geneticist Guido Pontecorvo in 1956 during studies on Aspergillus nidulans (also called Emericella nidulans when referring to its sexual form, or teleomorph). A parasexual cycle is initiated by the fusion of hyphae (anastomosis) during which nuclei and other cytoplasmic components occupy the same cell (heterokaryosis and plasmogamy). Fusion of the unlike nuclei in the cell of the heterokaryon results in formation of a diploid nucleus (karyogamy), which is believed to be unstable and can produce segregants by recombination involving mitotic crossing-over and haploidization. Mitotic crossing-over can lead to the exchange of genes on chromosomes; while haploidization probably involves mitotic nondisjunctions which randomly reassort the chromosomes and result in the production of aneuploid and haploid cells. Like a sexual cycle, parasexuality gives the species the opportunity to recombine the genome and produce new genotypes in their offspring. Unlike a sexual cycle, the process lacks coordination and is exclusively mitotic.
The parasexual cycle resembles sexual reproduction. In both cases, unlike hyphae (or modifications thereof) may fuse (plasmogamy) and their nuclei will occupy the same cell. The unlike nuclei fuse (karyogamy) to form a diploid (zygote) nucleus. In contrast to the sexual cycle, in the parasexual cycle recombination takes place during mitosis followed by haploidization (but without meiosis). The recombined haploid nuclei appear among vegetative cells, which differ genetically from those of the parent mycelium.
Both heterokaryosis and the parasexual cycle are very important for those fungi that have no sexual reproduction. Those cycles provide for somatic variation in the vegetative phase of their life cyc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrationes%20Florae%20Novae%20Hollandiae | Illustrationes florae Novae Hollandiae is an 1813 publication by the botanical illustrator Ferdinand Bauer.
Bauer was scientific illustrator on board during Matthew Flinders' exploration of Australia, and as such he worked closely with the expedition's naturalist, Robert Brown. When these men returned to England in 1805, they brought with them thousands of specimens and hundreds of sketches. Initially, they planned to publish a large-scale work, to be entitled Illustrationes florae Novae Hollandiae, but this venture failed, and Brown decided to publish his scientific descriptions separately, in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, and later his own Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. Bauer then undertook to publish a lesser work himself, with Brown providing text limited to a brief preface and some captioning.
Unusually, Bauer not only did all the illustrations, but also engraved the printing plates and hand-coloured the illustrations. It was exceedingly unusual for a single artist to perform all three roles; it is said that Bauer did the engraving himself because he could not find a good engraver, and previous works of his were disappointing because of incompetent engraving.
Three issues of Illustrationes florae Novae Hollandiae were published, all in 1813. These three issues totalled fifteen plates, and a sixteenth was bound into some copies. Publication then ceased, probably because the venture was a financial failure. It is estimated that less than fifty copies of the work were sold, and some of these were uncoloured. It is therefore now an extremely rare book. In 1997, a copy was sold at Christie's for $57,000. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toum | Salsat toum or toumya (Arabic pronunciation of 'garlic') is a garlic sauce common to the Levant. Similar to the Provençal aioli, there are many variations, a common one containing garlic, salt, olive oil or vegetable oil, and lemon juice, traditionally crushed together using a wooden mortar and pestle. There is also a variation popular in many places, such as the town of Zgharta, in Lebanon, where mint is added; it is called ('oil and garlic').
Salsat toum (garlic sauce) is used as a dip, especially with french fries, chicken and artichoke, and in Levantine sandwiches, especially those containing chicken. It is also commonly served with grilled chicken dishes.
Variants and similar
In the Lebanese city of Zagarta, fresh mint leaves are often included, and it is called zeit wa tum ("oil and garlic"). Toum sauce differs from aioli in the proportion of garlic added, which is much higher in the case of toum.
See also
List of Middle Eastern dishes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%20principle%20%28large%20deviations%20theory%29 | In mathematics, Laplace's principle is a basic theorem in large deviations theory which is similar to Varadhan's lemma. It gives an asymptotic expression for the Lebesgue integral of exp(−θφ(x)) over a fixed set A as θ becomes large. Such expressions can be used, for example, in statistical mechanics to determining the limiting behaviour of a system as the temperature tends to absolute zero.
Statement of the result
Let A be a Lebesgue-measurable subset of d-dimensional Euclidean space Rd and let φ : Rd → R be a measurable function with
Then
where ess inf denotes the essential infimum. Heuristically, this may be read as saying that for large θ,
Application
The Laplace principle can be applied to the family of probability measures Pθ given by
to give an asymptotic expression for the probability of some event A as θ becomes large. For example, if X is a standard normally distributed random variable on R, then
for every measurable set A.
See also
Laplace's method |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Society%20of%20Plant%20Taxonomists | The American Society of Plant Taxonomists (ASPT) is a botanical organization formed in 1935 to "foster, encourage, and promote education and research in the field of plant taxonomy, to include those areas and fields of study that contribute to and bear upon taxonomy and herbaria", according to its bylaws. It is incorporated in the state of Wyoming, and its office is at the University of Wyoming, Department of Botany.
The ASPT publishes a quarterly botanical journal, Systematic Botany, and the irregular series Systematic Botany Monographs. The society gives annual awards for excellence in Botany. The Society gives the Asa Gray Award for "outstanding accomplishments pertinent to the goals of the Society," and the Peter Raven Award to a botanist who has "made exceptional efforts at outreach to non-scientists."
Asa Gray Awardees
2021:Elizabeth Kellogg
2020:Jeff Doyle
2019:Lucinda McDade
2018:Vicki Funk
2017:Michael Donoghue
2016:Peter F. Stevens
2015:Warren Lambert Wagner
2014:Alan Smith
2013:Bruce Baldwin
2012:Noel and Patricia Holmgren
2011:Walter S. Judd
2010:Harold E. Robinson
2009:Alan Graham
2008:William R. Anderson
2007:Scott A. Mori
2006:Douglas E. Soltis and Pamela S. Soltis
2005:Grady Webster
2004:John Beaman
2003:Beryl B. Simpson
2002:Natalie Uhl
2001:Robert F. Thorne
2000:William T. Stearn
1999:Tod Stuessey
1998:Ghillean Prance
1997:Daniel J. Crawford
1996:Peter Raven
1995:Jerzy Rzedowski
1994:Hugh H. Iltis
1993:Sherwin Carlquist
1992:Albert Charles Smith
1991:Billie L. Turner
1990:Warren H. Wagner
1989:Rupert C. Barneby
1988:Charles B. Heiser
1987:Reed C. Rollins
1986:Lincoln Constance
1985:Arthur Cronquist
1984:Rogers McVaugh
Peter Raven Awardees
2021:Tanisha Williams
2020:Susan Pell
2019:Lena Struwe
2018:Chris Martine
2017:Hans Walter Lack
2016:Lynn G. Clark
2015:John Weirsema
2014:Ken Cameron
2013
2012
2011:Robbin C. Moran
2010:Barney Lipscomb
2009:Sandra Knapp
2008:W. Hardy Eshbaugh
2007:John T. Mickel
2006:Art Kruckeberg
2005:Alan W. Meerow
2004:Da |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDS%20Sigma%20series | The SDS Sigma series is a series of third generation computers that were introduced by Scientific Data Systems of the United States in 1966.
The first machines in the series are the 16-bit Sigma 2 and the 32-bit Sigma 7; the Sigma 7 was the first 32-bit computer released by SDS. At the time, the only competition for the Sigma 7 was the IBM 360.
Memory size increments for all SDS/XDS/Xerox computers are stated in kWords, not kBytes. For example, the Sigma 5 base memory is 16K 32-Bit words (64K Bytes). Maximum memory is limited by the length of the instruction address field of 17 bits, or 128K Words (512K Bytes). Although this is a trivial amount of memory in today's technology, Sigma systems performed their tasks exceptionally well, and few were deployed with, or needed, the maximum 128K Word memory size.
The CII 10070 computer was a rebadged Sigma 7 and served as a basis for the upgraded, yet still compatible, Iris 50 and Iris 80 computers. The Xerox 500 series computers, introduced starting in 1973, were also compatible upgrades to the Sigma systems using newer technology.
In 1975, Xerox sold its computer business to Honeywell, Inc. which continued support for the Sigma line for a time.
The Sigma 9 may hold the record for the longest lifetime of a machine selling near the original retail price. Sigma 9 computers were still in service in 1993. In 2011, the Living Computer Museum in Seattle, Washington acquired a Sigma 9 from a service bureau (Applied Esoterics/George Plue Estate) and has made it operational. That Sigma 9 CPU was at the University of Southern Mississippi until Nov. 1985 when Andrews University purchased it and took it to Michigan. In February 1990, Andrews University via Keith Calkins sold and delivered it to Applied Esoterics in Flagstaff, Arizona. Keith Calkins made the Sigma 9 functional for the museum in 2012/13 and brought up the CP-V operating system in Dec. 2014. The various other system components came from other user sites, such as M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerVM | PowerVM, formerly known as Advanced Power Virtualization (APV), is a chargeable feature of IBM POWER5, POWER6, POWER7, POWER8, POWER9 and Power10 servers and is required for support of micro-partitions and other advanced features. Support is provided for IBM i, AIX and Linux.
Description
IBM PowerVM has the following components:
A "VET" code, which activates firmware required to support resource sharing and other features.
Installation media for the Virtual I/O Server (VIOS), which is a service partition providing sharing services for disk and network adapters.
Prior to its withdrawal from marketing in 2011, PowerVM also came with installation media for Lx86, x86 binary translation software, which allows Linux applications compiled for the Intel x86 platform to run in POWER-emulation mode. A supported Linux distribution was a co-requisite for use of this feature.
IBM PowerVM comes in two editions:
IBM PowerVM Standard: supported on all POWER6, POWER7 and POWER8 systems. Unrestricted use of partitioning – 10× LPARs per core (20× LPARs for Power7+ and Power8 servers) (up to a maximum of 1,000 per system). Multiple Shared Processor Pools (on POWER7 and POWER8 systems only). This is the most common edition in use on production systems.
IBM PowerVM Enterprise: supported on POWER7 and POWER8 systems only. As PowerVM Standard, but with the addition of Live Partition Mobility (which allows running virtual machines to migrate to another system) and Active Memory Sharing (which intelligently reallocates physical memory between multiple running virtual machines).
Prior to its withdrawal from marketing in August 1, 2014, a third edition, IBM PowerVM Express, was also available. Intended primarily for "sandbox" environments, it was only supported on "Express" servers (e.g. Power 710/730, 720/740, 750 and Power Blades), limited to three partitions (one of which must be a VIOS partition), and with no support for Multiple Shared Processor Pools.
See also
Comparison o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Toland%20%28mathematician%29 | John Francis Toland FRS FRSE (born 28 April 1949 in Derry) is an Irish mathematician based in the UK. From 2011 to 2016 he served as Director of the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences and N M Rothschild & Sons Professor of Mathematical Sciences at the University of Cambridge.
Education
Toland was educated at St Columb's College in Derry and Queen's University Belfast where he was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in 1970. He completed postgraduate study at the University of Sussex where he was awarded a PhD in 1973 for research on topological methods for nonlinear eigenvalue problems supervised by Charles A. Stuart.
Career and research
From 1982 to 2011 he was Professor of Mathematics at the University of Bath where he held an Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Senior Fellowship 1997–2002. In addition from 2002 to 2010 he was Scientific Director of the International Centre for Mathematical Sciences (ICMS) in Edinburgh.
In 2011 he succeeded Sir David Wallace as Director of the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences and N M Rothschild & Sons Professor of Mathematical Sciences at the University of Cambridge. In 2016 he was succeeded as Director by Professor David Abrahams. His research interests include mathematical analysis and nonlinear partial differential equations with particular interest in the rigorous theory of steady water waves. In 1978, he proved George Gabriel Stokes' conjecture on the existence of gravity waves of maximum height on deep water, a previously open problem in mathematical hydrodynamics which dated back to the 19th century.
Awards and honours
He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1999, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE) in 2003. He was awarded the London Mathematical Society's Senior Berwick Prize in 2000; and the Royal Society's Sylvester Medal in 2012.
He is an Honorary Fellow of University College London and was a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GYRO | GYRO is a computational plasma physics code developed and maintained at General Atomics. It solves the 5-D coupled gyrokinetic-Maxwell equations using a combination of finite difference, finite element and spectral methods. Given plasma equilibrium data, GYRO can determine the rate of turbulent transport of particles, momentum and energy.
See also
List of plasma (physics) articles
External links
GYRO Homepage at General Atomics
Computational physics
Physics software
Plasma physics
Tokamaks |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinyatoxin | Tinyatoxin (TTX or TTN) is an analog of the neurotoxin resiniferatoxin. It occurs naturally in Euphorbia poissonii.
It is a neurotoxin that acts via full agonism of the vanilloid receptors of sensory nerves. Tinyatoxin has a potential for pharmaceutical uses similar to uses of capsaicin. Tinyatoxin is about one third as strong as resiniferatoxin but is still an ultrapotent analogue of capsaicin, with a heat intensity estimate of 300 to 350 times that of capsaicin. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9%20syndrome | Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system. Typically, both sides of the body are involved, and the initial symptoms are changes in sensation or pain often in the back along with muscle weakness, beginning in the feet and hands, often spreading to the arms and upper body. The symptoms may develop over hours to a few weeks. During the acute phase, the disorder can be life-threatening, with about 15% of people developing weakness of the breathing muscles and, therefore, requiring mechanical ventilation. Some are affected by changes in the function of the autonomic nervous system, which can lead to dangerous abnormalities in heart rate and blood pressure.
Although the cause is unknown, the underlying mechanism involves an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves and damages their myelin insulation. Sometimes this immune dysfunction is triggered by an infection or, less commonly, by surgery, and rarely, by vaccination. The diagnosis is usually based on the signs and symptoms through the exclusion of alternative causes and supported by tests such as nerve conduction studies and examination of the cerebrospinal fluid. There are a number of subtypes based on the areas of weakness, results of nerve conduction studies, and the presence of certain antibodies. It is classified as an acute polyneuropathy.
In those with severe weakness, prompt treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins or plasmapheresis, together with supportive care, will lead to good recovery in the majority of cases. Recovery may take weeks to years, with about a third having some permanent weakness. Globally, death occurs in approximately 7.5% of those affected. Guillain–Barré syndrome is rare, at 1 or 2 cases per 100,000 people every year. Both sexes and all parts of the world have similar rates of disease.
The syndrome is named after the French neurologists George |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production%20%28computer%20science%29 | A production or production rule in computer science is a rewrite rule specifying a symbol substitution that can be recursively performed to generate new symbol sequences. A finite set of productions is the main component in the specification of a formal grammar (specifically a generative grammar). The other components are a finite set of nonterminal symbols, a finite set (known as an alphabet) of terminal symbols that is disjoint from and a distinguished symbol that is the start symbol.
In an unrestricted grammar, a production is of the form , where and are arbitrary strings of terminals and nonterminals, and may not be the empty string. If is the empty string, this is denoted by the symbol , or (rather than leave the right-hand side blank). So productions are members of the cartesian product
,
where is the vocabulary, is the Kleene star operator, indicates concatenation, denotes set union, and denotes set minus or set difference. If we do not allow the start symbol to occur in (the word on the right side), we have to replace by on the right side of the cartesian product symbol.
The other types of formal grammar in the Chomsky hierarchy impose additional restrictions on what constitutes a production. Notably in a context-free grammar, the left-hand side of a production must be a single nonterminal symbol. So productions are of the form:
Grammar generation
To generate a string in the language, one begins with a string consisting of only a single start symbol, and then successively applies the rules (any number of times, in any order) to rewrite this string. This stops when we obtain a string containing only terminals. The language consists of all the strings that can be generated in this manner. Any particular sequence of legal choices taken during this rewriting process yields one particular string in the language. If there are multiple different ways of generating this single string, then the grammar is said to be ambiguous.
For example, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian%20balds | In the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States, balds are mountain summits or crests covered primarily by thick vegetation of native grasses or shrubs occurring in areas where heavy forest growth would be expected.
Balds are found primarily in the Southern Appalachians, where, even at the highest elevations, the climate is too warm to support an alpine zone, areas where trees fail to grow due to short or non-existent growing seasons. The difference between an alpine summit, such as Mount Washington in New Hampshire, and a bald, such as Gregory Bald in the Great Smoky Mountains, is that a lack of trees is normal for the colder climate of the former but abnormal for the warmer climate of the latter. One example of southern balds' abnormality can be found at Roan Mountain, where Roan High Knob (el. 6,285 ft/1,915 m) is coated with a dense stand of spruce-fir forest, whereas an adjacent summit, Round Bald (el. 5,826 ft/1,776 m), is almost entirely devoid of trees. Why some summits are bald and some are not is a mystery, though there are several hypotheses.
Types
Two types of balds are found in the Appalachians:
Grassy balds
Grassy balds are relatively blunt summits covered by a dense sward of native grasses. Two types have been identified: those completely covered by grasses and those with a scattered overstory of mixed hardwoods with a grassy herbaceous layer. Grassy balds are normally found at the summit of hills, but can also be found on broad upper slopes.
Species found here include mountain oat-grass (Danthonia compressa), sedges (Carex brunnescens ssp. sphaerostachya, Carex debilis var. rudgei, Carex pensylvanica), and forbs such as three-toothed cinquefoil (Sibbaldiopsis tridentata) and Blue Ridge St. Johns-wort (Hypericum mitchellianum).
Heath balds
Heath balds are typically found along narrow ridges and mountain crests, and consist of dense evergreen shrubs. While the formation of grassy balds is a mystery, heath balds are often located in area |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia%20naturalis%20palmarum | Historia naturalis palmarum: opus tripartitum ("Natural History of Palms, a work in three volumes") is a highly illustrated, three-volume botanical book of palms (Arecaceae) by German botanist Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius. The work is in Latin and was published in imperial folio format in Leipzig (Lipsiae) by T.O. Weigel, volume one in 1823 and the final volume in 1850. It includes more than 550 pages of text and 240 chromolithographs, including views of habitats and botanical dissections.
Historia naturalis palmarum was based on Martius' travels in Brazil and Peru with zoologist Johann Baptist von Spix from 9 December 1817 to 1820. Their expedition was sponsored by the King of Bavaria, Maximilian I, with instructions to investigate natural history and tribal Indians. The pair travelled over 2,250 km (1,400 mi) throughout the Amazon Basin, the most species-rich palm region in the world, collecting and sketching specimens. They began in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo before making their way north and inland. They became the first non-Portuguese Europeans to obtain permission to visit the Brazilian Amazon.
On their return to Bavaria, the King awarded both men knighthoods and lifetime pensions.
In the first volume, Martius outlined the modern classification of palms and prepared the first maps of palm biogeography. The second volume described the palms of Brazil, and in the third, known as Expositio Systematica, he systematically described all known genera of the palm family, based on his own work and that of others.
The majority of drawings of palms for the second volume, dedicated to Brazilian palms, were credited to Martius, with just a few landscapes, representing areas not travelled by Martius, taken from works by Frans Post and Johann Moritz Rugendas.
The book was reprinted in two volumes in 1971.
Other works by Martius based on the expedition were Reise in Brasilien (Journey in Brazil), published in three volumes in 1823, 1828 and 1831, and the mas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%20problem | In theoretical physics, the problem is a problem of supersymmetric theories, concerned with understanding the parameters of the theory.
Background
The supersymmetric Higgs mass parameter appears as the following term in the superpotential: It is necessary to provide a mass for the fermionic superpartners of the Higgs bosons, i.e. the higgsinos, and it enters as well the scalar potential of the Higgs bosons.
To ensure that and get a non-zero vacuum expectation value after electroweak symmetry breaking, should be of the order of magnitude of the electroweak scale, many orders of magnitude smaller than the Planck scale (), which is the natural cutoff scale. This brings about a problem of naturalness: Why is that scale so much smaller than the cutoff scale? And why, if the term in the superpotential has different physical origins, do the corresponding scale happen to fall so close to each other?
Before LHC, it was thought that the soft supersymmetry breaking terms should also be of the same order of magnitude as the electroweak scale. This was negated by the Higgs mass measurements and limits on supersymmetry models.
One proposed solution, known as the Giudice–Masiero mechanism, is that this term does not appear explicitly in the Lagrangian, because it violates some global symmetry, and can therefore be created only via spontaneous breaking of this symmetry. This is proposed to happen together with F-term supersymmetry breaking, with a spurious field that parameterizes the hidden supersymmetry-breaking sector of the theory (meaning that is the non-zero -term).
Let us assume that the Kahler potential includes a term of the form
times some dimensionless coefficient, which is naturally of order one, and where Mpl is Planck mass. Then as supersymmetry breaks, gets a non-zero vacuum expectation value ⟨⟩ and the following effective term is added to the superpotential:
which gives a measured On the other hand, soft supersymmetry breaking terms are similarl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurwitz%20surface | In Riemann surface theory and hyperbolic geometry, a Hurwitz surface, named after Adolf Hurwitz, is a compact Riemann surface with precisely 84(g − 1) automorphisms, where g is the genus of the surface. This number is maximal by virtue of Hurwitz's theorem on automorphisms . They are also referred to as Hurwitz curves, interpreting them as complex algebraic curves (complex dimension 1 = real dimension 2).
The Fuchsian group of a Hurwitz surface is a finite index torsionfree normal subgroup of the (ordinary) (2,3,7) triangle group. The finite quotient group is precisely the automorphism group.
Automorphisms of complex algebraic curves are orientation-preserving automorphisms of the underlying real surface; if one allows orientation-reversing isometries, this yields a group twice as large, of order 168(g − 1), which is sometimes of interest.
A note on terminology – in this and other contexts, the "(2,3,7) triangle group" most often refers, not to the full triangle group Δ(2,3,7) (the Coxeter group with Schwarz triangle (2,3,7) or a realization as a hyperbolic reflection group), but rather to the ordinary triangle group (the von Dyck group) D(2,3,7) of orientation-preserving maps (the rotation group), which is index 2. The group of complex automorphisms is a quotient of the ordinary (orientation-preserving) triangle group, while the group of (possibly orientation-reversing) isometries is a quotient of the full triangle group.
Classification by genus
Only finitely many Hurwitz surfaces occur with each genus. The function mapping the genus to the number of Hurwitz surfaces with that genus is unbounded, even though most of its values are zero. The sum
converges for , implying in an approximate sense that the genus of the th Hurwitz surface grows at least as a cubic function of .
The Hurwitz surface of least genus is the Klein quartic of genus 3, with automorphism group the projective special linear group PSL(2,7), of order 84(3 − 1) = 168 = 23·3·7, which is a simp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitdefender | Bitdefender is a Romanian cybersecurity technology company headquartered in Bucharest, Romania, with offices in the United States, Europe, Australia and the Middle East.
The company was founded in 2001 by the current CEO and main shareholder, Florin Talpeș. Bitdefender develops and delivers cybersecurity products and services, including endpoint protection, cloud and managed security, antivirus software and IoT security. Bitdefender products are distributed through partners in over 150 countries and the US market is estimated to generate more than 40% of its revenues. As of 2020, the company employed more than 1,600 people worldwide.
As of August 2021, Bitdefender was ranked 5th globally among free anti-malware application vendors for Microsoft Windows by market scores.
History
Bitdefender software was originally developed by SOFTWIN and sold as AVX (Antivirus Expert) from 1996 until 2001, when its name was changed. In 2007, SOFTWIN spun off Bitdefender.
Company milestones
1990: Creation of Softwin, one of the first IT start-ups in post-communist Romania.
The rapid growth of computer viruses leads to the development of Softwin AVX (AntiVirus eXpert)
2001: The Bitdefender subsidiary is created. AVX solution is rebranded under the Bitdefender name.
2004: First offices outside Romania in US, Germany and UK.
Further expansion in the Middle East (2011), and Denmark / Nordics Region (2015).
2007: Bitdefender becomes a separate business entity with external capital entry.
Axxess Capital Investment Fund becomes a key shareholder.
2011: Bitdefender launches enterprise range and virtualization security products.
2015: Bitdefender creates a new consumer product category with Bitdefender BOX and IoT security services.
2017: Bitdefender makes its first major acquisition by acquiring French partner Profil Technology Source.
British fund Vitruvian buys a 30% stake in the Bitdefender, valuing Bitdefender at more than $600 million.
2018: Bitdefender creates a new |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutocius%20of%20Ascalon | Eutocius of Ascalon (; ; 480s – 520s) was a Palestinian-born Greek mathematician who wrote commentaries on several Archimedean treatises and on the Apollonian Conics.
Life and work
Little is known about the life of Eutocius. He was born in Ascalon, then in Palestina Prima. He lived during the reign of Justinian. Eutocius probably became the head of the Alexandrian school following Ammonius, and he was succeeded in this position by Olympiodorus, possibly as early as 525. He traveled to the greatest scientific centers of his time to conduct research on Archimedes' manuscripts.
He wrote commentaries on Apollonius and on Archimedes. The surviving works of Eutocius are:
A Commentary on the first four books of the Conics of Apollonius.
Commentaries on:
the Sphere and Cylinder of Archimedes.
the Quadrature of the Circle of Archimedes (In Archimedis circuli dimensionem in Latin).
the Two Books on Equilibrium of Archimedes.
An introduction to Book I of the Almagest by Ptolemy
Historians owe much of their knowledge of Archimedes' solution of a cubic by means of intersecting conics, alluded to in The Sphere and Cylinder, to Eutocius and his commentaries. Eutocius dedicated his commentary on Apollonius' Conics to Anthemius of Tralles, also a mathematician, and architect of the Hagia Sophia patriarchal basilica in Constantinople. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIFAC | In statistical thermodynamics, the UNIFAC method (UNIQUAC Functional-group Activity Coefficients) is a semi-empirical system for the prediction of non-electrolyte activity in non-ideal mixtures. UNIFAC uses the functional groups present on the molecules that make up the liquid mixture to calculate activity coefficients. By using interactions for each of the functional groups present on the molecules, as well as some binary interaction coefficients, the activity of each of the solutions can be calculated. This information can be used to obtain information on liquid equilibria, which is useful in many thermodynamic calculations, such as chemical reactor design, and distillation calculations.
The UNIFAC model was first published in 1975 by Fredenslund, Jones and John Prausnitz, a group of chemical engineering researchers from the University of California. Subsequently they and other authors have published a wide range of UNIFAC papers, extending the capabilities of the model; this has been by the development of new or revision of existing UNIFAC model parameters. UNIFAC is an attempt by these researchers to provide a flexible liquid equilibria model for wider use in chemistry, the chemical and process engineering disciplines.
Introduction
A particular problem in the area of liquid-state thermodynamics is the sourcing of reliable thermodynamic constants. These constants are necessary for the successful prediction of the free energy state of the system; without this information it is impossible to model the equilibrium phases of the system.
Obtaining this free energy data is not a trivial problem, and requires careful experiments, such as calorimetry, to successfully measure the energy of the system. Even when this work is performed it is infeasible to attempt to conduct this work for every single possible class of chemicals, and the binary, or higher, mixtures thereof. To alleviate this problem, free energy prediction models, such as UNIFAC, are employed to predic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20Contest%20in%20Modeling | The International Mathematical Contest in Modeling (MCM) is a multi-day mathematical modelling competition held annually in USA, during the first or second weekend in February, since 1985 by COMAP and sponsored by SIAM and INFORMS. It is distinguished from other major mathematical competitions such as the famous Putnam Competition by its strong focus on research, modeling skills, mathematics, originality, teamwork, communication and justification of results. It runs concurrently with the Interdisciplinary Contest in Modeling (ICM).
The financial support initially provided by Science Foundations like National Science Foundation (NSF), Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS), Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), since 2004 additional funding comes from the National Security Agency of USA (NSA) and Mathematical Association of America (MAA).
Problems
At the beginning of the contest, teams have a choice between three problems. Problem A involves a system that requires the use of continuous mathematics, and thus often involves concepts from geometry, physics, or engineering. Problem B involves a system that requires the use of discrete mathematics. In 2016, a "data insights" problem was added, where teams are given access to database files and tasked with using them to answer a question. This problem was designated as Problem C, though previously, Problem C referred to an ICM problem. These problems tend to be open-ended, and are drawn from all fields of science, business, and public policy. Past problems include
Estimate the global effects of a large asteroid impacting Antarctica (1999 A)
Study the hunting strategies of velociraptor dinosaurs based on fossil data (1997 A)
Develop a more efficient method of boarding passengers onto large commercial jets (2007 B)
Teams have 96 hours to research and submit their solutions in the form of a research paper. During this time, they may consult any available references, but |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennessy%E2%80%93Milner%20logic | In computer science, Hennessy–Milner logic (HML) is a dynamic logic used to specify properties of a labeled transition system (LTS), a structure similar to an automaton. It was introduced in 1980 by Matthew Hennessy and Robin Milner in their paper "On observing nondeterminism and concurrency" (ICALP).
Another variant of the HML involves the use of recursion to extend the expressibility of the logic, and is commonly referred to as 'Hennessy-Milner Logic with recursion'. Recursion is enabled with the use of maximum and minimum fixed points.
Syntax
A formula is defined by the following BNF grammar for Act some set of actions:
That is, a formula can be
constant truth always true
constant false always false
formula conjunction
formula disjunction
formula for all Act-derivatives, Φ must hold
formula for some Act-derivative, Φ must hold
Formal semantics
Let be a labeled transition system, and let
be the set of HML formulae. The satisfiability
relation relates states of the LTS
to the formulae they satisfy, and is defined as the smallest relation such that, for all states
and formulae ,
,
there is no state for which ,
if there exists a state such that and , then ,
if for all such that it holds that , then ,
if , then ,
if , then ,
if and , then .
See also
The modal μ-calculus, which extends HML with fixed point operators
Dynamic logic, a multimodal logic with infinitely many modalities |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deleveraging | At the micro-economic level, deleveraging refers to the reduction of the leverage ratio, or the percentage of debt in the balance sheet of a single economic entity, such as a household or a firm. It is the opposite of leveraging, which is the practice of borrowing money to acquire assets and multiply gains and losses.
At the macro-economic level, deleveraging of an economy refers to the simultaneous reduction of debt levels in multiple sectors, including private sectors and the government sector. It is usually measured as a decline of the total debt to GDP ratio in the national accounts. The deleveraging of an economy following a financial crisis has significant macro-economic consequences and is often associated with severe recessions.
In microeconomics
While leverage allows a borrower to acquire assets and multiply gains in good times, it also leads to multiple losses in bad times. During a market downturn when the value of assets and income plummets, a highly leveraged borrower faces heavy losses due to his or her obligation to the service of high levels of debt. If the value of assets falls below the value of debt, the borrower then has a high risk to default. Deleveraging reduces the total amplification of market volatility on the borrower's balance sheet. It means giving up potential gains in good times, in exchange for lower risk of heavy loss and nasty default in bad times.
However, precaution is not the most common reason for deleveraging. Deleveraging usually happens after a market downturn and hence is driven by the need to cover loss, which can deplete capital, build a less risky profile, or is required by nervous lenders to prevent default. In the last case, lenders lower the leverage offered by asking for a higher level of collateral and down payment. It is estimated that from 2006 to 2008, the average down payment required for a home buyer in the US increased from 5% to 25%, a decrease of leverage from 20 to 4.
To deleverage, one needs to raise c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelch%20protein | Kelch proteins (and Kelch-like proteins) are a widespread group of proteins that contain multiple Kelch motifs. The kelch domain generally occurs as a set of five to seven kelch tandem repeats that form a β-propeller tertiary structure. Kelch-repeat β-propellers are generally involved in protein–protein interactions, though the large diversity of domain architectures and limited sequence identity between kelch motifs make characterisation of the kelch superfamily difficult.
Structure
The N-terminus of several Kelch proteins contain other protein domains, including Discoidin, F-box, and Broad-complex, Tramtrack, Bric-a-Brac/Poxvirus Zinc finger (BTB/POZ) domains. Kelch proteins may also only have a β-propeller architecture. The BTB domain of kelch proteins (if present) allows the formation of homo- or heterodimers that mediate protein–protein interactions.
The C-terminus of Kelch proteins contains kelch repeats. Each kelch repeat is a sequence of 44–55 amino acids in length, usually occurring in clusters of 4 – 7 repeats.
Each kelch repeat forms a "blade" of the β-propeller fold, consisting of a four-stranded antiparallel β-sheet secondary structure, arranged radially around a central axis, packed onto its adjoining repeats via hydrophobic contacts.
Kelch-repeat β-propellers undergo a variety of binding interactions with other proteins, notably the actin filaments of a cell.
Function
Kelch-like proteins are known to act as substrate adaptors for Cullin 3 ubiquitin ligases.
Organisms
The first Kelch protein (from which this family derives its name) was isolated from Drosophila, in which Kelch-mutant females lay sterile, cup-shaped eggs; The word Kelch is German for 'chalice, cup'. Kelch proteins have also been isolated in many other animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, and even virus (restricted to Poxviridae).
Human proteins containing Kelch motifs
ATRN; ATRNL1; CCIN; ENC1; FBXO42;
GAN; HCFC1; HCFC2; IPP; IVNS1ABP; KBTBD10; KBTBD11; KBTBD2;
KBTBD3; KBTBD4; KBT |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora%20Graeca | Flora Graeca is a publication of the plants of Greece in the late 18th century, resulting from a survey by John Sibthorp and Ferdinand Bauer. The botanical descriptions and illustrations became highly valued by the English audience; the finely crafted and illustrated work was of both scientific and horticultural interest.
Sibthorp met the botanical illustrator Bauer in Vienna, where he had made a voyage to study a copy of Dioscorides' early botanical work, the renowned Vienna Dioscurides. This was the first part of a journey, to identify medicinal plants used in Greece; Bauer was to join the expedition as the illustrator. They were to record and collect a large number of novel specimens; their publication introduced these to an English audience. From March 1786 to December 1787 they surveyed the plants and animals of the eastern Mediterranean, Sibthorp collecting and describing, Bauer making dried specimens and producing colour-coded sketches. Bauer's work, including around a thousand intricate and annotated sketches, is now regarded as one of the finest examples of botanical illustration.
Sibthorp's volumes were to become a botanical publication, the original intention to produce a herbal or medical volume was transformed into a scientific survey. An accompanying volume, Fauna Graeca, and other planned works on the region, was not realised.
Sibthorp assembled the descriptions and plates, at his death in 1796 his will included an endowment to see the book published. The task of preparing the works was undertaken by James Edward Smith, who issued the two volumes of the Prodromus in 1806 and 1813, and six volumes as Flora Graeca Sibthorpiana between 1806 and 1828. The seventh appeared in 1830, after Smith's death, and the remaining three were produced by John Lindley between 1833 and 1840.
Each volume contained a hundred plates, except the last, and these were engraved by James Sowerby. Only 30 copies of this set were issued, another 50 complete sets were rei |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldivirga | In taxonomy, Caldivirga is a genus of the Thermoproteaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocladium | In taxonomy, Thermocladium is a genus of the Thermoproteaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanisaeta | In taxonomy, Vulcanisaeta is a genus of the Thermoproteaceae.
Description and significance
Vulcanisaeta is an anaerobic, heterotrophic, hyperthermophilic archaeon that grows optimally at 85–90 °C and at pH 4.0–4.5. The organism is isolated from samples collected directly from solfataric fields or piped hot spring water in eastern Japan.
Genome structure
Several Vulcanisaeta genomes have been sequenced, see List of sequenced archaeal genomes. The G + C content of its DNA, which is between 44 and 46%, is predicted to be relatively lower than other members of the Thermoproteaceae genera.
Cell structure and metabolism
The cells of Vulcanisaeta are straight to slightly curved rods, which range from 0.4 to 0.6 µm in width. In some cases, the cells are branched or bear spherical bodies at the terminals. The archaeon utilizes maltose, starch, malate, yeast extract, peptone, beef extract, casamino acids and gelatin as carbon sources, cannot utilize D-arabinose, D-fructose, lactose, sucrose, D-xylose, acetate, butyrate, formate, fumarate, propionate, pyruvate, succinate, methanol, formamide, methylamine or trimethylamine. As electron acceptors, the organism uses sulfur and thiosulfate. Unlike some other genetically similar archaea such as Thermocladium or Caldivirga, Vulcanisaeta grows in the absence of vitamin mixture or archaeal cell-extract solution in the medium.
Ecology
Strains of Vulcanisaeta were found in hot spring areas in Japan. Despite the organisms being the most common rod-shaped crenarchaeote among isolates from hot springs in Japan, it has not isolated from other countries. This contrasts with the genera Thermoproteus and Pyrobaculum, which are distributed worldwide, including the Azores, Iceland, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, the Philippines, Russia, and the United States. Therefore, it is possible that the genus Vulcanisaeta has a restricted distribution that includes Japan.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic nam |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidianus | In taxonomy, Acidianus is a genus of the Sulfolobaceae.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
See also
List of Archaea genera
List of bacterial genera named after mythological figures |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oozlefinch | The Oozlefinch is the unofficial historic mascot of the Air Defense Artillery – and formerly of the U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps. The Oozlefinch is portrayed as a featherless bird that flies backwards (at supersonic speeds) and carries weapons of the Air Defense and Coast Artillery, most often a Nike-Hercules Missile. The Oozlefinch has been portrayed in many different forms and artistic interpretations through its history.
History
There are many legends about the origins of the Oozlefinch. Most agree that the legend began in 1905 at Ft. Monroe, Virginia, then home of the Coast Artillery Corps. Captain H. M. Merriam, no doubt under the effects of alcohol, first reported seeing a large-eyed, flight-challenged bird outside the officers' club. Soon more people reported seeing this bird, and sketches were made. Eventually, the legend of the bird would become so great that a statue was erected at the club in its honor.
The Oozlefinch was used on the insignia of the Railway Artillery Reserve during World War I; In some descriptions, this bird is a pelican. The Distinctive Unit Insignia of the 42nd Field Artillery Brigade later included the oozlefinch, describing the insignia as: "On a wreath of the colors (Or and Gules) an oozlefinch (from the shoulder sleeve insignia worn by the Railway Artillery Reserve in France) Vert, armed, capped and collared on the legs."
Symbolism
The Oozlefinch's eyes are very large, allowing it to see very distant and very clearly in the sky. Its vision is unobstructed by eyelids or eyebrows, and the eyes are said to be able to turn 180 degrees so the Oozlefinch can look inward, symbolizing the need of a good leader for inward reflection.
Heraldry
The heraldic tradition of the Oozlefinch includes a coat of arms, the symbology of which is:
See also
Air Defense Artillery
Coastal Artillery
Fort Bliss, Texas
Fort Sill, Oklahoma
Oozlum bird
Ordnance Corps
Saint Barbara, patron saint of artillerymen
United States Army |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallosphaera | In taxonomy, Metallosphaera is a genus of the Sulfolobaceae.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
See also
List of Archaea genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stygiolobus | In taxonomy, Stygiolobus is a genus of the Sulfolobaceae.
See also
List of Archaea genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurisphaera | Sulfurisphaera is a genus of the Sulfolobaceae.
Description and significance
Sulfurisphaera is a facultatively anaerobic, thermophilic, Gram-negative archaeon that occurs in acidic solfataric fields. The organism grows under the temperature range of 63–92 °C with the optimum temperature at 84 °C, and under the pH range of 1.0–5.0, with an optimum of pH 2.0. It forms colonies that are smooth, roundly convex, and slightly yellow.
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
Genome structure
The genome of Sulfurisphaera is yet to be sequenced. The G + C content is estimated to be 30–33%.
Cell structure and metabolism
The spherical cells of Sulfurisphaera ohwakuensis are 1.2–1.5 µm in diameter. Thin sections of the organism reveal an envelope (approx. 24 nm) surrounding the cell membrane. It grows organotrophically on proteinaceous, complex substrates such as yeast extract, peptone, and tryptone. Growth was not observed on single sugars or amino acids such as D-glucose, D-galactose, D-fructose, D-xylose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, alanine, glutamate, glycine, and histidine.
Ecology
The strains of Sulfurisphaera ohwakuensis were isolated from multiple locations in the acidic hot springs in Ohwaku Valley, Hakone, Japan.
See also
List of Archaea genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramine-T | Chloramine-T is the organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4SO2NClNa. Both the anhydrous salt and its trihydrate are known. Both are white powders. Chloramine-T is used as a reagent in organic synthesis. It is commonly used as cyclizing agent in the synthesis of aziridine, oxadiazole, isoxazole and pyrazoles. It's inexpensive, has low toxicity and acts as a mild oxidizing agent. In addition, it also acts as a source of nitrogen anions and electrophilic cations. It may undergo degradation on long term exposure to atmosphere such that care must be taken during its storage.
Reactions
Chloramine-T contains active (electrophilic) chlorine. Its reactivity is similar to that of sodium hypochlorite. Aqueous solutions of chloramine-T are slightly basic (pH typically 8.5). The pKa of the closely related N-chlorophenylsulfonamide C6H5SO2NClH is 9.5.
It is prepared by oxidation of toluenesulfonamide with sodium hypochlorite, with the latter being produced in situ from sodium hydroxide and chlorine (Cl2):
Uses
Reagent in amidohydroxylation
The Sharpless oxyamination converts an alkene to a vicinal aminoalcohol. A common source of the amido component of this reaction is chloramine-T. Vicinal aminoalcohols are important products in organic synthesis and recurring pharmacophores in drug discovery.
Oxidant
Chloramine-T is a strong oxidant. It oxidizes hydrogen sulfide to sulfur and mustard gas to yield a harmless crystalline sulfimide.
It converts iodide to iodine monochloride (ICl). ICl rapidly undergoes electrophilic substitution predominantly with activated aromatic rings, such as those of the amino acid tyrosine. Thus, chloramine-T is used to incorporate iodine into peptides and proteins. Chloramine-T together with iodogen or lactoperoxidase is commonly used for labeling peptides and proteins with radioiodine isotopes.
Certifications
EN 1276 Bactericidal
EN 13713 Bactericidal
EN 14675 Virucidal
EN 14476 Virucidal Norovirus
EN 1650 Fungicidal
EN 13704 Sporicida |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorquinaldol | Chlorquinaldol is an antimicrobial agent and antiseptic. It is a chlorinated derivative of the popular chelating agent 8-hydroxyquinoline. It is applied topically as a cream and internally as a losenge.
It was marketed by Geigy as an intestinal antiseptic and amebicide with the trade name Siosteran. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propamidine | Propamidine is an antiseptic and disinfectant.
Propamidine isethionate, the salt of propamidine with isethionic acid, is used in the treatment of Acanthamoeba infection.
Propamidine is a member of the aromatic diamidine group of compounds which possess bacteriostatic properties against a wide range of organisms. These diamidines exert antibacterial action against pyrogenic cocci, antibiotic resistant staphylococci and some Gram-negative bacilli, the activity of the diamidines being retained in the presence of organic matter such as tissue fluids, pus and serum. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haramiyida | Haramiyida is a possibly polyphyletic order of mammaliaform cynodonts or mammals of controversial taxonomic affinites. Their teeth, which are by far the most common remains, resemble those of the multituberculates. However, based on Haramiyavia, the jaw is less derived; and at the level of evolution of earlier basal mammals like Morganucodon and Kuehneotherium, with a groove for ear ossicles on the dentary. Some authors have placed them in a clade with Multituberculata dubbed Allotheria within Mammalia. Other studies have disputed this and suggested the Haramiyida were not crown mammals, but were part of an earlier offshoot of mammaliaformes instead. It is also disputed whether the Late Triassic species are closely related to the Jurassic and Cretaceous members belonging to Euharamiyida/Eleutherodontida, as some phylogenetic studies recover the two groups as unrelated, recovering the Triassic haramiyidians as non-mammalian cynodonts, while recovering the Euharamiyida as crown-group mammals closely related to multituberculates.
Relationships
Haramiyids show certain similarities to multituberculates, a group of mammals that survived until about 40 million years ago. It is possible that haramiyids are ancestral to multituberculates, although the available evidence is insufficient to be conclusive. Certain characteristics of the teeth seem to rule out a special relationship between the two groups, although some studies still unite haramiyids (or at least euharamiyids) and multituberculates in the Allotheria hypothesis.
In a 2018 study, haramiyidans have been found to be a monophyletic group of non-mammalian Mammaliaformes. In this study, gondwanatheres – usually interpreted as mammals, and derived multituberculates in particular – have been found to be deeply nested among them.
Taxonomy
Order †Haramiyida Hahn, Sigogneau-Russell & Wouters, 1989 [Haramiyoidea Hahn, 1973 sensu McKenna & Bell, 1997]
†Kirtlingtonia Butler & Hooker, 2005
Family †Haramiyaviidae Butler, 2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20Crystallographic%20Data%20Centre | The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) is a non-profit organisation based in Cambridge, England. Its primary activity is the compilation and maintenance of the Cambridge Structural Database, a database of small molecule crystal structures. They also perform analysis on the database for the benefit of the scientific community, and write and distribute computer software to allow others to do the same.
History
In 1962, Dr. Olga Kennard OBE FRS set up a chemical crystallography group within the Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge. In 1965 she founded the CCDC and established the associated Cambridge Structural Database. At that time, there were only about 3,000 published X-ray structures, and the work involved converting these into a machine-readable form. Kennard invited Frank Allen to join the group, which he did in 1970, becoming Scientific Director and then Executive Director before retiring in 2008.
In 1992, the CCDC moved into its own building adjacent to the Cambridge chemistry department. This new headquarters was designed by the Danish architect Professor Erik Christian Sørensen and won The Sunday Times Building of the Year Award in 1993.
The CCDC still retains very close links as a University Partner Institution that trains students for postgraduate research degrees but from 1987 became an independent company. By 2019 the database had grown to over a million structures.
Current research
The staff at the CCDC curate the database of small-molecule organic and metal-organic crystal structures and make these available for download by the public. They also create and maintain a suite of cheminformatics software that may be used to apply the data to applications in the life sciences, including crystal engineering and materials science.
Programs Developed
CCDC developed programs such as ConQuest and Mercury that run under Windows and various types of Unix, including Linux. ConQuest is a search interface to the Cambridge Structural Dat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsicles | Hypsicles (; c. 190 – c. 120 BCE) was an ancient Greek mathematician and astronomer known for authoring On Ascensions (Ἀναφορικός) and the Book XIV of Euclid's Elements. Hypsicles lived in Alexandria.
Life and work
Although little is known about the life of Hypsicles, it is believed that he authored the astronomical work On Ascensions. The mathematician Diophantus of Alexandria noted on a definition of polygonal numbers, due to Hypsicles:
On Ascensions
In On Ascensions (Ἀναφορικός and sometimes translated On Rising Times), Hypsicles proves a number of propositions on arithmetical progressions and uses the results to calculate approximate values for the times required for the signs of the zodiac to rise above the horizon. It is thought that this is the work from which the division of the circle into 360 parts may have been adopted since it divides the day into 360 parts, a division possibly suggested by Babylonian astronomy, although this is mere speculation and no actual evidence is found to support this. Heath 1921 notes, "The earliest extant Greek book in which the division of the circle into 360 degrees appears".
This work by Hypsicles is believed to represent the earliest extant Greek text to use the Babylonian division of the zodiac into 12 signs of 30 degrees each.
Euclid's Elements
Hypsicles is more famously known for possibly writing the Book XIV of Euclid's Elements. The book may have been composed on the basis of a treatise by Apollonius. The book continues Euclid's comparison of regular solids inscribed in spheres, with the chief result being that the ratio of the surfaces of the dodecahedron and icosahedron inscribed in the same sphere is the same as the ratio of their volumes, the ratio being .
Heath further notes, "Hypsicles says also that Aristaeus, in a work entitled Comparison of the five figures, proved that the same circle circumscribes both the pentagon of the dodecahedron and the triangle of the icosahedron inscribed in the same sphere; wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File%20virtualization | In computing, file virtualization is a field of storage virtualization operating on computer file level. It involves uniting multiple storage devices into a single logical pool of file. It is a vital part of both file area network (FAN) and network file management (NFM) concepts.
As with most other virtualization designs, "a primary driver behind file virtualization is the desire to shield users and administrators from the complexity of the underlying storage environment. Other goals include simplified management, more efficient capacity usage and allocation, and reduced management costs".
Network file management (NFM) is a data storage management-related category. The term is used interchangeably with NAS virtualization and file virtualization among data storage industry press, analysts and system administrators.
The basic idea of NFM is that the rapid, ongoing growth of file data capacity on enterprise networks has led to massive management complexity and accelerating operating costs. NFM is the concept of creating a virtualization layer between the clients and the file servers (or NAS devices). By creating this abstraction layer, System Administrators may simplify the management of multiple storage devices, including non-disruptive movement of data between servers, preserving the client access path (pathname), policies for automating the placement of data according to its changing needs, and the ability to discover, analyze and report on server and file usage. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrococcus | Pyrococcus is a genus of Thermococcaceaen archaean.
Description and significance
Pyrococcus has similar characteristics of other thermoautotrophican archaea such as Archaeoglobus, and Methanococcus in the respect that they are all thermophilic and anaerobic. Pyrococcus differs, however, because its optimal growth temperature is nearly 100 °C and dwells at a greater sea depth than the other archaea. Studying Pyrococcus helps give insight to possible mechanisms used to endure extreme environmental conditions like high temperatures and high pressure.
Phylogeny
Genome structure
Three of the Pyrococcus species have been sequenced. P. furiosus is the largest containing 1.9Mb followed by P. abyssi with 1.8Mb and P. horikoshii with 1.7Mb. The genomes encode for many different metabolic enzymes which gives themselves a wider spectrum of living conditions because they can transport and metabolize a wide range of organic substances. Variation was detected between species as well.
Cell structure and metabolism
The cells of Pyrococcus are about 0.8–2 μm and are slightly irregular cocci in shape. They show a polar grouping of flagella and are enveloped by an S-layer enclosing a periplasmic space around the cytoplasmic membrane. Pyrococcus species are anaerobic but vary slightly concerning their metabolism. Peptide fermentation is the principle metabolic pathway however, growth has been observed for P. furiosus and P. abyssi on starch, maltose, and pyruvate but not for P. horikoshii. While the presence of elemental sulfur is not needed for growth, growth is enhanced with the addition of So.
Ecology
Pyrococcus species inhabit environments with extremely high temperatures such as Hydrothermal vents. Optimal growth conditions include a pH level of about 7, a salt concentration around 2.5%, and a temperature around 98 °C. Growing in temperatures this high, it is easy to see why they are anaerobic since at these boiling temperatures hardly any oxygen will be available. In the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeococcus | In taxonomy, Palaeococcus is a genus of the Thermococcaceae.
Phylogeny
See also
List of Archaea genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryson%20of%20Heraclea | Bryson of Heraclea (, gen.: Βρύσωνος; fl. late 5th-century BCE) was an ancient Greek mathematician and sophist who studied the solving the problems of squaring the circle and calculating pi.
Life and work
Little is known about the life of Bryson; he came from Heraclea Pontica, and he may have been a pupil of Socrates. He is mentioned in the 13th Platonic Epistle, and Theopompus even claimed in his Attack upon Plato that Plato stole many ideas for his dialogues from Bryson of Heraclea. He is known principally from Aristotle, who criticizes his method of squaring the circle. He also upset Aristotle by asserting that obscene language does not exist. Diogenes Laërtius and the Suda refer several times to a Bryson as a teacher of various philosophers, but since some of the philosophers mentioned lived in the late 4th-century BCE, it is possible that Bryson became confused with Bryson of Achaea, who may have lived around that time.
Pi and squaring the circle
Bryson, along with his contemporary, Antiphon, was the first to inscribe a polygon inside a circle, find the polygon's area, double the number of sides of the polygon, and repeat the process, resulting in a lower bound approximation of the area of a circle. "Sooner or later (they figured), ...[there would be] so many sides that the polygon ...[would] be a circle." Bryson later followed the same procedure for polygons circumscribing a circle, resulting in an upper bound approximation of the area of a circle. With these calculations, Bryson was able to approximate π and further place lower and upper bounds on π's true value. But due to the complexity of the method, he appears to have made little progress. Aristotle criticized this method, but Archimedes would later use a method similar to that of Bryson and Antiphon to calculate π; however, Archimedes calculated the perimeter of a polygon instead of the area.
Robert Kilwardby on Bryson's syllogism
The 13th-century English philosopher Robert Kilwardby described Bryson' |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine%20decarboxylase%20antizyme | In molecular biology, Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme (ODC-AZ) is an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor. It binds to, and destabilises, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme in polyamine synthesis. ODC is then rapidly degraded. It was first characterized in 1981. The expression of ODC-AZ requires programmed, ribosomal frameshifting which is modulated according to the cellular concentration of polyamines. High levels of polyamines induce a +1 ribosomal frameshift in the translation of mRNA for the antizyme leading to the expression of a full-length protein. At least two forms of ODC-AZ exist in mammals and the protein has been found in Drosophila (protein Gutfeeling) as well as in Saccharomyces yeast (encoded by the OAZ1 gene).
Human genes encoding Ornithine decarboxylase antizymes are OAZ1, OAZ2, and OAZ3. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermine%20synthase | Spermine synthase (, spermidine aminopropyltransferase, spermine synthetase) is an enzyme that converts spermidine into spermine. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
S-adenosylmethioninamine + spermidine S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermine
Spermine synthase is an enzyme involved in polyamine biosynthesis. It is present in all eukaryotes and plays a role in a variety of biological functions in plants Its structure consists of two identical monomers of 41 kDa with three domains each, creating a homodimer formed via dimerization. The interactions between one of the three domains, the N-terminals of the monomers, is responsible for dimerization as that is where the active site is located; the central terminal consisting of four β- strands structurally forming a lid for the third domain, the C-terminal domain. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiocarlide | Thiocarlide (or tiocarlide or isoxyl) is a thiourea drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis, inhibiting synthesis of oleic acid and tuberculostearic acid.
Thiocarlide has considerable antimycobacterial activity in vitro and is effective against multi-drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Isoxyl inhibits M. bovis with six hours of exposure, which is similar to isoniazid and ethionamide, two other prominent anti-TB drugs. Unlike these two drugs, however, isoxyl also partially inhibits the synthesis of fatty acids.
Thiocarlide was developed by a Belgian company, Continental Pharma S.A. Belgo-Canadienne in Brussels, Belgium. The head researcher was Professor N. P. Buu-Hoi, head of Continental Pharma's Research Division. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQ2 | HLA-DQ2 (DQ2) is a serotype group within HLA-DQ (DQ) serotyping system. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of β2 subset of DQ β-chains. The β-chain of DQ is encoded by HLA-DQB1 locus and DQ2 are encoded by the HLA-DQB1 allele group. This group currently contains two common alleles, DQB1 and DQB1. HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQB1*02 are almost synonymous in meaning. DQ2 β-chains combine with α-chains, encoded by genetically linked HLA-DQA1 alleles, to form the cis-haplotype isoforms. These isoforms, nicknamed DQ2.2 and DQ2.5, are also encoded by the DQA1 and DQA1 genes, respectively.
DQ2 is most common in Western Europe, North Africa and East Africa. Highest frequencies are observed in parts of Spain and Ireland; this distribution correlates with the frequency of two of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases. There is also an increase in DQB1 in Central Asia, peaking in Kazakhstan and declining slowly west to east into China and finally Southeast Asia. DQA1 : DQB1. DQ2.5 is one of the most predisposing factors for autoimmune disease.
DQ2.5 is encoded, often, by a haplotype associated with a large number of diseases. This haplotype, HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2, is associated with diseases in which HLA-DQ2 has suspect involvement. Direct involvement of DQ2 is certain in coeliac disease (also known as celiac disease).
Serology
Serotyping efficiency. The serotyping efficiency of HLA-DQ2 is among the highest of the
antisera. DQ2 antibodies can be used to effectively type DQ2 bearing individuals, however antibody may detect DQB1*0303.
Alleles
DQB1*0201
The DQB1*0201 allele is genetically linked to DQA1*0501 and DRB1*03. With DQA1*0501 it forms the DQ2.5cis encoding haplotype, with DRB1*03 it becomes part of the DR3-DQ2 (DR-DQ) serologically defined haplotype. With DQA1*0501 the allele is most frequently found in coeliac disease. With DR3 this DQ2 has the second strongest linkage to Type 1 diabetes, and when paired with HLA-DQ8 is the most abundant phenotype found in l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian%20Society%20of%20Physiology | The Brazilian Society of Physiology (Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, in Portuguese language, official abbreviation SBFis) is a learned society and association of students and professionals in physiology in Brazil. It is a member of the Brazilian Federation of Experimental Biology Societies (FeSBE) and of the Brazilian Society for the Advancement of Science (SBPC). Internationally, it is the country's representative at the International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS) and at the Latin American Association of Physiological Sciences.
The Society was founded on August 10, 1957, in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Among the founding members was a host of important Brazilian scientists of the century, such as Wilson Teixeira Beraldo, Oto G. Bier, Franklin Moura Campos, Alberto de Carvalho, Carlos Chagas, Nelson Chaves, Mário Vianna Dias, Carlos Ribeiro Diniz, Hiss Martins Ferreira, Paulo Enéas Galvão, José Moura Gonçalves, Aristides Pacheco Leão, Thales Martins, Erasmo G. Mendes, José Ribeiro do Valle, Fernando Ubatuba, Amadeu Cury, Haiti Moussatché, Eline S. Prado, José Leal Prado, Paulo Sawaya, Mauricio Rocha e Silva, Lauro Sollero and Baeta Viana. Prof. Thales Martins was elected the first president. Among its most noted past presidents were Wilson Beraldo, Hiss Martins Ferreira, Eduardo Moacyr Krieger, César Timo-Iaria and Gerhard Malnic.
The Society's official journal is the Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, which is published on-line by SciElo.
See also
Brazilian science and technology
External links
SBFis official site
Scientific societies based in Brazil
Biology societies
Medical associations based in Brazil
Physiology organizations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whey%20acidic%20protein | In molecular biology, the Whey acidic proteins (WAP) have been identified as a major whey protein family in milk, and are important in regulating the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. Additionally, their physiological function is thought to be similar to a protease inhibitor. It has been concluded, therefore, that WAP regulate the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells by preventing elastase-type serine proteases from carrying out laminin degradation and by suppressing the MAP kinase signal pathway in the cell cycle.
Production in mammals
Whey Acidic Protein (WAP) is the major milk protein in certain mammals. There are exceptions in some mammalian species, whereby WAP has not been found to be synthesized in the mammary gland.
WAP motif and cancer
There have been several candidate markers for cancer; most notably genes coding for elafin, antileukoproteinase 1 (previously called secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor, SLPI), WAP four disulphide core domain protein 1 (previously called prostate stromal protein 20 kDa, PS20), and WAP four disulphide core domain protein 2 (previously called major human epididymis-specific protein E4, HE4). These genes can be useful biomarkers for detecting tumours.
Biochemistry of WAP motifs
Whey Acidic Protein contains two to three four-disulfide core domain, also termed WAP domain or WAP motif. Each disulfide bond of the WAP motif is made up of two cysteine molecule. This motif is also found in other proteins of different functions, which led to the suggestion that WAP is associated with antiprotease or antibacterial properties. The following schematic representation shows the position of the conserved cysteines that form the 'four-disulfide core' WAP domain
+---------------------+
| +-----------+ |
| | | |
| | | |
| +------- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCP5 | The gene known as HCP5 (HLA Complex P5) is a human endogenous retrovirus, meaning that it is a fossil of an ancient virus that at one time infected people, but has now become an integral part of the human genome.
One variation of HCP5 appears to provide some delay or resistance to the development of AIDS when a person is infected with HIV. This variation of HCP5 frequently occurs in conjunction with a particular version of an immune system gene called HLA-B.
HCP5 has been reported to become upregulated after human papillomavirus infection and may promote the development of cervical cancer.
Notes and references
Genomics
Endogenous retroviruses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID%20Quantique | ID Quantique (IDQ) is a Swiss company, based in Geneva, Switzerland, and provides quantum key distribution (QKD) systems, quantum safe network encryption, single photon counters, and hardware random number generators.
It was founded in 2001 as a spin-off of the Group of Applied Physics at the University of Geneva.
The company is structured in three business units:
The quantum safe cryptography division
The photon counting division
The quantum random number generation division
Quantum Safe Cryptography Division
The Quantum Safe Cryptography division focuses on data protection and provides:
quantum-safe network encryption
quantum key distribution
quantum key generation and key management
Photon Counting Division
The Photon Counting division works on optical instrumentation products such as:
photon counters in the visible and infrared spectrum
photon pair sources
quantum key distribution for R&D applications
Random Number Generation
The company's work in Random Number Generation focuses on developing hardware random number generators based on quantum randomness, for cryptographic and security applications (quantum key generation) and research purposes (MonteCarlo simulations).
ID Quantique Achievements
The company has realized several world premieres in quantum technology innovation.
In 2004, ID Quantique was one of the first in the world to bring a quantum key distribution system to a commercial market. (MagiQ Technologies, Inc. announced the availability of its quantum key distribution system in 2003.)
In 2007 quantum cryptography was deployed by a government for the first time ever to protect the Geneva state elections in Switzerland. It is still in deployment.
In 2010 the company deployed QKD over multiplexed networks with 1Gbit/s of data, and in 2011 the company ran its QKD systems for over 18 months in the Swissquantum network in cooperation with the University of Geneva.
In 2014, principles from IDQ together with the University of G |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimpole%20Street | Wimpole Street is a street in Marylebone, central London. Located in the City of Westminster, it is associated with private medical practice and medical associations.
No. 1 Wimpole Street is an example of Edwardian baroque architecture, completed in 1912 by architect architects John Belcher and J. J. Joass as the home of the Royal Society of Medicine. 64 Wimpole Street is the headquarters of the British Dental Association.
Wimpole Street was home to a few celebrities, such as Paul McCartney who lived at the home of the Asher family at 57 Wimpole Street in 1964–1966 during his relationship with Jane Asher. At this address John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote "I Want to Hold Your Hand" in the front basement room, while McCartney wrote the tune to "Yesterday" in a box room at the top of the house.
On the corner of Wimpole and Wigmore Street took place a legal case about causing a "nuisance" between neighbours, in Sturges v Bridgman (1879).
Arthur Conan Doyle, who created the character of Sherlock Holmes, worked and wrote in 2 Upper Wimpole Street in 1891. A green plaque has been installed to commemorate the cultural heritage of the City of Westminster.
In 1932, Paul Abbatt and Marjorie Abbatt opened a toy shop, Paul & Marjorie Abbatt Ltd, designed by their friend, the architect Ernő Goldfinger, at 94 Wimpole Street. The shop was unique in that children were allowed to touch and play with the displayed toys.
Notable residents
Jane Asher, No. 57
Richard Asher, endocrinologist and haematologist, No. 57
Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer, No. 36
Sir Thomas Barlow, physician to Queen Victoria, No. 10
Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard. No. 82
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, No. 50
Sir Robert Walter Carden, 1st Baronet, No. 64
Wilkie Collins, No. 82
Ethel Gordon Fenwick, No. 20
Sir Henry Goldfinch, No. 11
Henry Hallam, No. 67
Edward James and Tilly Losch, No. 35
Sir William Milbourne James, Judge of the Court of Appeal in Chancery and the Judicial Committee of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closing%20capacity | The closing capacity (CC) is the volume in the lungs at which its smallest airways, the respiratory bronchioles, collapse. It is defined mathematically as the sum of the closing volume and the residual volume. The alveoli lack supporting cartilage and so depend on other factors to keep them open. The closing capacity is less than the Functional Residual Capacity, the amount of gas that normally remains in the lungs during respiration. This means that there is normally enough air within the lungs to keep these airways open throughout both inhalation and exhalation. As the lungs age, there is a gradual increase in the closing capacity (i.e. The small airways begin to collapse at a higher volume/before expiration is complete). This also occurs with certain disease processes, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary edema. Any process that increases the CC by increasing the closing volume (CV) can increase an individual's risk of hypoxemia, as the small airways may collapse during exhalation, leading to air trapping and atelectasis.
A mnemonic for factors increasing closing capacity is ACLS-S: Age, Chronic bronchitis, LV failure, Smoking, Surgery. Alternatively, CLOSE: Cigarettes, LV failure, Old age, Surgery, Emphysema (& asthma). Often supine positioning will decrease functional residual capacity (FRC) but has no effect on closing capacity.
See also
Lung volumes
Further reading
Respiratory physiology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20transmitter | A tunnel transmitter allows wireless reception in tunnels. It consists of a receiving antenna which receives the signal to be radiated in the tunnel, and a transmitting antenna installed in the tunnel, which is either a Yagi antenna or a line antenna. In principle, a tunnel transmitter can work purely passively, in which case the received signal is passed over a cable to the antenna in the tunnel. Active systems, however, are more often used. In some cases the radio frequency inside the tunnel is different from the one used by the broadcaster. More often the program inside is transmitted on the same frequency as outside, in which case the information signal should be demodulated or converted to an intermediate frequency in the outside receiver, and then modulated/shifted back in the transmitter. Otherwise feedback may occur.
Tunnel transmitters are used in Germany only for audio transmitters working in FM-range and for further radio services, such as mobile phone services which also work in this frequency range.
Elsewhere, there are also tunnel transmitters for audio broadcast transmitters, which work in the long and medium wave bands. An example of this is in the Dartford Crossing tunnel near London, where the programme "Virgin 1215" in the medium-wave band and the BBC's Radio 4 on 198 kHz long wave are rebroadcast in the tunnel. Emergency information could also be relayed using this system, interrupting programming to relay warnings.
See also
Leaky feeder
Through the earth mine communications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast%20relay%20station | A broadcast relay station, also known as a satellite station, relay transmitter, broadcast translator (U.S.), re-broadcaster (Canada), repeater (two-way radio) or complementary station (Mexico), is a broadcast transmitter which repeats (or transponds) the signal of a radio or television station to an area not covered by the originating station. It expands the broadcast range of a television or radio station beyond the primary signal's original coverage or improves service in the original coverage area. The stations may be (but are not usually) used to create a single-frequency network. They may also be used by an AM or FM radio station to establish a presence on the other band.
Relay stations are most commonly established and operated by the same organisations responsible for the originating stations they repeat. However, depending on technical and regulatory restrictions, relays may also be set up by unrelated organisations.
Types
Broadcast translators
In its simplest form, a broadcast translator is a facility created to receive a terrestrial broadcast over the air on one frequency and rebroadcast the same (or substantially identical) signal on another frequency. These stations are used in television and radio to cover areas (such as valleys or rural villages) which are not adequately covered by a station's main signal. They can also be used to expand market coverage by duplicating programming on another band.
Boosters and distributed transmission
Relays which broadcast within (or near) the parent station's coverage area on the same channel (or frequency) are known in the U.S. as booster stations. Signals from the stations may interfere with each other without careful antenna design. Radio interference can be avoided by using atomic time, obtained from GPS satellites, to synchronize co-channel stations in a single-frequency network.
Analog television stations cannot have same-channel boosters unless opposite (perpendicular) polarization is used, due to video s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ%20Prize | The Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ Prize is an American national and international award established by the United States National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in October 1999 in Athens. Named after Fritz Russ, the founder of Systems Research Laboratories, and his wife Dolores Russ, it recognizes a bioengineering achievement that "has had a significant impact on society and has contributed to the advancement of the human condition through widespread use". The award was instigated at the request of Ohio University to honor Fritz Russ, one of its alumni.
The first Russ Prize was awarded in 2001 to Earl E. Bakken and Wilson Greatbatch. The prize is awarded biennially in odd years. From 2003 to 2011, there was a single winner per award. Multiple winners were recognized starting in 2013. The first non-Americans to receive the Russ Prize were three of the five co-winners honored in 2015.
Only living persons may receive the prize, and recipients of the Charles Stark Draper Prize are not also eligible for the Russ Prize. Members of the NAE and non-members worldwide are able to receive the award.
The winners are announced during National Engineers Week in February. They receive US$500,000, a gold medallion and a hand-scribed certificate. The Russ Prize, the Gordon Prize and the Draper Prize, all awarded by the NAE, are known collectively as the "Nobel Prizes of Engineering".
Recipients
See also
List of engineering awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-point%20algorithm | The eight-point algorithm is an algorithm used in computer vision to estimate the essential matrix or the fundamental matrix related to a stereo camera pair from a set of corresponding image points. It was introduced by Christopher Longuet-Higgins in 1981 for the case of the essential matrix. In theory, this algorithm can be used also for the fundamental matrix, but in practice the normalized eight-point algorithm, described by Richard Hartley in 1997, is better suited for this case.
The algorithm's name derives from the fact that it estimates the essential matrix or the fundamental matrix from a set of eight (or more) corresponding image points. However, variations of the algorithm can be used for fewer than eight points.
Coplanarity constraint
One may express the epipolar geometry of two cameras and a point in space with an algebraic equation. Observe that, no matter where the point is in space, the vectors , and belong to the same plane. Call the coordinates of point in the left eye's reference frame and call the coordinates of in the right eye's reference frame and call the rotation and translation between the two reference frames s.t. is the relationship between the coordinates of in the two reference frames. The following equation always holds because the vector generated from is orthogonal to both and :
Because , we get
.
Replacing with , we get
Observe that may be thought of as a matrix; Longuet-Higgins used the symbol to denote it. The product is often called essential matrix and denoted with .
The vectors are parallel to the vectors and therefore the coplanarity constraint holds if we substitute these vectors. If we call the coordinates of the projections of onto the left and right image planes, then the coplanarity constraint may be written as
Basic algorithm
The basic eight-point algorithm is here described for the case of estimating the essential matrix . It consists of three steps. First, it formulates a homo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InHour | InHour is a unit of reactivity of a nuclear reactor. It stands for the inverse of an hour. It is equal to the inverse of the period in hours. One InHour is the amount of reactivity needed to increase the reaction from critical to where the power will increase by a factor of e in one hour.
The unit is abbreviated ih or inhr, and is usually measured with a reactimeter.
See also
Per cent mille |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20triangle%20topics | This list of triangle topics includes things related to the geometric shape, either abstractly, as in idealizations studied by geometers, or in triangular arrays such as Pascal's triangle or triangular matrices, or concretely in physical space. It does not include metaphors like love triangle in which the word has no reference to the geometric shape.
Geometry
Triangle
Acute and obtuse triangles
Altern base
Altitude (triangle)
Area bisector of a triangle
Angle bisector of a triangle
Angle bisector theorem
Apollonius point
Apollonius' theorem
Automedian triangle
Barrow's inequality
Barycentric coordinates (mathematics)
Bernoulli's quadrisection problem
Brocard circle
Brocard points
Brocard triangle
Carnot's theorem (conics)
Carnot's theorem (inradius, circumradius)
Carnot's theorem (perpendiculars)
Catalogue of Triangle Cubics
Centroid
Ceva's theorem
Cevian
Circumconic and inconic
Circumscribed circle
Clawson point
Cleaver (geometry)
Congruence (geometry)
Congruent isoscelizers point
Contact triangle
Conway triangle notation
CPCTC
Delaunay triangulation
de Longchamps point
Desargues' theorem
Droz-Farny line theorem
Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers
Equal incircles theorem
Equal parallelians point
Equidissection
Equilateral triangle
Euler's line
Euler's theorem in geometry
Erdős–Mordell inequality
Exeter point
Exterior angle theorem
Fagnano's problem
Fermat point
Fermat's right triangle theorem
Fuhrmann circle
Fuhrmann triangle
Geometric mean theorem
GEOS circle
Gergonne point
Golden triangle (mathematics)
Gossard perspector
Hadley's theorem
Hadwiger–Finsler inequality
Heilbronn triangle problem
Heptagonal triangle
Heronian triangle
Heron's formula
Hofstadter points
Hyperbolic triangle (non-Euclidean geometry)
Hypotenuse
Incircle and excircles of a triangle
Inellipse
Integer triangle
Isodynamic point
Isogonal conjugate
Isoperimetric point
Isoscel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-aligned%20irregularity | A field-aligned irregularity (FAI) is an anisotropic (different values when measured in different directions) perturbation of plasma density associated with magnetic fields. FAIs are often thought of in the context of the Earth's ionosphere where several natural processes generate FAIs in the E-region and F-region.
They occur at 50 and 140 MHz, where electrons associated with the event become vertically aligned with Earth's magnetic field. FAI may occur for several hours after it starts. Optimum times for observance appear to be between 8 PM and midnight. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction%20landmark%20genomic%20scanning | Restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) is a genome analysis method for rapid simultaneous visualization of thousands of landmarks, or restriction sites. Using a combination of restriction enzymes some of which are specific to DNA modifications, the technique can be used to visualize differences in methylation levels across the genome of a given organism. RLGS employs direct labeling of DNA, which is first cut by a specific series of restriction enzymes, and then labeled by a radioactive isotope (usually phosphorus-32). A two-dimensional electrophoresis process is then employed, yielding high-resolution results. The radioactive second-dimension gel is then allowed to expose a large sheet of film. The radiation produced by the radioactive labeling will cause the film to be exposed wherever the restriction fragments have migrated during electrophoresis. The film is then developed, yielding a visual representation of the results in the form of an autoradiograph. The same combination of restriction enzymes will produce the same pattern of 'spots' from samples from the same organisms, but different patterns for different types of organism. For example, human and mouse DNA will produce distinctly different patterns when treated with the same combination of enzymes. These finished auto-rads can be examined against each other, revealing any changes in gene expression that lead to visual differences in the film. Each autoradiograph contains thousands of spots, each corresponding to a labeled DNA restriction landmark.
RLGS becomes useful when doing whole-genome scans, and can effectively do the work of thousands of polymerase chain reactions at once. It readily detects alterations deviating from normal, and thus is exceptionally effective in identifying hyper/hypomethylation in tumors, deletions or amplifications of genes, or simply changes in gene expression throughout the development of an organism.
Sources
http://www.informatics.jax.org/searches/accession_report.c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematology | Nematology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of nematodes, or roundworms. Although nematological investigation dates back to the days of Aristotle or even earlier, nematology as an independent discipline has its recognizable beginnings in the mid to late 19th century.
History: pre-1850
Nematology research, like most fields of science, has its foundations in observations and the recording of these observations. The earliest written account of a nematode "sighting," as it were, may be found in the Pentateuch of the Old Testament in the Bible, in the Fourth Book of Moses called Numbers: "And the Lord sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people; and much people of Israel died". Although no empirical data exist to test the hypothesis, many nematologists assume and circumstantial evidence suggests the "fiery serpents" to be the Guinea worm, Dracunculus medinensis, as this nematode is known to inhabit the region near the Red Sea.
Before 1750, a large number of nematode observations were recorded, many by the notable great minds of ancient civilization. Hippocrates (ca. 420 B.C.), Aristotle (ca. 350 B.C.), Celsus (ca 10 B.C.), Galen (ca. 180 A.D.) and Redi (1684) all described nematodes parasitizing humans or other large animals and birds. Borellus (1653) was the first to observe and describe a free-living nematode, which he dubbed the "vinegar eel;" and Tyson (1683) used a crude microscope to describe the rough anatomy of the human intestinal roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides.
Other well-known microscopists spent time observing and describing free-living and animal-parasitic nematodes: Hooke (1683), Leeuwenhoek (1722), Needham (1743), and Spallanzani (1769) are among these. Observations and descriptions of plant parasitic nematodes, which were less conspicuous to ancient scientists, didn't receive as much or as early attention as did animal parasites. The earliest allusion to a plant parasitic nematode is, however, preserved in famo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received%20view%20of%20theories | The received view of theories is a position in the philosophy of science that identifies a scientific theory with a set of propositions which are considered to be linguistic objects, such as axioms. Frederick Suppe describes the position of the received view by saying that it identifies scientific theories with "axiomatic calculi in which theoretical terms are given a partial observation interpretation by mean of correspondence rules." The received view is generally associated with the logical empiricists.
Recently, the received view of theories has been displaced by the semantic view of theories as the dominant position in theory formulation in the philosophy of science.
Notes
Metatheory of science
Logical positivism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formate%20dehydrogenase | Formate dehydrogenases are a set of enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide, donating the electrons to a second substrate, such as NAD+ in formate:NAD+ oxidoreductase () or to a cytochrome in formate:ferricytochrome-b1 oxidoreductase (). This family of enzymes has attracted attention as inspiration or guidance on methods for the carbon dioxide fixation, relevant to global warming.
Function
NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenases are important in methylotrophic yeast and bacteria, being vital in the catabolism of C1 compounds such as methanol. The cytochrome-dependent enzymes are more important in anaerobic metabolism in prokaryotes. For example, in E. coli, the formate:ferricytochrome-b1 oxidoreductase is an intrinsic membrane protein with two subunits and is involved in anaerobic nitrate respiration.
NAD-dependent reaction
Formate + NAD+ CO2 + NADH + H+
Cytochrome-dependent reaction
Formate + 2 ferricytochrome b1 CO2 + 2 ferrocytochrome b1 + 2 H+
Molybdopterin, molybdenum and selenium dependence
The metal-dependent Fdh's feature Mo or W at their active sites. These active sites resemble the motif seen in DMSO reductase, with two molybdopterin cofactors bound to Mo/W in a bidentate fashion. The fifth and sixth ligands are sulfide and either cysteinate or selenocysteinate.
The mechanism of action appears to involve 2e redox of the metal centers, induced by hydride transfer from formate and release of carbon dioxide:
In this scheme, represents the four thiolate-like ligands provided by the two dithiolene cofactors, the molybdopterins. The dithiolene and cysteinyl/selenocysteinyl ligands are redox-innocent. In terms of the molecular details, the mechanism remains uncertain, despite numerous investigations. Most mechanisms assume that formate does not coordinate to Mo/W, in contrast to typical Mo/W oxo-transferases (e.g., DMSO reductase). A popular mechanistic proposal entails transfer of H- from formate to the Mo/WVI=S group.
T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemocline | A chemocline is a type of cline, a layer of fluid with different properties, characterized by a strong, vertical chemistry gradient within a body of water. In bodies of water where chemoclines occur, the cline separates the upper and lower layers, resulting in different properties for those layers. The lower layer shows a change in the concentration of dissolved gases and solids compared to the upper layer.
Chemoclines most commonly occur where local conditions favor the formation of anoxic bottom water — deep water deficient in oxygen, where only anaerobic forms of life can exist. Common anaerobic organisms that live in these conditions include phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria and green sulfur bacteria. The Black Sea is an example of a body of water with a prominent chemocline, though similar bodies (classified as meromictic lakes) exist across the globe. Meromictic lakes are the result of meromixis, which is a circumstance where a body of water does not fully mix and circulate, causing stratification.
In any body of water in which oxygen-rich surface waters are well-mixed (holomictic), no chemocline will exist, as there is no stratification of layers. Chemoclines can become unstable when dissolved gases become supersaturated, such as H2S, due to mixing associated with bubbling or boiling (ebullition).
Chemocline structure
Containing the largest chemical gradient, the chemocline is a thin boundary layer that separates a meromictic lake into two parts: the upper mixolimnion and the lower monimolimnion. The mixolimnion is a region that is accessed by the wind where the water can be fully mixed and circulated. However, the monimolimnion is dense and cannot interact with the wind in the same manner, preventing mixing. Furthermore, the chemocline's variability in density determines the degree to which the body of water will experience mixing and circulation. Since the chemocline acts as a barrier between the mixed and non-mixed layers, the deeper monimolimnion l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evisceration%20%28autotomy%29 | Evisceration is a method of autotomy involving the ejection of internal organs used by animals as a defensive strategy. Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) eject parts of the gut in order to scare and defend against potential predators such as crabs and fish. The organs are regenerated in a few days by cells in the interior of the sea cucumber.
Description
When stressed, the sea cucumber faces away from the attacker and contracts its body wall muscles sharply. This causes the wall of the cloaca to tear and the anus to gape. The evisceration process in Eupentacta quinquesemita proceeds as follows:
Three main structures weaken over a period of about 1–3 minutes, become soft and transparent, and eventually separate from their attachments. These are the basal part of the tentacles, the attachment points of the introvert retractor muscles to the longitudinal muscles (there are 10 of these), and the junction of intestine and cloaca. The softening is a state-transformation of the collagen components in the tissue.
Parts eviscerated include the gut, associated haemal vessels, tentacles, and introvert (the dexterous anterior extensible portion of the body wall). The gut tears away from the mesenteries that suspend it within the coelomic cavity.
Most of the gonad stays behind. Only strands of gonad tangled in the gut are eviscerated. The paired respiratory trees and cloaca also remain (although they may be expelled in other species)
The introvert changes from being firm and opaque to being soft and translucent. The body-wall muscles contract and the increased pressure forces coelomic fluid and viscera into the introvert. It enlarges like a balloon and soon ruptures, expelling the fluid and viscera.
This takes about 20 minutes, with final detachment of the tentacles and introvert sometimes taking as long as 12 hours.
The anterior rupture seals, at first by muscular contraction and then by healing as a plug of connective-tissue.
Function
During evisceration in some species, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylamine%20N-oxide%20reductase | Trimethylamine N-oxide reductase (TOR or TMAO reductase, EC 1.7.2.3) is a microbial enzyme that can reduce trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) into trimethylamine (TMA), as part of the electron transport chain. The enzyme has been purified from E. coli and the photosynthetic bacteria Roseobacter denitrificans.
Trimethylamine oxide is found at high concentrations in the tissues of fish, and the bacterial reduction of this compound to foul-smelling trimethylamine is a major process in the spoilage of fish.
Classification
TMAO reductase has an enzyme commission (EC) number of 1.7.2.3. EC numbers are a system of enzyme nomenclature, and each part of this nomenclature refers to a progressive classification of the enzyme with regards to its reaction. The first number defines the reaction type, the second number provides information on involved compounds, the third number specifies the type of reaction, and the fourth number completes the unique serial number for each enzyme.
Trimethylamine N-oxide reductase has the EC number 1.7.2.3, and these components refer to the following enzyme classifications:
EC 1 enzymes are oxidoreductase enzymes, where an oxidation reduction reaction occurs, and the substrate being oxidized is either an oxygen or hydrogen donor
EC 1.7 enzymes act on other nitrogenous compounds as donors
EC 1.7.2 enzymes have a cytochrome as an acceptor
EC 1.7.2.3 is the enzyme TMAO reductase, which reduces the cytochrome TorC
Species distribution
TMAO is an organic osmolyte that has the useful biological function of protecting proteins against denaturing stresses such as high concentration of urea. Various bacteria grow anaerobically using TMAO as an alternative electron transport chain, allowing for growth on non-fermentable carbon sources such as glycerol. Bacteria capable of reducing TMAO to TMA are found throughout three different ecological niches. TMAO-reducing, to date, has been observed in marine bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria living in shallow |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquinol%20oxidase | Ubiquinol oxidases () are enzymes in the bacterial electron transport chain that oxidise ubiquinol into ubiquinone and reduce oxygen to water. These enzymes are one set of the many alternative terminal oxidases in the branched prokaryotic electron transport chain. The overall structure of the E. coli ubiquinol oxidase is similar to that of the mammalian Cytochrome c oxidase, with the addition of a polar ubiquinol-binding site embedded in the membrane.
See also
Oxidative phosphorylation
Microbial metabolism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-amino%20acid%20dehydrogenase | D-amino-acid dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.99.1) is a bacterial enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of D-amino acids into their corresponding oxoacids. It contains both flavin and nonheme iron as cofactors. The enzyme has a very broad specificity and can act on most D-amino acids.
D-amino acid + H2O + acceptor <=> a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + reduced acceptor
This reaction is distinct from the oxidation reaction catalysed by D-amino acid oxidase that uses oxygen as a second substrate, as the dehydrogenase can use many different compounds as electron acceptors, with the physiological substrate being coenzyme Q.
D-amino acid dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes NADPH from NADP+ and D- glucose to produce D- amino acids and glucose dehydrogenase. Some but not limited to these amino acids are D-leucine, D-isoleucine, and D-Valine, which are essential amino acids that humans cannot synthesize due to the fact that they are not included in their diet. Moreover, D- amino acids catalyzes the formation of 2-oxo acids to produce D- amino acids in the presence of DCIP which is an electron acceptor. D-amino acids are used as components of pharmaceutical products, such as antibiotics, anticoagulants, and pesticides, because they have been shown to be not only more potent than their L enantiomers, but also more resistant to enzyme degradation. D-amino acid dehydrogenase enzymes have been synthesized via mutagenesis with an ability to produce straight, branched, cyclic aliphatic and aromatic D-amino acids. Solubilized D-amino acid dehydrogenase tends to increase its affinity for D-alanine, D-asparagine, and D--amino-n-butyrate.
In E. coli K12 D-amino acid dehydrogenase is most active with D-alanine as its substrate, as this amino acid is the sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. The enzyme works optimally at pH 8.9 and has a Michaelis constant for D-alanine equal to 30 mM. DAD discovered in gram-negative E. coli B membrane can convert L-amino acids into D-amino acids as well.
Addit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20Evolutionary%20Computation%20Toolkit | ECJ is a freeware evolutionary computation research system written in Java. It is a framework that supports a variety of evolutionary computation techniques, such as genetic algorithms, genetic programming, evolution strategies, coevolution, particle swarm optimization, and differential evolution. The framework models iterative evolutionary processes using a series of pipelines arranged to connect one or more subpopulations of individuals with selection, breeding (such as crossover, and mutation operators that produce new individuals. The framework is open source and is distributed under the Academic Free License. ECJ was created by Sean Luke, a computer science professor at George Mason University, and is maintained by Sean Luke and a variety of contributors.
Features (listed from ECJ's project page):
General Features:
GUI with charting
Platform-independent checkpointing and logging
Hierarchical parameter files
Multithreading
Mersenne Twister Random Number Generators
Abstractions for implementing a variety of EC forms.
EC Features:
Asynchronous island models over TCP/IP
Master/Slave evaluation over multiple processors
Genetic Algorithms/Programming style Steady State and Generational evolution, with or without Elitism
Evolutionary-Strategies style (mu, lambda) and (mu+lambda) evolution
Very flexible breeding architecture
Many selection operators
Multiple subpopulations and species
Inter-subpopulation exchanges
Reading populations from files
Single- and Multi-population coevolution
SPEA2 multiobjective optimization
Particle Swarm Optimization
Differential Evolution
Spatially embedded evolutionary algorithms
Hooks for other multiobjective optimization methods
Packages for parsimony pressure
GP Tree Representations:
Set-based Strongly Typed Genetic Programming
Ephemeral Random Constants
Automatically Defined Functions and Automatically Defined Macros
Multiple tree forests
Six tree-creation algorithms
Extensive set of GP breeding |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilium/Olympos | Ilium/Olympos is a series of two science fiction novels by Dan Simmons. The events are set in motion by beings who appear to be ancient Greek gods. Like Simmons' earlier series, the Hyperion Cantos, it is a form of "literary science fiction"; it relies heavily on intertextuality, in this case with Homer and Shakespeare as well as references to Marcel Proust's À la recherche du temps perdu (or In Search of Lost Time) and Vladimir Nabokov's novel Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle.
As with most of his science fiction and in particular with Hyperion, Ilium demonstrates that Simmons writes in the soft science fiction tradition of Ray Bradbury and Ursula K. Le Guin. Ilium is based on a literary approach similar to most of Bradbury's work, but describes larger segments of society and broader historical events. As in Le Guin's Hainish series, Simmons places the action of Ilium in a vast and complex universe made of relatively plausible technological and scientific elements. Yet Ilium is different from any of the works of Bradbury and Le Guin in its exploration of the very far future of humanity, and in the extra human or post-human themes associated with this. It deals with the concept of technological singularity where technological change starts to occur beyond the ability of humanity to presently predict or comprehend. The first book, Ilium, received the Locus Award for Best Science Fiction novel in 2004.
Plot introduction
The series centers on three main character groups: that of the scholic Hockenberry, Helen and Greek and Trojan warriors from the Iliad; Daeman, Harman, Ada and the other humans of Earth; and the moravecs, specifically Mahnmut the Europan and Orphu of Io. The novels are written in first-person, present-tense when centered on Hockenberry's character, but features third-person, past-tense narrative in all other instances. Much like Simmons' Hyperion where the characters' stories are told over the course of the novels and the actual events serve as a fr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DXP%20reductoisomerase | DXP reductoisomerase (1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase or DXR) is an enzyme that interconverts 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP).
It is classified under . It is normally abbreviated DXR, but it is sometimes named IspC, as the product of the ispC gene.
DXR is part of the MEP pathway (nonmevalonate pathway) of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. DXR is inhibited by fosmidomycin.
This enzyme is required for terpenoid biosynthesis in some organisms, since it is a key enzyme on the MEP pathway for the production of the isoprenoid precursors IPP and DMAPP. In Arabidopsis thaliana 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase is the first committed enzyme of the MEP pathway for isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. The enzyme requires Mn2+, Co2+ or Mg2+ for activity, with Mn2+ being most effective. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-C-Methylerythritol%204-phosphate | 2-C-Methyl--erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) is an intermediate on the MEP pathway (non-mevalonate pathway) of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. It is the first committed metabolite on that pathway on the route to IPP and DMAPP.
See also
DXP reductoisomerase
MEP pathway (formerly known as the non-mevalonate pathway)
Fosmidomycin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%20filter | The Fermi filter is a common image processing filter that uses the Fermi–Dirac distribution in the frequency domain to perform a low-pass filter or high-pass filter similar to a Gaussian blur, but the harshness can be scaled. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeath%20surface | In Riemann surface theory and hyperbolic geometry, the Macbeath surface, also called Macbeath's curve or the Fricke–Macbeath curve, is the genus-7 Hurwitz surface.
The automorphism group of the Macbeath surface is the simple group PSL(2,8), consisting of 504 symmetries.
Triangle group construction
The surface's Fuchsian group can be constructed as the principal congruence subgroup of the (2,3,7) triangle group in a suitable tower of principal congruence subgroups. Here the choices of quaternion algebra and Hurwitz quaternion order are described at the triangle group page. Choosing the ideal in the ring of integers, the corresponding principal congruence subgroup defines this surface of genus 7. Its systole is about 5.796, and the number of systolic loops is 126 according to R. Vogeler's calculations.
It is possible to realize the resulting triangulated surface as a non-convex polyhedron without self-intersections.
Historical note
This surface was originally discovered by , but named after Alexander Murray Macbeath due to his later independent rediscovery of the same curve. Elkies writes that the equivalence between the curves studied by Fricke and Macbeath "may first have been observed by Serre in a 24.vii.1990 letter to Abhyankar".
See also
Klein quartic
First Hurwitz triplet
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iditol | Iditol is a sugar alcohol which accumulates in galactokinase deficiency.
See also
Idose
Aldose reductase
L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPAM | EPAM (Elementary Perceiver and Memorizer) is a psychological theory of learning and memory implemented as a computer program. Originally designed by Herbert A. Simon and Edward Feigenbaum to simulate phenomena in verbal learning, it has been later adapted to account for data on the psychology of expertise and concept formation. It was influential in formalizing the concept of a chunk. In EPAM, learning consists in the growth of a discrimination network.
EPAM was written in IPL/V.
The project was started in the late 1950s with the aim to learn nonsense syllables. The term nonsense is used because the learned patterns are not connected with a meaning but they are standing for their own. The software is working internally by creating a decision tree. An improved version is available under the name “EPAM-VI”.
Related cognitive models
CHREST
Soar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless%20Public%20Key%20Infrastructure | Wireless Public Key Infrastructure (WPKI) is a technology that provides public key infrastructure functionality using a mobile Secure Element such as a SIM card. It can be used for example for two-factor authentication. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Public%20Service%20Health | The FPS Public Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment (, , ), more commonly known as the FPS Health, is a Federal Public Service of Belgium. Royal Order established FPS Justice on 23 May 2001, as part of Verhofstadt I Government to rebuild the federal administration.
It is responsible for guaranteeing the public health, the safety of the food chain and a safe environment.
Organisation
The FPS Health is currently organised into three Directorates-General and an Administration:
The Directorate-General for Health Care
The Directorate-General for Animals, Plants and Foodstuffs
The Directorate-General for Environment
The Administration of Medical Expertise (Medex)
The former Directorate-General for Medicinal Products has become the autonomous Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products in 2007. The Directorate-General for Health Care is the result of the merger of the Directorate-General for Health Care Facilities Organisation and the Directorate-General for Primary Health Care & Crisis Management. The FPS Health is also linked with two scientific institutions:
Sciensano, the successor to the former Center for Veterinary and Agrochemical Research and the former Scientific Institute of Public Health
The Superior Health Council
See also
National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20envelope | The nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes that in eukaryotic cells surround the nucleus, which encloses the genetic material.
The nuclear envelope consists of two lipid bilayer membranes: an inner nuclear membrane and an outer nuclear membrane. The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space. It is usually about 10–50 nm wide. The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The nuclear envelope has many nuclear pores that allow materials to move between the cytosol and the nucleus. Intermediate filament proteins called lamins form a structure called the nuclear lamina on the inner aspect of the inner nuclear membrane and give structural support to the nucleus.
Structure
The nuclear envelope is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes, an inner nuclear membrane and an outer nuclear membrane. These membranes are connected to each other by nuclear pores. Two sets of intermediate filaments provide support for the nuclear envelope. An internal network forms the nuclear lamina on the inner nuclear membrane. A looser network forms outside to give external support. The actual shape of the nuclear envelope is irregular. It has invaginations and protrusions and can be observed with an electron microscope.
Outer membrane
The outer nuclear membrane also shares a common border with the endoplasmic reticulum. While it is physically linked, the outer nuclear membrane contains proteins found in far higher concentrations than the endoplasmic reticulum. All four nesprin proteins (nuclear envelope spectrin repeat proteins) present in mammals are expressed in the outer nuclear membrane. Nesprin proteins connect cytoskeletal filaments to the nucleoskeleton. Nesprin-mediated connections to the cytoskeleton contribute to nuclear positioning and to the cell’s mechanosensory function. KASH domain proteins of Nesprin-1 and -2 are part of a LINC complex (linker of nucleoskeleton and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20Case%20Filing%20System | Electronic Case Filing System (ECFS) is an automated system developed in Tarrant County, Texas that enables law enforcement agencies, criminal district attorney, county criminal courts, criminal district courts, and the defense bar to process and exchange information about criminal offenses. ECFS software does not work on the Apple Mac platform.
History
ECFS was conceived in November 2002 in Tarrant County, Texas. Initially, the purpose of the system was to enable law enforcement agencies to submit offense reports to the criminal district attorney's office for possible prosecution. In July 2003, the Criminal District Attorney's accepted the first electronic case filing via ECFS. Since that time, more than 100,000 cases have been filed in ECFS by the 47 Law Enforcement Agencies located in Tarrant County, Texas. ECFS was expanded in June 2004 to incorporate the Grand Jury function which is able to return Indictments to the Criminal District Courts on the same day that a True Bill is decided.
In January 2005, ECFS was extended to enable the Judges and their Court Staff to effectively manage the docket (case load) for each of the nine (9) Criminal District Courts. Since the implementation of ECFS, Tarrant County has been able to control the Jail population, despite a significant increase in the number of cases being filed. In August 2005, ECFS was extended to enable members of the Tarrant County Criminal Defense Lawyers Association to browse and view defendant, offense, and evidence via ECFS. Through this process, defense attorneys are no longer required to visit the Criminal District Attorney's Office to view and copy file.
Since January 2006, the Criminal District Attorney's Office has been completely paperless and all Offense Reports are submitted via ECFS and made available to Law Enforcement Agencies, County and District Courts, and Defense Attorneys. In July 2006, ECFS was extended to allow criminal defendants to be magistrated electronically. This process |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudendal%20venous%20plexus | The pudendal venous plexus (vesicoprostatic plexus) lies behind the arcuate pubic ligament and the lower part of the pubic symphysis, and in front of the bladder and prostate. Its chief tributary is the deep dorsal vein of the penis, but it also receives branches from the front of the bladder and prostate. It communicates with the vesical venous plexus and with the internal pudendal vein and drains into the vesical and hypogastric veins.
See also
Prostatic venous plexus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20pollution | Genetic pollution is a term for uncontrolled gene flow into wild populations. It is defined as "the dispersal of contaminated altered genes from genetically engineered organisms to natural organisms, esp. by cross-pollination", but has come to be used in some broader ways. It is related to the population genetics concept of gene flow, and genetic rescue, which is genetic material intentionally introduced to increase the fitness of a population. It is called genetic pollution when it negatively impacts the fitness of a population, such as through outbreeding depression and the introduction of unwanted phenotypes which can lead to extinction.
Conservation biologists and conservationists have used the term to describe gene flow from domestic, feral, and non-native species into wild indigenous species, which they consider undesirable. They promote awareness of the effects of introduced invasive species that may "hybridize with native species, causing genetic pollution". In the fields of agriculture, agroforestry and animal husbandry, genetic pollution is used to describe gene flows between genetically engineered species and wild relatives. The use of the word "pollution" is meant to convey the idea that mixing genetic information is bad for the environment, but because the mixing of genetic information can lead to a variety of outcomes, "pollution" may not always be the most accurate descriptor.
Gene flow to wild population
Some conservation biologists and conservationists have used genetic pollution for a number of years as a term to describe gene flow from a non-native, invasive subspecies, domestic, or genetically-engineered population to a wild indigenous population.
Importance
The introduction of genetic material into the gene pool of a population by human intervention can have both positive and negative effects on populations. When genetic material is intentionally introduced to increase the fitness of a population, this is called genetic rescue. When genet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan%20tryptophylquinone | Tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) is an enzyme cofactor, generated by posttranslational modification of amino acids within the protein. Methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH), an amine dehydrogenase, requires TTQ for its catalytic function.
See also
Amicyanin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimorphic%20fungus | Dimorphic fungi are fungi that can exist in the form of both mold and yeast. This is usually brought about by change in temperature and the fungi are also described as thermally dimorphic fungi. An example is Talaromyces marneffei, a human pathogen that grows as a mold at room temperature, and as a yeast at human body temperature.
The term dimorphic is commonly used for fungi that can grow both as yeast and filamentous cells, however many of these dimorphic fungi actually can grow in more than these two forms. Dimorphic is thus often used as a general reference for fungi being able to switch between yeast and filamentous cells, but not necessary limiting more shapes.
Ecology of dimorphic fungi
Several species of dimorphic fungi are important pathogens of humans and other animals, including Coccidioides immitis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Candida albicans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Sporothrix schenckii, and Emmonsia sp.
Some diseases caused by the fungi are:
sporotrichosis
blastomycosis
histoplasmosis
coccidioidomycosis
paracoccidioidomycosis
talaromycosis
candidiasis
Many other fungi, including the plant pathogen Ustilago maydis and the cheesemaker's fungus Geotrichum candidum also have dimorphic life cycles.
Mnemonics
In medical mycology, these memory aids help students remember that among human pathogens, dimorphism largely reflects temperature:
Mold in the Cold, Yeast in the Heat (Beast)
Body Heat Probably (Changes) Shape
Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, (Coccidioides immitis) is in parentheses because it changes to a spherule of endospores, not yeast, in the heat), Sporothrix schenckii.
This phrase says "Probably" because there is always an exception (in this case fungi like Candida albicans) which change in the opposite direction: to mold in the heat!
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Chestnut | Harold (Hall) Chestnut (November 25, 1917 – August 29, 2001) was an American electrical engineer, control engineer and manager at General Electric and author, who helped establish the fields of control theory and systems engineering.
Biography
Born in Albany, New York, where his father, educated as a civil engineer, worked in the family candy business. Chestnut was raised in the 1920s and went on a scholarship to MIT in 1934 to study chemical engineering. In the first year he was awarded for his outstanding performance in chemistry, but switched anyway to electrical engineering and became co-op student. After five years of study he received a combined B.S. and M.S. degree in electrical engineering in 1940. Chestnut received further on-the-job training in General Electric's Advanced Engineering Program (AEP). Later in his career he received two honorary doctorates in engineering in 1966 from Case Institute of Technology in 1972 from Villanova University.
In 1940 Chestnut began a lifelong career with the General Electric, which would last until his retirement in 1983. He married his wife Erma Ruth Callaway Chestnut in 1944 and they had three sons. During the Second World War Chestnut was both a student and an instructor in General Electric's well-known Advanced Engineering Program. He worked on the design of the central fire-control system and remotely controlled gun turrets used on the B-29 aircraft.
Later he worked in the Aeronautics and Ordnance Department and the Systems Engineering and Analysis branch of the Advanced Technology Laboratory, where he served as manager from 1956 to 1972. Here he worked on a wide variety of technical problems including reliability issues in rapid transit and the Apollo mission to the moon. Later in his career he returned to the field of electric power. This time the focus was power systems automation.
From 1957 to 1959 he was the first president of the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC). After his term as presid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20erosion | Genetic erosion (also known as genetic depletion) is a process where the limited gene pool of an endangered species diminishes even more when reproductive individuals die off before reproducing with others in their endangered low population. The term is sometimes used in a narrow sense, such as when describing the loss of particular alleles or genes, as well as being used more broadly, as when referring to the loss of a phenotype or whole species.
Genetic erosion occurs because each individual organism has many unique genes which get lost when it dies without getting a chance to breed. Low genetic diversity in a population of wild animals and plants leads to a further diminishing gene pool – inbreeding and a weakening immune system can then "fast-track" that species towards eventual extinction.
By definition, endangered species suffer varying degrees of genetic erosion. Many species benefit from a human-assisted breeding program to keep their population viable, thereby avoiding extinction over long time-frames. Small populations are more susceptible to genetic erosion than larger populations.
Genetic erosion gets compounded and accelerated by habitat loss and habitat fragmentation – many endangered species are threatened by habitat loss and (fragmentation) habitat. Fragmented habitat create barriers in gene flow between populations.
The gene pool of a species or a population is the complete set of unique alleles that would be found by inspecting the genetic material of every living member of that species or population. A large gene pool indicates extensive genetic diversity, which is associated with robust populations that can survive bouts of intense selection. Meanwhile, low genetic diversity (see inbreeding and population bottlenecks) can cause reduced biological fitness and increase the chance of extinction of that species or population.
Processes and consequences
Population bottlenecks create shrinking gene pools, which leave fewer and fewer fertile mating |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiedersehen%20pair | In mathematics—specifically, in Riemannian geometry—a Wiedersehen pair is a pair of distinct points x and y on a (usually, but not necessarily, two-dimensional) compact Riemannian manifold (M, g) such that every geodesic through x also passes through y, and the same with x and y interchanged.
For example, on an ordinary sphere where the geodesics are great circles, the Wiedersehen pairs are exactly the pairs of antipodal points.
If every point of an oriented manifold (M, g) belongs to a Wiedersehen pair, then (M, g) is said to be a Wiedersehen manifold. The concept was introduced by the Austro-Hungarian mathematician Wilhelm Blaschke and comes from the German term meaning "seeing again". As it turns out, in each dimension n the only Wiedersehen manifold (up to isometry) is the standard Euclidean n-sphere. Initially known as the Blaschke conjecture, this result was established by combined works of Berger, Kazdan, Weinstein (for even n), and Yang (odd n).
See also
Cut locus (Riemannian manifold) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel%20fixed-point%20theorem | In mathematics, the Borel fixed-point theorem is a fixed-point theorem in algebraic geometry generalizing the Lie–Kolchin theorem. The result was proved by .
Statement
If G is a connected, solvable, linear algebraic group acting regularly on a non-empty, complete algebraic variety V over an algebraically closed field k, then there is a G fixed-point of V.
A more general version of the theorem holds over a field k that is not necessarily algebraically closed. A solvable algebraic group G is split over k or k-split if G admits a composition series whose composition factors are isomorphic (over k) to the additive group or the multiplicative group . If G is a connected, k-split solvable algebraic group acting regularly on a complete variety V having a k-rational point, then there is a G fixed-point of V. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helper/suppressor%20ratio | The T-Lymphocyte Helper/Suppressor Profile (Helper/Suppressor ratio, T4:T8 ratio, CD4:CD8 ratio) is a basic laboratory test in which the percentage of CD3-positive lymphocytes in the blood positive for CD4 (T helper cells) and CD8 (a class of regulatory T cells) are counted and compared. Normal values (95% confidence intervals) are approximately 30-60% CD4 and 10-30% CD8 depending on age (ratio 0.9 to 3.7 in adults). One reason for abnormal results is the loss of CD4-positive cells to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The loss of CD4-positive cells to HIV infection can result in various distortions in the ratio, as in the initial period, production of HIV specific CD8 positive cells will cause a large fall in the ratio, but subsequent immunosuppression over time may lead to overall non production of immune cells and inversion of the ratio. It has been shown that the degree of inversion of this ratio in individuals on antiretroviral therapy is indicative of the age of the infection and independently predictive of mortality associated with non HIV events. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20for%20Quantitative%20Analysis%20of%20Behavior | The Society for the Quantitative Analyses of Behavior was founded in 1978 by Michael Lamport Commons and John Anthony Nevin. The first president was Richard J. Herrnstein. In the beginning it was called the Harvard Symposium on Quantitative Analysis of Behavior (HSQAB). This society meets once a year to discuss various topic in quantitative analysis of behavior including: behavioral economics, behavioral momentum, Connectionist systems or neural networks, hyperbolic discounting, foraging, errorless learning, learning and the Rescorla-Wagner model, matching law, Melioration, scalar expectancy, signal detection and stimulus control, connectionism or Neural Networks. Mathematical models and data are presented and discussed. The field is a branch of mathematical psychology. Some papers resulting from the symposium are published as a special issue of the journal Behavioural Processes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammamia | Mammamia profuga is a species of cave-dwelling millipede in the family Julidae. The only known species of the genus Mammamia, it was described in 2011 from a specimen discovered in a cave in Italy.
Description
Mammamia profuga measures about 26 mm (1 inch) long, and 1.5 mm wide, consisting of around 50 body segments, the last two without legs. The body and legs are pale yellow in color, without markings, and the walking legs are about 2.25 mm long, except for the first pair in males, which are small and hook-like, as in other julidan millipedes. The species completely lacks eyes or ocelli. Like all members of the order Julida, mature males have two pairs of highly modified legs, the gonopods, consisting of the 8th and 9th pair, and in Mammamia the anterior (forward-most) gonopods are slightly longer than the posterior gonopods.
Discovery
Mammamia profuga was described from a single male specimen collected from a cave in Taranto Province, Italy in 1964. It was described as a new genus and species in 2011 by a team of Danish and Bulgarian scientists.
Etymology
The genus name Mammamia derives from the Italian expression "Mamma mia!" in reference to the "astonishing" features, including eyelessness and unique feature of the gonopods. The species name profuga is Latin for "homeless" or "refugee", a reference to the fact that the cave the species was discovered in was subsequently destroyed.
See also
Titanophyllum, another European cave-dwelling millipede described along with Mammamia
Trichopetalum whitei, a North American cave-dwelling millipede |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Conference%20on%20Bioinformatics | The International Conference on Bioinformatics (InCoB) is a scientific conference on bioinformatics aimed at scientists in the Asia Pacific region. It has been held annually since 2002. Originally organised by coordination between the Asia Pacific Bioinformatics Network (APBioNet) and the Thailand National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) in 2002, the meeting has since been the flagship conference of the APBioNet, where APBioNet's Annual General Meeting is held.
Scientific publications
Since 2006, InCoB has been partnering with BMC Bioinformatics to publish an InCoB Special Conference Issue of top papers presented at the conference. In 2007, an additional tie-up with the Bioinformation journal was established in addition to the BMC Bioinformatics issue.
Technological placeshifting
Since 2007, InCoB held in Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, has been placeshifted in an additional location in a developing country venue, namely the Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU) through the advanced videoconferencing project of APAN and TEIN2. In 2015, InCoB was organised jointly with the International Conference on Genome Informatics in an attempt to increase effectiveness and scalability.
Satellite training workshops
Since 2007, at the VNU site coordinated by the Institute of Biotechnology Hanoi (IBT), InCoB coordinated with the International Union for Biochemists and Molecular Biologists (IUBMB), the Federation of Asian Oceanian Biochemists and Molecular Biologists (FAOBMB) and APBioNet to hold a two-week bioinformatics training course with course faculty from Karolinska Institutet, NCBI and National University of Singapore, supported by the S* Alliance for Bioinformatics Education and BioSlax, a software development project hosted at NUS as part of an ASEAN SubCommittee on Biotechnology (SCB) project. This collaboration with IUBMB and FAOBMB continues in 2008 with a bioinformatics education workshop in Taipei, Taiwan, where the mai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20Writing%20Award | The American Institute of Physics (AIP) instituted their Science Writing Award to "promote effective science communication in print and broadcast media in order to improve the general public's appreciation of physics, astronomy, and allied science fields." The winner receives $3000, and an engraved Windsor chair. The award is given in three broad categories: 1) science writing, 2) work intended for children, and 3) work done in new media. The AIP stopped issuing awards to three categories: 1) work by a professional journalist (last awarded in 2011) 2) work by a scientist (last awarded in 2009), and 3) broadcast media (last awarded in 2009)
Winners of this Science Writing Award include Nobel Prize winners Charles Townes, Steven Weinberg, and Kip Thorne; other notable winners include Simon Singh, Neil DeGrasse Tyson, Lawrence Krauss, John Wheeler, Leonard Susskind, Clifford Martin Will, Abraham Pais, Heinz Pagels, Banesh Hoffmann, and Martin Gardner. Marcia Bartusiak has won the award three times, twice for her books (in 2019 and 2001) and once for her journalism (in 1982).
Winners: New Media
2012: - Anna Rothschild for Nova, "The Amazing Atomic Clock"
Past Winners: Books
2020: Susan Hockfield for The Age of Living Machines (W.W. Norton & Company).
2019: Marcia Bartusiak for Dispatches from Planet 3 (Yale University Press).
2019: David Hu for How to Walk on Water and Climb Up Walls (Yale University Press).
2018: David Baron for American Eclipse: A Nation's Epic Race to Catch the Shadow of the Moon and Win the Glory of the World (Liveright Publishing Corporation/W. W. Norton & Company).
2017: Timothy Jorgensen for Strange Glow: The Story of Radiation (Princeton University Press).
2016: Chris Woodford for Atoms Under the Floorboards: The Surprising Science Hidden in Your Home (Bloomsbury).
2015: Charles Adler for Wizards, Aliens, and Starships: Physics and Math in Fantasy and Science Fiction (Princeton University Press).
2014: Lee Billings for Five Billion Years of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevac | Genevac Ltd is a company which was founded in 1990 by Michael Cole. It used to specialize in the manufacture of vacuum pumps and centrifugal evaporators, but has since directed its attention to equipment designed for combinatorial chemistry. Following a series of mergers, it is currently a subsidiary of SP Industries. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijsman%20convergence | Wijsman convergence is a variation of Hausdorff convergence suitable for work with unbounded sets.
Intuitively, Wijsman convergence is to convergence in the Hausdorff metric as pointwise convergence is to uniform convergence.
History
The convergence was defined by Robert Wijsman.
The same definition was used earlier by Zdeněk Frolík.
Yet earlier, Hausdorff in his book Grundzüge der Mengenlehre defined so called closed limits;
for proper metric spaces it is the same as Wijsman convergence.
Definition
Let (X, d) be a metric space and let Cl(X) denote the collection of all d-closed subsets of X. For a point x ∈ X and a set A ∈ Cl(X), set
A sequence (or net) of sets Ai ∈ Cl(X) is said to be Wijsman convergent to A ∈ Cl(X) if, for each x ∈ X,
Wijsman convergence induces a topology on Cl(X), known as the Wijsman topology.
Properties
The Wijsman topology depends very strongly on the metric d. Even if two metrics are uniformly equivalent, they may generate different Wijsman topologies.
Beer's theorem: if (X, d) is a complete, separable metric space, then Cl(X) with the Wijsman topology is a Polish space, i.e. it is separable and metrizable with a complete metric.
Cl(X) with the Wijsman topology is always a Tychonoff space. Moreover, one has the Levi-Lechicki theorem: (X, d) is separable if and only if Cl(X) is either metrizable, first-countable or second-countable.
If the pointwise convergence of Wijsman convergence is replaced by uniform convergence (uniformly in x), then one obtains Hausdorff convergence, where the Hausdorff metric is given by
The Hausdorff and Wijsman topologies on Cl(X) coincide if and only if (X, d) is a totally bounded space.
See also
Hausdorff distance
Kuratowski convergence
Vietoris topology
Hemicontinuity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20seawater | Artificial seawater (abbreviated ASW) is a mixture of dissolved mineral salts (and sometimes vitamins) that simulates seawater. Artificial seawater is primarily used in marine biology and in marine and reef aquaria, and allows the easy preparation of media appropriate for marine organisms (including algae, bacteria, plants and animals). From a scientific perspective, artificial seawater has the advantage of reproducibility over natural seawater since it is a standardized formula. Artificial seawater is also known as synthetic seawater and substitute ocean water.
Example
The tables below present an example of an artificial seawater (35.00‰ of salinity) preparation devised by Kester, Duedall, Connors and Pytkowicz (1967). The recipe consists of two lists of mineral salts, the first of anhydrous salts that can be weighed out, the second of hydrous salts that should be added to the artificial seawater as a solution.
While all of the compounds listed in the recipe above are inorganic, mineral salts, some artificial seawater recipes, such as Goldman and McCarthy (1978), make use of trace solutions of vitamins or organic compounds.
Standard
The International Standard for making artificial seawater can be found at ASTM International. The current standard is named ASTM D1141-98 (The original standard was ASTM D1141-52) and describes the standard practice for the preparation of substitute ocean water.
The ASTM D1141-98 standard comes in a ready-made artificial seawater form or a "Sea Salt" mix that can be prepared by engineers and hobbyists. Generally, the ready-made artificial seawater comes in 1 gallon and 5 gallon containers, whereas the "Sea Salt" mix comes in 20lb pails (makes approximately 57 gallons) and 50lb pails (makes approximately 143 gallons).
Uses and applications
There are various applications for ASTM D1141-98 synthetic seawater including corrosion studies, ocean instrument calibration and chemical processing. Typically, laboratory-grade water is used wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berger%27s%20isoembolic%20inequality | In mathematics, Berger's isoembolic inequality is a result in Riemannian geometry that gives a lower bound on the volume of a Riemannian manifold and also gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the manifold to be isometric to the -dimensional sphere with its usual "round" metric. The theorem is named after the mathematician Marcel Berger, who derived it from an inequality proved by Jerry Kazdan.
Statement of the theorem
Let be a closed -dimensional Riemannian manifold with injectivity radius . Let denote the Riemannian volume of and let denote the volume of the standard -dimensional sphere of radius one. Then
with equality if and only if is isometric to the -sphere with its usual round metric. This result is known as Berger's isoembolic inequality. The proof relies upon an analytic inequality proved by Kazdan. The original work of Berger and Kazdan appears in the appendices of Arthur Besse's book "Manifolds all of whose geodesics are closed." At this stage, the isoembolic inequality appeared with a non-optimal constant. Sometimes Kazdan's inequality is called Berger–Kazdan inequality. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible%20cable | Flexible cables, or 'continuous-flex' cables, are electrical cables specially designed to cope with the tight bending radii and physical stress associated with moving applications, such as inside cable carriers.
Due to increasing demands within the field of automation technology in the 1980s, such as increasing loads, moving cables guided inside cable carriers often failed, although the cable carriers themselves did not. In extreme cases, failures caused by "corkscrews" and core ruptures brought entire production lines to a standstill, at high cost. As a result, specialized, highly flexible cables were developed with unique characteristics to differentiate them from standard designs. These are sometimes called “chain-suitable,” “high-flex,” or “continuous flex” cables.
A higher level of flexibility means the service life of a cable inside a cable carrier can be greatly extended. A normal cable typically manages 50,000 cycles, but a dynamic cable can complete between one and three million cycles.
Construction
Flexible cables can be divided into two types: those with conductors stranded in layers inside the cable, and those that have bundled or braided conductors.
Stranding in layers
Stranding in layers is easier to produce, and therefore usually less expensive. The cable cores are stranded firmly and left relatively long in several layers around the center and are then enclosed in an extruded tube shaped jacket. In the case of shielded cables, the cores are wrapped up with fleece or foils.
However, this type of construction means that, during the bending process, the inner radius compresses and the outer radius stretches as the cable core moves. Initially, this works quite well, because the elasticity of the material is still sufficient, but material fatigue can set in and cause permanent deformations. The cores move and begin to make their own compressing and stretching zones, which can lead to a “corkscrew” shape, and ultimately, core rupture.
Stranding i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Shaw%20%28computer%20scientist%29 | Mary Shaw (born 1943) is an American software engineer, and the Alan J. Perlis Professor of Computer Science in the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, known for her work in the field of software architecture.
Biography
Early life
Mary M. Shaw was born in Washington D.C. in 1943. Her father (Eldon Shaw) was a civil engineer and economist for the U.S. Department of Agriculture and her mother (Mary Shaw) was a homemaker. Shaw attended high school in Bethesda, Maryland, during the Sputnik cold war era where technology was rapidly improving.
In high school, Shaw participated for two summers during high school in an after school program which taught students about computers. This program run by International Business Machines (IBM) and was a chance for student to explore fields outside of the normal curriculum. This was Shaw's first introduction to computers.
Studies and career
Shaw obtained her BA from Rice University around 1965, and her PhD in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University in 1972.
With Marion Créhange (1937 – 2022), a French computer scientist who got a PhD in Computer Science in 1961, she is considered a pioneer in computer science.
After her graduation at Rice University, Shaw had started her career in industry, working as systems programmer at the Research Analysis Corporation. She also continued to do research at Rice University. In 1972 she joined the Carnegie Mellon University faculty, where she was eventually appointed Professor of Computer Science. From 1984 to 1987 she was also Chief Scientist at its Software Engineering Institute, from 1992 to 1999 Associate Dean for Professional Education, and from 2001 to 2006 Co-Director of the Sloan Software Industry Center.
In 2011, Mary Shaw and David Garlan received the Outstanding Research Award from ACM SIGSOFT, the Association of Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Software Engineering, for their "significant and lasting software engineering research co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezin%20transform | In mathematics — specifically, in complex analysis — the Berezin transform is an integral operator acting on functions defined on the open unit disk D of the complex plane C. Formally, for a function ƒ : D → C, the Berezin transform of ƒ is a new function Bƒ : D → C defined at a point z ∈ D by
where denotes the complex conjugate of w and is the area measure. It is named after Felix Alexandrovich Berezin. |
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