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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20video%20connectors | This is a list of physical RF and video connectors and related video signal standards.
By signal standard
Physical connectors
D-subminiature family
DVI-related
DIN/Mini-DIN
Others
See also
Computer display standard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manning%20criteria | The Manning criteria are a diagnostic algorithm used in the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The criteria consist of a list of questions the physician can ask the patient. The answers are used in a process to produce a diagnostic decision regarding whether the patient can be considered to have IBS.
The Manning criteria have been compared with other diagnostic algorithms for IBS, such as the Rome I criteria, the Rome II process, and the Kruis criteria. A 2013 validation study found the Manning criteria to have less sensitivity but more specificity than the Rome criteria.
The threshold for a positive diagnosis varies from two to four of the Manning criteria below.
Onset of pain linked to more frequent bowel movements
Looser stools associated with onset of pain
Pain relieved by passage of stool
Noticeable abdominal bloating
Sensation of incomplete evacuation more than 25% of the time
Diarrhea with mucus more than 25% of the time |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-transferring-flavoprotein%20dehydrogenase | Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase (ETF dehydrogenase or electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, ) is an enzyme that transfers electrons from electron-transferring flavoprotein in the mitochondrial matrix, to the ubiquinone pool in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is part of the electron transport chain. The enzyme is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and contains a flavin and FE-S cluster. In humans, it is encoded by the ETFDH gene. Deficiency in ETF dehydrogenase causes the human genetic disease multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
Function
ETQ-QO links the oxidation of fatty acids and some amino acids to oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. Specifically, it catalyzes the transfer of electrons from electron transferring flavoprotein (ETF) to ubiquinone, reducing it to ubiquinol. The entire sequence of transfer reactions is as follows:
Acyl-CoA → Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase → ETF → ETF-QO → UQ → Complex III.
Catalyzed reaction
The overall reaction catalyzed by ETF-QO is as follows:
ETF-QO(red) + ubiquinone ↔ ETF-QO(ox) + ubiquinol
Enzymatic activity is usually assayed spectrophotometrically by reaction with octanoyl-CoA as the electron donor and ubiquinone-1 as the electron acceptor. The enzyme can also be assayed via disproportionation of ETF semiquinone. Both reactions are below:
Octanoyl-CoA + Q1 ↔ Q1H2 + Oct-2-enoyl-CoA
2 ETF1- ↔ ETFox + ETF2-
Structure
ETF-QO consists of one structural domain with three functional domains packed in close proximity: a FAD domain, a 4Fe4S cluster domain, and a UQ-binding domain. FAD is in an extended conformation and is buried deeply within its functional domain. Multiple hydrogen bonds and a positive helix dipole modulate the redox potential of FAD and can possibly stabilize the anionic semiquinone intermediate. The 4Fe4S cluster is also stabilized by extensive hydrogen bonding around the cluster and its cysteine components. Ubiquinone binding is achieved t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonidium%20usambarense | Anonidium usambarense was a tall tree in the family Annonaceae, formerly endemic to Tanzania. A single specimen was collected in 1910 at Amani in the Usambara mountains, at an altitude of 900m. In spite of intensive field work in the region looking specifically for this species, no other examples were found and it was declared extinct in 1998. The causes for its disappearance were the timber industry and the desire to expand agricultural land.
It is currently declared as 'data deficient' due to confusion about the type specimen. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-transferring%20flavoprotein | An electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) or electron transfer flavoprotein complex (CETF) is a flavoprotein located on the matrix face of the inner mitochondrial membrane and functions as a specific electron acceptor for primary dehydrogenases, transferring the electrons to terminal respiratory systems such as electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase. They can be functionally classified into constitutive, "housekeeping" ETFs, mainly involved in the oxidation of fatty acids (Group I), and ETFs produced by some prokaryotes under specific growth conditions, receiving electrons only from the oxidation of specific substrates (Group II).
ETFs are heterodimeric proteins composed of an alpha and beta subunit (ETFA and ETFB), and contain an FAD cofactor and AMP. ETF consists of three domains: domains I and II are formed by the N- and C-terminal portions of the alpha subunit, respectively, while domain III is formed by the beta subunit. Domains I and III share an almost identical alpha-beta-alpha sandwich fold, while domain II forms an alpha-beta-alpha sandwich similar to that of bacterial flavodoxins. FAD is bound in a cleft between domains II and III, while domain III binds the AMP molecule. Interactions between domains I and III stabilise the protein, forming a shallow bowl where domain II resides.
Mutation in ETFs can lead to deficiency of passing reducing equivalent of FADH2 to electron transport chain, causing Glutaric acidemia type 2
See also
Electron transport chain
Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase
Glutaric acidemia type 2
Metabolism
Microbial metabolism
Oxidative phosphorylation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%20expectancy | The scalar timing or scalar expectancy theory (SET) is a model of the processes that govern behavior controlled by time. The model posits an internal clock, and particular memory and decision processes. SET is one of the most important models of animal timing behavior.
History
John Gibbon originally proposed SET to explain the temporally controlled behavior of non-human subjects. He initially used the model to account for a pattern of behavior seen in animals that are being reinforced at fixed-intervals, for example every 2 minutes. An animal that is well trained on such a fixed-interval schedule pauses after each reinforcement and then suddenly starts responding about two-thirds of the way through the new interval. (See operant conditioning) The model explains how the animal's behavior is controlled by time in this manner. Gibbon and others later elaborated the model and applied it to a variety of other timing phenomena.
Summary of the model
SET assumes that the animal has a clock, a working memory, a reference memory, and a decision process. The clock contains a discrete pacemaker that generates pulses like the ticks a mechanical clock. A stimulus that signals the start of a timed interval closes a switch, allowing pulses to enter an accumulator. The resulting accumulation of pulses represents elapsed time, and this time value is continuously sent to a working memory. When reinforcement happens at the end of the timed interval, the time value is stored in a long-term reference memory. This time-to-reinforcement in reference memory represents the expected time to reinforcement.
Key to the SET model is the decision process that controls timing behavior. While the animal is timing some interval it continually compares the current time (stored in working memory) to the expected time (stored in reference memory). Specifically, the animal continually samples from its memory of past times at which reinforcement occurred and compares this memory sample with the cur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet%20telematics%20system | A Fleet Telematics System (FTS) allows the information exchange between a commercial vehicle fleet and their central authority, i.e., the dispatching office. A FTS typically consists of mobile Vehicle Systems (VS) and a stationary Fleet Communication System (FCS). The FCS may be a stand-alone application maintained by the motor carrier or an internet service running by the supplier of the system. The FCS usually includes a database in which all vehicle positions and messages are stored.
Digital maps are often included which allow visualization of vehicle positions and traces. Communication with the FCS is realized by trunked radio, cellular, or satellite communication. Positioning of vehicles is usually realized by satellite positioning systems and/or dead reckoning using gyroscope and odometer.
Usually, the VS is equipped with a simple input device allowing drivers to send predefined status messages. Drivers may add simple content, e.g., numeric values, but usually cannot enter arbitrary text. Besides the messages sent by drivers, some VS can also automatically submit messages, e.g., the vehicle's position, data from sensors in the cargo body, or vehicle data from the CAN-bus and/or SAE J1939.
In 2002, major European commercial vehicle manufacturers, namely Daimler Chrysler, MAN AG, Scania, DAF, IVECO, Volvo, and Renault, agreed to give third parties access to vehicle data using the CAN-bus as a connection. The Fleet Management Standard (FMS) is an open standard allowing, dependent on the vehicle equipment, access to vehicle data such as fuel consumption, engine data, or vehicle weight.
See also
GPS tracking
Telematics
Vehicle tracking system
Fleet management |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCleaner | CCleaner (, originally Crap Cleaner), developed by Piriform Software, is a utility used to clean potentially unwanted files and invalid Windows Registry entries from a computer. It is one of the longest-established system cleaners, first launched in 2004. It was originally developed for Microsoft Windows only, but in 2012, a macOS version was released. An Android version was released in 2014.
Features
CCleaner can delete potentially unwanted files left by certain programs, including Microsoft Edge, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, Safari, Windows Media Player, eMule, Google Toolbar, Netscape, Microsoft Office, Nero, Adobe Acrobat, McAfee, Adobe Flash Player, Sun Java, WinRAR, WinAce, WinZip and GIMP along with browsing history, cookies, recycle bin, memory dumps, file fragments, log files, system caches, application data, autocomplete form history, and various other data. The program includes a registry cleaner to locate and correct problems in the Windows registry, such as missing references to shared DLLs, unused registration entries for file extensions, and missing references to application paths. CCleaner 2.27 and later can wipe the MFT free space of a drive, or the entire drive.
CCleaner can uninstall programs or modify the list of programs that execute on startup. Since version 2.19, CCleaner can delete Windows System Restore points. CCleaner can also automatically update installed programs and computer drivers.
CCleaner also has its own web browser called CCleaner Browser. CCleaner Browser is included to optionally install in the CCleaner installer, but it can also be installed from its website. CCleaner Browser avoids advertising, avoids tracking, has built-in security against all kinds of malware, phishing, malicious downloads, and also avoids unwanted elements such as pop-ups or excessive browser cache. It is based on Google's free and open-source project Chromium. The browser is only available for Microsoft Windows.
History
CCleaner |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation%20kernel | A separation kernel is a type of security kernel used to simulate a distributed environment. The concept was introduced by John Rushby in a 1981 paper. Rushby proposed the separation kernel as a solution to the difficulties and problems that had arisen in the development and verification of large, complex security kernels that were intended to "provide multilevel secure operation on general-purpose multi-user systems." According to Rushby, "the task of a separation kernel is to create an environment which is indistinguishable from that provided by a physically distributed system: it must appear as if each regime is a separate, isolated machine and that information can only flow from one machine to another along known external communication lines. One of the properties we must prove of a separation kernel, therefore, is that there are no channels for information flow between regimes other than those explicitly provided."
A variant of the separation kernel, the partitioning kernel, has gained acceptance in the commercial aviation community as a way of consolidating, onto a single processor, multiple functions, perhaps of mixed criticality. Commercial real-time operating system products in this genre have been used by aircraft manufacturers for safety-critical avionics applications.
In 2007 the Information Assurance Directorate of the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) published the Separation Kernel Protection Profile (SKPP), a security requirements specification for separation kernels suitable to be used in the most hostile threat environments. The SKPP describes, in Common Criteria parlance, a class of modern products that provide the foundational properties of Rushby's conceptual separation kernel. It defines the security functional and assurance requirements for the construction and evaluation of separation kernels while yet providing some latitude in the choices available to developers.
The SKPP defines separation kernel as "hardware and/or firmware and/or so |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulus%20%28zoology%29 | A circulus is a rarely occurring reptilian social group where there is interaction and personal exchange between individuals. Members will often protect and defend young, even if not of direct genetic linkage. Circulus is a Latin based term; one definition of the word is "a social gathering or circle company".
Most reptiles are indifferent socially to each other as adults or to offspring.
Behaviours
Among crocodilians and certain lizards, there is a much greater interaction between members. Young will be guarded and defended for a considerable period of time. Crocodilians of both sexes carry and assist young hatchlings to the water and guard them. The gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) has to nudge young to the water because their teeth are too sharp to carry them. Sub-adult members of a crocodilian social group will often stand by a female laying eggs or retrieving young from a nest to keep predators away. The female Asian forest tortoise (Manouria emys) has been reported to guard a nest site for a short period after egg laying but this instinct is very short lived.
In stump-tailed skinks (Tiliqua rugosa) and Solomon Islands skinks (Corucia spp), long term bonding of pairs with each other and other members has been recorded. In the case of Corucia, orphaned young have been observed being adopted into the circulus.
The social bond and parental attention of reptiles appears equal in circulus containing egg-laying reptiles compared to those with live bearing reptiles. Another case of egg-laying lizards with a circulus is the red-eyed crocodile skink (Tribolonotus gracilis). The female will sit on the egg and guard the young. As in the case of Corucia, the young tend to stay close to the parents, especially, the mother who guards the neonate. The young skink will often climb on the abaxial area of the female or male for protection and security, just as in the case of the Solomon Islands skink (Corucia zebrata). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen%20Analysis%20Circular | The Pollen Analysis Circular was a mimeographed publication that maintained communications among scientists working on either side of the Atlantic Ocean during World War II and aided the early development of the field of palynology. It was initiated by Paul Sears in 1943 and published somewhat regularly until May 1949 (No. 17), by which time scientific meetings had again become feasible. Publication was made possible by contributions and the efforts of many individuals at various institutions. It provided comments and discussion on the field, progress reports on research projects, lists and addresses of researchers in the field, bibliographies, obituaries, and other news items. A final issue, No. 18, was printed in January 1954.
History
The international scientific cooperation on which the field of palynology depended was interrupted by the onset of World War II. The Pollen Analysis Circular was a response to increased handicaps to travel during the late stages of World War II. Because palynology was a well established trans-Atlantic field by the time World War II broke out, workers in the United States, Britain, and Germany in particular, had difficulty maintaining contact with one another. The Pollen Analysis Circular allowed researchers in the United States to maintain contact with one another and maintain publication lists that had, until then, been published by Gunnar Erdtman as "Literature on Pollen Statistics and Related Topics".
The first issue of the Pollen Analysis Circular was dated May 5, 1943 and published by Paul B. Sears (Oberlin College). Subsequent issues were generally edited by Sears, sometimes in cooperation with L.R. Wilson.
In January 1945, the Pollen Analysis Circular was renamed the Pollen and Spore Circular to more accurately reflect its scope. After 1954, the Circular was incorporated into the Micropaleontologist, soon renamed Micropaleontology, published by the American Museum of Natural History. The last issue of the Pollen and Spore C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic | Adrenergic means "working on adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine)" (or on their receptors). When not further qualified, it is usually used in the sense of enhancing or mimicking the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the body.
Adrenergic nervous system, a part of the autonomic nervous system that uses epinephrine or norepinephrine as its neurotransmitter
Regarding proteins:
Adrenergic receptor, a receptor type for epinephrine and norepinephrine; subtypes include α1, α2, β1, β2, and β3 receptors
Adrenergic transporter (norepinephrine transporter), a protein transporting norepinephrine from the synaptic cleft into nerve cells
Regarding pharmaceutical drugs:
Adrenergic receptor agonist, a type of drug activating one or more subtypes of adrenergic receptors
This includes drugs regulating blood pressure and antiasthmatic drugs.
Adrenergic receptor antagonist, a type of drug blocking one or more subtypes of adrenergic receptors
This mainly includes drugs lowering blood pressure.
Adrenergic reuptake inhibitor, a type of drug blocking the norepinephrine transporter
This includes antidepressants and drugs against ADHD.
See also
Dopaminergic
GABAergic
Nootropic
Serotonergic
Glutamatergic
Racetam
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Tyndall%20Award | The John Tyndall Award is given to the "individual who has made pioneering, highly significant, or continuing technical or leadership contributions to fiber optics technology". The award is named after John Tyndall (1820-1893), who demonstrated for the first time internal reflection.
This award is sponsored and presented by both the IEEE Photonics Society (formerly called IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society) and The Optical Society (OSA).
Recipients of this award will receive a special crystal sculpture that represents the concept of total internal reflection (endowed by Corning, Inc.), a scroll, and an honorarium.
Recipients
Following people received the John Tyndall Award:
2023 Ming-Jun Li
2022 Meint Smit
2021 Michal Lipson
2020: Roel Baets
2019: Kim Roberts
2018: Peter J. Winzer
2017:
2016: Alan H. Gnauck
2015:
2014: Kazuro Kikuchi
2013: James J. Coleman
2012: John E. Bowers
2011: David F. Welch
2010: C. Randy Giles
2009: Joe C. Campbell
2008: Robert W. Tkach
2007: Emmanuel Desurvire
2006:
2005:
2004: Larry A. Coldren
2003: Andrew Chraplyvy
2002: Neal S. Bergano
2001: Tatsuo Izawa
2000: Stewart Personick
1999: John B. MacChesney
1998:
1997:
1996: Kenneth O. Hill
1995: Tingye Li
1994:
1993: Yasuharu Suematsu
1992: Donald B. Keck
1991: David N. Payne
1990: Thomas G. Giallorenzi
1989: Stewart E. Miller
1988: Michael K. Barnoski
1987: Robert D. Maurer
See also
List of engineering awards
List of physics awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazzania%20bhutanica | Bazzania bhutanica is a species of liverwort in the family Lepidoziaceae.
Distribution
It is endemic to Bhutan.
Habitat
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is recorded to be a critically endangered species. Human activity and deforestation has resulted in habitat loss. It is known to be found on crumbling shaded rock faces in subtropical forest. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director%20%28military%29 | A director, also called an auxiliary predictor, is a mechanical or electronic computer that continuously calculates trigonometric firing solutions for use against a moving target, and transmits targeting data to direct the weapon firing crew.
Naval warships
For warships of the 20th century, the director is part of the fire control system; it passes information to the computer that calculates range and elevation for the guns. Typically, positions on the ship measured range and bearing of the target; these instantaneous measurements are used to calculate rate of change values, and the computer ("fire control table" in Royal Navy terms) then predicts the correct firing solution, taking into account other parameters, such as wind direction, air temperature, and ballistic factors for the guns. The British Royal Navy widely deployed the Pollen and Dreyer Fire Control Tables during the First World War, while in World War II a widely used computer in the US Navy was the electro-mechanical Mark I Fire Control Computer.
On ships the director control towers for the main battery are placed high on the superstructure, where they have the best view. Due to their large size and weight, in the World War II era the computers were located in plotting rooms deep in the ship, below the armored deck on armored ships.
Field artillery
Directors were introduced into field artillery in the early 20th century to orient the guns of an artillery battery in their zero line (or 'centre of arc'). Directors were an essential element in the introduction of indirect artillery fire. In US service these directors were called 'aiming circles'. Directors could also be used instead of theodolites for artillery survey over shorter distances. The first directors used an open sight rotating on an angular scale (e.g. degrees & minutes, grads or mils of one sort or another), but by World War I most directors were optical instruments. Introduction of digital artillery sights in the 1990s removed the need f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TILE64 | TILE64 is a VLIW ISA multicore processor manufactured by Tilera. It consists of a mesh network of 64 "tiles", where each tile houses a general purpose processor, cache, and a non-blocking router, which the tile uses to communicate with the other tiles on the processor.
The short-pipeline, in-order, three-issue cores implement a MIPS-inspired VLIW instruction set. Each core has a register file and three functional units: two integer arithmetic logic units and a load-store unit. Each of the cores ("tile") has its own L1 and L2 caches plus an overall virtual L3 cache which is an aggregate of all the L2 caches. A core is able to run a full operating system on its own or multiple cores can be used to run a symmetrical multi-processing operating system.
TILE64 has four DDR2 controllers, two 10-gigabit Ethernet interfaces, two four-lane PCIe interfaces, and a "flexible" input/output interface, which can be software-configured to handle a number of protocols. The processor is fabricated using a 90 nm process and runs at speeds of 600 to 900 MHz.
According to CTO and co-founder Anant Agarwal, Tilera will target the chip at networking equipment and digital video markets where the demands for computing processing are high.
Support for the TILE64 architecture was added to Linux kernel version 2.6.36 but was dropped in kernel version 4.16. A non-official LLVM back-end for Tilera exists. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt%20and%20pepper%20shakers | Salt and pepper shakers or salt and pepper pots, of which the first item can also be called a salt cellar in British English, are condiment dispensers used in Western culture that are designed to allow diners to distribute grains of edible salt and ground peppercorns. Salt and pepper shakers are sometimes held in a cruet-stand.
History and usage
Salt and pepper shakers can be made from a variety of materials, including plastic, glass, metal, and ceramic.
An 1872 newspaper stated: "A pepper-box for salt is the latest Yankee invention."
Salt shakers became increasingly common after anti-caking agents were introduced by the Morton Salt company in 1911. The Great Depression of the 1930s boosted the popularity of salt and pepper shakers as global ceramics producers concentrated on inexpensive items.
Except in the most casual dining establishments, they are usually provided as a matched set, sometimes distinguishable only by the number of holes on the top of the shaker. Designs range from small, plain glass screw cap containers (invented by John Landis Mason, inventor of the Mason jar) to more ornate works of art. Sometimes the design refers to some pair of related objects—such as a replica of a West Highland White Terrier containing salt and a Scottish Terrier containing pepper. Designs may also relate to specific occasions or holidays. As a result of this diversity of design, collecting salt and pepper shakers is a hobby. Design of salt and pepper shakers has also been used to transmit cultural perspectives about race and other cultural values.
Two Museums of Salt and Pepper Shakers in the US and Spain are dedicated to showing the variety and history of salt and pepper shakers through the ages. Żupny Castle in Poland also contains a collection of salt shakers.
Distinguishing salt from pepper
The number of holes varies by culture, health, and taste. In the United States where excessive salt is considered unhealthy, salt is stored in the shaker with the fewer hole |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilera | Tilera Corporation was a fabless semiconductor company focusing on manycore embedded processor design. The company shipped multiple processors in the TILE64, TILEPro64, and TILE-Gx lines.
After a series of company acquisitions, Tilera's intellectual property was eventually acquired by Nvidia (via EZChip, then Mellanox), which now ships BlueField products that descend from the Tilera designs.
History
In 1990, Anant Agarwal led a team of researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology to develop scalable multi-processor system built out of large numbers of single chip processors. Alewife machines integrated both shared memory and user-level message passing for inter-node communications.
In 1997, Agarwal proposed a follow-on project using a mesh technology to connect multiple cores. The follow-on project, named RAW, commenced in 1997, and was supported by DARPA/NSF's funding of tens of millions, resulting in the first 16-processor tiles multicore and proving the mesh and compiler technology.
Tilera was founded in October 2004, by Agarwal, Devesh Garg, and Vijay K. Aggarwal. Tilera launched its first product, the 64-core TILE64 processor, in August 2007. Tilera raised more than $100 million in venture funding from Bessemer Venture Partners, Walden International, Columbia Capital and VentureTech Alliance, with strategic investments from Broadcom, Quanta Computer and NTT. The company was headquartered in San Jose, California and operated a research and development facility in Westborough, Massachusetts, USA. It had Sales and Support Centers in Shenzhen China, Yokohama Japan, and Europe.
In July 2014, Tilera was acquired by EZchip Semiconductor, a company that develops high-performance multi-core network processors, for $130 million in cash. EZchip was later acquired by Mellanox Technologies for $811 million. Mellanox developed BlueField, integrating ARM cores with the mesh interconnect of TILE, but was acquired by Nvidia in 2019 for $6.9 billion. Nvidia continu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boswellia%20sp.%20A | ''Boswellia'' sp. A is an undescribed species of plant in the family Burseraceae. It is endemic to Yemen. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and rocky areas. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysodorus | Dionysodorus of Caunus (, c. 250 BC – c. 190 BC) was an ancient Greek mathematician.
Life and work
Little is known about the life of Dionysodorus. Pliny the Elder writes about a Dionysodorus who measured the earth's circumference, however he is probably the one from Pontus and different from the one from Caunus as Strabo differentiates between the two mathematicians.
Dionysodorus is remembered for solving the cubic equation by means of the intersection of a rectangular hyperbola and a parabola. Eutocius credits Dionysodorus with the method of cutting a sphere into a given ratio, as described by him. Heron mentions a work by Dionysauras entitled On the Tore, in which the volume of a torus is calculated and found to be equal to the area of the generating circle multiplied by the circumference of the circle created by tracing the center of the generating circle as it rotates about the torus's axis of revolution. Dionysodorus used Archimedes' methods to prove this result.
It is also likely that this Dionysodorus was the inventor of a conical sundial. Pliny's mentioning tells of an inscription placed on his tomb, addressed to the world above, stating that he had been to the centre of the earth and found it 42 thousand stadia distant. Pliny calls this a striking instance of Greek vanity; but this figure compares well with the modern measurement.
Citations and footnotes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have%20You%20Ever%20Seen%20the%20Rain%3F | "Have You Ever Seen the Rain" is a song written by John Fogerty and released as a single in 1971 from the album Pendulum (1970) by American rock band Creedence Clearwater Revival. The song charted highest in Canada, reaching number one on the RPM 100 national singles chart in March 1971. In the U.S., in the same year it peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. On Cash Box pop chart, it peaked at number three. In the UK, it reached number 36. It was the group's eighth gold-selling single. In March 2023, the song surpassed one billion streams on Spotify.
Cash Box said the group "softens their sound" and the song "comes as close to a ballad as anything from CCR."
John Fogerty released a live version of the song on his The Long Road Home - In Concert DVD which was recorded at the Wiltern Theatre in Los Angeles, California, on September 15, 2005. A music video was released for the band's 50th anniversary on December 11, 2018.
On the 2013 John Fogerty album, Wrote a Song for Everyone, the song was included featuring Alan Jackson.
Meaning
In his review for AllMusic, Mark Deming suggests that the song is about the idealism of the 1960s and about how it faded in the wake of events such as the Altamont Free Concert and the Kent State shootings, and that Fogerty is saying that the same issues of the 1960s still existed in the 1970s but that people were no longer fighting for them. However, Fogerty himself has said in interviews and prior to playing the song in concert that it is about rising tension within CCR and the imminent departure of his brother Tom from the band. In an interview, Fogerty stated that the song was written about the fact that they were on the top of the charts, and had surpassed all of their wildest expectations of fame and fortune. They were rich and famous, but somehow all of the members of the band at the time were depressed and unhappy; thus the line "Have you ever seen the rain, coming down on a sunny day?". The band split u |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens%20%28behaviour%29 | In animal behaviour, a gens (pl. gentes) or host race is a host-specific lineage of a brood parasite species. Brood parasites, such as cuckoos, which use multiple host species to raise their chicks evolve different gentes, each one specific to its host species. This specialisation allows the parasites to lay eggs that mimic those of their hosts, which in turn reduces the chances of the eggs being rejected by the hosts, with about 5% of well-matched eggs compared to 72% of mismatched eggs rejected.
The exact mechanisms of the evolution and maintenance of gens is still a matter of some research. However, it is believed that in common cuckoos, gens-specific properties are sex-linked and lie on the W chromosome of the female. Male cuckoos, which, like all male birds, have no W chromosome, are able to mate with females of any gens, and thereby maintain the cuckoo as one species. This is not the case in other brood parasites, such as cowbirds, in which both the male and female imprint on their preferred host. This leads to speciation, such as the indigo bird, which is suggested by the fact they have a more recent evolutionary origin than their hosts. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20Systems%20Security%20Association | Information Systems Security Association (ISSA) is a not-for-profit, international professional organization of information security professionals and practitioners. It was founded in 1984 after work on its establishment started in 1982. ISSA promotes the sharing of information security management practices through educational forums, publications and networking opportunities among security professionals.
ISSA members and award winners include many of the industry’s notable luminaries and represent a wide range of industries – from communications, education, healthcare, manufacturing, financial and consulting to IT as well as federal, state and local government departments and agencies.
The association publishes the ISSA Journal, a peer-reviewed publication on the issues and trends of the industry. It also partners with ESG (Enterprise Strategy Group) to release a yearly research report, "The Life and Times of the Cyber Security Professional", to examine the experiences of cybersecurity professionals as they navigate the modern threat landscape and the effects it has on their careers.
Organization
Information Systems Security Association has a board of directors that is elected annually by its members and a set of committees that are appointed. The headquarters of ISSA is located in Vienna, Virginia.
ISSA International Board of Directors Executive Officers
President:
Candy Alexander, CISSP, CISM
Vice President:
Deb Peinert, CISSP-ISSMP
Secretary/Director of Operations:
Dr Shawn Murray, Ph.D., C|ISO, CISSP, CRISC, FITSP-A, C|EI
Treasurer/Chief Financial Officer:
Pamela Fusco, CISSP
Membership
ISSA has an international membership base.
Goals
The primary goal of the ISSA is to promote management practices that will ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information resources. The ISSA facilitates interaction and education to create a more successful environment for global information systems security and for the professionals involved.
ISSA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chofa | Chofa (, ; lit. sky tassel) is a Lao and Thai architectural decorative ornament that adorns the top at the end of wat and palace roofs in most Southeast Asian countries, such as Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar. It resembles a tall thin bird and looks hornlike. The chofa is generally believed to represent the mythical creature Garuda, half bird and half man, who is the vehicle of the Hindu god Vishnu.
History
The representation of cho fah is unclear and believed to represent garuda, however, the present research indicates that the original chofah upon which most subsequent chofah have been based is the gajashimha of Suryavarman II, the Khmer king who built Angkor Wat.
Temple finials representing gajashimha was presumably appeared in Cambodia during or shortly after his reign (1113 AD to 1150 AD). These finials (chofah) symbolized the unification of the northern and southern Khmer kingdoms and the reign of King Suryavarman II. This symbolism spread extensively throughout the region including part of today Laos, Lanna, and Isan which were once the Khmer empire.
From 13th to 18th century, ceramic finials or chofah in the form of the gajashimha were largely produced in Sukothai, Sawankalok, and Ayutthaya.
Today most wats or pagodas and palaces throughout Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand are adorned with these sacred finials at their roof end with many types and appearance.
Components
Horn
Tip
Breast
Types
Swan tip (Pak Hong; ปากหงส์)
Garuda tip (Pak Khrut; ปากครุฑ)
Fish tip (Pak Pla; ปากปลา)
Elephant head (Hua Chang; หัวช้าง)
Naga head
Bird head (Hua Nok; หัวนก)
Lanna (ล้านนา)
Others |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroskedasticity-consistent%20standard%20errors | The topic of heteroskedasticity-consistent (HC) standard errors arises in statistics and econometrics in the context of linear regression and time series analysis. These are also known as heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors (or simply robust standard errors), Eicker–Huber–White standard errors (also Huber–White standard errors or White standard errors), to recognize the contributions of Friedhelm Eicker, Peter J. Huber, and Halbert White.
In regression and time-series modelling, basic forms of models make use of the assumption that the errors or disturbances ui have the same variance across all observation points. When this is not the case, the errors are said to be heteroskedastic, or to have heteroskedasticity, and this behaviour will be reflected in the residuals estimated from a fitted model. Heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors are used to allow the fitting of a model that does contain heteroskedastic residuals. The first such approach was proposed by Huber (1967), and further improved procedures have been produced since for cross-sectional data, time-series data and GARCH estimation.
Heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors that differ from classical standard errors may indicate model misspecification. Substituting heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors does not resolve this misspecification, which may lead to bias in the coefficients. In most situations, the problem should be found and fixed. Other types of standard error adjustments, such as clustered standard errors or HAC standard errors, may be considered as extensions to HC standard errors.
History
Heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors are introduced by Friedhelm Eicker, and popularized in econometrics by Halbert White.
Problem
Consider the linear regression model for the scalar .
where is a k x 1 column vector of explanatory variables (features), is a k × 1 column vector of parameters to be estimated, and is the residual error.
The ordinary least square |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filling%20radius | In Riemannian geometry, the filling radius of a Riemannian manifold X is a metric invariant of X. It was originally introduced in 1983 by Mikhail Gromov, who used it to prove his systolic inequality for essential manifolds, vastly generalizing Loewner's torus inequality and Pu's inequality for the real projective plane, and creating systolic geometry in its modern form.
The filling radius of a simple loop C in the plane is defined as the largest radius, R > 0, of a circle that fits inside C:
Dual definition via neighborhoods
There is a kind of a dual point of view that allows one to generalize this notion in an extremely fruitful way, as shown by Gromov. Namely, we consider the -neighborhoods of the loop C, denoted
As increases, the -neighborhood swallows up more and more of the interior of the loop. The last point to be swallowed up is precisely the center of a largest inscribed circle. Therefore, we can reformulate the above definition by defining
to be the infimum of such that the loop C contracts to a point in .
Given a compact manifold X imbedded in, say, Euclidean space E, we could define the filling radius relative to the imbedding, by minimizing the size of the neighborhood in which X could be homotoped to something smaller dimensional, e.g., to a lower-dimensional polyhedron. Technically it is more convenient to work with a homological definition.
Homological definition
Denote by A the coefficient ring or , depending on whether or not X is orientable. Then the fundamental class, denoted [X], of a compact n-dimensional manifold X, is a generator of the homology group , and we set
where is the inclusion homomorphism.
To define an absolute filling radius in a situation where X is equipped with a Riemannian metric g, Gromov proceeds as follows.
One exploits Kuratowski embedding.
One imbeds X in the Banach space of bounded Borel functions on X, equipped with the sup norm . Namely, we map a point to the function defined by the formula |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon%20Disk%20System | The Silicon Disk System was the first commercially available RAM disk for microcomputers.
It was written by Jerry Karlin in 1979/80. Karlin was joined by Peter Cheesewright, and their company Microcosm Research Ltd. marketed the product for a number of years. The product was available as a standalone and also bundled with a number of different microcomputers and RAM-board products. Later, the Silicon Disk System was sold by Microcosm Ltd. Initially, it was available for the CP/M operating system. Versions for the MP/M, CP/M-86, and MP/M-86 operating systems followed. Following the launch of the IBM PC, a version for the MS-DOS and PC DOS operating systems was produced. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge%20controller | A charge controller, charge regulator or battery regulator limits the rate at which electric current is added to or drawn from electric batteries to protect against electrical overload, overcharging, and may protect against overvoltage. This prevents conditions that reduce battery performance or lifespan and may pose a safety risk. It may also prevent completely draining ("deep discharging") a battery, or perform controlled discharges, depending on the battery technology, to protect battery life.
The terms "charge controller" or "charge regulator" may refer to either a stand-alone device, or to control circuitry integrated within a battery pack, battery-powered device, and/or battery charger.
Stand-alone charge controllers
Charge controllers are sold to consumers as separate devices, often in conjunction with solar or wind power generators, for uses such as RV, boat, and off-the-grid home battery storage systems.
In solar applications, charge controllers may also be called solar regulators or solar charge controllers. Some charge controllers / solar regulators have additional features, such as a low voltage disconnect (LVD), a separate circuit which powers down the load when the batteries become overly discharged (some battery chemistries are such that over-discharge can ruin the battery).
A series charge controller or series regulator disables further current flow into batteries when they are full. A shunt charge controller or shunt regulator diverts excess electricity to an auxiliary or "shunt" load, such as an electric water heater, when batteries are full.
Simple charge controllers stop charging a battery when they exceed a set high voltage level, and re-enable charging when battery voltage drops back below that level. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) and maximum power point tracker (MPPT) technologies are more electronically sophisticated, adjusting charging rates depending on the battery's level, to allow charging closer to its maximum capacity.
A charge con |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Journal%20of%20Astrobiology | The International Journal of Astrobiology (IJA) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 2002 and published by Cambridge University Press that covers research on the prebiotic chemistry, origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life on Earth and beyond, SETI (Search for extraterrestrial intelligence), societal and educational aspects of astrobiology. It also contains papers in astronomy, space science, planetary science, and biology that have a strong connection to astrobiology. Occasional issues are dedicated to research papers from international astrobiology meetings. The editor-in-chief is Rocco Mancinelli (NASA). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 2.026. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiology%20%28journal%29 | Astrobiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the origin, evolution, distribution and future of life across the universe. The journal's scope includes astrobiology, astrophysics, astropaleontology, bioastronomy, cosmochemistry, ecogenomics, exobiology, extremophiles, geomicrobiology, gravitational biology, life detection technology, meteoritics, origins of life, planetary geoscience, planetary protection, prebiotic chemistry, space exploration technology and terraforming.
Abstracting and indexing
This journal is indexed by the following services:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 4.091. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOSS%20Manuals | The FLOSS Manuals (FM) is a non-profit foundation founded in 2006 by Adam Hyde and based in the Netherlands. The foundation is focused on the creation of quality documentation about how to use free software.
Its web site is a wiki (previously using the TWiki and Booki programs, now using Booktype) focused on the collaborative authoring of manuals. The documentation is licensed under the GPL. Although initially the manuals were covered by the GFDL, the material was relicensed to the GPL due to concerns about the limitations of the GFDL.
Anyone can contribute to the material at FLOSS Manuals. Each manual has a maintainer – very much like the Debian maintainer system. The maintainer keeps an overview of the manual and discusses with those interested the structure, etc. The maintainer is also responsible for gathering new contributors together. Not all edits are 'live' – the edits are published to the manual when ready. This is to ensure the quality of the manuals is as high and as reliable as possible and that no new user encounters 'half finished' content.
Manuals are available as HTML online, or indexed PDF. Additionally manuals can be remixed so anyone can create their own manual and export to indexed PDF, HTML (ZIP/tar) or an 'Ajax' include.
In fall 2007, Floss manuals was awarded a 15,000 Euro prize by the Dutch Digital Pioneer fund. It has also been financially supported by Google and NLnet. FLOSS Manuals also received a Transmediale Award for its work on Booki and has also been featured in the Texas Linux Fest 2010.
List of manuals
FLOSS Manuals has manuals for all of the following.
Popularity
Some manuals have been selected for inclusion on the VALO-CD, a collection of the best software for Windows. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%20Kazdan | Jerry Lawrence Kazdan (born 31 October 1937 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American mathematician noted for his work in differential geometry and the study of partial differential equations. His contributions include the Berger–Kazdan comparison theorem, which was a key step in the proof of the Blaschke conjecture and the classification of Wiedersehen manifolds. His best-known work, done in collaboration with Frank Warner, dealt with the problem of prescribing the scalar curvature of a Riemannian metric.
Biography
Kazdan received his bachelor's degree in 1959 from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and his master's degree in 1961 from NYU. He obtained his PhD in 1963 from the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University; his thesis was entitled A Boundary Value Problem Arising in the Theory of Univalent Functions and was supervised by Paul Garabedian. He then took a position as a Benjamin Peirce Instructor at Harvard University. Since 1966, he has been a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania.
Dennis DeTurck was a student of his.
Honours
In 1999 he received the Lester Randolph Ford Award for his expository article Solving equations, an elegant legacy. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Major publications
DeTurck, Dennis M.; Kazdan, Jerry L. Some regularity theorems in Riemannian geometry. Ann. Sci. École Norm. Sup. (4) 14 (1981), no. 3, 249–260.
Kazdan, Jerry L.; Warner, F.W. Curvature functions for compact 2-manifolds. Ann. of Math. (2) 99 (1974), 14–47.
Kazdan, Jerry L.; Warner, F.W. Remarks on some quasilinear elliptic equations. Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 28 (1975), no. 5, 567–597.
Kazdan, Jerry L.; Warner, F.W. Scalar curvature and conformal deformation of Riemannian structure. Journal of Differential Geometry 10 (1975), 113–134.
Kazdan, Jerry L.; Warner, F.W. Existence and conformal deformation of metrics with prescribed Gaussian and scalar curvatures. Ann. of Math. (2) 101 (1975), 317–331 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance%20cycle | Insurance Cycle is a term describing the tendency of the insurance industry to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the underwriting or insurance cycle.
Definition
The underwriting cycle is the tendency of property and casualty insurance premiums, profits, and availability of coverage to rise and fall with some regularity over time. A cycle begins when insurers tighten their underwriting standards and sharply raise premiums after a period of severe underwriting losses or negative stocks to capital (e.g., investment losses). Stricter standards and higher premium rates lead to an increase in profits and accumulation of capital. The increase in underwriting capacity increases competition, which in turn drives premium rates down and relaxes underwriting standards, thereby causing underwriting losses and setting the stage for the cycle to begin again. For example, Lloyd's Franchise Performance Director Rolf Tolle stated in 2007 that "mitigating the insurance cycle was the "biggest challenge" facing managing agents in the next few years".
All industries experience cycles of growth and decline, 'boom and bust'. These cycles are particularly important in the insurance and reinsurance industry as they are especially unpredictable.
Lloyd's of London research in 2006 revealed, for the second year running, that Lloyd's underwriters see managing the insurance cycle as the top challenge for the insurance industry, and nearly two-thirds believe that the industry at large is not doing enough to respond to the challenge.
The Insurance Cycle affects all areas of insurance except life insurance, where there is enough data and a large base of similar risks (i.e., people) to accurately predict claims, and therefore minimise the risk that the cycle poses to business.
History
The insurance cycle is a phenomenon that has been understood since at least the 1920s. Since then it has been considered an insurance 'fact of life'. Most commenta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinus%20putoensis | Carpinus putoensis (Putuo hornbeam, ) is a species of plant in the family Betulaceae. It is a small tree, up to tall.
It is endemic to Zhoushan archipelago in China where it survives as a single tree on Putuo Island. It is monoecious, thereby in principle still able to reproduce sexually in the wild. According to Edward O. Wilson, this is an example of what conservation biologists call "living dead" species. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porous%20set | In mathematics, a porous set is a concept in the study of metric spaces. Like the concepts of meagre and measure zero sets, a porous set can be considered "sparse" or "lacking bulk"; however, porous sets are not equivalent to either meagre sets or measure zero sets, as shown below.
Definition
Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and let E be a subset of X. Let B(x, r) denote the closed ball in (X, d) with centre x ∈ X and radius r > 0. E is said to be porous if there exist constants 0 < α < 1 and r0 > 0 such that, for every 0 < r ≤ r0 and every x ∈ X, there is some point y ∈ X with
A subset of X is called σ-porous if it is a countable union of porous subsets of X.
Properties
Any porous set is nowhere dense. Hence, all σ-porous sets are meagre sets (or of the first category).
If X is a finite-dimensional Euclidean space Rn, then porous subsets are sets of Lebesgue measure zero.
However, there does exist a non-σ-porous subset P of Rn which is of the first category and of Lebesgue measure zero. This is known as Zajíček's theorem.
The relationship between porosity and being nowhere dense can be illustrated as follows: if E is nowhere dense, then for x ∈ X and r > 0, there is a point y ∈ X and s > 0 such that
However, if E is also porous, then it is possible to take s = αr (at least for small enough r), where 0 < α < 1 is a constant that depends only on E. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik%20Journal | Physik Journal is the official journal of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Before 2002 it was named Physikalische Blätter.
History
The Physikalische Blätter was founded in 1943 by Ernst Brüche, who was also the editor from 1944 to 1972. At the start, it was issued by the Informationsstelle Deutscher Physiker. Starting in 1946, it became an official publication of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG) and was then published under the name Neue Physikalische Blätter. In 1948, the publication reverted to the name Physikalische Blätter. The last issue of Physikalische Blätter was published in December 2001, at which time it was replaced by Physik Journal. Members of the DPG and physik.de have on-line access through the Internet portal pro-physik.de to issues of Physikalische Blätter and Physik Journal back to January 1999.
From a circular enclosed with the March 1946 issue of the Physikalische Blätter, the editor, Ernst Brüche, envisioned the publication as "an undemanding journal to reestablish contacts within physics and to discuss issues of the day." In the wake of World War II, the journal became an important medium for discussion of science policy.
Publishers
Publishers of Physikalische Blätter have included:
Verlag Vieweg, Braunschweig (1943–1945)
Verlag Mittelbach, Stuttgart (1946)
Verlag Volk und Zeit, Karlsruhe (1947–1948)
Physik Verlag, Mosbach/Baden (1949–1970)
Physik Verlag, Weinheim (1971–1980)
Physik-Verlag, Weinheim (1982–1985)
VCH-Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim (1991–1996)
Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim (1997–2001)
Bibliography
Hentschel, Klaus, editor and Ann M. Hentschel, editorial assistant and Translator Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996)
Hentschel, Klaus The Mental Aftermath: The Mentality of German Physicists 1945 – 1949 (Oxford, 2007) (In doing research for this book, Hentschel took extensive material from two sources: (1) Physikalische Blätter and (2) the diary of Ernst Br |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanylate%20cyclase%20activator | A guanylate cyclase activator (or "GUCA") is one of group of proteins which upregulates guanylate cyclase. It is also known as guanylate cyclase-activating protein, with the abbreviation "GCAP". Mutations can be associated with vision defects.
There are five genes involved:
, ,
, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noronhia%20emarginata | Noronhia emarginata (Madagascar olive; syn. Olea emarginata Lam.) is a species of Noronhia native to Madagascar, now naturalized on Mauritius, Réunion and Bermuda.
It is an evergreen shrub or small tree growing to 3–15 m tall. It has smooth bark, stout terete branches and flattened terminal twigs. The leaves are opposite, elliptical or obovate, up to 16 cm long and 10 cm broad, with an entire margin and an emarginate (notched) apex. The flowers are small, pale whitish-yellow, fragrant, with a four-lobed corolla. The fruit is a globose to turbinate drupe 2–3 cm diameter, apiculate, bright yellow ripening dark purple, drying hard, dark brown, slightly rough with a single pyriform, dark russet seed, 10–12 mm long. The cotyledons are unequal.
Cultivation and uses
It is cultivated as an ornamental tree in subtropical and tropical regions, and has become an invasive species in some areas, notably Hawaii.
It is very tough in coastal and seaside locations, and has been successfully used in urban areas where air pollution, poor drainage, compacted soil and/or drought are common. It grows in part shade and in full sun. Soil tolerance is well-drained, acidic or alkaline clay, loam or sand. It has high drought tolerance, high aerosol salt tolerance and moderate soil salt tolerance. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan%20%28machine%29 | A fan is a powered machine used to create a show of air. A fan consists of a circling arrangement of vanes or blades, generally made of wood, plastic, or metal, which act on the air. The rotating assembly of blades and hub is known as an impeller, rotor, or runner. Usually, it is contained within some form of housing, or case. This may direct the airflow, or increase safety by preventing objects from contacting the fan blades. Most fans are powered by electric motors, but other sources of power may be used, including hydraulic motors, handcranks, and internal combustion engines.
Mechanically, a fan can be any revolving vane, or vanes used for producing currents of air. Fans produce air flows with high volume and low pressure (although higher than ambient pressure), as opposed to compressors which produce high pressures at a comparatively low volume. A fan blade will often rotate when exposed to an air-fluid stream, and devices that take advantage of this, such as anemometers and wind turbines, often have designs similar to that of a fan.
Typical applications include climate control and personal thermal comfort (e.g., an electric table or floor fan), vehicle engine cooling systems (e.g., in front of a radiator), machinery cooling systems (e.g., inside computers and audio power amplifiers), ventilation, fume extraction, winnowing (e.g., separating chaff of cereal grains), removing dust (e.g. sucking as in a vacuum cleaner), drying (usually in combination with a heat source) and providing draft for a fire. Some fans may be indirectly used for cooling in the case of industrial heat exchangers.
While fans are effective at cooling people, they do not cool air, but rather work by evaporative cooling of sweat and increased heat convection into the surrounding air, due to the airflow from the fans. Thus, fans may become less effective at cooling the body if the surrounding air is near body temperature and contains high humidity.
For a more condensed history on use of re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism%20of%20Facebook | Facebook (and parent company Meta Platforms) has been the subject of criticism and legal action. Criticisms include the outsize influence Facebook has on the lives and health of its users and employees, as well as Facebook's influence on the way media, specifically news, is reported and distributed. Notable issues include Internet privacy, such as use of a widespread "like" button on third-party websites tracking users, possible indefinite records of user information, automatic facial recognition software, and its role in the workplace, including employer-employee account disclosure. The use of Facebook can have negative psychological and physiological effects that include feelings of sexual jealousy, stress, lack of attention, and social media addiction that in some cases is comparable to drug addiction.
Facebook's operations have also received coverage. The company's electricity usage, tax avoidance, real-name user requirement policies, censorship policies, handling of user data, and its involvement in the United States PRISM surveillance program and Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal have been highlighted by the media and by critics. Facebook has come under scrutiny for 'ignoring' or shirking its responsibility for the content posted on its platform, including copyright and intellectual property infringement, hate speech, incitement of rape, violence against minorities, terrorism, fake news, Facebook murder, crimes, and violent incidents live-streamed through its Facebook Live functionality.
The company and its employees have also been subject to litigation cases over the years, with its most prominent case concerning allegations that CEO Mark Zuckerberg broke an oral contract with Cameron Winklevoss, Tyler Winklevoss, and Divya Narendra to build the then-named "HarvardConnection" social network in 2004, instead allegedly opting to steal the idea and code to launch Facebook months before HarvardConnection began. The original lawsuit was eventually settle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrafish%20Information%20Network | The Zebrafish Information Network (ZFIN) is an online biological database of information about the zebrafish (Danio rerio). The zebrafish is a widely used model organism for genetic, genomic, and developmental studies, and ZFIN provides an integrated interface for querying and displaying the large volume of data generated by this research. To facilitate use of the zebrafish as a model of human biology, ZFIN links these data to corresponding information about other model organisms (e.g., mouse) and to human disease databases. Abundant links to external sequence databases (e.g., GenBank) and to genome browsers are included. Gene product, gene expression, and phenotype data are annotated with terms from biomedical ontologies. ZFIN is based at the University of Oregon in the United States, with funding provided by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Contents
ZFIN consists of two principal parts:
a website of community news and announcements, as well as biological resources such as laboratory protocols, a gene nomenclature guide, and anatomy information
a relational database containing biological data that are curated from the scientific literature and that are directly submitted by zebrafish research laboratories (e.g., Thisse high-throughput gene expression analysis).
Information in ZFIN is tightly linked to the web resources of the Zebrafish International Resource Center (ZIRC), the China Zebrafish Resource Center (CZRC), and so on, which maintain and provide zebrafish-related research resources, materials and services.
ZFIN's relational database interface provides query forms and display pages for the following biological data types:
Genes, markers, and clones
Gene expression
Antibodies
Sequence alignments (BLAST)
Mutants and transgenic lines
Anatomy
Genetic maps
ZFIN also maintains a database of zebrafish-related publications, laboratories, people, and companies.
In addition to its specialized search interfaces, ZFIN provides a Google-like global site se |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleton%E2%80%93Hartree%20equation | The Appleton–Hartree equation, sometimes also referred to as the Appleton–Lassen equation is a mathematical expression that describes the refractive index for electromagnetic wave propagation in a cold magnetized plasma. The Appleton–Hartree equation was developed independently by several different scientists, including Edward Victor Appleton, Douglas Hartree and German radio physicist H. K. Lassen. Lassen's work, completed two years prior to Appleton and five years prior to Hartree, included a more thorough treatment of collisional plasma; but, published only in German, it has not been widely read in the English speaking world of radio physics. Further, regarding the derivation by Appleton, it was noted in the historical study by Gilmore that Wilhelm Altar (while working with Appleton) first calculated the dispersion relation in 1926.
Equation
The dispersion relation can be written as an expression for the frequency (squared), but it is also common to write it as an expression for the index of refraction:
The full equation is typically given as follows:
or, alternatively, with damping term and rearranging terms:
Definition of terms:
: complex refractive index
: imaginary unit
: electron collision frequency
: angular frequency
: ordinary frequency (cycles per second, or Hertz)
: electron plasma frequency
: electron gyro frequency
: permittivity of free space
: ambient magnetic field strength
: electron charge
: electron mass
: angle between the ambient magnetic field vector and the wave vector
Modes of propagation
The presence of the sign in the Appleton–Hartree equation gives two separate solutions for the refractive index. For propagation perpendicular to the magnetic field, i.e., , the '+' sign represents the "ordinary mode," and the '−' sign represents the "extraordinary mode." For propagation parallel to the magnetic field, i.e., , the '+' sign represents a left-hand circularly polarized mode, and the '−' sign represents a right-hand circu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercapitular%20veins%20of%20the%20hand | The palmar digital veins on each finger are connected to the dorsal digital veins by oblique intercapitular veins. They drain into a venous plexus which is situated over the thenar and hypothenar eminences and across the front of the wrist. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliconia%20%C3%97%20flabellata | Heliconia × flabellata is a species of plant in the family Heliconiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest. It is apparently a hybrid, H. episcopalis × H. rostrata. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmar%20digital%20veins | The palmar digital veins (or volar digital veins) on each finger are connected to the dorsal digital veins by oblique intercapitular veins.
Some sources distinguish between the "proper palmar digital veins", which are more distal, and the "common palmar digital veins", which are more proximal. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliotropium%20aff.%20wagneri | Heliotropium aff. wagneri is an undescribed plant in the family Boraginaceae. It resembles Heliotropium wagneri, but differs in fruits breaking up into four nutlets and flowers that are always yellow, never white.
Endemic to Samhah in Yemen, its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland and rocky shores. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20delay%20line | A digital delay line (or simply delay line, also called delay filter) is a discrete element in a digital filter, which allows a signal to be delayed by a number of samples. Delay lines are commonly used to delay audio signals feeding loudspeakers to compensate for the speed of sound in air, and to align video signals with accompanying audio, called audio-to-video synchronization. Delay lines may compensate for electronic processing latency so that multiple signals leave a device simultaneously despite having different pathways.
Digital delay lines are widely used building blocks in methods to simulate room acoustics, musical instruments and effects units. Digital waveguide synthesis shows how digital delay lines can be used as sound synthesis methods for various musical instruments such as string instruments and wind instruments.
If a delay line holds a non-integer value smaller than one, it results in a fractional delay line (also called interpolated delay line or fractional delay filter). A series of an integer delay line and a fractional delay filter is commonly used for modelling arbitrary delay filters in digital signal processing. The Dattorro scheme is an industry standard implementation of digital filters using fractional delay lines.
Theory
The standard delay line with integer delay is derived from the Z-transform of a discrete-time signal delayed by samples:
In this case, is the integer delay filter with:
The discrete-time domain filter for integer delay as the inverse zeta transform of is trivial, since it is an impulse shifted by :
Working in the discrete-time domain with fractional delays is less trivial. In its most general theoretical form, a delay line with arbitrary fractional delay is defined as a standard delay line with delay , which can be modelled as the sum of an integer component and a fractional component which is smaller than one sample:This is the domain representation of a non-trivial digital filter design problem: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%20collections | Bird collections are curated repositories of scientific specimens consisting of birds and their parts. They are a research resource for ornithology, the science of birds, and for other scientific disciplines in which information about birds is useful. These collections are archives of avian diversity and serve the diverse needs of scientific researchers, artists, and educators. Collections may include a variety of preparation types emphasizing preservation of feathers, skeletons, soft tissues, or (increasingly) some combination thereof. Modern collections range in size from small teaching collections, such as one might find at a nature reserve visitor center or small college, to large research collections of the world's major natural history museums, the largest of which contain hundreds of thousands of specimens. Bird collections function much like libraries, with specimens arranged in drawers and cabinets in taxonomic order, curated by scientists who oversee the maintenance, use, and growth of collections and make them available for study through visits or loans.
History of bird collections
Origin
The roots of modern bird collections are found in the 18th- and 19th-century explorations of Europeans intent on documenting global plant and animal diversity. It was a fashion to collect and display natural curiosities in Victorian England. Some wealthy cabinet naturalists were able to amass large collections using networks of field collectors. These early collections were not intended for scientific study and the collectors gave importance to aesthetics rather than scientific value. It grew into a more scientific pursuit much later.
Growth
Early scientific bird collections included those belonging to Pallas and Naumann in Germany, Latham and Tunstall in England and Adanson in France. Collections grew in size with increasing maritime activity, exploration and colonialism. For example, Charles Darwin collected over 400 bird specimens during his travels on the Beagle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiwavelength%20optical%20networking | Multiwavelength optical networking (MONET), is a method for communicating digital information using lasers over optical fiber. The method provides the next level of communication networks after SONET optical networks. MONET optical networks provide an even greater bandwidth capacity. This new method employs wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technology for transporting large amounts of telephone and data traffic and allow for interoperability between equipment from different vendors.
First developed by the secretive National Security Agency as author James Bamford points out in his book, "Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency". It was also discussed at the 1996 Military Communications Conference. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmar%20metacarpal%20veins | The palmar metacarpal veins (or volar metacarpal veins) drain the metacarpal region of the palm, eventually draining into the deep veins of the arm. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial%20venous%20palmar%20arch | The superficial palmar venous arch consists of a pair of venae comitantes accompanying the superficial palmar arch. It receives the common palmar digital veins (the veins corresponding to the branches of the superficial arterial arch). It drains into the superficial ulnar radial and superficial radial veins, and the median antebrachial vein. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20venous%20palmar%20arch | The deep palmar arch, an arterial network is accompanied by a pair of venae comitantes which constitute the deep venous palmar arch. It receives the veins corresponding to the branches of the arterial arch: the palmar metacarpal veins. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal%20metatarsal%20arteries | The arcuate artery of the foot gives off the second, third, and fourth dorsal metatarsal arteries, which run forward upon the corresponding Interossei dorsales; in the clefts between the toes, each divides into two dorsal digital branches for the adjoining toes.
At the proximal parts of the interosseous spaces these vessels receive the posterior perforating branches from the plantar arch, and at the distal parts of the spaces they are joined by the anterior perforating branches, from the plantar metatarsal arteries.
The fourth dorsal metatarsal artery gives off a branch which supplies the lateral side of the fifth toe.
The first dorsal metatarsal artery runs forward on the first Interosseous dorsalis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email%20alias | An email alias is simply a forwarding email address. The term alias expansion is sometimes used to indicate a specific mode of email forwarding, thereby implying a more generic meaning of the term email alias as an address that is forwarded in a simplistic fashion.
Usage
Email aliases can be created on a mail server. The mail server simply forwards email messages addressed to an email alias on to another, the specified email address. An email alias may be used to create a simple replacement for a long or difficult-to-remember email address. It can also be used to create a generic email address such as webmaster@example.com and info@example.com.
On UNIX-like systems, email aliases may be placed into the file /etc/aliases and have the form:
local-alias-name: adifferentlocaluser, anotherlocaluser, an@external.user.example.com
Control issue
Messages forwarded through an email alias retain the original SMTP envelope sender and recipient. If the message is a blind carbon copy, the recipient can only tell whether the message was forwarded through the alias by examining the message headers. However, the standard does not mandate mentioning the envelope recipient in the headers. Therefore, recipients of a message may not be able to recover what email address has been used by the sender to eventually deliver the message to their mailbox.
Recipients who cannot trace what address the sender used are unable to ask the sender to stop sending, because the sender most likely will not be able to associate their current email address with the one used for sending. Even if users are able to learn the exact address used for sending, their mail client may not provide a convenient way to submit a reply using the latter as the sender address of the response. In other words, aliasing is not reversible. This is particularly relevant in opt-out situations where the sender does not provide a reliable mechanism in the body of the message. Typically, newsletters sent to undisclosed recipi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toric%20manifold | In mathematics, a toric manifold is a topological analogue of toric variety in algebraic geometry. It is an even-dimensional manifold with an effective smooth action of an -dimensional compact torus which is locally standard with the orbit space a simple convex polytope.
The aim is to do combinatorics on the quotient polytope and obtain information on the manifold above. For example, the Euler characteristic and the cohomology ring of the manifold can be described in terms of the polytope.
The Atiyah and Guillemin-Sternberg theorem
This theorem states that the image of the moment map of a Hamiltonian toric action is the convex hull of the set of moments of the points fixed by the action. In particular, this image is a convex polytope. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon%20%28general%20relativity%29 | A horizon is a boundary in spacetime satisfying prescribed conditions.
There are several types of horizons that play a role in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity:
Absolute horizon, a boundary in spacetime in general relativity inside of which events cannot affect an external observer
Event horizon, a boundary in spacetime beyond which events cannot affect the observer, thus referring to a black hole's boundary and the boundary of an expanding universe
Apparent horizon, a surface defined in general relativity
Cauchy horizon, a surface found in the study of Cauchy problems
Cosmological horizon, a limit of observability
Killing horizon, a null surface on which there is a Killing vector field
Particle horizon, the maximum distance from which particles can have travelled to an observer in the age of the universe
General relativity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic%20property | In mathematics, properties that hold for "typical" examples are called generic properties. For instance, a generic property of a class of functions is one that is true of "almost all" of those functions, as in the statements, "A generic polynomial does not have a root at zero," or "A generic square matrix is invertible." As another example, a generic property of a space is a property that holds at "almost all" points of the space, as in the statement, "If is a smooth function between smooth manifolds, then a generic point of is not a critical value of ." (This is by Sard's theorem.)
There are many different notions of "generic" (what is meant by "almost all") in mathematics, with corresponding dual notions of "almost none" (negligible set); the two main classes are:
In measure theory, a generic property is one that holds almost everywhere, with the dual concept being null set, meaning "with probability 0".
In topology and algebraic geometry, a generic property is one that holds on a dense open set, or more generally on a residual set, with the dual concept being a nowhere dense set, or more generally a meagre set.
There are several natural examples where those notions are not equal. For instance, the set of Liouville numbers is generic in the topological sense, but has Lebesgue measure zero.
In measure theory
In measure theory, a generic property is one that holds almost everywhere. The dual concept is a null set, that is, a set of measure zero.
In probability
In probability, a generic property is an event that occurs almost surely, meaning that it occurs with probability 1. For example, the law of large numbers states that the sample mean converges almost surely to the population mean. This is the definition in the measure theory case specialized to a probability space.
In discrete mathematics
In discrete mathematics, one uses the term almost all to mean cofinite (all but finitely many), cocountable (all but countably many), for sufficiently large |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20pacemaker | A biological pacemaker is one or more types of cellular components that, when "implanted or injected into certain regions of the heart," produce specific electrical stimuli that mimic that of the body's natural pacemaker cells. Biological pacemakers are indicated for issues such as heart block, slow heart rate, and asynchronous heart ventricle contractions.
The biological pacemaker is intended as an alternative to the artificial cardiac pacemaker that has been in human use since the late 1950s. Despite their success, several limitations and problems with artificial pacemakers have emerged during the past decades such as electrode fracture or damage to insulation, infection, re-operations for battery exchange, and venous thrombosis. The need for an alternative is most obvious in children, including premature newborn babies, where size mismatch and the fact that pacemaker leads do not grow with children are a problem. A more biological approach has been taken in order to mitigate many of these issues. However, the implanted biological pacemaker cells still typically need to be supplemented with an artificial pacemaker while the cells form the necessary electrical connections with cardiac tissue.
History
The first successful experiment with biological pacemakers was carried out by Arjang Ruhparwar 's group at Hannover Medical School in Germany using transplanted fetal heart muscle cells. The process was first introduced at the scientific sessions of the American Heart Association in Anaheim in 2001, and the results were published in 2002. A few months later, Eduardo Marban's group from Johns Hopkins University published the first successful gene-therapeutic approach towards the generation of pacemaking activity in otherwise non-pacemaking adult cardiomyocytes using a guinea pig model. The investigators postulated latent pacemaker capability in normal heart muscle cells. This potential ability is suppressed by the inward-rectifier potassium current Ik1 encoded by the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenicereus%20setaceus | Selenicereus setaceus, synonym Hylocereus setaceus, is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rocky shores, and sandy shores. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal%20viagra | Herbal viagra is a herbal product advertised as treating erectile dysfunction. Many different products are advertised as herbal viagra, but with varying ingredients. No clinical trials or scientific studies support the effectiveness of any of these ingredients for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and some products have been found to contain drugs and other adulterants, and have been the subject of FDA and FTC warnings and actions to remove them from the market.
The name "herbal viagra" is taken from the brand name Viagra, under which drug company Pfizer sells sildenafil citrate, a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction. Viagra has become a generic term for many people discussing drugs designed to treat erectile dysfunction, even those which do not contain sildenafil.
Herbal viagras, contrary to what the name suggests, do not normally contain sildenafil citrate. However, sildenafil and chemicals similar to sildenafil have been found as adulterants in many supplements which are sold as herbal viagra or "natural" sexual enhancement products. The United States Food and Drug Administration has warned consumers that any sexual enhancement product that claims to work as well as prescription products is likely to contain such a contaminant. Scientists estimated that over 60% of the consumed sildenafil in the Netherlands is from illegal sources such as adulterated dietary supplements.
Herbal viagras often carry a number of dangerous side effects. Primarily, they cause abnormally low blood pressure and can restrict blood flow to vital organs. Some preparations may be toxic if taken in larger doses. Additional side effects and dangers of common herbal viagra adulterants, such as sulfoaildenafil, acetildenafil and other analogs, are unknown because these ingredients have not had thorough review in human clinical trials.
Herbal viagra is predominantly sold through the internet, and in 2003 approximately 4% or 1 in 25 of all email spam offered herbal viagra, genuine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex%20cookii | Ilex cookii (Cook's holly or te) is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to Puerto Rico. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.
Conservation
This tree is only known from a single specimen and a few seedlings in the cloud forests on Cerro de Punta and Monte Jayuya, both at Toro Negro State Forest in Puerto Rico. Other specimens were probably destroyed when a communications tower was installed on Cerro de Punta. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TivoWeb | TivoWeb is a web server which runs in TiVo-branded DVRs.
It adds functionality to TiVo such as being able to set recordings over the internet and undelete deleted shows. It also allows the addition of custom modules which add more features to TivoWeb.
There are three main versions of TivoWeb still in day to day use. TivoWeb 1.9.4 is the original TivoWeb project and is no longer maintained; the last release of it was v1.9.4 (an installation tivoweb.tar.gz file for this version can be downloaded from http://www.tivocentral.co.uk/hacks/tivoweb.html. The original TivoWeb project has been followed by TivoWebPlus v1.0 to v1.3.1 and then more recently by TivoWebPlus 2.0.0. and 2.1.0. TivoWeb 1.9.4 modules will usually work under TivoWebPlus v1.0 to v1.3.1; however, this version of TivoWebPlus has also frequently been criticized for being relatively unstable and prone to crashes and module hangs, especially on TiVos running large satellite or cable TV platform databases.
This resulted in the release of TivoWebPlus v2, a complete rewrite of the original TivoWeb code aimed at greatly increasing the stability of TivoWeb and also adding the ability to take advantage of the advanced hardware functionality of the very latest TiVo models whilst still also being compatible with the original Series 1 US and UK TiVo units. TivoWeb 1.9.4 and TivoWebPlus v1.0 to v1.3 modules do not work under TivoWebPlus v2 without certain internal alterations and amendments. However, the majority of modules and functionality add-ons from TivoWeb 1.9.4 and TivoWebPlus 1.0 to 1.3.1 have now been incorporated into TivoWebPlus 2.1.b3 (the current version at 25/2/09) and Portland Paw has also written a version of his www.tivohackman.com module that is directly compatible with this version of the TivoWeb project.
Current and historical TivoWeb modules and related TiVo user interface extensions
See also
TiVo
TiVo DVRs
External links
TivoWeb project
TivoWebPlus project
TivoWebPlus 2.1 Development T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter%20serial%20number | A meter serial number (MSN, or 'meter ID') is an alphanumeric reference used in Great Britain to identify an electricity meter. Although meter serial numbers are intended to be unique, this can not be assured and duplicate serial numbers do exist. There are a variety of formats used over many years, but many meter serial numbers take the form A##AA###### (e.g. S06DS123456). The first letter indicates the manufacturer, the first two digits indicate the year the meter was calibrated and certified, and the second letter (or pair of letters) indicates the company that purchased the meter. The five/six digit sequence is a serial batch number. There may be a space separating the groups of numbers and letters.
Electricity meters in other countries besides Great Britain do not necessarily follow this standard.
See also
Electricity billing in the UK
Meter Point Administration Number (MPAN) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2B972%20Magazine | +972 Magazine is a left-wing news and opinion webzine, established in August 2010 by a group of four Israeli writers in Tel Aviv. Noam Sheizaf, a co-founder and the +972 chief executive officer, said they wanted to express a new "and mostly young voice which would take part in the international debate regarding Israel and Palestine". They named the website in reference to the 972 international dialing code, which is shared by Israel and the Palestinian territories. The articles are written primarily in English to reach an international audience.
History, goals, management structure
+972 was founded in August 2010 by Lisa Goldman, Ami Kaufman, Dimi Reider, and Noam Sheizaf, four working journalists in Tel Aviv who met and decided to create a shared internet platform; they already each had blogs and shared progressive views, including opposition to Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories. Sarah Wildman, writing in The Nation, described +972 as
"Born in the summer of 2010 as an umbrella outfit for a group of (mostly) pre-existing blogs. ... The site is now an online home for more than a dozen writers, a mix of Israelis, binational American- and Canadian-Israelis, and two Palestinians, all of whom occupy, if you'll forgive the term, space on the spectrum of the left."By January 2012 about 15 journalists were affiliated with +972, and most wrote in English for a largely American audience.
+972 has a horizontal, collaborative organizational structure. Proposed new members are "voted on by the group and can be rejected". The collaborative hires and fires the editor, who does not have authority to hire or fire members.
The website has an "unorthodox journalistic ethos: All the website's bloggers have complete freedom to write whenever and whatever they want". According to The Nation, editors do not make assignments:
"There is no hierarchy. Two rotating editors [recently changed to one editor] copy-edit and do a light legal sweep on each story. ... If they see |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation%20%28computer%20vision%29 | In computer vision, triangulation refers to the process of determining a point in 3D space given its projections onto two, or more, images. In order to solve this problem it is necessary to know the parameters of the camera projection function from 3D to 2D for the cameras involved, in the simplest case represented by the camera matrices. Triangulation is sometimes also referred to as reconstruction or intersection.
The triangulation problem is in principle trivial. Since each point in an image corresponds to a line in 3D space, all points on the line in 3D are projected to the point in the image. If a pair of corresponding points in two, or more images, can be found it must be the case that they are the projection of a common 3D point x. The set of lines generated by the image points must intersect at x (3D point) and the algebraic formulation of the coordinates of x (3D point) can be computed in a variety of ways, as is presented below.
In practice, however, the coordinates of image points cannot be measured with arbitrary accuracy. Instead, various types of noise, such as geometric noise from lens distortion or interest point detection error, lead to inaccuracies in the measured image coordinates. As a consequence, the lines generated by the corresponding image points do not always intersect in 3D space. The problem, then, is to find a 3D point which optimally fits the measured image points. In the literature there are multiple proposals for how to define optimality and how to find the optimal 3D point. Since they are based on different optimality criteria, the various methods produce different estimates of the 3D point x when noise is involved.
Introduction
In the following, it is assumed that triangulation is made on corresponding image points from two views generated by pinhole cameras. Generalization from these assumptions are discussed here.
The image to the left illustrates the epipolar geometry of a pair of stereo cameras of pinhole model. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Namespace | A Global Namespace (GNS) is a heterogeneous, enterprise-wide abstraction of all file information, open to dynamic customization based on user-defined parameters. This becomes of particular importance as multiple network based file systems proliferate within an organization—the challenge becomes one of effective file management.
A Global Namespace has the unique ability to aggregate disparate and remote network based file systems, providing a consolidated mount point which can be mounted on any machine via network protocols and it can greatly reduce complexities of localized file management and administration. For example, prior to file system namespace consolidation, two servers exist and each represent their own independent namespaces; e.g. \\server1\share1 & \\server2\share2. Various files exist within each share respectively; however, users have to access each namespace independently. This becomes an obvious challenge as the number of namespaces grows within an organization.
With a GNS, an organization can access a virtualized file system namespace; e.g. files now exist under a unified structure, such as \\company.com\share1, share2—where the files exist in multiple physical server\share locations but appear to be part of a single namespace.
Some of the main reasons behind a GNS is to open up more storage pools for larger working pools of disk, migrate data transparently, and reduce number of mount points / shares in an environment. Vendors implement this technology in different ways, but the client view is designed to be the same. A GNS is always made of several name spaces using concatenation or individual shared volumes.
Standards
Global Namespace technology can virtualize file server protocols such as Common Internet File System (CIFS) protocol and the Network File System (NFS) protocols. These are standard protocols used by all servers, network attached storage (NAS) devices and client systems for handling file data.
See also
Network File Management |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoplankton | Pseudoplanktonic organisms are those that attach themselves to planktonic organisms or other floating objects, such as drifting wood, buoyant shells of organisms such as Spirula, or man-made flotsam. Examples include goose barnacles and the bryozoan Jellyella. By themselves these animals cannot float, which contrasts them with true planktonic organisms, such as Velella and the Portuguese Man o' War, which are buoyant. Pseudoplankton are often found in the guts of filtering zooplankters. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papeda%20%28citrus%29 | Papeda or papaeda is the common name for a group of Citrus species and varieties native to tropical Asia that are hardy and slow-growing, and produce unpalatable fruit. Walter Tennyson Swingle segregated these species into a separate subgenus, Papeda, that included the Ichang lemon, yuzu, kaffir lime, kabosu, sudachi, and a number of wild and uncultivated species and hybrids. Recent genetic analysis shows the papedas to be distributed among distinct branches of the Citrus phylogenetic tree, and hence Swingle's proposed subgenus is polyphyletic and not a valid taxonomic grouping, but the term persists as a common name.
Because of generally slow growth and bitter, less palatable fruits than in other citruses, papeda species have only limited commercial cultivation. Some species, like ichang papeda, are used in landscaping, while others are important for rootstocking and as genome source for breeding disease-resistant and frost-hardy citrus hybrids. In some cases the skin or leaves are used as a flavoring in Asian cuisine.
It is believed, based on molecular studies, that the citron, pomelo, mandarin and papedas were the ancestors of most hybrid citrus species and their varieties, which resulted from breeding or natural hybridization among the parental species. For example, the Key lime, a hybrid between a papeda, the micrantha, and a citron, has in turn given rise to many commercial types of limes.
Classification
There are four species of Papeda currently recognised by Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden.
These are:
Citrus cavaleriei - the Ichang papeda
Citrus halimii - mountain citron
Citrus latipes - khasi papeda
Citrus hystrix - The kaffir lime or Mauritius papeda
There are many naturally occurring varieties that are now classified as subspecies:
Citrus hystrix var. micrantha - small-flowered papeda (locally known as the biasong)
Citrus hystrix var. microcarpa - small-fruited papeda (locally known as the samuyao)
Citrus hystrix var. celebica - Celebes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepismium%20cruciforme | Lepismium cruciforme is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security%20convergence | Security convergence refers to the convergence of two historically distinct security functions – physical security and information security – within enterprises; both are integral parts of a coherent risk management program. Security convergence is motivated by the recognition that corporate assets are increasingly information-based. In the past, physical assets demanded the bulk of protection efforts, whereas information assets are demanding increasing attention. Although generally used in relation to cyber-physical convergence, security convergence can also refer to the convergence of security with related risk and resilience disciplines, including business continuity planning and emergency management. Security convergence is often referred to as 'converged security'.
Definitions
According to the United States Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, security convergence is the "formal collaboration between previously disjointed security functions." Survey participants in an ASIS Foundation study The State of Security Convergence in the United States, Europe, and India define security convergence as "getting security/risk management functions to work together seamlessly, closing the gaps and vulnerabilities that exist in the space between functions."
In his book Security Convergence: Managing Enterprise Security Risk, Dave Tyson defines security convergence as "the integration of the cumulative security resources of an organization in order to deliver enterprise-wide benefits through enhanced risk mitigation, increased operational effectiveness and efficiency, and cost savings."
Background
The concept of security convergence has gained currency within the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which, according to founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum (WEF) Klaus Schwab, "is characterised by a fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres." Key results of this fusion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhuca%20diplostemon | Madhuca diplostemon is a species of flowering plant in the family Sapotaceae, endemic to India. It is a threatened tree species of the Western Ghats whose original specimens were collected in 1835, and it was considered extinct for 184 years until a single living specimen was discovered in a sacred grove in Kollam district, when scientists at the Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI) identified the tree as Madhuca diplostemon rather than the common attilippa (Madhuca neriifolia).
The lone mature tree was located at the Koonayil Ayiravilli Shiva temple at Paravur, Kollam, Kerala. Surveys in other sacred groves in Kollam district failed to find another tree of the species. Since the species is represented by only one specimen in a single locality, it is eligible to be categorized as 'Critically Endangered' by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), the JNTBGRI has noted. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ViaStreaming | ViaStreaming Inc. is a Streaming Media Hosting Provider, as well as a Flash Media Server, SHOUTcast and Windows Media host. They are headquartered out of Jersey City, New Jersey, United States, where a Data Center is operated. The company was founded and opened on November 8, 2004.
ViaStreaming currently owns and operates private racks in 3 different Data Centers (USA-Europe): their multi-homed network is powered by premium Tier 1 network bandwidth featuring diverse path OC-48 fiber connectivity and they partnered with large internet bandwidth providers such as Time Warner Cable, Level3, NTT, AT&T and TeliaSonera using the AOL Bandwidth Internet Backbone, also through several direct peerings. The servers of their content delivery network are each connected to a 10 Gbit/s dedicated switch.
ViaStreaming has grown to over 2,000 users, making them one of the most active audio stream hosts available on the internet. Currently they offer dedicated servers in mp3, Aacplus, Flash Media Server and Windows Media formats in USA and Europe.
ViaStreaming (CrossDigital Ltd.) also owns and operates another brand: ViaMobileApps that develops custom audio & video streaming apps for Smartphones and Tablets mobile devices (Android, iOS, Research In Motion).
As of April 2022, the viastreaming.com website has been indicating certain streaming servers have been down for some weeks, but is not responding to related support requests.
External links
ViaStreaming Home Page
ViaMobileApps Home Page
Internet radio
Video hosting
Streaming
Mobile software development |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand%20aversion | Brand aversion is an antonym of brand loyalty. It is a distrust or a dislike of products from a particular brand on the basis of experiences with that brand and its products, similar to taste aversion. Brand aversion, also called brand hate, can lead to brand avoidance, but it is not the same. Both with brand aversion and brand avoidance, the feelings towards the brand are negative. Only the difference is that the strength of those negative feelings/relationship towards the brand are weak with brand avoidance and strong with brand aversion. Moreover, experiencing brand aversion is more intense and stronger than experiencing brand dislike.
Brand aversion can be the effect of obtrusive marketing strategies, bad press, a mass product recall, or other poor product launches. Also, extrinsic factors like the price of a product, the availability, and a salesperson' recommendations are likely to influence a consumers' brand aversion. Before even interacting with a brand, consumers will always expect to be receiving fair outcomes and justice, and when a brand cannot deliver consumers' expectations or the promises they have made, the perceived injustice of consumers will increase rapidly. In other words, then the outcome of what the brand offers is repeatedly lower than the consumers' expectations, the consumer eventually will start feeling aversion toward the targeted brand and therefore also tries to distance themselves from the brand (brand avoidance).
Psychologically, the reasons for brand aversion have been explained by the attachment-aversion model using the same three dimensions ("3 Es") that characterize a product:
enticing/annoying the self
enabling/disabling the self and
enriching/impoverishing the self (benefits/liabilities).
The more annoying/disabling/impoverishing a brand "feels", the more aversion will be produced and vice versa. As is the case with all brands, the conceived qualities need neither correspond to real assets nor shortcomings.
There are three p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20disc%20authoring%20software | This comparison of disc authoring software compares different optical disc authoring software.
Application
General information
Basic general information about the application.
Operating system support
The list is not exhaustive, but rather reflects the most common operating systems.
Optical media support
Which single-sided optical media types the application supports. The list is not exhaustive, but rather reflects the most common types in use (i.e. not the now defunct HD DVD-R & UDO)
Filesystem support
Which filesystems the application supports.
Disk image format support
Information which Disk image formats an application supports.
Standards support
Support for Rainbow book standards:
Red book: CD-DA
Yellow book: CD-ROM
Orange book: CD-R and CD-RW
White book: VCD and SVCD
Blue book: E-CD
Beige book: PCD
Green book: CD-i discs
Purple book: DDCD
Scarlet book: SACD
User interface
Information which User interfaces an application supports.
See also
Optical disc authoring software
List of optical disc authoring software
Comparison of disc image software
Notes
Disc authoring |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maytenus%20sp.%20nov.%20A | {{Automatic taxobox
| name = Maytenus sp. nov. A
| image =
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =
| taxon = Maytenus
| species_text = M. sp. nov. A| binomial_text = Maytenus sp. nov. A
| authority = Miller
| synonyms =
}}Maytenus sp. nov. A is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is endemic to Yemen. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest and rocky areas. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myodocarpus%20angustialatus | Myodocarpus angustialatus is the provisional name for a threatened species of plant in the family Myodocarpaceae, which has not yet been formally described scientifically. It is endemic to New Caledonia. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoporum%20rimatarense | Myoporum rimatarense was a plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and was endemic to Rimatara Island in French Polynesia. It is only known from the type specimen collected in 1921 and 1934 and was declared extinct in 2021 by the IUCN Red List.
Description
Myoporum rimatarense is a small tree growing to a height of . The leaves are arranged alternately and are long, wide, the same colour on both surfaces and with a mid-vein visible on the lower surface.
The flowers are borne singly or in groups of up to 4 in the axils of leaves on stalks long and have 5 pointed sepals. The size, shape and colour of the petals and stamens is not known. The fruit is a more or less spherical drupe.
Taxonomy
Myoporum rimatarense was first formally described in 1935 by Forest B. H. Brown and the description was published in Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin. The specific epithet rimatarense refers to the name of the island where the type specimen was collected by A.M.Stokes.
Distribution and habitat
Myoporum rimatarense was only found on Rimatara Island. The type specimen was collected on a sandy beach near the village of Amaru.
Conservation
An extensive search in 2004 failed to find a single specimen and the species is now presumed extinct. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckeropsis%20pocsii | Neckeropsis pocsii is a species of moss in the family Neckeraceae. It is endemic to Comoros. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20nondemolition%20measurement | Quantum nondemolition (QND) measurement is a special type of measurement of a quantum system in which the uncertainty of the measured observable does not increase from its measured value during the subsequent normal evolution of the system. This necessarily requires that the measurement process preserves the physical integrity of the measured system, and moreover places requirements on the relationship between the measured observable and the self-Hamiltonian of the system. In a sense, QND measurements are the "most classical" and least disturbing type of measurement in quantum mechanics.
Most devices capable of detecting a single particle and measuring its position strongly modify the particle's state in the measurement process, e.g. photons are destroyed when striking a screen. Less dramatically, the measurement may simply perturb the particle in an unpredictable way; a second measurement, no matter how quickly after the first, is then not guaranteed to find the particle in the same location. Even for ideal, "first-kind" projective measurements in which the particle is in the measured eigenstate immediately after the measurement, the subsequent free evolution of the particle will cause uncertainty in position to quickly grow.
In contrast, a momentum (rather than position) measurement of a free particle can be QND because the momentum distribution is preserved by the particle's self-Hamiltonian p2/2m. Because the Hamiltonian of the free particle commutes with the momentum operator, a momentum eigenstate is also an energy eigenstate, so once momentum is measured its uncertainty does not increase due to free evolution.
Note that the term "nondemolition" does not imply that the wave function fails to collapse.
QND measurements are extremely difficult to carry out experimentally. Much of the investigation into QND measurements was motivated by the desire to avoid the standard quantum limit in the experimental detection of gravitational waves. The general theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalis%20stricta | Oxalis stricta, called the common yellow woodsorrel (or simply yellow woodsorrel), common yellow oxalis, upright yellow-sorrel, lemon clover, or more ambiguously and informally "sourgrass", "sheep weed", or "pickle plant", is a herbaceous plant native to North America, parts of Eurasia, and a rare introduction in Britain. It tends to grow in woodlands, meadows, and in disturbed areas as both a perennial and annual. Erect when young, this plant later becomes decumbent as it lies down, and branches regularly. It is not to be confused with similar plants in the same genus which are also often referred to as "yellow woodsorrel".
Growth
Commonly considered a weed of gardens, fields, and lawns, it grows in full sun or shade. The alternate leaves of this plant are divided into three heart-shaped leaflets (a typical trait of other species of Oxalis) that can grow up to 2 cm wide. These leaves curl up at night (exhibiting nyctinasty), and open in the day to perform photosynthesis. The mature seed capsules open explosively when disturbed (a very similar trait to that of the mature seed capsules or fruits of plants found in the genus Impatiens) and can disperse seeds up to 4 meters (about 13 feet) away. The flowers of the plant are hermaphroditic, blooming from July to October.
O. stricta generally requires dry or moist, alkaline soils, preferring sandy and loamy dirt to grow in. It requires well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor grounds.
Cultivation
Culinary uses
All parts of the plant are edible, with a distinct tangy flavor (common to all plants in the genus Oxalis). However, it should only be eaten in small quantities, since oxalic acid is an antinutrient and can inhibit the body's absorption supply of calcium.
The leaves and flowers of the plant are sometimes added to salads for decoration and flavoring. These can also be chewed raw (along with other parts of the plant, but not the root) as a thirst-quencher. The green pods are pleasant raw, having |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennantia%20baylisiana | Pennantia baylisiana, commonly known as Three Kings kaikōmako or (Māori), is a species of plant in the family Pennantiaceae (Icacinaceae in older classifications). It is endemic to Manawatāwhi / Three Kings Islands, around northwest of Cape Reinga, New Zealand. At the time of its discovery just one plant remained. This single tree grows on a scree slope inaccessible to browsing goats, and has been called "the world's loneliest tree". The species was discovered in 1945 by botanist Geoff Baylis and described in 1948, although it took decades before it was it was fully accepted as a distinct species of Pennantia. Although the only wild tree is female, it was successfully propagated from cuttings in the 1950s, one of which was induced to self-pollinate in 1985. Subsequent seed-grown plants have themselves set seeds, and the species has been replanted on the island, the adjoining mainland, and in public and private gardens around New Zealand.
Description
Pennantia baylisiana is a shrubby, multi-trunked tree with a broad crown, unlike the three other species in the genus Pennantia. It does not have a divaricating juvenile form, unlike the other New Zealand Pennantia species kaikōmako (P. corymbosa). It grows to a height of 5 m in the wild, though has been recorded reaching 8 m in cultivation. It has pale greyish-brown bark and branchlets that are covered with lenticels.
It has leathery, green, egg-shaped alternate leaves around 12–16 by 7–10 cm. Adult leaves have smooth margins but young leaves are toothed. The leaves are large and flat in shade-grown plants, up to 20 by 10 cm, but notably curled along their sides – almost rolled – on branchlets exposed to sun and wind. They have distinctive hair-covered domatia on the underside, at the junction of the midrib and secondary veins, and are suspended from 2.5 cm long petioles.
Flowering occurs from October to November, producing 1.5 by 1.5 mm greenish-white flowers in panicles with 2.6 mm petals. Flowers usually arise |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peridynamics | Peridynamics is a non-local formulation of continuum mechanics that is oriented toward deformations with discontinuities, especially fractures. Originally, bond-based peridynamic has been introduced, wherein, internal interactions forces between a material point and all the other ones with which it can interact, are modeled as a central forces field. This type of forces field can be imagined as a mesh of bonds connecting each point of the body with every other interacting points within a certain distance which depends on material property, called peridynamic horizon. Later, to overcome bond-based framework limitations for the material Poisson’s ratio ( for plane stress and for plane strain in two-dimesional configurations; for three-dimensional ones), state-base peridynamics, has been formulated. Its characteristic feature is that the force exchanged between a point and another one is influenced by the deformation state of all other bonds relative to its interaction zone.
The characteristic feature of peridynamics, which makes it different from classical local mechanics, is the presence of finite-range bond between any two points of the material body: it is a feature that approaches such formulations to discrete meso-scale theories of matter.
Etymology
The term peridynamic, as an adjective, was proposed in the year 2000 and comes from the prefix peri, which means all around, near, or surrounding; and the root dyna, which means force or power. The term peridynamics, as a noun, is a shortened form of the phrase peridynamic model of solid mechanics.
Purpose
A fracture is a mathematical singularity to which the classical equations of continuum mechanics cannot be applied directly. The peridynamic theory has been proposed with the purpose of mathematically models fractures formation and dynamic in elastic materials. It is founded on integral equations, in contrast with classical continuum mechanics, which is based on partial differential equations. Since parti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diophantus%20II.VIII | The eighth problem of the second book of Arithmetica by Diophantus () is to divide a square into a sum of two squares.
The solution given by Diophantus
Diophantus takes the square to be 16 and solves the problem as follows:
To divide a given square into a sum of two squares.
To divide 16 into a sum of two squares.
Let the first summand be , and thus the second . The latter is to be a square. I form the square of the difference of an arbitrary multiple of x diminished by the root [of] 16, that is, diminished by 4. I form, for example, the square of 2x − 4. It is . I put this expression equal to . I add to both sides and subtract 16. In this way I obtain , hence .
Thus one number is 256/25 and the other 144/25. The sum of these numbers is 16 and each summand is a square.
Geometrical interpretation
Geometrically, we may illustrate this method by drawing the circle x2 + y2 = 42 and the line y = 2x - 4. The pair of squares sought are then x02 and y02, where (x0, y0) is the point not on the y-axis where the line and circle intersect. This is shown in the adjacent diagram.
Generalization of Diophantus's solution
We may generalize Diophantus's solution to solve the problem for any given square, which we will represent algebraically as a2. Also, since Diophantus refers to an arbitrary multiple of x, we will take the arbitrary multiple to be tx. Then:
Therefore, we find that one of the summands is and the other is . The sum of these numbers is and each summand is a square. Geometrically, we have intersected the circle x2 + y2 = a2 with the line y = tx - a, as shown in the adjacent diagram. Writing the lengths, OB, OA, and AB, of the sides of triangle OAB as an ordered tuple, we obtain the triple
.
The specific result obtained by Diophantus may be obtained by taking a = 4 and t = 2:
We see that Diophantus' particular solution is in fact a subtly disguised (3, 4, 5) triple. However, as the triple will always be rational as long as a and t are rational, w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified%20Harvard%20architecture | A modified Harvard architecture is a variation of the Harvard computer architecture that, unlike the pure Harvard architecture, allows memory that contains instructions to be accessed as data. Most modern computers that are documented as Harvard architecture are, in fact, modified Harvard architecture.
Harvard architecture
The original Harvard architecture computer, the Harvard Mark I, employed entirely separate memory systems to store instructions and data. The CPU fetched the next instruction and loaded or stored data simultaneously and independently. This is in contrast to a von Neumann architecture computer, in which both instructions and data are stored in the same memory system and (without the complexity of a CPU cache) must be accessed in turn.
The physical separation of instruction and data memory is sometimes held to be the distinguishing feature of modern Harvard architecture computers. With microcontrollers (entire computer systems integrated onto single chips), the use of different memory technologies for instructions (e.g. flash memory) and data (typically read/write memory) in von Neumann machines is becoming popular. The true distinction of a Harvard machine is that instruction and data memory occupy different address spaces. In other words, a memory address does not uniquely identify a storage location (as it does in a von Neumann machine); it is also necessary to know the memory space (instruction or data) to which the address belongs.
Von Neumann architecture
A computer with a von Neumann architecture has the advantage over Harvard machines as described above in that code can also be accessed and treated the same as data, and vice versa. This allows, for example, data to be read from disk storage into memory and then executed as code, or self-optimizing software systems using technologies such as just-in-time compilation to write machine code into their own memory and then later execute it. Another example is self-modifying code, which all |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyscias%20nothisii | Polyscias nothisii is a species of plant in the family Araliaceae for which no name has yet been published. It is endemic to New Caledonia.
It is found in dry forest at low altitude on calcareous or volcano-sedimentary substrate. Main threats are habitat degradation caused by recurrent bushfires and invasive species (Rusa rusa deer (Rusa timorensis)) as well as land clearing. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are estimated to be of 1,536 km2 and 44 km2 while the number of locations is estimated to be five. Polyscias nothisii is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN) with criteria B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) with a continuing decline of habitat quality. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartman%20effect | The Hartman effect describes how the delay time for a quantum tunneling particle is independent of the thickness of the opaque barrier. It is named after Thomas Hartman, who discovered it in 1962.
Overview
The Hartman effect is the tunneling effect through a barrier where the tunneling time tends to a constant for thick enough barriers. This was first described by Thomas E. Hartman in 1962. Although the effect was first predicted for quantum particles governed by the Schrödinger equation, it also exists for classical electromagnetic wave packets tunneling as evanescent waves through electromagnetic barriers. This is because the Helmholtz equation for electromagnetic waves and the time-independent Schrödinger equation have the same form. Since tunneling is a wave phenomenon, it occurs for all kinds of waves - matter waves, electromagnetic waves, and even sound waves. Hence the Hartman effect should exist for all tunneling waves.
There is no unique and universally accepted definition of "tunneling time" in physics. This is because time is not an operator in quantum mechanics, unlike other quantities like position and momentum. Among the many candidates for "tunneling time" are (i) the group delay or phase time, (ii) the dwell time, (iii) the Larmor times, (iv) the Büttiker–Landauer time, and (v) the semiclassical time. Three of these tunneling times (group delay, dwell time, and Larmor time) exhibit the Hartman effect, in the sense that they saturate at a constant value as the barrier thickness is increased. If the tunneling time T remains fixed as the barrier thickness L is increased, then the tunneling velocity v = L/T will ultimately become unbounded. The Hartman effect thus leads to predictions of anomalously large, and even superluminal tunneling velocities in the limit of thick barriers. However, the probability of transmission through such a barrier becomes vanishingly small, since the probability density inside the barrier is an exponentially decreasing func |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RedIRIS | RedIRIS is the national research and education network (NREN) for Spain. It is part of Red.es, which also administers and oversees the .es national Top-level domain. Most Spanish universities and research centers are interconnected through RedIRIS, currently totalling about 260 institutions. RedIRIS also acts as an Internet Service Provider for affiliated institutions, through links with Cogent Communications and Level 3 Communications. As a national NREN, RedIRIS is connected to the high-speed European GÉANT backbone, similar to the US-based Abilene Network.
Other services provided by RedIRIS include a collection of FTP mirrors, customized software for affiliated institutions, interconnection with the Eduroam European wireless network, LISTSERV service, BlackList IP Service for relays, and an incident response team, IRIS-CERT.
See also
GÉANT
TERENA
Eduroam
External links
RedIRIS website
RedIRIS network map including internal and external links
Red.es, oversees RedIRIS
Eduroam.es website
forum for incident response, of which IRIS-CERT is a participant.
Education in Spain
Internet in Spain
Internet mirror services
National research and education networks
Science and technology in Spain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clam%20liquor |
Description
Clam liquor, also called clam extract, is a liquid extracted during cooking and opening of clams. Undiluted it is called clam broth, and when concentrated by evaporation is called clam nectar. It may be canned in all these forms or used to fill up canned clam meat. It is an important component of many seafood recipes and is also used as a natural seasoning. Clam liquor can be used to enhance the flavor of soups, stews, sauces, and other dishes. It is also a popular ingredient in Asian cuisine.
Popular Use
Clam liquor is one of the main ingredients in the traditional New England Clam Chowder. This drink contains 20 ingredients: cream, flour, garlic, leaves, milk, and oil. A cup of clam liquor should be reserved for each quart of clams, which should be cleaned and separated. Clam liquor, potatoes, water, parsley, and thyme must be combined with 1 cup of milk to make the clams. Melt butter in heavy chicken broth and a cup of clam liquid and cook until it has evaporated. Finally, add parsley, thyme, and salt and pepper. The potatoes should be ready to eat within 15 minutes.
See also
List of clam dishes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus%20%C3%97%20macdonaldii | Quercus × macdonaldii, formerly Quercus macdonaldii, with the common names MacDonald's oak and Macdonald oak, is a rare hybrid species of oak in the family Fagaceae.
Description
The tree is between 5 to 15 meters tall, with scaly bark on the trunk. The twigs are gray and tomentose. The leaves are between 4 to 7 centimeters in length, the blades are oblong to obovate, and adaxially glabrous to sparsely hairy. The petioles are between 3 to 10 millimeters. The fruits cup is between 10 to 20 millimeters long and 6 to 10 millimeters deep. The nuts are between 20 to 35 millimeters long and conic-oblong or ovoid. The flowering time is between the months of March to May.
Distribution
The tree is endemic to the California Channel Islands, on Santa Cruz Island, Santa Rosa Island, and Santa Catalina Island, in Southern California. It is found in chaparral and woodlands habitats in canyons and slopes below .
Taxonomy
The plant was reclassified as Quercus × macdonaldii, a naturally occurring hybrid of Quercus lobata and Quercus pacifica, or possibly other oak species. Both parents are placed in section Quercus. It is considered a species by Greene but derived from hybrids involving Quercus pacifica, Quercus lobata, and possibly others.
See also
California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion
California coastal sage and chaparral sub-ecoregion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board%20on%20Science%2C%20Technology%2C%20and%20Economic%20Policy | The United States National Academy of Sciences' Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) is a board of the United States National Academy of Sciences.
The mandate of the Board is to integrate understanding of scientific, technological, and economic elements in the formulation of national policies affecting the economic well-being of the United States. The program’s focus is on the dynamics of the macroeconomic and microeconomic variables, their relationship to the industrial structure of the economy, effect on high-technology manufacturing and service sectors, and influence on U.S. scientific and technological advancement through examination of trade, human resources, fiscal, research and development, intellectual property and other policies. Policymakers responsible for these areas in the executive branch and Congress are the audience for the STEP Board’s work in the form of consensus reports, conferences, and workshops. The current executive director is Stephen A. Merrill, Ph.D. and the Board Chair is Paul Joskow, president of the Sloan Foundation.
History and evolution
Establishment
The Academies began to address issues of U.S. competitiveness and innovation in the late 1970s and early 1980s through a series of industry studies by the NAE and broad policy studies by the Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP).
A leading NAS economist, Dale Jorgenson, and NAE industrialists Ralph Landau and George Hatsopoulos were concerned that this work, and national innovation policy more broadly, did not sufficiently reflect the contributions economics could make to understanding of trends and policy prescriptions to improve outcomes. They proposed to the National Research Council (NRC) Governing Board of Directors of the NAS to create a new standing committee as a forum for dialogue among economists, technologists, and industrial managers to those ends. The Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) was established in 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radula%20jonesii | Radula jonesii is a species of liverwort in the family Radulaceae. It is known from a few locations on Madeira and one location on Tenerife. The populations are small and vulnerable.
This liverwort forms dark green to olive green mats on rocks or on trees such as Laurus novocanariensis and Ocotea foetens. It is part of the old growth laurel forest ecosystem on the islands. On Madeira this ecosystem is protected. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaro%20%28drink%29 | Guaro is a liquor made in many places in Latin America. A clear liquid distilled from sugar cane juices, it has a slightly sweeter taste than comparable liquors. It is traditionally 60 proof or 30% alcohol, although recently 70 proof and 80 proof versions are produced. It is popular in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama, although in many places the word "guaro" can refer to almost any liquor.
The name "guaro" came from Central America. Colombians call it aguardiente. Sometimes it is referred to as a "soft vodka" because it has a lower alcohol content than vodka.
History
In Costa Rica, the government nationalized its manufacture in 1851 in an effort to quell the clandestine production of liquor. The Fabrica Nacional de Licores (National Liquor Factory) was founded for this reason, and since 1980 produces the only legal brand, Cacique Guaro.
Clandestine and fraudulent production
Clandestine liquor production is still prevalent, but it is seen more as a tradition than a business as it would be difficult to compete with the nationally produced guaro. The illegal version of the product is often called guaro de contrabando ("smuggled guaro") and is produced by various methods, all through distillation, but with different base ingredients, typically fruits or sweets from other sources, molasses from sugarcane, or simply sugar.
Deaths
In 2019 multiple deaths were reported caused by drinking adulterated counterfeit guaro produced by various criminal organizations.
Export
In 2004, the Costa Rican company S. Guaro LLC began exporting guaro to California in the United States. In 2005, Tranquilo Imports began marketing Guaro Tranquilo in Texas in the United States. As of 2007, guaro was still difficult to find in U.S. markets. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20sesquicarbonate | Sodium sesquicarbonate (systematic name: trisodium hydrogendicarbonate) Na3H(CO3)2 is a double salt of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate (NaHCO3 · Na2CO3), and has a needle-like crystal structure. However, the term is also applied to an equimolar mixture of those two salts, with whatever water of hydration the sodium carbonate includes, supplied as a powder.
The dihydrate, Na3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O, occurs in nature as the evaporite mineral trona.
Due to concerns about the toxicity of borax which was withdrawn as a cleaning and laundry product, sodium sesquicarbonate is sold in the European Union (EU) as "Borax substitute". It is also known as one of the E number food additives E500(iii).
Uses
Sodium sesquicarbonate is used in bath salts, swimming pools, as an alkalinity source for water treatment, and as a phosphate-free product replacing the trisodium phosphate for heavy duty cleaning.
Sodium sesquicarbonate is used in the conservation of copper and copper alloy artifacts that corrode due to contact with salt (called "bronze disease" due to its effect on bronze). The chloride from salt forms copper(I) chloride. In the presence of oxygen and water, even the small amount of moisture in the atmosphere, the cuprous chloride forms copper(II) chloride and hydrochloric acid, the latter of which dissolves the metal and forms more cuprous chloride in a self-sustaining reaction that leads to the entire destruction of the object. Treatment with sodium sesquicarbonate removes copper(II) chlorides from the corroded layer.
It is also used as a precipitating water softener, which combines with hard water minerals (calcium- and magnesium-based minerals) to form an insoluble precipitate, removing these hardness minerals from the water. It is the carbonate moiety which forms the precipitate, the bicarbonate being included to moderate the material's alkalinity. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radula%20visianica | Radula visianica is a species of liverwort in the Radulaceae family. It is European Alps endemic. It was thought to be extinct since 1938 but was rediscovered in 2014 in Austria. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullough%E2%80%93Dodd%20model | The Bullough–Dodd model is an integrable model in 1+1-dimensional quantum field theory introduced by Robin Bullough and Roger Dodd. Its
Lagrangian density is
where is a mass parameter, is the coupling constant and is a real scalar field.
The Bullough–Dodd model belongs to the class of affine Toda field theories.
The spectrum of the model consists of a single massive particle.
See also
List of integrable models |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhus%20sp.%20nov.%20A | {{Automatic taxobox
|name = Rhus sp. nov. A
|status = VU
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref =
|taxon = Rhus
|species_text = R. sp. nov. A|binomial_text = Rhus sp. nov. A
}}Rhus sp. nov. A is a species of flowering plant in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae, that is endemic to the Socotra Archipelago in Yemen. It can be found on the rocky slopes of wadis in drought-deciduous woodlands and succulent shrublands. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic%20category | In cognitive psychology, a basic category is a category at a particular level of the category inclusion hierarchy (i.e., a particular level of generality) that is preferred by humans in learning and memory tasks. The term is associated with the work of psychologist Eleanor Rosch, who demonstrated basic category preferences in a number of classic experiments.
Mathematics
In 2016, Tom Leinster published the "Basic Category Theory", which seeks universal properties that govern in mathematics. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihajlo%20D.%20Mesarovic | Mihajlo D. Mesarovic (Serbian Latin: Mihajlo D. Mesarović, Serbian Cyrillic: Михајло Д. Месаровић; born 2 July 1928) is a Serbian scientist, who is a professor of Systems Engineering and Mathematics at Case Western Reserve University. Mesarovic has been a pioneer in the field of systems theory, he was UNESCO Scientific Advisor on Global change and also a member of the Club of Rome.
Biography
Mihajlo D. Mesarović was born on 2 July 1928, in Zrenjanin, Yugoslavia. He was awarded the B.S. from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Electrical Engineering in 1951. In 1955 he received a Ph.D. in Technical sciences from the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
From 1951 to 1955, Mesarović was a research assistant at the Nikola Tesla Institute in Belgrade. From 1955 to 1958 he was head of the inspection department of the Institute. At the same time, Mesarović held academic positions at University of Belgrade, Yugoslavia from 1954 to 1958. In 1958 he became professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology / USA (MIT), where he served until 1959. He was associate professor at Case Western Reserve University from 1959 to 1964 and professor from 1964 to 1978. In that time he was head of the Systems Engineering Group 1965–68, head of the Systems Engineering Department 1968-72 and director of the Systems Research Center 1968–78. Starting 1978, Prof. Mesarović has been the Cady Staley Professor of Systems Engineering and Mathematics. One of his students was Roger W. Brockett.
He has lectured in more than 60 countries, advised government officials on a variety of issues, consulted for international organizations, and published widely. He was also the founder of the 'Mathematical Theory of General Systems' Journal, Springer Verlag.
In 1999, he was appointed a Scientific Advisor on Global Change by Federico Mayor, Director-General of the UNESCO. In that role, Mesarović traveled to UNESCO's headquarters in Paris and advised the director general's office on issues such as c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidilobus | Acidilobus is a genus of archaea in the family Acidilobaceae.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
See also
List of Archaea genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeropyrum | Aeropyrum is a genus of archaea in the family Desulfurococcaceae.
Etymology
The name Aeropyrum derives from:Greek noun aer, aeros (ἀήρ, ἀέρος), air; Greek neuter gender noun pur, fire; Neo-Latin neuter gender noun Aeropyrum, air fire, referring to the hyperthermophilic respirative character of the organism.
Species
The genus contains 2 species (including basonyms and synonyms), namely
A. camini ( Nakagawa et al. 2004, ; Latin genitive case noun camini, of a chimney, relating to its isolation from a hydrothermal vent chimney.)
A. pernix ( Sako et al. 1996, (Type species of the genus).; Latin neuter gender adjective pernix, nimble, active, agile, indicating high motility in microscopic inspection.) |
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