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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciduliprofundum | Aciduliprofundum is a genus of the Euryarchaeota.
A. boonei, is an extremophile, a thermoacidophilic archaeon that lives in oceanic deep-sea hydrothermal vents, that has been shown to produce antibiotics against common pathogenic bacteria. It is one of a group of euryarchaeotes classed as DHVE2 – Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeota 2, and the only one to be isolated. It is extremely widespread and yet has not been able to be cultivated. For this reason it may sometimes have the taxonomic addition of Candidatus to its name - meaning a candidate for, until proven.
See also
List of Archaea genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desulfurococcus | In taxonomy, Desulfurococcus is a genus of the Desulfurococcaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylothermus | In taxonomy, Staphylothermus is a genus of the Desulfurococcaceae.[1]
Taxonomy
Desulfurococcaceae are anaerobic, sulfur respiring, extreme thermophiles. Desulfurococcaceae share the same family as Desulfurococcus. Two species of Staphylothermus have been identified: S. marinus and S. hellenicus. They are both heterotrophic, anaerobic members of the domain Archea.
Cell structure
Staphylothermus marinus has a unique morphology. When nutrient levels are low, it forms grape-like clusters that range in diameter from 0.5–1.0 mm up to 100 clusters large. At high nutrient levels, large clustered cells up to 15 μm in diameter are found. The S-layer is made of a glycoprotein called tetrabrachion. Tetrabrachion is stable at high temperatures and resistant to chemicals that typically denature proteins. Tetrabrachion is built from 92,000 kDa polypeptides forming projections that react with other tetrabrachion sub units making a lattice framework that covers the cell.[7] Tetrabrachion is resistant to heat and chemical denaturation.[11] S. marinus has a circular chromosome with 1,610 protein-coding genes and 49 RNA genes. Staphylothermus hellenicus does not have tetrabrachion in the cell wall. It is an aggregated coccus, obligate anaerobe, heterotrophic, archeon that grows 0.8–1.3 μm in diameter. It forms large aggregates with up to 50 cells and has a circular chromosome that contains 158,0347 nucleotides, 1,599 protein-coding genes and 50 RNA genes.
Metabolism
Staphylothermus marinus and Staphylothermus hellenicus have special enzymes called extremozymes known to work well in extremely hot or cold environments where most enzymatic reactions could not occur.[9] Staphylothermus marinus and Staphylothermus hellenecus are thermophiles that have heat stable extremozymes that work at particularly high temperatures. Both organisms are sulfur dependent, extreme marine thermophiles. These archeons require sulfur for growth but can produce hydrogen if sulfur becomes limited. Staphyloth |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetteria | Stetteria is a genus of archaeans in the family Desulfurococcaceae. Up to now there is only one species of this genus known, Stetteria hydrogenophila.
See also
List of Archaea genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfophobococcus | In taxonomy, Sulfophobococcus is a genus of the Desulfurococcaceae.
See also
List of Archaea genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodiscus | Thermodiscus is a genus of archaea in the family Desulfurococcaceae. The only species is Thermodiscus maritimus. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosphaera | Thermosphaera is a genus of the Desulfurococcaceae. They are a group of prokaryotic organisms which have been discovered in extremely hot environments such as sulfur springs, volcanoes, and magma pools. Isolates of Thermosphaera were first identified in 1998 from the Obsidian Pool in Yellowstone National Park.
Cell structure and metabolism
Cells of Thermosphaera are cocci (spherical) and form grape-like aggregates during the exponential growth phase. In the late exponential and stationary growth phases, smaller groups, including some single cells, were visible. Aggregates were shown to have several flagella; single cells could have as many as eight. The cell envelope is an amorphous layer covering a cytoplasmic membrane. Temperatures exceeding 92 °C inhibits growth, as does sulfur and hydrogen. Thermosphaera cells are heterotrophic, processing energy from yeast.
Ecology
Thermosphaera are found mainly in sulfuric pools, where they thrive on the extreme temperatures. In terms of research and economic significance, learning more about these organisms and their properties may help advancements in biotechnology.
Genome structure
Sequencing the 16S rRNA of Thermosphaera showed that this isolate was a member of the group Crenarchaeota and closely related to Staphylothermus and Desulfurococcus.
See also
List of Archaea genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geogemma | In taxonomy, Geogemma is a genus of the family Pyrodictiaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthermus | In taxonomy, Hyperthermus is a genus of the Pyrodictiaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrodictium | Pyrodictium is a genus in the family Pyrodictiaceae. It is a genus of submarine hyperthermophilic Archaea whose optimal growth temperature range is 80 to 105°C. They have a unique cell structure involving a network of cannulae and flat, disk-shaped cells. Pyrodictium are found in the porous walls of deep-sea vents where the temperatures inside get as high as 400°C, while the outside marine environment is typically 3°C. Pyrodictium is apparently able to adapt morphologically to this type of hot–cold habitat.
Genome structure
Much research has been done on the genetics of Pyrodictium in order to understand its ability to survive and even thrive in such extreme temperatures. The thermal stability of Pyrodictum occultum'''s isolate tRNA has been analyzed, indicating that modifications in the nucleosides allow the organism to withstand temperatures well over 100°C.
Cell structure and metabolism Pyrodictium cells have been studied by scientists in part because they are a model of thermal stability. The cells' structure is a flat, irregular disk, 300 to 2500 nanometres in diameter and up to 300 nanometres in width. The cells grow in unique flake-like shapes held together by a network of hollow cannulae (tubules). The cannulae branch out and connect with other cells, greatly extending their range. While the exact reason for this morphology is unknown, it is likely that the range of motion provided by the cannulae allow the cells to move freely when by the thermal energy from the extreme heat of the organisms's environment. The large size range of the cells may allow Pyrodictium to inhabit a variety of pores in the deep-sea vent walls.
Ecology
Members of Pyrodictium'' are located in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, first discovered in 1979. Their ecological significance remains a mystery because of the difficulty in collecting samples which may yield data on the abundance and diversity of these extremophile.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolobus | Pyrolobus is a genus of the Pyrodictiaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldisphaera | Caldisphaera is a genus of archaea in the family Caldisphaeraceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenarchaeum | In taxonomy, Cenarchaeum is a genus of the Cenarchaeaceae. The marine archaean Cenarchaeum symbiosum lives within (it is an endosymbiont of) the sponge Axinella mexicana. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20ligand | Smart ligands are affinity ligands selected with pre-defined equilibrium (), kinetic (, ) and thermodynamic (ΔH, ΔS) parameters of biomolecular interaction.
Ligands with desired parameters can be selected from large combinatorial libraries of biopolymers using instrumental separation techniques with well-described kinetic behaviour, such as kinetic capillary electrophoresis (KCE), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), microscale thermophoresis (MST), etc. Known examples of smart ligands include DNA smart aptamers; however, RNA and peptide smart aptamers can also be developed.
Smart ligands can find a set of unique applications in biomedical research, drug discovery and proteomic studies. For example, a panel of DNA smart aptamers has been recently used to develop affinity analysis of proteins with ultra-wide dynamic range of measured concentrations. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermofilum | Thermofilum is a genus of archaea in the family Thermofilaceae.
Thermofilum pendens is a hyperthermic member of the archael kingdom Crenarchaeota, and represents a deep branch in the order Thermoproteales. T. pendens lacks the genes for purine nucleotide biosynthesis and thus relies on environmental sources to meet its purine requirements.
Taxonomy
Cladogram was taken from GTDB release 06-RS202. Taxonomy from List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz%20Kuperberg | Włodzimierz Kuperberg (born January 19, 1941) is a professor of mathematics at Auburn University, with research interests in geometry and topology.
Biography
Although Kuperberg is Polish-American, he was born in what is now Belarus, where his parents and older siblings had traveled east to escape World War II. In 1946, the family returned to Poland, resettling in Szczecin, where Kuperberg grew up. He began his studies at the University of Warsaw in 1959, and received his Ph.D. from the same institution in 1969, under the supervision of Karol Borsuk. During his time at Warsaw, he published three high school textbooks in Polish. Kuperberg left Poland due to the anti-semitic aspects of the 1967-1968 Polish political crisis, and worked at Stockholm University until 1972, when he assumed a visiting position at the University of Houston. In 1974, Kuperberg took a position at Auburn where he remains.
Kuperberg married mathematician Krystyna Kuperberg in 1964, and their son Greg Kuperberg is also a professional mathematician, while their daughter Anna Kuperberg is a photographer.
Research highlights
Although much of Kuperberg's early mathematical work is in topology, he is best known today for his work in geometry, and in particular on packing and covering problems. His first paper in this area (1982) showed that the ratio of packing density to covering density of any convex body in the plane is at least 3/4. His 1990 paper on double lattices with his son Greg provides the best lower bound known at that time for packing densities of arbitrary two-dimensional convex bodies; with Bezdek (1990) he calculated the exact packing density of the infinite cylinder, which prior to Hales' 1998 solution of the Kepler conjecture was the first nontrivial calculation of the packing density of any three-dimensional convex body.
Awards and honors
As a high school student, Kuperberg won first prize in the 10th Polish Mathematical Olympiad, leading him to enroll in mathematics when he beg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenadione | Diphenadione is a vitamin K antagonist that has anticoagulant effects and is used as a rodenticide against rats, mice, voles, ground squirrels and other rodents. The chemical compound is an anti-coagulant with active half-life longer than warfarin and other synthetic 1,3-indandione anticoagulants.
It is toxic to mammals, in all forms; exposure and oral ingestion of the toxin may cause irregular heartbeat and major maladies associated with its impact on blood clotting, depending on dose. As a "second-generation" anticoagulant, diphenadione is more toxic than the first generation compounds (e.g., warfarin). For purposes of treating toxicity on exposure, diphenadione is grouped with other vitamin K antagonists (coumarins and indandiones); despite being directed at rodents and being judged as less hazardous to humans and domestic animals than other rodenticides in use (by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), indandione anticoagulants, nevertheless, "may cause human toxicity at a much lower dose than conventional 'first-generation anticoagulants'… and can bioaccumulate in the liver." |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Cargo%20rice | Red Cargo rice is a type of non-glutinous long grain rice that is similar to brown rice, in that it is unpolished. The color of the bran is red, purple, or maroon. The husks of the rice grains are removed during the milling process, retaining all the nutrients, vitamins, and minerals intact in the bran layer and in the germ.
Health and nutritional benefits
Red rice is a good source of thiamin (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), fibre, iron and calcium. The flavor of cooked red cargo rice is generally more sweet and nutty, and the texture is more chewy than standard white polished rice. Red rice takes longer to cook than white rice, but not as long as brown rice. Soaking the rice in water for at least 30 minutes before cooking produces a softer texture.
History
The term "cargo" originates from the idea that this type of rice is exported/transported by ship/sea in bulk to the importers/distributors who then package the rice in small 1 kg bags for the market, unlike white rice which is usually pre-packed by exporters into 5, 10 or 25 kg bags. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin%20aspart | Insulin aspart, sold under the brand name NovoLog, among others, is a modified type of medical insulin used to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is generally used by injection under the skin but may also be used by injection into a vein. Maximum effect occurs after about 1–3 hours and lasts for 3–5 hours. Generally a longer-acting insulin like insulin NPH is also needed.
Common side effects include low blood sugar, allergic reactions, itchiness, and pain at the site of injection. Other serious side effects may include low blood potassium. Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is generally safe. It works the same as human insulin by increasing the amount of glucose that tissues take in and decreasing the amount of glucose made by the liver. It is a manufactured form of human insulin; where a single amino acid has been changed, specifically a proline with an aspartic acid at the B28 position.
Insulin aspart was approved for medical use in the United States in 2000. In 2020, it was the 80th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 9million prescriptions. Manufacturing involves yeast, which have had the gene for insulin aspart put into their genome. This yeast then makes the insulin, which is harvested from the bioreactor.
Medical uses
Insulin aspart is indicated to improve glycemic control in people with diabetes.
Onset of action
The onset of action is approximately fifteen minutes, the peak action is reached in 45–90 minutes, and the duration is 3–5 hours.
Side effects
The safety of insulin aspart in people with diabetes is no different from for regular insulin. The side effects that are commonly associated with insulin therapy include: allergic reactions, injection site irritation, rashes, and hypoglycemia. The most common side effect is hypoglycemia. Long-term use of insulin, including insulin aspart, can cause lipodystrophy at the site of repeated injections or infusion. To reduce the risk of lipodystrophy, rotate the injecti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin%20lispro | Insulin lispro, sold under the brand name Humalog among others, is a modified type of medical insulin used to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is used by injection under the skin or within an insulin pump. Onset of effects typically occurs within 30 minutes and lasts about 5 hours. Often a longer-acting insulin like insulin NPH is also needed.
Common side effects include low blood sugar. Other serious side effects may include low blood potassium. Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is generally safe. It works the same as human insulin by increasing the amount of glucose that tissues take in and decreasing the amount of glucose made by the liver.
Insulin lispro was first approved for use in the United States in 1996. It is a manufactured form of human insulin where an amino acid has been switched. In 2020, it was the 71st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 10million prescriptions.
Medical uses
Insulin lispro is used to treat people with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes. People doing well on short-acting insulin should not routinely be changed to insulin lispro, but may benefit from some advantages like flexibility and responsiveness.
Side effects
Common side effects include skin irritation at the site of injection, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, and lipodystrophy. Other serious side effects include anaphylaxis, and hypersensitivity reactions.
Mechanism of action
Through recombinant DNA technology, the final lysine and proline residues on the C-terminal end of the B-chain are reversed. This modification does not alter receptor binding, but blocks the formation of insulin dimers and hexamers. This allows larger amounts of active monomeric insulin to be immediately available for postprandial injections.
Chemistry
It is a manufactured form of human insulin where the amino acids lysine and proline have been switched at the end of the B chain of the insulin molecule. This switch of amino acids mimics Insulin-like growth factor 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth%20definability | In mathematical logic, Beth definability is a result that connects implicit definability of a property to its explicit definability. Specifically Beth definability states that the two senses of definability are equivalent.
First-order logic has the Beth definability property.
Statement
For first-order logic, the theorem states that, given a theory T in the language L' ⊇ L and a formula φ in L', then the following are equivalent:
for any two models A and B of T such that A|L = B|L (where A|L is the reduct of A to L), it is the case that A ⊨ φ[a] if and only if B ⊨ φ[a] (for all tuples a of A);
φ is equivalent modulo T to a formula ψ in L.
Less formally: a property is implicitly definable in a theory in language L (via a formula φ of an extended language L') only if that property is explicitly definable in that theory (by formula ψ in the original language L).
Clearly the converse holds as well, so that we have an equivalence between implicit and explicit definability. That is, a "property" is explicitly definable with respect to a theory if and only if it is implicitly definable.
The theorem does not hold if the condition is restricted to finite models. We may have A ⊨ φ[a] if and only if B ⊨ φ[a] for all pairs A,B of finite models without there being any L-formula ψ equivalent to φ modulo T.
The result was first proven by Evert Willem Beth.
See also
Sources
Wilfrid Hodges A Shorter Model Theory. Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Mathematical logic
Mathematical structures
Model theory
Theorems in the foundations of mathematics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosimilar | A biosimilar (also known as follow-on biologic or subsequent entry biologic) is a biologic medical product that is almost an identical copy of an original product that is manufactured by a different company. Biosimilars are officially approved versions of original "innovator" products and can be manufactured when the original product's patent expires. Reference to the innovator product is an integral component of the approval.
Unlike with generic drugs of the more common small-molecule type, biologics generally exhibit high molecular complexity and may be quite sensitive to changes in manufacturing processes. Despite that heterogeneity, all biopharmaceuticals, including biosimilars, must maintain consistent quality and clinical performance throughout their lifecycle.
Drug-related authorities such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA) of the European Union, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Health Products and Food Branch of Health Canada hold their own guidance on requirements for demonstration of the similar nature of two biological products in terms of safety and efficacy. According to them, analytical studies demonstrate that the biological product is highly similar to the reference product, despite minor differences in clinically inactive components, animal studies (including the assessment of toxicity), and a clinical study or studies (including the assessment of immunogenicity and pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics). They are sufficient to demonstrate safety, purity, and potency in one or more appropriate conditions of use for which the reference product is licensed and is intended to be used and for which licensure is sought for the biological product.
The World Health Organization (WHO) published its "Guidelines for the evaluation of similar biotherapeutic products (SBPs)" in 2009. The purpose of this guideline is to provide an international norm for evaluating biosimilars.
The EMA has granted marketing authorizations for m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded%20waveguide%20synthesis | Banded Waveguides Synthesis is a physical modeling synthesis method to simulate sounds of dispersive sounding objects, or objects with strongly inharmonic resonant frequencies efficiently. It can be used to model the sound of instruments based on elastic solids such as vibraphone and marimba bars, singing bowls and bells. It can also be used for other instruments with inharmonic partials, such as membranes or plates. For example, simulations of tabla drums and cymbals have been implemented using this method. Because banded waveguides retain the dynamics of the system, complex non-linear excitations can be implemented. The method was originally invented in 1999 by Georg Essl and Perry Cook to synthesize the sound of bowed vibraphone bars.
In the case of the standard one-dimensional wave equation disturbances of all frequencies travel with the same constant speed . In dispersive media, the traveling speed of disturbances depends on their frequency and we get where is the frequency of the disturbance. Many physical systems are dispersive, for example the elastic beams described by the Euler–Bernoulli beam equation where is a material constant.
Banded waveguides model dispersive behavior by splitting the propagation of disturbances into frequency bands. Each frequency band is modeled using a band-limited version of the standard digital waveguide method. Each frequency band is tuned to the resonant frequencies of the sounding object to be modeled to avoid any discretization error at the dominant and audible frequencies.
Banded waveguide synthesis is implemented in most available sound synthesis libraries and programs such as:
STK
ChucK
pd and Max/MSP via PerCoLate
RTCMix
SuperCollider
CSound
Common Lisp Music
Citations
Sources
Sound synthesis types
Sound production technology
Digital signal processing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollard%27s%20kangaroo%20algorithm | In computational number theory and computational algebra, Pollard's kangaroo algorithm (also Pollard's lambda algorithm, see Naming below) is an algorithm for solving the discrete logarithm problem. The algorithm was introduced in 1978 by the number theorist John M. Pollard, in the same paper as his better-known Pollard's rho algorithm for solving the same problem. Although Pollard described the application of his algorithm to the discrete logarithm problem in the multiplicative group of units modulo a prime p, it is in fact a generic discrete logarithm algorithm—it will work in any finite cyclic group.
Algorithm
Suppose is a finite cyclic group of order which is generated by the element , and we seek to find the discrete logarithm of the element to the base . In other words, one seeks such that . The lambda algorithm allows one to search for in some interval . One may search the entire range of possible logarithms by setting and .
1. Choose a set of positive integers of mean roughly and define a pseudorandom map .
2. Choose an integer and compute a sequence of group elements according to:
3. Compute
Observe that:
4. Begin computing a second sequence of group elements according to:
and a corresponding sequence of integers according to:
.
Observe that:
5. Stop computing terms of and when either of the following conditions are met:
A) for some . If the sequences and "collide" in this manner, then we have:
and so we are done.
B) . If this occurs, then the algorithm has failed to find . Subsequent attempts can be made by changing the choice of and/or .
Complexity
Pollard gives the time complexity of the algorithm as , using a probabilistic argument based on the assumption that acts pseudorandomly. Since can be represented using bits, this is exponential in the problem size (though still a significant improvement over the trivial brute-force algorithm that takes time ). For an example of a subexponential time discrete logarithm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixmier%20conjecture | In algebra the Dixmier conjecture, asked by Jacques Dixmier in 1968, is the conjecture that any endomorphism of a Weyl algebra is an automorphism.
Tsuchimoto in 2005, and independently Belov-Kanel and Kontsevich in 2007, showed that the Dixmier conjecture is stably equivalent to the Jacobian conjecture. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transovarial%20transmission | Transovarial or transovarian transmission (transmission from parent to offspring via the ovaries) occurs in certain arthropod vectors as they transmit pathogens from parent to offspring. This process, used by a wide variety of parasites, is also known as vertical transmission. For example, Rickettsia rickettsii, carried within ticks, is passed on from parent to offspring tick by transovarial transmission. This is in contrast to parasites such as Rickettsia prowazekii, which are not passed on by transovarian transmission due to killing the vector that carries it (in this case, the human louse). Other examples of parasites that use this mechanism of transmission include the aedes mosquito vector of the yellow fever virus and in phlebotomine sandflies that transmit pappataci fever.
Richard Dawkins in "The Extended Phenotype" notes that "bacterial endosymbionts of insects which are transmitted transovarially" share an interest in the "success of their host's gametes.....as well as the survival of their host's body." In this case, "the interest of the host genes and parasite genes might not be quite identical, but they would..... be very much closer than the case of fluke and snail." where host and parasite have different means of propagation into the next generation, and therefore more divergent interests.
See also
Transstadial transmission |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muehrcke%27s%20nails | Muehrcke's nails or Muehrcke's lines (apparent leukonychia striata) are changes in the fingernail that may be a sign of an underlying medical condition. The term refers to a set of one or more pale transverse bands extending all the way across the nail, parallel to the lunula. In contrast to Beau's lines, they are not grooved (no 3-dimensional deformity), and in contrast to Mees' lines, the thumb is usually not involved.
Muehrcke's lines are a strong indicator of hypoalbuminemia, which can result from a variety of different causes.
The lines are actually in the vascular bed underneath the nail plate. As such, they do not move with nail growth, and disappear when pressure is applied to the nail (blanching the underlying nail bed): this distinguishes them from "true leukonychia striata" such as Mees' lines. As in Terry's and half-and-half nails, the pattern is thought to be formed by bands of localized edema exerting pressure on the surrounding capillaries.
Physiology
The appearance of Muehrcke's lines is associated specifically with marked hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin ≤ 2.2 g/dL) indicating decreased protein synthesis, which may occur during periods of metabolic stress (e.g. systemic infection, trauma, AIDS, chemotherapy), or in hypoalbuminemic states such as the nephrotic syndrome or dietary protein deficiency. They are also seen in patients with end-stage kidney disease on hemodialysis, Hodgkin's disease, pellagra, and sickle cell anaemia.
The lines remain visible as long as protein intake is inadequate or synthesis is impaired, and they should disappear upon return to normal function.
In extreme conditions, Muehrcke's lines may also arise from physical changes in peripheral circulation: one case study reported appearance of the lines in a healthy subject following ascent to 8,848 meters (29,029 ft) on Mount Everest.
History
Muehrcke's lines were described by American physician Robert C. Muehrcke (1921–2003) in 1956. In a study published in BMJ, he examin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETP-1 | ETP-1 (or Electronic Test Pattern One) was a test card designed and used by the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA). After test transmissions from the IBA's Engineering Regional Operations Centre (ROC) in Croydon from 1978 it was phased in on ITV over a period starting from 1979, replacing, in different ITV regions: Test Card F, Test Card G and full screen height EBU colour bars. After ITV went 24 hours in 1988, the card ceased to be seen on the channel. It was used for both 625-line PAL and 405-line monochrome broadcasts.
It was also seen extensively on both Channel 4 and S4C during both their pre-launch tests and their downtime of those channels, due to their limited hours early on. After launch, it was alternated with in-vision teletext services from ORACLE and 4-Tel on View/Sbectel. On these channels, it was captioned either IBA:CH4 or IBA:S4C, with lines above and below this indicating the card was being generated by the channel, the absence of these lines meant it was generated at the transmitter.
After the splitting up of the IBA in 1990, the captioning was changed to NTL:CH4/NTL:S4C. ETP-1 was last broadcast on 31 December 1992 after which Channel 4 showed 4-Tel on View during closedown periods as the channel gradually increased its late night programming, eventually going 24 hours a day early in 1997. After the conclusion of its late-night teleshopping block, S4C shows a closedown slide promoting its S4C Clic VOD service with library music playing in the background during off-air hours.
On 18 April 2012, ETP-1 made one final appearance on Channel 4 to announce the loss of analogue television services in the London region. The card was shown from the Crystal Palace transmitter only, and was the last thing broadcast by analogue Channel 4 before the signal was switched off.
Operation
The test card was generated electronically by a video generator, and includes features for various adjustments and checks:
Crosshatch pattern - For CRT color convergence |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorrelation%20theory | In cryptography, decorrelation theory is a system developed by Serge Vaudenay in 1998 for designing block ciphers to be provably secure against differential cryptanalysis, linear cryptanalysis, and even undiscovered cryptanalytic attacks meeting certain broad criteria. Ciphers designed using these principles include COCONUT98 and the AES candidate DFC, both of which have been shown to be vulnerable to some forms of cryptanalysis not covered by the theory.
According to Vaudenay, the decorrelation theory has four tasks: 1) the definition of a measurement for the decorrelation, which usually relies on a matrix norm; 2) the construction of simple primitive or "decorrelation module" with a quite good decorrelation; 3) the construction of cryptographic algorithms with decorrelation modules so that the primitive can be inherited by the algorithm; and, 4) proving that the decorrelation provides security against attacks. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C3-Beta-glucan%20synthase | 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase is a glucosyltransferase enzyme involved in the generation of beta-glucan in fungi. It serves as a pharmacological target for antifungal drugs such as caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin, deemed 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase inhibitors. Under the CAZy classification system, fungi and plant members fall in the glycosyltransferase 48 family (GT48). Some members of the glycosyltransferase 2 family (), such as the curdlan synthase CrdS (Q9X2V0), also has a similar activity.
The biosynthesis of disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides involves the action of hundreds of different glycosyltransferases. These enzymes catalyse the transfer of sugar moieties from activated donor molecules to specific acceptor molecules, forming glycosidic bonds.
The family consists of various 1,3-beta-glucan synthase components including Gls1, Gls2, and Gls3 from yeast. 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase () also known as callose synthase catalyses the formation of a beta-1,3-glucan polymer that is a major component of the fungal cell wall. The reaction catalysed is:
UDP-glucose + {(1,3)-beta-D-glucosyl}(N) = UDP + {(1,3)-beta-D-glucosyl}(N+1).
See also
Echinocandin
glucan
External links
CAZy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haladaptatus | Haladaptatus (common abbreviation Hap.) is a genus of halophilic archaea in the family of Halobacteriaceae.
The members of Haladaptatus thrive in environments with salt concentrations approaching saturation
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halalkalicoccus | Halalkalicoccus (common abbreviation Hac.) is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
See also
List of Archaea genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloalcalophilium | In taxonomy, Haloalcalophilium is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propenidazole | Propenidazole is an antiinfective imidazole derivative used in gynecology. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azanidazole | Azanidazole is a nitroimidazole derivative used in gynecology for the treatment of trichomonal infections. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloarcula | Haloarcula (common abbreviation Har.) is a genus of extreme halophilic Archaea in the class of Halobactaria.
Cell Structure
Haloarcula species can be distinguished from other genera in the family Halobacteriaceae by the presence of specific derivatives of TGD-2 polar lipids. H. quadrata has predominantly flat, square-shaped, somewhat pleomorphic cells.
Metabolism
H. quadrata was first isolated when researchers were attempting to culture Haloquadratum walsbyi, a haloarchaeon that was thought to be unculturable until 2004. Similar to other halophilic archaea, Haloarcula species grow optimally at 40–45 °C. Growth appears in sheets of up to 65 cells often in the shape of a square or triangle.
Taxonomy
The genus of Haloarcula was long grouped with other halophilic archaea such as Halobacterium until genomic analysis prompted to reorder this genus in the new family of Haloarculaceae.
Ecology
Haloarcula species are found in neutral saline environments such as salt lakes, marine salterns, and saline soils. Like other members of the family Halobacteriaceae, Haloarcula requires at least 1.5 M NaCl for growth, but grow optimally in 2.0 to 4.5 M NaCl. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobaculum |
Halobaculum (common abbreviation: Hbl.) is a genus of the Halorubraceae.
Further reading
Scientific journals
Scientific books
Scientific databases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphobank | MorphoBank is a web application for collaborative evolutionary research, specifically phylogenetic systematics or cladistics, on the phenotype. Historically, scientists conducting research on phylogenetic systematics have worked individually or in small groups employing traditional single-user software applications such as MacClade, Mesquite and Nexus Data Editor. As the hypotheses under study have grown more complex, large research teams have assembled to tackle the problem of discovering the Tree of Life for the estimated 4-100 million living species and the many thousands more extinct species known from fossils. Because the phenotype is fundamentally visual, and as phenotype-based phylogenetic studies have continued to increase in size, it becomes important that observations be backed up by labeled images. Traditional desktop software applications currently in wide use do not provide robust support for team-based research or for image manipulation and storage. MorphoBank is a particularly important tool for the growing scientific field of phenomics.
The development of MorphoBank, which began in 2001, has been funded by the National Science Foundation's Directorates for Geosciences, Biological Sciences and Computer and Information Science and Engineering. The significance of the scientific work on MorphoBank has been featured in the New York Times(here and here), among other publications.
Advantages
Teams of scientists studying phylogenetics to build the Tree of Life assemble large spreadsheets of observations about species (referred to as "matrices"). These teams require simultaneous access by each team member to a single and secure copy of the team's data during a scientific research project. This single copy of the data also changes with great frequency during the data collection phase. Images that can be very helpful for documenting homology statements must be displayed, labeled and shared as homology statements develop. This cannot be accomplished elegan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobiforma | Halobiforma (common abbreviation: Hbf.) is a genus of halophilic archaea of the family Natrialbaceae.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
See also
List of Archaea genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halococcus | Halococcus (common abbreviation: Hcc.) is a genus of the Halococcaceae.
Ecology
Halococcus is a genus of extreme halophilic archaea, meaning that they require high salt levels, sometimes as high as 32% NaCl, for optimal growth. Halophiles are found mainly in inland bodies of water with high salinity, where their pigments (from a protein called rhodopsinprotein) tint the sediment bright colors. Rhodopsinprotein and other proteins serve to protect Halococcus from the extreme salinities of their environments. Because they can function under such high-salt conditions, Halococcus and similar halophilic organisms have been used in the food industry and even in skin-care products.
Halococcus is found in environments with high salt levels, mainly inland bodies of salt water, but some may be located in highly salted soil or foods. The pigmented proteins in some species cause the reddish tint found in some areas of the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake, especially at the end of the growing season. When under cultivation, the organisms grew best under high salinity conditions.
Genome structure
The genome of multiple halococcus species have been sequenced. The 16s rDNA of a species has demonstrated its placement on the phylogenetic tree. Due to the organisms' potential longevity, Halococcus may be a good candidate for exploring taxonomic similarities to life found in outer space.
Cell structure and metabolism
Halococcus species are able to survive in high-saline habitats because of chlorine pumps that maintain osmotic balance with the salinity of their habitat, and thus prevent dehydration of the cytoplasm.
The cells are cocci, 0.6–1.5 micrometres long with sulfated polysaccharide walls. The cells are organtrophic, using amino acids, organic acids, or carbohydrates for energy. In some cases, they are also able to photosynthesize.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogeometricum | In taxonomy, Halogeometricum (common abbreviation: Hgm.) is a genus of the Haloferacaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanothermus | Methanothermus is a genus of microbes within the family Methanothermaceae. The species within this genes are hyperthermophiles and strictly anaerobic. They produce energy through the reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen to produce methane. it is found in hydrothermal vents with temperatures as high as 85 °C and pH 6.5. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20Naval%20Grid%20System | German Naval Grid Reference (German:Gradnetzmeldeverfahren), was a system for referencing a location on a map. Introduced initially by the German Luftwaffe just before World War II, it was used widely in the German armed forces until 1943. Each armed force had its own version of this reference.
The reference used in the ’Gradnetzmeldeverfahren’ can be viewed as a short form of the position in full, without a real translation or encoding.
In the Kriegsmarine version, the entire globe was divided into large square sectors (assuming a Mercator projection), each with its unique two-letter designation (e.g. AE, AF, BA, BB, etc.) with each square called a quadrant 486 nautical miles to a side. E.g CA covered the East Coast of the United States from about Portsmouth, Hampshire south to Cape Fear, North Carolina. Each such sector was further sub-divided into a 3 x 3 matrix, so that there were nine squares. Each of the nine squares were again divided into nine smaller squares.
This was known as a Grid, so that there were now 81 total grid squares within a sector. Each grid was given a two-digit designation, so the Grid System would now have two alphabets and two digits. Each of these Grids were again divided in the same manner – first into a 3 x 3 matrix, and then each matrix was divided into nine squares, so that a further 81 squares were formed within the Grid. Each newly formed square was again given a two digit designation. The complete Grid System would now read as two alphabets with four digits. This can be referred to as the patrol zone. Thus the Kriegsmarine could pinpoint any location on the globe using six characters, a very useful tool when using radio. Its precision was to the level of six nautical miles within a grid. This was how locations were communicated to naval units, particularly U-boats. Thus grid location AN1879 denoted a location east of Northern Scotland, just below Scapa Flow.
For example, major grid AJ is located south of Greenland. Each submari |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preformationism | In the history of biology, preformationism (or preformism) is a formerly popular theory that organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves. Instead of assembly from parts, preformationists believed that the form of living things exist, in real terms, prior to their development. Preformationists suggested that all organisms were created at the same time, and that succeeding generations grow from homunculi, or animalcules, that have existed since the beginning of creation, which is typically defined by religious beliefs.
Epigenesis (or neoformism), then, in this context, is the denial of preformationism: the idea that, in some sense, the form of living things comes into existence. As opposed to "strict" preformationism, it is the notion that "each embryo or organism is gradually produced from an undifferentiated mass by a series of steps and stages during which new parts are added" (Magner 2002, p. 154). This word is still used in a more modern sense, to refer to those aspects of the generation of form during ontogeny that are not strictly genetic, or, in other words, epigenetic.
Apart from those distinctions (preformationism-epigenesis and genetic-epigenetic), the terms preformistic development, epigenetic development and somatic embryogenesis are also used in another context, in relation to the differentiation of a distinct germ cell line. In preformistic development, the germ line is present since early development. In epigenetic development, the germ line is present, but it appears late. In somatic embryogenesis, a distinct germ line is lacking. Some authors call Weismannist development (either preformistic or epigenetic) that in which there is a distinct germ line.
The historical ideas of preformationism and epigenesis, and the rivalry between them, are obviated by the contemporary understanding of the genetic code and its molecular basis together with developmental biology and epigenetics.
Philosophical development
Pythagoras is one of the earliest |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray%20foam | Spray foam (expanding foam in the UK) is a chemical product created by two materials, isocyanate and polyol resin, which react when mixed with each other and expand up to 30-60 times its liquid volume after it is sprayed in place. This expansion makes it useful as a specialty packing material which forms to the shape of the product being packaged and produces a high thermal insulating value with virtually no air infiltration.
History
Otto Bayer (1902–1982) is credited with the invention of polyurethane in 1937. He succeeded in synthesizing polyurethane foam by exploring his basic idea that mixing small volumes of chemical substances could create dry foam materials.
Polyurethane was further developed for different applications, ranging from shoe soles and cushions to industrial uses. In the 1940s rigid foam was applied to airplanes, and in 1979 polyurethane began being used as building insulation.
Properties
Thermal resistance
R-value is the term given to thermal resistance to heat flow. The higher the R-value of an insulation product, the more effective the insulation properties. Spray polyurethane foam comes in a range of densities and cell structure. Low density foams are referred to as open cell SPF while higher density foams are referred to as closed cell foam. 1.8-2 pound polyurethane foam has the highest R-value of readily available spray foam insulation used in homes and buildings.
Polyurethane is a closed-cell foam insulation material that initially contains a low-conductivity gas in its cells. As a result of the high thermal resistance of the gas, spray polyurethane insulation typically has an initial R-value around R-3.4 to R-6.7 per inch. In comparison, glass wool typically has an R-Value of only R-3 to R-4 per inch.
Foam insulation blocks all three forms of heat transfer:
Conductive heat transferThe flow of thermal energy through a substance from a higher to a lower temperature region. Foam thermoset plastics reduce conductive heat transfer du |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenodorus%20%28mathematician%29 | Zenodorus (; c. 200 – c. 140 BC) was an ancient Greek mathematician.
Life and work
Little is known about the life of Zenodorus, although he may have befriended Philonides and made two trips to Athens, as described in Philonides' biography. From the style of his writing, it is known that he lived not much later than Archimedes.
He is mentioned in Diocles' On Burning Mirrors:
And when Zenodorus the astronomer came down to Arcadia and was introduced to us, he asked us how to find a mirror surface such that when it is placed facing the sun the rays reflected from it meet a point and thus cause burning.
Zenodorus is known for authoring the treatise On isoperimetric figures, now lost. Many of its propositions are known from Theon of Alexandria's commentary on Ptolemy's Syntaxis. In his On isoperimetric figures, Zenodorus studies the areas and perimeters of different geometric figures. The most important propositions proved by him are that,
Of all regular polygons of equal perimeter, that is the greatest in area which has the most angles.
A circle is greater than any regular polygon of equal contour.
Of all polygons of the same number of sides and equal perimeter the equilateral and equiangular polygon is the greatest in area.
Of all solid figures the surfaces of which are equal, the sphere is the greatest in solid content..
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event%20chain%20diagram | Event chain diagrams are visualizations that show the relationships between events and tasks and how the events affect each other.
Event chain diagrams are introduced as a part of event chain methodology. Event chain methodology is an uncertainty modeling and schedule network analysis technique that is focused on identifying and managing events and event chains that affect project schedules. Event chain methodology is the next advance beyond critical path method and critical chain project management.
Rules
Event chain diagrams are presented on the Gantt chart according to the specification.
This specification is a set of rules, which can be understood by anybody using this diagram.
For Single Events
Single events are shown as arrows on the bars on a Gantt Chart. Arrows pointing down represent threats. Arrows pointing up on the Gantt chart represent opportunities or event “Risk Response Plan is executed”. Two arrows in one point represent both threats and opportunities for one risk. The particular horizontal position of the arrow on the Gantt bar is not relevant.
Issues are shown as arrow in the circle Color of the issue arrow is red (dark)
Closed or transferred risks are shown using dashed lines. Color of arrow is white. Closed issue is shown in the circle with dashed border line.
Global threats are shown at the top of the diagrams pointing down, global opportunities are shown at the bottom of diagrams pointing up. Both threats and opportunities belonging to the same global risk are placed at the top and at the bottom of the diagram along the same vertical line.
Time-dependent global risks, or risks affecting activities running during certain period time, would have a vertical dashed line, associated with them. Statistical distribution for moment of risk can be shown around that arrow, representing time-dependent global risk.
Colors of arrows represent the calculated the impact of the risk. Risks with higher are presented as red or dark arrows. Risks w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MACPF | The Membrane Attack Complex/Perforin (MACPF) superfamily, sometimes referred to as the MACPF/CDC superfamily, is named after a domain that is common to the membrane attack complex (MAC) proteins of the complement system (C6, C7, C8α, C8β and C9) and perforin (PF). Members of this protein family are pore-forming toxins (PFTs). In eukaryotes, MACPF proteins play a role in immunity and development.
Archetypal members of the family are complement C9 and perforin, both of which function in human immunity. C9 functions by punching holes in the membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. Perforin is released by cytotoxic T cells and lyses virally infected and transformed cells. In addition, perforin permits delivery of cytotoxic proteases called granzymes that cause cell death. Deficiency of either protein can result in human disease. Structural studies reveal that MACPF domains are related to cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs), a family of pore forming toxins previously thought to only exist in bacteria.
Families
As of early 2016, there are three families belonging to the MACPF superfamily:
1.C.12 - The Thiol-activated Cholesterol-dependent Cytolysin (CDC) Family
1.C.39 - The Membrane Attack Complex/Perforin (MACPF) Family
1.C.97 - The Pleurotolysin Pore-forming (Pleurotolysin) Family
Membrane Attack Complex/Perforin (MACPF) Family
Proteins containing MACPF domains play key roles in vertebrate immunity, embryonic development, and neural-cell migration. The ninth component of complement and perforin form oligomeric pores that lyse bacteria and kill virus-infected cells, respectively. The crystal structure of a bacterial MACPF protein, Plu-MACPF from Photorhabdus luminescens was determined (). The MACPF domain is structurally similar to pore-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysins from gram-positive bacteria, suggesting that MACPF proteins create pores and disrupt cell membranes similar to cytolysin. A representative list of proteins belonging to the MACPF family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic%20narrative | An analytic narrative is a social science research method seeking to combine historical narratives with the rigor of rational choice theory, particularly through the use of game theory.
The goal of analytic narratives is to provide several forms of discipline on the structure of case studies, such as a game, out of sample tests, and additional predictions that can be tested even if the main assertion about the case cannot.
Analytic narratives (Bates et al. 1998, 2000; Levi 2002, 2004) involve choosing a problem or puzzle, then building a model to explicate the logic of an explanation for the puzzle or problem, often in the context of a unique case. The method involves: the use of narrative to elucidate the principal players, their preferences, the key decision points and possibilities, and the rules of game in a textured and sequenced account; and the evaluation of the model through comparative statics and the testable implications the model generates. The analytic narrative approach is most attractive to scholars who seek to evaluate the strength of parsimonious causal mechanisms in the context of a specific and often unique case. The requirement of explicit formal theorizing (or at least theory that could be formalized) compels scholars to make causal statements and to identify a small number of variables as central to understanding the case.
This approach provides two methods for establishing the generalizability of the theory. First, the model in an analytic narrative often affords a range of explanations and predictions. Although the main account of a unique case may not be testable, the model may yield other predictions that can be tested, either in this case or in other cases. Second, as with other methods, out-of-sample tests constitute an important route to generalization. The presumption today in social science research is that the authors will provide those tests themselves. However, seldom does the level of knowledge for the out of sample case rival t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toric%20lens | A toric lens is a lens with different optical power and focal length in two orientations perpendicular to each other. One of the lens surfaces is shaped like a "cap" from a torus (see figure at right), and the other one is usually spherical. Such a lens behaves like a combination of a spherical lens and a cylindrical lens. Toric lenses are used primarily in eyeglasses, contact lenses and intraocular lenses to correct astigmatism.
Torus
A torus is the surface of revolution resulting when a circle with radius r rotates around an axis lying within the same plane as the circle, at a distance R from the circle's centre (see figure at right). If R > r, a ring torus is produced. If R = r, a horn torus is produced, where the opening is contracted into a single point. R < r results in a spindle torus, where only two "dips" remain from the opening; these dips become less deep as R approaches 0. When R = 0, the torus degenerates into a sphere with radius r.
Radius of curvature and optical power
The greatest radius of curvature of the toric lens surface, , corresponds to the smallest refractive power, S, given by
,
where n is the index of refraction of the lens material.
The smallest radius of curvature, r, corresponds to the greatest refractive power, s, given by
.
Since , . The lens behaves approximately like a combination of a spherical lens with optical power s and a cylindrical lens with power . In ophthalmology and optometry, is called the cylinder power of the lens.
Note that both the greatest and the smallest curvature have a circular shape. Consequently, in contrast with a popular assumption, the toric lens is not an ellipsoid of revolution.
Light ray and its refractive power
Light rays within the (x,y)-plane of the torus (as defined in the figure above) are refracted according to the greatest radius of curvature, , which means that it has the smallest refractive power, S.
Light rays within a plane through the axis of revolution (the z axis) of the toru |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20parametric%20models | A parametric model is a set of related mathematical equations that incorporates variable parameters. A scenario is defined by selecting a value for each parameter. Software project managers use software parametric models and parametric estimation tools to estimate their projects' duration, staffing and cost.
In the early 1980s refinements to earlier models, such as PRICE S and SLIM, and new models, such as SPQR, Checkpoint, ESTIMACS, SEER-SEM or COCOMO and its commercial implementations PCOC, Costimator, GECOMO, COSTAR and Before You Leap emerged.
The prime advantage of these models is that they are objective, repeatable, calibrated and easy to use, although calibration to previous experience may be a disadvantage when applied to a significantly different project.
These models were highly effective for waterfall model, version 1 software projects of the 1980s and highlighted the early achievements of parametrics. As systems became more complex and new languages emerged, different software parametric models emerged that employed new cost estimating relationships, risk analyzers, software sizing, nonlinear software reuse, and personnel continuity. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20flatness | In topology, a branch of mathematics, local flatness is a smoothness condition that can be imposed on topological submanifolds. In the category of topological manifolds, locally flat submanifolds play a role similar to that of embedded submanifolds in the category of smooth manifolds. Violations of local flatness describe ridge networks and crumpled structures, with applications to materials processing and mechanical engineering.
Definition
Suppose a d dimensional manifold N is embedded into an n dimensional manifold M (where d < n). If we say N is locally flat at x if there is a neighborhood of x such that the topological pair is homeomorphic to the pair , with the standard inclusion of That is, there exists a homeomorphism such that the image of coincides with . In diagrammatic terms, the following square must commute:
We call N locally flat in M if N is locally flat at every point. Similarly, a map is called locally flat, even if it is not an embedding, if every x in N has a neighborhood U whose image is locally flat in M.
In manifolds with boundary
The above definition assumes that, if M has a boundary, x is not a boundary point of M. If x is a point on the boundary of M then the definition is modified as follows. We say that N is locally flat at a boundary point x of M if there is a neighborhood of x such that the topological pair is homeomorphic to the pair , where is a standard half-space and is included as a standard subspace of its boundary.
Consequences
Local flatness of an embedding implies strong properties not shared by all embeddings. Brown (1962) proved that if d = n − 1, then N is collared; that is, it has a neighborhood which is homeomorphic to N × [0,1] with N itself corresponding to N × 1/2 (if N is in the interior of M) or N × 0 (if N is in the boundary of M).
See also
Euclidean space
Neat submanifold |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20laboratory | A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where tests are conducted out on clinical specimens to obtain information about the health of a patient to aid in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Clinical medical laboratories are an example of applied science, as opposed to research laboratories that focus on basic science, such as found in some academic institutions.
Medical laboratories vary in size and complexity and so offer a variety of testing services. More comprehensive services can be found in acute-care hospitals and medical centers, where 70% of clinical decisions are based on laboratory testing. Doctors offices and clinics, as well as skilled nursing and long-term care facilities, may have laboratories that provide more basic testing services. Commercial medical laboratories operate as independent businesses and provide testing that is otherwise not provided in other settings due to low test volume or complexity.
Departments
In hospitals and other patient-care settings, laboratory medicine is provided by the Department of Pathology and Medical Laboratory, and generally divided into two sections, each of which will be subdivided into multiple specialty areas. The two sections are:
Anatomic pathology: areas included here are histopathology, cytopathology, and electron microscopy.
Medical Laboratory, which typically includes the following areas:
Clinical microbiology: This encompasses several different sciences, including bacteriology, virology, parasitology, immunology, and mycology.
Clinical chemistry: This area typically includes automated analysis of blood specimens, including tests related to enzymology, toxicology and endocrinology.
Hematology: This area includes automated and manual analysis of blood cells. It also often includes coagulation.
Blood bank involves the testing of blood specimens in order to provide blood transfusion and related services.
Molecular diagnostics DNA testing may be done here, along with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAT%28k%29%20space | In mathematics, a space, where is a real number, is a specific type of metric space. Intuitively, triangles in a space are "slimmer" than corresponding "model triangles" in a standard space of constant curvature . In a space, the curvature is bounded from above by . A notable special case is ; complete spaces are known as "Hadamard spaces" after the French mathematician Jacques Hadamard.
Originally, Aleksandrov called these spaces “ domain”.
The terminology was coined by Mikhail Gromov in 1987 and is an acronym for Élie Cartan, Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov and Victor Andreevich Toponogov (although Toponogov never explored curvature bounded above in publications).
Definitions
For a real number , let denote the unique complete simply connected surface (real 2-dimensional Riemannian manifold) with constant curvature . Denote by the diameter of , which is if and is if .
Let be a geodesic metric space, i.e. a metric space for which every two points can be joined by a geodesic segment, an arc length parametrized continuous curve , whose length
is precisely . Let be a triangle in with geodesic segments as its sides. is said to satisfy the inequality if there is a comparison triangle in the model space , with sides of the same length as the sides of , such that distances between points on are less than or equal to the distances between corresponding points on .
The geodesic metric space is said to be a space if every geodesic triangle in with perimeter less than satisfies the inequality. A (not-necessarily-geodesic) metric space is said to be a space with curvature if every point of has a geodesically convex neighbourhood. A space with curvature may be said to have non-positive curvature.
Examples
Any space is also a space for all . In fact, the converse holds: if is a space for all , then it is a space.
The -dimensional Euclidean space with its usual metric is a space. More generally, any real inner product space (not nec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gromov%20product | In mathematics, the Gromov product is a concept in the theory of metric spaces named after the mathematician Mikhail Gromov. The Gromov product can also be used to define δ-hyperbolic metric spaces in the sense of Gromov.
Definition
Let (X, d) be a metric space and let x, y, z ∈ X. Then the Gromov product of y and z at x, denoted (y, z)x, is defined by
Motivation
Given three points x, y, z in the metric space X, by the triangle inequality there exist non-negative numbers a, b, c such that . Then the Gromov products are . In the case that the points x, y, z are the outer nodes of a tripod then these Gromov products are the lengths of the edges.
In the hyperbolic, spherical or euclidean plane, the Gromov product (A, B)C equals the distance p between C and the point where the incircle of the geodesic triangle ABC touches the edge CB or CA. Indeed from the diagram , so that . Thus for any metric space, a geometric interpretation of (A, B)C is obtained by isometrically embedding (A, B, C) into the euclidean plane.
Properties
The Gromov product is symmetric: (y, z)x = (z, y)x.
The Gromov product degenerates at the endpoints: (y, z)y = (y, z)z = 0.
For any points p, q, x, y and z,
Points at infinity
Consider hyperbolic space Hn. Fix a base point p and let and be two distinct points at infinity. Then the limit
exists and is finite, and therefore can be considered as a generalized Gromov product. It is actually given by the formula
where is the angle between the geodesic rays and .
δ-hyperbolic spaces and divergence of geodesics
The Gromov product can be used to define δ-hyperbolic spaces in the sense of Gromov.: (X, d) is said to be δ-hyperbolic if, for all p, x, y and z in X,
In this case. Gromov product measures how long geodesics remain close together. Namely, if x, y and z are three points of a δ-hyperbolic metric space then the initial segments of length (y, z)x of geodesics from x to y and x to z are no further than 2δ apart (in the sense of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%C5%8D%20Monogatari | Madō Monogatari, known in the west as Sorcery Saga, is a series of first-person dungeon crawler role-playing video games by Compile. The first game was released in 1990 for MSX2. Sega published the Game Gear remakes based on 1-2-3. The characters of this series would later be used in the puzzle game Puyo Puyo.
Plot
Characters
Arle Nadja – the main protagonist of the series.
Monsters – the main antagonists of the series.
Gameplay
Gameplay combines role-playing elements with some unique twists. For example, there are no numeric stats; instead, everything is represented by character facial expressions and sprites. Another is the complete lack of physical attacks. Everything utilizes one of four magical elements: Fire, Ice Storm, Thunder, and Bayoen. Some enemies are weaker against one particular magic attack than another.
Games in the series
Remakes
Disc Station
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20branches%20of%20thoracic%20nerves | The posterior branches of thoracic nerves branch from the dorsal rami of the thoracic nerves.
Branches
Medial branches
The medial branches of the posterior divisions of the upper six thoracic nerves run between the semispinalis dorsi and multifidus, which they supply. They then pierce the rhomboidei and trapezius, and reach the skin by the sides of the spinous processes.
The medial branches of the lower six are distributed chiefly to the multifidus and longissimus, occasionally they give off filaments to the skin near the middle line.
Lateral branches
The lateral branches increase in size from above downward.
They run through or beneath the Longissimus dorsi to the interval between it and the Iliocostales, and supply these muscles; the lower five or six also give off cutaneous branches which pierce the Serratus posterior inferior and Latissimus dorsi in a line with the angles of the ribs.
The lateral branches of a variable number of the upper thoracic nerves also give filaments to the skin.
The lateral branch of the twelfth thoracic, after sending a filament medialward along the iliac crest, passes downward to the skin of the buttock.
Medial cutaneous branches
The medial cutaneous branches of the posterior divisions of the thoracic nerves descend for some distance close to the spinous processes before reaching the skin, while the lateral branches travel downward for a considerable distance—it may be as much as the breadth of four ribs—before they become superficial; the branch from the twelfth thoracic, for instance, reaches the skin only a little way above the iliac crest.
Additional images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20branch%20of%20coccygeal%20nerve | The posterior division of the coccygeal nerve does not divide into a medial and a lateral branch, but receives a communicating branch from the last sacral; it is distributed to the skin over the back of the coccyx. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20branches%20of%20the%20lumbar%20nerves | The posterior branches of the lumbar nerves branch from the dorsal rami of the lumbar nerves.
Branches
The medial branches run close to the articular processes of the vertebræ and end in the Multifidus.
The lateral branches supply the Sacrospinalis. The upper three give off cutaneous nerves which pierce the aponeurosis of the Latissimus dorsi at the lateral border of the Sacrospinalis and descend across the posterior part of the iliac crest to the skin of the buttock, some of their twigs running as far as the level of the greater trochanter. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20branches%20of%20cervical%20nerves | The posterior branches of cervical nerves branch from the dorsal rami of the cervical nerves.
Branches
First
The posterior division of the first cervical or suboccipital nerve is larger than the anterior division, and emerges above the posterior arch of the atlas and beneath the vertebral artery. It enters the suboccipital triangle and supplies the muscles which bound this triangle, viz., the Rectus capitis posterior major, and the Obliquus capitis superior and Obliquus capitis inferior; it gives branches also to the Rectus capitis posterior minor and the Semispinalis capitis. A filament from the branch to the Obliquus capitis inferior joins the posterior division of the second cervical nerve.
The nerve occasionally gives off a cutaneous branch which accompanies the occipital artery to the scalp, and communicates with the greater and lesser occipital nerves.
Second
The posterior division of the second cervical nerve is much larger than the anterior division, and is the greatest of all the cervical posterior divisions. It emerges between the posterior arch of the atlas and the lamina of the axis, below the Obliquus capitis inferior. It supplies a twig to this muscle, receives a communicating filament from the posterior division of the first cervical, and then divides into a large medial and a small lateral branch.
The medial branch (ramus medialis; internal branch), called from its size and distribution the greater occipital nerve, ascends obliquely between the Obliquus capitis inferior and the Semispinalis capitis, and pierces the latter muscle and the Trapezius near their attachments to the occipital bone. It is then joined by a filament from the medial branch of the posterior division of the third cervical, and, ascending on the back of the head with the occipital artery, divides into branches which communicate with the lesser occipital nerve and supply the skin of the scalp as far forward as the vertex of the skull. It gives off muscular branches to the Semi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch%20reporting | Catch reporting is a part of Monitoring control and surveillance of Commercial fishing. Depending on national and local fisheries management practices, catch reports may reveal illegal fishing practices, or simply indicate that a given area is being overfished.
Manual Catch Reporting
The general industry practice is to write out a catch report on paper, and present it to a fisheries management official when they return to port. If information does not seem plausible to the official, the report may be verified by physical inspection of the catch. Alternatively, a suspicious vessel may need to carry an independent observer on future voyages.
Semi-automated Catch Reporting
Some Vessel monitoring systems have features that collect, from keyboard input, the data that constitutes a catch report for the entire voyage. More advanced systems periodically transmit the current catch as electronic mail, so fisheries management centers can determine if a controlled area needs to be closed to further fishing.
While there is no standardization as yet for catch reports, a starting point came from a 1981 Conference of Experts:
Catch on entry to each controlled area
Weekly catch
Transshipment
Port of landing
Catch on exiting a controlled area
Days at sea
Daily time at sea
Seasonal catch limits
Per-trip catch limits
Limits on catch within certain areas
Individual (vessel) transferable quotas
Minimum or maximum fish (or shellfish) sizes
This was extended, in 1993, to include: to include the measurement of:
catch
species composition
fishing effort
Bycatch (i.e., species unintentionally caught, such as dolphins in tuna fishery)
area of operations
A number of programs require tracking of days at sea (DAS) for a given vessel. They may require tracking the total cumulative catch of a given fishery.
Major Trends
Where the local fishery economy permits, perhaps with international funding, near-real-time catch reporting will become a basic feature of vessel manag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexural%20modulus | In mechanics, the flexural modulus or bending modulus is an intensive property that is computed as the ratio of stress to strain in flexural deformation, or the tendency for a material to resist bending. It is determined from the slope of a stress-strain curve produced by a flexural test (such as the ASTM D790), and uses units of force per area. The flexural modulus defined using the 2-point (cantilever) and 3-point bend tests assumes a linear stress strain response.
For a 3-point test of a rectangular beam behaving as an isotropic linear material, where w and h are the width and height of the beam, I is the second moment of area of the beam's cross-section, L is the distance between the two outer supports, and d is the deflection due to the load F applied at the middle of the beam, the flexural modulus:
From elastic beam theory
and for rectangular beam
thus (Elastic modulus)
For very small strains in isotropic materials like glass, metal or polymer, flexural or bending modulus of elasticity is equivalent to the tensile modulus (Young's modulus) or compressive modulus of elasticity. However, in anisotropic materials, for example wood, these values may not be equivalent. Moreover, composite materials like fiber-reinforced polymers or biological tissues are inhomogeneous combinations of two or more materials, each with different material properties, therefore their tensile, compressive, and flexural moduli usually are not equivalent.
Related pages
Stiffness |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abell%20520 | Abell 520 (also known as A520) is a galaxy cluster in the Orion constellation, located at a co-moving radial distance of and subtends 25 arcminutes on the Earth sky.
The cluster possesses an unusual substructure resulting from a major merger. It has been popularly nicknamed the Train Wreck Cluster, due to its chaotic structure. It is classified as a Bautz-Morgan type III cluster. Analysis of the motions of 293 galaxies in the cluster field suggested that Abell 520 was a cluster forming at the crossing of three filaments of the large scale structure.
The surprising substructure of Abell 520 was reported in 2007 from a weak gravitational lensing study based on Canada-France-Hawaii-Telescope (CFHT) imaging data. It was surprising at first, because the study found the "dark core" with a significant amount of mass in the region, where there is no concentration of bright cluster galaxies. No conventional understanding of dark matter could explain this peculiar concentration of dark matter. At the time, some thought that the substructure may arise from non-gravitational interaction of dark matter.
However, in the year 2012 two international teams of astronomers published conflicting results on Abell 520. While one study based on the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) on Hubble Space Telescope (HST) confirmed the previous claim of the dark core in Abell 520, the other study based on the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) did not support the claim. Although the latter group found the "dark core", they also found luminous matter, which made the "dark core" not so dark—in particular, just as bright as any other galaxy with dark matter.
In 2014, a study of the ACS images by the original team claims to again have found evidence of a dark core, but is in a different location from the first two studies. A subsequent analysis by an independent third team of the gravitational shear catalogs of the two competing ACS analyses indicates marginal evidence for the core in both da |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenus%20of%20Antino%C3%B6polis | Serenus of Antinoöpolis (; c. 300 – c. 360 AD) was a Greek mathematician from the Late Antique Thebaid in Roman Egypt.
Life and work
Serenus came either from Antinoeia or from Antinoöpolis, a city in Egypt founded by Hadrian on top of an older settlement. Two sources confirm that he was born in Antinoöpolis. It was once believed that he was born in Antissa, but this has been shown to have been based on an error.
Serenus wrote a commentary on the Conics of Apollonius, which is now lost. We hear from Theon of Alexandria that the main result of the commentary was that of a number of angles that are subtended at a point on a diameter of a circle that is not the center, then with equal arcs of that circle, the angle nearer to the center is always less than the angle farther away from the center. But he was also a prime mathematician in his own right, having written two works entitled On the Section of a Cylinder and On the Section of a Cone, works that came to be connected to Apollonius' Conics. This connection helped them to survive through the ages.
In the preface of On the Section of a Cylinder, Serenus states that his motivation for writing this work, as summarized by Heath, was that "many persons who were students of geometry were under the erroneous that the oblique section of a cylinder was different from the oblique section of a cone known as an ellipse, whereas it is of course the same curve." The work consists of thirty-three propositions.
Proposition six proves the existence an oblique cylinder of the parallel circular sections subcontrary to the series of which the bases are two.
Proposition nine proves that the section by any plane not parallel to that of the bases or of one of the subcontrary sections but cutting all the generators is not a circle.
Propositions fourteen and sixteen, the main results, are follow ups of the previous propositions where the said section is proved to have the property of the ellipse.
Proposition seventeen puts the pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topcolor | Topcolor is a model in theoretical physics, of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking in which the top quark and anti-top quark form a composite Higgs boson by a new force arising from massive "top gluons". The solution to composite Higgs models was actually anticipated in 1981, and found to be the Infrared fixed point for the top quark mass.
Analogy with known physics
The composite Higgs boson made from a bound pair of top-anti-top quarks is analogous to the phenomenon of superconductivity, where Cooper pairs are formed by the exchange of phonons. The pairing dynamics and its solution was treated in the Bardeen-Hill-Lindner model.
The original topcolor naturally involved an extension of the standard model color gauge group to a product group SU(3)×SU(3)×SU(3)×... One of the gauge groups contains
the top and bottom quarks, and has a sufficiently large coupling constant to cause the condensate to form. The topcolor model anticipates the idea of dimensional deconstruction and extra space dimensions, as well as the large mass of the top quark.
In 2019 this was revisited ("scalar democracy") in which many composite Higgs bosons may form at very high energies, composed of the known quarks and leptons, perhaps bound by universal force (e.g., gravity, or an extension of topcolor). The standard model Higgs boson is then a top-anti-top boundstate. The theory predicts many new Higgs doublets, starting at the TeV mass scale, with couplings to the known fermions, that may explain their masses and mixing angles. The first sequential new Higgs bosons should be accessible to the LHC.
See also
Fermion condensate
Technicolor (physics)
Hierarchy problem
Top quark condensate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola%20Marschall | Nicola Marschall (March 16, 1829 – February 24, 1917) was a German-American artist who supported the Confederate cause during the American Civil War. He designed the original Confederate flag, the Stars and Bars, as well as the official grey uniform of the Confederate army.
Biography
On March 16, 1829, Marschall was born in Sankt Wendel, Germany, to a wealthy Prussian family of tobacco merchants.
In 1849, Marschall emigrated to the United States through New Orleans, Louisiana, headed for the home of a relative in Mobile, Alabama.
In 1851, Marschall relocated to Marion, Alabama, where he began teaching art first at his portrait studio, and then at the Marion Female Seminary. During this time he briefly returned to Germany to further his art technique.
Mary Clay Lockett, wife of prominent Marion attorney Napoleon Lockett, requested of Marschall to take part in the competition to create a new flag to represent the Confederate States of America. Marschall's design became the first Confederate flag, first raised in Montgomery, Alabama, on March 4, 1861. During the Civil War, Marschall served in the Second Regiment of Confederate Engineer Troops, under Samuel Lockett. After the war, he returned to Marion and married Martha Eliza Marshall.
During his career, Marschall painted portraits of Jefferson Davis, Abraham Lincoln, Otto von Bismarck, various Southern families, and Confederate and Union soldiers. He was one of the few who was able to have Nathan Bedford Forrest pose for him. Additionally, he did many landscapes and religious paintings. He was known to sign and date his portraits using a steel pen while the paint was still wet, at the bottom-right of the portrait.
Due to the economic depression in the South following the war, Marschall returned to Mobile in 1872. In 1873, he and his family moved to Louisville, Kentucky, as his friends told him it would be an easier place to gain commissions to do portraits. At the Centennial International Exposition in Philad |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20junction | In electronics/spintronics, a tunnel junction is a barrier, such as a thin insulating layer or electric potential, between two electrically conducting materials. Electrons (or quasiparticles) pass through the barrier by the process of quantum tunnelling. Classically, the electron has zero probability of passing through the barrier. However, according to quantum mechanics, the electron has a non-zero wave amplitude in the barrier, and hence it has some probability of passing through the barrier. Tunnel junctions serve a variety of different purposes.
Multijunction photovoltaic cell
In multijunction photovoltaic cells, tunnel junctions form the connections between consecutive p-n junctions. They function as an ohmic electrical contact in the middle of a semiconductor device.
Magnetic tunnel junction
In magnetic tunnel junctions, electrons tunnel through a thin insulating barrier from one magnetic material to another. This can serve as a basis for a magnetic detector.
Superconducting tunnel junction
In superconducting tunnel junctions, two superconducting electrodes are separated by a non-superconducting barrier. Cooper pairs carry the supercurrent through the barrier by quantum tunneling, a phenomenon known as the Josephson effect. This setup can form the basis for extremely sensitive magnetometers, known as SQUIDs, as well as many other devices.
Tunnel diode
In tunnel diodes, a diode allows the tunneling of electrons for certain voltages. This allows them to be used for generating high-frequency signals.
Scanning tunneling microscope
In scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), the tip/air/substrate (metal-insulator-metal) can be viewed as a tunnel junction. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20SA%20International%20Award | The IEEE Standard Association Award is presented annually to an IEEE-SA individual member (who is also an IEEE member) who has made an extraordinary contribution to establishing the IEEE-SA as a leader in standardization. Recognition consists of a crystal globe and certificate.
Achieving acceptance of an IEEE standard for worldwide implementation, harmonizing an IEEE standard with international market requirements, and interacting with national and international bodies to enhance their understanding of the breadth and strength of the SA standards program are but examples of promoting the world-class leadership goal.
The International Award is to recognize an IEEE-SA member who whatever the venue or activity, has excelled in this endeavor.
Recipients
2019 - W. Charlton (Chuck) Adams, Jr
"For his exemplary leadership to shape the current incarnation of the IEEE SA Corporate Program and for serving as the first chair of the IEEE SA Corporate Advisory Group, creating methodologies that expanded the global reach of IEEE standards development, particularly in China"
2019 - Teresa Doran
"For outstanding achievement and dedication to the harmonization of systems and software engineering life-cycle process standards within the international community"
2019 - Cheryl Jones
"For exceptional contributions over more than 25 years toward the development of systems engineering standards and guidance across many standards development organizations and industry associations, achieving acceptance of multiple IEEE standards for worldwide implementation for systems engineering"
2019 - Vikass Monebhurrun
"For significant contributions to the development of international standards related to the field of antennas and propagation"
2018 - Leslie T. Falkingham
"For his extraordinary leadership and dedication in the field of Dual Logo standards and acceptance of these standards by the international community"
2018 - William Whyte
"For proposing, pursuing, and successfully achiev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Software | IEEE Software is a bimonthly peer-reviewed magazine and scientific journal published by the IEEE Computer Society covering all aspects of software engineering, processes, and practices. Its mission is to be the best source of reliable, useful, peer-reviewed information for leading software practitioners—the developers and managers who want to keep up with rapid technology change. It was established in 1983 and is published by the IEEE Computer Society. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3.3.
IEEE Software received the APEX 2016 Award of Excellence in the "Magazines, Journals & Tabloids — Electronic" category. IEEE Software November/December 2016 issue, "The Role of the Software Architect," won the 2017 Folio Eddies Digital Award in the "Standalone Digital Magazine; Association/Non-Profit (B-to-B) – Standalone Digital Magazine – less than 6 issues" category. IEEE Software also received an honorable mention in the Folio Digital Awards in 2018.
Editors-in-chief
The following individuals are or have been editor-in-chief of the journal:
See also
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
IET Software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Morris%20N.%20Liebmann%20Memorial%20Award | The initially called Morris Liebmann Memorial Prize provided by the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE), the IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award was created in 1919 in honor of Colonel Morris N. Liebmann. It was initially given to awardees who had "made public during the recent past an important contribution to radio communications". The award continued to be awarded as the IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award by the board of directors of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) after the IRE organization merged into the IEEE in 1963. The scope was changed to "for important contributions to emerging technologies recognized within recent years". After 2000, the award was superseded by the IEEE Daniel E. Noble Award.
Recipients
The following people received the IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award:
2000 – James S. Harris, Jr.
1998 – Naoki Yokoyama
1997 – Fujio Masuoka
1996 – Seiki Ogura
1995 – M. George Craford
1994 – Lubomyr T. Romankiw
1993 – B. Jayant Baliga
1992 – Praveen Chaudhari, Jerome J. Cuomo, and Richard J. Gambino
1991 – Morton B. Panish
1990 – Satoshi Hiyamizu and Takashi Mimura
1989 – Takanori Okoshi
1988 – James R. Boddie and Richard A. Pedersen
1986 – Bishnu S. Atal and Fumitada Itakura
1985 – Russell D. Dupuis and Harold M. Manasevit
1984 – David E. Carlson and Christopher R. Wronski
1983 – Robert W. Brodersen, Paul R. Gray, and David A. Hodges
1982 – John Arthur, Jr. and Alfred Y. Cho
1981 – Calvin F. Quate
1980 – Anthony J. Demaria
1979 – Ping King Tien
1978 – Charles K. Kao, John B. MacChesney, and Robert D. Maurer
1977 – Horst H. Berger and Siegfried K. Wiedmann
1976 – Herbert John Shaw
1975 – A. H. Bobeck, P. C. Michaelis, and H. E. D. Scovil
1974 – Willard Boyle and George E. Smith
1973 – Nick Holonyak
1972 – Stewart E. Miller
1971 – Martin Ryle
1970 – John A. Copeland
1969 – J. B. Gunn
1968 – Emmett N. Leith
1966 – Paul K. Weimer
1965 – William R. Bennett, Jr.
1964 – Arthur L. Schaw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Journal%20of%20Quantum%20Electronics | The IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering optical, electrical, and electronics engineering, and some applied aspects of lasers, physical optics, and quantum electronics. It is published by the IEEE Photonics Society and was established in 1965. The editor-in-chief is Hon Ki Tsang (The Chinese University of Hong Kong). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.318.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Science Citation Index
Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology
See also
IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Transactions%20on%20Control%20Systems%20Technology | The IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology is published bimonthly by the IEEE Control Systems Society. The journal publishes papers, letters, tutorials, surveys, and perspectives on control systems technology. The editor-in-chief is Prof. Andrea Serrani (Ohio State University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 5.312. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Transactions%20on%20Computer-Aided%20Design%20of%20Integrated%20Circuits%20and%20Systems | IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems (sometimes abbreviated IEEE TCAD or IEEE Transactions on CAD) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the design, analysis, and use of computer-aided design of integrated circuits and systems. It is published by the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society and the IEEE Council on Electronic Design Automation (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). The journal was established in 1982 and the editor-in-chief is Rajesh K. Gupta (University of California at San Diego). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 2.9.
Past editors-in-chief
Rajesh K. Gupta (2018-2022)
Vijaykrishnan Narayanan (2014-2018)
Sachin Sapatnekar (2010-2014)
See also
Electronic design automation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Transactions%20on%20Wireless%20Communications | IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Communications Society. It covers all areas of wireless communication systems and networks. It was established in 2002 and the editor-in-chief is currently Junshan Zhang (Arizona State University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 7.016. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Transactions%20on%20Applied%20Superconductivity | IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on applications of superconductivity and other relevant technology. Electronic applications include analog and digital circuits employing thin films and active devices such as Josephson junctions. Large-scale applications include magnets for power applications such as motors, generators, magnetic resonance, accelerators, and cable applications such as power transmissions. The journal was established in 1991 and is published by the IEEE Council on Superconductivity. The editor-in-chief is Alexander Polasek (CEPEL - Electrical Energy Research Center).
The journal exhibited unusual levels of self-citation and its journal impact factor of 2019 was suspended from Journal Citation Reports in 2020, a sanction that hit 34 journals in total. The journal was returned to the 2020 Journal Citation Reports index in 2021, and has remained in the index since then. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Transactions%20on%20Communications | IEEE Transactions on Communications is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Communications Society that focuses on all aspects of telecommunication technology, including telephone, telegraphy, facsimile, and point-to-point television by electromagnetic propagation. The editor-in-chief is Tolga M. Duman (Bilkent University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 5.69.
History
The journal traces back to the establishment of the Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884. The journal has gone through several name changes and splits over the years.
1884–1951: Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers
1952–1963: Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part I: Communication and Electronics
1953–1955: Transactions of the IRE Professional Group on Communications Systems
1956–1962: IRE Transactions on Communications Systems
1963–1964: IEEE Transactions on Communications Systems
1964: IEEE Transactions on Communication and Electronics
1964–1971: IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology
1972–present: IEEE Transactions on Communications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Communications%20Letters | IEEE Communications Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by the IEEE Communications Society since 1997 and covering communications technology. The editor-in-chief is Marco Di Renzo (Laboratory of Signals and Systems Paris-Saclay University CNRS—CentraleSupelec—University Paris-Sud-Paris, France). According to the Journal Citation Reports, it has a 2021 impact factor of 3.457. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Andreevich%20Toponogov | Victor Andreevich Toponogov (; March 6, 1930 – November 21, 2004) was an outstanding Russian mathematician, noted for his contributions to differential geometry and so-called Riemannian geometry "in the large".
Biography
After finishing secondary school in 1948, Toponogov entered the department of Mechanics and Mathematics at Tomsk State University, graduated with honours in 1953, and continued as a graduate student there until 1956. He moved to an institution in Novosibirsk in 1956 and lived in that city for the rest of his career. Since the institution at Novosibirsk had not yet been fully credentialed, he had defended his Ph.D. thesis at Moscow State University in 1958, on a subject in Riemann spaces. Novosibirsk State University was established in 1959. In 1961 Toponogov became a professor at a newly created Institute of Mathematics and Computing in Novosibirsk affiliated with the state university.
Toponogov's scientific interests were influenced by his advisor Abram Fet, who taught at Tomsk and later at Novosibirsk. Fet was a well-recognized topologist and specialist in variational calculus in the large. Toponogov's work was also strongly influenced by the work of Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov. Later, the class of metric spaces known as CAT(k) spaces would be named after Élie Cartan, Aleksandrov and Toponogov.
Toponogov published over forty papers and some books during his career. His works are concentrated in Riemannian geometry "in the large". A significant number of his students also made notable contributions in this field.
Conjecture on Complete Convex Surfaces
In 1995 Toponogov made the conjecture:
On a complete convex surface S homeomorphic to a plane the following equality holds:
where and are the principal curvatures of S.
In words, it states that every complete convex surface homeomorphic to a plane must have an umbilic point which may lie at infinity. As such, it is the natural open analog of the Carathéodory conjecture for closed conve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiyuki%20Kobayashi | is a Japanese mathematician
known for his original work in the field of Lie theory, and in
particular for the
theory of discontinuous groups
(lattice in Lie groups)
and the application of geometric analysis to representation theory. He was a major developer in
particular of the theory of discontinuous groups for
non-Riemannian homogeneous spaces and
the theory of discrete breaking symmetry in unitary representation theory.
He has been a member of the Science Council of Japan since 2006,
Board of Trustees of the Mathematical Society of Japan (2003–2007),
the Editor in Chief of the Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan
(2002–2006), and currently is the Managing Editor of the Japanese Journal of
Mathematics since 2006.
Academic career
Ph.D./Doctor of Science, 1990, University of Tokyo
Assistant Professor, 1987–1991, Associate Professor, 1991–2001, University of Tokyo
Associate Professor, 2001–2003, RIMS, Kyoto University
Full Professor, 2003–2007, RIMS, Kyoto University
Full Professor, 2007-, University of Tokyo
Principal Investigator, 2011-, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (IPMU)
He has held many invited positions including Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, USA (1991–1992),
Mittag-Leffler Institute, Sweden (1995–1996), Université de Paris, Université de Paris VI, France (1999), Harvard University, USA (2000–2001, 2008), Université de Paris VII, France
(2003), and Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik in Bonn, Germany (2007).
Awards and honors
1997 - Takebe Prize, The Mathematical Society of Japan
1999 - Spring Prize, The Mathematical Society of Japan
2006 - Osaka Science Prize
2006/2007 - Sackler Distinguished Lecturer
2007 - JSPS Prize, The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
2008 - The Humboldt Prize
2011 - Inoue Prize For Science
2014 - Medal with Purple Ribbon, Japan
2015 - JMSJ Outstanding Paper Prize
2017 class of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society "for contributions to the structu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje%20Statistical%20Region | The Skopje Statistical Region (; Albanian: Rajoni i Shkupit) is one of eight Statistical regions of North Macedonia. Skopje, located in the north of the country, borders Kosovo to the north. Internally, it borders the Vardar, Polog, Northeastern, Eastern, and Southwestern statistical regions.
Municipalities
The region consists of the City of Skopje and the following municipalities:
Aračinovo
Čučer-Sandevo
Ilinden
Petrovec
Sopište
Studeničani
Zelenikovo
Demographics
Population
The current population of the Skopje Statistical Region is 607,007 citizens, according to the last population census in 2021, accounting for 33.0% of the total national population. The region is the largest by population in North Macedonia.
Ethnicities
Religions
Religious affiliation according to the 2002 and 2021 Macedonian censuses: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20integrable%20models | This is a list of integrable models as well as classes of integrable models in physics.
Integrable models in 1+1 dimensions
In classical and quantum field theory:
free boson
free fermion
sine-Gordon model
Thirring model
sinh-Gordon model
Liouville field theory
Bullough–Dodd model
Dym equation
Calogero–Degasperis–Fokas equation
Camassa–Holm equation
Drinfeld–Sokolov–Wilson equation
Benjamin–Ono equation
SS model
sausage model
Toda field theories
O(N)-symmetric non-linear sigma models
Ernst equation
massless Schwinger model
supersymmetric sine-Gordon model
supersymmetric sinh-Gordon model
conformal minimal models
critical Ising model
tricritical Ising model
3-state Potts model
various perturbations of conformal minimal models
superconformal minimal models
Wess–Zumino–Witten model
Nonlinear Schroedinger equation
Korteweg–de Vries equation
modified Korteweg–de Vries equation
Gardner equation
Gibbons–Tsarev equation
Hunter–Saxton equation
Kaup–Kupershmidt equation
XXX spin chain
XXZ spin chain
XYZ spin chain
6-vertex model
8-vertex model
Kondo Model
Anderson impurity model
Chiral Gross–Neveu model
Integrable models in 2+1 dimensions
Ishimori equation
Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation
Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation
Novikov–Veselov equation
Integrable models in 3+1 dimensions
Self-dual Yang–Mills equations
Systems with contact Lax pairs
In quantum mechanics
harmonic oscillator
hydrogen atom
Hooke's atom (Hookium)
Ruijsenaars–Schneider models
Calogero–Moser models
Inverse square root potential
Lambert-W step-potential
Multistate Landau–Zener Models
See also
List of quantum-mechanical systems with analytical solutions
List of some well-known classical integrable systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald%20T.%20Friis | Harald Trap Friis (22 February 1893 – 15 June 1976), who published as H. T. Friis, was a Danish-American radio engineer whose work at Bell Laboratories included pioneering contributions to radio propagation, radio astronomy, and radar. His two Friis formulas remain widely used.
Background
Friis was born in Næstved, Denmark. In 1916 received his electrical engineering degree from the Technical University of Denmark. After a stint at the Royal Gun Factory, in 1919 he received a Columbia University fellowship to study radio engineering under John H. Morecroft. In 1920 Friis joined a Western Electric Company research group which in 1925 became part of Bell Laboratories. There he remained for his entire professional career.
Career
Friis' first important publications were his 1923 Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) paper on radio transmission measurements, 1925 IRE paper on directional antennas, and 1928 IRE paper on oscillographic observations of propagation phenomena. These papers documented studies of field strength and noise over a wide range of frequencies and stressed the importance of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in receivers rather than simple field strength.
During the early 1930s Friis helped design the radio receiver used by Karl Jansky for radio astronomy, and with Edmond Bruce invented the rhombic antenna widely used for shortwave communications. In 1938 Friis became the director of the Holmdel Radio Laboratory developing microwave systems, where he and Alfred C. Beck designed the horn reflector antenna, which was widely used in AT&T's national microwave relay network in the 1960s. During World War II, Friis invented a "rocking horse" mechanical scanner for radar used to locate enemy mortars. He also authorized research into the first germanium diodes (Teal, 1942).
In 1946 Friis published his well-known analytic formula for transmission loss, the Friis transmission equation, which is still widely employed. In 1958 he retired but continued as a research |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner%E2%80%93Seitz%20radius | The Wigner–Seitz radius , named after Eugene Wigner and Frederick Seitz, is the radius of a sphere whose volume is equal to the mean volume per atom in a solid (for first group metals). In the more general case of metals having more valence electrons, is the radius of a sphere whose volume is equal to the volume per a free electron. This parameter is used frequently in condensed matter physics to describe the density of a system. Worth to mention, is calculated for bulk materials.
Formula
In a 3-D system with free valence electrons in a volume , the Wigner–Seitz radius is defined by
where is the particle density. Solving for we obtain
The radius can also be calculated as
where is molar mass, is count of free valence electrons per particle, is mass density and
is the Avogadro constant.
This parameter is normally reported in atomic units, i.e., in units of the Bohr radius.
Values of for the first group metals:
See also
Wigner–Seitz cell
Wigner crystal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExOR%20%28wireless%20network%20protocol%29 | Extremely Opportunistic Routing (ExOR) is a combination of routing protocol and media access control for a wireless ad hoc network, invented by Sanjit Biswas and Robert Morris of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and described in a 2005 paper.
A very similar opportunistic routing scheme was also independently proposed by Zhenzhen Ye and Yingbo Hua from University of California, Riverside and presented in a paper in 2005.
Previously open source, ExOR was available in 2005 but is no longer obtainable.
The broadcast and retransmission strategies used by the algorithm were already described in the literature. ExOR is valuable because it can operate available digital radios to use some previously impractical algorithmic optimizations.
History
The algorithm is designed to convey packets of the Internet Protocol, so that it enables the maximum number of other services. At the time of invention, digital radios had widely replaced wireline internet services for portable devices. Specialized integrated circuits were widely available at low costs.
MIT at that time (2005) was involved with the One Laptop per Child project, an attempt to make an inexpensive low-power computer to help educate impoverished children. The advantages were thought to be reduced costs for digital copies of books and consumables like paper, with possible pedagogic improvements from the interactivity and flexibility. One of the crucial features of the laptop was to be a wireless ad hoc network that would permit the laptops to cooperate to provide more resources than an individual computer could afford. A practical but superior network algorithm would directly help educate more children by reducing the cost and power needed by the laptop. A wireless ad hoc network would cost less and use less power if it used standard radios (i.e. with integrated circuits for 802.11) and transferred more data over larger distances, with fewer intermediate radios.
This protocol was prototyped on RoofNet, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC%2018014 | ISO/IEC 18014 Information technology — Security techniques — Time-stamping services is an international standard that specifies time-stamping techniques. It comprises four parts:
Part 1: Framework
Part 2: Mechanisms producing independent tokens
Part 3: Mechanisms producing linked tokens
Part 4: Traceability of time sources
Part 1: Framework
In this first part of ISO/IEC 18014, several things are explained and developed:
The identification of the objectives of a time authority.
The description of a general model on which time stamping services are based.
The definition of time stamping services.
The definition of the basic protocols of time stamping.
The specifications of the protocols between the involved entities.
Key words: audit, non-repudiation, security, time-stamp
Part 2: Mechanisms producing independent tokens
A time-stamping service provides evidence that a data item existed before a certain point in time. Time-stamp services produce time-stamp tokens, which are data structures containing a verifiable cryptographic binding between a data item's representation and a time-value. This part of ISO/IEC 18014 defines time-stamping mechanisms that produce independent tokens, which can be verified one by one.
Part 3: Mechanisms producing linked tokens
This part of ISO/IEC 18014:
Describes a general model for time-stamping services producing linked tokens.
Describes the basic components used to construct a time-stamping service of this type.
Defines the data structures used to interact with a time-stamping service of this type.
Describes specific instances of such time-stamping services. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2R%20hypothesis | The 2R hypothesis or Ohno's hypothesis, first proposed by Susumu Ohno in 1970, is a hypothesis that the genomes of the early vertebrate lineage underwent two complete genome duplications, and thus modern vertebrate genomes reflect paleopolyploidy. The name derives from the 2 rounds of duplication originally hypothesized by Ohno, but refined in a 1994 version, and the term 2R hypothesis was probably coined in 1999. Variations in the number and timings of genome duplications typically still are referred to as examples of the 2R hypothesis.
The 2R hypothesis has been the subject of much research and controversy; however, with growing support from genome data, including the human genome, the balance of opinion has shifted strongly in favour of support for the hypothesis. According to Karsten Hokamp, Aoife McLysaght and Kenneth H. Wolfe, the version of the genome duplication hypothesis from which 2R hypothesis takes its name appears in Holland et al. and the term was coined by Austin L. Hughes.
Ohno's argument
Ohno presented the first version of the 2R hypothesis as part of his larger argument for the general importance of gene duplication in evolution. Based on relative genome sizes and isozyme analysis, he suggested that ancestral fish or amphibians had undergone at least one and possibly more cases of "tetraploid evolution". He later added to this argument the evidence that most paralogous genes in vertebrates do not demonstrate genetic linkage. Ohno argued that linkage should be expected in the case of individual tandem duplications (in which a duplicate gene is added adjacent to the original gene on the same chromosome), but not in the case of chromosome duplications.
Later evidence
In 1977, Schmidtke and colleagues showed that isozyme complexity is similar in lancelets and tunicates, contradicting a prediction of Ohno's hypothesis that genome duplication occurred in the common ancestor of lancelets and vertebrates. However, this analysis did not examine verte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbin | Limbin (LBN) is a protein that is part of the EvC complex that consists of EvC and EvC2 genes, the activity of which is critical in bone formation and skeletal development. The complex positively regulates ciliary Hedgehog (Hh) signaling due to the ciliary localization.
A mutation in these genes is associated with The Ellis-van Creveld (EvC) syndrome. EvC or otherwise known as Chondroestodermal dysplasia is a disorder inherited by the offspring of carriers of the mutated recessive gene and a non-mutated dominant gene leading to expression of chondrodysplasia and dwarfism. Bone growth occurs due to continuous proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes along with endochondral ossification at both ends of a long bone. The mutations in LBN cause premature termination of encoded proteins resulting in shortening of long bones.
Other characteristics accredited to a mutation in LBN include difficulty breathing due to shorted ribs, shortened tongue, dysplastic fingernails, and postaxial polydactyly. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm%20botnet | The Storm botnet or Storm worm botnet (also known as Dorf botnet and Ecard malware) was a remotely controlled network of "zombie" computers (or "botnet") that had been linked by the Storm Worm, a Trojan horse spread through e-mail spam. At its height in September 2007, the Storm botnet was running on anywhere from 1 million to 50 million computer systems, and accounted for 8% of all malware on Microsoft Windows computers. It was first identified around January 2007, having been distributed by email with subjects such as "230 dead as storm batters Europe," giving it its well-known name. The botnet began to decline in late 2007, and by mid-2008 had been reduced to infecting about 85,000 computers, far less than it had infected a year earlier.
As of December 2012, the original creators of Storm have not been found. The Storm botnet has displayed defensive behaviors that indicated that its controllers were actively protecting the botnet against attempts at tracking and disabling it, by specifically attacking the online operations of some security vendors and researchers who had attempted to investigate it. Security expert Joe Stewart revealed that in late 2007, the operators of the botnet began to further decentralize their operations, in possible plans to sell portions of the Storm botnet to other operators. It was reportedly powerful enough to force entire countries off the Internet, and was estimated to be capable of executing more instructions per second than some of the world's top supercomputers. The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation considered the botnet a major risk to increased bank fraud, identity theft, and other cybercrimes.
Origins
First detected on the Internet in January 2007, the Storm botnet and worm are so-called because of the storm-related subject lines its infectious e-mail employed initially, such as "230 dead as storm batters Europe." Later provocative subjects included "Chinese missile shot down USA aircraft," and "U.S. Secretary o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmgard%20Fl%C3%BCgge-Lotz | Irmgard Flügge-Lotz, née Lotz (16 July 1903 – 22 May 1974) was a German-American mathematician and aerospace engineer. She was a pioneer in the development of the theory of discontinuous automatic control, which has found wide application in hysteresis control systems; such applications include guidance systems, electronics, fire-control systems, and temperature regulation. She became the first female engineering professor at Stanford University in 1961 and the first female engineer elected a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Early life and education
Lotz was born in Hamelin, Germany on 16 July 1903. She was encouraged at an early age to pursue technical subjects by her mother, whose family had been involved in construction for several generations. She often visited construction sites with her uncle and attended half-price matinee shows for technical films. After her father, Osark, a travelling journalist, was drafted for military service in World War I, the young Irmgard helped the family by becoming a math tutor while studying at a girls' Gymnasium in Hanover. Several years later, when Osark returned to Hanover he was in poor health and Irmgard continued to work to bring in extra money for the family. She graduated from the Gymnasium in 1923 and entered the Leibniz University Hannover to study mathematics and engineering. Later in life, she explained why she decided to study engineering:
In college she studied applied mathematics and fluid dynamics and was often the only woman in her classes. In 1927, she received her Diplom-Ingenieur and remained in Hanover for her doctorate. In 1929 she earned her doctorate in engineering, publishing her thesis on the mathematical theory of circular cylinders and heat conduction.
Lotz went to work for the Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (AVA) in Göttingen, one of the most prominent aeronautical research institutions in Europe. She joined as a junior research engineer and worked closely with Ludw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead%20store | In computer programming, a local variable that is assigned a value but is not read by any subsequent instruction is referred to as a dead store. Dead stores waste processor time and memory, and may be detected through the use of static program analysis, and removed by an optimizing compiler.
If the purpose of a store is intentionally to overwrite data, for example when a password is being removed from memory, dead store optimizations can cause the write not to happen, leading to a security issue. Some system libraries have specific functions designed to avoid such dangerous optimizations, e.g. explicit_bzero on OpenBSD.
Examples
Java example of a dead store:
// DeadStoreExample.java
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
public class DeadStoreExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>(); // This is a Dead Store, as the ArrayList is never read.
list = getList();
System.out.println(list);
}
private static List<String> getList() {
return new ArrayList<String>(Arrays.asList("Hello"));
}
}
In the above code an ArrayList<String> object was instantiated but never used. Instead, in the next line the variable which references it is set to point to a different object. The ArrayList which was created when list was declared will now need to be de-allocated, for instance by a garbage collector.
JavaScript example of a dead store:
function func(a, b) {
var x;
var i = 300;
while (i--) {
x = a + b; // dead store
}
}
The code in the loop repeatedly overwrites the same variable, so it can be reduced to only one call.
See also
Dead code
Unreachable code |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuEXEC | Apache suEXEC is a feature of the Apache web server. It allows users to run Common Gateway Interface (CGI) and Server Side Includes (SSI) applications as a different user. Normally, all web server processes run as the default web server user (often wwwrun, www-data, apache or nobody). The suEXEC feature consists of a module for the web server and a binary executable which acts as a wrapper. suEXEC was introduced in Apache 1.2 and is often included in the default Apache package provided by most Linux distributions.
If a client requests a CGI and suEXEC is activated, it will call the suEXEC binary which then wraps the CGI scripts and executes it under the user account of the server process (virtual host) defined in the virtual host directive.
Additionally, suEXEC perform a multi-step check on the executed CGI to ensure security for the server (including path-checks, a limit of permitted commands, etc.)
Example
User "Alice" has a website including some Common Gateway Interface script files in her own public_html (a common web root directory name) folder, which can be accessed by https://example.com/~alice.
User "Bob" now views Alice's webpage, which requires Apache to run one of these CGI scripts.
Instead of running all scripts as "wwwrun" (which results in the need that all scripts have to be readable and executable for the "wwwrun" group if the file is owned by that group or for all users otherwise), the scripts in /home/alice/public_html will be wrapped using suEXEC and run with Alice's user ID resulting in higher security and eliminating the need to make the scripts readable and executable for all users or everyone in the "wwwrun" group (instead only Alice herself needs to be able to run the script). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoembryony | Monoembryony is the emergence of one and only one seedling from a seed. A seed giving two or more seedlings is polyembryonic. Some of the nuclear cells surrounding the embryo sac start dividing and protrude into the embryo sac and develop into embryos. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility%20preservation | Fertility preservation is the effort to help cancer patients retain their fertility, or ability to procreate. Research into how cancer, ageing and other health conditions effect reproductive health and preservation options are growing. Specifically sparked in part by the increase in the survival rate of cancer patients.
Indications
Fertility preservation procedures are indicated when it is predicted that there will be exposure to a cause of infertility, mainly cancer treatment but also ageing, sex reassignment surgery for those who identify as trans and conditions like Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) or Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI).
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy
Chemotherapy and radiation treatments for cancer and autoimmunity conditions like Lupus and Multiple Sclerosis have the ability to affect reproductive health. The regimens that threaten ovarian and testicular function are mainly radiation therapy to the pelvic area and some types of chemotherapy. Chemotherapies with high risk include procarbazine and alkylating drugs such as cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, busulfan, melphalan, chlorambucil and chlormethine. Drugs with medium risk include doxorubicin and platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin. On the other hand, therapies with low risk of gonadotoxicity include plant derivatives such as vincristine and vinblastine, antibiotics such as bleomycin and dactinomycin and antimetabolites such as methotrexate, mercaptopurine and 5-fluoruracil.
These regimens attack rapidly dividing cells in the body, including healthy cells like sperm and those belonging to the ovarian follicle (egg). Depending on the dose and duration of administration, these therapies can have varying effects on reproductive health. Surgery involving reproductive tissue affects reproductive function and fertility.
For some patients receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy, the decrease or loss of reproductive function is temporary; many men and females, however, do not regain fe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane%20table | A plane table (plain table prior to 1830) is a device used in surveying site mapping, exploration mapping, coastal navigation mapping, and related disciplines to provide a solid and level surface on which to make field drawings, charts and maps. The early use of the name plain table reflected its simplicity and plainness rather than its flatness.
"Plane" refers to the table being both flat levelled (horizontal).
History
The earliest mention of a plane table dates to 1551 in Abel Foullon's "Usage et description de l'holomètre", published in Paris. However, since Foullon's description was of a complete, fully developed instrument, it must have been invented earlier.
A brief description was also added to the 1591 edition of Digge's Pantometria. The first mention of the device in English was by Cyprian Lucar in 1590.
Some have credited Johann Richter, also known as Johannes Praetorius, a Nuremberg mathematician, in 1610 with the first plane table, but this appears to be incorrect.
The plane table became a popular instrument for surveying. Its use was widely taught. Some considered it a substandard instrument compared to other devices such as the theodolite, since it was relatively easy to use. By allowing the use of graphical methods rather than mathematical calculations, it could be used by those with less education than other instruments. The addition of a camera to the plane table, as was done from 1890 by Sebastian Finsterwalder in conjunction with a phototheodolite, established photogrammetry in spatial and temporal surveying.(Lokendra prashad Bhatta)
Construction
A plane table consists of a smooth table surface mounted on a sturdy base. The connection between the table top and the base permits one to level the table precisely, using bubble levels, in a horizontal plane. The base, a tripod, is designed to support the table over a specific point on land. By adjusting the length of the legs, one can bring the table level regardless of the roughness of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filar%20micrometer | A filar micrometer is a specialized eyepiece used in astronomical telescopes for astrometry measurements, in microscopes for specimen measurements, and in alignment and surveying telescopes for measuring angles and distances on nearby objects. "Filar" derives from the Latin filum ("thread"). It refers to the fine threads or wires used in the device.
Construction and use
A typical filar micrometer consists of a reticle that has two fine parallel wires or threads that can be moved by the observer using a micrometer screw mechanism. The wires are placed in the focal image plane of the eyepiece so they remain sharply superimposed over the object under observation, while the micrometer motion moves the wires across the focal plane. Other designs employ a fixed reticle, against which one wire or a second reticle moves. By rotating the eyepiece assembly in the eyetube, the measurement axis can be aligned to match the orientation of the two points of observation.
At one time, it was common to use spider silk as a thread.
By placing one wire over one point of interest and moving the other to a second point, the distance between the two wires can be measured with the micrometer portion of the instrument. Given this precise distance measurement at the image plane, a trigonometric calculation with the objective focal length yields the angular distance between the two points seen in a telescope. In a microscope, a similar calculation yields the spatial distance between two points on a specimen.
In an alignment telescope, the precise micrometric measurement of the eyepiece image directly indicates the real distance of a nearby observed point from the line of sight. This absolute measurement is independent of the distance to the object, due to the telecentricity principle.
A common use of filar micrometers in astronomical telescopes was measuring the distance between double stars.
Filar micrometers are little used in modern astronomy, having been replaced by digital phot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20method | In logic, mathematics and computer science, especially metalogic and computability theory, an effective method or effective procedure is a procedure for solving a problem by any intuitively 'effective' means from a specific class. An effective method is sometimes also called a mechanical method or procedure.
Definition
The definition of an effective method involves more than the method itself. In order for a method to be called effective, it must be considered with respect to a class of problems. Because of this, one method may be effective with respect to one class of problems and not be effective with respect to a different class.
A method is formally called effective for a class of problems when it satisfies these criteria:
It consists of a finite number of exact, finite instructions.
When it is applied to a problem from its class:
It always finishes (terminates) after a finite number of steps.
It always produces a correct answer.
In principle, it can be done by a human without any aids except writing materials.
Its instructions need only to be followed rigorously to succeed. In other words, it requires no ingenuity to succeed.
Optionally, it may also be required that the method never returns a result as if it were an answer when the method is applied to a problem from outside its class. Adding this requirement reduces the set of classes for which there is an effective method.
Algorithms
An effective method for calculating the values of a function is an algorithm. Functions for which an effective method exists are sometimes called effectively calculable.
Computable functions
Several independent efforts to give a formal characterization of effective calculability led to a variety of proposed definitions (general recursive functions, Turing machines, λ-calculus) that later were shown to be equivalent. The notion captured by these definitions is known as recursive or effective computability.
The Church–Turing thesis states that the two notions coincide: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial%20relation | In set theory a serial relation is a homogeneous relation expressing the connection of an element of a sequence to the following element. The successor function used by Peano to define natural numbers is the prototype for a serial relation.
Bertrand Russell used serial relations in The Principles of Mathematics (1903) as he explored the foundations of order theory and its applications. The term serial relation was also used by B. A. Bernstein for an article showing that particular common axioms in order theory are nearly incompatible: connectedness, irreflexivity, and transitivity.
A serial relation R is an endorelation on a set U. As stated by Russell, where the universal and existential quantifiers refer to U. In contemporary language of relations, this property defines a total relation. But a total relation may be heterogeneous. Serial relations are of historic interest.
For a relation R, let {y: xRy } denote the "successor neighborhood" of x. A serial relation can be equivalently characterized as a relation for which every element has a non-empty successor neighborhood. Similarly, an inverse serial relation is a relation in which every element has non-empty "predecessor neighborhood".
In normal modal logic, the extension of fundamental axiom set K by the serial property results in axiom set D.
Russell's series
Relations are used to develop series in The Principles of Mathematics. The prototype is Peano's successor function as a one-one relation on the natural numbers. Russell's series may be finite or generated by a relation giving cyclic order. In that case, the point-pair separation relation is used for description. To define a progression, he requires the generating relation to be a connected relation. Then ordinal numbers are derived from progressions, the finite ones are finite ordinals. Distinguishing open and closed series results in four total orders: finite, one end, no end and open, and no end and closed.
Contrary to other writers, Russell admi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpian%E2%80%93Heidenhain%E2%80%93Sherrington%20phenomenon | Vulpian–Heidenhain–Sherrington phenomenon is a term given for slow contraction of denervated skeletal muscle by stimulating the autonomic cholinergic fibers innervating its blood vessels. It is named after French neurologist Alfred Vulpian (1826–87), German physiologist Rudolf Heidenhain (1834–1897) and English neurophysiologist Charles Scott Sherrington (1857–1952). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20Algorithm%20for%20Rule%20Set%20Production | Genetic Algorithm for Rule Set Production (GARP) is a computer program based on genetic algorithm that creates ecological niche models for species. The generated models describe environmental conditions (precipitation, temperatures, elevation, etc.) under which the species should be able to maintain populations. As input, local observations of species and related environmental parameters are used which describe potential limits of the species' capabilities to survive. Such environmental parameters are commonly stored in geographical information systems. A GARP model is a random set of mathematical rules which can be read as limiting environmental conditions. Each rule is considered as a gene; the set of genes is combined in random ways to further generate many possible models describing the potential of the species to occur.
See also
Environmental niche modelling |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bryologist | The Bryologist is a peer reviewed scientific journal specializing in bryology. It is published quarterly by the American Bryological and Lichenological Society (ABLS). It began as a department of The Fern Bulletin devoted to the study of North American mosses. Its first editor was Dr. Abel Joel Grout, who intended the bulletin to be "enabling any one at all interested in mosses to get some knowledge of these plants without excessive labor or expense ... the editor will also try to identify for subscribers difficult specimens accompanied by notes and return postage."
Subsequent editors have included Lincoln Ware Riddle (from 1911), and James D. Lawrey (from 2012). |
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