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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle%20Developer%20Studio | Oracle Developer Studio, formerly named Oracle Solaris Studio, Sun Studio, Sun WorkShop, Forte Developer, and SunPro Compilers, is the Oracle Corporation's flagship software development product for the Solaris and Linux operating systems. It includes optimizing C, C++, and Fortran compilers, libraries, and performance analysis and debugging tools, for Solaris on SPARC and x86 platforms, and Linux on x86/x64 platforms, including multi-core systems.
Oracle Developer Studio is downloadable and usable at no charge; however, there are many security and functionality patch updates which are only available with a support contract from Oracle.
Version 12.4 added partial support for the C++11 language standard. All C++11 features are supported except for concurrency and atomic operations, and user-defined literals. Version 12.6 supports the C++14 language standard.
Languages
C
C++
Fortran
Supported architectures
SPARC
i86pc (x86 and x86-64)
Components
The Oracle Developer software suite includes:
C, C++, and Fortran compilers and support libraries
dbx and frontends
lint
A NetBeans-based IDE
Performance Analyzer
Thread analyzer
Sun performance library
Distributed make
Compiler optimizations
A common optimizing backend is used for code generation.
A high-level intermediate representation called Sun IR is used, and high-level optimizations done in the iropt (intermediate representation optimizer) component are operated at the Sun IR level. Major optimizations include:
Copy propagation
Constant folding and constant propagation
Dead code elimination
Interprocedural optimization analysis
Loop optimizations
Automatic parallelization
Profile-guided optimization
Scalar replacement
Strength reduction
Automatic vectorization, with -xvector=simd
OpenMP
The OpenMP shared memory parallelization API is native to all three compilers.
Code coverage
Tcov, a source code coverage analysis and statement-by-statement profiling tool, comes as a standard utility. T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform%20number%20%28American%20football%29 | In American football, uniform numbers are displayed on both the front and back of the jersey, and in many cases the sleeves, shoulder pad, or occasionally helmets. The numbers on the front and back are very large, covering most of the jersey. Certain numbers may only be worn by players in specific positions, thus assisting the officials in determining penalties.
At all levels of football, each player dressed for a game must wear a unique number from 0 to 99. The number 0, long prohibited in American football, has been permitted in college football since 2020 and in the National Football League since the 2023 season.
Players who wear numbers from 50 to 79 are, by rule, prohibited from catching or touching forward passes if their team is in possession of the ball and may not line up in a position that allows them to do so, unless explicitly indicated to the referee during a tackle-eligible play. Other than this, the correspondence between jersey numbers and player positions is largely a matter of style, tradition and semantics.
Canadian football follows a similar numbering scheme to that of American football, except that the ineligible numbers span only 50 to 69 and numbers 0 and 00 have long been available for use, although beginning in the 2023 CFL season a Canadian Football League team is not permitted to simultaneously issue both. 00 remains prohibited in American football.
Professional football
The National Football League numbering system dates from a large-scale change of their rules in 1973, subsequently amended in various minor ways. As of 2023, players are generally required to wear numbers within ranges based on their positions as shown in the following table.
Exceptions to this system do exist, including during the National Football League preseason with associated larger team rosters. The numbers used relate to the player's primary position when they are first assigned a number. If they later change positions, they can keep their prior number, un |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin-12%20subunit%20beta | Subunit beta of interleukin 12 (also known as IL-12B, natural killer cell stimulatory factor 2, cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor p40, or interleukin-12 subunit p40) is a protein subunit that in humans is encoded by the IL12B gene. IL-12B is a common subunit of interleukin 12 and interleukin 23.
Function
This gene encodes a subunit of interleukin 12, a cytokine that acts on T and natural killer cells, and has a broad array of biological activities. Interleukin 12 is a disulfide-linked heterodimer composed of the 40 kDa cytokine receptor like subunit encoded by this gene, and a 35 kDa subunit encoded by IL12A. This cytokine is expressed by activated macrophages that serve as an essential inducer of Th1 cells development. This cytokine has been found to be important for sustaining a sufficient number of memory/effector Th1 cells to mediate long-term protection to an intracellular pathogen. Overexpression of this gene was observed in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), suggesting a role of this cytokine in the pathogenesis of the disease. The promoter polymorphism of this gene has been reported to be associated with the severity of atopic and non-atopic asthma in children.
Role as IL-23 subunit
Interleukin-12 p40 also serves as a subunit of interleukin 23. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostral%20ventrolateral%20medulla | The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), also known as the pressor area of the medulla, is a brain region that is responsible for basal and reflex control of sympathetic activity associated with cardiovascular function. Abnormally elevated sympathetic activity in the RVLM is associated with various cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure and hypertension. The RVLM is notably involved in the baroreflex.
It receives inhibitory GABAergic input from the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM). The RVLM is a primary regulator of the sympathetic nervous system; it sends catecholaminergic projections to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord via reticulospinal tract.
Physostigmine, a choline-esterase inhibitor, elevates endogenous levels of acetylcholine and causes a rise in blood pressure by stimulation of the RVLM. Orexinergic neurons from the lateral hypothalamus output in the RVLM.
See also
Vasomotor center |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%208%20receptor%2C%20beta | Interleukin 8 receptor, beta is a chemokine receptor. IL8RB is also known as CXCR2, and CXCR2 is now the IUPHAR Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug classification-recommended name.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor family. This protein is a receptor for interleukin 8 (IL8). It binds to IL8 with high affinity, and transduces the signal through a G-protein-activated second messenger system (Gi/o-coupled). This receptor also binds to chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1/MGSA), a protein with melanoma growth stimulating activity, and has been shown to be a major component required for serum-dependent melanoma cell growth. In addition, it binds ligands CXCL2, CXCL3, and CXCL5.
The angiogenic effects of IL8 in intestinal microvascular endothelial cells are found to be mediated by this receptor. Knockout studies in mice suggested that this receptor controls the positioning of oligodendrocyte precursors in developing spinal cord by arresting their migration. IL8RB, IL8RA, which encodes another high affinity IL8 receptor, and IL8RBP, a pseudogene of IL8RB, form a gene cluster in a region mapped to chromosome 2q33-q36.
Mutations in CXCR2 cause hematological traits.
Senescence
Knock-down studies involving the chemokine receptor CXCR2 alleviates both replicative and oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) and diminishes the DNA-damage response. Also, ectopic expression of CXCR2 results in premature senescence via a p53-dependent mechanism.
See also
Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha
Interleukin 8
Interleukin
Interleukin receptor
Cluster of differentiation
G protein-coupled receptor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric%20space%20aimed%20at%20its%20subspace | In mathematics, a metric space aimed at its subspace is a categorical construction that has a direct geometric meaning. It is also a useful step toward the construction of the metric envelope, or tight span, which are basic (injective) objects of the category of metric spaces.
Following , a notion of a metric space Y aimed at its subspace X is defined.
Informal introduction
Informally, imagine terrain Y, and its part X, such that wherever in Y you place a sharpshooter, and an apple at another place in Y, and then let the sharpshooter fire, the bullet will go through the apple and will always hit a point of X, or at least it will fly arbitrarily close to points of X – then we say that Y is aimed at X.
A priori, it may seem plausible that for a given X the superspaces Y that aim at X can be arbitrarily large or at least huge. We will see that this is not the case. Among the spaces which aim at a subspace isometric to X, there is a unique (up to isometry) universal one, Aim(X), which in a sense of canonical isometric embeddings contains any other space aimed at (an isometric image of) X. And in the special case of an arbitrary compact metric space X every bounded subspace of an arbitrary metric space Y aimed at X is totally bounded (i.e. its metric completion is compact).
Definitions
Let be a metric space. Let be a subset of , so that (the set with the metric from restricted to ) is a metric subspace of . Then
Definition. Space aims at if and only if, for all points of , and for every real , there exists a point of such that
Let be the space of all real valued metric maps (non-contractive) of . Define
Then
for every is a metric on . Furthermore, , where , is an isometric embedding of into ; this is essentially a generalisation of the Kuratowski-Wojdysławski embedding of bounded metric spaces into , where we here consider arbitrary metric spaces (bounded or unbounded). It is clear that the space is aimed at .
Properties
Let be an isometri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urorectal%20septum | The urorectal septum is an invagination of the cloaca. It divides it into a dorsal part (the hindgut) and a ventral part (the urogenital sinus). It invaginates from cranial to caudal, formed from the endodermal cloaca, and fuses with the cloacal membrane. Malformations can cause fistulas.
Structure
The urorectal septum is an embryonic structure formed from an invagination of the cloaca. The urorectal septum divides the cloaca into two parts:
a dorsal part, forming part of the hindgut, which forms the rectum and the anus.
a ventral part, forming the urogenital sinus, which forms the allantois, which becomes the urinary bladder.
The urorectal septum becomes part of the perineal body, helping to form the perineum.
Development
The urorectal septum develops from cranial to caudal, and is flat in the coronal plane. It is formed from endoderm, the same germ layer as the cloaca. It fuses with the cloacal membrane.
Clinical significance
Urorectal septum malformation
Malformation of the urorectal septum can lead to several different types of fistulas.
Classification
In women, at least five different types of fistula are possible. All of these involve the fusion of the urogenital sinus and the end of the hindgut, causing the rectum to end in the vagina. This may be associated with the uterus in the normal position, posterior to the hindgut, or bicornuate.
In men, at least three different types of fistula are possible. The hindgut may enter and preserve the urogenital sinus after birth. The hindgut may replace the urogenital sinus completely, in which case it may also replace the urinary bladder and cause the ureters to drain into it.
Prognosis
Urorectal septum malformation is associated with a number of other birth defects, including spina bifida, deafness, sacral hypoplasia, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, and limb musculoskeletal disorders. Mainly because of these associations, up to 20% of children born with urorectal se |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Cowan%20model | In computational neuroscience, the Wilson–Cowan model describes the dynamics of interactions between populations of very simple excitatory and inhibitory model neurons. It was developed by Hugh R. Wilson and Jack D. Cowan and extensions of the model have been widely used in modeling neuronal populations. The model is important historically because it uses phase plane methods and numerical solutions to describe the responses of neuronal populations to stimuli. Because the model neurons are simple, only elementary limit cycle behavior, i.e. neural oscillations, and stimulus-dependent evoked responses are predicted. The key findings include the existence of multiple stable states, and hysteresis, in the population response.
The model was inspired as the neural analog of Rayleigh–Bénard convection cloud patterns in fluid thermodynamics.
Mathematical description
The Wilson–Cowan model considers a homogeneous population of interconnected neurons of excitatory and inhibitory subtypes. All cells receive the same number of excitatory and inhibitory afferents, that is, all cells receive the same average excitation, x(t). The target is to analyze the evolution in time of number of excitatory and inhibitory cells firing at time t, and respectively.
The equations that describes this evolution are the Wilson-Cowan model:
where:
and are functions of sigmoid form that depends on the distribution of the trigger thresholds (see below)
is the stimulus decay function
and are respectively the connectivity coefficient giving the average number of excitatory and inhibitory synapses per excitatory cell; and its counterparts for inhibitory cells
and are the external input to the excitatory/inhibitory populations.
If denotes a cell's threshold potential and is the distribution of thresholds in all cells, then the expected proportion of neurons receiving an excitation at or above threshold level per unit time is:
,
that is a function of sigmoid form if is un |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20dehydrator | A food dehydrator is a device that removes moisture from food to aid in its preservation. Food drying is a method of preserving fruit, vegetables and meats that has been practiced since antiquity.
Design
Most modern food dehydrators are low-power convection ovens that use heated air flow to reduce the water content of foods. The water content of food is usually very high, typically 80–95% for various fruits and vegetables and 50–75% for various meats. Removing moisture from food restrains various bacteria from growing and spoiling food. Further, removing moisture from food dramatically reduces the weight and often volume of the food, making it easier to storage. Thus, food dehydrators are used to preserve and extend the shelf life of various foods.
Food dehydrators require heat sources such as solar energy, electric power or biofuel, and vary in form from large-scale dehydration projects to do-it-yourself projects or commercially sold appliances for domestic use. A commercial food dehydrator's basic parts usually consist of a heating element, an electric fan, air vents which allow air to circulate, and food trays to lay food upon. As shown on the right, the trays most commonly have slits to provide more surface area between the food and the air. A dehydrator's heating element, fans and vents simultaneously work to direct hot air over the food, accelerate surface evaporation and warm the food causing moisture to be also released from its interior. This process continues until the food is dried to a substantially lower water content, usually less than 20%.
Most foods are dehydrated at , although meats being made into jerky should be dehydrated at a higher temperature of — or preheated to that temperature — to guard against pathogens that may already be in the meat. These temperatures are similar to those used in pasteurization, and achieve similar effects. The key to successful food dehydration is the application of a constant temperature and adequate a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAS%20p21%20protein%20activator%201 | RAS p21 protein activator 1 or RasGAP (Ras GTPase activating protein), also known as RASA1, is a 120-kDa cytosolic human protein that provides two principal activities:
Inactivation of Ras from its active GTP-bound form to its inactive GDP-bound form by enhancing the endogenous GTPase activity of Ras, via its C-terminal GAP domain
Mitogenic signal transmission towards downstream interacting partners through its N-terminal SH2-SH3-SH2 domains
The protein encoded by this gene is located in the cytoplasm and is part of the GAP1 family of GTPase-activating proteins. The gene product stimulates the GTPase activity of normal RAS p21 but not its oncogenic counterpart. Acting as a suppressor of RAS function, the protein enhances the weak intrinsic GTPase activity of RAS proteins resulting in the inactive GDP-bound form of RAS, thereby allowing control of cellular proliferation and differentiation. Mutations leading to changes in the binding sites of either protein are associated with basal cell carcinomas. Alternative splicing results in two isoforms where the shorter isoform, lacking the N-terminal hydrophobic region but retaining the same activity, appears to be abundantly expressed in placental but not adult tissues.
Domains
RasGAP contains one SH3 domain and two SH2 domains, a PH domain, a C2 domain, and a GAP domain.
Interactions
RAS p21 protein activator 1 has been shown to interact with:
ANXA6,
CAV2,
DNAJA3,
DOK1,
EPHB2,
EPHB3,
GNB2L1
HCK,
HRAS,
HTT,
IGF1R,
KHDRBS1,
NCK1,
PDGFRB,
PTK2B,
SOCS3, and
Src.
The mRNA can interact with Mir-132 microRNA; this process is linked to angiogenesis.
Disease database
RASA1 gene variant database |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIN3A | Paired amphipathic helix protein Sin3a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIN3A gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional regulatory protein. It contains paired amphipathic helix (PAH) domains, which are important for protein-protein interactions and may mediate repression by the Mad-Max complex.
Interactions
SIN3A has been shown to interact with:
CABIN1
HBP1,
HDAC1,
HDAC9,
Histone deacetylase 2,
Host cell factor C1,
IKZF1,
ING1,
KLF11,
MNT,
MXD1,
Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2,
Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2,
OGT,
PHF12,
Promyelocytic leukemia protein,
RBBP4,
RBBP7,
SAP130,
SAP30,
SMARCA2,
SMARCA4,
SMARCC1,
SUDS3,
TAL1, and
Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16.
See also
Transcription coregulator |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkenreflex | Unkenreflex – interchangeably referred to as unken reflex (Unke is the German word for fire-bellied toads) – is a defensive posture adopted by several branches of the amphibian class – including salamanders, toads, and certain species of frogs. Implemented most often in the face of an imminent attack by a predator, unkenreflex is characterized by the subject’s contortion or arching of its body to reveal previously hidden bright colors of the ventral side, tail, or inner limb; the subject remains immobile while in unkenreflex.
During the course of unkenreflex, the amphibian in question releases bufotoxins from its parotid glands, tenses its entire body, and swallows air to bloat itself in an attempt to look larger. These secretions, along with the aposematic coloring common among the amphibians which display unkenreflex, serve as a warning to nearby predators that the amphibian may be poisonous.
Not all amphibians which display unkenreflexes possess aposematic coloring, nor do all amphibians display unkenreflex to the same degree. Certain species of anurans, such as the adult male Rana macrocnemis, only half-complete unkenreflex (also called low-intensity, or partial unken reflex) by only twisting its body slightly and not revealing the entire underside coloring, or by shielding their face with raised feet that have dramatic coloration, or by curling their tail and exposing the tail's underside. This half completion of unkenreflex can be found both in species that display aposematic coloring and those that do not; unkenreflex is not entirely limited to poisonous amphibians.
This behavior is named after the fire-bellied toad (German: Unke; combining form: Unken-) which exhibits this reflex.
See also
Signalling theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxoeicosanoid | The oxoeicosanoids are nonclassic eicosanoids, derived from arachidonic acid (AA).
For example, Lipoxygenase produces 5-HETE from AA; a dehydrogenase then produces 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, an oxoeicosanoid, from 5-HETE.
They are similar to the leukotrienes in their actions, but they act via a different receptor. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGK | Serine/threonine-protein kinases SGK represent a kinase subfamily with orthologs found across animal clades and in yeast (compare Treefam family TF320906). In most vertebrates, including humans, there are three isoforms encoded by the genes SGK1, SGK2, and SGK3. The name Serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase refers to the first cloning of a SGK family member from a cDNA library screen for genes upregulated by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone in a rat mammary epithelial tumor cell line.
The first human family member (human SGK1) was cloned in a screen of hepatocellular genes regulated in response to cellular hydration or swelling.
The term SGK is also used as a synonym for SGK1.
Function
Among the three SGK genes, the SGK1 gene is the most intensively studied. This gene encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that is highly similar to the rat serum-and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase (SGK). This gene was identified in a screen of hepatocellular genes regulated in response to cellular hydration or swelling. Cellular hydration is a catabolic signal, stimulating glycogenolysis and proteolysis, and inhibiting protein and glycogen synthesis. This kinase has been shown to be important in activating certain potassium, sodium, and chloride channels. Expression of this gene in hepatocytes is stimulated by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), which participates in the pathophysiology of diabetic complications. Since both TGF-beta expression and SGK expression are elevated in diabetic nephropathy, an involvement of SGK in the development of this condition is suggested.
The SGK1 kinase regulates the myo-inositol transporter during osmotic stress.
Deregulated expression of SGK1 in the endometrium has been implicated in cases of infertility or recurrent miscarriage in humans, and SGK1 expression in the endometrium also affects fertility in mice. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepiota%20brunneoincarnata | Lepiota brunneoincarnata, the deadly dapperling, is a gilled mushroom of the genus Lepiota in the order Agaricales. Widely distributed in Europe and temperate regions of Asia as far east as China, it grows in grassy areas such as fields, parks and gardens, and is often mistaken for edible mushrooms. The mushroom has a brown scaled cap up to 4 cm wide with a pinkish brown stem and white gills. It is highly toxic, with several deaths having been recorded as it resembles the edible grey knight (Tricholoma terreum) and fairy ring champignon (Marasmius oreades).
Taxonomy
The species was described by Swiss botanists Robert Hippolyte Chodat and Charles-Édouard Martin in 1889, who noted it growing on roadsides in Geneva in Switzerland. Genetic analysis of DNA showed it is closely related to other amatoxin-containing species such as Lepiota subincarnata.
Description
The cap is across, hemispherical at first before becoming more convex without an obvious boss. It is red-brown when young, before fading to a pale pinkish brown with darker brown scales. There is generally a large unbroken scale in the centre of the cap. The cap margin is inrolled and the cap is fleshy. The thick uncrowded gills are white, with occasional forks and smaller gills (lamellulae) in between. They are free (unattached to the stem). The spore print is white. The cylindrical stem is tall by wide. The upper part of the stem is pinkish tan while the lower part is covered in dark brown scales. They are separated by a dark brown ring-like zone. The thick flesh reddens on bruising or cutting, and smells somewhat like unripe fruit. The taste is mild. The oval spores are 6–7.5 µm long by 3.5–5 µm wide, and are dextrinoid – they turn red-brown in Melzer's reagent.
Distribution and habitat
The deadly dapperling is found in warmer parts of Europe, generally the south, but has also been recorded from Britain and Germany. In Asia, it has been recorded from Turkey, Israel, Pakistan, Iran and eastern China.
To |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin%204%20receptor | Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is a melanocortin receptor that in humans is encoded by the gene. It encodes the MC4R protein, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that binds α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). In mouse models, MC4 receptors have been found to be involved in feeding behaviour, the regulation of metabolism, sexual behaviour, and male erectile function.
Clinical significance
In 2009, two very large genome-wide association studies of body mass index (BMI) confirmed the association of variants about 150 kilobases downstream of the MC4R gene with insulin resistance, obesity, and other anthropometric traits. MC4R may also have clinical utility as a biomarker for predicting individual susceptibility to drug-induced adverse effects causing weight gain and related metabolic abnormalities. Another GWAS performed in 2012 identified twenty SNPs located ~190 Kb downstream of MC4R in association with severe antipsychotic-induced weight gain. This locus overlapped with the region previously identified in the 2009 studies. The rs489693 polymorphism, in particular, sustained a statistically robust signal across three replication cohorts and demonstrated consistent recessive effects. This finding was replicated again by another research group in the following year. In accordance with the above, MC4 receptor agonists have garnered interest as potential treatments for obesity and insulin resistance, while MC4 receptor antagonists have attracted interest as potential treatments for cachexia. The structures of the receptor in complex with the agonist setmelanotide and the antagonist SHU9119 have been determined.
The MC4 receptor agonist bremelanotide (PT-141), sold under the brand name Vyleesi, was approved in the United States as a treatment for low sexual desire in women in 2019. Melanotan II, a synthetic analog of α-MSH, is marketed to the general population for sexual enhancement by internet retailers. PL-6983 and PF-00446687 are under investigation as potent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent%20kinase%207 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 7, or cell division protein kinase 7, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK7 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) family. CDK family members are highly similar to the gene products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc28, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc2, and are known to be important regulators of cell cycle progression.
This protein forms a trimeric complex with cyclin H and MAT1, which functions as a Cdk-activating kinase (CAK). It is an essential component of the transcription factor TFIIH, that is involved in transcription initiation and DNA repair. This protein is thought to serve as a direct link between the regulation of transcription and the cell cycle.
Clinical significance e.g. cancer
Given that CDK7 is involved in two important regulation roles, it's expected that CDK7 regulation may play a role in cancerous cells. Cells from breast cancer tumors were found to have elevated levels of CDK7 and Cyclin H when compared to normal breast cells. It was also found that the higher levels were generally found in ER-positive breast cancer. Together, these findings indicate that CDK7 therapy might make sense for some breast cancer patients. Further confirming these findings, recent research indicates that inhibition of CDK7 may be an effective therapy for HER2-positive breast cancers, even overcoming therapeutic resistance. THZ1 was tested on HER2-positive breast cancer cells and exhibited high potency for the cells regardless of their sensitivity to HER2 inhibitors. This finding was demonstrated in vivo, where inhibition of HER2 and CDK7 resulted in tumor regression in therapeutically resistant HER2+ xenograft models.
Inhibitors
The growth suppressor p53 has been shown to interact with cyclin H both in vitro and in vivo. Addition of wild type p53 was found to heavily downregulated CAK activity, resulting in decreased phosphorylation of both CDK2 and CTD by CDK7. Mutant |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFATC2 | Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFATC2 gene.
Function
This gene is a member of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family. The product of this gene is a DNA-binding protein with a REL-homology region (RHR) and an NFAT-homology region (NHR). This protein is present in the cytosol and only translocates to the nucleus upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, where it becomes a member of the nuclear factors of activated T cells transcription complex. This complex plays a central role in inducing gene transcription during the immune response. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.
Clinical significance
Translocation forming an in frame fusions product between EWSR1 gene and the NFATc2 gene has been described in bone tumor with a Ewing sarcoma-like clinical appearance. The translocation breakpoint led to the loss of the controlling elements of the NFATc2 protein and the fusion of the N terminal region of the EWSR1 gene conferred constant activation of the protein.
Interactions
NFATC2 has been shown to interact with MEF2D, EP300, IRF4 and Protein kinase Mζ. Prostaglandin F2alpha stimulates a NFCT2 pathway stimulating growth of skeletal muscle cells. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2RX7 | P2X purinoceptor 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX7 gene.
The product of this gene belongs to the family of purinoceptors for ATP. Multiple alternatively spliced variants which would encode different isoforms have been identified although some fit nonsense-mediated decay criteria.
The receptor is found in the central and peripheral nervous systems, in microglia, in macrophages, in uterine endometrium, and in the retina. The P2X7 receptor also serves as a pattern recognition receptor for extracellular ATP-mediated apoptotic cell death, regulation of receptor trafficking, mast cell degranulation, and inflammation.
Structure and kinetics
The P2X7 subunits can form homomeric receptors only with a typical P2X receptor structure.
The P2X7 receptor is a ligand-gated cation channel that opens in response to ATP binding and leads to cell depolarization. The P2X7 receptor requires higher levels of ATP than other P2X receptors; however, the response can be potentiated by reducing the concentration of divalent cations such as calcium or magnesium. Continued binding leads to increased permeability to N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG+). P2X7 receptors do not become desensitized readily and continued signaling leads to the aforementioned increased permeability and an increase in current amplitude.
Pharmacology
Agonists
P2X7 receptors respond to BzATP more readily than ATP. ADP and AMP are weak agonists of P2X7 receptors, but a brief exposure to ATP can increase their effectiveness. Glutathione has been proposed to act as a P2X7 receptor agonist when present at milimolar levels, inducing calcium transients and GABA release from retinal cells.
Antagonists
The P2X7 receptor current can be blocked by zinc, calcium, magnesium, and copper. P2X7 receptors are sensitive to pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS) and relatively insensitive to suramin, but the suramin analog, NF279, is much more effective. Oxidized ATP (OxATP) and Brilliant Bl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email%20box | A mailbox (also electronic mailbox, email box, email mailbox, e-mailbox) is the destination to which electronic mail messages are delivered.
It is the equivalent of a letter box in the postal system.
Definitions
A mailbox is identified by an email address. However, not all email addresses correspond to a storage facility. The term pseudo-mailbox is sometimes used to refer to an address that does not correspond to a definitive mail store. Email forwarding may be applied to reach end recipients from such addresses. Electronic mailing lists and email aliases are typical examples.
RFC 5321, defines an email address as a character string that identifies a user to whom mail will be sent or a location into which mail will be deposited. The term mailbox refers to that depository. In that sense, the terms mailbox and address can be used interchangeably.
RFC 5322 defines a mailbox as follows: A mailbox receives mail. It is a 'conceptual entity' that does not necessarily pertain to file storage. It further exemplifies that some sites may choose to print mail on a printer and deliver the output to the addressee's desk, much like a traditional fax transmission.
Access
Access to a mailbox is controlled by a mailbox provider. Usually, anyone can send messages to a mailbox while only authenticated users can read or delete from their own mailboxes. An email client retrieves messages from one or more mailboxes. The database (file, directory, storage system) in which the client stores the messages is called the local mailbox.
Read access
Popular client–server protocols to retrieve messages are:
Post Office Protocol (POP): a method that is most suitable for reading messages from a single client computer. Usually messages are removed from the server mailbox after retrieval. Anyway, the master copy of a message is the one in the local mailbox.
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP): designed to retrieve messages from multiple clients by allowing remote management of the serv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWHAH | 14-3-3 protein eta also referred to as 14-3-3η is a protein that in humans is encoded by the YWHAH gene.
Function
This gene product belongs to the 14-3-3 family of proteins that are normally intracellular in nature and help to mediate signal transduction by binding to phosphoserine-containing proteins. This highly conserved protein family is found in both plants and mammals, and this protein is 99% identical to the mouse, rat and bovine orthologs. This gene contains a 7 bp repeat sequence in its 5' UTR, and changes in the number of this repeat has been associated with early-onset schizophrenia.
Protein-protein interactions
YWHAH has been shown to interact with:
C-Raf,
CDC25B,
EPB41L3,
Glucocorticoid receptor,
KIF5B,
KLC3,
Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1,
RIMS1,
RIMS2,
TLX2,
TNFAIP3, and
ZFP36.
Externalization
14-3-3n is normally intracellular. Two main mechanisms resulting in the release of 14-3-3η into the extracellular environment have been reported:
exosomal mediated process; and
necroptosis;
14-3-3 proteins are components of small extracellular vesicles that are secreted by most, if not all cells. Tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulation of macrophages, but not IL-6, promotes the secretion of 14-3-3η into the extracellular space through a TNF alpha-dependent necroptotic mechanism.
Role in rheumatoid arthritis
A 2021 systematic literature review published by authors from the NHS Foundation Trust in the United Kingdom conclude the following about the 14-3-3n biomarker:
adequate evidence for helping to assess the veracity of the diagnosis and severity of early rheumatoid arthritis (RA);
can be combined with existing markers for severity and to provide possible ways of stratifying patients into more effective treatment groups; and
a welcome new addition for rheumatologist’s diagnostic, treatment and strategy in RA.
Role of extracellular 14-3-3η
Exogenous 14-3-3η stimulation has been reported to stimulate various cell |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burns%20temperature | The Burns temperature, Td, is the temperature where a ferroelectric material, previously in paraelectric state, starts to present randomly polarized nanoregions, that are polar precursor clusters. This behaviour is typical of several, but not all, ferroelectric materials, and was observed in lead titanate (PbTiO3), potassium niobate (KNbO3), lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT), lead magnesium niobate (PMN), lead zinc niobate (PZN), K2Sr4(NbO3)10, and strontium barium niobate (SBN), Na1/2Bi1/2O3 (NBT).
The Burns temperature, named from Gerald Burns, who studied this phenomenon with collaboration of Frank H. Dacol, has not been well understood yet. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeloma%20protein | A myeloma protein is an abnormal antibody (immunoglobulin) or (more often) a fragment thereof, such as an immunoglobulin light chain, that is produced in excess by an abnormal monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells, typically in multiple myeloma or Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Other terms for such a protein are monoclonal protein, M protein, M component, M spike, spike protein, or paraprotein. This proliferation of the myeloma protein has several deleterious effects on the body, including impaired immune function, abnormally high blood viscosity ("thickness" of the blood), and kidney damage.
History
The concept and the term paraprotein were introduced by the Berlin pathologist Dr Kurt Apitz in 1940, then the senior physician of the pathological institute at the Charité hospital.
Paraproteins allowed the detailed study of immunoglobulins, which eventually led to the production of monoclonal antibodies in 1975.
Cause
Myeloma is a malignancy of plasma cells. Plasma cells produce immunoglobulins, which are commonly called antibodies. There are thousands of different antibodies, each consisting of pairs of heavy and light chains. Antibodies are typically grouped into five classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. When someone has myeloma, a malignant clone, a rogue plasma cell, reproduces in an uncontrolled fashion, resulting in overproduction of the specific antibody the original cell was generated to produce. Each type of antibody has a different number of light chain and heavy chain pairs. As a result, there is a characteristic normal distribution of these antibodies in the blood by molecular weight.
When there is a malignant clone, there is usually overproduction of a single antibody, resulting in a "spike" on the normal distribution (sharp peak on the graph), which is called an M spike (or monoclonal spike). People will sometimes develop a condition called MGUS (Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance), where there is ove |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECache | eCache was a digital gold currency (DBC) provider that operated over the Tor network from 2007–2014.
eCache was completely anonymous just like physical cash. The eCache mint which issued the certificates didn't store any transaction details or personally identifiable information that was requested from the mint or any other user. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Label%20%28computer%20science%29 | In programming languages, a label is a sequence of characters that identifies a location within source code. In most languages, labels take the form of an identifier, often followed by a punctuation character (e.g., a colon). In many high-level languages, the purpose of a label is to act as the destination of a GOTO statement. In assembly language, labels can be used anywhere an address can (for example, as the operand of a JMP or MOV instruction). Also in Pascal and its derived variations. Some languages, such as Fortran and BASIC, support numeric labels. Labels are also used to identify an entry point into a compiled sequence of statements (e.g., during debugging).
C
In C a label identifies a statement in the code. A single statement can have multiple labels. Labels just indicate locations in the code and reaching a label has no effect on the actual execution.
Function labels
Function labels consist of an identifier, followed by a colon. Each such label points to a statement in a function and its identifier must be unique within that function. Other functions may use the same name for a label. Label identifiers occupy their own namespace – one can have variables and functions with the same name as a label.
void foo(int number)
{
if (number < 0)
goto error;
bar(number);
return;
error:
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid number!\n");
}
Here error is the label. The statement goto can be used to jump to a labeled statement in the code. After a goto, program execution continues with the statement after the label.
Switch labels
Two types of labels can be put in a switch statement. A case label consists of the keyword case, followed by an expression that evaluates to integer constant. A default label consists of the keyword default. Case labels are used to associate an integer value with a statement in the code. When a switch statement is reached, program execution continues with the statement after the case label with value that matches the v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge%20data%20integration | An edge data integration is an implementation of data integration technology undertaken in an ad hoc or tactical fashion. This is also sometimes referred to as point-to-point integration because it connects two types of data directly to serve a narrow purpose. Many edge integrations, and actually the vast majority of all data integration, involve hand-coded scripts. Some may take the form of Business Mashups (web application hybrids), Rich Internet applications, or other browser-based models that take advantage of Web 2.0 technologies to combine data in a Web browser.
Examples of edge data integration projects might be:
extracting a list of customers from a host Sales Force Automation application and writing the results to an Excel spreadsheet
creating a script-driven framework for managing RSS feeds
combining data from a weather Web site, a shipping company's Web site, and a company's internal logistics database to track shipments and estimated arrival times of packages
It has been claimed that edge data integration do not typically require large budgets and centrally managed technologies, which is in contrast to a core data integration.
See also
core data integration
Business Mashups
Rich Internet application
Web 2.0
Yahoo! Pipes
Microsoft Popfly
IBM Mashup Center |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITPR1 | Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITPR1 gene.
Interactions
ITPR1 has been shown to interact with:
AHCYL1,
CA8,
EPB41L1
FKBP1A,
MRVI1,
PRKG1,
RHOA, and
TRPC4.
Caspr2,
See also
Inositol triphosphate
Inositol triphosphate receptor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20development | Important structures in plant development are buds, shoots, roots, leaves, and flowers; plants produce these tissues and structures throughout their life from meristems located at the tips of organs, or between mature tissues. Thus, a living plant always has embryonic tissues. By contrast, an animal embryo will very early produce all of the body parts that it will ever have in its life. When the animal is born (or hatches from its egg), it has all its body parts and from that point will only grow larger and more mature. However, both plants and animals pass through a phylotypic stage that evolved independently and that causes a developmental constraint limiting morphological diversification.
According to plant physiologist A. Carl Leopold, the properties of organization seen in a plant are emergent properties which are more than the sum of the individual parts. "The assembly of these tissues and functions into an integrated multicellular organism yields not only the characteristics of the separate parts and processes but also quite a new set of characteristics which would not have been predictable on the basis of examination of the separate parts."
Growth
A vascular plant begins from a single celled zygote, formed by fertilisation of an egg cell by a sperm cell. From that point, it begins to divide to form a plant embryo through the process of embryogenesis. As this happens, the resulting cells will organize so that one end becomes the first root while the other end forms the tip of the shoot. In seed plants, the embryo will develop one or more "seed leaves" (cotyledons). By the end of embryogenesis, the young plant will have all the parts necessary to begin in its life.
Once the embryo germinates from its seed or parent plant, it begins to produce additional organs (leaves, stems, and roots) through the process of organogenesis. New roots grow from root meristems located at the tip of the root, and new stems and leaves grow from shoot meristems located at the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camptothecin | Camptothecin (CPT) is a topoisomerase inhibitor. It was discovered in 1966 by M. E. Wall and M. C. Wani in systematic screening of natural products for anticancer drugs. It was isolated from the bark and stem of Camptotheca acuminata (Camptotheca, Happy tree), a tree native to China used in traditional Chinese medicine. It has been used clinically more recently in China for the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors. CPT showed anticancer activity in preliminary clinical trials, especially against breast, ovarian, colon, lung, and stomach cancers. However, it has low solubility and adverse effects have been reported when used therapeutically, so synthetic and medicinal chemists have developed numerous syntheses of camptothecin and various derivatives to increase the benefits of the chemical, with good results. Four CPT analogues have been approved and are used in cancer chemotherapy today: topotecan, irinotecan, belotecan, and trastuzumab deruxtecan. Camptothecin has also been found in other plants including Chonemorpha fragrans.
Structures
CPT has a planar pentacyclic ring structure, that includes a pyrrolo[3,4-β]-quinoline moiety (rings A, B and C), conjugated pyridone moiety (ring D) and one chiral center at position 20 within the alpha-hydroxy lactone ring with (S) configuration (the E-ring). Its planar structure is thought to be one of the most important factors in topoisomerase inhibition.
Binding
CPT binds to the topoisomerase I and DNA complex (the covalent complex) resulting in a ternary complex, and thereby stabilizing it. This prevents DNA re-ligation and therefore causes DNA damage which results in apoptosis.
CPT binds both to the enzyme and DNA with hydrogen bonds. The most important part of the structure is the E-ring which interacts from three different positions with the enzyme. The hydroxyl group in position 20 forms hydrogen bond to the side chain on aspartic acid number 533 (Asp533) in the enzyme. It is critical that the configuration of the chi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanodine%20receptor%202 | Ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2) is one of a class of ryanodine receptors and a protein found primarily in cardiac muscle. In humans, it is encoded by the RYR2 gene. In the process of cardiac calcium-induced calcium release, RYR2 is the major mediator for sarcoplasmic release of stored calcium ions.
Structure
The channel is composed of RYR2 homotetramers and FK506-binding proteins found in a 1:4 stoichiometric ratio. Calcium channel function is affected by the specific type of FK506 isomer interacting with the RYR2 protein, due to binding differences and other factors.
Function
The RYR2 protein functions as the major component of a calcium channel located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum that supplies ions to the cardiac muscle during systole. To enable cardiac muscle contraction, calcium influx through voltage-gated L-type calcium channels in the plasma membrane allows calcium ions to bind to RYR2 located on the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This binding causes the release of calcium through RYR2 from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol, where it binds to the C domain of troponin, which shifts tropomyosin and allows the myosin ATPase to bind to actin, enabling cardiac muscle contraction. RYR2 channels are associated with many cellular functions, including mitochondrial metabolism, gene expression and cell survival, in addition to their role in cardiomyocyte contraction.
Clinical significance
Deleterious mutations of the ryanodine receptor family, and especially the RYR2 receptor, lead to a constellation of pathologies leading to both acute and chronic heart failure collectively known as "Ryanopathies."
Mutations in the RYR2 gene are associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.
Recently, sudden cardiac death in several young individuals in the Amish community (four of which were from the same family) was traced to homozygous duplication of a mutant RyR2 gene. Normal (wild type) RyR2 functi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFATC1 | Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFATC1 gene.
Function
The product of this gene is a component of the nuclear factor of activated T cells DNA-binding transcription complex. This complex consists of at least two components: a preexisting cytosolic component that translocates to the nucleus upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, and an inducible nuclear component. Proteins belonging to this family of transcription factors play a central role in inducible gene transcription during immune response. The product of this gene is an inducible nuclear component. It functions as a major molecular target for the immunosuppressive drugs such as ciclosporin. Five transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. Different isoforms of this protein may regulate inducible expression of different cytokine genes.
Interactions
NFATC1 has been shown to interact with PIM1.
See also
NFAT |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baculoviral%20IAP%20repeat-containing%20protein%202 | Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 (also known as cIAP1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BIRC2 gene.
Function
cIAP1 is a member of the Inhibitor of Apoptosis family that inhibit apoptosis by interfering with the activation of caspases.
Interactions
BIRC2 has been shown to interact with:
CASP9,
DIABLO,
GSPT1,
HSP90B1,
HTRA2,
RIPK1,
RIPK2
TNFSF14,
TRAF1,
TRAF2, and
UBC. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-ND6 | MT-ND6 is a gene of the mitochondrial genome coding for the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 protein (ND6). The ND6 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain. Variations in the human MT-ND6 gene are associated with Leigh's syndrome, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and dystonia.
Structure
The MT-ND6 gene is located in human mitochondrial DNA from base pair 14,149 to 14,673. MT-ND6 is the only protein-coding gene located on the L-strand of the human mitogenome.
The encoded protein is 18 kDa and composed of 172 amino acids. MT-ND6 is one of seven mitochondrial genes encoding subunits of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), together with MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND3, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, and MT-ND5. Also known as Complex I, this enzyme is the largest of the respiratory complexes. The structure is L-shaped with a long, hydrophobic transmembrane domain and a hydrophilic domain for the peripheral arm that includes all the known redox centres and the NADH binding site. MT-ND6 and the rest of the mitochondrially encoded subunits are the most hydrophobic of the subunits of Complex I and form the core of the transmembrane region.
Function
The MT-ND6 product is a subunit of the respiratory chain Complex I that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly of core proteins required to catalyze NADH dehydrogenation and electron transfer to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10). Initially, NADH binds to Complex I and transfers two electrons to the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) prosthetic arm to form FMNH2. The electrons are transferred through a series of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters in the prosthetic arm and finally to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), which is reduced to ubiquinol (CoQH2). The flow of electrons changes the redox state of the protein, resulting in a conformational change and pK shift of the ionizable side cha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYB%20%28gene%29 | Myb genes are part of a large gene family of transcription factors found in animals and plants. In humans, it includes Myb proto-oncogene like 1 and Myb-related protein B in addition to MYB proper. Members of the extended SANT/Myb family also include the SANT domain and other similar all-helical homeobox-like domains.
Function
Viral
The Myb gene family is named after the eponymous gene in Avian myeloblastosis virus. The viral Myb (v-Myb, ) recognizes the sequence 5'-YAACKG-3'. It causes myeloblastosis (myeloid leukemia) in chickens. Compared to the normal animal cellular Myb (c-myb), v-myb contains deletions in the C-terminal regulatory domain, leading to aberrant activation of other oncogenes.
Animals
Myb proto-oncogene protein is a member of the MYB (myeloblastosis) family of transcription factors. The protein contains three domains, an N-terminal DNA-binding domain, a central transcriptional activation domain and a C-terminal domain involved in transcriptional repression. It may play a role in cell cycle regulation. Like the viral version, this gene is an oncogene, and rearrangements of the gene (often involving deletion in the C-terminal domain) causes cancer.
Plants
MYB factors represent a family of proteins that include the conserved MYB DNA-binding domain. Plants contain a MYB-protein subfamily that is characterised by the R2R3-type MYB domain.
In maize, phlobaphenes are synthesized in the flavonoids synthetic pathway from polymerisation of flavan-4-ols which encodes an R2R3 myb-like transcriptional activator of the A1 gene encoding for the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (reducing dihydroflavonols into flavan-4-ols) while another gene (Suppressor of Pericarp Pigmentation 1 or SPP1) acts as a suppressor. The maize P gene encodes a Myb homolog that recognizes the sequence CCWACC, in sharp contrast with the YAACGG bound by vertebrate Myb proteins.
In sorghum, the corresponding yellow seed 1 gene (y1) also encodes a R2R3 type of Myb domain protein that regu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VE-cadherin | Cadherin-5, or VE-cadherin (vascular endothelial cadherin), also known as CD144 (Cluster of Differentiation 144), is a type of cadherin. It is encoded by the human gene CDH5.
Function
VE-cadherin is a classical cadherin from the cadherin superfamily and the gene is located in a six-cadherin cluster in a region on the long arm of chromosome 16 that is involved in loss of heterozygosity events in breast and prostate cancer. The encoded protein is a calcium-dependent cell–cell adhesion glycoprotein composed of five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. Functioning as a classic cadherin by imparting to cells the ability to adhere in a homophilic manner, the protein may play an important role in endothelial cell biology through control of the cohesion and organization of the intercellular junctions.
Integrity of intercellular junctions is a major determinant of permeability of the endothelium, and the VE-cadherin-based adherens junction is thought to be particularly important. VE-cadherin is known to be required for maintaining a restrictive endothelial barrier – early studies using blocking antibodies to VE-cadherin increased monolayer permeability in cultured cells and resulted in interstitial edema and hemorrhage in vivo. A recent study has shown that TNFAIP3 (A20, a dual-ubiquitin editing enzyme) is essential for stability and expression of VE-cadherin. Deubiquitinase function of A20 was shown to remove ubiquitin chains from VE-cadherin, thereby prevented loss of VE-cadherin expression at the endothelial adherens junctions.
VE-cadherin is indispensable for proper vascular development – there have been two transgenic mouse models of VE-cadherin deficiency, both embryonic lethal due to vascular defects. Further studies using one of these models revealed that although vasculogenesis occurred, nascent vessels collapsed or disassembled in the absence of VE-cadherin. Therefore, it was concluded that VE-cadher |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol%20oxidase | In enzymology, a cholesterol oxidase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
cholesterol + O2 cholest-4-en-3-one + H2O2
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are cholesterol and O2, whereas its two products are cholest-4-en-3-one and H2O2.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with oxygen as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is cholesterol:oxygen oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include cholesterol- O2 oxidoreductase, 3beta-hydroxy steroid oxidoreductase, and 3beta-hydroxysteroid:oxygen oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in bile acid biosynthesis.
The substrate-binding domain found in some bacterial cholesterol oxidases is composed of an eight-stranded mixed beta-pleated sheet and six alpha-helices. This domain is positioned over the isoalloxazine ring system of the FAD cofactor bound by the FAD-binding domain and forms the roof of the active site cavity, allowing for catalysis of oxidation and isomerisation of cholesterol to cholest-4-en-3-one.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 14 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-2-hydroxy-acid%20dehydrogenase | In enzymology, a D-2-hydroxy-acid dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
(R)-lactate + acceptor pyruvate + reduced acceptor
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R)-lactate and acceptor, whereas its two products are pyruvate and reduced acceptor.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-2-hydroxy-acid:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include D-2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase, and (R)-2-hydroxy-acid:(acceptor) 2-oxidoreductase. It has 2 cofactors: FAD, and Zinc. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine%20oxidase%20B | Monoamine oxidase B, also known as MAOB, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAOB gene.
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the flavin monoamine oxidase family. It is an enzyme located in the outer mitochondrial membrane. It catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines and plays an important role in the catabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues (such as dopamine). This protein preferentially degrades benzylamine and phenethylamine. Similar to monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), it also degrades dopamine [though some new research contradicts this, suggesting that MAOB does not directly degrade dopamine, but is responsible for GABA synthesis].
Structure and Function
Monoamine oxidase B has a hydrophobic bipartite elongated cavity that (for the "open" conformation) occupies a combined volume close to 700 Å3. hMAO-A has a single cavity that exhibits a rounder shape and is larger in volume than the "substrate cavity" of hMAO-B.
The first cavity of hMAO-B has been termed the entrance cavity (290 Å3), the second substrate cavity or active site cavity (~390 Å3) – between both an isoleucine199 side-chain serves as a gate. Depending on the substrate or bound inhibitor, it can exist in either an open or a closed form, which has been shown to be important in defining the inhibitor specificity of hMAO B. At the end of the substrate cavity is the FAD cofactor with sites for favorable amine binding about the flavin involving two nearly parallel tyrosyl (398 and 435) residues that form what has been termed an aromatic cage.
Like MAO-A, MAO-B catalyzes O2-dependent oxidation of primary arylalkyl amines, the initial step in the breakdown of these molecules. The products are the corresponding aldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia:
Amine + + → Aldehyde + +
This reaction is believed to occur in three steps. First, the amine is oxidized to the corresponding imine, with reduction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-ND4 | MT-ND4 is a gene of the mitochondrial genome coding for the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4 (ND4) protein. The ND4 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain. Variations in the MT-ND4 gene are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) and cystic fibrosis.
Structure
The MT-ND4 gene is located in human mitochondrial DNA from base pair 10,760 to 12,137. The MT-ND4 gene produces a 52 kDa protein composed of 459 amino acids. MT-ND4 is one of seven mitochondrial genes encoding subunits of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), together with MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND3, MT-ND4L, MT-ND5, and MT-ND6. Also known as Complex I, this enzyme is the largest of the respiratory complexes. The structure is L-shaped with a long, hydrophobic transmembrane domain and a hydrophilic domain for the peripheral arm that includes all the known redox centres and the NADH binding site. MT-ND4 and the rest of the mitochondrially encoded subunits are the most hydrophobic of the subunits of Complex I and form the core of the transmembrane region.
An unusual feature of the human MT-ND4 gene is the 7-nucleotide gene overlap of its first three codons (5'-ATG CTA AAA-3' coding for amino acids Met-Leu-Lys) with the last three codons of the MT-ND4L gene (5'-CAA TGC TAA-3' coding for Gln, Cys and Stop). With respect to the MT-ND4L reading frame (+1), the MT-ND4 gene starts in the +3 reading frame: [CAA][TGC][TAA]AA versus CA[ATG][CTA][AAA].
Function
MT-ND4 is a subunit of the respiratory chain Complex I that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly of core proteins required to catalyze NADH dehydrogenation and electron transfer to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10). Initially, NADH binds to Complex I and transfers two electrons to the isoalloxazine ring of the fla |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAG1 | BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAG1 gene.
Function
The oncogene BCL2 is a membrane protein that blocks a step in a pathway leading to apoptosis or programmed cell death. The protein encoded by this gene binds to BCL2 and is referred to as BCL2-associated athanogene. It enhances the anti-apoptotic effects of BCL2 and represents a link between growth factor receptors and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. At least three protein isoforms are encoded by this mRNA through the use of alternative translation initiation sites, including a non-AUG site.
Clinical significance
BAG gene has been implicated in age related neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer's. It has been demonstrated that BAG1 and BAG 3 regulate the proteasomal and lysosomal protein elimination pathways, respectively.
Interactions
BAG1 has been shown to interact with:
Androgen receptor,
C-Raf,
Calcitriol receptor,
Glucocorticoid receptor,
HSPA8,
HBEGF,
PPP1R15A,
NR1B1, and
SIAH1. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BARD1 | BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BARD1 gene. The human BARD1 protein is 777 amino acids long and contains a RING finger domain (residues 46-90), four ankyrin repeats (residues 420-555), and two tandem BRCT domains (residues 568-777).
Function
Most, if not all, BRCA1 heterodimerizes with BARD1 in vivo. BARD1 and BRCA1 form a heterodimer via their N-terminal RING finger domains. The BARD1-BRCA1 interaction is observed in vivo and in vitro and is essential for BRCA1 stability. BARD1 shares homology with the two most conserved regions of BRCA1: the N-terminal RING motif and the C-terminal BRCT domain. The RING motif is a cysteine-rich sequence found in a variety of proteins that regulate cell growth, including the products of tumor suppressor genes and dominant protooncogenes, and developmentally important genes such as the polycomb group of genes. The BARD1 protein also contains three tandem ankyrin repeats.
The BARD1/BRCA1 interaction is disrupted by tumorigenic amino acid substitutions in BRCA1, implying that the formation of a stable complex between these proteins may be an essential aspect of BRCA1 tumor suppression. BARD1 may be the target of oncogenic mutations in breast or ovarian cancer. Mutations in the BARD1 protein that affect its structure appear in many breast, ovarian, and uterine cancers, suggesting the mutations disable BARD1's tumor suppressor function. Three missense mutations, each affecting BARD1's BRCT domain, are known to be implicated in cancers: C645R is associated with breast and ovarian cancers, V695L is associated with breast cancer, and S761N is associated with breast and uterine cancers. BARD1 expression is upregulated by genotoxic stress and involved in apoptosis through binding and stabilizing p53 independently of BRCA1.
BARD1 is vital in the rapid relocation of BRCA1 to DNA damage sites. BARD1 tandem BRCA1 C-terminus (BRCT) motifs fold into a binding pocket with a key lysine resid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-ND2 | MT-ND2 is a gene of the mitochondrial genome coding for the NADH dehydrogenase 2 (ND2) protein. The ND2 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain. Variants of human MT-ND2 are associated with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), Leigh's syndrome (LS), Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and increases in adult BMI.
Structure
MT-ND2 is located in mitochondrial DNA from base pair 4,470 to 5,511. The MT-ND2 gene produces a 39 kDa protein composed of 347 amino acids. MT-ND2 is one of seven mitochondrial genes encoding subunits of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), together with MT-ND1, MT-ND3, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, MT-ND5, and MT-ND6. Also known as Complex I, this enzyme is the largest of the respiratory complexes. The structure is L-shaped with a long, hydrophobic transmembrane domain and a hydrophilic domain for the peripheral arm that includes all the known redox centres and the NADH binding site. The MT-ND2 product and the rest of the mitochondrially encoded subunits are the most hydrophobic of the subunits of Complex I and form the core of the transmembrane region.
Function
The MT-ND2 product is a subunit of the respiratory chain Complex I that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly of core proteins required to catalyze NADH dehydrogenation and electron transfer to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10). Initially, NADH binds to Complex I and transfers two electrons to the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) prosthetic arm to form FMNH2. The electrons are transferred through a series of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters in the prosthetic arm and finally to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), which is reduced to ubiquinol (CoQH2). The flow of electrons changes the redox state of the protein, resulting in a conformational change and pK shift of the ionizable side chain, which |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCF1C | Putative neutrophil cytosol factor 1C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCF1C gene. It relates to a type of white blood cell called a neutrophil. The Neutrophil Cytosolic Factor 1C (NCF1C) gene is responsible for encoding the 47 kDA cytosolic subunit of NADPH oxidase. The NCF1C gene is located near two pseudogenes and when the NCF1C gene recombines with them, the NCF1C gene will inactivate and can lead to chronic granulomatous disease. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic%20quieting | Acoustic quieting is the process of making machinery quieter by damping vibrations to prevent them from reaching the observer. Machinery vibrates, causing sound waves in air, hydroacoustic waves in water, and mechanical stresses in solid matter. Quieting is achieved by absorbing the vibrational energy or minimizing the source of the vibration. It may also be redirected away from the observer.
One of the major reasons for the development of acoustic quieting techniques was for making submarines difficult to detect by sonar. This military goal of the mid- and late-twentieth century allowed the technology to be adapted to many industries and products, such as computers (e.g. hard drive technology), automobiles (e.g. motor mounts), and even sporting goods (e.g. golf clubs).
Aspects of acoustic quieting
When the goal is acoustic quieting, a number of different aspects might be considered. Each aspect of acoustics can be taken alone or in concert so that the end result is that the reception of noise by the observer is minimized.
Acoustic quieting might consider...
Noise generation: by limiting the noise at its source,
Sympathetic vibrations: by acoustic decoupling,
Resonations: by acoustic damping or changing the size of the resonator,
Sound transmissions: by reducing transmission using many methods (depending whether the transmission is through air, liquid, or solid), or
Sound reflections: by limiting the reflection using many methods, e.g. by using acoustic absorption (deadening) materials, trapping the sound, opening a "window" to let sound out, etc.
By analyzing the entire sequence of events, from the source to the observer, an acoustic engineer can provide many ways to quieten the machine. The challenge is to do this in a practical and inexpensive way. The engineer might focus on changing materials, using a damping material, isolating the machine, running the machine in a vacuum, or running the machine slower.
Methods of quieting
Mechanical acoustic quiet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20monoxide%20dehydrogenase | In enzymology, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
CO + H2O + A CO2 + AH2
The chemical process catalyzed by carbon monoxide dehydrogenase is similar to the water-gas shift reaction.
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are CO, H2O, and A, whereas its two products are CO2 and AH2.
A variety of electron donors/receivers (Shown as "A" and "AH2" in the reaction equation above) are observed in micro-organisms which utilize CODH. Several examples of electron transfer cofactors has been proposed, including Ferredoxin, NADP+/NADPH and flavoprotein complexes like flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as well as hydrogenases. CODHs support the metabolisms of diverse prokaryotes, including methanogens, aerobic carboxidotrophs, acetogens, sulfate-reducers, and hydrogenogenic bacteria. The bidirectional reaction catalyzed by CODH plays a role in the carbon cycle allowing organisms to both make use of CO as a source of energy and utilize CO2 as a source of carbon. CODH can form a monofunctional enzyme, as is the case in Rhodospirillum rubrum, or can form a cluster with acetyl-CoA synthase as has been shown in M.thermoacetica. When acting in concert, either as structurally independent enzymes or in a bifunctional CODH/ACS unit, the two catalytic sites are key to carbon fixation in the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway Microbial organisms (Both aerobic and anaerobic) encode and synthesize CODH for the purpose of carbon fixation (CO oxidation and CO2 reduction). Depending on attached accessory proteins (A,B,C,D-Clusters), serve a variety of catalytic functions, including reduction of [4Fe-4S] clusters and insertion of nickel.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is carbon-monoxide:acceptor oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include anaerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, carbon monoxide |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-ND4L | MT-ND4L is a gene of the mitochondrial genome coding for the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4L (ND4L) protein. The ND4L protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain. Variants of human MT-ND4L are associated with increased BMI in adults and Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON).
Structure
The MT-ND4L gene is located in human mitochondrial DNA from base pair 10,469 to 10,765. The MT-ND4L gene produces an 11 kDa protein composed of 98 amino acids. MT-ND4L is one of seven mitochondrial genes encoding subunits of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), together with MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND3, MT-ND4, MT-ND5, and MT-ND6. Also known as Complex I, this enzyme is the largest of the respiratory complexes. The structure is L-shaped with a long, hydrophobic transmembrane domain and a hydrophilic domain for the peripheral arm that includes all the known redox centres and the NADH binding site. MT-ND4L and the rest of the mitochondrially encoded subunits are the most hydrophobic of the subunits of Complex I and form the core of the transmembrane region.
An unusual feature of the human MT-ND4L gene is the 7-nucleotide gene overlap of its last three codons (5'-CAA TGC TAA-3' coding for Gln, Cys and Stop) with the first three codons of the MT-ND4 gene (5'-ATG CTA AAA-3' coding for amino acids Met-Leu-Lys). With respect to the MT-ND4L reading frame (+1), the MT-ND4 gene starts in the +3 reading frame: [CAA][TGC][TAA]AA versus CA[ATG][CTA][AAA].
Function
The MT-ND4L product is a subunit of the respiratory chain Complex I that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly of core proteins required to catalyze NADH dehydrogenation and electron transfer to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10). Initially, NADH binds to Complex I and transfers two electrons to the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) prosthetic arm to form FMNH2. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillitoe%20tartan | Sillitoe tartan is the nickname given to the distinctive black-and-white checkered pattern, correctly known as dicing, which was originally associated with the police in Scotland. ("Silitoe tartan" is a misnomer, as the pattern is a form of check not of tartan.) It later gained widespread use in the rest of the United Kingdom and overseas, notably in Australia and New Zealand, as well as Chicago and Pittsburgh in the United States. It is used occasionally elsewhere, including by some Spanish municipal police and in parts of Canada, where it is limited to auxiliary police services.
Based on the diced bands seen on the Glengarries that are worn by several Scottish regiments of the British Army, the pattern was first adopted for police use in 1932 by Sir Percy Sillitoe, Chief Constable of the City of Glasgow Police.
The Sillitoe pattern may be composed of several different colours and numbers of rows depending on local customs, but when incorporated into uniforms or vehicle livery, it serves to uniquely identify emergency services personnel to the public.
Usage by country
Australia
Blue and white chequers have become the ubiquitous symbol of policing in Australia. The pattern was introduced into Australia by the Commissioner of the South Australia Police in 1961, following a fact-finding tour of Glasgow in 1960. Committee member Sgt. W Rodgers suggested the inclusion during his time in SA Police, as he had observed during his earlier years in England. The police forces of the remaining states and territories progressively adopted the pattern during the 1970s until it was displayed on all Australian police uniforms except that of the Australian Federal Police, who use a black and white Sillitoe tartan on their cap bands.
The Australasian Centre for Policing Research (ACPR) approved a national specification for police vehicle markings in 1995 which saw all vehicles marked with a chequer band stripe running the full length of the vehicle. This was adopted by all st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEDD4 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4, also known as neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4 (whence "NEDD4") is an enzyme that is, in humans, encoded by the NEDD4 gene.
NEDD4 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase enzyme, that targets proteins for ubiquitination. NEDD4 is, in eukaryotes, a highly conserved gene, and the founding member of the NEDD4 family of E3 HECT ubiquitin ligases, which in humans consists of 9 members:
NEDD4 (the core topic of this article)
NEDD4-2 (or NEDD4L)
ITCH
SMURF1
SMURF2
WWP1
WWP2
NEDL1 (HECW1)
NEDDL2 (HECW2)].
NEDD4 regulates a large number of membrane proteins, such as ion channels and membrane receptors, via ubiquitination and endocytosis; its eponymous protein is widely expressed, and a large number of proteins have been predicted or demonstrated to bind in vitro.
In vivo, it is involved in the regulation of a diverse range of processes,
including
insulin-like growth factor signalling,
neuronal architecture, and
viral budding.
NEDD4 also is an essential protein in animals, both for development and for survival.
Structure
The NEDD4 protein has a modular structure that is shared among the NEDD4 family, consisting of an amino-terminal C2 calcium-dependent phospholipid binding domain, 3-4 WW protein-protein interaction domains, and a carboxyl-terminal catalytic HECT ubiquitin ligase domain. The C2 domain targets proteins to the phospholipid membrane, and can also be involved in targeting substrates. The WW domains interact with proline rich PPxY motifs in target proteins to mediate interactions with substrates and adaptors. The catalytic HECT domain forms a thioester bond with activated ubiquitin transferred from an E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, before transferring ubiquitin directly to a specific substrate.
Expression
The human NEDD4 gene is located on chromosome 15q21.3, and consists of 30 exons that transcribe five protein variants of NEDD4, all of which vary in the C2 domain but share |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainlendar | Rainlendar is a calendar program for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. Versions prior to version 2 are licensed under the GNU GPL as free software, but subsequent versions are proprietary shareware.
Rainlendar is characterized by very small space and memory requirements, stability, and an easily customizable user-interface (using skins). The calendar can be transparently placed on the desktop and can be managed using the Windows notification area. It has common functions such as task list and a reminder alarm. Different event types can be represented with different symbols. Calendars can also be imported or synchronized using common file formats such as Outlook, iCal and iCalendar files (using a plugin).
In addition to the stand-alone calendar program, a Rainlendar-server is available for Windows and Linux, which can synchronize distributed Rainlendar applications. The program can also be used as a LiteStep plugin.
Rainlendar is available as of 2016 in about 60 languages (via language packs), and thousands of individual skin designs.
Alternatives to Rainlendar include Korganizer, the GNOME calendar (both for Linux) and Lightning.
External links
Last free software version
Official Website
Skin archives
customize.org
Skinbase
WinCustomize
Calendaring software
Cross-platform software
Formerly free software
Software that uses wxWidgets |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodological%20advisor | A methodological advisor or statistical consultant provides methodological and statistical advice and guidance to clients interested in making decisions regarding the design of studies, the collection and analysis of data, and the presentation and dissemination of research findings. Trained in both methods and statistics, and communication skills, advisors may work in academia, industry, or the public sector.
Education and employment
Methodological advisors generally have post-graduate training in statistics and relevant practical experience. Advisors may also have significant education and experience in the particular field they work in. Some universities offer specific graduate programmes in fields such as biostatistics, psychological methods, or methodology and statistics for the medical, behavioural, and social sciences.
Methodological consultants primarily find work in academia and industry. In the private sector, consultants may be part of an organisation, employed by a consultancy firm, or self-employed. Many universities offer in-house methodological advice for researchers, as well as, in some cases, services for outside clients. The advisors may also be researchers of their own right and be involved with particular projects. Project statisticians, in particular, are embedded with research groups and often developed a deep understanding not just of statistics, but also of the research topics themselves. In contrast, independent advisors are often only consulted on specific questions, and may be less involved with the project as a whole.
Disciplines in which methodological advice is sought stretch the entire width of the quantitative sciences, but may in particular include the medical sciences, biology, psychological research, and business studies. Advisors are also consulted in public administration, where they may be involved at all levels of governance. Within the legal system, consultants may be called upon as expert witnesses, in particular in cases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthflow | An earthflow (earth flow) is a downslope viscous flow of fine-grained materials that have been saturated with water and moves under the pull of gravity. It is an intermediate type of mass wasting that is between downhill creep and mudflow. The types of materials that are susceptible to earthflows are clay, fine sand and silt, and fine-grained pyroclastic material.
When the ground materials become saturated with enough water, they will start flowing (soil liquefaction). Its speed can range from being barely noticeable to rapid movement. The velocity of the flow is dictated by water content: the higher the water content is, the higher the velocity will be. Because of the dependency on water content for the velocity of the flow, it can take minutes or years for the materials to move down the slope.
Features and behavior
Earthflows are just one type of mass movement that can occur on a hill slope. It has been recognized as its own type of movement since the early 20th century. Earthflows are one of the most fluid types of mass movements. Earthflows occur on heavily saturated slopes like mudflows or a debris flow. Though earthflows are a lot like mudflows, overall they are slower and are covered with solid material carried along by flow from within. Earthflows are often made up of fine-grained materials so slopes consisting of clay and silt materials are more likely to create an earthflow.
As earthflows are usually water-dependent, the risk of one occurring is much higher in humid areas especially after a period of heavy rainfall or snowmelt. The high level of precipitation, which saturates the ground and adds water to the slope content, increases the pore-water pressure and reduces the shearing strength of the material. As the slope becomes wet, the earthflow may start as a creep downslope due to the clay or silt having less friction. As the material is increasingly more saturated, the slope will fail, which depends on slope stability. In earthflows, the slop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo-reactive%20amino%20acid%20analog | Photo-reactive amino acid analogs are artificial analogs of natural amino acids that can be used for crosslinking of protein complexes. Photo-reactive amino acid analogs may be incorporated into proteins and peptides in vivo or in vitro. Photo-reactive amino acid analogs in common use are photoreactive diazirine analogs to leucine and methionine, and para-benzoylphenylalanine. Upon exposure to ultraviolet light, they are activated and covalently bind to interacting proteins that are within a few angstroms of the photo-reactive amino acid analog.
L-Photo-leucine and L-photo-methionine are analogs of the naturally occurring L-leucine and L-methionine amino acids that are endogenously incorporated into the primary sequence of proteins during synthesis using the normal translation machinery. They are then ultraviolet light (UV)-activated to covalently crosslink proteins within protein–protein interaction domains in their native in-vivo environment. The method enables the determination and characterization of both stable and transient protein interactions in cells without the addition of chemical crosslinkers and associated solvents that can adversely affect the cell biology being studied in the experiment.
When used in combination with limiting media that is devoid of leucine and methionine, the photo-activatable derivatives are treated like naturally occurring amino acids by the cellular protein synthesis machinery. As a result, they can be substituted for leucine or methionine in the primary structure of proteins. Photo-leucine and photo-methionine derivatives contain diazirine rings that are activated when exposed to UV light to become reactive intermediates that form covalent bonds with nearby protein side chains and backbones. Naturally interacting proteins within the cell can be instantly trapped by photoactivation of the diazirine-containing proteins in the cultured cells. Crosslinked protein complexes can be detected by decreased mobility on SDS-PAGE followed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp-Turtle%20Case | In 1994, the WTO intervened to address member concerns regarding the import of shrimp and its impact on turtles. This became known as the Shrimp and Turtle case. The ruling was adopted on November 6, 1998. However, Malaysia persisted in their complaint and initiated DSU Article 21.5 proceedings against the U.S. in 2001, but the U.S. prevailed in those hearings.
Shrimp and Turtle case
The environmental group from Oakland, California, Earthjustice sued the Environmental Protection Agency for a lack of oversight among US shrimp fishers and international fishermen.
The Earth Island Institute filed a lawsuit against US Secretary of State Warren Christopher in federal court. The government successfully argued that jurisdiction for anything dealing with embargoes was under the purview of the United States Court of International Trade. The suit was based on Public Law 609:101-162, which was not an amendment to the Endangered Species Act although it is often said to be. Public Law 609 required (a) the Secretary of State to negotiate and develop a bilateral treaty for the protection of endangered sea turtles, and (b) prohibited the importation of shrimp that was produced without Turtle Excluder Device technology introduced by the National Marine Fisheries Services. Previously, the U.S. had confined its enforcement of 609 to Caribbean countries instead of all countries. This is why the Court of International Trade ruled in favor of Earth Island Institute.
Sea turtles, endangered species on the Endangered Species Act (ESA) were caught as by-catch with shrimp. The US Environmental Protection Agency sought to protect endangered species. Presently, the NMFS requires US shrimp fishermen to use the technology while fishing for shrimp.
The new technology allowed the capture and harvest of shrimp without ensnaring sea turtles in the indiscriminatory bottom-trawling process. The patented trap door was very effective and the US fishermen quickly adopted the technology; however, imp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioiodinated%20serum%20albumin | Radioiodinated serum albumin, abbreviated RISA, is a marker used in identifying blood plasma via the dilution method in renal physiology. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-ATP8 | MT-ATP8 (or ATP8) is a mitochondrial gene with the full name 'mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase membrane subunit 8' that encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase, ATP synthase Fo subunit 8 (or subunit A6L). This subunit belongs to the Fo complex of the large, transmembrane F-type ATP synthase. This enzyme, which is also known as complex V, is responsible for the final step of oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain. Specifically, one segment of ATP synthase allows positively charged ions, called protons, to flow across a specialized membrane inside mitochondria. Another segment of the enzyme uses the energy created by this proton flow to convert a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to ATP. Subunit 8 differs in sequence between Metazoa, plants and Fungi.
Structure
The ATP synthase protein 8 of human and other mammals is encoded in the mitochondrial genome by the MT-ATP8 gene. When the complete human mitochondrial genome was first published, the MT-ATP8 gene was described as the unidentified reading frame URF A6L. An unusual feature of the MT-ATP8 gene is its 46-nucleotide overlap with the MT-ATP6 gene. With respect to the reading frame (+1) of MT-ATP8, the MT-ATP6 gene starts on the +3 reading frame.
The MT-ATP8 protein weighs 8 kDa and is composed of 68 amino acids. The protein is a subunit of the F1Fo ATPase, also known as Complex V, which consists of 14 nuclear- and 2 mitochondrial-encoded subunits. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F1 containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and Fo containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. As an A subunit, MT-ATP8 is contained within the non-catalytic, transmembrane Fo portion of the complex, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single rep |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Essential%20Business%20Server%202008 | Windows Essential Business Server 2008 (code named Centro) was Microsoft's server offering for mid-size businesses (up to a maximum of 300 Users and/or Devices). It was released to manufacturing on 15 September 2008 and was officially launched on 12 November 2008. It was discontinued on 30 June 2010.
Overview
Built from the Windows Server 2008 codebase, two editions are available: Standard and Premium. The Standard edition includes three Windows Server 2008 x64 Standard Servers and on top of those three servers: Microsoft Exchange 2007, Microsoft System Center Essentials, Microsoft Forefront Security for Exchange Server, and Forefront Threat Management Gateway (Medium Business Edition). The Premium edition adds another Windows Server 2008 Standard Edition and the Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Standard database software.
According to Microsoft, Essential Business Server features a single administration/management console, through which the collection of managed clients and servers can be monitored and managed. Third party software can also utilize the same console to present an administration interface to their software. CA Technologies and Symantec will use the management console for their CA ARCserve Backup, Backup Exec and Symantec Endpoint Protection products respectively. Essential Business Server also includes Remote Web Workplace, an out-of-the-box feature that enables IT to easily set up security-enhanced remote access to company client computers and Outlook Web App.
On 5 March 2010, Microsoft announced that due to low demand of the product, it discontinued the offering of Essential Business Server after June 30, 2010. Microsoft has recommended that Essential Businesses use standalone Windows Server 2008 R2, Exchange Server 2010, System Center Essentials 2010, Forefront Security for Exchange Server 2010 and Forefront Threat Management Gateway 2010.
From 30 June 2010 until 31 December 2010, Microsoft offered standalone products of Windows Server 2008 Standar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learner-generated%20context | The term learner-generated context originated in the suggestion that an educational context might be described as a learner-centric ecology of resources and that a learner generated context is one in which a group of users collaboratively marshall available resources to create an ecology that meets their needs.
There are many discussions about user-generated content (UGC), open educational resources (OER), distributed cognition and communities of practice but, although acknowledging the importance of the learning process, there has been little focus on learner-generated contexts or the impact of new technologies on the role of teacher, learner and institution.
Background
The term learner-generated context (LGC) is grounded in the premise that learning and teaching should not start with the embracing of new technologies, but rather that it is a matter of contextualising the learning first before supporting it with technology. The concept finds its roots in the affordances and potentials of a range of disruptive technologies and practice; web 2.0 and participative media, mobile learning, learning design and learning space design. It is also concerned with related issues in social interactions with technology around roles, expertise, knowledge, pedagogy, accreditation, power, participation and democracy.
The learner-generated context concept is concerned with examining the rapid increase in the variety and availability of resources and tools that enable people to easily create and publish their own materials and to access those created by others, and ways in which this extends the capacity for learning context creation beyond the traditional contexts of, inter alia, teachers, academics, designers and policymakers. It is also a concept which challenges existing pedagogies insofar as it sees a new generation of read/write, participatory technologies as enabling learners to take ownership of both their learning and their actions in the real world and to contribute to t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20literacy | Ecological literacy (also referred to as ecoliteracy) is the ability to understand the natural systems that make life on earth possible. To be ecoliterate means understanding the principles of organization of ecological communities (i.e. ecosystems) and using those principles for creating sustainable human communities. The term was coined by American educator David W. Orr and physicist Fritjof Capra in the 1990s – thereby a new value entered education; the "well-being of the earth".
An ecologically literate society would be a sustainable society which did not destroy the natural environment on which they depend. Ecological literacy is a powerful concept as it creates a foundation for an integrated approach to environmental problems. Advocates champion eco-literacy as a new educational paradigm emerging around the poles of holism, systems thinking, sustainability, and complexity.
Overview
Ecoliteracy concerns understanding the principles of organisation of ecosystems and their potential application to understanding how to build a sustainable human society. It combines the sciences of systems and ecology in drawing together elements required to foster learning processes toward a deep appreciation of nature and our role in it. Systems thinking is the recognition of the world as an integrated whole rather than a collection of individual elements. Within systems thinking, basic principles of organization become more important than the analysis of various components of the system in isolation. Ecological literacy and systems thinking implies a recognition of the manner in which all phenomenon are part of networks that define the way that element functions. Systems thinking is necessary to understand complex interdependence of ecological systems, social systems and other systems on all levels.
According to Fritjof Capra, "In the coming decades, the survival of humanity will depend on our ecological literacy – our ability to understand the basic principles of ecology an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS%20methods | ABS methods, where the acronym contains the initials of Jozsef Abaffy, Charles G. Broyden and Emilio Spedicato, have been developed since 1981 to generate a large class of algorithms for the following applications:
solution of general linear algebraic systems, determined or underdetermined,
full or deficient rank;
solution of linear Diophantine systems, i.e. equation systems where the coefficient matrix and the right hand side are integer valued and an integer solution is sought; this is a special but important case of Hilbert's tenth problem, the only one in practice soluble;
solution of nonlinear algebraic equations;
solution of continuous unconstrained or constrained optimization.
At the beginning of 2007 ABS literature consisted of over 400 papers and reports and two monographs, one due to Abaffy and Spedicato and published in 1989, one due to Xia and Zhang and published, in Chinese, in 1998. Moreover, three conferences had been organized in China.
Research on ABS methods has been the outcome of an international collaboration coordinated by Spedicato of university of Bergamo, Italy. It has involved over forty mathematicians from Hungary, UK, China, Iran and other countries.
The central element in such methods is the use of a special matrix transformation due essentially to the Hungarian mathematician Jenő Egerváry, who investigated its main properties in some papers that went unnoticed.
For the basic problem of solving a linear system of m equations in n variables, where , ABS methods use the following simple geometric idea:
Given an arbitrary initial estimate of the solution, find one of the infinite solutions, defining a linear variety of dimension n − 1, of the first equation.
Find a solution of the second equation that is also a solution of the first, i.e. find a solution lying in the intersection of the linear varieties of the solutions of the first two equations considered separately.
By iteration of the above approach after m steps one |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Synchrotron%20Radiation%20Research%20Center | The National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC; ) synchrotron radiation facility at the Hsinchu Science Park in East District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan as the agency under the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of China.
It houses the Taiwan Light Source (TLS) and Taiwan Photon Source (TPS). Additionally, the NSRRC also operates two beamlines at SPring-8 in Japan and the Sika neutron scattering instrument at the OPAL research reactor in Australia.
Instruments
Taiwan Light Source
The TLS is Taiwan's first synchrotron and was opened in 1993 as a third-generation synchrotron with a beam energy of 1.5 GeV beam. The storage ring has a circumference of 120 m. There are twenty-six operational beamlines. They cover a wide range of functionality, from IR microscopy to X-ray lithography.
Taiwan Photon Source
The TPS is a 3-GeV third-generation synchrotron light source, built at a cost of approximately NT$7 billion (US$224 million). After a seven-year plan was launched in 2007, it delivered first light on December 31, 2014. Projected to be 10,000 times brighter than the TLS, the TPS is considered one of the world's brightest light sources. It has a storage ring circumference of 518.4 m. The facility is expected to have 48 experimental stations fully operational by 2016. The synchrotron is aimed to benefit biomedical and nanotechnology research. The TPS is located adjacent to the TLS and the two light sources are intended to be complementary in providing a wide range of the photon spectrum, from IR to x-rays greater than 10 keV, for researchers' needs.
Organizational structure
Light Source Division
Instrumentation Development Division
Experimental Facility Division
Scientific Research Division
Administration Division
Radiation and Operation Safety Division |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomaltol | Isomaltol is a natural furan obtained by the enzymatic degradation of starch. It is also a flavor component in bread crust, produced by thermal degradation (caramelization) of sugars.
Isomaltol is obtained after the Maillard reaction from an amino acid and a reducing sugar
See also
Maltol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubo%20gap | In atomic physics, the kubo gap is the average spacing that exists between consecutive energy levels. The units of measure are meV or millielectron volts. It varies with an inverse relationship to the nuclearity.
As the material in question is viewed from the bulk and atomic levels, we can see that the kubo gap goes from a smaller to larger value respectively. As the kubo gap increases there is also a decrease in the density of states located at the Fermi level. The kubo gap can also have an effect on the properties associated with the material. It is possible to control the kubo gap which will then cause the system to become metallic or nonmetallic. The electrical conductivity and magnetic susceptibility are also both influenced by the kubo gap and vary according to the relative size of the kubo gap.
See also
Nanoparticle
Quantum dot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit%20emulation%20service | Circuit emulation service (CES) is a telecommunication technology used to send information over asynchronous data networks like ATM, Ethernet or MPLS, so that it is received error-free with constant delay, similar to a leased line.
CES was introduced for ATM networks. As the interest for ATM is declining, most new applications work over packet-based (IP)-networks. Two commonly used protocols are SAToP (IETF RFC 4553) and CESoPSN (IETF RFC 5086).
Reasons for circuit emulation
Examples of channels needing constant delay include time-division multiplexed (TDM) services such as the traditional digital signal (DS) and the E-carrier circuits.
The core networks are in the evolution to packet-switched networks such as Metro Ethernet, IP/Ethernet and MPLS. These packet switching-based networks provide more cost-effective communications with comparison with traditional TDM based networks (PDH, SDH), especially for Internet services.
But the legacy TDM and ATM equipment has been widely deployed in traditional telecommunication networks: private branch exchanges (PBX) in enterprise offices, PDH/SDH equipment in carrier offices and near wireless stations. Service providers seek to continue using this equipment rather than replacing it. Especially the widely deployed 2G and 2.5G base stations are using TDM based interfaces to communicate with BSC (Base Station Controller). The early deployed 3G Node B is using ATM based protocols running on PDH/SDH physical interfaces. These base stations will exist for quite a long time in evolution to LTE.
Circuit emulation service technology allows companies to easily migrate to packet-switched networks. With CES, the legacy TDM and ATM services are supported with much more cost-effective infrastructures based on low-cost and highly available Ethernet devices. This is a reverse mapping approach with regard to traditional solutions in which IP/ethernet services is carried in ATM or PDH/SDH protocols.
CES technology makes it possible to le |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD74 | HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain also known as HLA-DR antigens-associated invariant chain or CD74 (Cluster of Differentiation 74), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD74 gene. The invariant chain (Abbreviated Ii) is a polypeptide which plays a critical role in antigen presentation. It is involved in the formation and transport of MHC class II peptide complexes for the generation of CD4+ T cell responses. The cell surface form of the invariant chain is known as CD74. CD74 is a cell surface receptor for the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF).
Function
The nascent MHC class II protein in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) binds a segment of the invariant chain (Ii; a trimer) in order to shape the peptide-binding groove and prevent the formation of a closed conformation.
The invariant chain also facilitates the export of MHC class II from the RER in a vesicle. The signal for endosomal targeting resides in the cytoplasmic tail of the invariant chain. This fuses with a late endosome containing the endocytosed antigen proteins (from the exogenous pathway). Binding to Ii ensures that no antigen peptides from the endogenous pathway meant for MHC class I molecules accidentally bind to the groove of MHC class II molecules. The Ii is then cleaved by cathepsin S (cathepsin L in cortical thymic epithelial cells), leaving only a small fragment called CLIP remaining bound to the groove of MHC class II molecules. The rest of the Ii is degraded. CLIP blocks peptide-binding until HLA-DM interacts with MHC II, releasing CLIP and allowing other peptides to bind. In some cases, CLIP dissociates without any further molecular interactions, but in other cases the binding to the MHC is more stable.
The stable MHC class II + antigen complex is then presented on the cell surface. Without CLIP, MHC class II aggregates disassemble and/or denature in the endosomes, and proper antigen presentation is impaired.
Clinical significance
Vaccine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTR3 | Actin-related protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTR3 gene.
Function
The specific function of this gene has not yet been determined; however, the protein it encodes is known to be a major constituent of the ARP2/3 complex. This complex is located at the cell surface and is essential to cell shape and motility through lamellipodial actin assembly and protrusion.
Interactions
ACTR3 has been shown to interact with Cortactin. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEDD8 | NEDD8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NEDD8 gene. (in saccharomyces cerevisiae this protein is known as Rub1) This ubiquitin-like (UBL) protein becomes covalently conjugated to a limited number of cellular proteins, in a process called NEDDylation similar to ubiquitination. Human NEDD8 shares 60% amino acid sequence identity to ubiquitin. The primary known substrates of NEDD8 modification are the cullin subunits of cullin-based E3 ubiquitin ligases, which are active only when NEDDylated. Their NEDDylation is critical for the recruitment of E2 to the ligase complex, thus facilitating ubiquitin conjugation. NEDD8 modification has therefore been implicated in cell cycle progression and cytoskeletal regulation.
Activation and conjugation
As with ubiquitin and SUMO, NEDD8 is conjugated to cellular proteins after its C-terminal tail is processed. The NEDD8 activating E1 enzyme is a heterodimer composed of APPBP1 and UBA3 subunits. The APPBP1/UBA3 enzyme has homology to the N- and C-terminal halves of the ubiquitin E1 enzyme, respectively. The UBA3 subunit contains the catalytic center and activates NEDD8 in an ATP-dependent reaction by forming a high-energy thiolester intermediate. The activated NEDD8 is subsequently transferred to the UbcH12 E2 enzyme, and is then conjugated to specific substrates in the presence of the appropriate E3 ligases.
Substrates for NEDD8
As reviewed by Brown et al., the best-characterized activated-NEDD8 substrates are the cullins (CUL1, 2, 3, 4A, 4B, 5, and 7 and PARC in human cells), that serve as molecular scaffolds for cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs). Neddylation results in covalent conjugation of a NEDD8 moiety onto a conserved cullin lysine residue. Cullin neddylation increases CRL ubiquitylation activity via conformational changes that optimize ubiquitin transfer to target proteins
Removal
There are several different proteases which can remove NEDD8 from protein conjugates. UCHL1, UCHL3 and USP21 proteases have |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas%20Delta | The Arkansas Delta is one of the six natural regions of the state of Arkansas. Willard B. Gatewood Jr., author of The Arkansas Delta: Land of Paradox, says that rich cotton lands of the Arkansas Delta make that area "The Deepest of the Deep South."
The region runs along the Mississippi River from Eudora north to Blytheville and as far west as Little Rock. It is part of the Mississippi embayment, itself part of the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain. The flat plain is bisected by Crowley's Ridge, a narrow band of rolling hills rising above the flat delta plains. Several towns and cities have been developed along Crowley's Ridge, including Jonesboro. The region's lower western border follows the Arkansas River just outside Little Rock down through Pine Bluff. There the border shifts to Bayou Bartholomew, stretching south to the Arkansas-Louisiana state line.
While the Arkansas Delta shares many geographic similarities with the Mississippi Delta, it is distinguished by its five unique sub-regions: the St. Francis Basin, Crowley's Ridge, the White River Lowlands, the Grand Prairie and the Arkansas River Lowlands (also called "the Delta Lowlands"). Much of the region is within the Mississippi lowland forests ecoregion.
The Arkansas Delta includes the entire territories of 15 counties: Arkansas, Chicot, Clay, Craighead, Crittenden, Cross, Desha, Drew, Greene, Lee, Mississippi, Monroe, Phillips, Poinsett, and St. Francis. It also includes portions of another 10 counties: Jackson, Lawrence, Prairie, Randolph, White, Pulaski, Lincoln, Jefferson, Lonoke and Woodruff counties.
Geology
The Delta is subdivided into five unique sub-regions, including the St. Francis River Basin, Crowley's Ridge, the White River Lowlands, the Grand Prairie, and the Arkansas River Lowlands (also called "the Delta Lowlands").
Grand Prairie
The underlying impermeable clay layer in the Stuttgart soil series that allowed the region to be a flat grassland plain initially appeared to stunt the regi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesophase | In chemistry and chemical physics, a mesophase is a state of matter intermediate between solid and liquid. Gelatin is a common example of a partially ordered structure in a mesophase. Further, biological structures such as the lipid bilayers of cell membranes are examples of mesophases.
Georges Friedel (1922) called attention to the "mesomorphic states of matter" in his scientific assessment of observations of the so-called liquid crystals. Conventionally a crystal is solid, and crystallization converts liquid to solid. The oxymoron of the liquid crystal is resolved through the notion of mesophases. The observations noted an optic axis persisting in materials that had been melted and had begun to flow. The term liquid crystal persists as a colloquialism, but use of the term was criticized in 1993: In The Physics of Liquid Crystals the mesophases are introduced from the beginning:
...certain organic materials do not show a single transition from solid to liquid, but rather a cascade of transitions involving new phases. The mechanical properties and the symmetry properties of these phases are intermediate between those of a liquid and those of a crystal. For this reason they have often been called liquid crystals. A more proper name is ‘mesomorphic phases’ (mesomorphic: intermediate form)
Further, "The classification of mesophases (first clearly set out by G. Friedel in 1922) is essentially based on symmetry."
Molecules that demonstrate mesophases are called mesogens.
In technology, molecules in which the optic axis is subject to manipulation during a mesophase have become commercial products as they can be used to manufacture display devices, known as liquid-crystal displays (LCDs). The susceptibility of the optical axis, called a director, to an electric or magnetic field produces the potential for an optical switch that obscures light or lets it pass. Methods used include the Freedericksz transition, the twisted nematic field effect and the in-plane switching |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTR2 | Actin-related protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTR2 gene.
The specific function of ACTR2 has not yet been determined. However, it is known to be a major constituent of the ARP2/3 complex. This complex is located at the cell surface and is essential to cell shape and motility through lamellipodial actin assembly and protrusion. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper%20key | A paper key is a machine-readable print of a cryptographic key. The printed key can be used to decrypt data, e.g. archives or backup data. A paper key can be the result of an offline private key protocol. The offline private key can also function as a token in two-factor authentication.
The idea is that a digital key to decrypt and recover sensitive or personal data should have long-term durability and not be stored on any computer or network. The length of secure cryptographic keys restricts memorization, so the secret key takes the form of a 2D barcode, a machine-readable print. Early implementations of a paper key by the company Safeberg use a Data Matrix barcode. or human-readable base 16 digits.
The user stores the printed key in a secure location. To avoid abuse, the key can only be used in combination with a ‘normal’ password.
The user can extract the key by creating a digital photo or scan of their paper key and feeding it to cryptographic software that extracts the key to decrypt the data.
See also
Offline private key protocol
External links
Key management
Data security |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEUROD1 | Neurogenic differentiation 1 (Neurod1), also called β2, is a transcription factor of the NeuroD-type. It is encoded by the human gene NEUROD1.
In mice, Neurod1 expression is first seen at embryonic day 12 (E12).
It is a member of the Neurod family of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, composed of Neurod1, Neurod2, Neurod4, and Neurod6. The protein forms heterodimers with other bHLH proteins and activates transcription of genes that contain a specific DNA sequence known as the E-box. It regulates expression of the insulin gene, and mutations in this gene result in type II diabetes mellitus in mouse models and in human clinical patients.
Neurod1 is found to convert reactive glial cells into functional neurons in the mouse brain in vivo In the adult cortex, Neurod1 expression is a marker of mature excitatory pyramidal neurons in the upper-most layers of the cortex.
Interactions
Neurod1 has been shown to interact with MAP3K10, MAFA and Cyclin D1. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGFB1I1 | Transforming growth factor beta-1-induced transcript 1 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFB1I1 gene. Often put together with and studied alongside TGFB1I1 is the mouse homologue HIC-5 ( Hydrogen Peroxide-Inducible Clone-5). As the name suggests, TGFB1I1 is an induced form of the larger family of TGFB1. Studies suggest TGFB1I1 plays a role in processes of cell growth, proliferation, migration, differentiation and senescence. TGFB1I1 is most localized at focal adhesion complexes of cells, although it may be found active in the cytosol, nucleus and cell membrane as well.
Functions
Transforming growth factor beta-1-induced transcript 1 plays a role in a number of cell functions. Originally, TGFB1I1 was isolated as a senescence-inducing gene from mouse osteoblastic cells through treatment with transforming growth factor beta-1 and hydrogen peroxide. During this, TGFB1I1 was also being independently discovered by numerous other groups and was characterized as a focal adhesion protein, an androgen and glucocorticoid receptor co-activator, a negative regulator of muscle differentiation, and major player in the recovery of arterial media.
Interactions
TGFB1I1 has been shown to interact with:
Androgen receptor,
Dopamine transporter
Hsp27,
PTK2B,
PTK2, and
PTPN12.
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of TGFB1I1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Tgfb1i1tm1b(KOMP)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping
See also
Transcription coregulator |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIX | ASIX Electronics Corp. () is a fabless semiconductor supplier with a focus on networking, communication, and connectivity applications. ASIX Electronics specializes in Ethernet-centric silicon products such as non-PCI Ethernet controller, USB 2.0 to LAN controller, and network SoC for embedded networking applications.
Corporate history
ASIX was founded in May 1995 in Hsinchu Science Park, Taiwan. In 2002, ASIX announced its first USB to MII chip. In June 2007, electronicstalk.com featured the AX11005BF, billed as the industry smallest single-chip embedded Ethernet MCU. Electronicstalk.com describes powering embedded systems in a machine to machine world (M2M) in reference to the AX110xx family of chips.
ASIX Electronics introduced the industry's first:
USB 3.0 to Gigabit Ethernet controller
Non-PCI/USB 2.0 Gigabit Ethernet controller
Single chip microcontroller with TCP/IP, 10/100 Mbit Fast Ethernet MAC/PHY, and flash
Industry smallest single chip embedded Ethernet MCU
Asix Electronics saw its revenues jump 59.3% sequentially to NT$31.5 million (US$957,000) in December 2006 on shipments of USB-to-Ethernet controller ICs for Nintendo's Wii consoles, according to market sources.
ASIX is listed as a vendor in the 2007 EDN Microprocessor Directory.
ASIX Electronics Corp:To acquire 100 pct stake in ZYWYN CORPORATION with amount of $8 million.
Products
The current offerings are as follows:
Non-PCI/PCMCIA embedded Ethernet
High-speed USB-to-LAN
Embedded network SoC
I/O connectivity
Embedded Wireless Modules
Wii LAN Adapter
ASIX manufactures the chipset in the Wii LAN Adapter. The Wii is equipped with Wi-Fi but does not include an Ethernet port; gamers can purchase a Wii LAN Adapter sold by Nintendo and other manufacturers to give Ethernet capability to the Wii.
See also
List of companies of Taiwan
List of system-on-a-chip suppliers
Network interface controller (NIC)
Semiconductor industry in Taiwan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitocybe%20rivulosa | Clitocybe rivulosa, commonly known as the false champignon or fool's funnel, is a poisonous basidiomycete fungus of the large genus Clitocybe. One of several species similar in appearance, it is a small white funnel-shaped toadstool widely found in lawns, meadows and other grassy areas in Europe and North America. Also known as the sweating mushroom, it derives this name from the symptoms of poisoning (SLUDGE syndrome). It contains potentially deadly levels of muscarine.
Description
A small whitish mushroom, the 3–4 cm diameter cap is funnel-shaped with decurrent crowded white gills, with specks of pink. The fibrous stipe is up to 4 cm tall and bears no ring. The spore print is white. There is no distinctive taste or smell. It is one of a number of similar poisonous species, which can be confused with the edible fairy ring champignon (Marasmius oreades) or miller (Clitopilus prunulus), such as the ivory funnel (Clitocybe dealbata) .
When young and imbued with moisture, as with a small group of related Clitocybes such as C. phyllophila, the cap has a distinctive brownish translucent aspect with a "frosting" of white (which however is not superficial, but part of the flesh). When it dries out it becomes uniform pure white, and it is more difficult to identify. Thus it is hygrophanous in a way, but not to be confused with the smaller thin-fleshed Clitocybe species which are commonly characterized as hygrophanous.
Taxonomy and naming
It was initially described as Agaricus rivulosus by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1801, before German naturalist Paul Kummer gave it its current name in 1871.
The surface of the cap can develop concentric rings of cracks with age, and the species epithet rivulosa refers to this fissuring.
The very similar Clitocybe dealbata is sometimes regarded as part of the same species as C. rivulosa, and in that case the name rivulosa takes precedence and should be used for all these fungi. If distinguished, it is on the basis that build is mo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellgett%27s%20advantage | Fellgett's advantage or the multiplex advantage is an improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that is gained when taking multiplexed measurements rather than direct measurements. The name is derived from P. B. Fellgett, who first made the observation as part of his PhD. When measuring a signal whose noise is dominated by detector noise, a multiplexed measurement such as the signal generated by a Fourier transform spectrometer can produce a relative improvement in SNR, compared to an equivalent scanning monochromator, of the order of the square root of m, where m is the number of sample points comprising the spectrum.
Exit slit
Sellar and Boreman have argued that this SNR improvement can be considered as a result of freedom from needing an exit slit inside the spectrometer, since an exit slit reduces the light collected by the detector by the same factor.
Emission
There is an additional multiplex advantage for emission lines of atomic and molecular spectra. At the peak of the emission line, a monochromator measurement will be noisy, since the noise is proportional to the square root of the signal. For the same reason, the measurement will be less noisy at the baseline of the spectrum. In a multiplexed measurement, however, the noise in a given measurement is spread more or less evenly across the spectrum, regardless of the local signal intensity. Thus, multiplexed measurements can achieve higher SNR at the emission line peaks. There is a corresponding multiplex disadvantage, however. When the signals of interest are absorption lines in the spectrum, then the same principle will produce increased noise at the valleys of the absorption lines relative to the noise of a scanning monochromator.
Shot noise
However, if the detector is shot noise dominated (which is typically the case for a photomultiplier tube), noise will be proportional to the square root of the power, so that for a broad flat spectrum the noise will be proportional to the square root of m, where m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focused%20impedance%20measurement | Focused Impedance Measurement (FIM) is a recent technique for quantifying the electrical resistance in tissues of the human body with improved zone localization compared to conventional methods. This method was proposed and developed by Department of Biomedical Physics and Technology of University of Dhaka under the supervision of Prof. Khondkar Siddique-e-Rabbani; who first introduced the idea. FIM can be considered a bridge between Four Electrode Impedance Measurement (FEIM) and Electrical impedance Tomography (EIT), and provides a middle ground in terms of simplicity and accuracy.
Many biological parameters and processes can be detected and monitored through their effects on bioimpedance. Bioimpedance measurement can be performed with a few simple instruments and non-invasively.
Measurement of electrical impedance to obtain physiological or diagnostic information has been of interest to researchers for many years. However, the human body is geometrically and conductively uneven, with variation between individuals and phases of normal body activity, and bioimpedance results from many factors, including ion concentrations, cell geometry, extra-cellular fluids, intra-cellular fluids, and organ geometry. This makes accurate analysis of results from a small number of electrodes difficult and unreliable. Identifying zones with specific impedances can provide greater certainty regarding the factors behind the impedance.
Conventional Four Electrode or Tetra-polar Impedance Measurement (TPIM) is simple, but the zone of sensitivity is not well defined and may include organs other that those of interest, making interpretation difficult and unreliable. On the other hand, Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) offers reasonable resolution, but is complex and require many electrodes. By placing two FEIM systems perpendicular to each other over a common zone at the center and combining the results, it is possible to obtain enhanced sensitivity over this central zone. This is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted%20timestamping | Trusted timestamping is the process of securely keeping track of the creation and modification time of a document. Security here means that no one—not even the owner of the document—should be able to change it once it has been recorded provided that the timestamper's integrity is never compromised.
The administrative aspect involves setting up a publicly available, trusted timestamp management infrastructure to collect, process and renew timestamps.
History
The idea of timestamping information is centuries old. For example, when Robert Hooke discovered Hooke's law in 1660, he did not want to publish it yet, but wanted to be able to claim priority. So he published the anagram ceiiinosssttuv and later published the translation ut tensio sic vis (Latin for "as is the extension, so is the force"). Similarly, Galileo first published his discovery of the phases of Venus in the anagram form.
Sir Isaac Newton, in responding to questions from Leibniz in a letter in 1677, concealed the details of his "fluxional technique" with an anagram:
The foundations of these operations is evident enough, in fact; but because I cannot proceed with the explanation of it now, I have preferred to conceal it thus: 6accdae13eff7i3l9n4o4qrr4s8t12ux. On this foundation I have also tried to simplify the theories which concern the squaring of curves, and I have arrived at certain general Theorems.
Trusted digital timestamping has first been discussed in literature by Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta.
Classification
There are many timestamping schemes with different security goals:
PKI-based – timestamp token is protected using PKI digital signature.
Linking-based schemes – timestamp is generated in such a way that it is related to other timestamps.
Distributed schemes – timestamp is generated in cooperation of multiple parties.
Transient key scheme – variant of PKI with short-living signing keys.
MAC – simple secret key based scheme, found in ANSI ASC X9.95 Standard.
Database – |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S1PR1 | Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P receptor 1 or S1PR1), also known as endothelial differentiation gene 1 (EDG1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S1PR1 gene. S1PR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor which binds the bioactive signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). S1PR1 belongs to a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor subfamily comprising five members (S1PR1-5). S1PR1 was originally identified as an abundant transcript in endothelial cells and it has an important role in regulating endothelial cell cytoskeletal structure, migration, capillary-like network formation and vascular maturation. In addition, S1PR1 signaling is important in the regulation of lymphocyte maturation, migration and trafficking.
Structure
S1PR1 like the other members of the GPCR family is composed of seven-transmembrane helices arranged in a structurally conserved bundle. As well as the other GPCRs, in the extracellular region S1PR1 is composed of three loops: ECL1 between helices II and III, ECL2 between helices IV and V and ECL3 between helices VI and VII. Compared to the other members of the family, S1PR1 has some specific features. The N-terminal of the protein folds as a helical cap above the top of the receptor and therefore it limits the access of the ligands to the amphipathic binding pocket. This marked amphipathicity is indeed in agreement with the zwitterionic nature of S1P. In addition, helices ECL1 and ECL2 pack tightly against the N-terminal helix, further occluding the access of the ligand from the extracellular space. S1P or S1P analogs are likely to reach the binding pocket from within the cell membrane and not from the extracellular space, may be through an opening between helices I and VII. Compared to the other GPCRs, this region is more open due to a different positioning of helices I and II toward helix III. This occlusion of the ligand access space from the extracellular space could also explain the slow saturation of receptor binding in the pre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIM28 | Tripartite motif-containing 28 (TRIM28), also known as transcriptional intermediary factor 1β (TIF1β) and KAP1 (KRAB-associated protein-1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM28 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene mediates transcriptional control by interaction with the Krüppel-associated box repression domain found in many transcription factors. The protein localizes to the nucleus and is thought to associate with specific chromatin regions. The protein is a member of the tripartite motif family. This tripartite motif includes three zinc-binding domains, a RING, a B-box type 1 and a B-box type 2, and a coiled-coil region.
KAP1 is a ubiquitously expressed protein involved in many critical functions including: transcriptional regulation, cellular differentiation and proliferation, DNA damage repair, viral suppression, and apoptosis. Its functionality is dependent upon post-translational modifications. Sumoylated TRIM28 can assemble epigenetic machinery for gene silencing, while phosphorylated TRIM28 is involved in DNA repair.
Cellular differentiation and proliferation
Studies have shown that deletion of KAP1 in mice before gastrulation results in death (implicating it as a necessary protein for proliferation) while deletion in adult mice results in increased anxiety and stress-induced alterations in learning and memory. KAP1 has been shown to participate in the maintenance of pluripotency of embryonic stem cells and to promote and inhibit cellular differentiation of adult cell lines. Increased levels of KAP1 have been found in liver, gastric, breast, lung, and prostate cancers as well, indicating that it may play an important role in tumor cell proliferation (possibly by inhibiting apoptosis).
Transcriptional regulation
KAP1 can regulate genomic transcription through a variety of mechanisms, many of which remain somewhat unclear. Studies have shown that KAP1 can repress transcription by binding directly to the genome (which can |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPRY2 | Sprouty homolog 2 (Drosophila), also known as SPRY2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SPRY2 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a protein belonging to the sprouty family. The encoded protein contains a carboxyl-terminal cysteine-rich domain essential for the inhibitory activity on receptor tyrosine kinase signaling proteins and is required for growth factor stimulated translocation of the protein to membrane ruffles. In primary dermal endothelial cells this gene is transiently upregulated in response to fibroblast growth factor two. This protein is indirectly involved in the non-cell autonomous inhibitory effect on fibroblast growth factor two signaling. The protein interacts with Cas-Br-M (murine) ectropic retroviral transforming sequence, and can function as a bimodal regulator of epidermal growth factor receptor/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. This protein may play a role in alveoli branching during lung development as shown by a similar mouse protein.
SPRY2 is a negative feedback regulator of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) including receptors for fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Antagonization of growth factor mediated pathways, cell migration, and cellular differentiation occurs through the ERK pathway. Spry2 can also enhance EGFR signaling by sequestering CBL. Spry gene expression has been reported silenced or repressed in cancer of the breast, liver, lung, prostate, and in lymphoma. Human spry2 expression is localized to the microtubules in unstimulated cells. All sprouty isoforms inhibit the ERK pathway by themselves, but can also form heterodimers and homodimers which have enhanced inhibition.
Interactions
SPRY2 has been shown to interact with Cbl gene.
See also
SPRED1 gene
Neurofibromin 1
SPRY1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCER1A | Fc fragment of IgE, high affinity I, receptor for; alpha polypeptide, also known as FCER1A, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FCER1A gene.
Function
The high affinity IgE receptor plays a central role in allergic disease, coupling allergen and mast cell to initiate the inflammatory and immediate hypersensitivity responses that are characteristic of disorders such as hay fever and asthma. The allergic response occurs when 2 or more IgE receptors are crosslinked via IgE molecules that in turn are bound to an allergen (antigen) molecule. A perturbation occurs that brings about the release of histamine and proteases from the granules in the cytoplasm of the mast cell and leads to the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes—potent effectors of the hypersensitivity response. The IgE receptor consists of 3 subunits: alpha (this protein), beta, and gamma; only the alpha subunit is glycosylated. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-aminobutyric%20acid%20receptor%20subunit%20gamma-2 | Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRG2 gene.
Function
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to GABA receptors. The type A GABA receptors are pentameric chloride channels assembled from among many genetic variants of GABA(A) subunits. This gene encodes the gamma 2 subunit of GABA(A) receptor. Mutations in this gene have been associated with epilepsy and febrile seizures. Alternative splicing of this gene results in transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
Interactions
GABRG2 has been shown to interact with GABARAP and Dopamine receptor D5.
See also
GABAA receptor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinez%20beavers | The Martinez beavers are a family of North American beavers living in Alhambra Creek in downtown Martinez, California. Best known as the longtime home of famed 19th/20th-century naturalist John Muir, Martinez has become a national example of urban stream restoration utilizing beavers as ecosystem engineers.
In late 2006, a male and female beaver arrived in Alhambra Creek, proceeding to produce 4 kits over the course of the summer. After a decision by the city of Martinez to exterminate the beavers, local conservationists formed an organization called Worth a Dam and as a result of their activism, the decision was overturned. Subsequently, wildlife populations have increased in diversity along the Alhambra Creek watershed, most likely due to the dams maintained by the beavers.
Alhambra Creek
In late 2006, Alhambra Creek, which runs through the city of Martinez, was adopted by two beavers. The beavers built a dam 30 feet wide and at one time 6 feet high, and chewed through half the willows and other creekside landscaping the city planted as part of its 9.7 million 1999 flood-improvement project (after a flood in 1997).
In November 2007, the city declared that the risk of flooding from the dam necessitated removal of the beavers. Since the California Department of Fish and Game (DFG) does not allow relocation, extermination was the only solution. Residents voiced objections, prompting a beaver vigil and rally, as well as local media interest. Within three days of the announcement of the decision to exterminate the beavers, downtown Martinez was invaded by news cameras and curious spectators. Because of the public outcry, the city obtained an exception from DFG, who pledged to pay for their successful relocation. This 11th-hour decision relieved much of the tension, but residents continued to press the city to allow the beavers to stay. In a heavily-attended city council meeting, the city was alternately praised for gaining the DFG exception and chided for not resea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSMD10 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 10 or gankyrin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PSMD10 gene. First isolated in 1998 by Tanaka et al.; Gankyrin is an oncoprotein that is a component of the 19S regulatory cap of the proteasome. Structurally, it contains a 33-amino acid ankyrin repeat that forms a series of alpha helices. It plays a key role in regulating the cell cycle via protein-protein interactions with the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK4. It also binds closely to the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2, which is a regulator of the degradation of p53 and retinoblastoma protein, both transcription factors involved in tumor suppression and found mutated in many cancers. Gankyrin also has an anti-apoptotic effect and is overexpressed in certain types of tumor cells such as hepatocellular carcinoma.
Function
The 26S proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered structure composed of 2 complexes, a 20S core and a 19S regulator. The 20S core is composed of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. The 19S regulator is composed of a base, which contains 6 ATPase subunits and 2 non-ATPase subunits, and a lid, which contains up to 10 non-ATPase subunits. Proteasomes are distributed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. An essential function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides. This gene encodes a non-ATPase subunit of the 19S regulator. Two transcripts encoding different isoforms have been described. Pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 3 and 20.
Clinical significance
The proteasome and its subunits are of clinical significance for at least two reasons: (1) a compromised complex assembly or a dysfunctional proteasome can be associated with the underlying pathophysiology of specific disea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEDD4L | Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated gene 4-like (NEDD4L) or NEDD4-2 is an enzyme (ubiquitin ligase) of the NEDD4 family.
In human the protein is encoded by the NEDD4L gene. In mouse the protein is commonly known as NEDD4-2 and the gene Nedd4-2.
NEDD4-2 has been shown to ubiquitinate and therefore down regulate the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in the collecting ducts of the kidneys, therefore opposing the actions of aldosterone and increasing salt excretion. In Liddle's Syndrome NEDD4 is unable to bind to the ENaC and lead to salt retention and hypertension occur.
NEDD4L belongs to the NEDD4 family of E3 HECT domain ubiquitin ligases. It is the closest homologue of NEDD4, the prototypic member of the family and probably arose as a result of gene duplication. While NEDD4 orthologues are present in all eukaryotes, NEDD4L proteins are limited to vertebrates. NEDD4L proteins are known to be involved in regulating many membrane proteins via ubiquitination and endocytosis.
NEDD4L protein is expressed widely. The primary targets of NEDD4-2 include the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), the Na+-Cl- co-transporter (NCC), and the voltage gated sodium channels (Navs), although additional targets are predicted from in vitro studies. NEDD4-2 gene in mice is essential for animal survival and the polymorphisms in NEDD4L are associated with human hypertension.
Protein architecture
The NEDD4-2 protein consists of an amino-terminal Ca2+-phospholipid binding domain (C2), 4 WW domains (protein-protein interaction domains) and the carboxyl-terminal HECT domain (ubiquitin ligase domain). The WW domains in the protein are responsible for binding the substrates, regulatory proteins and adaptors. These domains generally recognize PPxY (or similar) motifs in the target proteins.
Expression
Human NEDD4L gene is located on chromosome 18q12.31 with 38 exons that transcribe multiple splice variants of NEDD4L. The protein expressed in the brain, lung, heart and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid%20fabric | The Wireless Grid Fabric in communication is a MIMOS Berhad innovation for WiMAX multi-hop relay networks (IEEE802.16j) for rural area communication.
The idea of the Wireless Grid Fabric involves using multihop base stations (MR-BS) to forward messages to and from the network. Each relay station (RS) covers approximately two square kilometers of area with omnidirectional antennas. Each such square is called a cell. In this scheme, the network's scalability depends not on the number of nodes but the number of cells, each of which contains several nodes.
In any rural area community supported by a Wireless Grid Fabric, it is assumed that the main traffic (content) is self-created by the population (peer–to-peer), such as video streaming, VOIP, IPTV, and others which are all multicast-based. The Wireless Grid Fabric network has many advantages over other mesh technologies (i.e. WiFi-Mesh and Fixed WiMAX-Mesh), as it achieves hundreds of Mbit/s with mobility for hundreds of mobiles per service deployment. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsomere | The capsomere is a subunit of the capsid, an outer covering of protein that protects the genetic material of a virus. Capsomeres self-assemble to form the capsid.
Subunits called protomers aggregate to form capsomeres. Various arrangements of capsomeres are: 1) Icosahedral, 2) Helical, and 3) Complex.
1) Icosahedral- An icosahedron is a polyhedron with 12 vertices and 20 faces. Two types of capsomeres constitute the icosahedral capsid: pentagonal (pentons) at the vertices and hexagonal (hexons) at the faces. There are always twelve pentons, but the number of hexons varies among virus groups. In electron micrographs, capsomeres are recognized as regularly spaced rings with a central hole.
2) Helical- The protomers are not grouped in capsomeres, but are bound to each other so as to form a ribbon-like structure. This structure folds into a helix because the protomers are thicker at one end than at the other. The diameter of the helical capsid is determined by characteristics of its protomers, while its length is determined by the length of the nucleic acid it encloses.
3) Complex- e.g., that exhibited by poxvirus and rhabdovirus. This group comprises all those viruses which do not fit into either of the above two groups.
When the viral particle has entered a host cell, the host cellular enzymes digest the capsid and its constituent capsomeres, thereby exposing the naked genetic material (DNA/RNA) of the virus, which subsequently enters the replication cycle.
The capsomeres protect against physical, chemical, and enzymatic damage and are multiply redundant; having a few protein subunits that are repeated. This is because the viral genome is being as economic as possible by only needing a few protein codons to make a large structure. One of the major functions of a capsid is to introduce the enclosed viral genome into host cells by adsorbing readily to host cell surfaces. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortinarius%20caperatus | Cortinarius caperatus is an edible mushroom of the genus Cortinarius found in northern regions of Europe and North America. It was known as Rozites caperata for many years before genetic studies revealed that it belonged to the genus Cortinarius. The fruit bodies appear in autumn in coniferous and beech woods as well as heathlands in late summer and autumn. The ochre-coloured cap is up to 10 cm (4 in) across and has a fibrous surface. The clay-colored gills are attached to the stipe under the cap, and the stipe is whitish with a whitish ring. The Latin specific name, caperatus, means wrinkled, and refers to the distinctive texture of the cap. The flesh has a mild smell and flavor.
Popular with mushroom foragers, C. caperatus is picked seasonally in throughout Europe. Although mild-tasting and highly regarded, the mushrooms are often infested with maggots. In central Europe, old specimens could be confused with the poisonous Inosperma erubescens in summer. Fruiting bodies of C. caperatus have been found to bioaccumulate mercury and radioactive isotopes of caesium.
Taxonomy
The mushroom was originally described as Agaricus caperatus in 1796 by South African mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, who noted it grew in beech woods. The specific epithet caperatus is Latin for "wrinkled". Bohemian naturalist Julius Vincenz von Krombholz illustrated it in his Naturgetreue Abbildungen und Beschreibungen der essbaren, schädlichen und verdächtigen Schwämme, published between 1831 and 1846. It was transferred to the genus Cortinarius by the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1838. Later it was transferred to Pholiota in 1874 by French mycologist Claude Casimir Gillet, a placement followed by Italian naturalist Pier Andrea Saccardo. Finnish mycologist Petter Adolf Karsten established the genus Rozites in 1879 to accommodate the species—as Rozites caperatus—on the basis of the mushroom having a double veil; that is, a partial veil—the remnants of which become a ring on t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos%20computing | In theoretical computer science, chaos computing is the idea of using chaotic systems for computation. In particular, chaotic systems can be made to produce all types of logic gates and further allow them to be morphed into each other.
Introduction
Chaotic systems generate large numbers of patterns of behavior and are irregular because they switch between these patterns. They exhibit sensitivity to initial conditions which, in practice, means that chaotic systems can switch between patterns extremely fast.
Modern digital computers perform computations based upon digital logic operations implemented at the lowest level as logic gates. There are essentially seven basic logic functions implemented as logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR.
A chaotic morphing logic gate consists of a generic nonlinear circuit that exhibits chaotic dynamics producing various patterns. A control mechanism is used to select patterns that correspond to different logic gates. The sensitivity to initial conditions is used to switch between different patterns extremely fast (well under a computer clock cycle).
Chaotic morphing
As an example of how chaotic morphing works, consider a generic chaotic system known as the logistic map. This nonlinear map is very well studied for its chaotic behavior and its functional representation is given by:
.
In this case, the value of is chaotic when >~ 3.57... and rapidly switches between different patterns in the value of as one iterates the value of . A simple threshold controller can control or direct the chaotic map or system to produce one of many patterns. The controller basically sets a threshold on the map such that if the iteration ("chaotic update") of the map takes on a value of that lies above a given threshold value, *,then the output corresponds to a 1, otherwise it corresponds to a 0. One can then reverse engineer the chaotic map to establish a lookup table of thresholds that robustly produce any of the logic gate op |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgrange%E2%80%93Ehrenpreis%20theorem | In mathematics, the Malgrange–Ehrenpreis theorem states that every non-zero linear differential operator with constant coefficients has a Green's function. It was first proved independently by and
.
This means that the differential equation
where P is a polynomial in several variables and δ is the Dirac delta function, has a distributional solution u. It can be used to show that
has a solution for any compactly supported distribution f. The solution is not unique in general.
The analogue for differential operators whose coefficients are polynomials (rather than constants) is false: see Lewy's example.
Proofs
The original proofs of Malgrange and Ehrenpreis were non-constructive as they used the Hahn–Banach theorem. Since then several constructive proofs have been found.
There is a very short proof using the Fourier transform and the Bernstein–Sato polynomial, as follows. By taking Fourier transforms the Malgrange–Ehrenpreis theorem is equivalent to the fact that every non-zero polynomial P has a distributional inverse. By replacing P by the product with its complex conjugate, one can also assume that P is non-negative. For non-negative polynomials P the existence of a distributional inverse follows from the existence of the Bernstein–Sato polynomial, which implies that Ps can be analytically continued as a meromorphic distribution-valued function of the complex variable s; the constant term of the Laurent expansion of Ps at s = −1 is then a distributional inverse of P.
Other proofs, often giving better bounds on the growth of a solution, are given in , and .
gives a detailed discussion of the regularity properties of the fundamental solutions.
A short constructive proof was presented in :
is a fundamental solution of P(∂), i.e., P(∂)E = δ, if Pm is the principal part of P, η ∈ Rn with Pm(η) ≠ 0, the real numbers λ0, ..., λm are pairwise different, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SubAntarctic%20Foundation%20for%20Ecosystems%20Research | The SubAntarctic Foundation for Ecosystems Research (aka SAFER), founded in 1996 by New Zealand-based zoologist Dr. Peter Carey, is working on several habitat restoration projects on four small islands that SAFER owns in the western Falkland Islands. The islands (Bense, Little Bense, Cliff, and Bradley Islet) are in various states of modification from such human activities as grazing, widespread fire, and introduced species.
SAFER is conducting fauna and flora inventories, studying the ecology of introduced rodents (Norway rat and house mouse) and examining the behaviour and ecology of various resident bird species. In addition, the soil erosion and deposition that resulted from a fire in 1985 is being monitored, with a view to replanting in the future. Eradication of invasive species is also a key part of SAFER's plans to restore the islands to prime wildlife habitat.
These projects are coordinated by SAFER's Director, Peter Carey. SAFER is registered in the United States as a non-profit 501(c)(3) organisation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20Brain%20Analysis | Cambridge Brain Analysis (CamBA), is a software repository developed at the Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK and contains software pipelines for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis. It is designed for batch processing and its main graphical user interface offers a spreadsheet-like look-and-feel.
The software is available under the GNU General Public License and runs under Linux. Up-to-date information is available at the Neuroimaging Informatics Tools and Resources Clearinghouse.
History
The origins of the CamBA software repository begin in 1996 at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK. Professor Edward Bullmore and Professor Mick Brammer wrote a small package of software components to process functional magnetic resonance imaging data, which at that time was an emerging technology. In 1999 Dr John Suckling became involved in the first effort to coordinate and organise the software including options for processing structural MRI images and between-subject statistical inference, based on randomisation methods.
The CamBA initiative began in 2006. Instead of a library of functions, CamBA is better described as a software repository. It is an Eclipse RCP-based application and contains a number of pipelines which are constructed from software modules contributed by a variety of authors using a common ontology.
See also
functional magnetic resonance imaging
functional neuroimaging
neuroimaging
AFNI
FreeSurfer
FSL
SPM |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium%20manganese%20arsenide | Gallium manganese arsenide, chemical formula is a magnetic semiconductor. It is based on the world's second most commonly used semiconductor, gallium arsenide, (chemical formula ), and readily compatible with existing semiconductor technologies. Differently from other dilute magnetic semiconductors, such as the majority of those based on II-VI semiconductors, it is not paramagnetic
but ferromagnetic, and hence exhibits hysteretic magnetization behavior. This memory effect is of importance for the creation of persistent devices. In , the manganese atoms provide a magnetic moment, and each also acts as an acceptor, making it a p-type material. The presence of carriers allows the material to be used for spin-polarized currents. In contrast, many other ferromagnetic magnetic semiconductors are strongly insulating
and so do not possess free carriers. is therefore a candidate as a spintronic material.
Growth
Like other magnetic semiconductors, is formed by doping a standard semiconductor with magnetic elements. This is done using the growth technique molecular beam epitaxy, whereby crystal structures can be grown with atom layer precision. In the manganese substitute into gallium sites in the GaAs crystal and provide a magnetic moment. Because manganese has a low solubility in GaAs, incorporating a sufficiently high concentration for ferromagnetism to be achieved proves challenging. In standard molecular beam epitaxy growth, to ensure that a good structural quality is obtained, the temperature the substrate is heated to, known as the growth temperature, is normally high, typically ~600 °C. However, if a large flux of manganese is used in these conditions, instead of being incorporated, segregation occurs where the manganese accumulate on the surface and form complexes with elemental arsenic atoms.
This problem was overcome using the technique of low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy. It was found, first in
and then later used for ,
that by utilising non-equilibriu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysporangiophyte | Polysporangiophytes, also called polysporangiates or formally Polysporangiophyta, are plants in which the spore-bearing generation (sporophyte) has branching stems (axes) that bear sporangia. The name literally means 'many sporangia plant'. The clade includes all land plants (embryophytes) except for the bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts) whose sporophytes are normally unbranched, even if a few exceptional cases occur. While the definition is independent of the presence of vascular tissue, all living polysporangiophytes also have vascular tissue, i.e., are vascular plants or tracheophytes. Extinct polysporangiophytes are known that have no vascular tissue and so are not tracheophytes.
Early polysporangiophytes
History of discovery
Paleobotanists distinguish between micro- and megafossils. Microfossils are primarily spores, either single or in groups. Megafossils are preserved parts of plants large enough to show structure, such as stem cross-sections or branching patterns.
Dawson, a Canadian geologist and paleobotanist, was the first to discover and describe a megafossil of a polysporangiophyte. In 1859 he published a reconstruction of a Devonian plant, collected as a fossil from the Gaspé region of Canada, which he named Psilophyton princeps. The reconstruction shows horizontal and upright stem-like structures; no leaves or roots are present. The upright stems or axes branch dichotomously and have pairs of spore-forming organs (sporangia) attached to them. Cross-sections of the upright axes showed that vascular tissue was present. He later described other specimens. Dawson's discoveries initially had little scientific impact; Taylor et al. speculate that this was because his reconstruction looked very unusual and the fossil was older than was expected.
From 1917 onwards, Robert Kidston and William H. Lang published a series of papers describing fossil plants from the Rhynie chert – a fine-grained sedimentary rock found near the village of Rhynie, Ab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvestman%20phylogeny | Harvestmen (Opiliones) are an order of arachnids often confused with spiders, though the two orders are not closely related. Research on harvestman phylogeny (that is, the phylogenetic tree) is in a state of flux. While some families are clearly monophyletic, that is share a common ancestor, others are not, and the relationships between families are often not well understood.
Position in Arachnida
The relationship of harvestmen with other arachnid orders is still not sufficiently resolved.
Up until the 1980s they were thought to be closely related to mites (Acari). In 1990, Shultz proposed grouping them with scorpions, pseudoscorpions and Solifugae ("camel spiders"); he named this clade Dromopoda. This view is currently widely accepted. However, the relationships of the orders within Dromopoda are not yet sufficiently resolved. Analyses of recent taxa suggested the harvestmen to be the sister group of the three others, collectively called Novogenuata. An analysis also considering fossile taxa concluded that the harvestmen are sister to Haplocnemata (Pseudoscorpions and Solifugae), with Scorpions being the sister group of those three combined. Recent analyses have also recovered the Opiliones as sister-group to the extinct Phalangiotarbids, although this has low support, or as sister group to a pseudoscorpion and scorpion clade.
Relationship of suborders
In 1796, Pierre André Latreille erected the family "Phalangida" for the then known harvestmen, but included the genus Galeodes (Solifugae). Tord Tamerlan Teodor Thorell (1892) recognized the suborders Palpatores, Laniatores, Cyphophthalmi (called Anepignathi), but also included the Ricinulei as a harvestman suborder. The latter were removed from the Opiliones by Hansen and William Sørensen (1904), rendering the harvestmen monophyletic.
According to more recent theories, Cyphophthalmi, the most basal suborder, are a sister group to all other harvestmen, which are according to this system called Phalangida. The Ph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current%20Contents | Current Contents is a rapid alerting service database from Clarivate, formerly the Institute for Scientific Information and Thomson Reuters. It is published online and in several different printed subject sections.
History
Current Contents was first published in paper format, in a single edition devoted only to biology and medicine. Other subject editions were added later. Initially, it consisted simply of a reproduction of the title pages from several hundred major peer-reviewed scientific journals, and was published weekly, with the issues containing title pages from journal issues only a few weeks previously, a shorter time lag than any service then available. There was an author index and a crude keyword subject index only. Author addresses were provided so readers could send reprint requests for copies of the actual articles.
Status
Still published in print, it is available as one of the databases included in Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science with daily updates, and also through other database aggregators.
Editions
The following editions are published:
Current Contents Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Sciences
Current Contents Arts and Humanities
Current Contents Clinical Practice
Current Contents Engineering, Technology, and Applied Sciences
Current Contents Life Sciences
Current Contents Physical Chemical and Earth Sciences
Current Contents Social & Behavioral Sciences
See also
Google Scholar
List of academic databases and search engines
External links
Bibliographic databases and indexes
Clarivate
Online databases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-ND3 | MT-ND3 is a gene of the mitochondrial genome coding for the NADH dehydrogenase 3 (ND3) protein. The ND3 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain. Variants of MT-ND3 are associated with Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), Leigh's syndrome (LS) and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON).
Structure
General features
MT-ND3 is located in human mitochondrial DNA from base pair 10,059 to 10,404. The MT-ND3 gene produces a 13 kDa protein composed of 115 amino acids. MT-ND3 is one of seven mitochondrial genes encoding subunits of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), together with MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, MT-ND5, and MT-ND6. Also known as Complex I, this enzyme is the largest of the respiratory complexes. The structure is L-shaped with a long, hydrophobic transmembrane domain and a hydrophilic domain for the peripheral arm that includes all the known redox centres and the NADH binding site. The MT-ND3 product and the rest of the mitochondrially encoded subunits are the most hydrophobic of the subunits of Complex I and form the core of the transmembrane region.
Untranslated extra nucleotide
In the MT-ND3 gene from many species of birds and turtles there is an extra nucleotide that is not translated to protein.
Translational frameshifting or RNA editing are alternative explanations for maintenance of the functionality of the ND3 reading frame in birds possessing the one-nucleotide insertion.
This extra nucleotide feature suggests that turtles might be related to Archosauria, as evidenced by molecular phylogeny studies. The absence of the extra nucleotide in crocodilians and some birds and turtles might also indicate that the corresponding taxa have lost this feature.
Function
The MT-ND3 product is a subunit of the respiratory chain Complex I that is believed to b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode%20Media | Glam.com (formerly Mode Media, Inc. Project Y, Glam Media) was a digital lifestyle media company where content was produced by anyone but reviewed by professional editors prior to publishing. In 2013, Mode Media had a valuation of about $1 billion as the company prepped for an IPO. In 2015, Mode Media had grown to over $100 million in revenue, primarily from providing native content, branded video and digital advertising to large brands but had over $100 million in expenses.
On 15 September 2016, Mode Media abruptly shut down its operations.
In 2022, Glam was acquired by Static Media, a media company based in Indianapolis, IN.
History
Mode Media was founded as Project Y, Inc. in 2003 by Ernie Cicogna, Fernando Ruarte, Vic Zauderer, Dianna Mullins, Raj Narayan, Rebecca Bogle Arora, Susan Kare, Emmanuel Job and Samir Arora. The company originally was founded as a website to offer fashion and beauty content and blog content. The company launched Glam.com in September 2005 at Fashion Week in New York.
As the company grew, it diversified its focus from exclusively targeting a female audience. The company owned and operated Mode.com across 20 lifestyle categories and Channels: Glam (Women Style, Fashion, Beauty), Brash (Men's Lifestyle), Bliss (Health & Wellness), Tend (Parenting), Foodie (Food Recipes and Restaurants) and Entertainment, Music and Video. In June, 2007, Mode Media became the #1 women's web property in the US as reported by comScore.
In September, 2007, Mode Media launched its first discovery product "Glam Curator" and started to popularize the term "curation" as a new way of filtering content in the social web.
In January 2009 Mode acquired Personiva Inc, along with this Glam India Pvt. Ltd. a 100% subsidiary India company was created.
Glam India created Glam Adapt, the Ad serving engine for Mode Media previously known as Glam Media.
In September 2011, Mode acquired Ning, a social media platform that allowed users to create custom social networks. I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillator%20strength | In spectroscopy, oscillator strength is a dimensionless quantity that expresses the probability of absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation in transitions between energy levels of an atom or molecule. For example, if an emissive state has a small oscillator strength, nonradiative decay will outpace radiative decay. Conversely, "bright" transitions will have large oscillator strengths. The oscillator strength can be thought of as the ratio between the quantum mechanical transition rate and the classical absorption/emission rate of a single electron oscillator with the same frequency as the transition.
Theory
An atom or a molecule can absorb light and undergo a transition from
one quantum state to another.
The oscillator strength of a transition from a lower state
to an upper state may be defined by
where is the mass of an electron and is
the reduced Planck constant. The quantum states 1,2, are assumed to have several
degenerate sub-states, which are labeled by . "Degenerate" means
that they all have the same energy .
The operator is the sum of the x-coordinates
of all electrons in the system, etc.:
The oscillator strength is the same for each sub-state .
The definition can be recast by inserting the Rydberg energy and Bohr radius
In case the matrix elements of are the same, we can get rid of the sum and of the 1/3 factor
Thomas–Reiche–Kuhn sum rule
To make equations of the previous section applicable to the states belonging to the continuum spectrum, they should be rewritten in terms of matrix elements of the momentum . In absence of magnetic field, the Hamiltonian can be written as , and calculating a commutator in the basis of eigenfunctions of results in the relation between matrix elements
.
Next, calculating matrix elements of a commutator in the same basis and eliminating matrix elements of , we arrive at
Because , the above expression results in a sum rule
where are oscillator strengths for quantum transitions between th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes%20simplex%20virus%20protein%20vmw65 | Vmw65, also known as VP16 or α-TIF (Trans Inducing Factor) is a trans-acting protein that forms a complex with the host transcription factors Oct-1 and HCF to induce immediate early gene transcription in the herpes simplex viruses.
VP16 is a strong transactivator and is often used in Y2H systems as the activation domain of the system. |
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