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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl-CpG-binding%20domain%20protein%202 | Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MBD2 gene.
Function
DNA methylation is the major modification of eukaryotic genomes and plays an essential role in mammalian development. Human proteins MECP2, MBD1, MBD2, MBD3, and MBD4 comprise a family of nuclear proteins related by the presence in each of a methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD). Each of these proteins, with the exception of MBD3, is capable of binding specifically to methylated DNA. MECP2, MBD1, and MBD2 can also repress transcription from methylated gene promoters. The protein encoded by these genes may function as a mediator of the biological consequences of the methylation signal. It is also reported that MBD2 and MBD3 recruit the NuRD complex to regions of DNA depending on their selective binding of methylated CpG sites. Therefore, MBD2/NuRD and MBD3/NuRD define two distinct protein complexes with different biochemical and functional properties.
Interactions
Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 has been shown to interact with:
GATAD2B,
HDAC1,
Histone deacetylase 2,
MBD3
MIZF, and
SIN3A. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTR3A | 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HTR3A gene.
The product of this gene belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel receptor superfamily. This gene encodes subunit A of the type 3 receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a mitogen. This receptor causes fast, depolarizing responses in neurons after activation. The A subunit is the only one that can be expressed alone and forms homomers with a very low single channel conductance of 0.6pS. When combined with the B subunit and expressed as a heteromer, the single channel conductance increases immensely. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.
See also
5-HT3 receptor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-aminobutyric%20acid%20receptor%20subunit%20alpha-1 | Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRA1 gene.
GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain where it acts at GABA-A receptors, which are ligand-gated chloride channels. Chloride conductance of these channels can be modulated by agents such as benzodiazepines that bind to the GABA-A receptor. At least 16 distinct subunits of GABA-A receptors have been identified.
The GABRA1 receptor is the specific target of the z-drug class of nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic agents and is responsible for their hypnotic and hallucinogenic effects.
See also
GABAA receptor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILRB1 | Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LILRB1 gene.
Function
This gene is a member of the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR) family, which is found in a gene cluster at chromosomal region 19q13.4. The encoded protein belongs to the subfamily B class of LIR receptors which contain two or four extracellular immunoglobulin domains, a transmembrane domain, and two to four cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). The receptor is expressed on immune cells where it binds to MHC class I molecules on antigen-presenting cells and transduces a negative signal that inhibits stimulation of an immune response. It is thought to control inflammatory responses and cytotoxicity to help focus the immune response and limit autoreactivity. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
See also
Cluster of differentiation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACP1 | Low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACP1 gene.
The product of this gene belongs to the phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase family of proteins. It functions as an acid phosphatase and a protein tyrosine phosphatase by hydrolyzing protein tyrosine phosphate to protein tyrosine and orthophosphate. This enzyme also hydrolyzes orthophosphoric monoesters to alcohol and orthophosphate. This gene is genetically polymorphic, and three common alleles segregating at the corresponding locus give rise to six phenotypes. Each allele appears to encode at least two electrophoretically different isozymes, Bf and Bs, which are produced in allele-specific ratios. Three transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.
Clinical significance
Clinically, increased expression of ACP1 is a biomarker for poor prognosis in prostate cancer has been linked to worse clinical behaviour of prostate cancer, possibly outperforming the widely used Gleason grading system with respect to this important parameter. Also in other cancers, e.g. colon cancer, high ACP1 protein levels are linked to aggressive disease. It has been suggested that ACP1 acts as a bona fide oncogene, but for now this notion remains unproven even if ACP1 overexpression drives cells towards a Warburg effect-like glycolytic phenotype. An alternative explanation for association between ACP1 expression and cancer progression is that tumor-derived extracellular vesicles that contain ACP1 modulate the tumor microenvironment, promoting the cancer process. Apart from cancer, ACP1 has also been linked to osteoporosis as the enzyme plays an important role in the interaction of the osteocyte with the bone environment, while its inhibition appears useful for counteracting experimental [venous thromboembolism]. Currently, there are no clinically approved inhibitors that allow targeting ACP1 in patients.
Interactions
ACP1 has been shown to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLCN5 | The CLCN5 gene encodes the chloride channel Cl-/H+ exchanger ClC-5. ClC-5 is mainly expressed in the kidney, in particular in proximal tubules where it participates to the uptake of albumin and low-molecular-weight proteins, which is one of the principal physiological role of proximal tubular cells. Mutations in the CLCN5 gene cause an X-linked recessive nephropathy named Dent disease (Dent disease 1 MIM#300009) characterized by excessive urinary loss of low-molecular-weight proteins and of calcium (hypercalciuria), nephrocalcinosis (presence of calcium phosphate aggregates in the tubular lumen and/or interstitium) and nephrolithiasis (kidney stones).
The CLCN5 gene
Structure
The human CLCN5 gene (MIM#300008, reference sequence NG_007159.2) is localized in the pericentromeric region on chromosome Xp11.23. It extends over about 170 Kb of genomic DNA, has a coding region of 2,238 bp and consists of 17 exons including 11 coding exons (from 2 to 12). The CLCN5 gene has 8 paralogues (CLCN1, CLCN2, CLCN3, CLCN4, CLCN6, CLCN7, CLCNKA, CLCNKB) and 201 orthologues among jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata).
Five different CLCN5 gene transcripts have been discovered, two of which (transcript variants 3 [NM_000084.5] and 4 [NM_001282163.1]) encode for the canonical 746 amino acid protein, two (transcript variants 1 [NM_001127899.3] and 2 [NM_001127898.3]) for the NH2-terminal extended 816 amino acid protein and one does not encode for any protein (Transcript variant 5, [NM_001272102.2]).
The 5’ untranslated region (5’UTR) of CLCN5 is complex and not entirely clarified. Two strong and one weak promoters were predicted to be present in the CLCN5 gene. Several different 5’ alternatively used exons have been recognized in the human kidney. The three promoters drive with varying degree of efficiency 11 different mRNAs, with transcription initiating from at least three different start sites.
The chloride channel H+/Cl− exchanger ClC-5
Like all ClC channels, ClC-5 needs to dimerize |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD23A | UV excision repair protein RAD23 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAD23A gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is one of two human homologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad23, a protein involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER). This protein was shown to interact with, and elevate the nucleotide excision activity of 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase (MPG), which suggested a role in DNA damage recognition in base excision repair. This protein contains an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain, which was reported to interact with 26S proteasome, as well as with ubiquitin protein ligase E6AP, and thus suggests that this protein may be involved in the ubiquitin mediated proteolytic pathway in cells.
Interactions
RAD23A has been shown to interact with:
Ataxin 3,
PSMD4, and
Sequestosome 1. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRIP1 | Nuclear receptor-interacting protein 1 (NRIP1) also known as receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NRIP1 gene.
Function
Nuclear receptor interacting protein 1 (NRIP1) is a nuclear protein that specifically interacts with the hormone-dependent activation domain AF2 of nuclear receptors. Also known as RIP140, this protein is a key regulator which modulates transcriptional activity of a variety of transcription factors, including the estrogen receptor.
RIP140 has an important role in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism, and regulates gene expression in metabolic tissues including heart, skeletal muscle, and liver. A major role for RIP140 in adipose tissue is to block the expression of genes involved in energy dissipation and mitochondrial uncoupling, including uncoupling protein 1 and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b.
Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRa) can activate RIP140 during adipogenesis, by means of directly binding to an estrogen receptor element/ERR element and indirectly through Sp1 binding to the proximal promoter.
RIP140 suppresses the expression of mitochondrial proteins succinate dehydrogenase complex b and CoxVb and acts as a negative regulator of glucose uptake in mice.
Knockout studies
Knockout mice that completely lack the RIP140 molecule are lean and stay lean, even on a rich diet.
Knockout mice (females) are also infertile because they fail to ovulate. Failure of ovulation in these mice is caused by lack of cumulus expansion and altered expression of various genes, including amphiregulin, in ovarian follicles.
Clinical significance
RIP140 is part of the chain by which tumors can cause cachexia.
Levels of RIP140 expression in various tissues varies during aging in mice, suggesting changes in metabolic function. RIP140 is implicated in certain human disease processes. In morbid obesity, RIP140 levels are down-regulated in visceral adipose tissue. In breast cancer, RIP140 is involv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRB3 | Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRB3 gene. It is located within the 15q12 region in the human genome and spans 250kb. This gene includes 10 exons within its coding region. Due to alternative splicing, the gene codes for many protein isoforms, all being subunits in the GABAA receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel. The beta-3 subunit is expressed at different levels within the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, thalamus, olivary body and piriform cortex of the brain at different points of development and maturity. GABRB3 deficiencies are implicated in many human neurodevelopmental disorders and syndromes such as Angelman syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, nonsyndromic orofacial clefts, epilepsy and autism. The effects of methaqualone and etomidate are mediated through GABBR3 positive allosteric modulation.
Gene
The GABRB3 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 15, within the q12 region in the human genome. It is located in a gene cluster, with two other genes, GABRG3 and GABRA5. GABRB3 was the first gene to be mapped to this particular region. It spans approximately 250kb and includes 10 exons within its coding region, as well as two additional alternative first exons that encode for signaling peptides. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding isoforms with distinct signal peptides have been described. This gene is located within an imprinting region that spans the 15q11-13 region. Its sequence is considerably longer than the two other genes found within its gene cluster due to a large 150kb intron it carries. A pattern is observed in GABRB3 gene replication, in humans the maternal allele is replicated later than the paternal allele. The reasoning and implications of this pattern are unknown.
When comparing the human beta-3 subunit's genetic sequence with other vertebrate beta-3 subunit sequences, there is a high level of genetic conservation. In mice the Gabrb3 gene is located on c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2RX1 | P2X purinoceptor 1, also ATP receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX1 gene.
The product of this gene belongs to the family of purinoceptors for ATP. This receptor functions as a ligand-gated ion channel with relatively high calcium permeability. Expressed in smooth muscle and platelets. Binding to ATP mediates synaptic transmission between neurons and from neurons to smooth muscle, being responsible, for example, for sympathetic vasoconstriction in small arteries, arterioles and vas deferens. Mouse studies suggest that this receptor is essential for normal male reproductive function. It is possible that the development of selective antagonists for this receptor may provide an effective non-hormonal male contraceptive pill.
See also
P2X receptor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic%20shock%20syndrome%20toxin-1 | Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) is a superantigen with a size of 22 kDa produced by 5 to 25% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. It causes toxic shock syndrome (TSS) by stimulating the release of large amounts of interleukin-1, interleukin-2 and tumour necrosis factor. In general, the toxin is not produced by bacteria growing in the blood; rather, it is produced at the local site of an infection, and then enters the blood stream.
Characteristics
Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), a prototype superantigen secreted by a Staphylococcus aureus bacterium strain in susceptible hosts, acts on the vascular system by causing inflammation, fever, and shock. The bacterium strain that produces the TSST-1 can be found in any area of the body, but lives mostly in the vagina of infected women. TSST-1 is a bacterial exotoxin found in patients who have developed toxic shock syndrome (TSS), which can be found in menstruating women or any man or child for that matter. One-third of all TSS cases have been found in men. This statistic could possibly be due to surgical wounds or any skin wound. TSST-1 is the cause of 50% of non-menstrual and 100% of all menstrual TSS cases.
Structure
In the nucleotide sequence of TSST-1, there is a 708 base-pair open-reading frame and a Shine-Dalgarno sequence which is seven base pairs downstream from the start site. In the entire nucleotide sequence, only 40 amino acids make up the signal peptide. A single signal peptide consists of a 1 to 3 basic amino acid terminus, a hydrophobic region of 15 residues, a proline (Pro) or glycine (Gly) in the hydrophobic core region, a serine (Ser) or threonine (Thr) amino acid near the carboxyl terminal end of the hydrophobic core, and an alanine (Ala) or glycine (Gly) at the cleavage site. A mature TSST-1 protein has a coding sequence of 585 base pairs. The entire nucleotide sequence was determined by Blomster-Hautamaazg, et al., as well as by other researchers with other experiments. Consisting of a sing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-hydrogen%20exchange%20regulatory%20cofactor%202 | Sodium-hydrogen exchange regulatory cofactor NHE-RF2 (NHERF-2) also known as tyrosine kinase activator protein 1 (TKA-1) or SRY-interacting protein 1 (SIP-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC9A3R2 (solute carrier family 9 isoform A3 regulatory factor 2) gene.
NHERF-2 is a scaffold protein that connects plasma membrane proteins with members of the ezrin/moesin/radixin family and thereby helps to link them to the actin cytoskeleton and to regulate their surface expression. It is necessary for cAMP-mediated phosphorylation and inhibition of SLC9A3. In addition, it may also act as scaffold protein in the nucleus.
Function
This regulatory protein (factor) interacts with a sodium/hydrogen exchanger NHE3 (SLC9A3) in the brush border membrane of the proximal tubule, small intestine, and colon that plays a major role in transepithelial sodium absorption. SLC9A3R2, as well as SLC9A3R1 and protein kinase A phosphorylation, may play a role in NHE3 regulation.
Interactions
Sodium-hydrogen exchange regulatory cofactor 2 has been shown to interact with SGK, Actinin alpha 4, Parathyroid hormone receptor 1, Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1, EZR, PODXL, Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and PLCB3.
See also
Solute carrier family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological%20prematurity | The term physiological prematurity (also described as artificiality) refers to the fact that compared to most animals, humans are born in a premature biological state. Although sensory organs and skeletal and muscular systems are largely developed prenatally, human babies at the time of their birth are completely helpless and dependent on intensive care. This is in contrast to the maturity at birth found in other higher mammals (e.g. elephants, horses).
According to the Swiss biologist Adolf Portmann, it is a characteristic feature of humans that due to their early birth, many developmental processes do not happen in isolation, but embedded in a sociocultural environment. Due to their complete dependence, humans are particularly amenable for social interactions and their environmental condition, which, according to Portmann, is a precondition for cultural and intellectual learning.
Physiology
Human pregnancy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNIP3 | BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 is a protein found in humans that is encoded by the BNIP3 gene.
BNIP3 is a member of the apoptotic Bcl-2 protein family. It can induce cell death while also assisting with cell survival. Like many of the Bcl-2 family proteins, BNIP3 modulates the permeability state of the outer mitochondrial membrane by forming homo- and hetero-oligomers inside the membrane. Upregulation results in a decrease in mitochondrial potential, an increase in reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial swelling and fission, and an increase in mitochondrial turnover via autophagy. Sequence similarity with Bcl-2 family members was not detected. Humans and other animals (Drosophila, Caenorhabditis), as well as lower eukaryotes (Dictyostelium, Trypanosoma, Cryptosporidium, Paramecium) encode several BNIP3 paralogues including the human NIP3L, which induces apoptosis by interacting with viral and cellular anti-apoptosis proteins.
Structure
The right-handed parallel helix-helix structure of the domain with a hydrogen bond-rich His-Ser node in the middle of the membrane, accessibility of the node for water, and continuous hydrophilic track across the membrane suggest that the domain can provide an ion-conducting pathway through the membrane. Incorporation of the BNIP3 transmembrane domain into an artificial lipid bilayer resulted in a pH-dependent conductivity increase. Necrosis-like cell death induced by BNIP3 may be related to this activity.
Function
BNIP3 interacts with the E1B 19 kDa protein which is responsible for the protection of virally induced cell death, as well as E1B 19 kDa-like sequences of BCL2, also an apoptotic protector. This gene contains a BH3 domain and a transmembrane domain, which have been associated with pro-apoptotic function. The dimeric mitochondrial protein encoded by this gene is known to induce apoptosis, even in the presence of BCL2. Change of BNIP3 expression along other members of the Bcl-2 family measured |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide%20transporter%201 | Peptide transporter 1 (PepT 1) also known as solute carrier family 15 member 1 (SLC15A1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by SLC15A1 gene. PepT 1 is a solute carrier for oligopeptides. It functions in renal oligopeptide reabsorption and in the intestines in a proton dependent way, hence acting like a cotransporter.
Function
SLC15A1is localized to the brush border membrane of the intestinal epithelium and mediates the uptake of di- and tripeptides from the lumen into the enterocytes. This protein plays an important role in the uptake and digestion of dietary proteins. This protein also facilitates the absorption of numerous peptidomimetic drugs. Peptide transporter 1 functions in nutrient and drug transport have been studied using intestinal organoids.
See also
Solute carrier family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAM12 | Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12 (previously Meltrin) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADAM12 gene. ADAM12 has two splice variants: ADAM12-L, the long form, has a transmembrane region and ADAM12-S, a shorter variant, is soluble and lacks the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) protein family. Members of this family are membrane-anchored proteins structurally related to snake venom disintegrins, and have been implicated in a variety of biological processes involving cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, including fertilization, muscle development, and neurogenesis. This gene has two alternatively spliced transcripts: a shorter secreted form and a longer membrane-bound form. The shorter form is found to stimulate myogenesis.
Clinical Significance
ADAM 12, a metalloprotease that binds insulin growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), appears to be an effective early Down syndrome marker. Decreased levels of ADAM 12 may be detected in cases of trisomy 21 as early as 8 to 10 weeks gestation. Maternal serum ADAM 12 and PAPP-A levels at 8 to 9 weeks gestation in combination with maternal age yielded a 91% detection rate for Down syndrome at a 5% false-positive rate. When nuchal translucency data from approximately 12 weeks gestation was added, this increased the detection rate to 97%.
ADAM12 has also been implicated in the development of pathology in various cancers, hypertension, liver fibrogenesis, and asthma. In asthma, ADAM12 is upregulated in lung epithelium in response to TNF-alpha.
In a study of about 1200 persons with extremely high intelligence (IQ about 170), variants of the gene were associated with IQ compared with a general population.
Interactions
ADAM12 has been shown to interact with:
ACTN2,
IGFBP3, and
PIK3R1. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAM15 | Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 15 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADAM15 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) protein family. ADAM family members are type I transmembrane glycoproteins known to be involved in cell adhesion and proteolytic ectodomain processing of cytokines and adhesion molecules. This protein contains multiple functional domains including a zinc-binding metalloprotease domain, a disintegrin-like domain, as well as an EGF-like domain. Through its disintegrin-like domain, this protein specifically interacts with the integrin beta chain, beta 3. It also interacts with Src family protein-tyrosine kinases in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, suggesting that this protein may function in cell-cell adhesion as well as in cellular signaling. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed.
Clinical significance
Arthritis
ADAM15 has been associated with a number of diseases, most recently Rheumatoid Arthritis where it is required for the activation of the FAK and Src pathways to generate apoptosis resistance in response to apoptotic signalling or cell stress. ADAM15 also has an antiapoptotic effect in osteoarthritic chondrocytes.
Cancer
The precise role of ADAM15 in cancer is still unclear but the metalloprotein has been linked to a number of different cancerous diseases such as Breast cancer where the expression of the protein is increased in carcinoma in-situ, invasive carcinoma and metastatic breast cancer tissues Additionally, the alternative splice variant forms of ADAM15 have also been correlated with different prognosis in 48 breast cancer patients based upon their expression levels. ADAM15 has also been shown to have a role in prostate cancer again through increased expression in neoplastic and metastatic tissues compared to normal prostate tissues and also through its modula |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate%20exchanger%20SLC37A4 | Glucose-6-phosphate exchanger SLC37A4, also known as glucose-6-phosphate translocase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SLC37A4 gene.
It consists of three subunits, each of which are vital components of the multi-enzyme Glucose-6-Phosphatase Complex (G6Pase). This important enzyme complex is located within the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, and catalyzes the terminal reactions in both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. The G6Pase complex is most abundant in liver tissue, but also present in kidney cells, small intestine, pancreatic islets and at a lower concentration in the gallbladder. The G6Pase complex is highly involved in the regulation of homeostasis and blood glucose levels. Within this framework of glucose regulation, the translocase components are responsible for transporting the substrates and products across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, resulting in the release of free glucose into the bloodstream.
Structure
Glucose-6-phosphate translocase is a transmembrane protein providing a selective channel between the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and the cytosol. The enzyme is made up of three separate transporting subunits referred to as G6PT1 (subunit 1), G6PT2 (subunit 2) and G6PT3 (subunit 3). While the hydrolyzing component of the G6Pase complex is located on the side of the membrane on which it acts, namely facing the lumen, the translocases are all integral membrane proteins in order to perform their function as cross-membrane transporters. The translocases are spatially located on either side of the active site of the hydrolyzing component within the membrane, which allows the greatest speed and facility of the reaction.
Mechanism
Each of the translocase subunits performs a specific function in the transport of substrates and products, and finally release of glucose (which will eventually reach the bloodstream), as a step in glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis. G6PT1 transports Glucose-6-Phosphate from the cytosol into the lumen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloin | Aloin, also known as barbaloin, is a bitter, yellow-brown colored compound noted in the exudate of at least 68 Aloe species at levels from 0.1 to 6.6% of leaf dry weight (making between 3% and 35% of the total exudate), and in another 17 species at indeterminate levels [Reynolds, 1995b]. It is used as a stimulant-laxative, treating constipation by inducing bowel movements. The compound is present in what is commonly referred to as the aloe latex that exudes from cells adjacent to the vascular bundles, found under the rind of the leaf and in between it and the gel. When dried, it has been used as a bittering agent in commerce (alcoholic beverages) [21 CFR 172.510. Scientific names given include Aloe perryi, A. barbadensis (= A. vera), A. ferox, and hybrids of A. ferox with A. africana and A. spicata.]. Aloe is listed in federal regulations as a natural substance that may be "safely used in food" when used "in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended physical or technical effect and in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice." This food application is generally limited to use in quite small quantities as a flavoring in alcoholic beverages and may usually be identified only as a "natural flavor."
In May 2002, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a ruling that aloe laxatives are no longer generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and effective, meaning that aloin-containing products are no longer available in over-the-counter drug products in the United States, because they may be carcinogenic and more data is needed to establish otherwise. Aloe vera leaf latex is a concentrate of an herb or other botanical, and so meets the statutory description of an ingredient that may be used in dietary supplements.
Structure and preparation
Aloin extracted from natural sources is a mixture of two diastereomers, termed aloin A (also called barbaloin) and aloin B (or isobarbaloin), which have similar chemical properties. Aloin is an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogenic%20retroviridae%20protein | Oncogenic retroviridae proteins are retroviral proteins that have the ability to transform cells. They can induce sarcomas, leukaemias, lymphomas, and mammary carcinomas. These include the gag-onc fusion protein, rex, tax, v-fms, ras, v-myc, v-src, v-akt, v-cbl, v-crk, v-maf, v-abl, v-erbA, v-erbB, v-fos, v-mos, v-myb, v-raf, v-rel, and v-sis. The "v" prefix indicates viral genes which once originated as similarly named genes of the host species, but have since been altered through independent evolution as retroviral components. Not all retroviral proteins are oncogenic. The phrase was introduced as a MeSH term in 1990, under which over 6000 primary scientific publications are indexed.
See also
Oncogenic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Eureka | The Eureka, also known as the Latin Verse Machine, is a mid-19th century machine for generating Latin verses, created and exhibited by the Quaker inventor John Clark of Bridgwater.
Clark, a cousin of Cyrus Clark, was born at Greinton in Somerset in 1785 and moved to Bridgwater in 1809. There he was first a grocer and later a printer. In 1830 he started work on the Eureka and was able to exhibit it in 1845 in the Egyptian Hall in Picadilly. Visitors, for the admission price of one shilling, could see a machine that resembled a ‘small bureau bookcase’, with six narrow windows in the front. As it prepared each new verse, the machine would play the National Anthem, becoming silent after about a minute, when the verse was complete.
The verses created by the Eureka were gloomy and oracular hexameters, created to a single format, which allowed for many combinations, all metrically sound and (more or less) meaningful.
This method of verse creation was not Clark’s invention: already in 1677 a John Peter had published a work, "Artificial Versifying, A New Way to Make Latin Verses". Clark’s contribution was to fully automate this process.
The mechanism was a series of six drums turning at different rates within the cabinet. The words were not simply printed on the drums, but encoded as rows of stop wires of different lengths, onto which wooden staves would be dropped. The staves had any letters that might be needed printed on them in a vertical series, and would fall onto the stop wires with the desired letter opposite the window for the word.
Clark described his machine as an illustration of a theory of “kaleidoscopic evolution”
whereby the Latin verse is “conceived in the mind of the machine” then mechanically produced and
displayed. Clark can be regarded as a pioneer of cognitive science and computational creativity.
After Clark’s death in 1853, the machine passed first to his nephew and then to his cousins Cyrus and James Clark. Since 1950, when it was repaired |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20%28restaurant%29 | Alex was a French restaurant located in Las Vegas, Nevada that held two Michelin stars. It is the namesake restaurant of celebrity chef Alessandro Stratta, Iron Chef USA, and winner of the James Beard Foundation Award for "Best Chef Southwest" in 1998. The restaurant was well known for Stratta's unique approach and attention to molecular gastronomy. The restaurant was considered one of the finest in the United States. It closed indefinitely on January 15, 2011.
The food was French with an Italian influence and was offered via a prix fixe menu only.
Awards and honors
5 stars, 2006-2010 Mobil Travel Guide
5 diamonds, 2006-2010 AAA Restaurant Ratings
2 stars, 2007, 2008, and 2009 Michelin Guide
See also
Alessandro Stratta
List of restaurants in the Las Vegas Valley
Wynn Las Vegas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20explanations%20of%20bewitchment | Medical explanations of bewitchment, especially as exhibited during the Salem witch trials but in other witch-hunts as well, have emerged because it is not widely believed today that symptoms of those claiming affliction were actually caused by bewitchment. The reported symptoms have been explored by a variety of researchers for possible biological and psychological origins.
Modern academic historians of witch-hunts generally consider medical explanations unsatisfactory in explaining the phenomenon and tend to believe the accusers in Salem were motivated by social factors – jealousy, spite, or a need for attention – and that the extreme behaviors exhibited were "counterfeit," as contemporary critics of the trials had suspected.
Ergot poisoning
A widely known theory about the cause of the reported afflictions attributes the cause to the ingestion of bread that had been made from rye grain that had been infected by a fungus, Claviceps purpurea, commonly known as ergot. This fungus contains chemicals similar to those used in the synthetic psychedelic drug LSD. Convulsive ergotism causes a variety of symptoms, including nervous dysfunction.
The theory was first widely publicized in 1976, when graduate student Linnda R. Caporael published an article in Science, making the claim that the hallucinations of the afflicted girls could possibly have been the result of ingesting rye bread that had been made with moldy grain. Ergot of Rye is a plant disease caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea, which Caporael claims is consistent with many of the physical symptoms of those alleged to be afflicted by witchcraft.
Within seven months, however, an article disagreeing with this theory was published in the same journal by Spanos and Gottlieb They performed a wider assessment of the historical records, examining all the symptoms reported by those claiming affliction, among other things, that
Ergot poisoning has additional symptoms that were not reported by those claiming affl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall%20stress%20relaxation | The plant cell wall is made up of hydrated polymetric material, allowing it to have viscoelastic properties. The primary cell wall of a plant consists of cellulose fibers, hemicellulose, and xyloglucans. This load bearing network is also surrounded by pectins and glycoproteins.
Wall stress relaxation is an important factor in cell wall expansion. Wall stress (measured in force per unit area) is created in response to the plant cell's turgor pressure. Turgor pressure creates tension in the cell walls of plants, fungi, and bacteria, as it opposes the pressure of the cell's primary cell wall; this also allows for stretching of the cell wall. The stretching of the cell wall, or the reduction of stress, occurs as a result of cell expansion and rearrangement. Cell expansion is crucial for the reshaping and rearranging of plant cells. Expansion is the result of "creep", or selective wall loosening, which is driven by turgor pressure. During this "creep", cellulose microfibers move relative to each other creating an irreversible extension
Cell expansion
Cell expansion begins with the selective loosening of the cell wall, reducing the plant cell's turgor pressure and water potential. This allows for the influx of water, leading to cell enlargement. This enlargement is made possible by the sliding of polymers, increasing the cell wall's surface area.
In most plants, cell expansion is anisotropic. Previous experiments have confirmed that the cellulose microfibril orientation in the primary cell wall is the key for determining the direction of anisotropic growth and expansion. Cells tend to grow transversely to the cellulose microfibril orientation.
It has been found that cell walls expand faster under acidic conditions, this is called acid growth. Treating living cells with acid induces acidification of the cell wall by activating an ATPase in the cell wall's plasma membrane. In onion epidermal cells, which are used as models to study anisotropy in extension, extension is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveform%20viewer | A waveform viewer is a software tool for viewing the signal levels of either a digital or analog circuit design.
Waveform viewers comes in two varieties:
simulation waveform viewers for displaying signal levels of simulated design models, and
in-circuit waveform viewers for displaying signal levels captured in-circuit while debugging or testing hardware boards (see also waveform monitor)
Simulation waveform viewers
In integrated circuit design, waveform viewers are typically used in conjunction with a simulation. A waveform view allows an IC designer to see the signal transitions over time and the relation of those signals with other signals in an IC design, which is typically written in a hardware description language. Simulators can be used to interactively capture wave data for immediate viewing on a waveform viewer; however, for integrated circuit design the usage model is typically to save the output of simulation runs by running batch jobs and to view the waveforms off-line as a static database.
Waveform viewers allow you to zoom in and out over a time sequence, and take measurements between two cursor points. In addition, the waveform view has many ways of displaying signal information, such as in hexadecimal, binary, or a symbolic value.
Most waveform viewers can read an industrial standard waveform database known as Value Change Dump (VCD) or a proprietary wave format. The proprietary wave formats usually have faster record and playback speeds or require smaller memory store space, or save additional signal information for viewing, such as bus transactions.
In-circuit waveform viewers
These are built into most logic analyzer, data acquisition cards, and automatic test equipment. In-circuit waveform viewers are included with products from:
Tektronix
LabWindows/CVI
Teradyne
See also
List of HDL simulators, such as such as VHDL, Verilog, SystemVerilog |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20N%C3%B6beling | Georg August Nöbeling (12 November 1907 – 16 February 2008) was a German mathematician.
Education and career
Born and raised in Lüdenscheid, Nöbeling studied mathematics and physics at University of Göttingen between 1927 and 1929 and University of Vienna, where he was a student of Karl Menger and received his PhD in 1931 on a generalization of the embedding theorem, which for one special case can be visualized by the Menger sponge. Nöbeling worked and researched in Menger's Mathematical Colloquium with Kurt Gödel, Franz Alt, Abraham Wald, Olga Taussky-Todd and others.
In 1933, he moved to the University of Erlangen, where he habilitated in 1935 under Otto Haupt and obtained a professorship at the same place in 1940. His work focused on analysis, topology, and geometry. 1968/1969 he solved Specker's theorem on abelian groups.
As Rector (1962–1963) of the University of Erlangen he oversaw the merge with the business college in Nuremberg. He also served twice as the chairman of the German Mathematical Society and is a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. He celebrated his 100th birthday in 2007.
Publications (selected)
Georg Nöbeling: "Über eine n-dimensionale Universalmenge im (on a n-dimensional universal set for metric spaces in ." Mathematische Annalen 104 (1931), pp. 71–80.
Georg Nöbeling: "Verallgemeinerung eines Satzes von E. Specker (Generalization of a Theorem by E. Specker)". Inventiones mathematicae 6 (1968), pp. 41–55.
See also
Universal space
Notes
External links
List of deceased fellows of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities
1907 births
2008 deaths
20th-century German mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
Topologists
German centenarians
Men centenarians
University of Göttingen alumni
University of Vienna alumni
Academic staff of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
People from Lüdenscheid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%20ichnology | Bird ichnology is the study of avian life traces in ornithology and paleontology. Such life traces can include footprints, nests, feces and coproliths. Scientists gain insight about the behavior and diversity of birds by studying such evidence.
Ichnofossils (or ichnites) are especially important for clarifying the evolution and prehistoric diversity of taxa. These cannot usually be associated with a particular genus, let alone species of bird, as hardly ever they are associated with fossil bones. But it is possible to group them into ichnotaxa based on their morphology (form). In practice, the details of shape that reveal the birds' behavior or biologic affinity are generally given more weight in ichnologic classification.
Bird ichnofossils
These fossil traces of birds are sometimes hard to interpret correctly, especially when they are from the Mesozoic when the birds' dinosaurian relatives were still in existence. Nests at least of Neornithes are usually quite easy to identify as such due to the unique structures of their eggshells; there is some uncertainty as regards the origin of certain Mesozoic eggshells, which makes nests of this age problematic.
Mesozoic fossil footprints are hardest to attribute. "Proto-bird" and related theropod feet were very much alike; non-avian theropod tracks such as the ichnogenus Grallator were initially attributed to ratites because in the early 19th century when these were described, the knowledge about dinosaurian diversity was marginal compared to today, whereas ratites were well-known. Also, under the creationist dogma, scientists would believe that e.g. rheas had been around for all eternity. In the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, juvenile non-avian theropods left very birdlike footprints. Towards the end of the Cretaceous, the tracks of aquatic birds are usually recognizable due to the presence of webbing between the toes; indeed, most avian ichnotaxa fall into this group. However, giant flightless birds also existed by th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20Recorder | Total Recorder is digital audio editor software from High Criteria, Inc. which is able to record any sound coming through a computer soundcard. In addition to recording through a soundcard, Total Recorder is able to record digital sound directly through its virtual sound driver. This driver provides an advantage of recording audio reproduced by an external program (including Internet broadcasts) directly in digital format, i.e. without digital-analog-digital conversions leading to loss of quality, and even in those cases when a computer soundcard has no loop-back line (e.g. Stereo Mix, "What you hear"). Total Recorder is a shareware program. Evaluation version of Total Recorder is a fully functional version of the program, with the exception that an audible noise will be inserted about every 60 seconds.
Editions
Total Recorder is offered in four editions: Standard, Professional, Developer and VideoPro (beginning with the version 8.0 of Total Recorder). In dependence of edition different functionalities are available.
Supported formats
Video
AVI
WMV (Windows Media Video)
FLV (Flash Video)
MOV (for playback only)
MPEG-4
3GP
Audio
PCM (uncompressed)
RIFF-WAV (Compressed and uncompressed)
MP3
WMA
Ogg Vorbis
FLAC (Monkey's Audio)
APE
AAC audio within MPEG-4
3GP
Features
Recording of audio and video from different sources, sound format conversion, sound editing, sound processing, background recording (ripping), timeshifting, cue-sheet file supporting, splitting, tagging, file name generation, etc.
Add-ons
The following free and trial add-ons are available: Audio Restoration Add-On, Automatic Gain Control and Speech Enhancement Add-On, Spectrum Analyzer and Graphic Equalizer Add-On, Digital Mixer Add-On, Ogg Vorbis Support Add-On, Send to iTunes/iPod Add-On, Streaming Add-on. They can be used for removing distortions such as clicks, crackles, providing high-quality restoration of audio recorded from LPs, tapes and microphones, enhancing the reco |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSC%20Malaria%20Genome%20Browser | UCSC Malaria Genome Browser is a bioinformatic research tool to study the malaria genome, developed by Hughes Undergraduate Research Laboratory together with the laboratory of Prof. Manuel Ares Jr. at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
The web interface and database structure is based on the UCSC Genome Browser. UCSC Malaria Genome Browser brings together on a single screen the full DNA sequences of several species of the malaria parasite (Plasmodium sp.), alongside experimental results and previously discovered genes collected from the literature. The program allows users to search through 14 chromosomes of the malaria parasite's genome, enter their own sequence data and notes, and compare findings across species. The Malaria Genome Browser also supports text and sequence based searches that provide quick, precise access to any region of specific interest in the malaria genome. This site contains the reference genome sequence and working draft assembly for Plasmodium falciparum from PlasmoDb, the Plasmodium genome database build 5.0. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCOA4 | Nuclear receptor coactivator 4, also known as Androgen Receptor Activator (ARA70), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOA4 gene. It plays an important role in ferritinophagy, acting as a cargo receptor, binding to the ferritin heavy chain and latching on to ATG8 on the surface of the autophagosome.
Interactions
NCOA4 has been shown to interact with:
Androgen receptor, and
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
Ferritin
ATG8
See also
Transcription coregulator |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1G1 | AP-1 complex subunit gamma-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP1G1 gene.
Function
Adaptins are important components of clathrin-coated vesicles transporting ligand-receptor complexes from the plasma membrane or from the trans-Golgi network to lysosomes. The adaptin family of proteins is composed of four classes of molecules named alpha, beta-, beta prime- and gamma- adaptins. Adaptins, together with medium and small subunits, form a heterotetrameric complex called an adaptor, whose role is to promote the formation of clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. The protein encoded by this gene is a gamma-adaptin protein and it belongs to the adaptor complexes large subunits family. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Interactions
AP1G1 has been shown to interact with:
AP1B1,
AP1GBP1,
AP1M1,
AP1S1,
NECAP2,
RABEP1, and
Synaptophysin. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanotransferrin | Melanotransferrin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MFI2 gene. MFI2 has also recently been designated CD228 (cluster of differentiation 228).
The protein encoded by this gene is a cell-surface glycoprotein found on melanoma cells. The protein shares sequence similarity and iron-binding properties with members of the transferrin superfamily. The importance of the iron binding function has not yet been identified. This gene resides in the same region of chromosome 3 as members of the transferrin superfamily. Alternative splicing results in two transcript variants. It is part of neural crest tissue, often present in melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METAP2 | Methionine aminopeptidase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the METAP2 gene.
Methionine aminopeptidase 2, a member of the dimetallohydrolase family, is a cytosolic metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic removal of N-terminal methionine residues from nascent proteins.
peptide-methionine peptide + methionine
MetAP2 is found in all organisms and is especially important because of its critical role in tissue repair and protein degradation. Furthermore, MetAP2 is of particular interest because the enzyme plays a key role in angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, which is necessary for the progression of diseases including solid tumor cancers and rheumatoid arthritis. MetAP2 is also the target of two groups of anti-angiogenic natural products, ovalicin and fumagillin, and their analogs such as beloranib.
Structure
In living organisms, the start codon that initiates protein synthesis codes for either methionine (eukaryotes) or formylmethionine (prokaryotes). In E. coli (prokaryote), an enzyme called formylmethionine deformylase can cleave the formyl group, leaving just the N-terminal methionine residue. For proteins with small, uncharged penultimate N-terminal residues, a methionine aminopeptidase can cleave the methionine residue.
The number of genes encoding for a methionine aminopeptidase varies between organisms. In E. coli, there is only one known MetAP, a 29,333 Da monomeric enzyme coded for by a gene consisting of 264 codons. The knockout of this gene in E. coli leads to cell inviability. In humans, there are two genes encoding MetAP, MetAP1 and MetAP2. MetAP1 codes for a 42 kDa enzyme, while MetAP2 codes for a 67 kDa enzyme. Yeast MetAP1 is 40 percent homologous to E. coli MetAP; within S. cerevisiae, MetAP2 is 22 percent homologous with the sequence of MetAP1; MetAP2 is highly conserved between S. cerevisiae and humans. In contrast to prokaryotes, eukaryotic S. cerevisiae strains lacking the gene for either MetAP1 or MetAP2 are viabl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM2A | GM2 ganglioside activator also known as GM2A is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GM2A gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a small glycolipid transport protein which acts as a substrate specific co-factor for the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase A. β-hexosaminidase A, together with GM2 ganglioside activator, catalyzes the degradation of the ganglioside GM2, and other molecules containing terminal N-acetyl hexosamines.
GM2A is a lipid transfer protein that stimulates the enzymatic processing of gangliosides, and also T-cell activation through lipid presentation. This protein binds molecules of ganglioside GM2, extracts them from membranes, and presents them to beta-hexosaminidase A for cleavage of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and conversion to GM3.
It was identified as a member of ML domain family of proteins involved in innate immunity and lipid metabolism in the SMART database.
.
Regulation
In melanocytic cells GM2A gene expression may be regulated by MITF.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene, inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, result in GM2-gangliosidosis, AB variant, a rare GM2 gangliosidosis that has symptoms and pathology identical with Tay–Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease.
GM2A mutations are rarely reported, and the cases that are observed often occur with consanguineous parents or in genetically isolated populations.
Because AB variant is so rarely diagnosed, even in infants, it is likely that most mutations of GM2A are fatal in the fetus in homozygotes and genetic compounds, and thus are never observed clinically.
See also
Gangliosidosis
Sandhoff disease
Tay–Sachs disease
Hexosaminidase
GM1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation%20function | Activation function of a node in an artificial neural network is a function that calculates the output of the node (based on its inputs and the weights on individual inputs). Nontrivial problems can be solved only using a nonlinear activation function. Modern activation functions include the smooth version of the ReLU, the GELU, which was used in the 2018 BERT model, the logistic (sigmoid) function used in the 2012 speech recognition model developed by Hinton et al, the ReLU used in the 2012 AlexNet computer vision model and in the 2015 ResNet model.
Comparison of activation functions
Aside from their empirical performance, activation functions also have different mathematical properties:
Nonlinear When the activation function is non-linear, then a two-layer neural network can be proven to be a universal function approximator. This is known as the Universal Approximation Theorem. The identity activation function does not satisfy this property. When multiple layers use the identity activation function, the entire network is equivalent to a single-layer model.
Range When the range of the activation function is finite, gradient-based training methods tend to be more stable, because pattern presentations significantly affect only limited weights. When the range is infinite, training is generally more efficient because pattern presentations significantly affect most of the weights. In the latter case, smaller learning rates are typically necessary.
Continuously differentiable This property is desirable (ReLU is not continuously differentiable and has some issues with gradient-based optimization, but it is still possible) for enabling gradient-based optimization methods. The binary step activation function is not differentiable at 0, and it differentiates to 0 for all other values, so gradient-based methods can make no progress with it.
These properties do not decisively influence performance, nor are they the only mathematical properties that may be useful. For ins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICL%20Series%2039 | The ICL Series 39 was a range of mainframe and minicomputer computer systems released by the UK manufacturer ICL in 1985. The original Series 39 introduced the "S3L" (whose corrupt pronunciation resulted in the name "Estriel") processors and microcodes, and a nodal architecture, which is a form of Non-Uniform Memory Access .
Origins
The Series 39 range was based upon the New Range concept and the VME operating system from the company's ICL 2900 line, and was introduced as two ranges:
Series 39 "Estriel" systems (Series 39 Level 40 and above, including multinodes), which replaced previous mid-range and large processors from the 2900 range, and needed a full computer room environment
Series 39 DM1 systems (up to Series 39 Level 30), which were intended to replace the smaller processors such as the ICT1901/2, the ICL2903/4 and the ME29 ranges. These brought mainframe class operating system facilities into the office environment, a first for ICL
Design
The original Series 39 introduced the "S3L" processors and microcodes, and a nodal architecture (see ICL VME) which is a form of Non-Uniform Memory Access which allowed nodes to be up to apart.
The Series 39 range introduced Nodal Architecture, a novel implementation of distributed shared memory that can be seen as a hybrid of a multiprocessor system and a cluster design. Each machine consists of a number of nodes, and each node contains its own order-code processor and main memory. Virtual machines are typically located (at any one time) on one node, but have the capability to run on any node and to be relocated from one node to another. Discs and other peripherals are shared between nodes. Nodes are connected using a high-speed optical bus (Macrolan) using multiple fibre optic cables, which is used to provide applications with a virtual shared memory. Memory segments that are marked as shared (public or global segments) are replicated to each node, with updates being broadcast over the inter-node network. Proce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutability | The principle of mutability is the notion that any physical property which appears to follow a conservation law may undergo some physical process that violates its conservation. John Archibald Wheeler offered this speculative principle after Stephen Hawking predicted the evaporation of black holes which violates baryon number conservation.
See also
Philosophy of physics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystokinin%20A%20receptor | The Cholecystokinin A receptor is a human protein, also known as CCKAR or CCK1, with CCK1 now being the IUPHAR-recommended name.
Function
This gene encodes a G-protein coupled receptor that binds sulfated members of the cholecystokinin (CCK) family of peptide hormones. This receptor is a major physiologic mediator of pancreatic enzyme secretion and smooth muscle contraction of the gallbladder and stomach. In the central and peripheral nervous system this receptor regulates satiety and the release of beta-endorphin and dopamine.
The extracellular, N-terminal, domain of this protein adopts a tertiary structure consisting of a few helical turns and a disulfide-cross linked loop. It is required for interaction of the cholecystokinin A receptor with its corresponding hormonal ligand.
Selective Ligands
Agonists
Cholecystokinin
CCK-4
SR-146,131
A-71623 - modified tetrapeptide, potent and selective CCKA agonist, IC50 3.7nM, 1200x selectivity over CCKB, CAS# 130408-77-4
Antagonists
Proglumide
Lorglumide
Devazepide
Dexloxiglumide
Asperlicin
SR-27897
IQM-95333
JNJ-17156516
See also
Cholecystokinin receptor
Cholecystokinin antagonist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-added%20efficiency | Power-added efficiency (PAE) is a metric for rating the efficiency of a power amplifier that takes into account the effect of the gain of the amplifier. It is calculated (in percent) as:
It differs from most power efficiency descriptions calculated (in percent) as:
PAE will be very similar to efficiency when the gain of the amplifier is sufficiently high. But if the amplifier gain is relatively low the amount of power that is needed to drive the input of the amplifier should be considered in a metric that measures the efficiency of said amplifier. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol%20for%20Web%20Description%20Resources | The Protocol for Web Description Resources (POWDER) is the W3C recommended method for describing Web resources.
It specifies a protocol for publishing metadata about Web resources using RDF, OWL, and HTTP.
The initial working party was formed in February 2007 with the W3C Content Label Incubator Group's 2006 work as an input. On 1 September 2009 POWDER became a W3C recommendation and the Working Group is now closed.
POWDER supersedes the previous W3C specification PICS. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univa | Univa was a software company that developed workload management and cloud management products for compute-intensive applications in the data center and across public, private, and hybrid clouds, before being acquired by Altair Engineering in September 2020.
Univa software manages diverse application workloads and resources, helping enterprises scale and automate infrastructure to maximize efficiency and throughput while also helping them manage cloud spending.
Univa’s primary market was High Performance Computing (HPC). Its products were used in a variety of industries, including manufacturing, life sciences, energy, government labs and universities. Univa software was used to manage large-scale HPC, analytic, and machine learning applications across these industries.
Products and services
Univa developed, sold, and supported Univa Grid Engine software, Univa's version of the popular Grid Engine workload manager. Univa also offered Navops Launch, a solution providing cloud migration, cloud automation, and cloud spend management for users of Univa Grid Engine.
Univa announced in January 2011 that it hired personnel formerly working for Oracle and Sun Microsystems on Grid Engine development. On April 12, 2011, Univa rolled out its initial commercial release of Univa Grid Engine based on open source Grid Engine. The commercial released offered new functionality related to performance, and resource control for small and large clusters and provided enterprise customers with support services.
On October 22, 2013 Univa announced it acquired the intellectual property, copyrights and trademarks pertaining to the Grid Engine technology from Oracle and that it would support Oracle Grid Engine customers.
Univa announced Navops in May 2016, a new business unit with products enabling enterprises to easily migrate to the cloud or deploy hybrid clouds. Among the public clouds supported by Navops Launch are Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform, and Microsoft Azure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuette%E2%80%93Nesbitt%20formula | In mathematics, the Schuette–Nesbitt formula is a generalization of the inclusion–exclusion principle. It is named after Donald R. Schuette and Cecil J. Nesbitt.
The probabilistic version of the Schuette–Nesbitt formula has practical applications in actuarial science, where it is used to calculate the net single premium for life annuities and life insurances based on the general symmetric status.
Combinatorial versions
Consider a set and subsets . Let
denote the number of subsets to which belongs, where we use the indicator functions of the sets . Furthermore, for each , let
denote the number of intersections of exactly sets out of , to which belongs, where the intersection over the empty index set is defined as , hence . Let denote a vector space over a field such as the real or complex numbers (or more generally a module over a ring with multiplicative identity). Then, for every choice of ,
where denotes the indicator function of the set of all with , and is a binomial coefficient. Equality () says that the two -valued functions defined on are the same.
Proof of ()
We prove that () holds pointwise. Take and define .
Then the left-hand side of () equals .
Let denote the set of all those indices such that , hence contains exactly indices.
Given with elements, then belongs to the intersection if and only if is a subset of .
By the combinatorial interpretation of the binomial coefficient, there are such subsets (the binomial coefficient is zero for ).
Therefore the right-hand side of () evaluated at equals
where we used that the first binomial coefficient is zero for .
Note that the sum (*) is empty and therefore defined as zero for .
Using the factorial formula for the binomial coefficients, it follows that
Rewriting (**) with the summation index und using the binomial formula for the third equality shows that
which is the Kronecker delta. Substituting this result into the above formula and noting that choose equals for , it fol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benesi%E2%80%93Hildebrand%20method | The Benesi–Hildebrand method is a mathematical approach used in physical chemistry for the determination of the equilibrium constant K and stoichiometry of non-bonding interactions. This method has been typically applied to reaction equilibria that form one-to-one complexes, such as charge-transfer complexes and host–guest molecular complexation.
{H} + G <=> HG
The theoretical foundation of this method is the assumption that when either one of the reactants is present in excess amounts over the other reactant, the characteristic electronic absorption spectra of the other reactant are transparent in the collective absorption/emission range of the reaction system. Therefore, by measuring the absorption spectra of the reaction before and after the formation of the product and its equilibrium, the association constant of the reaction can be determined.
History
This method was first developed by Benesi and Hildebrand in 1949, as a means to explain a phenomenon where iodine changes color in various aromatic solvents. This was attributed to the formation of an iodine-solvent complex through acid-base interactions, leading to the observed shifts in the absorption spectrum. Following this development, the Benesi–Hildebrand method has become one of the most common strategies for determining association constants based on absorbance spectra.
Derivation
To observe one-to-one binding between a single host (H) and guest (G) using UV/Vis absorbance, the Benesi–Hildebrand method can be employed. The basis behind this method is that the acquired absorbance should be a mixture of the host, guest, and the host–guest complex.
With the assumption that the initial concentration of the guest (G0) is much larger than the initial concentration of the host (H0), then the absorbance from H0 should be negligible.
The absorbance can be collected before and following the formation of the HG complex. This change in absorbance (ΔA) is what is experimentally acquired, with A0 being the initia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic%20Dynamic%20Suspension%20System | The Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System (KDSS) technology was employed initially in the Lexus GX 470, and subsequently the 200 Series Toyota Land Cruiser. The system was invented and developed by Kinetic Pty Ltd, a small R&D company based in Dunsborough, Western Australia. It optimally adjusts front and rear stabilizers based on a set of interconnected hydraulic cylinders. The interconnection is made up of hydraulic piping and a control cylinder which is located at the frame rail. KDSS, which is fully mechanical, can disengage the stabilizer bars (the bars are jointed, allowing movement independent of one another). This system will not engage during normal driving conditions, when hydraulic pressure is equal. In off-road conditions, KDSS activates when it senses that a wheel has dropped.
The Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System was first available as an option on the model year 2004 Lexus GX 470, a sport utility vehicle that was only sold in North America, and based roughly on the 120 Series Land Cruiser Prado. The system was also introduced in similar form on the 2008 Toyota Land Cruiser. For the 2008 Lexus LX 570, an electro-mechanical suspension was employed, retaining the function of the KDSS design but adding electronic components.
Vehicles
Models that have adopted the Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System to date include:
2010–2016 Toyota 4Runner Trail Edition
2017–present Toyota 4Runner TRD Off-Road
2008–present Toyota Land Cruiser
2004–present Lexus GX
2010–present Toyota Prado
See also
Toyota TEMS
Citroën Hydractive
Notes
Lexus
Toyota
Automotive suspension technologies
Automotive technology tradenames
Vehicle safety technologies
Auto parts
Mechanical power control |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicircular%20potential%20well | In quantum mechanics, the case of a particle in a one-dimensional ring is similar to the particle in a box. The particle follows the path of a semicircle from to where it cannot escape, because the potential from to is infinite. Instead there is total reflection, meaning the particle bounces back and forth between to . The Schrödinger equation for a free particle which is restricted to a semicircle (technically, whose configuration space is the circle ) is
Wave function
Using cylindrical coordinates on the 1-dimensional semicircle, the wave function depends only on the angular coordinate, and so
Substituting the Laplacian in cylindrical coordinates, the wave function is therefore expressed as
The moment of inertia for a semicircle, best expressed in cylindrical coordinates, is . Solving the integral, one finds that the moment of inertia of a semicircle is , exactly the same for a hoop of the same radius. The wave function can now be expressed as , which is easily solvable.
Since the particle cannot escape the region from to , the general solution to this differential equation is
Defining , we can calculate the energy as . We then apply the boundary conditions, where and are continuous and the wave function is normalizable:
Like the infinite square well, the first boundary condition demands that the wave function equals 0 at both and . Basically
Since the wave function , the coefficient A must equal 0 because . The wave function also equals 0 at so we must apply this boundary condition. Discarding the trivial solution where B=0, the wave function only when m is an integer since . This boundary condition quantizes the energy where the energy equals where m is any integer. The condition m=0 is ruled out because everywhere, meaning that the particle is not in the potential at all. Negative integers are also ruled out since they can easily be absorbed in the normalization condition.
We then normalize the wave function, yielding a result wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgrange%20preparation%20theorem | In mathematics, the Malgrange preparation theorem is an analogue of the Weierstrass preparation theorem for smooth functions. It was conjectured by René Thom and proved by .
Statement of Malgrange preparation theorem
Suppose that f(t,x) is a smooth complex function of t∈R and x∈Rn near the origin, and let k be the smallest integer such that
Then one form of the preparation theorem states that near the origin f can be written as the product of a smooth function c that is nonzero at the origin and a smooth function that as a function of t is a polynomial of degree k. In other words,
where the functions c and a are smooth and c is nonzero at the origin.
A second form of the theorem, occasionally called the Mather division theorem, is a sort of "division with remainder" theorem: it says that if f and k satisfy the conditions above and g is a smooth function near the origin, then we can write
where q and r are smooth, and as a function of t, r is a polynomial of degree less than k. This means that
for some smooth functions rj(x).
The two forms of the theorem easily imply each other: the first form is the special case of the "division with remainder" form where g is tk, and the division with remainder form follows from the first form of the theorem as we may assume that f as a function of t is a polynomial of degree k.
If the functions f and g are real, then the functions c, a, q, and r can also be taken to be real. In the case of the Weierstrass preparation theorem these functions are uniquely determined by f and g, but uniqueness no longer holds for the Malgrange preparation theorem.
Proof of Malgrange preparation theorem
The Malgrange preparation theorem can be deduced from the Weierstrass preparation theorem. The obvious way of doing this does not work: although smooth functions have a formal power series expansion at the origin, and the Weierstrass preparation theorem applies to formal power series, the formal power series will not usually converge to sm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1%20receptor | {{DISPLAYTITLE:5-HT1 receptor}}
The 5-HT1 receptors are a subfamily of the 5-HT serotonin receptors that bind to the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT). The 5-HT1 subfamily consists of five G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that share 40% to 63% overall sequence homology, including 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1E, and 5-HT1F. Receptors of the 5-HT1 type, specifically, the 5-HT1A and 5-HT1D receptor subtypes, are present on the cell bodies. Receptors of the 5-HT1 type, specifically, the 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor subtypes, are also present on the nerve terminals. These receptors are broadly distributed throughout the brain and are recognized to play a significant part in regulating synaptic levels of 5-HT.
The receptor subfamily is coupled to Gi/Go and mediate inhibitory neurotransmission by inhibiting the function of adenylate cyclase and modulating downstream ionic effects. This R-coupling to Gi/Go proteins leads to a reduction in local concentrations of cAMP, proving that 5-HT1 are primarily inhibitory. There is no 5-HT1C receptor, as it was reclassified as the 5-HT2C receptor. For more information, please see the respective main articles of the individual subtypes:
See also
5-HT2 receptor
5-HT3 receptor
5-HT4 receptor
5-HT5 receptor
5-HT6 receptor
5-HT7 receptor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal%20function | In mathematics, a cardinal function (or cardinal invariant) is a function that returns cardinal numbers.
Cardinal functions in set theory
The most frequently used cardinal function is a function that assigns to a set A its cardinality, denoted by | A |.
Aleph numbers and beth numbers can both be seen as cardinal functions defined on ordinal numbers.
Cardinal arithmetic operations are examples of functions from cardinal numbers (or pairs of them) to cardinal numbers.
Cardinal characteristics of a (proper) ideal I of subsets of X are:
The "additivity" of I is the smallest number of sets from I whose union is not in I any more. As any ideal is closed under finite unions, this number is always at least ; if I is a σ-ideal, then
The "covering number" of I is the smallest number of sets from I whose union is all of X. As X itself is not in I, we must have add(I) ≤ cov(I).
The "uniformity number" of I (sometimes also written ) is the size of the smallest set not in I. Assuming I contains all singletons, add(I) ≤ non(I).
The "cofinality" of I is the cofinality of the partial order (I, ⊆). It is easy to see that we must have non(I) ≤ cof(I) and cov(I) ≤ cof(I).
In the case that is an ideal closely related to the structure of the reals, such as the ideal of Lebesgue null sets or the ideal of meagre sets, these cardinal invariants are referred to as cardinal characteristics of the continuum.
For a preordered set the bounding number and dominating number are defined as
In PCF theory the cardinal function is used.
Cardinal functions in topology
Cardinal functions are widely used in topology as a tool for describing various topological properties. Below are some examples. (Note: some authors, arguing that "there are no finite cardinal numbers in general topology", prefer to define the cardinal functions listed below so that they never taken on finite cardinal numbers as values; this requires modifying some of the definitions given below, for example b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford%20backscattering%20spectrometry | Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is an analytical technique used in materials science. Sometimes referred to as high-energy ion scattering (HEIS) spectrometry, RBS is used to determine the structure and composition of materials by measuring the backscattering of a beam of high energy ions (typically protons or alpha particles) impinging on a sample.
Geiger–Marsden experiment
Rutherford backscattering spectrometry is named after Lord Rutherford, a physicist sometimes referred to as the father of nuclear physics. Rutherford supervised a series of experiments carried out by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden between 1909 and 1914 studying the scattering of alpha particles through metal foils. While attempting to eliminate "stray particles" they believed to be caused by an imperfection in their alpha source, Rutherford suggested that Marsden attempt to measure backscattering from a gold foil sample. According to the then-dominant plum-pudding model of the atom, in which small negative electrons were spread through a diffuse positive region, backscattering of the high-energy positive alpha particles should have been nonexistent. At most small deflections should occur as the alpha particles passed almost unhindered through the foil. Instead, when Marsden positioned the detector on the same side of the foil as the alpha particle source, he immediately detected a noticeable backscattered signal. According to Rutherford, "It was quite the most incredible event that has ever happened to me in my life. It was almost as incredible as if you fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back and hit you."
Rutherford interpreted the result of the Geiger–Marsden experiment as an indication of a Coulomb collision with a single massive positive particle. This led him to the conclusion that the atom's positive charge could not be diffuse but instead must be concentrated in a single massive core: the atomic nucleus. Calculations indicated that the c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20Jones%20and%20the%20Temple%20of%20Doom%20%281985%20video%20game%29 | Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is an action video game developed and published by Atari Games and released in arcades in 1985. It is based on the 1984 film of the same name, the second film in the Indiana Jones franchise. It is the first Atari System 1 arcade game to include digitized speech, including voice clips of Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones and Amrish Puri as Mola Ram, as well as John Williams's music from the film.
Gameplay
The player assumes the role of Indiana Jones as he infiltrates the lair of the evil Thuggee cult, armed with his trademark whip. Controls consist of an eight-position joystick and a button to use the whip. The player's ultimate goal is to free the children the cult has kidnapped as slaves, recover the stolen relics known as "Sankara Stones", escape the temple, and defeat the cult leader Mola Ram.
After selecting one of three difficulty levels, the player progresses through three stages based on different scenes from the film:
Rescuing captive children from the mines, while avoiding Thuggee guards and other dangers such as snakes, bats, and floor spikes.
Escaping from the Thuggee guards in a mine cart without crashing into dead ends or falling off collapsed sections of track.
Recovering a Sankara Stone from the Thuggee sacrificial altar.
One life is lost whenever Indy touches a hazard or enemy character, falls from too great a height, crashes his mine cart, or falls into lava. The whip can be used to destroy or stun enemies and to swing across gaps in the mines.
The cycle repeats four times, adding more hazards each time. On the fourth repetition, the altar scene is replaced by a final confrontation with Mola Ram, on a rope bridge over a river. If the player completes this scene, Mola Ram falls to his death and the player advances to a bonus stage in the mines, picking up golden statues for extra points. This stage continues until all remaining lives are lost.
Ports
Ports of the game were later developed by Paragon Programm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech%20scroll | In art history, a speech scroll (also called a banderole or phylactery) is an illustrative device denoting speech, song, or other types of sound.
Developed independently on two continents, the device was in use by artists within Mesoamerican cultures from as early as 650 BC until after the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, and 13th and 14th European painters. While European speech scrolls were drawn as if they were an actual unfurled scroll or strip of parchment, Mesoamerican speech scrolls are scroll-shaped, looking much like a question mark. It is used in heraldry for mottos or slogans and war-cries.
Mesoamerica
Speech scrolls are found throughout the Mesoamerica area. An early example is a Olmec ceramic cylinder seal dated to , where two lines emit from a bird's mouth followed by glyphs proposed to be "3 Ajaw," a ruler's name. The murals of the Classic era site at Teotihuacan are filled with speech scrolls, in particular tableaus in the Tepantitla compound—this mural, for example, has more than 20 speech scrolls.
In Mesoamerica, speech-scrolls are usually oriented upwards along the longest outer edge so that the central element (or "tongue") curves downward as it spirals. Some Mesoamerican scrolls are divided lengthwise with each side given a different shade. Glyphs or similar markings rarely appear on the Mesoamerican speech scroll, although "tabs"—small, triangular or square blocks—are sometimes seen along the outer edge. If the speech scroll represents a tongue, then the tabs may represent teeth, but their meaning or message, if any, is not known.
At times, speech scrolls are decorated with devices that describe the tone of the speech:
In an engraving at the Maya site of Chichen Itza, a ruler's speech scroll takes the form of a serpent.
A Spaniard's speech scroll in a 16th-century Aztec codex is decorated with feathers to denote "soft, smooth words".
In another 16th-century codex, the Selden Codex, two Mixtec rulers (photo above) are shown insulti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIK3CG | Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIK3CG gene.
Function
This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the pi3/pi4-kinase family of proteins. The gene product is an enzyme that phosphorylates phosphoinositides on the 3-hydroxyl group of the inositol ring. It is an important modulator of extracellular signals, including those elicited by E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion, which plays an important role in maintenance of the structural and functional integrity of epithelia. In addition to its role in promoting assembly of adherens junctions, the protein is thought to play a pivotal role in the regulation of cytotoxicity in NK cells. The gene is located in a commonly deleted segment of chromosome 7 previously identified in myeloid leukemias.
Interactions
PIK3CG has been shown to interact with:
BCR gene,
KRAS,
PIK3CD, and
PIK3R5.
See also
Class I PI 3-kinases
p87PIKAP |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoproliferative%20response | Lymphoproliferative response is a specific immune response that entails rapid T-cell replication. Standard antigens, such as tetanus toxoid, that elicit this response are used in lab tests of immune competence. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hausdorff%20manifold | In geometry and topology, it is a usual axiom of a manifold to be a Hausdorff space. In general topology, this axiom is relaxed, and one studies non-Hausdorff manifolds: spaces locally homeomorphic to Euclidean space, but not necessarily Hausdorff.
Examples
Line with two origins
The most familiar non-Hausdorff manifold is the line with two origins, or bug-eyed line. This is the quotient space of two copies of the real line
and obtained by identifying points and whenever
An equivalent description of the space is to take the real line and replace the origin with two origins and The subspace retains its usual Euclidean topology. And a local base of open neighborhoods at each origin is formed by the sets with an open neighborhood of in
For each origin the subspace obtained from by replacing with is an open neighborhood of homeomorphic to Since every point has a neighborhood homeomorphic to the Euclidean line, the space is locally Euclidean. In particular, it is locally Hausdorff, in the sense that each point has a Hausdorff neighborhood. But the space is not Hausdorff, as every neighborhood of intersect every neighbourhood of It is however a T1 space.
The space is second countable.
The space exhibits several phenomena that don't happen in Hausdorff spaces:
The space is path connected but not arc connected. In particular, to get a path from one origin to the other one can first move left from to within the line through the first origin, and then move back to the right from to within the line through the second origin. But it is impossible to join the two origins with an arc, which is an injective path; intuitively, if one moves first to the left, one has to eventually backtrack and move back to the right.
The intersection of two compact sets need not be compact. For example, the sets and are compact, but their intersection is not.
The space is locally compact in the sense that every point has a local base of compact ne |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalting | Spalting is any form of wood coloration caused by fungi. Although primarily found in dead trees, spalting can also occur in living trees under stress. Although spalting can cause weight loss and strength loss in the wood, the unique coloration and patterns of spalted wood are sought by woodworkers.
Types
Spalting is divided into three main types: pigmentation, white rot, and zone lines. Spalted wood may exhibit one or all of these types in varying degrees. Both hardwoods (deciduous) and softwoods (coniferous) can spalt, but zone lines and white rot are more commonly found on hardwoods due to enzymatic differences in white rotting fungi. Brown rots are more common to conifers, although one brown rot, Fistulina hepatica (beefsteak fungus), is known to cause spalting among deciduous trees.
Pigmentation
Pigmentation is caused when fungi produce extracellular pigments inside wood. Bluestain is also a form of pigmentation; however, bluestain pigments are generally bound within the hyphae cell walls. A visible color change can be seen if enough hyphae are concentrated in an area. Pigmenting fungi classified as spalting fungi do decay wood, they simply do so at a slower rate (soft rotting) than white rotting fungi. The most common groups of pigmentation fungi are the imperfect fungi and the ascomycetes. Mold fungi, such as Trichoderma spp., are not considered to be spalting fungi, as their hyphae do not colonize the wood internally and they do not produce the enzymes necessary to digest the wood cell wall components.
White rot
The mottled white pockets and bleaching effect seen in spalted wood is due to white rot fungi. Primarily found on hardwoods, these fungi "bleach" by consuming lignin, which is the slightly pigmented area of a wood cell wall. Some white rotting can also be caused by an effect similar to pigmentation, in which the white hyphae of a fungus, such as Trametes versicolor (Fr.) Pil., is so concentrated in an area that a visual effect is created.
Both st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic%20acetylcholine%20receptor%20M4 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4}}
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4, also known as the cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 4 (CHRM4), is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the CHRM4 gene.
Function
M4 muscarinic receptors are coupled to Gi/o heterotrimeric proteins.
They function as inhibitory autoreceptors for acetylcholine. Activation of M4 receptors inhibits acetylcholine release in the striatum. The M2 subtype of acetylcholine receptor functions similarly as an inhibitory autoreceptor to acetylcholine release, albeit functioning actively primarily in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex.
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors possess a regulatory effect on dopaminergic neurotransmission. Activation of M4 receptors in the striatum inhibit D1-induced locomotor stimulation in mice. M4 receptor-deficient mice exhibit increased locomotor simulation in response to D1 agonists, amphetamine and cocaine. Neurotransmission in the striatum influences extrapyramidal motor control, thus alterations in M4 activity may contribute to conditions such as Parkinson's disease.
Ligands
Orthosteric agonists
acetylcholine
carbachol
oxotremorine
Positive allosteric modulators
LY-2033298
VU-0152100 (ML-108)
VU-0152099
Antagonists
AFDX-384 (mixed M2/M4 antagonist, N-[2-[2-[(Dipropylamino)methyl]-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-5,6-dihydro-6-oxo-11H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepine-11-carboxamide, CAS# 118290-27-0)
Dicycloverine
Himbacine
Mamba toxin 3
PD-102,807 (3,6a,11,14-Tetrahydro-9-methoxy-2-methyl-(12H)-isoquino[1,2-b]pyrrolo[3,2-f][1,3]benzoxazine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, CAS# 23062-91-1)
PD-0298029
Tropicamide - moderate selectivity over other muscarinic subtypes (2-5x approx)
Diphenhydramine
See also
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniatur%20Wunderland | The Miniatur Wunderland (German for "Miniature Wonderland") is, according to Guinness World Records, the largest model railway system in the world. It is located at the historic Speicherstadt in Hamburg, Germany.
As of December 2021, the railway consisted of of track in H0 scale, divided into nine sections: Harz mountains, the fictitious town of Knuffingen, the Alps and Austria, Hamburg, the United States, Scandinavia, Switzerland, a replica of Hamburg Airport, Italy and South America. Of the of floorspace, the models occupies .
The exhibition includes around 1,120 digitally controlled trains with more than 10,000 wagons. The Wonderland is also designed with around 4,300 houses and bridges, more than 10,000 vehicles — of which around 350 drive independently on the installation — 52 airplanes and around 290,000 figures. The system features a recurring day-night lighting cycle and almost 500,000 built-in LED lights. Planning is also in progress for the construction of sections for Central America and the Caribbean, Asia, England, Africa and The Netherlands.
Prehistory
In the summer of 2000, Frederik Braun, one of the two founders of Miniatur Wunderland, was on vacation in Zurich. In a local model train store he came up with the idea for the world's largest model railway. Back in Hamburg, he searched for email addresses online and started a survey on the popularity of real and fictional sights of the city. In the process, the Miniatur Wunderland, which did not yet exist, was ranked 3 by male respondents.
According to Braun and his twin brother Gerrit, the initial idea and business plan for Miniatur Wunderland fit on just two pages. The financial backer was Hamburger Sparkasse.
Construction and expansion
After construction began in December 2000, the first three sections (Knuffingen, Central Germany and Austria) opened on 16 August 2001. Since then, several sections have been added. With the completion of the Hamburg, German Coast section in November 2002, Wund |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCM%20theory | BCM theory, BCM synaptic modification, or the BCM rule, named for Elie Bienenstock, Leon Cooper, and Paul Munro, is a physical theory of learning in the visual cortex developed in 1981.
The BCM model proposes a sliding threshold for long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD) induction, and states that synaptic plasticity is stabilized by a dynamic adaptation of the time-averaged postsynaptic activity. According to the BCM model, when a pre-synaptic neuron fires, the post-synaptic neurons will tend to undergo LTP if it is in a high-activity state (e.g., is firing at high frequency, and/or has high internal calcium concentrations), or LTD if it is in a lower-activity state (e.g., firing in low frequency, low internal calcium concentrations). This theory is often used to explain how cortical neurons can undergo both LTP or LTD depending on different conditioning stimulus protocols applied to pre-synaptic neurons (usually high-frequency stimulation, or HFS, for LTP, or low-frequency stimulation, LFS, for LTD).
Development
In 1949, Donald Hebb proposed a working mechanism for memory and computational adaption in the brain now called Hebbian learning, or the maxim that cells that fire together, wire together. This notion is foundational in the modern understanding of the brain as a neural network, and though not universally true, remains a good first approximation supported by decades of evidence.
However, Hebb's rule has problems, namely that it has no mechanism for connections to get weaker and no upper bound for how strong they can get. In other words, the model is unstable, both theoretically and computationally. Later modifications gradually improved Hebb's rule, normalizing it and allowing for decay of synapses, where no activity or unsynchronized activity between neurons results in a loss of connection strength. New biological evidence brought this activity to a peak in the 1970s, where theorists formalized various approximations in the theory, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20H.%20Rumsey | Victor Henry Rumsey (November 22, 1919 – March 11, 2015) was an electrical engineer, best known for his studies of frequency-independent antennas.
Rumsey was born in Devizes, Wiltshire, England, on Saint Cecilia's day, and received his BA in mathematics (1941) and Sc.D. in physics from Cambridge University. From 1941–1945 he performed radar research at the Telecommunications Research Establishment in England and the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. After three years at the Canadian Atomic Research Laboratory he became director of the Antenna Laboratory at Ohio State University. In 1954 he moved to the University of Illinois, in 1957 to the University of California, Berkeley, and in 1966 to the University of California, San Diego where he was a professor and, later, professor emeritus.
Starting in the 1950s, Rumsey suggested the basic principles for frequency-independent antennas which culminated in the writing of a book on the topic (see selected works below).
Rumsey is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, and has received an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree from Tohoku University, Japan, the 1962 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award, and the 2004 John Kraus Antenna Award.
Selected works
"Frequency-Independent Antennas", IRE National Convention Record, vol. 5, part 1, 1957, pages 114-118.
Frequency Independent Antennas, New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1966. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent%20aura%20without%20infarction | Persistent aura without infarction (PAWOI) is a rare and seemingly benign condition, first described in case reports in 1982 as "prolonged/persistent migraine aura status", and in 2000 as "migraine aura status", that is not yet fully understood. PAWOI is said to possibly be a factor involved in a variety of neurological symptoms, including visual snow, loss of vision, increased afterimages, tinnitus, and others. The pathogenesis of PAWOI is unknown. It is not clear which medical examinations are useful in diagnosing PAWOI. At present, PAWOI is usually diagnosed solely based on the patient's current and past symptoms. It is possible that an "overactive brain" or a chemical imbalance underlies the disorder. Various medications have been tried as treatment, notably acetazolamide, valproate, lamotrigine, topiramate, and furosemide. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Hugunin | Jim Hugunin is a software programmer who created the Python programming language extension Numeric (ancestor to NumPy), and later created Python implementations for the Java Platform (Jython) and for Microsoft .NET platform (IronPython); he has also co-designed the AspectJ extension for the Java programming language. He worked for Microsoft from 2004 to 2010, mainly on IronPython and Dynamic Language Runtime.
In October 2010, after Microsoft abandoned the IronPython project, Hugunin left Microsoft to work for Google.
On his personal website, he described Microsoft's decision regarding IronPython as "a catalyst but not the cause of my leaving the company", and said that having "a healthy relationship with Open Source code and communities" at Microsoft was "possible" but "felt like trying to fit a square peg into a round hole". According to LinkedIn, Jim left Google in May 2013.
In December 2017, Jim launched a beta version of a cloth simulator called Artful Physics. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20High%20Energy%20Physics | The Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IHEP) () is the largest and most comprehensive fundamental research center of high-energy physics in China. It is located in Shijingshan District, Beijing and administered by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The major research fields of IHEP are particle physics, astrophysics and astroparticle physics, accelerator physics and technologies, radiation technologies, and their applications.
Related
Beijing Electron-Positron Collider (BEPC and BEPCII)
Beijing Proton Linac (BPL)
Beijing Spectrometer III (BES III)
Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility
Beijing Test Beam Facility
China Spallation Neutron Source
Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE)
Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment
Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT)
High Energy cosmic Radiation Detector facility (HERD)
Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO)
Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO)
POLAR instrument onboard Tiangong-2
Yangbajing International Cosmic Ray Observatory (YBJ)
Yutu (rover); IHEP built its alpha particle X-ray spectrometer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4690%20Operating%20System | 4690 Operating System (sometimes shortened to 4690 OS or 4690) is a specially designed point of sale (POS) operating system, originally sold by IBM. In 2012, IBM sold its retail business, including this product, to Toshiba, which assumed support. 4690 is widely used by IBM and Toshiba retail customers to run retail systems which run their own applications and others.
4690 is the successor product to IBM 4680 OS, which was in use by IBM customers since 1986. The original 4680 OS was based on Digital Research's Concurrent DOS 286, a system thereafter renamed to FlexOS 286 in November 1986.
In July 1993, IBM adopted FlexOS version 2.32 as the basis of their 4690 OS version 1. FlexOS 2.32 supported 286 (Intel 80286) and 386 (Intel 80386) modes and had no limit on applications running concurrently.
In 1995, IBM licensed IMS REAL/32 7.50, a derivative of Digital Research's Multiuser DOS and thereby a successor to Concurrent DOS 386, to bundle it with their 4695 POS terminals.
According to the article "The Year of the Store?", IHL Consulting Group/RIS News, IBM 4690 OS still had a market share of 12% in the POS register client market in June 2005, when IBM was starting to phase it out in favor of IBM Retail Environment for SUSE (IRES).
IBM continued to maintain 4690 OS until April 2015, with the most recent version released by IBM in May 2012 being IBM 4690 OS Version 6 Release 3, which was supported until 2017 under special contracts with big-name companies.
Meanwhile, Toshiba has released Toshiba 4690 OS Version 6 Release 4 (V6R4) in January 2014, and Version 6 Release 5 (V6R5) in January 2016. In 2018, a Linux-based successor of 4690 OS, named TCx Sky and codeveloped with Wind River Systems, was launched. Soon after, Toshiba discontinued 4690 OS for new customers; it is, however, still supported under service contracts signed between Toshiba Global Commerce Solutions and stores still using 4690 OS on their POS terminals. The latest security update (CSD Level 2010) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20Zee | Zema Williams (July 7, 1941 – July 19, 2016), better known as Chief Zee, was a well-known fan and unofficial mascot of the franchise then known as the Washington Redskins, which has since been renamed the Washington Commanders of the National Football League. Dressed in a faux Native American war bonnet, rimmed glasses, and red jacket, Chief Zee began attending Redskins games in 1978.
History
Born in Colquitt, Georgia on July 7, 1941, Williams worked as a sharecropper and picked cotton as a youth. He later drove a truck, when he got a draft notice in 1960. Two years later, he completed his military service at Fort Riley, and returned to driving trucks. By 1968, he was a car salesman in Washington, D.C.
Williams first showed up in costume at RFK Stadium on September 10, 1978. In 1983, Chief Zee attended a game against the Eagles at Veterans Stadium. Following their team's 10-point loss to the Redskins, he was attacked, suffering a broken arm, leg and ribs as well as a torn original costume, leaving him hospitalized. He returned the next year to Philadelphia but after a woman threw a beer in his face, it was his last time.
On August 9, 2008, Williams set down his signature prop, a toy tomahawk, while he was signing autographs at the Redskins' preseason game against the Buffalo Bills. When he turned to retrieve it, it was gone. The 12-inch tomahawk has a slender wooden handle with a rubber blade, and appears in many photos of Williams since he started attending Redskins games over 30 years prior.
By August 28, 2008, Chief Zee's tomahawk has been returned to him with the help of Redskins tight end Chris Cooley who got a call from someone that said they had it. He swapped a signed jersey for the tomahawk.
In his later years, Williams lived on Social Security and had difficulty walking. Dan Snyder, the owner of the Redskins, purchased the scooter that he used. Williams also faced eviction due to not being able to keep up with his rent, but several fans used a Go |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic%20diverticulum | The hepatic diverticulum (or liver bud) is a primordial cellular extension of the embryonic foregut endoderm that gives rise to the parenchyma of the liver and the bile duct. It typically differentiates from the endoderm in the third or fourth week of gestation and is reabsorbed in tubular structures of the septum transversum by the eighth week. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazur%20manifold | In differential topology, a branch of mathematics, a Mazur manifold is a contractible, compact, smooth four-dimensional manifold (with boundary) which is not diffeomorphic to the standard 4-ball. The boundary of a Mazur manifold is necessarily a homology 3-sphere.
Frequently the term Mazur manifold is restricted to a special class of the above definition: 4-manifolds that have a handle decomposition containing exactly three handles: a single 0-handle, a single 1-handle and single 2-handle. This is equivalent to saying the manifold must be of the form union a 2-handle. An observation of Mazur's shows that the double of such manifolds is diffeomorphic to with the standard smooth structure.
History
Barry Mazur and Valentin Poenaru discovered these manifolds simultaneously. Akbulut and Kirby showed that the Brieskorn homology spheres , and are boundaries of Mazur manifolds. These results were later generalized to other contractible manifolds by Casson, Harer and Stern. One of the Mazur manifolds is also an example of an Akbulut cork which can be used to construct exotic 4-manifolds.
Mazur manifolds have been used by Fintushel and Stern to construct exotic actions of a group of order 2 on the 4-sphere.
Mazur's discovery was surprising for several reasons:
Every smooth homology sphere in dimension is homeomorphic to the boundary of a compact contractible smooth manifold. This follows from the work of Kervaire and the h-cobordism theorem. Slightly more strongly, every smooth homology 4-sphere is diffeomorphic to the boundary of a compact contractible smooth 5-manifold (also by the work of Kervaire). But not every homology 3-sphere is diffeomorphic to the boundary of a contractible compact smooth 4-manifold. For example, the Poincaré homology sphere does not bound such a 4-manifold because the Rochlin invariant provides an obstruction.
The h-cobordism Theorem implies that, at least in dimensions there is a unique contractible -manifold with simply-connec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28a%2Cb%2C0%29%20class%20of%20distributions | In probability theory, a member of the (a, b, 0) class of distributions is any distribution of a discrete random variable N whose values are nonnegative integers whose probability mass function satisfies the recurrence formula
for some real numbers a and b, where .
Only the Poisson, binomial and negative binomial distributions satisfy the full form of this relationship. These are also the three discrete distributions among the six members of the natural exponential family with quadratic variance functions (NEF–QVF).
More general distributions can be defined by fixing some initial values of pj and applying the recursion to define subsequent values. This can be of use in fitting distributions to empirical data. However, some further well-known distributions are available if the recursion above need only hold for a restricted range of values of k: for example the logarithmic distribution and the discrete uniform distribution.
The (a, b, 0) class of distributions has important applications in actuarial science in the context of loss models.
Properties
Sundt proved that only the binomial distribution, the Poisson distribution and the negative binomial distribution belong to this class of distributions, with each distribution being represented by a different sign of a. Furthermore, it was shown by Fackler that there is a universal formula for all three distributions, called the (united) Panjer distribution.
The more usual parameters of these distributions are determined by both a and b. The properties of these distributions in relation to the present class of distributions are summarised in the following table. Note that denotes the probability generating function.
Note that the Panjer distribution reduces to the Poisson distribution in the limit case ; it coincides with the negative binomial distribution for positive, finite real numbers , and it equals the binomial distribution for negative integers .
Plotting
An easy way to quickly determine whether a gi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic%20interstitial%20pneumonia | Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP), or noninfectious pneumonia are a class of diffuse lung diseases. These diseases typically affect the pulmonary interstitium, although some also have a component affecting the airways (for instance, cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis). There are seven recognized distinct subtypes of IIP.
Diagnosis
Classification can be complex, and the combined efforts of clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists can help in the generation of a more specific diagnosis.
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia can be subclassified based on histologic appearance into the following patterns:
Usual interstitial pneumonia is the most common type.
Development
Table 1: Development of the (histologic) idiopathic interstitial pneumonia classification
UIP=usual interstitial pneumonia; DAD=diffuse alveolar damage; NSIP=non-specific interstitial pneumonia; DIP=desquamative interstitial pneumonia; RB=respiratory bronchiolitis; BIP=bronchiolitis obliterans interstitial pneumonia; OP=organizing pneumonia; LIP=lymphoid interstitial pneumonia; LPD=lymphoproliferative disease (not considered a diffuse lung disease); GIP=giant cell interstitial pneumonia; HMF=heavy metal fibrosis, no longer grouped with diffuse lung disease
Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia was originally included in this category, then excluded, then included again. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20%28music%29 | In music theory, a natural (♮) is an accidental which cancels previous key signatures or accidentals and represents the unaltered pitch of a note.
Examples
It can be used as key signature or accidental. An example of an A note with an accidental in place is shown below.
A note is natural when it is neither lowered nor raised by other key signatures or accidentals. Natural notes are the notes A, B, C, D, E, F, and G represented by the white keys on the keyboard of a piano or organ. On a modern concert harp, the middle position of the seven pedals that alter the tuning of the strings gives the natural pitch for each string.
The scale of A minor or C major is sometimes regarded as the central, natural or basic minor scale or major scale because all of its notes are natural notes, whereas every other major scale in the circle of fifths has at least one of other accidental signs in it.
The notes F, C, E, B, and most notes inflected by double-flats and double-sharps correspond in pitch with natural notes; however, they are not regarded as natural notes but rather as enharmonic equivalents of them and are just as much chromatically inflected notes as most sharped and flatted notes that are represented by black notes on a keyboard.
The natural sign is derived from a square b used to denote B in medieval music (in contrast with the round b denoting B, which became the flat symbol). The Unicode character MUSIC NATURAL SIGN '♮' (U+266E) should display as a natural sign. Its HTML entity is .
Notation
In musical notation, a natural sign () is a sign used to cancel a flat or sharp from either a preceding note or the key signature. (Ex. A flat Major -> F Major)
But, naturals are assumed (by default) in key signatures and mentioned only in key signature changes.
However, in some cases, as in John Foulds' A World Requiem, the naturals are sometimes omitted in the position of the canceled flats or sharps in the previous key signature. It seems to be aimed at reducing writi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HealthCare%20Volunteer | HealthCare Volunteer is a non-profit organization that connects volunteers with a health-related volunteering opportunity. The organization provides medical, dental, and surgical services to needy patients and impoverished people worldwide, through indirect and direct patient-care programs.
The company also provides a social networking application that allows health volunteers to connect with each other and create new volunteer teams. The organization has matched over 290,000 volunteers to nearly 3,300 organizations worldwide. In total, over 1.5 million patients have received health care as a result of its indirect and direct patient care programs.
History
In 2005, during his first year at UCLA Dental School, Patel decided to travel to Brazil to provide dental services to underserved communities. But, he encountered difficulties in finding volunteer opportunities, having contacted more than 15 Brazilian organizations and receiving no response. He found that other dental and medical students had experienced similar problems. To address this problem, Patel created the Dental Volunteer and later HealthCare Volunteer to help connect students with volunteer opportunities.
During Dental school, Neilesh Patel said he spent many "pizza nights" – subsisting on pizza and pulling all-nighters teaching himself how to program and build a Web site, which became the backbone of HealthCare Volunteer. He said he was driven by the belief that all qualified applicants should have the opportunity to volunteer. Soon, now-orthopedic surgeon Elliot Mendelosohn, also a biomedical engineering major in his undergraduate days, joined Patel to help build HealthCare Volunteer.
Founded by Neilesh Patel DDS and Elliot Mendelsohn MD in November 2005, HealthCare Volunteer has a large listing of health-related volunteering opportunities serving the non-profit sector. Volunteers include physicians, dentists, medical students, and dental assistants, who donate their time to provide services, inclu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheen-III | The Shaheen-III ( ; lit. Falcon), is a supersonic and land-based medium range ballistic missile, which was test fired for the first time by military service on 9 March 2015
.
Development began in secrecy in the early 2000s in response to India's Agni-III, Shaheen was successfully tested on 9 March 2015 with a range of , which enables it to strike all of India and reach deep into the Middle East parts of North Africa. The Shaheen-III, according to its program manager, the Strategic Plans Division, is "18 times faster than speed of sound and designed to reach the Indian islands of Andaman and Nicobar so that India cannot use them as "strategic bases”" to establish a second strike capability.”
The Shaheen program is composed of the solid-fuel system in contrast to the Ghauri program that is primarily based on liquid-fuel system. With the successful launch of the Shaheen-III, it surpasses the range of Shaheen-II— hence, it is the longest-range missile to be launched by the military.
Its deployment has not been commented by the Pakistani military but Shaheen-III is currently deemed as operational in the strategic command of Pakistan Army.
Overview
Development history
Development of a long-range space launch vehicle began in 1999 with an aim of a rocket engines reaching the range of to . The Indian military had moved its strategic commands to east and the range of was determined by a need to be able to target the Nicobar and Andaman Islands in the eastern part of the Indian Ocean that are "developed as strategic bases" where "Indian military might think of putting its weapons”, according to Shaheen-III's program manager, the Special Planning Division. With this mission, Shaheen-III was actively pursued alongside with [[Ghauri-III|Ghauri-III''']].
In 2000, the Space Research Commission concluded at least two design studies for its space launch vehicle. Initially, there were two earlier designs were shown in IDEAS held in 2002 and its design was centered on develo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae%20fuel | Algae fuel, algal biofuel, or algal oil is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils. Also, algae fuels are an alternative to commonly known biofuel sources, such as corn and sugarcane. When made from seaweed (macroalgae) it can be known as seaweed fuel or seaweed oil.
In December 2022, ExxonMobil, the last large oil company to invest in algae biofuels, ended its research funding.
History
In 1942 Harder and Von Witsch were the first to propose that microalgae be grown as a source of lipids for food or fuel. Following World War II, research began in the US, Germany, Japan, England, and Israel on culturing techniques and engineering systems for growing microalgae on larger scales, particularly species in the genus Chlorella. Meanwhile, H. G. Aach showed that Chlorella pyrenoidosa could be induced via nitrogen starvation to accumulate as much as 70% of its dry weight as lipids. Since the need for alternative transportation fuel had subsided after World War II, research at this time focused on culturing algae as a food source or, in some cases, for wastewater treatment.
Interest in the application of algae for biofuels was rekindled during the oil embargo and oil price surges of the 1970s, leading the US Department of Energy to initiate the Aquatic Species Program in 1978. The Aquatic Species Program spent $25 million over 18 years with the goal of developing liquid transportation fuel from algae that would be price competitive with petroleum-derived fuels. The research program focused on the cultivation of microalgae in open outdoor ponds, systems which are low in cost but vulnerable to environmental disturbances like temperature swings and biological invasions. 3,000 algal strains were collected from around the country and screened for desirable properties such as high productivity, lipid content, and thermal tolerance, and the most promising strains were included in the SERI microalgae collection at the Solar Energy Re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-textiles | Electronic textiles or e-textiles are fabrics that enable electronic components such as batteries, lights, sensors, and microcontrollers to be embedded in them. They are not to be confused with smart textiles, which are fabrics that have been developed with new technologies that provide added value. Many smart clothing, wearable technology, and wearable computing projects involve the use of e-textiles.
Electronic textiles are distinct from wearable computing because the emphasis is placed on the seamless integration of textiles with electronic elements like microcontrollers, sensors, and actuators. Furthermore, e-textiles need not be wearable. For instance, e-textiles are also found in interior design.
The related field of fibretronics explores how electronic and computational functionality can be integrated into textile fibers.
A new report from Cientifica Research examines the markets for textile-based wearable technologies, the companies producing them, and the enabling technologies. The report identifies three distinct generations of textile wearable technologies:
"First-generation" attach a sensor to apparel. This approach is currently taken by sportswear brands such as Adidas, Nike, and Under Armour
"Second-generation" products embed the sensor in the garment, as demonstrated by current products from Samsung, Alphabet, Ralph Lauren, and Flex.
In "third-generation" wearables, the garment is the sensor. A growing number of companies are creating pressure, strain, and temperature sensors for this purpose.
Future applications for e-textiles may be developed for sports and well-being products, and medical devices for patient monitoring. Technical textiles, fashion and entertainment will also be significant applications.
History
The basic materials needed to construct e-textiles, conductive threads, and fabrics have been around for over 1000 years. In particular, artisans have been wrapping fine metal foils, most often gold and silver, around fabric thre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitympanic%20recess | The epitympanic recess is the portion of the tympanic cavity (of the middle ear) situated superior to the tympanic membrane. The recess lodges the head of malleus, and the body of incus.
The mastoid antrum is situated posterior to the recess and opens into the recess at the posterior wall of the recess via the aditus to mastoid antrum. The ampulla of the lateral semicircular canal creates a prominence upon the medial wall of the recess.
Clinical significance
This recess is a possible route of spread of infection to the mastoid air cells located in the mastoid process of the temporal bone of the skull. Inflammation which has spread to the mastoid air cells is very difficult to drain and causes considerable pain. Before the advent of antibiotics, it could only be drained by drilling a hole in the mastoid bone, a process known as mastoidectomy. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorbing%20element | In mathematics, an absorbing element (or annihilating element) is a special type of element of a set with respect to a binary operation on that set. The result of combining an absorbing element with any element of the set is the absorbing element itself. In semigroup theory, the absorbing element is called a zero element because there is no risk of confusion with other notions of zero, with the notable exception: under additive notation zero may, quite naturally, denote the neutral element of a monoid. In this article "zero element" and "absorbing element" are synonymous.
Definition
Formally, let be a set S with a closed binary operation • on it (known as a magma). A zero element is an element z such that for all s in S, . This notion can be refined to the notions of left zero, where one requires only that , and right zero, where .
Absorbing elements are particularly interesting for semigroups, especially the multiplicative semigroup of a semiring. In the case of a semiring with 0, the definition of an absorbing element is sometimes relaxed so that it is not required to absorb 0; otherwise, 0 would be the only absorbing element.
Properties
If a magma has both a left zero z and a right zero z′, then it has a zero, since .
A magma can have at most one zero element.
Examples
The most well known example of an absorbing element comes from elementary algebra, where any number multiplied by zero equals zero. Zero is thus an absorbing element.
The zero of any ring is also an absorbing element. For an element r of a ring R, r0=r(0+0)=r0+r0, so 0=r0, as zero is the unique element a for which r-r=a for any r in the ring R. This property holds true also in a rng since multiplicative identity isn't required.
Floating point arithmetics as defined in IEEE-754 standard contains a special value called Not-a-Number ("NaN"). It is an absorbing element for every operation; i.e., , , etc.
The set of binary relations over a set X, together with the composition of relations fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20scheduling%20method | Linear scheduling method (LSM) is a graphical scheduling method focusing on continuous resource utilization in repetitive activities.
Application
LSM is used mainly in the construction industry to schedule resources in repetitive activities commonly found in highway, pipeline, high-rise building and rail construction projects. These projects are called repetitive or linear projects. The main advantages of LSM over critical path method (CPM) is its underlying idea of keeping resources continuously at work. In other words, it schedules activities in such a way that:
resource utilization is maximized;
interruption in on-going process is minimized, including hiring-and-firing; and
the effect of the learning curve phenomenon is maximized
Alternative names
According to, specific names for the linear scheduling method have been adopted, such as:
Location-based scheduling (the preferred term in the book)
Harmonograms
Line-of-balance
Flowline or flow line
Repetitive scheduling method
Vertical production method
Time-location matrix model
Time space scheduling method
Disturbance scheduling
Horizontal and vertical logic scheduling for multistory projects
Horizontal and vertical scheduling
Multiple repetitive construction process
Representing construction
Linear scheduling
Time versus distance diagrams (T-D charts)
Time chainage
Linear balance charts
Velocity diagrams
See also
List of project management software
List of project management topics
Project management
Project planning
Sequence step algorithm
Time distance diagram
Work breakdown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence%20step%20algorithm | A sequence step algorithm (SQS-AL) is an algorithm implemented in a discrete event simulation system to maximize resource utilization. This is achieved by running through two main nested loops: A sequence step loop and a replication loop. For each sequence step, each replication loop is a simulation run that collects crew idle time for activities in that sequence step. The collected crew idle times are then used to determine resource arrival dates for user-specified confidence levels. The process of collecting the crew idle times and determining crew arrival times for activities on a considered sequence step is repeated from the first to the last sequence step.
See also
Computational resource
Linear scheduling method |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See%2C%20amid%20the%20Winter%27s%20Snow | "See, amid the Winter's Snow", also known as "The Hymn for Christmas", is an English Christmas carol, written by Edward Caswall and first published in 1858. In 1871 Sir John Goss composed a hymn tune for it, "Humility", and as "Hymn for Christmas Day", it was included in Christmas Carols New And Old, the anthology edited by Henry Ramsden Bramley and John Stainer .
History
Caswall wrote "See, amid the winter's snow" shortly after converting from the Church of England to the Roman Catholic Church and joining the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri. The hymn was published earliest in 1858 as part of The Masque of Mary and Other Poems by Caswall. In 1871, John Goss wrote the tune "Humility" specifically for the carol. Later in the year, Bramley and Stainer selected "See, amid the winter's snow" to be published nationwide in their "Christmas Carols Old and New" hymn book. It was selected to be included in "Christmas Carols Old and New" as one of the carols that had "proved their hold upon the popular mind". While the carol became popular, a number of verses were cut from later publications of "See, amid the Winter's Snow". This includes the original final verse about the Virgin Mary, which was often cut out of non-Catholic hymnals.
The artist Edward Dalziel used the words of this hymn below his engraving of the English downland with animals, even though the engraving did not have any snow in it.
The tune has been re-used in a variety of social protest and union songs in the late 20th century, beginning with "Coal, Not Dole", written in the mid-1980s by Kay Sutcliffe about the closing of the Kent coal fields to a tune by Paul Abrahams, but later reset to Goss's tune at the suggestion of John Tams and recorded by Coope Boyes and Simpson. Shelley Posen wrote "No More Fish, No Fishermen" in 1996 about the end of the cod fishery in Newfoundland. Australian John Warner wrote "Bring out the Banners" on the 150th anniversary of Australia's eight-hour work day rule in 1996.
Compo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended%20finite%20element%20method | The extended finite element method (XFEM), is a numerical technique based on the generalized finite element method (GFEM) and the partition of unity method (PUM). It extends the classical finite element method (FEM) approach by enriching the solution space for solutions to differential equations with discontinuous functions.
History
The extended finite element method (XFEM) was developed in 1999 by Ted Belytschko and collaborators,
to help alleviate shortcomings of the finite element method and has been used to model the propagation of various discontinuities: strong (cracks) and weak (material interfaces). The idea behind XFEM is to retain most advantages of meshfree methods while alleviating their negative sides.
Rationale
The extended finite element method was developed to ease difficulties in solving problems with localized features that are not efficiently resolved by mesh refinement. One of the initial applications was the modelling of fractures in a material. In this original implementation, discontinuous basis functions are added to standard polynomial basis functions for nodes that belonged to elements that are intersected by a crack to provide a basis that included crack opening displacements. A key advantage of XFEM is that in such problems the finite element mesh does not need to be updated to track the crack path. Subsequent research has illustrated the more general use of the method for problems involving singularities, material interfaces, regular meshing of microstructural features such as voids, and other problems where a localized feature can be described by an appropriate set of basis functions.
Principle
Enriched finite element methods extend, or enrich, the
approximation space so that it is able to naturally reproduce the
challenging feature associated with the problem of interest: the
discontinuity, singularity, boundary layer, etc. It was shown that
for some problems, such an embedding of the problem's feature into the approximation
spa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NISO%20Circulation%20Interchange%20Protocol | NISO Circulation Interchange Protocol (NCIP) is a protocol that is limited to the exchange of messages between and among computer-based applications to enable them to perform functions necessary to lend and borrow items, to provide controlled access to electronic resources, and to facilitate cooperative management of these functions.
Released in May 2001 and approved on October 17, 2002, ANSI/NISO Z39.83-2002 or NCIP is a "NISO Draft Standard for Trial Use." This protocol defines a repertoire of messages and associated rules of syntax and semantics for use by applications: to perform the functions necessary to lend items; to provide controlled access to electronic resources; and to facilitate co-operative management of these functions. It is intended to address conditions in which the application or applications that initiate the lending of items or control of access must acquire or transmit information about the user, items, and/or access that is essential to successful conclusion of the function.
See also
Standard Interchange Protocol
External links
NCIP Implementation Group
NCIP information at NISO
NCIP information at CoverPages
Library automation
Network protocols
Application layer protocols
Open formats |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flank%20%28anatomy%29 | The flank or latus is the side of the body between the rib cage and the iliac bone of the hip (below the rib cage and above the ilium).
It is sometimes called the lumbar region. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Biochemistry%2C%20Molecular%20Biology%20and%20Biotechnology | The Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IBMBB), Sri Lanka, is the National Node for European Molecular Biology Network (EMBnet) and is designated as a Resource Centre for Molecular Life Sciences by the International Programme in Chemical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Sweden.
External links
Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
University of Colombo
Biochemistry research institutes
Research institutes in Sri Lanka |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcone%20isomerase | In enzymology, a chalcone isomerase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
a chalcone a flavanone
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, a chalcone, and one product, a flavanone.
This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically the class of intramolecular lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is flavanone lyase (decyclizing). This enzyme is also called chalcone-flavanone isomerase. This enzyme participates in flavonoid biosynthesis.
The Petunia hybrida (Petunia) genome contains two genes coding for very similar enzymes, ChiA and ChiB, but only the first seems to encode a functional chalcone isomerase.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 7 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , and .
Chalcone isomerase has a core 2-layer alpha/beta structure consisting of beta(3)-alpha(2)-beta-alpha(2)-beta(3). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal%20homing | Natal homing, or natal philopatry, is the homing process by which some adult animals that have migrated away from their juvenile habitats return back to their birthplace to reproduce. This process is primarily used by aquatic animals such as sea turtles and salmon, although some migratory birds and mammals also practice similar reproductive behaviors. Scientists believe that the main cues used by the animals are geomagnetic imprinting and olfactory cues. The benefits of returning to the precise location of an animal's birth may be largely associated with its safety and suitability as a breeding ground. When seabirds like the Atlantic puffin return to their natal breeding colony, which are mostly on islands, they are assured of a suitable climate and a sufficient lack of land-based predators.
Sea turtles born in any one area differ genetically from turtles born in other areas. The newly hatched young head out to sea and soon find suitable feeding grounds, and it has been shown that it is to these feeding areas that they return rather than to the actual beach on which they started life. Salmon start their lives in freshwater streams and eventually travel down-river and are washed out to sea. Their ability to travel back, several years later, to the river system in which they were spawned is thought to be linked to olfactory cues, the "taste" of the water. Atlantic bluefin tuna spawn on both the east and west shores of the Atlantic Ocean but intermingle as they feed in mid-ocean. Juvenile tuna that have been tagged have clearly shown that they almost invariably return to the side of the Atlantic on which they were spawned.
Various theories have been put forward as to how the animals find their way home. The geomagnetic imprinting hypothesis holds that they are imprinted with the unique magnetic field that exists in their natal area. This is a plausible theory but has not been proven to occur. Pacific salmon are known to be imprinted on the water chemistry of their h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20of%20three | In mathematics, a power of three is a number of the form where is an integer, that is, the result of exponentiation with number three as the base and integer as the exponent.
In a context where only integers are considered, is restricted to non-negative values, so there are 1, 3, and 3 multiplied by itself a certain number of times.
The first ten powers of 3 for non-negative values of are:
1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729, 2187, 6561, 19683, ...
Applications
The powers of three give the place values in the ternary numeral system.
Graph theory
In graph theory, powers of three appear in the Moon–Moser bound on the number of maximal independent sets of an -vertex graph, and in the time analysis of the Bron–Kerbosch algorithm for finding these sets. Several important strongly regular graphs also have a number of vertices that is a power of three, including the Brouwer–Haemers graph (81 vertices), Berlekamp–van Lint–Seidel graph (243 vertices), and Games graph (729 vertices).
Enumerative combinatorics
In enumerative combinatorics, there are signed subsets of a set of elements. In polyhedral combinatorics, the hypercube and all other Hanner polytopes have a number of faces (not counting the empty set as a face) that is a power of three. For example, a , or square, has 4 vertices, 4 edges and 1 face, and . Kalai's conjecture states that this is the minimum possible number of faces for a centrally symmetric polytope.
Inverse power of three lengths
In recreational mathematics and fractal geometry, inverse power-of-three lengths occur in the constructions leading to the Koch snowflake, Cantor set, Sierpinski carpet and Menger sponge, in the number of elements in the construction steps for a Sierpinski triangle, and in many formulas related to these sets. There are possible states in an -disk Tower of Hanoi puzzle or vertices in its associated Hanoi graph. In a balance puzzle with weighing steps, there are possible outcomes (sequences where the scale tilts left o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-lysine%205%2C6-aminomutase | In enzymology, D-lysine 5,6-aminomutase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
D-lysine 2,5-diaminohexanoate
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, D-lysine, and one product, 2,5-diaminohexanoate.
This enzyme participates in lysine degradation. It employs one cofactor, cobamide.
Background
D-lysine 5,6-aminomutase belongs to the isomerase family of enzymes, specifically intramolecular transferases, which transfers amino groups. Its systematic name is D-2,6-diaminohexanoate 5,6-aminomutase. Other names in common use include D-α-lysine mutase and adenosylcobalamin-dependent D-lysine 5,6-aminomutase, which can be abbreviated as 5,6-LAM.
5,6-LAM is capable of reversibly catalyzing the migration of an amino group from ε-carbon to δ-carbon in both D-lysine and L-β-lysine, and catalyzing the migration of hydrogen atoms from δ-carbon to ε-carbon at the same time. It demonstrates greatest catalytic activity in 20mM Tris•HCl at pH 9.0-9.2.
In the early 1950s, 5,6-LAM was discovered in the amino-acid-fermenting bacteria Clostridium sticklandii, in which lysine undergoes degradation under anaerobic conditions to equimolar amounts of acetate and butyrate.
Later, isotopic studies uncovered two possible pathways. In pathway A, both acetate and butyrate are generated from C2-C3 cleavage of D-lysine. Unlike pathway A, pathway B involves C5-C4 degradation, producing the same products.
D-lysine 5,6-aminomutase (5,6-LAM) is responsible for the first conversion in pathway B to convert D-α-lysine into 2,5-diaminohexanoate. Unlike other members of the family of aminomutases (like 2,3-LAM), which are peculiar to a single substrate, 5,6-LAM can reversibly catalyze both the reaction of D-lysine to 2,5-diaminohexanoic acid and the reaction of L-β-lysine to 3,5-diaminohexanoic acid.
Structure
Subunits
5,6-LAM is an α2β2 tetramer. The structure of the alpha subunit is predominantly a PLP-binding TIM barrel domain, with several additional alpha-helices and beta-stra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inositol-3-phosphate%20synthase | In enzymology, an inositol-3-phosphate synthase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
D-glucose 6-phosphate 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, D-glucose 6-phosphate, and one product, 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically the class of intramolecular lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1D-myo-inositol-3-phosphate lyase (isomerizing). Other names in common use include myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase, D-glucose 6-phosphate cycloaldolase, inositol 1-phosphate synthatase, glucose 6-phosphate cyclase, inositol 1-phosphate synthetase, glucose-6-phosphate inositol monophosphate cycloaldolase, glucocycloaldolase, and 1L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate lyase (isomerizing).
This enzyme participates in streptomycin biosynthesis and inositol phosphate metabolism. It employs one cofactor, NAD+. The reaction this enzyme catalyses represents the first committed step in the production of all inositol-containing compounds, including phospholipids, either directly or by salvage. The enzyme exists in a cytoplasmic form in a wide range of plants, animals, and fungi. It has also been detected in several bacteria and a chloroplast form is observed in alga and higher plants. Inositol phosphates play an important role in signal transduction.
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast), the transcriptional regulation of the INO1 gene encoding inositol-3-phosphate synthase has been studied in detail and its expression is sensitive to the availability of phospholipid precursors as well as growth phase. The regulation of the structural gene encoding 1L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase has also been analyzed at the transcriptional level in the aquatic angiosperm, Spirodela polyrrhiza (Giant duckweed) and the halophyte, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (Common ice plant).
In prokaryotes, myo-D-inositol phosphate synthase was discovered by Bachhawat and Mande in 1999 (reported in J |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-arabinose%20isomerase | In enzymology, a L-arabinose isomerase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
L-arabinose L-ribulose
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, L-arabinose, and one product, L-ribulose.
This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those intramolecular oxidoreductases interconverting aldoses and ketoses. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-arabinose aldose-ketose-isomerase. This enzyme participates in pentose and glucuronate interconversions.
This enzyme catalyses the conversion of L-arabinose to L-ribulose as the first step in the pathway of L-arabinose utilization as a carbon source.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes and . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-fucose%20isomerase | In enzymology, a L-fucose isomerase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
L-fucose L-fuculose
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, L-fucose, and one product, L-fuculose.
This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those intramolecular oxidoreductases interconverting aldoses and ketoses. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-fucose aldose-ketose-isomerase. This enzyme participates in fructose and mannose metabolism.
The enzyme is a hexamer, forming the largest structurally known ketol isomerase, and has no sequence or structural similarity with other ketol isomerases. The structure was determined by X-ray crystallography at 2.5 Angstrom resolution. Each subunit of the hexameric enzyme is wedge-shaped and composed of three domains. Both domains 1 and 2 contain central parallel beta- sheets with surrounding alpha helices. The active centre is shared between pairs of subunits related along the molecular three-fold axis, with domains 2 and 3 from one subunit providing most of the substrate-contacting residues. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment%20Card%20Industry%20Security%20Standards%20Council | The Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council (PCI SSC) was formed by American Express, Discover Financial Services, JCB International, MasterCard and Visa Inc. on September 7, 2006, with the goal of managing the ongoing evolution of the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard.
The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) consists of twelve significant requirements including multiple sub-requirements, which contain numerous directives against which businesses may measure their own payment card security policies, procedures and guidelines.
To address rising cybersecurity risks to the payment ecosystem, the PCI SSC currently manages 15 standards for payment security, which are variously applicable to payment card issuers, merchants and service providers, vendors and solution providers, and acquirers and processors. More recently, the PCI SSC has collaborated with EMVCo, to provide the security requirements, testing procedures and assessor training to support the EMV 3-D Secure v2.0 standard.
Membership and participation
Members of the PCI Security Standards Council include an Executive Committee of six major payment brands: American Express, Discover Financial Services, JCB International, MasterCard, Visa Inc., and UnionPay. The executives and management of the PCI SSC are supported by 30 companies comprising the Board of Advisors, and other stakeholder advisory groups such as assessor companies and regional boards.
Interested parties can participate in the development of the PCI security standards through member registration as a Participating Organization. Currently, there are more than 700 Participating Organizations from more than 60 countries. These participants are organized into Special Interest Groups, which are tasked with recommending revisions to and the further development of the various security standards maintained by the PCI SSC. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoribosylanthranilate%20isomerase | In enzymology, a phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase (PRAI) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the third step of the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan.
This enzyme participates in the phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway, also known as the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway
In yeast, it is encoded by the TRP1 gene.
Nomenclature
This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those intramolecular oxidoreductases interconverting aldoses and ketoses. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)anthranilate aldose-ketose-isomerase. Other names in common use include:
PRA isomerase,
PRAI,
IGPS:PRAI (indole-3-glycerol-phosphate,
synthetase/N-5'-phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase complex), and
N-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)anthranilate ketol-isomerase.
xPRAI (monomeric variant in Saccharmyces cerevisiae)
PRAI[ML256-452] (engineered variant of 1-(2-carboxy-phenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose 5-phosphate carboxylase: PRAI)
Reaction
Phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase is one of the many enzymes within the biosynthesis pathway of tryptophan (an essential amino acid). The upstream* pathway substrates and intermediates are shown below (Fig. 2).
As seen in Fig. 3, N-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate via this enzyme is converted into 1-(o-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxribulose 5-phosphate. As the name phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase suggests, it functions as an isomerase, rearranging the parts of the molecule without adding or removing molecules or atoms.
The reaction seen in Fig. 3, is an intramolecular redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction. Its first step involves a proton transfer. This product intermediate, an enolamine, is fluorescent, which is useful for kinetic studies
within this pathway. However, this product is unstable, and quickly isomerases into an α-amino keto.
Note: Upstream/Downstream are relative to the compounds/molecules directly involved in phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20behavior%20anomaly%20detection | Network behavior anomaly detection (NBAD) is a security technique that provides network security threat detection. It is a complementary technology to systems that detect security threats based on packet signatures.
NBAD is the continuous monitoring of a network for unusual events or trends. NBAD is an integral part of network behavior analysis (NBA), which offers security in addition to that provided by traditional anti-threat applications such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, antivirus software and spyware-detection software.
Description
Most security monitoring systems utilize a signature-based approach to detect threats. They generally monitor packets on the network and look for patterns in the packets which match their database of signatures representing pre-identified known security threats. NBAD-based systems are particularly helpful in detecting security threat vectors in two instances where signature-based systems cannot: (i) new zero-day attacks, and (ii) when the threat traffic is encrypted such as the command and control channel for certain Botnets.
An NBAD program tracks critical network characteristics in real time and generates an alarm if a strange event or trend is detected that could indicate the presence of a threat. Large-scale examples of such characteristics include traffic volume, bandwidth use and protocol use.
NBAD solutions can also monitor the behavior of individual network subscribers. In order for NBAD to be optimally effective, a baseline of normal network or user behavior must be established over a period of time. Once certain parameters have been defined as normal, any departure from one or more of them is flagged as anomalous.
NBAD technology/techniques are applied in a number of network and security monitoring domains including: (i) Log analysis (ii) Packet inspection systems (iii) Flow monitoring systems and (iv) Route analytics.
NBAD has also been described as outlier detection, novelty detection, deviation detecti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDP-N-acetylglucosamine%202-epimerase | In enzymology, an UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and one product, UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine.
This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those racemases and epimerases acting on carbohydrates and derivatives. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 2-epimerase. Other names in common use include UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2'-epimerase, uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine 2'-epimerase, uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine 2'-epimerase, and uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine-2'-epimerase. This enzyme participates in aminosugars metabolism.
In microorganisms this epimerase is involved in the synthesis of the capsule precursor UDP-ManNAcA. An inhibitor of the bacterial 2-epimerase, epimerox, has been described. Some of these enzymes are bifunctional. The UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase from rat liver displays both epimerase and kinase activity.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 4 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , and .
See also
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (hydrolysing)
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik%20%28software%29 | Dalvik is a discontinued process virtual machine (VM) in the Android operating system that executes applications written for Android. (Dalvik bytecode format is still used as a distribution format, but no longer at runtime in newer Android versions.) Dalvik was an integral part of the Android software stack in the (now unsupported) Android versions 4.4 "KitKat" and earlier, which were commonly used on mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablet computers, and more in some devices such as smart TVs and wearables. Dalvik is open-source software, originally written by Dan Bornstein, who named it after the fishing village of Dalvík in Eyjafjörður, Iceland.
Programs for Android are commonly written in Java and compiled to bytecode for the Java Virtual Machine, which is then translated to Dalvik bytecode and stored in .dex (Dalvik EXecutable) and .odex (Optimized Dalvik EXecutable) files; related terms odex and de-odex are associated with respective bytecode conversions. The compact Dalvik Executable format is designed for systems that are constrained in terms of memory and processor speed.
The successor of Dalvik is Android Runtime (ART), which uses the same bytecode and .dex files (but not .odex files), with the succession aiming at performance improvements. The new runtime environment was included for the first time in Android 4.4 "KitKat" as a technology preview, and replaced Dalvik entirely in later versions; Android 5.0 "Lollipop" is the first version in which ART is the only included runtime.
Architecture
Unlike Java Virtual Machines, which are stack machines, the Dalvik VM uses a register-based architecture that requires fewer, typically more complex, virtual machine instructions. Dalvik programs are written in Java using the Android application programming interface (API), compiled to Java bytecode, and converted to Dalvik instructions as necessary.
A tool called dx is used to convert Java .class files into the .dex format. Multiple classes are includ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haywards%20%28pickles%29 | Haywards is a brand of pickles sold in the United Kingdom. "Liven Up Your Food" is their slogan. The brand is owned by Mizkan of Japan, and the pickles are produced in Mills Hill, Manchester and Bury St Edmunds.
History
The brand dates from 1868.
Varieties
Haywards Mixed Pickles (cauliflower, gherkins, onions, red pepper)
Haywards Piccalilli
Haywards Traditional Gherkins in Vinegar
Haywards Pickled Beetroot
Haywards Strong Pickled Onions
Haywards Pickled Red Cabbage
Haywards Silverskin Onions
Haywards Sweet Onions
See also
List of brand name condiments |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DailyStrength | DailyStrength is a division of Sharecare that serves as a social network centered on support groups, where users provide one another with emotional support by discussing their struggles and successes with each other. The site contains online communities that deal with different medical conditions or life challenges. As of November 4, 2007, DailyStrength has created over 500 support groups focused on issues such as depression, divorce, parenting, and a wide variety of cancers; Furthermore, health blogs, expert answers, treatment, and a non-professional community of support located all over the world.
The top member groups consist of Anxiety, Bereavement, Bipolar Disorder, breakup and divorce, chronic pain, Depression-teen, eating disorders, Fibromyalgia, family issues, healthy relationships. According to DailyStrength writing helps anyone suffering about 93% of the time, so therefore DailyStrength has the option to write a journal. That person can set their entries to private or public, along with time and date, feeling and goals. Hugbook is an option for people to spread their love around; the hugs can consist of a moment of peace, a rainbow, a thank-you, flowers, hopeful sayings such as ' I'm with you' and 'good luck', along with rays of sunshine. The person who shares these can also give a warming comment.
The site is free for members and the members are encouraged to remain anonymous. The site provides members with continual support as someone is always available to talk. Medical professionals are also available to contact and treatments for a variety of illnesses and problems are also listed on the site. The top level categories of most talked about topics are as follows, the number of members are presented in parentheses; Children's Health and Parenting (75), Cancers (38), Brain and Nervous System (30), Genetic and Metabolic (74), Mental Health and Addiction (56), Personal Challenges (46), Relationships and Sexuality (40), Heart, Blood, and Circulation (31) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20analytic%20psychotherapy | Functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP) is a psychotherapeutic approach based on clinical behavior analysis (CBA) that focuses on the therapeutic relationship as a means to maximize client change. Specifically, FAP suggests that in-session contingent responding to client target behaviors leads to significant therapeutic improvements.
FAP was first conceptualized in the 1980s by psychologists Robert Kohlenberg and Mavis Tsai who, after noticing a clinically significant association between client outcomes and the quality of the therapeutic relationship, set out to develop a theoretical and psychodynamic model of behavioral psychotherapy based on these concepts. Behavioral principles (e.g., reinforcement, generalization) form the basis of FAP. (See below.)
FAP is an idiographic (as opposed to nomothetic) approach to psychotherapy. This means that FAP therapists focus on the function of a client's behavior instead of the form. The aim is to change a broad class of behaviors that might look different on the surface but all serve the same function. It is idiographic in that the client and therapist work together to form a unique clinical formulation of the client's therapeutic goals, rather than one therapeutic target for every client who enters therapy.
Basics
FAP posits that client behaviors that occur in their out-of-session interpersonal relationships (i.e. in the "real world") will, if clients are given a therapeutic relationship of sufficiently high quality, occur in the therapy session as well. Based on these in-session behaviors, FAP therapists, in collaboration with their client, develop a case formulation that includes classes of behaviors (based on their function not their form) that the client wishes to increase and decrease.
In-session occurrence of a client's problematic behavior is called clinically relevant behavior 1 (CRB1). In-session occurrence of improvements is called clinically relevant behavior 2 (CRB2). The goal of FAP therapy is to decrease |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometric%20surface | A potentiometric surface is the imaginary plane where a given reservoir of fluid will "equalize out to" if allowed to flow. A potentiometric surface is based on hydraulic principles. For example, two connected storage tanks with one full and one empty will gradually fill/drain to the same level. This is because of atmospheric pressure and gravity. This idea is heavily used in city water supplies - a tall water tower containing the water supply has a great enough potentiometric surface to provide flowing water at a decent pressure to the houses it supplies.
For groundwater "potentiometric surface" is a synonym of "piezometric surface" which is an imaginary surface that defines the level to which water in a confined aquifer would rise were it completely pierced with wells. If the potentiometric surface lies above the ground surface, a flowing artesian well results. Contour maps and profiles of the potentiometric surface can be prepared from the well data.
See also
Hydraulic head |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic%20%28computer%20science%29 | In mathematical optimization and computer science, heuristic (from Greek εὑρίσκω "I find, discover") is a technique designed for problem solving more quickly when classic methods are too slow for finding an exact or approximate solution, or when classic methods fail to find any exact solution in a search space. This is achieved by trading optimality, completeness, accuracy, or precision for speed. In a way, it can be considered a shortcut.
A heuristic function, also simply called a heuristic, is a function that ranks alternatives in search algorithms at each branching step based on available information to decide which branch to follow. For example, it may approximate the exact solution.
Definition and motivation
The objective of a heuristic is to produce a solution in a reasonable time frame that is good enough for solving the problem at hand. This solution may not be the best of all the solutions to this problem, or it may simply approximate the exact solution. But it is still valuable because finding it does not require a prohibitively long time.
Heuristics may produce results by themselves, or they may be used in conjunction with optimization algorithms to improve their efficiency (e.g., they may be used to generate good seed values).
Results about NP-hardness in theoretical computer science make heuristics the only viable option for a variety of complex optimization problems that need to be routinely solved in real-world applications.
Heuristics underlie the whole field of Artificial Intelligence and the computer simulation of thinking, as they may be used in situations where there are no known algorithms.
Trade-off
The trade-off criteria for deciding whether to use a heuristic for solving a given problem include the following:
Optimality: When several solutions exist for a given problem, does the heuristic guarantee that the best solution will be found? Is it actually necessary to find the best solution?
Completeness: When several solutions exi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonene-1%2C2-epoxide%20hydrolase | In enzymology, a limonene-1,2-epoxide hydrolase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
limonene-1,2-epoxide + H2O limonene-1,2-diol
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are limonene-1,2-epoxide and H2O, whereas its product is limonene-1,2-diol.
This enzyme is found in the bacterium Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14, where it plays a role in the limonene degradation pathway that allows the bacteria to catabolize limonene as a carbon and energy source. The enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on ether bonds (ether hydrolases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is limonene-1,2-epoxide hydrolase. This enzyme is also called limonene oxide hydrolase. This enzyme has maximal activity at pH 7 and 50°C, and participates in limonene and pinene degradation.
Epoxide hydrolases catalyze the hydrolysis of epoxides to corresponding diols, which is important in detoxification, synthesis of signal molecules, or metabolism. Limonene-1,2- epoxide hydrolase (LEH) differs from many other epoxide hydrolases (EHs) in its structure and its novel one-step catalytic mechanism. EHs typically contain conserved α/β-hydrolase folds and catalytic residues which aid with epoxide stabilization and its subsequent hydrolysis reaction. However, LEH’s low molecular mass of 16 kDa suggests that it is too small to house these α/β-hydrolase folds and catalytic triad motifs found in other EHs. Moreover, compared to other EHs, LEH accepts a smaller diversity of substrates and is only able to catalyze reactions with limonene-1,2-epoxide, 1-methylcyclohexene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, and indene oxide. Thus, LEH is considered the founding member of a novel EH family, and its mechanistic, structural, and functional details are of special interest.
Mechanism
The epoxide hydrolysis of limonene catalyzed by LEH occurs in a one-step mechanism. Nucleophilic water attacks at one of the two electrophilic positions on the epoxide, opening the three-membered |
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