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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson%27s%20rule | In numerical integration, Simpson's rules are several approximations for definite integrals, named after Thomas Simpson (1710–1761).
The most basic of these rules, called Simpson's 1/3 rule, or just Simpson's rule, reads
In German and some other languages, it is named after Johannes Kepler, who derived it in 1615 after seeing it used for wine barrels (barrel rule, ). The approximate equality in the rule becomes exact if is a polynomial up to and including 3rd degree.
If the 1/3 rule is applied to n equal subdivisions of the integration range [a, b], one obtains the composite Simpson's 1/3 rule. Points inside the integration range are given alternating weights 4/3 and 2/3.
Simpson's 3/8 rule, also called Simpson's second rule, requires one more function evaluation inside the integration range and gives lower error bounds, but does not improve on order of the error.
If the 3/8 rule is applied to n equal subdivisions of the integration range [a, b], one obtains the composite Simpson's 3/8 rule.
Simpson's 1/3 and 3/8 rules are two special cases of closed Newton–Cotes formulas.
In naval architecture and ship stability estimation, there also exists Simpson's third rule, which has no special importance in general numerical analysis, see Simpson's rules (ship stability).
Simpson's 1/3 rule
Simpson's 1/3 rule, also simply called Simpson's rule, is a method for numerical integration proposed by Thomas Simpson. It is based upon a quadratic interpolation. Simpson's 1/3 rule is as follows:
where is the step size.
The error in approximating an integral by Simpson's rule for is
where (the Greek letter xi) is some number between and .
The error is asymptotically proportional to . However, the above derivations suggest an error proportional to . Simpson's rule gains an extra order because the points at which the integrand is evaluated are distributed symmetrically in the interval .
Since the error term is proportional to the fourth derivative of at , this shows t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyers%E2%80%93Ulam%E2%80%93Rassias%20stability | The stability problem of functional equations originated from a question of Stanisław Ulam, posed in 1940, concerning the stability of group homomorphisms. In the next year, Donald H. Hyers gave a partial affirmative answer to the question of Ulam in the context of Banach spaces in the case of additive mappings, that was the first significant breakthrough and a step toward more solutions in this area. Since then, a large number of papers have been published in connection with various generalizations of Ulam's problem and Hyers's theorem. In 1978, Themistocles M. Rassias succeeded in extending Hyers's theorem for mappings between Banach spaces by considering an unbounded Cauchy difference subject to a continuity condition upon the mapping. He was the first to prove the stability of the linear mapping. This result of Rassias attracted several mathematicians worldwide who began to be stimulated to investigate the stability problems of functional equations.
By regarding a large influence of S. M. Ulam, D. H. Hyers, and Th. M. Rassias on the study of stability problems of functional equations, the stability phenomenon proved by Th. M. Rassias led to the development of what is now known as Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability of functional equations. For an extensive presentation of the stability of functional equations in the context of Ulam's problem, the interested reader is referred to the books by S.-M. Jung, S. Czerwik, Y.J. Cho, C. Park, Th.M. Rassias and R. Saadati, Y.J. Cho, Th.M. Rassias and R. Saadati, and Pl. Kannappan, as well as to the following papers. In 1950, T. Aoki considered an unbounded Cauchy difference which was generalised later by Rassias to the linear case. This result is known as Hyers–Ulam–Aoki stability of the additive mapping. Aoki (1950) had not considered continuity upon the mapping, whereas Rassias (1978) imposed extra continuity hypothesis which yielded a formally stronger conclusion. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasso%20%28programming%20language%29 | Lasso is an application server and server management interface used to develop internet applications and is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. Originally a web datasource connection tool for Filemaker and later included in Apple Computer's FileMaker 4.0 and Claris Homepage as CDML, it has since evolved into a complex language used to develop and serve large-scale internet applications and web pages.
Lasso includes a simple template system allowing code to control generation of HTML and other content types. Lasso is object-oriented and every value is an object. It also supports procedural programming through unbound methods. The language uses traits and multiple dispatch extensively.
Lasso has a dynamic type system, where objects can be loaded and augmented at runtime, automatic memory management, a comprehensive standard library, and three compiling methodologies: dynamic (comparable to PHP-Python), just-in-time compilation (comparable to Java or .NET Framework), and pre-compiled (comparable to C). Lasso also supports Query Expressions, allowing elements within arrays and other types of sequences to be iterated, filtered, and manipulated using a natural language syntax similar to SQL.
Lasso includes full Unicode character support in the standard string object, allowing it to serve and support multi-byte characters such as Japanese and Swedish, and supports transparent UTF-8 conversion when writing string data to the network or file system.
Lasso is often used as a scripting language, and also used in a wide range of non-scripting contexts. Lasso code can be packaged into standalone executable programs called "LassoApps", in which folder structures are compiled into single files.
The Lasso Server application server runs as a system service and receives requests from the web server through FastCGI. It then hands the request off to the appropriate Lasso Instance, which formulates the response. Multiple individual instances are supported, allowing o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermomicrobia | The Thermomicrobia is a group of thermophilic green non-sulfur bacteria. Based on species Thermomicrobium roseum (type species) and Sphaerobacter thermophilus, this bacteria class has the following description:
The class Thermomicrobia subdivides into two orders with validly published names: Thermomicrobiales Garrity and Holt 2001 and Sphaerobacterales Stackebrandt, Rainey and Ward-Rainey 1997. Gram negative. Pleomorphic, non-motile, non-spore-forming rods. Non-sporulating. No diamino acid present. No peptidoglycan in significant amount. Atypical proteinaceous cell walls. Hyper-thermophilic, optimum growth temperature at 70-75 °C. Obligatory aerobic and chemoorganotrophic.
As thermophilic bacteria, members of this class are usually found in environments which are distant from human activity. However, they have features like improved growth in antibiotics and CO oxidizing activity, making them interesting topics of research (e.g. for biotechnology application).
History
In 1973, a strain of rose-pink thermophilic bacteria was isolated from Toadstool Spring in Yellowstone National Park, which was later named Thermomicrobium roseum and proposed as a novel species of the novel genus Thermomicrobium. At that time the genus was categorized under family Achromobacteraceae, but it became a distinct phylum by 2001.
In 2004, it was proposed, on the basis of an analysis of genetic affiliations, that the Thermomicrobia should more properly be reclassified as a class belonging to the phylum Chloroflexota (formerly Chloroflexi). The bacteria Sphaerobacter thermophilus originally described as an Actinobacteria is now considered a Thermomicrobia. In the same year, another strain of rose-pink thermophilic bacteria was isolated from Yellowstone National Park, which was named Thermobaculum terrenum. Later analysis based on genome put this species under Thermomicrobia class. However, the current standing of Thermobaculum terrenum is disputed.
In 2012, a thermo-tolerant nitrite-o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp%20waves%20and%20ripples | Sharp waves and ripples (SWRs) are oscillatory patterns produced by extremely synchronised activity of neurons in the mammalian hippocampus and neighbouring regions which occur spontaneously in idle waking states or during NREM sleep. They can be observed with a variety of imaging methods, such as EEG. They are composed of large amplitude sharp waves in local field potential and produced by tens of thousands of neurons firing together within 30–100 ms window. They are some of the most synchronous oscillations patterns in the brain, making them susceptible to pathological patterns such as epilepsy.They have been extensively characterised and described by György Buzsáki and have been shown to be involved in memory consolidation in NREM sleep and the replay of memories acquired during wakefulness.
History and background
Neuronal oscillations are important components of neuroscience research. During the last two decades, hippocampal oscillations have been a major focus in the research of neuronal oscillations. Among different oscillations present in the brain, SWRs are the first and only population activity that start in the developing hippocampus, but they are the least understood network pattern of the hippocampus.
Originally, these large waves were observed by Cornelius Vanderwolf in 1969, and later John O'Keefe investigated SPW-Rs in more detail in 1978 while studying the spatial memory of rats. György Buzsáki and his collaborators studied and characterized SWRs in detail and described their physiological functions and role in different states of the animal.
These patterns are large amplitude, aperiodic recurrent oscillations occurring in the apical dendritic layer of the CA1 regions of the hippocampus. Sharp waves are followed by synchronous fast field oscillations (140–200 Hz frequency), named ripples.
Features of these oscillations provided evidences for their role in inducing synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation. Among these features are their wide |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Abraham%20Jacobs | Walter Abraham Jacobs (December 24, 1883July 12, 1967) was an American chemist who discovered the Gould-Jacobs reaction. Much of his career was spent at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York City.
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write%20once%2C%20compile%20anywhere | Write once, compile anywhere (WOCA) is a philosophy taken by a compiler and its associated software libraries or by a software library/software framework which refers to a capability of writing a computer program that can be compiled on all platforms without the need to modify its source code. As opposed to Sun's write once, run anywhere slogan, cross-platform compatibility is implemented only at the source code level, rather than also at the compiled binary code level.
Introduction
There are many languages that follow the WOCA philosophy, such as C++, Pascal (see Free Pascal), Ada, Cobol, or C, on condition that they don't use functions beyond those provided by the standard library. Languages like Go go even further in as far that no system specific things are used, it should just work, and for system-specific elements a system of platform-specific files is used. A computer program may also use cross-platform libraries, which provide an abstraction layer hiding the differences between various platforms, for things like sockets and GUI, ensuring the portability of the written source code. This is, for example, supported by Qt (C++) or the Lazarus (Pascal) IDE via its LCL and corresponding widgetsets.
Today, we have very powerful desktop computers as well as computers in our phones, which often have sophisticated applications such as word processing, Database management, and spreadsheets, that can allow people with no programming experience to, sort, extract, and manipulate their data. and create documents (such as PDF files) showing their now organized information, or printing it out. Before 2000, some of these were not available, and prior to 1980, almost none of them were.
From the start of computer automation in the early 1960s, if you wanted a report from data you had, or needed to print up invoices, payroll checks, purchase orders, and other paperwork businesses, schools and governments generated, you typed them up on a physical typewriter, possibly using p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macfarlane%20Burnet%20Medal%20and%20Lecture | The Macfarlane Burnet Medal and Lecture is a biennial award given by the Australian Academy of Science to recognise outstanding scientific research in the biological sciences.
It was established in 1971 and honours the memory of the Nobel laureate Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, OM KBE MD FAA FRS, the Australian virologist best known for his contributions to immunology and is the academy's highest award for biological sciences.
Prizewinners
Source: Australian Academy of Science
See also
List of biochemistry awards
List of biology awards
List of prizes named after people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanganya%20virus | Tanganya virus (TGNV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus, possibly of the genus orthohantavirus in the Bunyavirales order. It is the second indigenous Murinae-associated African hantavirus to be discovered. It has a low sequence similarity to other hantaviruses and serologically distinct from other hantaviruses. Its host is Crocidura theresae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackberry | The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the genus Rubus in the family Rosaceae, hybrids among these species within the subgenus Rubus, and hybrids between the subgenera Rubus and Idaeobatus. The taxonomy of blackberries has historically been confused because of hybridization and apomixis, so that species have often been grouped together and called species aggregates. For example, the entire subgenus Rubus has been called the Rubus fruticosus aggregate, although the species R. fruticosus is considered a synonym of R. plicatus.
Rubus armeniacus ("Himalayan" blackberry) is considered a noxious weed and invasive species in many regions of the Pacific Northwest of Canada and the United States, where it grows out of control in urban and suburban parks and woodlands.
Description
What distinguishes the blackberry from its raspberry relatives is whether or not the torus (receptacle or stem) "picks with" (i.e., stays with) the fruit. When picking a blackberry fruit, the torus stays with the fruit. With a raspberry, the torus remains on the plant, leaving a hollow core in the raspberry fruit.
The term bramble, a word referring to any impenetrable thicket, has in some circles traditionally been applied specifically to the blackberry or its products, though in the United States it applies to all members of the genus Rubus. In the western US, the term caneberry is used to refer to blackberries and raspberries as a group rather than the term bramble. Briar or brier may be used to refer to the dense vines of the plant, though this name is used for other thorny thickets (such as Smilax) as well.
The usually black fruit is not a berry in the botanical sense of the word. Botanically it is termed an aggregate fruit, composed of small drupelets. It is a widespread and well-known group of over 375 species, many of which are closely related apomictic microspecies native throughout Europe, northwestern Africa, temperate western and central Asia and North and South |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Ocean%20Circulation%20Experiment | The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) was a component of the international World Climate Research Program, and aimed to establish the role of the World Ocean in the Earth's climate system. WOCE's field phase ran between 1990 and 1998, and was followed by an analysis and modeling phase that ran until 2002. When the WOCE was conceived, there were three main motivations for its creation. The first of these is the inadequate coverage of the World Ocean, specifically in the Southern Hemisphere. Data was also much more sparse during the winter months than the summer months, and there was—and still to some extent—a critical need for data covering all seasons. Secondly, the data that did exist was not initially collected for studying ocean circulation and was not well suited for model comparison. Lastly, there were concerns involving the accuracy and reliability of some measurements. The WOCE was meant to address these problems by providing new data collected in ways designed to "meet the needs of global circulation models for climate prediction."
Goals
Two major goals were set for the campaign.
1. Develop ocean models that can be used in climate models and collect the data necessary for testing them
Specifically, understand:
Large scale fluxes of heat and fresh water
Dynamical balance of World Ocean circulation
Components of ocean variability on months to years
The rates and nature of formation, ventilation and circulation of water masses that influence the climate system on time scales from ten to one hundred years
In order to achieve Goal 1, the WCRP outlined and established Core Projects that would receive priority. The first of these was the "Global Description" project, which was meant to obtain data on the circulation of heat, fresh water and chemicals, as well as the statistics of eddies. The second project—"Southern Ocean"—placed particular emphasis on studying the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Southern Ocean’s interaction with the W |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulseless%20electrical%20activity | Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) is a form of cardiac arrest in which the electrocardiogram shows a heart rhythm that should produce a pulse, but does not. Pulseless electrical activity is found initially in about 20% of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and about 50% of in-hospital cardiac arrests.
Under normal circumstances, electrical activation of muscle cells precedes mechanical contraction of the heart (known as electromechanical coupling). In PEA, there is electrical activity but insufficient cardiac output to generate a pulse and supply blood to the organs, whether the heart itself is failing to contract or otherwise. While PEA is classified as a form of cardiac arrest, significant cardiac output may still be present, which may be determined and best visualized by bedside ultrasound (echocardiography).
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the first treatment for PEA, while potential underlying causes are identified and treated. The medication epinephrine (aka adrenaline) may be administered. Survival is about 20% if the event occurred while the patient was already in the hospital setting.
Signs and symptoms
Pulseless electrical activity leads to a loss of cardiac output, and the blood supply to the brain is interrupted. As a result, PEA is usually noticed when a person loses consciousness and stops breathing spontaneously. This is confirmed by examining the airway for obstruction, observing the chest for respiratory movement, and feeling the pulse (usually at the carotid artery) for a period of 10 seconds.
Causes
These possible causes are remembered as the 6 Hs and the 6 Ts. See Hs and Ts
Hypovolemia
Hypoxia
Hydrogen ions (Acidosis)
Hyperkalemia or Hypokalemia
Hypoglycemia
Hypothermia
Tablets or Toxins
Cardiac Tamponade
Tension pneumothorax
Thrombosis (e.g., myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism)
Tachycardia
Trauma (e.g., hypovolemia from blood loss)
The possible mechanisms by which the above conditions can cause pulseless in PEA are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronotherapy%20%28treatment%20scheduling%29 | Chronotherapy, also called chronotherapeutics or chronotherapeutic drug delivery,
refers to the coordination of therapeutic treatments with an individual's circadian or other rhythmic cycles. This may be done to maximize effectiveness of a specific treatment, minimize possible side effects, or both.
In the treatment of psychiatric conditions including bipolar depression, a form of chronotherapy combining intermittent sleep deprivation and morning bright light has shown efficacy and relative tolerability in a number of controlled studies.
See also
Personalized medicine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%E2%80%93Rothschild%20theorem | In mathematics, the Graham–Rothschild theorem is a theorem that applies Ramsey theory to combinatorics on words and combinatorial cubes. It is named after Ronald Graham and Bruce Lee Rothschild, who published its proof in 1971. Through the work of Graham, Rothschild, and in 1972, it became part of the foundations of structural Ramsey theory. A special case of the Graham–Rothschild theorem motivates the definition of Graham's number, a number that was popularized by Martin Gardner in Scientific American and listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the largest number ever appearing in a mathematical proof.
Background
The theorem involves sets of strings, all having the same length , over a finite alphabet, together with a group acting on the alphabet. A combinatorial cube is a subset of strings determined by constraining some positions of the string to contain a fixed letter of the alphabet, and by constraining other pairs of positions to be equal to each other or to be related to each other by the group action. This determination can be specified more formally by means of a labeled parameter word, a string with wildcard characters in the positions that are not constrained to contain a fixed letter and with additional labels describing which wildcard characters must be equal or related by the group action. The dimension of the combinatorial cube is the number of free choices that can be made for these wildcard characters. A combinatorial cube of dimension one is called a combinatorial line.
For instance, in the game of tic-tac-toe, the nine cells of a tic-tac-toe board can be specified by strings of length two over the three-symbol alphabet {1,2,3} (the Cartesian coordinates of the cells), and the winning lines of three cells form combinatorial lines. Horizontal lines are obtained by fixing the -coordinate (the second position of the length-two string) and letting the -coordinate be chosen freely, and vertical lines are obtained by fixing the -coordinate and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20Instrumentation%20Module | The Nuclear Instrumentation Module (NIM) standard defines mechanical and electrical specifications for electronics modules used in experimental particle and nuclear physics. The concept of modules in electronic systems offers enormous advantages in flexibility, interchange of instruments, reduced design effort, ease in updating and maintaining the instruments.
The NIM standard is one of the first (and perhaps the simplest) such standards. First defined by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's report TID-20893 in 1968–1969, NIM was most recently revised in 1990 (DOE/ER-0457T). It provides a common footprint for electronic modules (amplifiers, ADCs, DACs, CFDs, etc.), which plug into a larger chassis (NIM crate, or NIM bin). The crate must supply ±12 and ±24 volts DC power to the modules via a backplane; the standard also specifies ±6 V DC and 220 V or 110 V AC pins, but not all NIM bins provide them. Mechanically, NIM modules must have a minimum standard width of 1.35 in (34 mm), a maximum faceplate height of 8.7 in (221 mm) and depth of 9.7 in (246 mm). They can, however, also be built in multiples of this standard width, that is, double-width, triple-width etc.
The NIM standard also specifies cabling, connectors, impedances and levels for logic signals. The fast logic standard (commonly known as NIM logic) is a current-based logic, negative "true" (at −16 mA into 50 ohms = −0.8 volts) and 0 mA for "false"; is also specified.
Apart from the above mentioned mechanical/physical and electrical specifications/restrictions, the individual is free to design their module in any way desired, thus allowing for new developments and improvements for efficiency or looks/aesthetics.
NIM modules cannot communicate with each other through the crate backplane; this is a feature of later standards such as CAMAC and VMEbus. As a consequence, NIM-based ADC modules are nowadays uncommon in nuclear and particle physics. NIM is still widely used for amplifiers, discriminators, nuclear |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract%20elementary%20class | In model theory, a discipline within mathematical logic, an abstract elementary class, or AEC for short, is a class of models with a partial order similar to the relation of an elementary substructure of an elementary class in first-order model theory. They were introduced by Saharon Shelah.
Definition
, for a class of structures in some language , is an AEC if it has the following properties:
is a partial order on .
If then is a substructure of .
Isomorphisms: is closed under isomorphisms, and if and then
Coherence: If and then
Tarski–Vaught chain axioms: If is an ordinal and is a chain (i.e. ), then:
If , for all , then
Löwenheim–Skolem axiom: There exists a cardinal , such that if is a subset of the universe of , then there is in whose universe contains such that and . We let denote the least such and call it the Löwenheim–Skolem number of .
Note that we usually do not care about the models of size less than the Löwenheim–Skolem number and often assume that there are none (we will adopt this convention in this article). This is justified since we can always remove all such models from an AEC without influencing its structure above the Löwenheim–Skolem number.
A -embedding is a map for such that and is an isomorphism from onto . If is clear from context, we omit it.
Examples
The following are examples of abstract elementary classes:
An Elementary class is the most basic example of an AEC: If T is a first-order theory, then the class of models of T together with elementary substructure forms an AEC with Löwenheim–Skolem number |T|.
If is a sentence in the infinitary logic , and is a countable fragment containing , then is an AEC with Löwenheim–Skolem number . This can be generalized to other logics, like , or , where expresses "there exists uncountably many".
If T is a first-order countable superstable theory, the set of -saturated models of T, together with elementary substructure, is an AEC with Löwenhei |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kistler%20Prize | The Kistler Prize (1999-2011) was awarded annually to recognize original contributions "to the understanding of the connection between human heredity and human society," and was named after its benefactor, physicist and inventor Walter Kistler. The prize was awarded by the Foundation For the Future and it included a cash award of US$100,000 and a 200-gram gold medallion.
Recipients
The recipients have been:
2000 – Edward O. Wilson
2001 – Richard Dawkins
2002 – Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza
2003 – Arthur Jensen
2004 – Vincent Sarich
2005 – Thomas J. Bouchard
2006 – Doreen Kimura
2007 – Spencer Wells
2008 – Craig Venter
2009 – Svante Pääbo
2010 – Leroy Hood
2011 – Charles Murray
Walter P. Kistler Book Award
The Walter P. Kistler Book Award was established in 2003 to recognize authors of science books that "significantly increase the knowledge and understanding of the public regarding subjects that will shape the future of our species." The award includes a cash prize of US$10,000 and is formally presented in ceremonies that are open to the public.
The recipients have been:
2003 – Gregory Stock for Redesigning Humans: Our Inevitable Genetic Future
2004 – Spencer Wells for The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey
2005 – Steven Pinker for The Blank Slate
2006 – William H. Calvin for A Brain for All Seasons: Human Evolution and Abrupt Climate Change
2007 – Eric Chaisson for Epic of Evolution: Seven Ages of the Cosmos
2008 – Christopher Stringer for Homo britannicus: The Incredible Story of Human Life in Britain
2009 – David Archer (scientist) for The Long Thaw: How Humans are Changing the Next 100,000 Years of Earth's Climate
2011 – Laurence C. Smith for The World in 2050: Four Forces Shaping Civilization's Northern Future
Foundation For the Future
The mission of the Foundation For the Future is to increase and diffuse knowledge concerning the long-term future of humanity. It conducts a broad range of programs and activities to promote an understanding of the factors that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apyrase | Apyrase (, ATP-diphosphatase, adenosine diphosphatase, ADPase, ATP diphosphohydrolase) is a calcium-activated plasma membrane-bound enzyme (magnesium can also activate it) () that catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and inorganic phosphate. Two isoenzymes are found in commercial preparations from S. tuberosum. One with a higher ratio of substrate selectivity for ATP:ADP (approx 10) and another with no selectivity (ratio 1).
It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates with the general reaction being NTP -> NDP + Pi -> NMP + 2Pi. This is the same activity that has been employed in the degradation of unincorporated nucleosides during pyrosequencing.
The salivary apyrases of blood-feeding arthropods are nucleotide hydrolysing enzymes that are implicated in the inhibition of host platelet aggregation through the hydrolysis of extracellular adenosine diphosphate. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico%20de%20gallo | Pico de gallo (, ), also called salsa fresca ('fresh sauce'), salsa bandera ('flag sauce'), and salsa cruda ('raw sauce'), is a type of salsa commonly used in Mexican cuisine. It is traditionally made from chopped tomato, onion, and serrano peppers (jalapeños or habaneros may be used as alternatives), with salt, lime juice, and cilantro.
Pico de gallo can be used in much the same way as Mexican liquid salsas. Because it contains less liquid, it also can be used as a main ingredient in dishes such as tacos and fajitas.
The tomato-based variety is widely known as salsa picada ('minced/chopped sauce'). In Mexico it is normally called salsa mexicana ('Mexican sauce'). Because the colors of the red tomato, white onion, and green chili and cilantro are reminiscent of the colors of the Mexican flag, it is also called salsa bandera ('flag sauce').
In many regions of Mexico the term pico de gallo describes any of a variety of salads (including fruit salads), salsa, or fillings made with tomato, tomatillo, avocado, orange, jícama, cucumber, papaya, or mild chilis. The ingredients are tossed in lime juice and optionally with either hot sauce or chamoy, then sprinkled with a salty chili powder.
Etymology
According to food writer Sharon Tyler Herbst, pico de gallo ("rooster's beak") is named thus because originally people ate it by pinching pieces between the thumb and forefinger.
In their book Authentic Mexican: Regional Cooking from the Heart of Mexico, Rick Bayless and Deann Groen speculate that the name might allude to the bird-feed–like texture and appearance of the mince.
Many native residents of the Sonoran Mexico region explain that the salsa is thus named because the serrano pepper resembles a rooster's beak in shape.
The Spanish picar means "to chop" or "to bite" (in the sense of a spicy chili having a "bite"); in the first person conjugation, picar becomes pico.
See also
Dabu-dabu
Kachumber
List of Mexican dishes
List of tomato dishes
Lomi salmon
Pebre
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective%20inhibition | Convective inhibition (CIN or CINH) is a numerical measure in meteorology that indicates the amount of energy that will prevent an air parcel from rising from the surface to the level of free convection.
CIN is the amount of energy required to overcome the negatively buoyant energy the environment exerts on an air parcel. In most cases, when CIN exists, it covers a layer from the ground to the level of free convection (LFC). The negatively buoyant energy exerted on an air parcel is a result of the air parcel being cooler (denser) than the air which surrounds it, which causes the air parcel to accelerate downward. The layer of air dominated by CIN is warmer and more stable than the layers above or below it.
The situation in which convective inhibition is measured is when layers of warmer air are above a particular region of air. The effect of having warm air above a cooler air parcel is to prevent the cooler air parcel from rising into the atmosphere. This creates a stable region of air. Convective inhibition indicates the amount of energy that will be required to force the cooler packet of air to rise. This energy comes from fronts, heating, moistening, or mesoscale convergence boundaries such as outflow and sea breeze boundaries, or orographic lift.
Typically, an area with a high convection inhibition number is considered stable and has very little likelihood of developing a thunderstorm. Conceptually, it is the opposite of CAPE.
CIN hinders updrafts necessary to produce convective weather, such as thunderstorms. Although, when large amounts of CIN are reduced by heating and moistening during a convective storm, the storm will be more severe than in the case when no CIN was present.
CIN is strengthened by low altitude dry air advection and surface air cooling. Surface cooling causes a small capping inversion to form aloft allowing the air to become stable. Incoming weather fronts and short waves influence the strengthening or weakening of CIN.
CIN is calculat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INT%2010H | INT 10h, INT 10H or INT 16 is shorthand for BIOS interrupt call 10hex, the 17th interrupt vector in an x86-based computer system. The BIOS typically sets up a real mode interrupt handler at this vector that provides video services. Such services include setting the video mode, character and string output, and graphics primitives (reading and writing pixels in graphics mode).
To use this call, load AH with the number of the desired subfunction, load other required parameters in other registers, and make the call. INT 10h is fairly slow, so many programs bypass this BIOS routine and access the display hardware directly. Setting the video mode, which is done infrequently, can be accomplished by using the BIOS, while drawing graphics on the screen in a game needs to be done quickly, so direct access to video RAM is more appropriate than making a BIOS call for every pixel.
Furthermore, on a modern x86 system, BIOS calls can only be performed in Real mode, or Virtual 8086 mode. v8086 is not an option in Long mode. This means that a modern operating system, which operates in Protected mode (32 bit), or Long mode (64 bit), would need to switch into real mode and back to call the BIOS - a hugely expensive operation. Although most modern systems typically use device drivers that directly set the video mode, it is not feasible for hobbyist systems to have a device driver for every video card - a problem that also plagues older, unsupported systems such as Windows 98. Such systems instead can drop into Real mode to switch the video mode, then draw to the framebuffer directly.
In EFI 1.x systems, the INT 10H and the VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE) are replaced by the EFI UGA protocol. In widely used UEFI 2.x systems, the INT 10H and the VBE are replaced by the UEFI GOP.
List of supported functions
The list is incomplete; use Ralf Brown's list for comprehensive information. Please only add IBM/PC or other common standard functions. 00h through 0fh are CGA.
See also
BIOS interrup |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatfish | A flatfish is a member of the ray-finned demersal fish order Pleuronectiformes, also called the Heterosomata, sometimes classified as a suborder of Perciformes. In many species, both eyes lie on one side of the head, one or the other migrating through or around the head during development. Some species face their left sides upward, some face their right sides upward, and others face either side upward.
Many important food fish are in this order, including the flounders, soles, turbot, plaice, and halibut. Some flatfish can camouflage themselves on the ocean floor.
Taxonomy
Over 800 described species are placed into 16 families. Broadly, the flatfishes are divided into two suborders, Psettodoidei and Pleuronectoidei, with > 99% of the species diversity found within the Pleuronectoidei. The largest families are Soleidae, Bothidae and Cynoglossidae with more than 150 species each. There also exist two monotypic families (Paralichthodidae and Oncopteridae). Some families are the results of relatively recent splits. For example, the Achiridae were classified as a subfamily of Soleidae in the past, and the Samaridae were considered a subfamily of the Pleuronectidae. The families Paralichthodidae, Poecilopsettidae, and Rhombosoleidae were also traditionally treated as subfamilies of Pleuronectidae, but are now recognised as families in their own right. The Paralichthyidae has long been indicated to be paraphyletic, with the formal description of Cyclopsettidae in 2019 resulting in the split of this family as well.
The taxonomy of some groups is in need of a review, as the last monograph covering the entire order was John Roxborough Norman's Monograph of the Flatfishes published in 1934. In particular, Tephrinectes sinensis may represent a family-level lineage and requires further evaluation e.g. New species are described with some regularity and undescribed species likely remain.
Hybrids
Hybrids are well known in flatfishes. The Pleuronectidae, of marine fishes, have |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthostega | Acanthostega (meaning "spiny roof") is an extinct genus of stem-tetrapod, among the first vertebrate animals to have recognizable limbs. It appeared in the late Devonian period (Famennian age) about 365 million years ago, and was anatomically intermediate between lobe-finned fishes and those that were fully capable of coming onto land.
Discovery
The fossilized remains are generally well preserved, with the famous fossil by which the significance of this species was discovered being found by Jennifer A. Clack in East Greenland in 1987, though fragments of the skull had been discovered in 1933 by Gunnar Säve-Söderbergh and Erik Jarvik.
Description
The Acanthostega had eight digits on each hand (the number of digits on the feet is unclear) linked by webbing, it lacked wrists, and was generally poorly adapted for walking on land. It also had a remarkably fish-like shoulder and forelimb. The front limbs of Acanthostega could not bend forward at the elbow, and therefore could not be brought into a weight bearing position, appearing to be more suitable for paddling or for holding on to aquatic plants. Acanthostega is the earliest stem-tetrapod to show the shift in locomotory dominance from the pectoral girdle to the pelvic girdle.
There are many morphological changes that allowed the pelvic girdle of Acanthostega to become a weight-bearing structure. In more ancestral states the two sides of the girdle were not attached. In Acanthostega there is contact between the two sides and fusion of the girdle with the sacral rib of the vertebral column. These fusions would have made the pelvic region more powerful and equipped to counter the force of gravity when not supported by the buoyancy of an aquatic environment. It had internal gills that were covered like those of fish. It also had lungs, but its ribs were too short to support its chest cavity out of water.
Classification
Acanthostega is seen as part of widespread evolutionary radiation in the late Devonian perio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunate%20bone | The lunate bone (semilunar bone) is a carpal bone in the human hand. It is distinguished by its deep concavity and crescentic outline. It is situated in the center of the proximal row carpal bones, which lie between the ulna and radius and the hand. The lunate carpal bone is situated between the lateral scaphoid bone and medial triquetral bone.
Structure
The lunate is a crescent-shaped carpal bone found within the hand. The lunate is found within the proximal row of carpal bones. Proximally, it abuts the radius. Laterally, it articulates with the scaphoid bone, medially with the triquetral bone, and distally with the capitate bone. The lunate also articulates on its distal and medial surface with the hamate bone.
The lunate is stabilised by a medial ligament to the scaphoid bone and a lateral ligament to the triquetral bone. Ligaments between the radius and carpal bone also stabilise the position of the lunate, as does its position in the lunate fossa of the radius.
Bone
The proximal surface of the lunate bone is smooth and convex, articulating with the radius. The lateral surface is flat and narrow, with a crescentic facet for articulation with the scaphoid bone. The medial surface possesses a smooth and quadrilateral facet for articulation with the triquetral bone. The palmar surface is rough, as is the dorsal surface. The dorsal surface is broad and rounded. The distal surface of the bone is deep and concave.
Blood supply
The lunate receives its blood supply from dorsal and palmar branches.
Variation
The lunate has a variable shape. About one-third of lunate bones do not possess a medial facet, meaning they do not articulate with the hamate bone. Additionally, in about 20% of people, blood supply may arise from palmar vessels alone.
Ossification
The ossification of the lunate bone commences between 18 months and 4 years 3 months.
Function
The carpal bones function as a unit to provide a bony superstructure for the hand. As a proximal carpal bone, the lunat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20dorsal%20metatarsal%20artery | The first dorsal metatarsal artery is a small artery on the back of the foot. It runs forward on the first interosseous dorsalis muscle, and at the cleft between the great and second toes divides into two branches, one of which passes beneath the tendon of the extensor hallucis longus muscle, and is distributed to the medial border of the great toe; the other bifurcates to supply the adjoining sides of the great and second toes.
See also
Dorsal metatarsal arteries |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARS%20%28gene%29 | Asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NARS gene.
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. Asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase is localized to the cytoplasm and belongs to the class II family of tRNA synthetases. The N-terminal domain represents the signature sequence for the eukaryotic asparaginyl-tRNA synthetases. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability%20bounds%20analysis | Probability bounds analysis (PBA) is a collection of methods of uncertainty propagation for making qualitative and quantitative calculations in the face of uncertainties of various kinds. It is used to project partial information about random variables and other quantities through mathematical expressions. For instance, it computes sure bounds on the distribution of a sum, product, or more complex function, given only sure bounds on the distributions of the inputs. Such bounds are called probability boxes, and constrain cumulative probability distributions (rather than densities or mass functions).
This bounding approach permits analysts to make calculations without requiring overly precise assumptions about parameter values, dependence among variables, or even distribution shape. Probability bounds analysis is essentially a combination of the methods of standard interval analysis and classical probability theory. Probability bounds analysis gives the same answer as interval analysis does when only range information is available. It also gives the same answers as Monte Carlo simulation does when information is abundant enough to precisely specify input distributions and their dependencies. Thus, it is a generalization of both interval analysis and probability theory.
The diverse methods comprising probability bounds analysis provide algorithms to evaluate mathematical expressions when there is uncertainty about the input values, their dependencies, or even the form of mathematical expression itself. The calculations yield results that are guaranteed to enclose all possible distributions of the output variable if the input p-boxes were also sure to enclose their respective distributions. In some cases, a calculated p-box will also be best-possible in the sense that the bounds could be no tighter without excluding some of the possible distributions.
P-boxes are usually merely bounds on possible distributions. The bounds often also enclose distributions that are not |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip | The lips are a horizontal pair of soft appendages attached to the jaws and are the most visible part of the mouth of many animals, including humans. Vertebrate lips are soft, movable and serve to facilitate the ingestion of food (e.g. suckling and gulping) and the articulation of sound and speech. Human lips are also a somatosensory organ, and can be an erogenous zone when used in kissing and other acts of intimacy.
Structure
The upper and lower lips are referred to as the "Labium superius oris" and "Labium inferius oris", respectively. The juncture where the lips meet the surrounding skin of the mouth area is the vermilion border, and the typically reddish area within the borders is called the vermilion zone. The vermilion border of the upper lip is known as the cupid's bow. The fleshy protuberance located in the center of the upper lip is a tubercle known by various terms including the procheilon (also spelled prochilon), the "tuberculum labii superioris", and the "labial tubercle". The vertical groove extending from the procheilon to the nasal septum is called the philtrum.
The skin of the lip, with three to five cellular layers, is very thin compared to typical face skin, which has up to 16 layers. With light skin color, the lip skin contains fewer melanocytes (cells which produce melanin pigment, which give skin its color). Because of this, the blood vessels appear through the skin of the lips, which leads to their notable red coloring. With darker skin color this effect is less prominent, as in this case the skin of the lips contains more melanin and thus is visually darker. The skin of the lip forms the border between the exterior skin of the face, and the interior mucous membrane of the inside of the mouth.
The lip skin is not hairy and does not have sweat glands. Therefore, it does not have the usual protection layer of sweat and body oils which keep the skin smooth, inhibit pathogens, and regulate warmth. For these reasons, the lips dry out faste |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote%20error%20indication | Remote error indication (REI) or formerly far end block error (FEBE) is an alarm signal used in synchronous optical networking (SONET). It indicates to the transmitting node that the receiver has detected a block error.
Overview
REI or FEBE errors are mostly seen on DS3 circuits, however they are known to be present on other types (SONET/T1s etc.).
Each terminating device (router or otherwise) monitors the incoming signal for CP-bit path errors. If an error is detected on the incoming DS3, the terminating elements transmit a FEBE bit on the outgoing direction of the DS3. Network monitoring equipment located anywhere along the path then measures these FEBEs in each direction to gauge the quality of the circuit while in service.
If you have a DS3 running from New York to Atlanta, and there's a problem within one of the central offices in Virginia. The errors are being generated by a device in the central office, and being detected by the terminating device (a NID, M13 Mux or router). The terminating device then sends the 'FEBE' error signal outbound to alert further devices there were problems.
So, errors are generated on the incoming side of the loop, the device terminating that end picks up the errors, and transmits a 'FEBE errors' message on the outgoing side. This specific setup of error reporting is what causes the confusion between many technicians trying to perform repairs.
Technical jargon:
An error detected by extracting the 4-bit FEBE field from the path status byte (G1). The legal range for the 4-bit field is between 0000 and 1000, representing zero to eight errors. Any other value is interpreted as zero errors.
The DS-3 M-frame uses P bits to check the line parity. The M-subframe uses C bits in a format called C-bit parity, which copies the result of the P bits at the source and checks the result at the destination. An ATM interface reports detected C-bit parity errors back to the source via a far-end block error (FEBE). ( Cisco.com all rights res |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20cycle%20analysis | Cell cycle analysis by DNA content measurement is a method that most frequently employs flow cytometry to distinguish cells in different phases of the cell cycle. Before analysis, the cells are usually permeabilised and treated with a fluorescent dye that stains DNA quantitatively, such as propidium iodide (PI) or 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The fluorescence intensity of the stained cells correlates with the amount of DNA they contain. As the DNA content doubles during the S phase, the DNA content (and thereby intensity of fluorescence) of cells in the G0 phase and G1 phase (before S), in the S phase, and in the G2 phase and M phase (after S) identifies the cell cycle phase position in the major phases (G0/G1 versus S versus G2/M phase) of the cell cycle. The cellular DNA content of individual cells is often plotted as their frequency histogram to provide information about relative frequency (percentage) of cells in the major phases of the cell cycle.
Cell cycle anomalies revealed on the DNA content frequency histogram are often observed after different types of cell damage, for example such DNA damage that interrupts the cell cycle progression at certain checkpoints. Such an arrest of the cell cycle progression can lead either to an effective DNA repair, which may prevent transformation of normal into a cancer cell (carcinogenesis), or to cell death, often by the mode of apoptosis. An arrest of cells in G0 or G1 is often seen as a result of lack of nutrients (growth factors), for example after serum deprivation.
Cell cycle analysis was first described in 1969 at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory by a group from the University of California using the Feulgen staining technique. The first protocol for cell cycle analysis using propidium iodide staining was presented in 1975 by Awtar Krishan from Harvard Medical School and is still widely cited today.
Multiparameter analysis of the cell cycle includes, in addition to measurement of cellular DNA content, oth |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic%20numeral%20system | The Hindu–Arabic numeral system or Indo-Arabic numeral system (also called the Hindu numeral system or Arabic numeral system) is a positional base ten numeral system for representing integers, which can be extended to include non-integers, i.e the Decimal numeral system, which is the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world.
It was invented between the 1st and 4th centuries by Indian mathematicians. The system was adopted in Arabic mathematics by the 9th century. It became more widely known through the writings of the Persian mathematician Al-Khwārizmī (On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals, ) and Arab mathematician Al-Kindi (On the Use of the Hindu Numerals, ). The system had spread to medieval Europe by the High Middle Ages.
The system is based upon ten (originally nine) glyphs. The symbols (glyphs) used to represent the system are in principle independent of the system itself. The glyphs in actual use are descended from Brahmi numerals and have split into various typographical variants since the Middle Ages.
These symbol sets can be divided into three main families: Western Arabic numerals used in the Greater Maghreb and in Europe; Eastern Arabic numerals used in the Middle East; and the Indian numerals in various scripts used in the Indian subcontinent.
Origins
The HinduArabic or IndoArabic numerals were invented by mathematicians in India. Persian and Arabic mathematicians called them "Hindu numerals". Later they came to be called "Arabic numerals" in Europe because they were introduced to the West by Arab merchants. According to some sources, this number system may have originated in Chinese Shang numerals (1200 BC), which was also a decimal positional numeral system.
Positional notation
The Hindu–Arabic system is designed for positional notation in a decimal system. In a more developed form, positional notation also uses a decimal marker (at first a mark over the ones digit but now more commonly a decimal point or a d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidenfrost%20effect | The Leidenfrost effect is a physical phenomenon in which a liquid, close to a surface that is significantly hotter than the liquid's boiling point, produces an insulating vapor layer that keeps the liquid from boiling rapidly. Because of this repulsive force, a droplet hovers over the surface, rather than making physical contact with it. The effect is named after the German doctor Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost, who described it in A Tract About Some Qualities of Common Water.
This is most commonly seen when cooking, when drops of water are sprinkled onto a hot pan. If the pan's temperature is at or above the Leidenfrost point, which is approximately for water, the water skitters across the pan and takes longer to evaporate than it would take if the water droplets had been sprinkled onto a cooler pan.
Details
The effect can be seen as drops of water are sprinkled onto a pan at various times as it heats up. Initially, as the temperature of the pan is just below , the water flattens out and slowly evaporates, or if the temperature of the pan is well below , the water stays liquid. As the temperature of the pan rises above , the water droplets hiss when touching the pan, and these droplets evaporate quickly. When the temperature exceeds the Leidenfrost point, the Leidenfrost effect appears. On contact with the pan, the water droplets bunch up into small balls of water and skitter around, lasting much longer than when the temperature of the pan was lower. This effect works until a much higher temperature causes any further drops of water to evaporate too quickly to cause this effect.
The effect happens because, at temperatures at or above the Leidenfrost point, the bottom part of the water droplet vaporizes immediately on contact with the hot pan. The resulting gas suspends the rest of the water droplet just above it, preventing any further direct contact between the liquid water and the hot pan. As steam has much poorer thermal conductivity than the metal pan, furthe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuant%20%28mathematics%29 | In algebra, the continuant is a multivariate polynomial representing the determinant of a tridiagonal matrix and having applications in generalized continued fractions.
Definition
The n-th continuant is defined recursively by
Properties
The continuant can be computed by taking the sum of all possible products of x1,...,xn, in which any number of disjoint pairs of consecutive terms are deleted (Euler's rule). For example,
It follows that continuants are invariant with respect to reversing the order of indeterminates:
The continuant can be computed as the determinant of a tridiagonal matrix:
, the (n+1)-st Fibonacci number.
Ratios of continuants represent (convergents to) continued fractions as follows:
The following matrix identity holds:
.
For determinants, it implies that
and also
Generalizations
A generalized definition takes the continuant with respect to three sequences a, b and c, so that K(n) is a polynomial of a1,...,an, b1,...,bn−1 and c1,...,cn−1. In this case the recurrence relation becomes
Since br and cr enter into K only as a product brcr there is no loss of generality in assuming that the br are all equal to 1.
The generalized continuant is precisely the determinant of the tridiagonal matrix
In Muir's book the generalized continuant is simply called continuant. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelitis | Myelitis is inflammation of the spinal cord which can disrupt the normal responses from the brain to the rest of the body, and from the rest of the body to the brain. Inflammation in the spinal cord can cause the myelin and axon to be damaged resulting in symptoms such as paralysis and sensory loss. Myelitis is classified to several categories depending on the area or the cause of the lesion; however, any inflammatory attack on the spinal cord is often referred to as transverse myelitis.
Types of myelitis
Myelitis lesions usually occur in a narrow region but can be spread and affect many areas.
Acute flaccid myelitis: a polio-like syndrome that causes muscle weakness and paralysis.
Poliomyelitis: disease caused by viral infection in the gray matter with symptoms of muscle paralysis or weakness
Transverse myelitis: caused by axonal demyelination encompassing both sides of the spinal cord
Leukomyelitis: lesions in the white matter
Meningococcal myelitis (or meningomyelitis): lesions occurring in the region of meninges and the spinal cord
Osteomyelitis of the vertebral bone surrounding the spinal cord (that is, vertebral osteomyelitis) is a separate condition, although some infections (for example, Staphylococcus aureus infection) can occasionally cause both at once. The similarity of the words reflects that the combining form myel(o)- has multiple (homonymous) senses referring to bone marrow or the spinal cord.
Symptoms
Depending on the cause of the disease, such clinical conditions manifest different speed in progression of symptoms in a matter of hours to days. Most myelitis manifests fast progression in muscle weakness or paralysis starting with the legs and then arms with varying degrees of severity. Sometimes the dysfunction of arms or legs cause instability of posture and difficulty in walking or any movement. Also symptoms generally include paresthesia which is a sensation of tickling, tingling, burning, pricking, or numbness of a person's skin with no |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VO2%20max | {{DISPLAYTITLE:VO2 max}}
VO2 max (also maximal oxygen consumption, maximal oxygen uptake or maximal aerobic capacity) is the maximum rate of oxygen consumption attainable during physical exertion. The name is derived from three abbreviations: "V̇" for volume (the dot appears over the V to indicate "per unit of time"), "O2" for oxygen, and "max" for maximum. A similar measure is VO2 peak (peak oxygen consumption), which is the measurable value from a session of physical exercise, be it incremental or otherwise. It could match or underestimate the actual VO2 max. Confusion between the values in older and popular fitness literature is common. The capacity of the lung to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide is constrained by the rate of blood oxygen transport to active tissue.
The measurement of V̇O2 max in the laboratory provides a quantitative value of endurance fitness for comparison of individual training effects and between people in endurance training. Maximal oxygen consumption reflects cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance capacity in exercise performance. Elite athletes, such as competitive distance runners, racing cyclists or Olympic cross-country skiers, can achieve V̇O2 max values exceeding 90 mL/(kg·min), while some endurance animals, such as Alaskan huskies, have V̇O2 max values exceeding 200 mL/(kg·min).
In physical training, especially in its academic literature, V̇O2 max is often used as a reference level to quantify exertion levels, such as 65% V̇O2 max as a threshold for sustainable exercise, which is generally regarded as more rigorous than heart rate, but is more elaborate to measure.
Expression
V̇O2 max is expressed either as an absolute rate in (for example) litres of oxygen per minute (L/min) or as a relative rate in (for example) millilitres of oxygen per kilogram of the body mass per minute (e.g., mL/(kg·min)). The latter expression is often used to compare the performance of endurance sports athletes. However, V̇O2 max generally does not |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered%20vector%20space | In mathematics, an ordered vector space or partially ordered vector space is a vector space equipped with a partial order that is compatible with the vector space operations.
Definition
Given a vector space over the real numbers and a preorder on the set the pair is called a preordered vector space and we say that the preorder is compatible with the vector space structure of and call a vector preorder on if for all and with the following two axioms are satisfied
implies
implies
If is a partial order compatible with the vector space structure of then is called an ordered vector space and is called a vector partial order on
The two axioms imply that translations and positive homotheties are automorphisms of the order structure and the mapping is an isomorphism to the dual order structure. Ordered vector spaces are ordered groups under their addition operation.
Note that if and only if
Positive cones and their equivalence to orderings
A subset of a vector space is called a cone if for all real A cone is called pointed if it contains the origin. A cone is convex if and only if The intersection of any non-empty family of cones (resp. convex cones) is again a cone (resp. convex cone);
the same is true of the union of an increasing (under set inclusion) family of cones (resp. convex cones). A cone in a vector space is said to be generating if
Given a preordered vector space the subset of all elements in satisfying is a pointed convex cone with vertex (that is, it contains ) called the positive cone of and denoted by
The elements of the positive cone are called positive.
If and are elements of a preordered vector space then if and only if The positive cone is generating if and only if is a directed set under
Given any pointed convex cone with vertex one may define a preorder on that is compatible with the vector space structure of by declaring for all that if and only if
the positive cone of this resul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresselhaus%20effect | The Dresselhaus effect is a phenomenon in solid-state physics in which spin–orbit interaction causes energy bands to split. It is usually present in crystal systems lacking inversion symmetry. The effect is named after Gene Dresselhaus, who discovered this splitting in 1955.
Spin–orbit interaction is a relativistic coupling between the electric field produced by an ion-core and the resulting dipole moment arising from the relative motion of the electron, and its intrinsic magnetic dipole proportional to the electron spin. In an atom, the coupling weakly splits an orbital energy state into two states: one state with the spin aligned to the orbital field and one anti-aligned. In a solid crystalline material, the motion of the conduction electrons in the lattice can be altered by a complementary effect due to the coupling between the potential of the lattice and the electron spin. If the crystalline material is not centro-symmetric, the asymmetry in the potential can favour one spin orientation over the opposite and split the energy bands into spin aligned and anti-aligned subbands.
The Rashba spin–orbit coupling has a similar energy band splitting, but the asymmetry comes either from the bulk asymmetry of uniaxial crystals (e.g. of wurtzite type) or the spatial inhomogeneity of an interface or surface. Dresselhaus and Rashba effects are often of similar strength in the band splitting of GaAs nanostructures.
Zincblende Hamiltonian
Materials with zincblende structure are non-centrosymmetric (i.e., they lack inversion symmetry). This bulk inversion asymmetry (BIA) forces the perturbative Hamiltonian to contain only odd powers of the linear momentum. The bulk Dresselhaus Hamiltonian or BIA term is usually written in this form:
where , and are the Pauli matrices related to the spin of the electrons as (here is the reduced Planck constant), and , and are the components of the momentum in the crystallographic directions [100], [010] and [001], respectively.
Wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-562%20microRNA%20precursor%20family | In molecular biology mir-562 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
See also
MicroRNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined%20data%20center | Software-defined data center (SDDC; also: virtual data center, VDC) is a marketing term that extends virtualization concepts such as abstraction, pooling, and automation to all data center resources and services to achieve IT as a service (ITaaS).
In a software-defined data center, "all elements of the infrastructure — networking, storage, CPU and security – are virtualized and delivered as a service."
SDDC support can be claimed by a wide variety of approaches. Critics see the software-defined data center as a marketing tool and "software-defined hype," noting this variability.
In 2013, analysts were divided into three different groups, those who think it is "just another software-defined hype", those who think most of the components are already available and those who see a potential future market. There was no unified agreement about the direction of SDDC. For some areas like the software-defined networking a market value of about US$3.7 billion by 2016 was expected, compared to US$360 million in 2013. (software-defined networking was expected to reach US$18.5 billion in 2022) IDC estimates that the software-defined storage market is poised to expand faster than any other storage market.
Description and core components
The software-defined data center encompasses a variety of concepts and data-center infrastructure components, with each component potentially provisioned, operated, and managed through an application programming interface (API). Core architectural components that comprise the software-defined data center include the following:
computer virtualization, - a software implementation of a computer
software-defined networking (SDN), which includes network virtualization - the process of merging hardware and software resources and networking functionality into a software-based virtual network
software-defined storage (SDS), which includes storage virtualization, suggests a service interface to provision capacity and SLAs (Service Level Agreements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%20Networks | Bay Networks, Inc., was a network hardware vendor formed through the merger of Santa Clara, California, based SynOptics Communications and Billerica, Massachusetts based Wellfleet Communications on July 6, 1994. SynOptics was an important early innovator of Ethernet products, having developed a pre-standard twisted pair 10Mbit/s Ethernet product and a modular Ethernet hub product that dominated the enterprise networking market. Wellfleet was an important competitor to Cisco Systems in the router market, ultimately commanding up to a 20% market share of the network router business worldwide. The combined company was renamed Bay Networks as a nod to the legacy that SynOptics was based in the San Francisco area and Wellfleet was based in the Boston area, two cities well known for their bays.
Acquisitions
Bay Networks expanded its product line both through internal development and acquisition, acquiring the following companies during the course of its existence:
Centillion Networks, Inc. (May, 1995) - Provided Asynchronous Transfer Mode switching and Token Ring technology.
Xylogics, Inc. (December, 1995) - Remote access technologies.
Performance Technology (March, 1996) - LAN-to-WAN access technology.
ARMON Networking, Ltd. (April, 1996) - RMON and RMON2 network management technology.
LANcity Corporation (October, 1996) - Cable modem technology.
Penril Datability Networks (November, 1996) - Dial-up modems and remote access products based on Digital Signal Processing technology.
NetICs, Inc. (December, 1996) - ASIC-based Fast Ethernet switching technology.
ISOTRO Network Management, Inc. (April, 1997) - DNS and DHCP technologies.
Rapid City Communications (June, 1997) - Gigabit Ethernet switching and routing technology.
New Oak Communications (January, 1998) - Provided VPN technology to Bay Networks product line.
Netsation Corp. (February, 1998) - Technology was used to augment Bay Networks Optivity network management system.
NetServe GmbH (July, 1998) - Vo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP%20synthase%20subunit%20C | ATPase, subunit C of Fo/Vo complex is the main transmembrane subunit of V-type, A-type and F-type ATP synthases. Subunit C (also called subunit 9, or proteolipid in F-ATPases, or the 16 kDa proteolipid in V-ATPases) was found in the Fo or Vo complex of F- and V-ATPases, respectively. The subunits form an oligomeric c ring that make up the Fo/Vo/Ao rotor, where the actual number of subunits vary greatly among specific enzymes.
ATPases (or ATP synthases) are membrane-bound enzyme complexes/ion transporters that combine ATP synthesis and/or hydrolysis with the transport of protons across a membrane. ATPases can harness the energy from a proton gradient, using the flux of ions across the membrane via the ATPase proton channel to drive the synthesis of ATP. Some ATPases work in reverse,
using the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to create a proton gradient. There are different types of ATPases, which can
differ in function (ATP synthesis and/or hydrolysis), structure (F-, V- and A-ATPases contain rotary motors) and in the type of ions they transport.
The F-ATPases (or F1Fo ATPases) and V-ATPases (or V1Vo ATPases) are each composed of two linked complexes: the F1 or V1 complex contains the catalytic core that synthesizes/hydrolyses ATP, and the Fo or Vo complex that forms the membrane-spanning pore. The F- and V-ATPases all contain rotary motors, one that drives proton translocation across the membrane and one that drives ATP synthesis/hydrolysis.
In F-ATPases, the flux of protons through the ATPase channel drives the rotation of the C subunit ring, which in turn is coupled to the rotation of the F1 complex gamma subunit rotor due to the permanent binding between the gamma and epsilon subunits of F1 and the C subunit ring of Fo. The sequential protonation and deprotonation of Asp61 of subunit C is coupled to the stepwise movement of the rotor.
In V-ATPases, there are three proteolipid subunits (c, c′ and c′′) that form part of the proton-conducting pore, each contai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20lemma%20of%20the%20calculus%20of%20variations | In mathematics, specifically in the calculus of variations, a variation of a function can be concentrated on an arbitrarily small interval, but not a single point.
Accordingly, the necessary condition of extremum (functional derivative equal zero) appears in a weak formulation (variational form) integrated with an arbitrary function . The fundamental lemma of the calculus of variations is typically used to transform this weak formulation into the strong formulation (differential equation), free of the integration with arbitrary function. The proof usually exploits the possibility to choose concentrated on an interval on which keeps sign (positive or negative). Several versions of the lemma are in use. Basic versions are easy to formulate and prove. More powerful versions are used when needed.
Basic version
If a continuous function on an open interval satisfies the equality
for all compactly supported smooth functions on , then is identically zero.
Here "smooth" may be interpreted as "infinitely differentiable", but often is interpreted as "twice continuously differentiable" or "continuously differentiable" or even just "continuous", since these weaker statements may be strong enough for a given task. "Compactly supported" means "vanishes outside for some , such that "; but often a weaker statement suffices, assuming only that (or and a number of its derivatives) vanishes at the endpoints , ; in this case the closed interval is used.
Version for two given functions
If a pair of continuous functions f, g on an interval (a,b) satisfies the equality
for all compactly supported smooth functions h on (a,b), then g is differentiable, and g''' = f everywhere.
The special case for g = 0 is just the basic version.
Here is the special case for f = 0 (often sufficient).
If a continuous function g on an interval (a,b) satisfies the equality
for all smooth functions h on (a,b) such that , then g is constant.
If, in addition, continuous differentiability |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation%20Home | PlayStation Home was a virtual 3D social gaming platform developed by Sony Computer Entertainment's London Studio for the PlayStation 3 (PS3) on the PlayStation Network (PSN). It was accessible from the PS3's XrossMediaBar (XMB). Membership was free but required a PSN account. Upon installation, users could choose how much hard disk space they wished to reserve for Home. Development of the service began in early 2005 and it launched as an open beta on 11 December 2008. Home remained as a perpetual beta until its closure on 31 March 2015.
Home allowed users to create a custom avatar, which could be groomed realistically. Each avatar was given a personal apartment that users could decorate with free, bought, or won items. Users could travel throughout the Home world, which was frequently updated by Sony and its partners. Public spaces were made for display, entertainment, advertising, and networking. Home's primary forms of advertising included spaces themselves, video screens, posters, and mini-games. Home also featured many single and multiplayer mini-games, and hosted a variety of special events, some of which provided prizes to players. Users could use items won to further customise their avatar or apartments.
History
PlayStation Home was originally named "Hub", and started as a 2D online lobby for the PlayStation 2 game The Getaway: Black Monday. However, the online userbase for the PlayStation 2 was too narrow and the project was soon ported to the PlayStation Network for the PlayStation 3. Phil Harrison, then president of SCE Worldwide Studios at the time, liked the idea of having a virtual 3D community hub for PlayStation gamers, and transferred the project to what would become PlayStation Home. In a 2007 keynote speech, Phil Harrison used the term "Game 3.0" to describe the service.
Home had been speculated since the launch of PSN, when Sony expressed interest in such a service, specifically trophies (known at the time as "entitlements") for first-party t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saethre%E2%80%93Chotzen%20syndrome | Saethre–Chotzen syndrome (SCS), also known as acrocephalosyndactyly type III, is a rare congenital disorder associated with craniosynostosis (premature closure of one or more of the sutures between the bones of the skull). This affects the shape of the head and face, resulting in a cone-shaped head and an asymmetrical face. Individuals with SCS also have droopy eyelids (ptosis), widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism), and minor abnormalities of the hands and feet (syndactyly). Individuals with more severe cases of SCS may have mild to moderate intellectual or learning disabilities. Depending on the level of severity, some individuals with SCS may require some form of medical or surgical intervention. Most individuals with SCS live fairly normal lives, regardless of whether medical treatment is needed or not.
Signs and symptoms
SCS presents in a variable fashion. The majority of individuals with SCS are moderately affected, with uneven facial features and a relatively flat face due to underdeveloped eye sockets, cheekbones, and lower jaw. In addition to the physical abnormalities, people with SCS also experience growth delays, which results in a relatively short stature. Although, most individuals with SCS are of normal intelligence, some individuals may have mild to moderate mental delays. More severe cases of SCS, with more serious facial deformities, occurs when multiple cranial sutures close prematurely.
Cranial defects
Flat, asymmetric head and face
Head is typically cone-shaped (acrocephaly) or flat (brachycephaly) but can also be long and narrow (dolichocephaly)
Head is short from front to back
Lopsided face
Low-set hairline causing forehead to appear tall and wide
Defects of the hands and feet
Webbing (syndactyly) between the second and third finger and between the second and third toes
Short fingers and toes (brachydactyly)
Broad thumb and/or a broad hallux (big toe) with a valgus deformity (outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone/joint)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiochromic%20film | Radiochromic film is a type of self-developing film typically used in the testing and characterisation of radiographic equipment such as CT scanners and radiotherapy linacs. The film contains a dye which changes colour when exposed to ionising radiation, allowing the level of exposure and beam profile to be characterised. Unlike x-ray film no developing process is required and results can be obtained almost instantly, while it is insensitive to visible light (making handling easier).
Mechanism
For medical dosimetry "gafchromic dosimetry film (...) is arguably the most widely used commercial product". Several types of gafchromic film are marketed with differing properties. One type, MD-55, is made up of layers of polyester substrate with active emulsion layers adhered (approximately 16μm thick). The active layer consists of polycrystalline, substituted-diacetylene and the colour change occurs due to "progressive 1,4-trans additions as polyconjugations along the ladder-like polymer chains".
Usage
Radiochromic films have been in general use since the late 1960s, although the general principle has been known about since the 19th century.
Profiling
Radiochromic film can provide high spatial resolution information about the distribution of radiation. Depending on the scanning technique, sub-millimetre resolution can be achieved.
Dosimetry
Unlike many other types of radiation detector, radiochromic film can be used for absolute dosimetry where information about absorbed dose is obtained directly. It is typically scanned, for example using a standard flat bed scanner, to provide accurate quantification of the optical density and therefore degree of exposure. Gafchromic film has been shown to provide measurements accurate to 2% over doses of 0.2–100 Gray (Gy). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligible%20senescence | Negligible senescence is a term coined by biogerontologist Caleb Finch to denote organisms that do not exhibit evidence of biological aging (senescence), such as measurable reductions in their reproductive capability, measurable functional decline, or rising death rates with age. There are many species where scientists have seen no increase in mortality after maturity. This may mean that the lifespan of the organism is so long that researchers' subjects have not yet lived up to the time when a measure of the species' longevity can be made. Turtles, for example, were once thought to lack senescence, but more extensive observations have found evidence of decreasing fitness with age.
Study of negligibly senescent animals may provide clues that lead to better understanding of the aging process and influence theories of aging. The phenomenon of negligible senescence in some animals is a traditional argument for attempting to achieve similar negligible senescence in humans by technological means.
In vertebrates
Some fish, such as some varieties of sturgeon and rougheye rockfish, and some tortoises and turtles are thought to be negligibly senescent, although recent research on turtles has uncovered evidence of senescence in the wild. The age of a captured fish specimen can be measured by examining growth patterns similar to tree rings on the otoliths (parts of motion-sensing organs).
In 2018, naked mole-rats were identified as the first mammal to defy the Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality, and achieve negligible senescence. It has been speculated, however, that this may be simply a "time-stretching" effect primarily due to their very slow (and cold-blooded and hypoxic) metabolism.
In plants
In plants, aspen trees are one example of biological immortality. Each individual tree can live for 40–150 years above ground, but the root system of the clonal colony is long-lived. In some cases, this is for thousands of years, sending up new trunks as the older trunks die off abo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online%20Abuse%20Prevention%20Initiative | The Online Abuse Prevention Initiative (OAPI) is a non-profit organization whose aim is to study and combat abuse on the Internet.
History
OAPI was created by Randi Lee Harper in response to Twitter's lack of tools for filtering online harassment. OAPI was founded in 2015, with Crash Override Network's Zoë Quinn and Alex Lifschitz stated as serving on the inaugural board of directors. In March 2015 Quinn announced a formal partnership between the two organizations.
Activities
The stated goals of the OAPI are to study online abuse, and to reduce and mitigate it through technical measures and collaboration with tech companies. Its first public campaign was an open letter to ICANN, the organization responsible for coordinating the Internet's Domain Name System, opposing the latter's plans to end anonymity of WHOIS records for commercial websites. OAPI argues that ICANN's proposals will make it easier for abusers to physically endanger domain name registrants through doxxing and swatting, and that those marginalized for their race, gender, or sexual orientation are disproportionately at risk. The letter attracted signatures and support from over fifty organizations supporting online privacy or protection of at-risk communities, including the Electronic Frontier Foundation, The Tor Project, and the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlella | Dahlella caldariensis is a species of leptostracan crustacean which lives on hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean.
Description
Dahlella may reach a length of from the base of the rostrum to the end of the abdomen. Much of the animal is covered by a large, hinged carapace.
Dahlella can be distinguished from other animals in the same family by the presence of a row of denticles (small teeth) on the eyestalks, which it is believed are used to scrape surfaces for food. A similar character is found in Paranebalia (Paranebaliidae), but the form of the eyestalk is very different in the two taxa.
Distribution
D. caldariensis has been recorded from a small number of sites around hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific Ocean near the Galápagos Islands and on the East Pacific Rise. It is one of the deepest-living species of Leptostraca, having been found at depths of over .
Etymology
The generic name Dahlella commemorates the biologist Erik Dahl of the University of Lund. The specific epithet comes from the Latin word meaning hot bath, and is a reference to the natural habitat of D. caldariensis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20pair | In chemistry, an electron pair or Lewis pair consists of two electrons that occupy the same molecular orbital but have opposite spins. Gilbert N. Lewis introduced the concepts of both the electron pair and the covalent bond in a landmark paper he published in 1916.
Because electrons are fermions, the Pauli exclusion principle forbids these particles from having the same quantum numbers. Therefore, for two electrons to occupy the same orbital, and thereby have the same orbital quantum number, they must have different spin quantum number. This also limits the number of electrons in the same orbital to two.
The pairing of spins is often energetically favorable, and electron pairs therefore play a large role in chemistry. They can form a chemical bond between two atoms, or they can occur as a lone pair of valence electrons. They also fill the core levels of an atom.
Because the spins are paired, the magnetic moment of the electrons cancel one another, and the pair's contribution to magnetic properties is generally diamagnetic.
Although a strong tendency to pair off electrons can be observed in chemistry, it is also possible that electrons occur as unpaired electrons.
In the case of metallic bonding the magnetic moments also compensate to a large extent, but the bonding is more communal so that individual pairs of electrons cannot be distinguished and it is better to consider the electrons as a collective 'sea'.
A very special case of electron pair formation occurs in superconductivity: the formation of Cooper pairs. In unconventional superconductors, whose crystal structure contains copper anions, the electron pair bond is due to antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations.
See also
Electron pair production
Frustrated Lewis pair
Jemmis mno rules
Lewis acids and bases
Nucleophile
Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axonometric%20projection | Axonometric projection is a type of orthographic projection used for creating a pictorial drawing of an object, where the object is rotated around one or more of its axes to reveal multiple sides.
Overview
"Axonometry" means "to measure along the axes". In German literature, axonometry is based on Pohlke's theorem, such that the scope of axonometric projection could encompass every type of parallel projection, including not only orthographic projection (and multiview projection), but also oblique projection. However, outside of German literature, the term "axonometric" is sometimes used only to distinguish between orthographic views where the principal axes of an object are not orthogonal to the projection plane, and orthographic views in which the principal axes of the object are orthogonal to the projection plane. (In multiview projection these would be called auxiliary views and primary views, respectively.) Confusingly, the term "orthographic projection" is also sometimes reserved only for the primary views.
Thus, in German literature, "axonometric projection" might be considered synonymous with "parallel projection", overall; but in English literature, an "axonometric projection" might be considered synonymous with an "auxiliary view" (versus a "primary view") in a "multiview orthographic projection".
With an axonometric projection, the scale of an object does not depend on its location (i.e., an object in the "foreground" has the same scale as an object in the "background"); consequently, such pictures look distorted, as human vision and photography use perspective projection, in which the perceived scale of an object depends on its distance and location from the viewer. This distortion, the direct result of a presence or absence of foreshortening, is especially evident if the object is mostly composed of rectangular features. Despite this limitation, axonometric projection can be useful for purposes of illustration, especially because it allows for simul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monzo | Monzo Bank Limited () is a British online bank based in London, England. Monzo was one of the earliest of a number of new app-based challenger banks in the UK.
Originally operating through a mobile app and a prepaid debit card, in April 2017 its UK banking licence restrictions were lifted, enabling it to offer a full current account. As of June 2023, Monzo had over 7.4 million customers. Their most recent financial results issued in June 2023, showed an annual net loss of £116.3 million (a decrease from the £119 million lost in the previous year) on revenue of £355.6 million.
History
2015–2017: Early growth
Monzo Bank was founded as Mondo in 2015 by Tom Blomfield, Jonas Huckestein, Jason Bates, Paul Rippon and Gary Dolman. The team originally met whilst working at Starling Bank. In February 2016, Monzo set the record for "quickest crowd-funding campaign in history" when it raised £1 million in 96 seconds via the Crowdcube investment platform.
On 13 June 2016, a company blog post announced that the "Mondo" trademark had been legally challenged by an undisclosed company with a similar name. As a result, a naming suggestion contest was organised and the new name, "Monzo", was registered at Companies House under the legal name "Monzo Bank Ltd" in August 2016.
On 16 May 2017, Monzo announced that over £250 million had been spent through its prepaid card, between 200,000 customers.
2017–present: Scaling up
In April 2017, Monzo was granted its full banking licence by the Prudential Regulation Authority and the Financial Conduct Authority, having previously operated under a restricted banking licence. The full licence allowed Monzo to provide its customers with current accounts, who up until that point were only able to be offered pre-paid debit cards.
Monzo's full current account was launched in October 2017, with its pre-paid card users being asked to move to its new current account. By April 2018, it was reported to have 500,000 current account customers.
In Oc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venereology | Venereology is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the study and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The name derives from Roman goddess Venus, associated with love, beauty and fertility. A physician specializing in venereology is called a venereologist. In many areas of the world, the specialty is usually combined with dermatology.
The venereal diseases include bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. Some of the important diseases are HIV infection, syphilis, gonorrhea, candidiasis, herpes simplex, human papillomavirus infection, and genital scabies. Other sexually transmitted infections studied in the field include chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, granuloma inguinale, hepatitis B, and cytomegalovirus infection.
In India, formal training of venereologists started in 1910, prompting microscopy and serology to come into general use throughout the Empire. Before this, many cases of early syphilis were either diagnosed as chancroid or missed altogether. To come to a diagnosis, doubtful atypical cases were at times left untreated to see whether they developed secondary syphilis.
Five classical venereal diseases
In the early part of the twentieth century, the medical science of venereology encompassed only the five classical venereal diseases: gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, and granuloma inguinale (donovanosis). The history of virology shows that, in the first decade of the 20th century, viruses were not well understood. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT-Political%20Association%20of%20Denmark | The IT-Political Association (Danish: IT-Politisk Forening, commonly known as IT-Pol) is a Danish non-profit NGO, which works to collect information on IT and convey this to politicians and the society to get the best possible grounds for legislation. The association is independent of political parties and communicates with politicians from all political parties. Membership is open to anyone.
IT-Pol is the Danish equivalent of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
The Free Software privacy CD, Polippix, was started by the IT-Political Association.
Issues
IT-Pol is primarily concerned with issues that restricts citizens and innovation.
Censorship
Denmark is one of the countries in which most ISPs filters DNS traffic by default. IT-Pol regards this policy as censorship, as the filter filters content that is legal to view in Denmark.
Privacy
The Danish surveillance law, Overvågningsloven was actively fought by IT-Pol. IT-Pol developed a CD called Polippix that can mitigate most of the Internet related surveillance included in the surveillance law.
Software patents
IT-Pol believes software patents are not beneficial for innovation and therefore fights Software Patents.
Copyright
IT-Pol believes the balance between society and rights holder should be pushed more towards the society.
Digital Rights Management
IT-Pol believes Digital Rights Management causes problems for normal citizens and therefore is not in the interest of the citizens. IT-Pol therefore fights DRM.
Open Standards
IT-Pol believes open standards will foster innovation and remove lock-in. IT-Pol therefore promotes Open Standards and fights proprietary standards.
E-voting
IT-Pol believes E-voting should only be allowed if the election has an analog audit trail (paper trail).
Use of IT in the public sector
IT-Pol believes the public sector should use IT that makes interoperation with the citizens easier.
Spam
IT-Pol supports the ban on E-mail spam. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrolecithal | Centrolecithal (Greek kentron = center of a circle, lekithos = yolk) describes the placement of the yolk in the centre of the cytoplasm of ova. Many arthropod eggs are centrolecithal.
During cytokinesis, centrolecithal zygotes undergo meroblastic cleavage, where the cleavage plane extends only to the accumulated yolk and is superficial. This is due to the large dense yolk found within centrolecithal eggs and triggers a delayed embryonic development.
See also
Cell cycle
Isolecithal
Telolecithal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolactic%20fermentation | Malolactic conversion (also known as malolactic fermentation or MLF) is a process in winemaking in which tart-tasting malic acid, naturally present in grape must, is converted to softer-tasting lactic acid. Malolactic fermentation is most often performed as a secondary fermentation shortly after the end of the primary fermentation, but can sometimes run concurrently with it. The process is standard for most red wine production and common for some white grape varieties such as Chardonnay, where it can impart a "buttery" flavor from diacetyl, a byproduct of the reaction.
The fermentation reaction is undertaken by the family of lactic acid bacteria (LAB); Oenococcus oeni, and various species of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus. Chemically, malolactic fermentation is a decarboxylation, which means carbon dioxide is liberated in the process.
The primary function of all these bacteria is to convert L-malic acid, one of the two major grape acids found in wine, to another type of acid, L+ lactic acid. This can occur naturally. However, in commercial winemaking, malolactic conversion typically is initiated by an inoculation of desirable bacteria, usually O. oeni. This prevents undesirable bacterial strains from producing "off" flavors. Conversely, commercial winemakers actively prevent malolactic conversion when it is not desired, such as with fruity and floral white grape varieties such as Riesling and Gewürztraminer, to maintain a more tart or acidic profile in the finished wine.
Malolactic fermentation tends to create a rounder, fuller mouthfeel. Malic acid is typically associated with the taste of green apples, while lactic acid is richer and more buttery tasting. Grapes produced in cool regions tend to be high in acidity, much of which comes from the contribution of malic acid. Malolactic fermentation generally enhances the body and flavor persistence of wine, producing wines of greater palate softness. Many winemakers also feel that better integration of fruit and oak |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araki%E2%80%93Sucher%20correction | In atomic, molecular and optical physics, the Araki–Sucher correction is a leading-order correction to the energy levels of atoms and molecules due to effects of quantum electrodynamics (QED). It is named after Huzihiro Araki and Joseph Sucher, who first calculated it for the helium atom in 1957. The method is based on a perturbative expansion of the energy in the Bethe–Salpeter equation, and have since been used to calculate corrections for atoms other than helium (e.g. berylium and lithium), and for systems with more than two electrons. The correction typically involves the fine-structure constant and may sometimes include terms of third order and higher . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20Science%20and%20Techniques | Nuclear Science and Techniques is a monthly peer-reviewed, scientific journal that is published by Science Press and Springer. This journal was established in 1990. The editor-in-chief is Yu-Gang Ma. The journal covers all theoretical and experimental aspects of nuclear physics and technology, including synchrotron radiation applications, beam line technology, accelerator, ray technology and applications, nuclear chemistry, radiochemistry, and radiopharmaceuticals and nuclear medicine, nuclear electronics and instrumentation, nuclear energy science and engineering.
Abstracing and indexing
The journal is indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.085, ranking it 18th out of 33 journals in the category "Nuclear Science and Technology" and 18th out of 20 journals in the category "Physics, Nuclear". |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioGRID | The Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets (BioGRID) is a curated biological database of protein-protein interactions, genetic interactions, chemical interactions, and post-translational modifications created in 2003 (originally referred to as simply the General Repository for Interaction Datasets (GRID) by Mike Tyers, Bobby-Joe Breitkreutz, and Chris Stark at the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital. It strives to provide a comprehensive curated resource for all major model organism species while attempting to remove redundancy to create a single mapping of data. Users of The BioGRID can search for their protein, chemical or publication of interest and retrieve annotation, as well as curated data as reported, by the primary literature and compiled by in house large-scale curation efforts. The BioGRID is hosted in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Dallas, Texas, United States and is partnered with the Saccharomyces Genome Database, FlyBase, WormBase, PomBase, and the Alliance of Genome Resources. The BioGRID is funded by the NIH and CIHR. BioGRID is an observer member of the International Molecular Exchange Consortium (IMEx).
History
The BioGRID was originally published and released as simply the General Repository for Interaction Datasets but was later renamed to the BioGRID in order to more concisely describe the project, and help distinguish it from several GRID Computing projects with a similar name. Originally separated into organism specific databases, the newest version now provides a unified front end allowing for searches across several organisms simultaneously. The BioGRID was developed initially as a project at the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital but has since expanded to include teams at the Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie at the Université de Montréal and the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics at Princeton University. The BioGRID's original focus wa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF%20Administrative%20Support%20Activity | The full name of IETF is "The Internet Engineering Task Force"which is the premier Internet standards body. It develops open standards through collaboration for open processes.
The IETF Administrative Support Activity (IASA) is an activity housed within the Internet Society (ISOC).
The IASA is described by , an IETF Request for Comments document, released in April, 2005.
See also
Computer-supported collaboration |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Saint%20%281997%20film%29 | The Saint is a 1997 American thriller film directed by Phillip Noyce, written by Jonathan Hensleigh and Wesley Strick, and starring Val Kilmer in the title role, with Elisabeth Shue and Rade Šerbedžija. The plot of the film revolves around the title character who is a high tech thief and master of disguise, who becomes the anti-hero while using the moniker of various saints. He paradoxically lives in the underworld of international industrial theft and espionage. The film was a modest financial success with a worldwide box office of $169.4 million, rentals of $28.2 million, and continuous DVD sales.
It is loosely based on the character of Simon Templar created by Leslie Charteris in 1928 for a series of books published as "The Saint", which ran until 1983. The Saint character has also featured in a series of Hollywood films made between 1938 and 1954, a 1940s radio series starring Vincent Price (and others) as Templar, a popular British television series of the 1960s starring Roger Moore, and a 1970s series starring Ian Ogilvy.
Plot
At the Saint Ignatius Orphanage, a rebellious boy named John Rossi refers to himself as "Simon Templar" and leads fellow orphans in an attempt to run away. He tries to bid farewell to a girl named Agnes with a kiss, but they are caught and she accidentally falls from a balcony to her death.
As an adult, Simon — now a professional thief dubbed "The Saint" for using Catholic saints as aliases — steals a microchip from a Russian oil company. Simon stages the burglary during a political rally for the company's owner Ivan Tretiak, a billionaire oligarch and former Communist Party boss rallying support against Russian President Karpov. Simon is caught by Tretiak's son Ilya but escapes with the microchip, and is hired by Tretiak to steal a revolutionary cold fusion formula discovered by Emma Russell, an American electrochemist working at Oxford; Tretiak plans to use Emma's formula for clean, inexpensive energy to monopolize the energy market |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20powder | Food powder or powdery food is the most common format of dried solid food material that meets specific quality standards, such as moisture content, particle size, and particular morphology. Common powdery food products include milk powder, tea powder, cocoa powder, coffee powder, soybean flour, wheat flour, and chili powder. Powders are particulate discrete solid particles of size ranging from nanometres to millimetres that generally flow freely when shaken or tilted. The bulk powder properties are the combined effect of particle properties by the conversion of food products in solid state into powdery form for ease of use, processing and keeping quality. Various terms are used to indicate the particulate solids in bulk, such as powder, granules, flour and dust, though all these materials can be treated under powder category. These common terminologies are based on the size or the source of the materials.
The particle size, distribution, shape and surface characteristics and the density of the powders are highly variable and depend on both the characteristics of the raw materials and processing conditions during their formations. These parameters contribute to the functional properties of powders, including flowability, packaging density, ease of handling, dust forming, mixing, compressibility and surface activity.
Characteristics
Microstructure
Food powder may be amorphous or crystalline in their molecular level structure. Depending on the process applied, the powders can be produced in either of these forms. Powders in crystalline state possess defined molecular alignment in the long-range order, while amorphous state is disordered, more open and porous. Common powders found in crystalline states are salts, sugars and organic acids. Meanwhile, many food products such as dairy powders, fruit and vegetable powders, honey powders and hydrolysed protein powders are normally in amorphous state. The properties of food powders including their functionality and their |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Jerry%20Lewis%20MDA%20Labor%20Day%20Telethon | The MDA Labor Day Telethon was an annual telethon held on (starting the night before and throughout) Labor Day in the United States to raise money for the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA). The Muscular Dystrophy Association was founded in 1950 with hopes of gaining the American public's interest. The show was hosted by comedian, actor, singer and filmmaker Jerry Lewis from its 1966 inception until 2010. The history of MDA's telethon dates back to the 1950s, when the Jerry Lewis Thanksgiving Party for MDA raised funds for the organization's New York City area operations. The telethon was held annually on Labor Day weekend beginning in 1966, and raised $2.45 billion for MDA from its inception through 2009.
The telethon broadcast up to 21 hours, starting on the Sunday evening preceding Labor Day and continuing until late Monday afternoon on the holiday itself. MDA called its network of participating stations the "Love Network". The show originated from Las Vegas for 28 of the years it was broadcast. Beginning in 2011 (and coinciding with Lewis' departure) MDA radically reformatted and shortened the telethon's format into that of a benefit concert, shortening the length of the special each successive year. The 2011 edition was seen on the Sunday evening before Labor Day for six hours. This edition was syndicated to approximately 160 television stations throughout the United States on September 4, 2011.
Nigel Lythgoe, Jann Carl, Alison Sweeney and Nancy O'Dell were brought on as co-hosts and shared hosting duties for the 2011 edition. Successive telethons from 2012 to 2014 ran under the new title MDA Show of Strength and further reduced the show's airtime. The 2012 edition aired on Sunday, September 2, 2012; the job of renaming the new show was given to MDA's advertising agency E.B. Lane (now LaneTerralever). Executive creative director Mark Itkowitz came up with the name MDA Show of Strength, and it quickly gained internal approval. The 2012 edition was reduced to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation-synthesis%20hypothesis | The activation-synthesis hypothesis, proposed by Harvard University psychiatrists John Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley, is a neurobiological theory of dreams first published in the American Journal of Psychiatry in December 1977. The differences in neuronal activity of the brainstem during waking and REM sleep were observed, and the hypothesis proposes that dreams result from brain activation during REM sleep. Since then, the hypothesis has undergone an evolution as technology and experimental equipment has become more precise. Currently, a three-dimensional model called AIM Model, described below, is used to determine the different states of the brain over the course of the day and night. The AIM Model introduces a new hypothesis that primary consciousness is an important building block on which secondary consciousness is constructed.
Introduction
With the advancement of brain imaging technology, the sleep-waking cycle can be studied as never before. The brain can be objectively quantified and identified as being in either one of three states: awake, REM sleep, and NREM sleep due to these advanced methods of measurement. It has been shown that global deactivation of the brain from waking state to NREM sleep occurs, and a subsequent reactivation during REM sleep, to a degree greater than during waking. Consciousness and its substates, primary consciousness and secondary consciousness, play a part in identifying the state of the brain. Primary consciousness is the simple awareness of perception and emotion; that is, the awareness of the world via advanced visual and motor coordination information your brain receives. Secondary consciousness is an advanced state that includes both primary consciousness and abstract analysis, or thinking, and metacognitive components, or the awareness of being aware. Most animals show some stages of primary consciousness, but only humans have been experimentally shown to experience secondary consciousness. The cycle of waking-NRE |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataGravity | DataGravity Inc. was an American industry data management company, which produced security software. The company was founded in April 2012 by Paula Long and John Joseph.
DataGravity announced its first products at VMworld in 2014. It won Best of Show, and New Technology awards for the event. It began shipping their first products in October 2014.
The company focused on protection and security of the data stored on the array, and named this new type of storage as data-aware storage. It publicly changed its product strategy in February 2016 from data storage appliances to a software solution focused on behavioral data security. This product strategy change resulted in multiple rounds of layoffs.
Fate
Multiple reports use conflicting terminology about the final fate of the company.
Some reports say HyTrust acquired DataGravity.
Other reports, including a press release issued by HyTrust itself, say HyTrust acquired the assets of DataGravity after it was signed over to a liquidator.
HyTrust told Fortune that founder and CEO Paula Long left DataGravity a few weeks before the transaction was announced, and that co-founder John Joseph left some time before that.
According to some reports, DataGravity ceased day-to-day operations in June 2017, when it cancelled employee benefit plans and signed the company over to liquidator Barry Kallander of the Kallander Group. In one such report, correspondence from DataGravity President Barry Kallander states "The corporation was not sold - the assets of the company were....Unfortunately the common shares are worthless."
Conversely, DataGravity CTO David Siles was quoted as saying the company "did not shut down", and that the transaction "wasn't a fire sale. We were acquired because we complete a vision, add value, have customers who love what we do. Together we will offer a very compelling offering to the marketplace solving very pressing needs for many enterprises."
Approximately 20 former DataGravity employees joined HyTru |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano-tetherball%20sensor | The nano-tetherball sensor is one of newly discovered methods in detecting glucose in the human body. The nano-tetherball sensor for glucose has attracted attention of diabetic medical community due to its methods and high sensitivity in performance. The machine’s name comes from the fact that its design is similar to a small cube-shaped tetherball. Nano machines have been in the biosensor industry for more than two decades, and they have performed a number of different beneficial roles for diabetic patients. Despite the many opto/electronic mechanisms on the market, from a physical and chemical point of view, the nanomachine optical fiber provides many advantages over the other types.
These advantages include its remote in-situ or actual detection; its wavelength has the highest degree of selectivity, with high information competence and analysis with multi-channels of wide capacity for detecting reagents that are non-responsive in electrical structures. The cubes rely on the tetherball structure and involve manipulation of tiny amounts of lasers in micro-channel using Nano-tetherballs. The Nano-tetherball process has the potential of being the most reliable in the accumulation of information. Medical statements that emphasize how the machine compares with other digital data storage and retrieval processes, to determine exactly how effective the machine is with processing the data detected and how to use said data. The information collected will be helpful for the formulation of treatments which are more practical than
other digital bio-optical machines provide.
Model
This fresh biosensor is more responsive than others in two very significant roles; glucose sensors need at least six times more glucose to produce an indicator, and the original sensor can gather an overindulgence of a wider variety of glucose application, meaning it can be used for number of functions. Much work has gone into developing the optimal electrode configuration to match biosensing ne |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20methylation%20in%20cancer | DNA methylation in cancer plays a variety of roles, helping to change the healthy cells by regulation of gene expression to a cancer cells or a diseased cells disease pattern. One of the most widely studied DNA methylation dysregulation is the promoter hypermethylation where the CPGs islands in the promoter regions are methylated contributing or causing genes to be silenced.
All mammalian cells descended from a fertilized egg (a zygote) share a common DNA sequence (except for new mutations in some lineages). However, during development and formation of different tissues epigenetic factors change. The changes include histone modifications, CpG island methylations and chromatin reorganizations which can cause the stable silencing or activation of particular genes. Once differentiated tissues are formed, CpG island methylation is generally stably inherited from one cell division to the next through the DNA methylation maintenance machinery.
In cancer, a number of mutational changes are found in protein coding genes. Colorectal cancers typically have 3 to 6 driver mutations and 33 to 66 hitchhiker or passenger mutations that silence protein expression in the genes affected. However, transcriptional silencing may be more important than mutation in causing gene silencing in progression to cancer. In colorectal cancers about 600 to 800 genes are transcriptionally silenced, compared to adjacent normal-appearing tissues, by CpG island methylation. Such CpG island methylation has also been described in glioblastoma and mesothelioma. Transcriptional repression in cancer can also occur by other epigenetic mechanisms, such as altered expression of microRNAs.
CpG islands are frequent control elements
CpG islands are commonly 200 to 2000 base pairs long, have a C:G base pair content >50%, and have frequent 5' → 3' CpG sequences. About 70% of human promoters located near the transcription start site of a gene contain a CpG island.
Promoters located at a distance from th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homaro%20Cantu | Homaro "Omar" Cantu Jr. (September 23, 1976 – April 14, 2015) was an American chef and inventor known for his use of molecular gastronomy. As a child, Cantu was fascinated with science and engineering. While working in a fast food restaurant, he discovered the similarities between science and cooking and decided to become a chef. In 1999, he was hired by his idol, Chicago chef Charlie Trotter. In 2003, Cantu became the first chef of Moto, which he later purchased.
Through Moto, Cantu explored his unusual ideas about cooking including edible menus, carbonated fruit, and food cooked with a laser. Initially seen as a novelty only, Moto eventually earned critical praise and, in 2012, a Michelin star. Cantu's second restaurant, iNG, and his coffee house, Berrista, focused on the use of "miracle berries" to make sour food taste sweet. He was working on opening a brewery called Crooked Fork at the time of his suicide in 2015.
In addition to being a chef, Cantu was a media personality, appearing regularly on TV shows, and an inventor. In 2010, he produced and co-hosted a show called Future Food. Through his media appearances, he advocated for an end to world hunger and thought his edible paper creation and the miracle berry could play a significant role in that goal. Cantu volunteered his time and money to a variety of charities and patented several food gadgets.
Early life
Cantu was born in Tacoma, Washington, on September 23, 1976. His father was a fabrication engineer and Cantu developed a passion for science and engineering at a young age. He disassembled the family lawn mower three times to learn how it worked, and his "Christmas gifts would wind up in a million pieces."
A self-described problem child, Cantu grew up in Portland, Oregon. From the age of six to nine, he was homeless. He would later credit the homelessness for his inspiration to make food and become a social entrepreneur. At the age of twelve, Cantu was nearly jailed for starting a large fire near hi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedwater%20heater | A feedwater heater is a power plant component used to pre-heat water delivered to a steam generating boiler. Preheating the feedwater reduces the irreversibilities involved in steam generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system. This reduces plant operating costs and also helps to avoid thermal shock to the boiler metal when the feedwater is introduced back into the steam cycle.
In a steam power plant (usually modeled as a modified Rankine cycle), feedwater heaters allow the feedwater to be brought up to the saturation temperature very gradually. This minimizes the inevitable irreversibilities associated with heat transfer to the working fluid (water). See the article on the second law of thermodynamics for a further discussion of such irreversibilities.
Cycle discussion and explanation
The energy used to heat the feedwater is usually derived from steam extracted between the stages of the steam turbine. Therefore, the steam that would be used to perform expansion work in the turbine (and therefore generate power) is not utilized for that purpose. The percentage of the total cycle steam mass flow used for the feedwater heater is termed the extraction fraction and must be carefully optimized for maximum power plant thermal efficiency since increasing this fraction causes a decrease in turbine power output.
Feedwater heaters can also be "open" or "closed" heat exchangers. An open heat exchanger is one in which extracted steam is allowed to mix with the feedwater. This kind of heater will normally require a feed pump at both the feed inlet and outlet since the pressure in the heater is between the boiler pressure and the condenser pressure. A deaerator is a special case of the open feedwater heater which is specifically designed to remove non-condensable gases from the feedwater.
Closed feedwater heaters are typically shell and tube heat exchangers where the feedwater passes throughout the tubes and is heated by turbine extract |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfluidic%20diffusional%20sizing | Microfluidic diffusional sizing (MDS) is a method to measure the size of particles based on the degree to which they diffuse within a microfluidic laminar flow. It allows size measurements to be taken from extremely small quantities of material (nano-grams) and is particularly useful when sizing molecules which may vary in size depending on their environment - e.g. protein molecules which may unfold or become denatured in unfavourable conditions.
Applications
MDS is primarily used in protein analyses, where size, concentration and interactions are important.
Protein size measurement
Measuring the size of a protein molecule is useful as an overall quality indicator, since misfolding, unfolding, oligomerization, aggregation or degradation can all affect size.
The literature specifically demonstrates the use of MDS in sizing protein-nanobody complexes, monitoring the formation of α-synuclein amyloid fibrils. and in observing protein assembly into oligomers
MDS can also be used to size membrane proteins, as the use of a protein specific labelling and detection system allows other species present in the solution (such as free lipid micelles or detergents) to be ignored.
Protein interactions
MDS has been used to characterise interactions between biomolecules under native conditions, and has been demonstrated to detect specific interactions within complex mixtures. It has also been used in detecting and quantifying protein-ligand interactions and protein-lipid interactions.
Protein concentration
The concentration of purified protein solutions in the laboratory is useful in determining yield and measuring the success of a prep. MDS reports concentration as well as size for each test.
Since the detection is not based on inherent fluorescence of tryptophan or tyrosine residues, MDS has been used as an alternative to A280 UV-Vis quantification.
Advantages
If protein specific labelling is applied, MDS allows membrane proteins to be sized. This is particularly usefu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance%20distance%20%28mechanics%29 | Mechanics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20implosion | In the controlled demolition industry, building implosion is the strategic placing of explosive material and timing of its detonation so that a structure collapses on itself in a matter of seconds, minimizing the physical damage to its immediate surroundings. Despite its terminology, building implosion also includes the controlled demolition of other structures, such as bridges, smokestacks, towers, and tunnels.
Building implosion, which reduces to seconds a process which could take months or years to achieve by other methods, typically occurs in urban areas and often involves large landmark structures.
The actual use of the term "implosion" to refer to the destruction of a building is a misnomer. This had been stated of the destruction of 1515 Tower in West Palm Beach, Florida. "What happens is, you use explosive materials in critical structural connections to allow gravity to bring it down."
Terminology
The term building implosion can be misleading to a layperson: The technique is not a true implosion phenomenon. A true implosion usually involves a difference between internal (lower) and external (higher) pressure, or inward and outward forces, that is so large that the structure collapses inward into itself.
In contrast, building implosion techniques do not rely on the difference between internal and external pressure to collapse a structure. Instead, the goal is to induce a progressive collapse by weakening or removing critical supports; therefore, the building can no longer withstand gravity loads and will fail under its own weight.
Numerous small explosives, strategically placed within the structure, are used to catalyze the collapse. Nitroglycerin, dynamite, or other explosives are used to shatter reinforced concrete supports. Linear shaped charges are used to sever steel supports. These explosives are progressively detonated on supports throughout the structure. Then, explosives on the lower floors initiate the controlled collapse.
A simple structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylomorphism%20%28computer%20science%29 | In computer science, and in particular functional programming, a hylomorphism is a recursive function, corresponding to the composition of an anamorphism (which first builds a set of results; also known as 'unfolding') followed by a catamorphism (which then folds these results into a final return value). Fusion of these two recursive computations into a single recursive pattern then avoids building the intermediate data structure. This is an example of deforestation, a program optimization strategy. A related type of function is a metamorphism, which is a catamorphism followed by an anamorphism.
Formal definition
A hylomorphism can be defined in terms of its separate anamorphic and catamorphic parts.
The anamorphic part can be defined in terms of a unary function defining the list of elements in by repeated application ("unfolding"), and a predicate providing the terminating condition.
The catamorphic part can be defined as a combination of an initial value for the fold and a binary operator used to perform the fold.
Thus a hylomorphism
may be defined (assuming appropriate definitions of & ).
Notation
An abbreviated notation for the above hylomorphism is .
Hylomorphisms in practice
Lists
Lists are common data structures as they naturally reflect linear computational processes. These processes arise in repeated (iterative) function calls. Therefore, it is sometimes necessary to generate a temporary list of intermediate results before reducing this list to a single result.
One example of a commonly encountered hylomorphism is the canonical factorial function.
factorial :: Integer -> Integer
factorial n
| n == 0 = 1
| n > 0 = n * factorial (n - 1)
In the previous example (written in Haskell, a purely functional programming language) it can be seen that this function, applied to any given valid input, will generate a linear call tree isomorphic to a list. For example, given n = 5 it will produce the following:
factorial 5 = 5 * (factorial 4) = |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20point%20%28set%20theory%29 | In set theory, the critical point of an elementary embedding of a transitive class into another transitive class is the smallest ordinal which is not mapped to itself.
Suppose that is an elementary embedding where and are transitive classes and is definable in by a formula of set theory with parameters from . Then must take ordinals to ordinals and must be strictly increasing. Also . If for all and , then is said to be the critical point of .
If is V, then (the critical point of ) is always a measurable cardinal, i.e. an uncountable cardinal number κ such that there exists a -complete, non-principal ultrafilter over . Specifically, one may take the filter to be . Generally, there will be many other <κ-complete, non-principal ultrafilters over . However, might be different from the ultrapower(s) arising from such filter(s).
If and are the same and is the identity function on , then is called "trivial". If the transitive class is an inner model of ZFC and has no critical point, i.e. every ordinal maps to itself, then is trivial. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca%20Biagini | Francesca Biagini (born 31 July 1973) is a German and Italian mathematician specializing in mathematical finance, stochastic calculus, and probability theory. Topics in her research include fractional Brownian motion and portfolio optimization for inside traders. She is a professor of applied mathematics and vice president for international affairs and diversity at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, and president of the Bachelier Finance Society.
Education and career
Biagini was a high school student in Pistoia, and earned a laurea in mathematics in 1996 from the University of Pisa, under the mentorship of Margherita Galbiati. She completed a doctorate in 2001 at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, with the dissertation Quadratic hedging approach for interest rate models with stochastic volatility supervised by Maurizio Pratelli.
She worked as an assistant professor at the University of Bologna from 1999 to 2005, when she moved to Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich as an associate professor. After declining an offer to become a chaired professor at the University of Hanover in 2008, she was given a chair as full professor of applied mathematics at the University of Munich in 2009.
She became vice president for international affairs and diversity at the University of Munich, and is president of the Bachelier Finance Society for the 2020–2021 term.
Books
With Massimo Campanino, Biagini is the coauthor of Elementi di Probabilità e Statistica (Springer, 2005), an Italian-language textbook on probability theory and statistics translated into English as Elements of Probability and Statistics: Introduction to Probability with the De Finetti's Approach and to Bayesian Statistics (Springer, 2016). With Yaozhong Hu, Bernt Øksendal, and Tusheng Zhang, she is the coauthor of the monograph Stochastic Calculus for Fractional Brownian Motion and Applications (Springer, 2008).
Recognition
Biagini was awarded the Princess Therese of Bavaria Prize, an award for outsta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAT2 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAT2 gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family. This protein is critical to the biological response of type I interferons (IFNs). STAT2 sequence identity between mouse and human is only 68%.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the STAT protein family. In response to cytokines and growth factors, STAT family members are phosphorylated by the receptor associated kinases, and then form homo- or heterodimers that translocate to the cell nucleus where they act as transcription activators. In response to IFN, this protein forms a complex with STAT1 and IFN regulatory factor family protein p48 (IRF9) and form ISGF-3 (IFN-stimulated gene factor-3), in which this protein acts as a transactivator, but lacks the ability to bind DNA directly. ISGF-3 proceeds the activation of genes via the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE). ISRE-driven genes include Ly-6C, the double-stranded RNA kinase (PKR), 2´ to 5´ oligoadenylate synthase (OAS), MX and potentially MHC class I. Transcription adaptor P300/CBP (EP300/CREBBP) has been shown to interact specifically with this protein, which is thought to be involved in the process of blocking IFN-alpha response by adenovirus.
STAT2 knockout mice are unresponsive to type I IFN and extremely vulnerable to viral infection. They indicate the loss of the type I IFN autocrine loop and several defects in macrophages and T cell responses. Stat2-/- cells show differences in the biological response to IFN-α.
Interactions
STAT2 has been shown to interact with:
CREB-binding protein,
IFNAR1
IFNAR2,
IRF9,
MED14,
SMARCA4, and
STAT1.
STAT2 deficiency
Knockout mice
In double knockout STAT2 mice, an increased proliferation of M1, M2, and M1/M2 coexpressing macrophages during influenza-bacterial super-infection is observed. The bacterial clearance was also impaired by neutralization of IFN-γ (M1) and Arginase-1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20Reserve%20in%20Al%20Wusta | The Wildlife Reserve in Al Wusta, formerly the Arabian Oryx Sanctuary, is a nature reserve in the Omani Central Desert and Coastal Hills. It was included in the UNESCO World Heritage list, but became the first site to be removed from the World Heritage list in 2007.
Species inhabiting the reserve include the mountain gazelle, Nubian ibex, Arabian wolf, honey badger and caracal.
On June 28, 2007, the reserve was removed from the World Heritage Site register. UNESCO cited Oman's decision to reduce the site by 90% after oil had been found at the site, and the decline of the population of Arabian oryx from 450 in 1996 to 65 in 2007 as a result of poaching and habitat destruction. At that time, only four mating pairs remained. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor%20%28physics%29 | Technicolor theories are models of physics beyond the Standard Model that address electroweak gauge symmetry breaking, the mechanism through which W and Z bosons acquire masses. Early technicolor theories were modelled on quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the "color" theory of the strong nuclear force, which inspired their name.
Instead of introducing elementary Higgs bosons to explain observed phenomena, technicolor models were introduced to dynamically generate masses for the W and Z bosons through new gauge interactions. Although asymptotically free at very high energies, these interactions must become strong and confining (and hence unobservable) at lower energies that have been experimentally probed. This dynamical approach is natural and avoids issues of Quantum triviality and the hierarchy problem of the Standard Model.
However, since the Higgs boson discovery at the
CERN LHC in 2012, the original models are largely ruled out. Nonetheless, it remains a possibility that the Higgs boson is a composite state.
In order to produce quark and lepton masses, technicolor or composite Higgs models have to be "extended" by additional gauge interactions. Particularly when modelled on QCD, extended technicolor was challenged by experimental constraints on flavor-changing neutral current and precision electroweak measurements. The specific extensions of particle dynamics for technicolor
or composite Higgs bosons are unknown.
Much technicolor research focuses on exploring strongly interacting gauge theories other than QCD, in order to evade some of these challenges. A particularly active framework is "walking" technicolor, which exhibits nearly conformal behavior caused by an infrared fixed point with strength just above that necessary for spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking. Whether walking can occur and lead to agreement with precision electroweak measurements is being studied through non-perturbative lattice simulations.
Experiments at the Large Hadron Collider |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20risk | Statistical risk is a quantification of a situation's risk using statistical methods. These methods can be used to estimate a probability distribution for the outcome of a specific variable, or at least one or more key parameters of that distribution, and from that estimated distribution a risk function can be used to obtain a single non-negative number representing a particular conception of the risk of the situation.
Statistical risk is taken account of in a variety of contexts including finance and economics, and there are many risk functions that can be used depending on the context.
One measure of the statistical risk of a continuous variable, such as the return on an investment, is simply the estimated variance of the variable, or equivalently the square root of the variance, called the standard deviation. Another measure in finance, one which views upside risk as unimportant compared to downside risk, is the downside beta. In the context of a binary variable, a simple statistical measure of risk is simply the probability that a variable will take on the lower of two values.
There is a sense in which one risk A can be said to be unambiguously greater than another risk B (that is, greater for any reasonable risk function): namely, if A is a mean-preserving spread of B. This means that the probability density function of A can be formed, roughly speaking, by "spreading out" that of B. However, this is only a partial ordering: most pairs of risks cannot be unambiguously ranked in this way, and different risk functions applied to the estimated distributions of two such unordered risky variables will give different answers as to which is riskier.
In the context of statistical estimation itself, the risk involved in estimating a particular parameter is a measure of the degree to which the estimate is likely to be inaccurate.
See also
Risk analysis
Applied probability |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowly%20varying%20function | In real analysis, a branch of mathematics, a slowly varying function is a function of a real variable whose behaviour at infinity is in some sense similar to the behaviour of a function converging at infinity. Similarly, a regularly varying function is a function of a real variable whose behaviour at infinity is similar to the behaviour of a power law function (like a polynomial) near infinity. These classes of functions were both introduced by Jovan Karamata, and have found several important applications, for example in probability theory.
Basic definitions
. A measurable function is called slowly varying (at infinity) if for all ,
. Let . Then is a regularly varying function if and only if . In particular, the limit must be finite.
These definitions are due to Jovan Karamata.
Note. In the regularly varying case, the sum of two slowly varying functions is again slowly varying function.
Basic properties
Regularly varying functions have some important properties: a partial list of them is reported below. More extensive analyses of the properties characterizing regular variation are presented in the monograph by .
Uniformity of the limiting behaviour
. The limit in and is uniform if is restricted to a compact interval.
Karamata's characterization theorem
. Every regularly varying function is of the form
where
is a real number,
is a slowly varying function.
Note. This implies that the function in has necessarily to be of the following form
where the real number is called the index of regular variation.
Karamata representation theorem
. A function is slowly varying if and only if there exists such that for all the function can be written in the form
where
is a bounded measurable function of a real variable converging to a finite number as goes to infinity
is a bounded measurable function of a real variable converging to zero as goes to infinity.
Examples
If is a measurable function and has a limit
then is a slowly varying fu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliosis | Gliosis is a nonspecific reactive change of glial cells in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS). In most cases, gliosis involves the proliferation or hypertrophy of several different types of glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. In its most extreme form, the proliferation associated with gliosis leads to the formation of a glial scar.
The process of gliosis involves a series of cellular and molecular events that occur over several days. Typically, the first response to injury is the migration of macrophages and local microglia to the injury site. This process, which constitutes a form of gliosis known as microgliosis, begins within hours of the initial CNS injury. Later, after 3–5 days, oligodendrocyte precursor cells are also recruited to the site and may contribute to remyelination. The final component of gliosis is astrogliosis, the proliferation of surrounding astrocytes, which are the main constituents of the glial scar.
Gliosis has historically been given a negative connotation due to its appearance in many CNS diseases and the inhibition of axonal regeneration caused by glial scar formation. However, gliosis has been shown to have both beneficial and detrimental effects, and the balance between these is due to a complex array of factors and molecular signaling mechanisms, which affect the reaction of all glial cell types.
Astrogliosis
Reactive astrogliosis is the most common form of gliosis and involves the proliferation of astrocytes, a type of glial cell responsible for maintaining extracellular ion and neurotransmitter concentrations, modulating synapse function, and forming the blood–brain barrier. Like other forms of gliosis, astrogliosis accompanies traumatic brain injury as well as many neuropathologies, ranging from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis to fatal familial insomnia. Although the mechanisms which lead to astrogliosis are not fully understood, neuronal injury is well understood to cause astrocy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak%20koruna | The Czechoslovak koruna (in Czech and Slovak: koruna československá, at times koruna česko-slovenská; koruna means crown) was the currency of Czechoslovakia from 10 April 1919 to 14 March 1939, and from 1 November 1945 to 7 February 1993. For a brief time in 1939 and again in 1993, it was also the currency of both the separate Czech Republic and Slovakia.
On 8 February 1993, it was replaced by the Czech koruna and the Slovak koruna, both at par.
The (last) ISO 4217 code and the local abbreviations for the koruna were CSK and Kčs. One koruna equalled 100 haléřů (Czech, singular: haléř) or halierov (Slovak, singular: halier). In both languages, the abbreviation h was used. The abbreviation was placed behind the numeric value.
First koruna
A currency called the krone in German and koruna in Czech was introduced in Austria-Hungary on 11 September 1892, as the first modern gold-based currency in the area. After the creation of an independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, an urgent need emerged for the establishment of a new currency system that would distinguish itself from the currencies of the other newly born countries suffering from inflation. The next year, on 10 April 1919, a currency reform took place, defining the new koruna as equal in value to the Austro-Hungarian krone. The first banknotes came into circulation the same year, the coins three years later, in 1922.
This first koruna circulated until 1939, when separate currencies for Bohemia and Moravia and Slovakia were introduced, at par with the Czechoslovak koruna. These were the Bohemian and Moravian koruna and the Slovak koruna.
Coins
Banknotes
Second koruna
The Czechoslovak koruna was re-established in 1945, replacing the two previous currencies at par. As a consequence of the war, the currency had lost much of its value.
Coins
Banknotes
Third koruna
The koruna went through a number of further reforms. A particularly drastic one was undertaken in 1953. At that time, the Communist Party of Czechoslo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu1/6%20holin%20family | The Streptomyces aureofaciens Phage Mu1/6 Holin (Mu1/6 Holin) Family (TC# 1.E.28) is a family of putative pore-forming holins between 80 and 90 amino acyl residues in length with 2 transmembrane segments (TMSs). A representative list of proteins belonging to this family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.
See also
Streptomyces aureofaciens
Holin
Lysin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinopathy | In medicine, proteinopathy ([pref. protein]; -pathy [suff. disease]; proteinopathies pl.; proteinopathic adj), or proteopathy, protein conformational disorder, or protein misfolding disease, is a class of diseases in which certain proteins become structurally abnormal, and thereby disrupt the function of cells, tissues and organs of the body. Often the proteins fail to fold into their normal configuration; in this misfolded state, the proteins can become toxic in some way (a toxic gain-of-function) or they can lose their normal function. The proteinopathies include such diseases as Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and other prion diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyloidosis, multiple system atrophy, and a wide range of other disorders. The term proteopathy was first proposed in 2000 by Lary Walker and Harry LeVine.
The concept of proteopathy can trace its origins to the mid-19th century, when, in 1854, Rudolf Virchow coined the term amyloid ("starch-like") to describe a substance in cerebral corpora amylacea that exhibited a chemical reaction resembling that of cellulose. In 1859, Friedreich and Kekulé demonstrated that, rather than consisting of cellulose, "amyloid" actually is rich in protein. Subsequent research has shown that many different proteins can form amyloid, and that all amyloids show birefringence in cross-polarized light after staining with the dye Congo red, as well as a fibrillar ultrastructure when viewed with an electron microscope. However, some proteinaceous lesions lack birefringence and contain few or no classical amyloid fibrils, such as the diffuse deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) protein in the brains of people with Alzheimer's. Furthermore, evidence has emerged that small, non-fibrillar protein aggregates known as oligomers are toxic to the cells of an affected organ, and that amyloidogenic proteins in their fibrillar form may be relatively benign.
Pathophysiology
In most, if not all proteinopathies, a change in the 3-dime |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow%20drill | A bow drill is a simple hand-operated type of tool, consisting of a rod (the spindle or drill shaft) that is set in rapid rotary motion by means of a cord wrapped around it, kept taut by a bow which is pushed back and forth with one hand. This tool of prehistoric origin has been used both as a drill, to make holes on solid materials such as wood, stone, bone, or teeth, and as a fire drill to start a fire.
The spindle can be held in a fixed frame, or by a hand-held block (the hand piece or thimble) with a hole into which the top of the shaft is inserted. Some lubricant should be used to reduce friction between these two parts. A popular campcraft book of 1920 attributed this invention to the Inuit. In Mehrgarh (Pakistan) it has been dated between the 4th-5th millennium BCE.
The string of the bow is wrapped once around the spindle, so that it is tight enough not to slip during operation. In the variation called the Egyptian bow drill, the cord is wound around the shaft multiple times, or is fixed to it by a knot or a hole.
The strap drill is a simpler version, where the bow is absent and the cord is kept taut by pulling the ends with both hands, while moving them left and right at the same time. In the absence of a frame, the thimble is shaped so that it can be held with the chin or mouth.
History
Bow drills with green jasper bits were used in Mehrgarh between the 4th and 5th millennium BC to drill holes into lapis lazuli and carnelian. Similar drills were found in other parts of the Indus Valley civilization and Iran one millennium later.
Usage
For use as a fire drill, the shaft should have a blunt end, which is placed into a small cavity of a stationary piece of wood (the fireboard). Turning the shaft with high speed and downward pressure generates heat, which eventually creates powdered charcoal and ignites it forming a small ember.
For drilling, the lower end of the spindle may be fitted with a hard drill bit that creates the hole by abrasion or cutti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD36%20antigen | CD36 antigen is a transmembrane, highly glycosylated, glycoprotein expressed by monocytes, macrophages, platelets, microvascular endothelial cells and adipose tissues. CD36 recognises oxidized low density lipoprotein, long chain fatty acids, anionic phospholipids, collagen types I, IV and V, thrombospondin and Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes.
CD molecules are leucocyte antigens on cell surfaces. CD antigens nomenclature is updated at Protein Reviews On The Web (https://web.archive.org/web/20080920090434/http://mpr.nci.nih.gov/prow/).
Subfamilies
Adhesion molecule CD36
Lysosome membrane protein II
Human proteins containing this domain
CD36; SCARB1; SCARB2; |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlike%20tree | In the area of mathematics known as graph theory, a tree is said to be starlike if it has exactly one vertex of degree greater than 2. This high-degree vertex is the root and a starlike tree is obtained by attaching at least three linear graphs to this central vertex.
Properties
Two finite starlike trees are isospectral, i.e. their graph Laplacians have the same spectra, if and only if they are isomorphic. The graph Laplacian has always only one eigenvalue equal or greater than 4. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20hardware | Electronic hardware consists of interconnected electronic components which perform analog or logic operations on received and locally stored information to produce as output or store resulting new information or to provide control for output actuator mechanisms.
Electronic hardware can range from individual chips/circuits to distributed information processing systems. Well designed electronic hardware is composed of hierarchies of functional modules which inter-communicate via precisely defined interfaces.
Hardware logic is primarily a differentiation of the data processing circuitry from other more generalized circuitry. For example nearly all computers include a power supply which consists of circuitry not involved in data processing but rather powering the data processing circuits. Similarly, a computer may output information to a computer monitor or audio amplifier which is also not involved in the computational processes.
See also
Digital electronics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20polar%20coordinates | In the theory of Lorentzian manifolds, spherically symmetric spacetimes admit a family of nested round spheres. In each of these spheres, every point can be carried to any other by an appropriate rotation about the center of symmetry.
There are several different types of coordinate chart which are adapted to this family of nested spheres, each introducing a different kind of distortion. The best known alternative is the Schwarzschild chart, which correctly represents distances within each sphere, but (in general) distorts radial distances and angles. Another popular choice is the isotropic chart, which correctly represents angles (but in general distorts both radial and transverse distances). A third choice is the Gaussian polar chart, which correctly represents radial distances, but distorts transverse distances and angles. There are other possible charts; the article on spherically symmetric spacetime describes a coordinate system with intuitively appealing features for studying infalling matter. In all cases, the nested geometric spheres are represented by coordinate spheres, so we can say that their roundness is correctly represented.
Definition
In a Gaussian polar chart (on a static spherically symmetric spacetime), the metric (aka line element) takes the form
Depending on context, it may be appropriate to regard and as undetermined functions of the radial coordinate . Alternatively, we can plug in specific functions (possibly depending on some parameters) to obtain an isotropic coordinate chart on a specific Lorentzian spacetime.
Applications
Gaussian charts are often less convenient than Schwarzschild or isotropic charts. However, they have found occasional application in the theory of static spherically symmetric perfect fluids.
See also
Static spacetime
Static spherically symmetric perfect fluids
Schwarzschild coordinates
Isotropic coordinates
Frame fields in general relativity for more about frame fields and coframe fields.
Coordina |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge%20vector%E2%80%93tensor%20gravity | Gauge vector–tensor gravity (GVT) is a relativistic generalization of Mordehai Milgrom's modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) paradigm where gauge fields cause the MOND behavior. The former covariant realizations of MOND such as the Bekenestein's tensor–vector–scalar gravity and the Moffat's scalar–tensor–vector gravity attribute MONDian behavior to some scalar fields. GVT is the first example wherein the MONDian behavior is mapped to the gauge vector fields.
The main features of GVT can be summarized as follows:
As it is derived from the action principle, GVT respects conservation laws;
In the weak-field approximation of the spherically symmetric, static solution, GVT reproduces the MOND acceleration formula;
It can accommodate gravitational lensing.
It is in total agreement with the Einstein–Hilbert action in the strong and Newtonian gravities.
Its dynamical degrees of freedom are:
Two gauge fields: ;
A metric, .
Details
The physical geometry, as seen by particles, represents the Finsler geometry–Randers type:
This implies that the orbit of a particle with mass can be derived from the following effective action:
The geometrical quantities are Riemannian. GVT, thus, is a bi-geometric gravity.
Action
The metric's action coincides to that of the Einstein–Hilbert gravity:
where is the Ricci scalar constructed out from the metric. The action of the gauge fields follow:
where L has the following MOND asymptotic behaviors
and represent the coupling constants of the theory while are the parameters of the theory and
Coupling to the matter
Metric couples to the energy-momentum tensor. The matter current is the source field of both gauge fields. The matter current is
where is the density and represents the four velocity.
Regimes of the GVT theory
GVT accommodates the Newtonian and MOND regime of gravity; but it admits the post-MONDian regime.
Strong and Newtonian regimes
The strong and Newtonian regime of the theory is defined to be where hol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin%20Vornicu | Valentin Vornicu is a mathematician, professional midstakes poker player, and former software engineer, with 12 World Series of Poker circuit rings. Valentin is from Romania and now resides in San Diego, California. Vornicu is the founder of MathLinks, an educational resource company. Before founding MathLinks, he worked as a full-stack engineer for Art of Problem Solving.
Mathematics and education
Valentin Vornicu was a part of the Romanian team for the International Mathematics Olympiad (IMO) in 2001 and 2002. In 2002 he earned a bronze medal at the IMO. He graduated at the University of Bucharest in 2006, and got his Master's Degree in Algebra and Number Theory at the same University in 2008. Vornicu also, in 2007, discovered a generalized form of Schur's inequality, usually cited on online forums as "Vornicu-Schur inequality", which he published in a problem-solving book titled Olimpiada de Matematica.
MathLinks.ro and Art of Problem Solving
In 2002, Vornicu founded an educational resource company known as MathLinks.ro. In 2004, he merged the company with Art of Problem Solving, a company in which he was previously the webmaster. In 2010, he left the company, but is still involved by teaching for the online school.
International Mathematical Olympiad
Vornicu was a 2-time IMO participant, having won a Honorable Mention in 2001, and a Bronze Medal in 2002, but his involvement with the IMO did not stop here. He was Observer A with the Romanian delegation at the IMO 2003 in Japan, Observer B at the IMO 2004 in Greece, a Coordinator at the IMO 2005 in Mexico as well as the IMO 2006 in Slovenia, Observer B at the IMO 2007 in Vietnam and again a Coordinator for the IMO 2008 in Spain. He co-wrote one of the problems used in the IMO 2004 test. Currently, he is tutoring rising students for mathematical olympiads part-time.
MathLinks Summer Program
Vornicu founded the MathLinks Summer Program in 2011. This is a newly created three-week residential summer math progra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denjoy%E2%80%93Wolff%20theorem | In mathematics, the Denjoy–Wolff theorem is a theorem in complex analysis and dynamical systems concerning fixed points and iterations of holomorphic mappings of the unit disc in the complex numbers into itself. The result was proved independently in 1926 by the French mathematician Arnaud Denjoy and the Dutch mathematician Julius Wolff.
Statement
Theorem. Let D be the open unit disk in C and let f be a holomorphic function mapping D into D which is not an automorphism of D (i.e. a Möbius transformation). Then there is a unique point z in the closure of D such that the iterates of f tend to z uniformly on compact subsets of D. If z lies in D, it is the unique fixed point of f. The mapping f leaves invariant hyperbolic disks centered on z, if z lies in D, and disks tangent to the unit circle at z, if z lies on the boundary of D.
When the fixed point is at z = 0, the hyperbolic disks centred at z are just the Euclidean disks with centre 0. Otherwise f can be conjugated by a Möbius transformation so that the fixed point is zero. An elementary proof of the theorem is given below, taken from Shapiro (1993) and Burckel (1981). Two other short proofs can be found in Carleson & Gamelin (1993).
Proof of theorem
Fixed point in the disk
If f has a fixed point z in D then, after conjugating by a Möbius transformation, it can be assumed that z = 0. Let M(r) be the maximum modulus of f on |z| = r < 1. By the Schwarz lemma
for |z| ≤ r, where
It follows by iteration that
for |z| ≤ r. These two inequalities imply the result in this case.
No fixed points
When f acts in D without fixed points, Wolff showed that there is a point z on the boundary such that the iterates of f leave invariant each disk tangent to the boundary at that point.
Take a sequence increasing to 1 and set
By applying Rouché's theorem to and , has exactly one zero in D.
Passing to a subsequence if necessary, it can be assumed that The point z cannot lie in D, because,
by passing to the limit, z wo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Place%20to%20Hide%20%28Bradley%20book%29 | No Place to Hide is a 1948 book by American writer David J. Bradley published by Little, Brown and Company. The book is a Harvard Medical School graduate's autobiographical tale of his work in the Radiological Safety Section in the Pacific in the aftermath of the Bikini atomic bomb tests, Operation Crossroads. The book alerted the world to the dangers of radioactive fallout from nuclear weapon explosions. The book was marketed for Bantam by Judith Merril, who found Bradley's prose "a man's book with little appeal for women", leading her to later write her own nuclear war story Shadow on the Hearth from the homemaker's perspective. Bradley toured lecturing on the dangers of fallout, including a 1950 lecture at Ford Hall Forum.
The book was reissued with an epilogue in 1984. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric%20map | In the mathematical theory of metric spaces, a metric map is a function between metric spaces that does not increase any distance. These maps are the morphisms in the category of metric spaces, Met. Such functions are always continuous functions.
They are also called Lipschitz functions with Lipschitz constant 1, nonexpansive maps, nonexpanding maps, weak contractions, or short maps.
Specifically, suppose that and are metric spaces and is a function from to . Thus we have a metric map when, for any points and in ,
Here and denote the metrics on and respectively.
Examples
Consider the metric space with the Euclidean metric. Then the function is a metric map, since for , .
Category of metric maps
The function composition of two metric maps is another metric map, and the identity map on a metric space is a metric map, which is also the identity element for function composition. Thus metric spaces together with metric maps form a category Met. Met is a subcategory of the category of metric spaces and Lipschitz functions. A map between metric spaces is an isometry if and only if it is a bijective metric map whose inverse is also a metric map. Thus the isomorphisms in Met are precisely the isometries.
Strictly metric maps
One can say that is strictly metric if the inequality is strict for every two different points. Thus a contraction mapping is strictly metric, but not necessarily the other way around. Note that an isometry is never strictly metric, except in the degenerate case of the empty space or a single-point space.
Multivalued version
A mapping from a metric space to the family of nonempty subsets of is said to be Lipschitz if there exists such that
for all , where is the Hausdorff distance. When , is called nonexpansive and when , is called a contraction.
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20National%20Mathematical%20Olympiad | The Indian National Mathematical Olympiad (INMO) is a high school mathematics competition held annually in India since 1989. It is the third tier in the Indian team selection procedure for the International Mathematical Olympiad and is conducted by the Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education (HBCSE) under the aegis of the National Board of Higher Mathematics (NBHM).
The Mathematical Olympiad Program is a five stage process conducted under the aegis of National Board for Higher Mathematics (NBHM). The first stage PRMO is conducted by the Mathematics Teachers’ Association (India). All the remaining stages are organized by Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education (HBCSE).
Eligibility and participant selection process
The INMO is conducted by the MO Cell which is held on the third Sunday of January at 30 centers across the country. Prospective candidates first need to write the Pre-Regional Mathematical Olympiad (known as PRMO or Pre-RMO) then the Regional Mathematical Olympiad of their respective state or region. Around thirty students are selected from each region, to write the INMO. The best-performing students from the RMO (approximately 900) qualify for the second stage INMO.
Structure of the examination
The Indian National Mathematics Olympiad is the national level Olympiad which is conducted to select students for the International Mathematical Olympiad Training Camp, which is further conducted to select the Indian team for the International Mathematical Olympiad. It is similar to the USAMO conducted in the USA. The exam structure various from year to year. From 2024 onwards, INMO will consist of 6 problems to be solved over a span of 4.5 hrs. The topics asked are generally what is taught at high school level, except calculus. The difficulty of the problems tends to be generally higher than what is done in schools, with strong focus on application of concepts. The topics generally covered are Number Theory, Geometry, Combinatorics and Algebra.
Further stag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20filter | A crystal filter allows some frequencies to 'pass' through an electrical circuit while attenuating undesired frequencies. An electronic filter can use quartz crystals as resonator components of a filter circuit. Quartz crystals are piezoelectric, so their mechanical characteristics can affect electronic circuits (see mechanical filter). In particular, quartz crystals can exhibit mechanical resonances with a very high factor (from 10,000 to 100,000 and greater – far higher than conventional resonators built from inductors and capacitors). The crystal's stability and its high Q factor allow crystal filters to have precise center frequencies and steep band-pass characteristics. Typical crystal filter attenuation in the band-pass is approximately 2-3dB. Crystal filters are commonly used in communication devices such as radio receivers.
Crystal filters are used in the intermediate frequency (IF) stages of high-quality radio receivers. They are preferred because they are very stable mechanically and thus have little change in resonant frequency with changes in operating temperature. For the highest available stability applications, crystals are placed in ovens with controlled temperature making operating temperature independent of ambient temperature.
Cheaper sets may use ceramic filters built from ceramic resonators (which also exploit the piezoelectric effect) or tuned LC circuits. Very high quality "crystal ladder" filters can be constructed of serial arrays of crystals.
The most common use of crystal filters are at frequencies of 9 MHz or 10.7 MHz to provide selectivity in communications receivers, or at higher frequencies as a roofing filter in receivers using up-conversion. The vibrating frequencies of the crystal are determined by its "cut" (physical shape), such as the common AT cut used for crystal filters designed for radio communications. The cut also determines some temperature characteristics, which affect the stability of the resonant frequency. However |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA | Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a control system architecture comprising computers, networked data communications and graphical user interfaces for high-level supervision of machines and processes. It also covers sensors and other devices, such as programmable logic controllers, which interface with process plant or machinery.
Explanation
The operator interfaces which enable monitoring and the issuing of process commands, like controller set point changes, are handled through the SCADA computer system. The subordinated operations, e.g. the real-time control logic or controller calculations, are performed by networked modules connected to the field sensors and actuators.
The SCADA concept was developed to be a universal means of remote-access to a variety of local control modules, which could be from different manufacturers and allowing access through standard automation protocols. In practice, large SCADA systems have grown to become very similar to distributed control systems in function, while using multiple means of interfacing with the plant. They can control large-scale processes that can include multiple sites, and work over large distances as well as small distance. It is one of the most commonly-used types of industrial control systems, in spite of concerns about SCADA systems being vulnerable to cyberwarfare/cyberterrorism attacks.
Control operations
The key attribute of a SCADA system is its ability to perform a supervisory operation over a variety of other proprietary devices.
The accompanying diagram is a general model which shows functional manufacturing levels using computerised control.
Referring to the diagram,
Level 0 contains the field devices such as flow and temperature sensors, and final control elements, such as control valves.
Level 1 contains the industrialised input/output (I/O) modules, and their associated distributed electronic processors.
Level 2 contains the supervisory computers, which collate information |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate%20family | In differential geometry, the associate family (or Bonnet family) of a minimal surface is a one-parameter family of minimal surfaces which share the same Weierstrass data. That is, if the surface has the representation
the family is described by
where indicates the real part of a complex number.
For θ = π/2 the surface is called the conjugate of the θ = 0 surface.
The transformation can be viewed as locally rotating the principal curvature directions. The surface normals of a point with a fixed ζ remains unchanged as θ changes; the point itself moves along an ellipse.
Some examples of associate surface families are: the catenoid and helicoid family, the Schwarz P, Schwarz D and gyroid family, and the Scherk's first and second surface family. The Enneper surface is conjugate to itself: it is left invariant as θ changes.
Conjugate surfaces have the property that any straight line on a surface maps to a planar geodesic on its conjugate surface and vice versa. If a patch of one surface is bounded by a straight line, then the conjugate patch is bounded by a planar symmetry line. This is useful for constructing minimal surfaces by going to the conjugate space: being bound by planes is equivalent to being bound by a polygon.
There are counterparts to the associate families of minimal surfaces in higher-dimensional spaces and manifolds. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimp%C3%ADada%20de%20Matem%C3%A1tica%20do%20Grande%20ABC | The Olimpíada de Matemática do Grande ABC (English:Grande ABC Mathematical Olympiad), or OMABC is a mathematical competition for pre-collegiate Brazilian students of Grande ABC region, composed by the following cities:
Santo André
São Caetano do Sul
São Bernardo do Campo
Diadema
Mauá
Ribeirão Pires
Rio Grande da Serra
The Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas da Universidade Metodista de São Paulo is the main organizator of this event, who create the tests and correct then. The main purpose of this olympiad is improve the mathematical knowledge, encouraging the study and research in scientific areas., and contributing to participate in national mathematical competitions, like Olimpíada Brasileira de Matemática das Escolas Públicas and Olimpíada Brasileira de Matemática. The first edition was held in 2004.
Awards
Students
The participants are ranked based on their individual scores. Medals are awarded to the highest ranked participants, such that slightly less than half of them receive a medal. Subsequently, the cutoffs (minimum scores required to receive a gold, silver or bronze medal respectively) are chosen such that the ratio of gold to silver to bronze medals awarded approximates 1 : 2 : 3.
Gold medal
Silver medal
Bronze medal
Schools
Special prizes are awarded for the schools:
Trophy: For the schools whose students received at least a golden medal.
Honorable Mention: For the schools at least one student received an award.
Champions of OMABC
Schools awarded with trophies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptadecaphobia | Heptadecaphobia (Greek: , "seventeen" and , , "fear") or heptadekaphobia is the fear of the number 17. It is considered to be ill-fated in Italy and other countries of Greek and Latin origins, while the date Friday the 17th is considered especially unfortunate in Italy. The number is feared due to superstition, and is similar in nature to the fear of the number 13 in Anglo-Saxon countries.
History
In Ancient Greece, the number 17 was despised by followers of Pythagoras, as the number was between 16 and 18, which were perfect representations of 4×4 and 3×6 quadrilaterals, respectively.
In the Old Testament, it is written that the universal flood began on the 17th of the second month (Genesis, 7–11).
It has been suggested that the Romans found the number 17 disturbing because in Roman numerals XVII is an anagram of vixi, meaning "I have lived" (i.e. I am dead).
In La smorfia napoletana, a "dictionary" that associated certain vocabulary words to numbers to be played in the lottery, the number 17 is associated with ("misfortune").
Friday the 17th
In Italy, Friday the 17th is a date of misfortune, as it is a date of two negatives: Friday (from Good Friday, the day of Jesus' death) and the number 17.
Friday the 17th is similar to other unfortunate dates: for example, in Anglo-Saxon countries, this date is Friday the 13th, while in Spain, Greece, and South America, this date is Tuesday the 13th.
In mass media, the theme is portrayed in movies, such as The Virtuous Bigamist (Italian: Era di venerdì 17) and Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the 13th (Italian: Shriek - Hai impegni per venerdì 17?), where in English the title refers to the number 13.)
See also
List of phobias, including Numerophobia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream%20ripping | Stream ripping (also called stream recording) is the process of saving data streams to a file. The process is sometimes referred to as destreaming.
Stream ripping is most often referred in the context of saving audio or video from streaming media websites and services such as YouTube outside of the officially-provided means of offline playback (if any) using unsanctioned software and tools. This is often prohibited under each respective website or service's Terms of Use.
Legality
The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) has taken stances against tools that are, in particular, used to rip content from YouTube, citing that their use to download music from the website and convert them to audio formats constitutes a violation of their members' copyrights. The RIAA has targeted various stream ripping websites (including the websites themselves, and listings for them via search engines) under the anti-circumvention provisions of the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), under its claim that a "rolling cipher" used by YouTube to generate the URL for the video file itself constitutes a technical protection measure, since it is "intended to inhibit direct access to the underlying YouTube video files, thereby preventing or inhibiting the downloading, copying, or distribution of the video files". Unlike the more common forms of takedowns performed under the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act, there is no scheme of counter-notices for such takedowns. These actions have faced criticism, noting that there are legitimate uses for these services beyond ripping music, such as downloading video content needed to utilize one's right to fair use, or explicit rights of reuse (such as free content licenses) granted by a content creator.
In October 2020, the RIAA similarly issued takedowns to code hosting service GitHub targeting youtube-dl, an open source tool for similar purposes, also citing circumvention of the aforementioned "rolling cipher |
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