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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolume | Isolumes are the preferred light zone of an organism in the ocean in the preferendum hypothesis. The preferendum hypothesis suggests that some organisms living in the mesopelagic zone, change their depth as light levels change in order to remain in their isolume. Organisms prefer to remain within a certain light level for a variety of reason. Some organisms, like Sergestidae, Euphausiid, and Palinuridae, use bioluminescence to camouflage their existence from predators and they change their depth as conditions change to stay in their isolume. Zooplankton in Arctic and Antarctic regions will remain at the same depth for months at a time due to the long winters with little to no daylight.
Organisms of the same species do not always exist in the same isolume and numerous factors can change what light levels an organism prefers to live within including age, sex, and competition for food. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/495%20%28number%29 | 495 (four hundred [and] ninety-five) is the natural number following 494 and preceding 496. It is a pentatope number (and so a binomial coefficient ). The maximal number of pieces that can be obtained by cutting an annulus with 30 cuts.
Kaprekar transformation
The Kaprekar's routine algorithm is defined as follows for three-digit numbers:
Take any three-digit number, other than repdigits such as 111. Leading zeros are allowed.
Arrange the digits in descending and then in ascending order to get two three-digit numbers, adding leading zeros if necessary.
Subtract the smaller number from the bigger number.
Go back to step 2 and repeat.
Repeating this process will always reach 495 in a few steps. Once 495 is reached, the process stops because 954 – 459 = 495.
Example
For example, choose 495:
495
The only three-digit numbers for which this function does not work are repdigits such as 111, which give the answer 0 after a single iteration. All other three-digit numbers work if leading zeros are used to keep the number of digits at 3:
211 – 112 = 099
990 – 099 = 891 (rather than 99 – 99 = 0)
981 – 189 = 792
972 – 279 = 693
963 – 369 = 594
954 − 459 = 495
The number 6174 has the same property for the four-digit numbers, albeit has a much greater percentage of workable numbers.
See also
Collatz conjecture — sequence of unarranged-digit numbers always ends with the number 1. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit%20design%20language | A circuit design language (CDL) is a kind of netlist, a description of an electronic circuit. It is usually automatically generated from a circuit schematic. It is used for electronic circuit simulation and layout versus schematic (LVS) checks. It is similar to SPICE netlists, but with some extensions.
Several vendors such as Cadence Design Systems, Mentor Graphics, and Synopsys support CDL netlists, although their solutions may be proprietary and not readable by competing systems. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour%20extraction | Flour extraction is the common process of refining Whole Grain Flour first milled from grain or grist by running it through sifting devices, often called flour dressers.
Definition
For centuries, much of the flour milled for human consumption has been run through some kind of “bolting”, sifting or “extraction” process. This flour is extracted from whole grains for one of two reasons; firstly, to decrease the tendency for rancidity. The milling systems with a lower extraction percentage discard most of the rancidity prone nutritional minerals and oils associated with the bran and germ elements, of the wheat kernel. Baking functionality is the other issue, with increased loaf volume accomplished by simply removing just the larger flour particles. Like the lower extraction white flour, higher extraction flour still creates a smoother dough more inclined to hold the gas created during fermentation. However, higher extraction flour also retains the sensory flavors and nutrition associated with the smaller bran and germ elements that are also extracted along with the endosperm.
History
“White flour”, extracted from whole grains by Roller mills that eliminates the rancidity prone bran and germ elements of the wheat kernel was introduced in the late 19th century. By first hydrating the outer wheat kernel bran and germ elements to keep them intact, this new system then employed steel rollers instead of circulating stones to repetitively fracture the remaining starchy endosperm element into fine particles. The extracted endosperm flour came to be known as “white flour” as this element of the wheat kernel is white. This system ingeniously accomplished the extraction of most of the starchy endosperm while separating out virtually all of the bran and germ elements, extracting about 72% of the whole grain kernel. Roller milling eventually came (and continues) to dominate the world’s flour production. Well over 90% of U.S. flour production in 2017 was roller milled white enric |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-mortem%20privacy | Post-mortem privacy is a person's ability to control the dissemination of personal information after death. An individual's reputation and dignity after death is also subject to post-mortem privacy protections. In the US, no federal laws specifically extend post-mortem privacy protection. At the state level, privacy laws pertaining to the deceased vary significantly, but in general do not extend any clear rights of privacy beyond property rights. The relative lack of acknowledgment of post-mortem privacy rights has sparked controversy, as rapid technological advancements have resulted in increased amounts of personal information stored and shared online.
Law
United States
Under common law, the right to privacy is considered a personal right, meaning it applies only to the living and, consequently, does not recognize the privacy interests of the deceased. Because of this, defamation and privacy torts that are used to prevent unjust damage to individuals' reputations cannot be extended post-mortem. For example, a family cannot file suit for invasion of privacy on behalf of a deceased relative as a personal right; it can only be exerted by the person whose rights are being infringed upon. In addition, the deceased do not qualify for privacy protections held in constitutional and statutory rights, such as those noted in the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. Judicial justification for the termination of privacy rights at death is centered on two main points: firstly, the deceased can no longer be active agents, and secondly, the deceased are incapable of being harmed by invasion of privacy or defamation. The only clear extension of postmortem privacy rights under federal law are those pertaining to property. Via Will, private property and some personal information can be passed on to heirs in accordance with the decedent's wishes.
Most post-mortem privacy protection occurs on the state level. Thus, legislation and the degree of protection varies widely from state t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpetology | Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν herpetón, meaning "reptile" or "creeping animal") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and reptiles (including snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids, turtles, terrapins, tortoises, crocodilians, and tuataras). Birds, which are cladistically included within Reptilia, are traditionally excluded here; the scientific study of birds is the subject of ornithology.
The definition of herpetology can be more precisely stated as the study of ectothermic (cold-blooded) tetrapods. This definition "herps" (or sometimes "herptiles" or "herpetofauna") excludes fish, but it is not uncommon for herpetological and ichthyological scientific societies to collaborate. Examples include publishing joint journals and holding conferences to foster the exchange of ideas between the fields, as the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists does. Herpetological societies are formed to promote interest in reptiles and amphibians, both captive and wild.
Herpetological studies can offer benefits relevant to humanity-centric fields by researching of the role of amphibians and reptiles in global ecology. Examples: by monitoring amphibians that are very sensitive to environmental changes, herpetologists record visible warnings that significant changes in climate are taking place. Some toxins and venoms produced by reptiles and amphibians are useful in human medicine. Currently, some snake venom has been used to create anti-coagulants that work to treat strokes and heart attacks.
Naming and etymology
The word herpetology is from Greek: ἑρπετόν, herpetón, "creeping animal" and , -logia, "knowledge". People with an avid interest in herpetology and who keep different reptiles or amphibians often refer to themselves as "herpers".
"Herp" is a vernacular term for non-avian reptiles and amphibians. It is derived from the old term "herpetile", with roots back to Linnae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveCode | LiveCode (formerly Revolution and MetaCard) is a cross-platform rapid application development runtime system inspired by HyperCard. It features the LiveCode Script (formerly MetaTalk) programming language which belongs to the family of xTalk scripting languages like HyperCard's HyperTalk.
The environment was introduced in 2001. The "Revolution" development system was based on the MetaCard engine technology which Runtime Revolution later acquired from MetaCard Corporation in 2003. The platform won the Macworld Annual Editor's Choice Award for "Best Development Software" in 2004. "Revolution" was renamed "LiveCode" in the fall of 2010. "LiveCode" is developed and sold by Runtime Revolution Ltd., based in Edinburgh, Scotland. In March 2015, the company was renamed "LiveCode Ltd.", to unify the company name with the product. In April 2013, a free/open source version 'LiveCode Community Edition 6.0' was published after a successful crowdfunding campaign at Kickstarter. The code base was re-licensed and made available as free and open source software with a version in April 2013.
LiveCode runs on iOS, Android, OS X, Windows 95 through Windows 10, Raspberry Pi and several variations of Unix, including Linux, Solaris, and BSD. It can be used for mobile, desktop and server/CGI applications. The iOS (iPhone and iPad) version was released in December 2010. The first version to deploy to the Web was released in 2009. It is the most widely used HyperCard/HyperTalk clone, and the only one that runs on all major operating systems.
A developer release of v.8 was announced in New York on March 12, 2015. This major enhancement to the product includes a new, separate development language, known as "LiveCode Builder", which is capable of creating new object classes called "widgets". In earlier versions, the set of object classes was fixed, and could be enhanced only via the use of ordinary procedural languages such as C. The new language, which runs in its own IDE, is a departur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20disorder | A communication disorder is any disorder that affects an individual's ability to comprehend, detect, or apply language and speech to engage in dialogue effectively with others. The delays and disorders can range from simple sound substitution to the inability to understand or use one's native language.
Diagnosis
Disorders and tendencies included and excluded under the category of communication disorders may vary by source. For example, the definitions offered by the American Speech–Language–Hearing Association differ from those of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual 4th edition (DSM-IV).
Gleanson (2001) defines a communication disorder as a speech and language disorder which refers to problems in communication and in related areas such as oral motor function. The delays and disorders can range from simple sound substitution to the inability to understand or use one's native language. In general, communication disorders commonly refer to problems in speech (comprehension and/or expression) that significantly interfere with an individual's achievement and/or quality of life. Knowing the operational definition of the agency performing an assessment or giving a diagnosis may help.
Persons who speak more than one language or are considered to have an accent in their location of residence do not have a speech disorder if they are speaking in a manner consistent with their home environment or that is a blending of their home and foreign environment.
DSM-IV
According to the DSM-IV-TR (no longer used), communication disorders were usually first diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, though they are not limited as childhood disorders and may persist into adulthood. They may also occur with other disorders.
Diagnosis involved testing and evaluation during which it is determined if the scores/performance are "substantially below" developmental expectations and if they "significantly" interfere with academic achievement, social interactions, and daily living. This asse |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleornithology | Paleornithology, also known as avian paleontology, is the scientific study of bird evolution and fossil birds. It is a hybrid of ornithology and paleontology. Paleornithology began with the discovery of Archaeopteryx. The reptilian relationship of birds and their ancestors, the theropod dinosaurs, are important aspects of paleornithological research. Other areas of interest to paleornithologists are the early sea-birds Ichthyornis, Hesperornis, and others. Notable paleornithologists are Storrs L. Olson, Alexander Wetmore, Alan Feduccia, Cécile Mourer-Chauviré, Philip Ashmole, Pierce Brodkorb, Trevor H. Worthy, Zhou Zhonghe, Yevgeny Kurochkin, Bradley C. Livezey, Gareth J. Dyke, Luis M. Chiappe, Gerald Mayr and David Steadman. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC%20applications | Microprocessors belonging to the PowerPC/Power ISA architecture family have been used in numerous applications.
Personal Computers
Apple Computer was the dominant player in the market of personal computers based on PowerPC processors until 2006 when it switched to Intel-based processors. Apple used PowerPC processors in the Power Mac, iMac, eMac, PowerBook, iBook, Mac mini, and Xserve. Classic Macintosh accelerator boards using PowerPCs were made by DayStar Digital, Newer Technology, Sonnet Technologies, and TotalImpact.
There have been several attempts to create PowerPC reference platforms for computers by IBM and others: The IBM PReP (PowerPC Reference Platform) is a system standard intended to ensure compatibility among PowerPC-based systems built by different companies; IBM POP (PowerPC Open Platform) is an open and free standard and design of PowerPC motherboards. Pegasos Open Desktop Workstation (ODW) is an open and free standard and design of PowerPC motherboards based on Marvell Discovery II (MV64361) chipset; PReP standard specifies the PCI bus, but will also support ISA, MicroChannel, and PCMCIA. PReP-compliant systems will be able to run OS/2, AIX, Solaris, Taligent, and Windows NT; and the CHRP (Common Hardware Reference Platform) is an open platform agreed on by Apple, IBM, and Motorola. All CHRP systems will be able to run Mac OS, OS/2-PPC, Windows NT, AIX, Solaris, Novell Netware. CHRP is a superset of PReP and the PowerMac platforms.
Power.org has defined the Power Architecture Platform Reference (PAPR) that provides the foundation for development of computers based on the Linux operating system.
List of computers based on PowerPC:
Amiga accelerator boards:
Phase5 Blizzard PPC.
Phase5 CyberStorm PPC.
Apple
iMac
PowerMac
Xserve
Mac mini
iBook
PowerBook
Eyetech
AmigaOne
Genesi
Pegasos Open Desktop Workstation (ODW).
EFIKA
IBM
RS/6000 AIX workstations
ACube Systems Srl
Sam440 (Samantha)
Sam460ex (Samantha)
Servers
Apple
Xse |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Horse%20of%20Kent | The white horse of Kent, known colloquially as the white horse rampant, is a symbol of the county of Kent, in south-east England. The heraldic image is correctly blazoned as Gules, a stallion forcené argent (strictly the term rampant applies to heraldic lions).
The figure of the prancing white horse can also be referred to as Invicta, which is the motto of Kent.
Origin
The white horse of Kent is the old symbol for the Jutish Kingdom of Kent, dating from the 6th–8th century.
The white horse relates to the emblem of Horsa, the brother of Hengest, who according to legend defeated the King Vortigern near Aylesford. Other sources point to the existence of pre-Roman coins from the area depicting the horse.
The first recorded reference to the white horse can be found in Restitution of Decayed Antiquities from 1605 by Richard Verstegan. The book shows an engraving of Hengist and Horsa landing in Kent in 449 under the banner of a rampant white horse.
Historian James Lloyd equates the White Horse of Kent with the Saxon Steed, a continental emblem, though suggesting the two symbols derive from a common root rather than the one from the other.
The continental emblem can be found from the coat of arms of Lower Saxony, the Dutch region of Twente, and the House of Welf, who adapted it in the late 14th century.
Lloyd confirms the existence of a Celtic horse cult in pre-Roman Kent; and points out that the Saxon emblem of the brother's time was the dragon, and that Kent was a Jutish, rather than a Saxon kingdom. He further suggests the Saxon Steed motif was invented in the 14th century "as a faux ancient symbol for the Saxons", being derived from an account by Gobelinus of the myth of Hengist and Horsa in Britain, thus tracing both emblems independently to the same source.
Usage
The horse is a key part of the official coat of arms of the county, and appears on the coat of arms of many of the boroughs of Kent, and London boroughs historically part of Kent, like in the coat of ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter%20cereal | Winter cereals, also called winter grains, fall cereals, fall grains, or autumn-sown grains, are biennial cereal crops sown in the autumn. They germinate before winter comes, may partially grow during mild winters or simply persevere under a sufficiently thick snow cover to continue their life cycle in spring.
They are harvested earlier than grains of the same type sown in springtime. In general, winter cereals have a much higher yield than spring cereals because they can use snow as moisture for growth.
Winter strains are available for rye (winter or fall rye), wheat (winter or fall wheat), barley (winter or fall barley) and triticale (winter triticale).
See also
Rabi crop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackle | Blackle is an internet search engine powered by Google Programmable Search Engine. Blackle was created by Tony Heap of Heap Media Australia, which aims to save energy by displaying a black background with a grayish-white text color on search results. Blackle claims to have saved over 10.07 MWh of electrical energy as of July 2023.
Concept
The concept behind Blackle is that computer monitors can be made to use less energy by displaying much darker colors. Blackle is based on a study which tested a variety of CRT and LCD monitors. However, these claims are disputed over whether there are any energy saving effects, especially for users of LCD screens, where there is a constant backlight.
This concept was first brought to the attention of Heap Media by a blog post, which estimated that Google could save 750 megawatt hours a year by utilizing it for CRT screens. The homepage of Blackle provides a count of the number of watt hours claimed to have been saved by enabling this concept.
History
Blackle launched in January 2007. During this time, Blackle gained popularity and was featured in multiple mainstream media outlets.
Blackle international, which translated Blackle into Portuguese, French, Czech, Italian, and Dutch was retired in 2019. While the International page is still up, every link listed has experienced link rot. As of 2021, the site is only available in English.
See also
Light-on-dark color scheme
Performance per watt
Comparison of web search engines
List of search engines
List of search engines by popularity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SecureCRT | SecureCRT is a commercial SSH and Telnet client and terminal emulator by VanDyke Software. Originally a Windows product, VanDyke later added a Mac OS X version in 2010 with release v6.6 and a Linux version in 2011 with release v6.7.
History
SecureCRT is a GUI-based telnet client and terminal emulator originally called CRT. It was first released in the autumn of 1995 by VanDyke Software. Originally released as a premium version of CRT with support for SSH encryption, SecureCRT later absorbed the CRT product entirely. The program is part of a line of networking software which includes SecureFX, a file transfer client with SSL capability, and VShell, an SSH server.
SecureCRT and SecureFX can be started from within each other and use a combined host information list. A separately-sold pack of command-line tools (e.g., scp, modeled after the Unix command of the same name) for use with VShell is also sold by the company. All offerings are commercialware.
Features
Graphical user interface with tab support and configurable sessions
Extensive protocol support (SSH1, SSH2, RDP, Telnet, Telnet over SSL, Rlogin, Serial, TAPI)
Support for a large number of ciphers: AES-128, AES-192, AES-256, AES-128-CTR, AES-192-CTR, AES-256-CTR, Twofish, Blowfish, 3DES, and RC4
Advanced SSH features including public key assistant, X.509, smart card and GSSAPI support, X11 forwarding, tunneling of other protocols,
Advanced terminal emulation capabilities (VT100, VT102, VT220, ANSI, SCO ANSI, Wyse 50/60, Xterm, and Linux terminals) with full Unicode support
128,000-line scrollback and unlimited logging capabilities
WSH Scripting support, meaning it can be programmed in VBScript, JScript, PerlScript, ooRexxScript, PythonScript, TclScript, PHPScript, variants of Delphi, Rexx, Basic, and any other available WSH scripting engines.
File transfers available via SecureFX integration
FIPS compliance
Compatibility
SecureCRT runs on Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7, Windows 8, Win |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilse%20Fischer | Ilse Fischer (born 29 June 1975) is an Austrian mathematician whose research concerns enumerative combinatorics and algebraic combinatorics, connecting these topics to representation theory and statistical mechanics. She is a professor of mathematics at the University of Vienna.
Education and career
Fischer was born in Klagenfurt. She studied at the University of Vienna beginning in 1993, earning a master's degree (mag. rer. nat.), doctorate (dr. rer. nat.), and habilitation there respectively in 1998, 2000, and 2006. Her doctoral dissertation, Enumeration of perfect matchings: Rhombus tilings and Pfaffian graphs, was jointly supervised by Christian Krattenthaler and Franz Rendl, and her habilitation thesis was A polynomial method for the enumeration of plane partitions and alternating sign matrices.
She worked as an assistant at Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt from 1999 to 2004, with a year of postdoctoral research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2001. She moved to the University of Vienna in 2004, and at Vienna she was promoted to associate professor in 2011 and to full professor in 2017.
Recognition
Fischer won the 2006 Dr. Maria Schaumayer Prize,
and the 2009 Start-Preis of the Austrian Science Fund.
With Roger Behrend and Matjaž Konvalinka, Fischer is a winner of the 2019 David P. Robbins Prize of the American Mathematical Society and Mathematical Association of America, for their joint research on alternating sign matrices. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20test | The spectral test is a statistical test for the quality of a class of pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs), the linear congruential generators (LCGs). LCGs have a property that when plotted in 2 or more dimensions, lines or hyperplanes will form, on which all possible outputs can be found. The spectral test compares the distance between these planes; the further apart they are, the worse the generator is. As this test is devised to study the lattice structures of LCGs, it can not be applied to other families of PRNGs.
According to Donald Knuth, this is by far the most powerful test known, because it can fail LCGs which pass most statistical tests. The IBM subroutine RANDU LCG fails in this test for 3 dimensions and above. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov%20theorem | In mathematics the Markov theorem gives necessary and sufficient conditions for two braids to have closures that are equivalent knots or links. The conditions are stated in terms of the group structures on braids.
Braids are algebraic objects described by diagrams; the relation to topology is given by Alexander's theorem which states that every knot or link in three-dimensional Euclidean space is the closure of a braid. The Markov theorem, proved by Russian mathematician Andrei Andreevich Markov Jr. describes the elementary moves generating the equivalence relation on braids given by the equivalence of their closures.
More precisely Markov's theorem can be stated as follows: given two braids represented by elements in the braid groups , their closures are equivalent links if and only if can be obtained from applying to a sequence of the following operations:
conjugating in ;
replacing by (here are the standard generators of the braid groups; geometrically this amounts to adding a strand to the right of the braid diagram and twisting it once with the (previously) last strand);
the inverse of the previous operation (if with replace with ). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum | An alum () is a type of chemical compound, usually a hydrated double sulfate salt of aluminium with the general formula , where is a monovalent cation such as potassium or ammonium. By itself, "alum" often refers to potassium alum, with the formula . Other alums are named after the monovalent ion, such as sodium alum and ammonium alum.
The name "alum" is also used, more generally, for salts with the same formula and structure, except that aluminium is replaced by another trivalent metal ion like chromium, and/or sulfur is replaced by another chalcogen like selenium. The most common of these analogs is chrome alum .
In most industries, the name "alum" (or "papermaker's alum") is used to refer to aluminium sulfate, , which is used for most industrial flocculation (the variable is an integer whose size depends on the amount of water absorbed into the alum). In medicine, "alum" may also refer to aluminium hydroxide gel used as a vaccine adjuvant.
History
Alum found at archaeological sites
The western desert of Egypt was a major source of alum substitutes in antiquity. These evaporites were mainly , , , and .
The Ancient Greek Herodotus mentions Egyptian alum as a valuable commodity in The Histories.
The production of potassium alum from alunite is archaeologically attested on the island Lesbos.
The site was abandoned in the 7th century CE, but dates back at least to the 2nd century CE. Native alumen from the island of Melos appears to have been a mixture mainly of alunogen () with potassium alum and other minor sulfates.
Alumen in Pliny and Dioscorides
A detailed description of a substance called alumen occurs in the Roman Pliny the Elder's Natural History.
By comparing Pliny's description with the account of stypteria (στυπτηρία) given by Dioscorides, it is obvious the two are identical. Pliny informs us that a form of alumen was found naturally in the earth, and calls it salsugoterrae.
Pliny wrote that different substances were distinguished by the name of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylometry | Stylometry is the application of the study of linguistic style, usually to written language. It has also been applied successfully to music, paintings, and chess.
Stylometry is often used to attribute authorship to anonymous or disputed documents. It has legal as well as academic and literary applications, ranging from the question of the authorship of Shakespeare's works to forensic linguistics and has methodological similarities with the analysis of text readability.
Stylometry may be used to unmask pseudonymous or anonymous authors, or to reveal some information about the author short of a full identification. Authors may use adversarial stylometry to resist this identification by eliminating their own stylistic characteristics without changing the meaningful content of their communications. It can defeat analyses that do not account for its possibility, but the ultimate effectiveness of stylometry in an adversarial environment is uncertain: stylometric identification may not be reliable, but nor can non-identification be guaranteed; adversarial stylometry's practice itself may be detectable.
History
Stylometry grew out of earlier techniques of analyzing texts for evidence of authenticity, author identity, and other questions.
The modern practice of the discipline received publicity from the study of authorship problems in English Renaissance drama. Researchers and readers observed that some playwrights of the era had distinctive patterns of language preferences, and attempted to use those patterns to identify authors of uncertain or collaborative works. Early efforts were not always successful: in 1901, one researcher attempted to use John Fletcher's preference for " 'em", the contractional form of "them", as a marker to distinguish between Fletcher and Philip Massinger in their collaborations—- but he mistakenly employed an edition of Massinger's works in which the editor had expanded all instances of " 'em" to "them".
The basics of stylometry were |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS%206 | iOS 6 is the sixth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc, being the successor to iOS 5. It was announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 11, 2012, and was released on September 19, 2012. It was succeeded by iOS 7 on September 18, 2013.
iOS 6 added a new Apple Maps app, replacing Google Maps as the default mapping service for the operating system; a dedicated Podcasts app, as a central location for podcasts; and a Passbook app, for managing different types of tickets, boarding passes, coupons, and loyalty cards. The App Store received a visual overhaul, bringing a card-based app layout as well as tweaks to search algorithms. Facebook was integrated into the operating system, incorporating status messages, like buttons, and contact and event synchronization to several of Apple's apps. New privacy controls allow users more fine-grained app permissions, as well as an option to prevent targeted advertising. Siri was added to more devices, and updated with more functionality, including the ability to make restaurant reservations, launch apps, retrieve movie reviews and sports statistics, and read items from the Notification Center.
Reception of iOS 6 was positive. Critics noted that the operating system did not offer any significant speed improvements or major redesigned elements, but instead focused on refinements, with a general consensus that Apple "isn't overhauling things for the sake of it." iOS 6 didn't "completely change the way you use your device," but "each of the tweaks will make many daily smartphone actions easier across the board," and critics noted that refinement of "something that already works extremely well" is "something other companies would do well to emulate."
The release of Apple Maps, however, attracted significant criticism, due to inaccurate or incomplete data. The issues prompted an open letter of apology from Apple CEO Tim Cook. Scott Forstall, who had supervised iOS development si |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic%20TLS | Opportunistic TLS (Transport Layer Security) refers to extensions in plain text communication protocols, which offer a way to upgrade a plain text connection to an encrypted (TLS or SSL) connection instead of using a separate port for encrypted communication. Several protocols use a command named "STARTTLS" for this purpose. It is a form of opportunistic encryption and is primarily intended as a countermeasure to passive monitoring.
The STARTTLS command for IMAP and POP3 is defined in , for SMTP in , for XMPP in and for NNTP in . For IRC, the IRCv3 Working Group has defined the STARTTLS extension. FTP uses the command "AUTH TLS" defined in and LDAP defines a protocol extension OID in . HTTP uses an upgrade header.
Layering
TLS is application-neutral; in the words of :
One advantage of TLS is that it is application protocol independent. Higher-level protocols can layer on top of the TLS protocol transparently. The TLS standard, however, does not specify how protocols add security with TLS; the decisions on how to initiate TLS handshaking and how to interpret the authentication certificates exchanged are left to the judgment of the designers and implementors of protocols that run on top of TLS.
The style used to specify how to use TLS matches the same layer distinction that is also conveniently supported by several library implementations of TLS. E.g., the SMTP extension illustrates with the following dialog how a client and server can start a secure session:
S: <waits for connection on TCP port 25>
C: <opens connection>
S: 220 mail.example.org ESMTP service ready
C: EHLO client.example.org
S: 250-mail.example.org offers a warm hug of welcome
S: 250 STARTTLS
C: STARTTLS
S: 220 Go ahead
C: <starts TLS negotiation>
C & S: <negotiate a TLS session>
C & S: <check result of negotiation>
C: EHLO client.example.org
. . .
The last EHLO command above is issued over a secure channel. Note that authentication is optional in SMTP, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taking%20Sudoku%20Seriously | Taking Sudoku Seriously: The math behind the world's most popular pencil puzzle is a book on the mathematics of Sudoku. It was written by Jason Rosenhouse and Laura Taalman, and published in 2011 by the Oxford University Press. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. It was the 2012 winner of the PROSE Awards in the popular science and popular mathematics category.
Topics
The book is centered around Sudoku puzzles, using them as a jumping-off point "to discuss a broad spectrum of topics in mathematics". In many cases these topics are presented through simplified examples which can be understood by hand calculation before extending them to Sudoku itself using computers. The book also includes discussions on the nature of mathematics and the use of computers in mathematics.
After an introductory chapter on Sudoku and its deductive puzzle-solving techniques (also touching on Euler tours and Hamiltonian cycles), the book has eight more chapters and an epilogue. Chapters two and three discuss Latin squares, the thirty-six officers problem, Leonhard Euler's incorrect conjecture on Graeco-Latin squares, and related topics. Here, a Latin square is a grid of numbers with the same property as a Sudoku puzzle's solution of having each number appear once in each row and once in each column. They can be traced back to mathematics in medieval Islam, were studied recreationally by Benjamin Franklin, and have seen more serious application in the design of experiments and in error correction codes. Sudoku puzzles also constrain square blocks of cells to contain each number once, making a restricted type of Latin square called a gerechte design.
Chapters four and five concern the combinatorial enumeration of completed Sudoku puzzles, before and after factoring out the symmetries and equivalence classes of these puzzles using Burnside's lemma in group theory. Chapter six looks at |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobeline | Lobeline is a piperidine alkaloid found in a variety of plants, particularly those in the genus Lobelia, including Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata), Devil's tobacco (Lobelia tupa), great lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica), Lobelia chinensis, and Hippobroma longiflora. In its pure form, it is a white amorphous powder which is freely soluble in water.
Potential uses
Lobeline has been sold, in tablet form, for use as a smoking cessation aid, but scientific research has not provided supporting evidence for this use. Lobeline has also been studied for the treatment of other drug addictions such as addiction to amphetamines, cocaine, or alcohol; however, there is limited clinical evidence of any efficacy.
Toxicity
Ingestion of lobeline may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, dizziness, visual disturbances, hearing disturbances, mental confusion, weakness, slowed heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased breathing rate, tremors, and seizures. Lobeline has a narrow therapeutic index: the potentially beneficial dose of lobeline is very close to the toxic dose.
Pharmacology
Lobeline has multiple mechanisms of action, acting as a VMAT2 ligand, which stimulates dopamine release to a moderate extent when administered alone, but reduces the dopamine release caused by methamphetamine. It also inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin, and acts as a mixed agonist–antagonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to which it binds at the subunit interfaces of the extracellular domain. It is also an antagonist at μ-opioid receptors. It seems to be a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, according to at least one study. It has been hypothesized that P-glycoprotein inhibition reduces chemotherapeutic resistance in cancer, presumably affecting any substrates of P-gp.
Analogous compounds, such as lobelane (a minor alkaloid found in the same plants) and its synthetic derivatives have similar biological effects with somewhat different relative affinities to VMAT and other proteins. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seances%20%28film%29 | Seances is a 2016 interactive project by filmmaker and installation artist Guy Maddin, with co-creators Evan Johnson and Galen Johnson, and the National Film Board of Canada, combining Maddin's recreations of lost films with an algorithmic film generator that allows for multiple storytelling permutations. Maddin began the project in 2012 in Paris, France, shooting footage for 18 films at the Centre Georges Pompidou (this installation was titled Spiritismes, the French word for "seances", leading to press confusion about the project title) and continued shooting footage for an additional 12 films at the Phi Centre in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The Paris and Montreal shoots each took three weeks, with Maddin completing one short film of approximately 15–20 minutes each day. The shoots were also presented as art installation projects, during which Maddin, along with the cast and crew, held a “séance” during which Maddin "invite[d] the spirit of a lost photoplay to possess them."
Production history
Seances grew out of Maddin’s Hauntings project. Noah Cowan, a former director of the Toronto International Film Festival, told Maddin "he didn’t think it was possible to make art on the Internet", which "reminded [Maddin] of what people said about cinema when it was starting out, when the moviolas and kinetoscopes were considered artless novelties."
Maddin began with the idea of “shooting adaptations of lost films” and originally conceived the project as making “title-for-title remakes of specific lost films” but altered this plan in favour of producing original material as the project developed. Maddin completed 11 films to show as installation loops for Noah Cowan and the Toronto International Film Festival’s Bell Lightbox theatre for this 2010 Hauntings project.
At the SXSW 2012 festival, Maddin announced that he had begun production on the Seances project, for which he would shoot one hundred short films within a hundred-day span, at locations in Canada, France, and the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Course%20%28medicine%29 | In medicine the term course generally takes one of two meanings, both reflecting the sense of "path that something or someone moves along...process or sequence or steps":
A course of medication is a period of continual treatment with drugs, sometimes with variable dosage and in particular combinations. For instance treatment with some drugs should not end abruptly. Instead, their course should end with a tapering dosage.
Antibiotics: Taking the full course of antibiotics is important to prevent reinfection and/or development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Steroids: For both short-term and long-term steroid treatment, when stopping treatment, the dosage is tapered rather than abruptly ended. This permits the adrenal glands to resume the body's natural production of cortisol. Abrupt discontinuation can result in adrenal insufficiency; and/or steroid withdrawal syndrome (a rebound effect in which exaggerated symptoms return).
The course of a disease, also called its natural history, is the development of the disease in a patient, including the sequence and speed of the stages and forms they take. Typical courses of diseases include:
chronic
recurrent or relapsing
subacute: somewhere between an acute and a chronic course
acute: beginning abruptly, intensifying rapidly, not lasting long
fulminant or peracute: particularly acute, especially if unusually violent
A patient may be said to be at the beginning, the middle or the end, or at a particular stage of the course of a disease or a treatment. A precursor is a sign or event that precedes the course or a particular stage in the course of a disease, for example chills often are precursors to fevers. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20probe | A spin probe is a molecule with stable free radical character that carries a functional group. This group can be used to couple the probe to another molecule, e.g. a biomolecule.
Electron spin resonance can be employed to quantify the probe's concentration. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogensen%E2%80%93Scott%20encoding | In computer science, Scott encoding is a way to represent (recursive) data types in the lambda calculus. Church encoding performs a similar function. The data and operators form a mathematical structure which is embedded in the lambda calculus.
Whereas Church encoding starts with representations of the basic data types, and builds up from it, Scott encoding starts from the simplest method to compose algebraic data types.
Mogensen–Scott encoding extends and slightly modifies Scott encoding by applying the encoding to Metaprogramming. This encoding allows the representation of lambda calculus terms, as data, to be operated on by a meta program.
History
Scott encoding appears first in a set of unpublished lecture notes by Dana Scott
whose first citation occurs in the book Combinatorial Logic, Volume II. Michel Parigot gave a logical interpretation of and strongly normalizing recursor for Scott-encoded numerals, referring to them as the "Stack type" representation of numbers.
Torben Mogensen later extended Scott encoding for the encoding of Lambda terms as data.
Discussion
Lambda calculus allows data to be stored as parameters to a function that does not yet have all the parameters required for application. For example,
May be thought of as a record or struct where the fields have been initialized with the values . These values may then be accessed by applying the term to a function f. This reduces to,
c may represent a constructor for an algebraic data type in functional languages such as Haskell. Now suppose there are N constructors, each with arguments;
Each constructor selects a different function from the function parameters . This provides branching in the process flow, based on the constructor. Each constructor may have a different arity (number of parameters). If the constructors have no parameters then the set of constructors acts like an enum; a type with a fixed number of values. If the constructors have parameters, recursive data st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naringin | Naringin is a flavanone-7-O-glycoside between the flavanone naringenin and the disaccharide neohesperidose.
The flavonoid naringin occurs naturally in citrus fruits, especially in grapefruit, where naringin is responsible for the fruit's bitter taste.
In commercial grapefruit juice production, the enzyme naringinase can be used to remove the bitterness created by naringin.
In humans naringin is metabolized to the aglycone naringenin (not bitter) by naringinase present in the gut.
Structure
Naringin belongs to the flavonoid family. Flavonoids consist of 15 carbon atoms in 3 rings, 2 of which must be benzene rings connected by a 3 carbon chain. Naringin contains the basic flavonoid structure along with one rhamnose and one glucose unit attached to its aglycone portion, called naringenin, at the 7-carbon position. The steric hindrance provided by the two sugar units makes naringin less potent than its aglycone counterpart, naringenin.
Metabolism
In humans, naringinase is found in the liver and rapidly metabolizes naringin into naringenin. This happens in two steps- first, naringin is hydrolyzed by α-L-rhamnosidase activity of naringinase to rhamnose and prunin. The prunin formed is then hydrolyzed by β-d-glucosidase activity of naringinase into naringenin and glucose. Naringinase is an enzyme that has a wide occurrence in nature and can be found in plants, yeasts, and fungi. It is commercially attractive due to its debittering properties.
Toxicity
The typical concentration of naringin in grapefruit juice is around 400 mg/L. The reported LD50 of naringin in rodents in 2000 mg/kg.
Naringin inhibits some drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes, including CYP3A4 and CYP1A2, which may result in drug-drug interactions. Ingestion of naringin and related flavonoids can also affect the intestinal absorption of certain drugs, leading to either an increase or decrease in circulating drug levels. To avoid interference with drug absorption and metabolism, the consumption o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20of%20X-Ray%20Technology | The Society of X-Ray Technology was a British professional association for work with X-rays.
History
The Institute of X-Ray Engineers was formed in 1944 in Liverpool, soon after changing its name to the Society of X-Ray Technology.
In the mid-1980s it was one of 51 societies in the new Engineering Council, in group four.
Merger
In 1990 it joined the Institute of Hospital Engineers, which became the Institute of Hospital Engineering and Estate Management, which is now the Institute of Healthcare Engineering and Estate Management.
Function
It published a journal, The Journal of X-ray Technology, twice a year and arranged lectures.
Structure
Those belonging to the organisation were physicists, radiographers, engineers and technicians.
See also
Academy for Healthcare Science (United Kingdom)
American Society of Radiologic Technologists
Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM)
Society of Critical Care Technologies (SCCT) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliotrope%20%28instrument%29 | The heliotrope is an instrument that uses a mirror to reflect sunlight over great distances to mark the positions of participants in a land survey. The heliotrope was invented in 1821 by the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. The word "heliotrope" is taken from the Greek: helios (), meaning "sun", and tropos (), meaning "turn".
History
Heliotropes were used in surveys from in 1821 through the late 1980s, when GPS measurements replaced the use of the heliotrope in long distance surveys. Colonel Sir George Everest introduced the use of heliotropes into the Great Trigonometric Survey in India around 1831, and the US Coast and Geographic Survey used heliotropes to survey the United States. The Indian specification for heliotropes was updated in 1981, and the American military specification for heliotropes (MIL-H-20194E) was retired on 8 December 1995.
Surveyors used the heliotrope as a specialized form of survey target; it was employed during large triangulation surveys where, because of the great distance between stations (usually twenty miles or more), a regular target would be indistinct or invisible. Heliotropes were often used as survey targets at ranges of over 100 miles. In California, in 1878, a heliotrope on Mount Saint Helena was surveyed by B.A. Colonna of the USCGS from Mount Shasta, a distance of 192 miles (309 km).
The heliotrope was limited to use on sunny days and was further limited (in regions of high temperatures) to mornings and afternoons when atmospheric aberration least affected the instrument-man's line of sight. The heliotrope operator was called a "heliotroper" or "flasher" and would sometimes employ a second mirror for communicating with the instrument station through heliography, a signalling system using impulsed reflecting surfaces. The inventor of the heliograph, a similar instrument specialized for signaling, was inspired by observing the use of heliotropes in the survey of India.
See also
Heliograph, a similar instrument |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive%20centrifugal%20force | In classical mechanics, a reactive centrifugal force forms part of an action–reaction pair with a centripetal force.
In accordance with Newton's first law of motion, an object moves in a straight line in the absence of a net force acting on the object. A curved path may however ensue when such a force acts on it; this force is often called a centripetal force, as it is directed toward the center of curvature of the path. Then in accordance with Newton's third law of motion, there will also be an equal and opposite force exerted by the object on some other object, such as a constraint that forces the path to be curved, and this reaction force, the subject of this article, is sometimes called a reactive centrifugal force, as it is directed in the opposite direction of the centripetal force.
Unlike the inertial force or fictitious force known as centrifugal force, which always exists in addition to the reactive force in the rotating frame of reference, the reactive force is a real Newtonian force that is observed in any reference frame. The two forces will only have the same magnitude in the special cases where circular motion arises and where the axis of rotation is the origin of the rotating frame of reference. It is the reactive force that is the subject of this article.
Paired forces
The figure at right shows a ball in uniform circular motion held to its path by a string tied to an immovable post. In this system a centripetal force upon the ball provided by the string maintains the circular motion, and the reaction to it, which some refer to as the reactive centrifugal force, acts upon the string and the post.
Newton's first law requires that any body moving along any path other than a straight line be subject to a net non-zero force, and the free body diagram shows the force upon the ball (center panel) exerted by the string to maintain the ball in its circular motion.
Newton's third law of action and reaction states that if the string exerts an inward c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating%20call | A mating call is the auditory signal used by animals to attract mates. It can occur in males or females, but literature is abundantly favored toward researching mating calls in females. In addition, mating calls are often the subject of mate choice, in which the preferences of one gender for a certain type of mating call can drive sexual selection in a species. This can result in sympatric speciation of some animals, where two species diverge from each other while living in the same environment.
There are many different mechanisms to produce mating calls, which can be broadly categorized into vocalizations and mechanical calls. Vocalizations are considered as sounds produced by the larynx and are often seen in species of birds, mammals, amphibians, and insects. Mechanical calls refer to any other type of sound that the animal produces using unique body parts and/or tools for communication with potential mates. Examples include crickets that vibrate their wings, birds that flap their feathers, and frogs that use an air sac instead of lungs.
Vocalizations
Birds
The use of vocalizations is widespread in avian species and are often used to attract mates. Different aspects and features of bird song such as structure, amplitude and frequency have evolved as a result of sexual selection.
Large song repertoires are preferred by females of many avian species. One hypothesis for this is that song repertoire is positively correlated with the size of the brain's song control nucleus (HVC). A large HVC would indicate developmental success. In song sparrows, males with large repertoires had larger HVCs, better body condition and lower heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios indicating better immune health. This supports the idea that song sparrows with large song repertoires have better lifetime fitness and that song repertoires are honest indicators of the male's "quality". Possible explanations for this adaptation include direct benefits to the female, such as superior parental |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%20principle%20%28large%20deviations%20theory%29 | In mathematics, Laplace's principle is a basic theorem in large deviations theory which is similar to Varadhan's lemma. It gives an asymptotic expression for the Lebesgue integral of exp(−θφ(x)) over a fixed set A as θ becomes large. Such expressions can be used, for example, in statistical mechanics to determining the limiting behaviour of a system as the temperature tends to absolute zero.
Statement of the result
Let A be a Lebesgue-measurable subset of d-dimensional Euclidean space Rd and let φ : Rd → R be a measurable function with
Then
where ess inf denotes the essential infimum. Heuristically, this may be read as saying that for large θ,
Application
The Laplace principle can be applied to the family of probability measures Pθ given by
to give an asymptotic expression for the probability of some event A as θ becomes large. For example, if X is a standard normally distributed random variable on R, then
for every measurable set A.
See also
Laplace's method |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upsampling | In digital signal processing, upsampling, expansion, and interpolation are terms associated with the process of resampling in a multi-rate digital signal processing system. Upsampling can be synonymous with expansion, or it can describe an entire process of expansion and filtering (interpolation). When upsampling is performed on a sequence of samples of a signal or other continuous function, it produces an approximation of the sequence that would have been obtained by sampling the signal at a higher rate (or density, as in the case of a photograph). For example, if compact disc audio at 44,100 samples/second is upsampled by a factor of 5/4, the resulting sample-rate is 55,125.
Upsampling by an integer factor
Rate increase by an integer factor L can be explained as a 2-step process, with an equivalent implementation that is more efficient:
Expansion: Create a sequence, comprising the original samples, separated by L − 1 zeros. A notation for this operation is:
Interpolation: Smooth out the discontinuities with a lowpass filter, which replaces the zeros.
In this application, the filter is called an interpolation filter, and its design is discussed below. When the interpolation filter is an FIR type, its efficiency can be improved, because the zeros contribute nothing to its dot product calculations. It is an easy matter to omit them from both the data stream and the calculations. The calculation performed by a multirate interpolating FIR filter for each output sample is a dot product:
where the h[•] sequence is the impulse response of the interpolation filter, and K is the largest value of k for which h[j + kL] is non-zero. In the case L = 2, h[•] can be designed as a half-band filter, where almost half of the coefficients are zero and need not be included in the dot products. Impulse response coefficients taken at intervals of L form a subsequence, and there are L such subsequences (called phases) multiplexed together. Each of L phases of the impulse respons |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity%20index | The sensitivity index or discriminability index or detectability index is a dimensionless statistic used in signal detection theory. A higher index indicates that the signal can be more readily detected.
Definition
The discriminability index is the separation between the means of two distributions (typically the signal and the noise distributions), in units of the standard deviation.
Equal variances/covariances
For two univariate distributions and with the same standard deviation, it is denoted by ('dee-prime'):
.
In higher dimensions, i.e. with two multivariate distributions with the same variance-covariance matrix , (whose symmetric square-root, the standard deviation matrix, is ), this generalizes to the Mahalanobis distance between the two distributions:
,
where is the 1d slice of the sd along the unit vector through the means, i.e. the equals the along the 1d slice through the means.
For two bivariate distributions with equal variance-covariance, this is given by:
,
where is the correlation coefficient, and here and , i.e. including the signs of the mean differences instead of the absolute.
is also estimated as .
Unequal variances/covariances
When the two distributions have different standard deviations (or in general dimensions, different covariance matrices), there exist several contending indices, all of which reduce to for equal variance/covariance.
Bayes discriminability index
This is the maximum (Bayes-optimal) discriminability index for two distributions, based on the amount of their overlap, i.e. the optimal (Bayes) error of classification by an ideal observer, or its complement, the optimal accuracy :
,
where is the inverse cumulative distribution function of the standard normal. The Bayes discriminability between univariate or multivariate normal distributions can be numerically computed (Matlab code), and may also be used as an approximation when the distributions are close to normal.
is a positive-definite statistical d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odile%20Favaron | Odile Zink-Favaron (born May 3, 1938) is a French mathematician known for her research in graph theory, including work on well-covered graphs, factor-critical graphs, spectral graph theory, Hamiltonian decomposition, and dominating sets. She is retired from the Laboratory for Computer Science (LRI) at the University of Paris-Sud.
Favaron earned a doctorate at Paris-Sud University in 1986. Her dissertation, Stabilité, domination, irrédondance et autres paramètres de graphes [Independence, domination, irredundance, and other parameters of graphs], was supervised by Jean-Claude Bermond.
Personal life
Her father was poet and professor . Michel Zink and Anne Zink are her siblings. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaser | A spaser or plasmonic laser is a type of laser which aims to confine light at a subwavelength scale far below Rayleigh's diffraction limit of light, by storing some of the light energy in electron oscillations called surface plasmon polaritons. The phenomenon was first described by David J. Bergman and Mark Stockman in 2003. The word spaser is an acronym for "surface plasmon amplification by stimulated emission of radiation". The first such devices were announced in 2009 by three groups: a 44-nanometer-diameter nanoparticle with a gold core surrounded by a dyed silica gain medium created by researchers from Purdue, Norfolk State and Cornell universities, a nanowire on a silver screen by a Berkeley group, and a semiconductor layer of 90 nm surrounded by silver pumped electrically by groups at the Eindhoven University of Technology and at Arizona State University. While the Purdue-Norfolk State-Cornell team demonstrated the confined plasmonic mode, the Berkeley team and the Eindhoven-Arizona State team demonstrated lasing in the so-called plasmonic gap mode. In 2018, a team from Northwestern University demonstrated a tunable nanolaser that can preserve its high mode quality by exploiting hybrid quadrupole plasmons as an optical feedback mechanism.
The spaser is a proposed nanoscale source of optical fields that is being investigated in a number of leading laboratories around the world. Spasers could find a wide range of applications, including nanoscale lithography, fabrication of ultra-fast photonic nano circuits, single-molecule biochemical sensing, and microscopy.
From Nature Photonics:
Study of the quantum mechanical model of the spaser suggests that it should be possible to manufacture a spasing device analogous in function to the MOSFET transistor, but this has not yet been experimentally verified.
See also
Polariton laser
Nanolaser
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
List of plasma physics articles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20theft | Data theft is a growing phenomenon primarily caused by system administrators and office workers with access to technology such as database servers, desktop computers and a growing list of hand-held devices capable of storing digital information, such as USB flash drives, iPods and even digital cameras. Since employees often spend a considerable amount of time developing contacts, confidential, and copyrighted information for the company they work for, they may feel they have some right to the information and are inclined to copy and/or delete part of it when they leave the company, or misuse it while they are still in employment. Information can be sold and bought and then used by criminals and criminal organizations. Alternatively, an employee may choose to deliberately abuse trusted access to information for the purpose of exposing misconduct by the employer. From the perspective of the society, such an act of whistleblowing can be seen as positive and is protected by law in certain situations in some jurisdictions, such as the USA.
A common scenario is where a sales person makes a copy of the contact database for use in their next job. Typically, this is a clear violation of their terms of employment.
Notable acts of data theft include those by leaker Chelsea Manning and self-proclaimed whistleblowers Edward Snowden and Hervé Falciani.
Data theft methods
Thumbsucking
Thumbsucking, similar to podslurping, is the intentional or undeliberate use of a portable USB mass storage device, such as a USB flash drive (or "thumbdrive"), to illicitly download confidential data from a network endpoint.
A USB flash drive was allegedly used to remove without authorization highly classified documents about the design of U.S. nuclear weapons from a vault at Los Alamos.
The threat of thumbsucking has been amplified for a number of reasons, including the following:
The storage capacity of portable USB storage devices has increased.
The cost of high-capacity portable USB storag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurochemical%20Research | Neurochemical Research is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering neurochemistry. It was established in 1976 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editor-in-chief is Arne Schousboe (University of Copenhagen).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 2.125. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism%20of%20autism | Autism's symptoms result from maturation-related changes in various systems of the brain. Although it is not well understood how autism occurs, there have been attempts to describe the mechanisms involved. Conceptually, one can divide its development into two areas: the pathophysiology of brain structures and processes associated with autism, and the neuropsychological linkages between brain structures and behaviors. The behaviors appear to have multiple pathophysiologies.
There is evidence that gut–brain axis abnormalities may be involved. A 2015 review proposed that immune dysregulation, gastrointestinal inflammation, malfunction of the autonomic nervous system, gut flora alterations, and food metabolites may cause brain neuroinflammation and dysfunction. A 2016 review concludes that enteric nervous system abnormalities might play a role in neurological disorders such as autism. Neural connections and the immune system are a pathway that may allow diseases originated in the intestine to spread to the brain.
Several lines of evidence point to synaptic dysfunction as a cause of autism. Some rare mutations may lead to autism by disrupting some synaptic pathways, such as those involved with cell adhesion. Gene replacement studies in mice suggest that autistic symptoms are closely related to later developmental steps that depend on activity in synapses and on activity-dependent changes. All known teratogens (agents that cause birth defects) related to the risk of autism appear to act during the first eight weeks from conception, and though this does not exclude the possibility that autism can be initiated or affected later, there is strong evidence that autism arises very early in development.
Pathophysiology
Unlike many other brain disorders, such as Parkinson's, autism does not have a clear unifying mechanism at either the molecular, cellular, or systems level; it is not known whether autism is a few disorders caused by mutations converging on a few common molecu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut%20sauce | Peanut sauce, satay sauce (saté sauce), bumbu kacang, sambal kacang, or pecel is an Indonesian sauce made from ground roasted or fried peanuts, widely used in Indonesian cuisine and many other dishes throughout the world.
Peanut sauce is used with meat and vegetables, with grilled skewered meat, such as satays, poured over vegetables as salad dressing such as in gado-gado, or as a dipping sauce.
Ingredients
The main ingredient is ground roasted peanuts, for which peanut butter can act as a substitute. Several different recipes for making peanut sauces exist, resulting in a variety of flavours, textures and consistency. A typical recipe usually contains ground roasted peanuts or peanut butter (smooth or crunchy), coconut milk, soy sauce, tamarind, galangal, garlic, and spices (such as coriander seed or cumin). Other possible ingredients are chili peppers, sugar, fried onion, and lemongrass. The texture and consistency (thin or thick) of a peanut sauce corresponds to the amount of water being mixed in it.
In Western countries, the readily and widely available peanut butter is often used as a substitute ingredient to make peanut sauce. To achieve authenticity, some recipes might insist on making roasted ground peanuts from scratch, using traditional stone mortar and pestle for grinding to achieve desired texture, graininess and earthy flavour of peanut sauce. This sauce is popularly applied on chicken skewers, beef satay or warm noodles.
Regional
Indonesia
One of the main characteristics of Indonesian cuisine is the wide applications of bumbu kacang (peanut sauce) in many Indonesian signature dishes, such as satay, gado-gado, karedok, ketoprak, rujak and pecel, or Chinese-influenced dishes such as siomay. It is usually added to main ingredients (meat or vegetable) to add taste, used as dipping sauce such as sambal kacang (a mixture of ground chilli and fried peanuts) for otak-otak or ketan or as a dressing on vegetables. Satays are commonly served with peanut |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolliphor%20EL | Kolliphor EL, formerly known as Cremophor EL, is the registered trademark of BASF Corp. for its version of polyethoxylated castor oil. It is prepared by reacting 35 moles of ethylene oxide with each mole of castor oil. The resulting product is a mixture (CAS number 61791-12-6): the major component is the material in which the hydroxyl groups of the castor oil triglyceride have ethoxylated with ethylene oxide to form polyethylene glycol ethers. Minor components are the polyethyelene glycol esters of ricinoleic acid, polyethyelene glycols and polyethyelene glycol ethers of glycerol. Kolliphor EL is a synthetic, nonionic surfactant used to stabilize emulsions of nonpolar materials in water.
Kolliphor EL is an excipient or additive in drugs. Therapeutically, modern drugs are rarely given in a pure chemical state, so most active ingredients are combined with excipients or additives such as Kolliphor EL.
Uses
Miconazole, anti-fungal
Paclitaxel (Taxol), anti-cancer
Aci-Jel (acetic acid / oxyquinoline / ricinoleic acid - vaginal)
Sandimmune (cyclosporine injection, USP)
Nelfinavir mesylate, HIV protease inhibitor
Propofol, intravenous anaesthetic agent, originally solublized with Cremophor EL in trials; later approved with a lipid emulsion
Diazepam injection; superseded by lipid emulsion alternative (Diazemuls)
Vitamin K injection
Ixabepilone, anti-cancer
Side effects
Allergic reactions to Taxol are most often allergic reactions to Kolliphor EL; symptoms include tightness in the chest, shortness of breath, and similar reactions consistent with severe anaphylactic reactions. Although many anti-allergens including corticosteroids and Benadryl may be administered before chemotherapy, they are not always sufficient to prevent the severe reaction to Kolliphor EL.
Allergic reaction should not be confused with the normal side effects of Taxol. The allergic reaction is usually immediate, similar to severe allergic reactions typical of other allergens.
BASF offers a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discosphaera%20tubifer | Discosphaera tubifer (original name: Discosphaera tubifera) is a marine, unicellular species of coccolithophore in the genus Discosphaera. It exhibits a very delicate structure and arrangement of coccoliths. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminex%20Corporation | Luminex Corporation | A DiaSorin Company is a biotechnology company which develops, manufactures and markets proprietary biological testing technologies with applications in life-sciences.
Background
Luminex's Multi-Analyte Profiling (xMAP) technology allows simultaneous analysis of up to 500 bioassays from a small sample volume, typically a single drop of fluid, by reading biological tests on the surface of microscopic polystyrene beads called microspheres.
The xMAP technology combines this miniaturized liquid array bioassay capability with small lasers, light emitting diodes (LEDs), digital signal processors, photo detectors, charge-coupled device imaging and proprietary software to create a system offering advantages in speed, precision, flexibility and cost. The technology is currently being used within various segments of the life sciences industry, which includes the fields of drug discovery and development, and for clinical diagnostics, genetic analysis, bio-defense, food safety and biomedical research.
The Luminex MultiCode technology is used for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multiplexed PCR assays. Luminex Corporation owns 315 issued patents worldwide, including over 124 issued patents in the United States based on its multiplexing xMAP platform. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody%20chart | In engineering, the Moody chart or Moody diagram (also Stanton diagram) is a graph in non-dimensional form that relates the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor fD, Reynolds number Re, and surface roughness for fully developed flow in a circular pipe. It can be used to predict pressure drop or flow rate down such a pipe.
History
In 1944, Lewis Ferry Moody plotted the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor against Reynolds number Re for various values of relative roughness ε / D.
This chart became commonly known as the Moody chart or Moody diagram.
It adapts the work of Hunter Rouse
but uses the more practical choice of coordinates employed by R. J. S. Pigott, whose work was based upon an analysis of some 10,000 experiments from various sources.
Measurements of fluid flow in artificially roughened pipes by J. Nikuradse were at the time too recent to include in Pigott's chart.
The chart's purpose was to provide a graphical representation of the function of C. F. Colebrook in collaboration with C. M. White, which provided a practical form of transition curve to bridge the transition zone between smooth and rough pipes, the region of incomplete turbulence.
Description
Moody's team used the available data (including that of Nikuradse) to show that fluid flow in rough pipes could be described by four dimensionless quantities: Reynolds number, pressure loss coefficient, diameter ratio of the pipe and the relative roughness of the pipe. They then produced a single plot which showed that all of these collapsed onto a series of lines, now known as the Moody chart. This dimensionless chart is used to work out pressure drop, (Pa) (or head loss, (m)) and flow rate through pipes. Head loss can be calculated using the Darcy–Weisbach equation in which the Darcy friction factor appears :
Pressure drop can then be evaluated as:
or directly from
where is the density of the fluid, is the average velocity in the pipe, is the friction factor from the Moody chart, is the length of the pi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse%20teeth | Horse teeth refers to the dentition of equine species, including horses and donkeys. Equines are both heterodontous and diphyodontous, which means that they have teeth in more than one shape (there are up to five shapes of tooth in a horse's mouth), and have two successive sets of teeth, the deciduous ("baby teeth") and permanent sets.
As grazing animals, good dentition is essential to survival. Continued grazing creates specific patterns of wear, which can be used along with patterns of eruption to estimate the age of the horse.
Types of teeth
A fully developed horse of around five years of age will have between 36 and 44 teeth. All equines are heterodontous, which means that they have different shaped teeth for different purposes.
All horses have twelve incisors at the front of the mouth, used primarily for cutting food, most often grass, whilst grazing. They are also used as part of a horse's attack or defence against predators, or as part of establishing social hierarchy within the herd.
Immediately behind the front incisors is the interdental space, where no teeth grow from the gums. This is where the bit is placed, if used, when horses are ridden.
Behind the interdental space, all horses also have twelve premolars and twelve molars, also known as cheek teeth or jaw teeth. These teeth chew food bitten off by incisors, prior to swallowing.
In addition to the incisors, premolars and molars, some, but not all, horses may also have canine teeth and wolf teeth. A horse can have between zero and four canine teeth, also known as tusks (tushes for the deciduous precursor), with a clear prevalence towards male horses (stallions and geldings) who normally have a full set of four. Fewer than 28% of female horses (mares) have any canine teeth. Those that do normally only have one or two, and these may be only partially erupted.
Between 13 and 32% of horses, split equally between male and female, also have wolf teeth, which are not related to canine teeth, b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana%20Fern%C3%A1ndez%20Militino | Ana María Fernández Militino is a Spanish spatial statistician. She is a professor of statistics and operations research at the Public University of Navarre. Despite the usual conventions for Spanish surnames, her English-language publications list her name as "Ana F. Militino".
Education and career
Militino studied mathematics at the University of Zaragoza from 1976 to 1981, and completed a doctorate in statistics in 1984 at the University of Extremadura. After several years of work as a public administrator, she became a professor at the Public University of Navarre in 1990.
Books
Militino is the coauthor, with Alan T. Arnholt and María Dolores Ugarte, of the book Probability and Statistics with R (Chapman & Hall / CRC, 2008), and is the author of several other statistics textbooks.
Recognition
In 2010 the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences gave Militino their John Cedric Griffiths Teaching Award. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal%20catalytic%20model | A fractal catalytic model is a mathematical representation of chemical catalysis in an environment with fractal characteristics. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20Spy%20%28book%29 | Atomic Spy: The Dark Lives of Klaus Fuchs is a 2020 biography of Klaus Fuchs, a so-called atomic spy, by Nancy Thorndike Greenspan. The book was published by Viking Press and received several reviews. Fuchs was a physicist who is best known for passing secrets from the Manhattan Project to the Soviet Union during World War II. The book paints a sympathetic picture of Fuchs, ultimately arguing that his crime was done with good intentions, for "the betterment of mankind". Though several reviews noted their opposition to this conclusion and the sympathy the book shows to Fuchs, it has received mostly positive reviews.
Background
Greenspan previously authored the book The End of the Certain World, a biography of the physicist Max Born, in 2005.
Fuchs was a German physicist who is best known as an atomic spy, who passed secrets to the Soviet Union while working on the Manhattan Project during World War II. Fuchs moved to Great Britain from Germany in 1937 to escape the Nazi party, where he began working for Max Born at the University of Edinburgh. Despite having obtained citizenship in Britain, in May 1940, during the Second World War, Fuchs was interned as an alien in Canada along with other German Jews and prisoners of war. He was released later that same year and returned to Britain to work on the British atomic bomb project in Birmingham, during which time he became a Soviet agent. Fuchs was sent to the US to work on the Manhattan Project in 1943 before returning to Britain in 1946 for a senior post at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment. Fuchs pleaded guilty to violating the Official Secrets Act of Great Britain on 2 February 1950 and subsequently served a nine-year prison sentence. After his incarceration, he was stripped of his citizenship and was forced to move back to East Germany.
Reception
The book was reviewed in Nature by Sharon Weinberger, in The Wall Street Journal by Henry Hemming, in The New York Times by Ronald Radosh, and in the Indian newsp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity%20number | A vanity number is a local or toll-free telephone number for which a subscriber requests an easily remembered sequence of numbers for marketing purposes.
While many of these are phonewords (such as 1-800-Flowers, 313-DETROIT, 1-800-Taxicab or 1-800-Battery), occasionally all-numeric vanity phone numbers are used.
Numbers ending with repeated digits (such as -1111) are heavily advertised by taxi and food delivery companies; the Pizza Pizza chain has trademarked 967-1111, a Toronto local number. A memorable repeated sequence is also valuable to hotel chain franchisors such as Super 8 Motels, which advertises 1-800-800-8000.
A broadcaster may match a local telephone number to a station frequency (an AM 1010 radio call-in programme may use 872-1010 or a TV channel 13 studio may adopt 224-13-13.). An eye clinic may choose a number terminating in 20/20.
Other possible numeric indicators which convey specific meanings are 24/7 (twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week) or 2-4-1 (two for the price of one); the latter is used by 241 Pizza by advertising local number 241-0-241 or a variant.
See also
Phoneword
SMS/800 and RespOrg and Toll-free telephone number#Vanity numbering
Vanity domain
Vanity plate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen%20dubium | In binomial nomenclature, a nomen dubium (Latin for "doubtful name", plural nomina dubia) is a scientific name that is of unknown or doubtful application.
Zoology
In case of a nomen dubium, it may be impossible to determine whether a specimen belongs to that group or not. This may happen if the original type series (i. e. holotype, isotype, syntype or paratype) is lost or destroyed. The zoological and botanical codes allow for a new type specimen, or neotype, to be chosen in this case.
A name may also be considered a nomen dubium if its name-bearing type is fragmentary or lacking important diagnostic features (this is often the case for species known only as fossils). To preserve stability of names, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature allows a new type specimen, or neotype, to be chosen for a nomen dubium in this case.
75.5. Replacement of unidentifiable name-bearing type by a neotype. When an author considers that the taxonomic identity of a nominal species-group taxon cannot be determined from its existing name-bearing type (i.e. its name is a nomen dubium), and stability or universality are threatened thereby, the author may request the Commission to set aside under its plenary power [Art. 81] the existing name-bearing type and designate a neotype.
For example, the crocodile-like archosaurian reptile Parasuchus hislopi Lydekker, 1885 was described based on a premaxillary rostrum (part of the snout), but this is no longer sufficient to distinguish Parasuchus from its close relatives. This made the name Parasuchus hislopi a nomen dubium. In 2001 a paleontologist proposed that a new type specimen, a complete skeleton, be designated. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature considered the case and agreed in 2003 to replace the original type specimen with the proposed neotype.
Bacteriology
In bacteriological nomenclature, nomina dubia may be placed on the list of rejected names by the Judicial Commission. The meaning of these names |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%20lattice | In mathematics, the square lattice is a type of lattice in a two-dimensional Euclidean space. It is the two-dimensional version of the integer lattice, denoted as . It is one of the five types of two-dimensional lattices as classified by their symmetry groups; its symmetry group in IUC notation as , Coxeter notation as , and orbifold notation as .
Two orientations of an image of the lattice are by far the most common. They can conveniently be referred to as the upright square lattice and diagonal square lattice; the latter is also called the centered square lattice. They differ by an angle of 45°. This is related to the fact that a square lattice can be partitioned into two square sub-lattices, as is evident in the colouring of a checkerboard.
Symmetry
The square lattice's symmetry category is wallpaper group . A pattern with this lattice of translational symmetry cannot have more, but may have less symmetry than the lattice itself.
An upright square lattice can be viewed as a diagonal square lattice with a mesh size that is √2 times as large, with the centers of the squares added. Correspondingly, after adding the centers of the squares of an upright square lattice one obtains a diagonal square lattice with a mesh size that is √2 times as small as that of the original lattice.
A pattern with 4-fold rotational symmetry has a square lattice of 4-fold rotocenters that is a factor √2 finer and diagonally oriented relative to the lattice of translational symmetry.
With respect to reflection axes there are three possibilities:
None. This is wallpaper group .
In four directions. This is wallpaper group .
In two perpendicular directions. This is wallpaper group . The points of intersection of the reflexion axes form a square grid which is as fine as, and oriented the same as, the square lattice of 4-fold rotocenters, with these rotocenters at the centers of the squares formed by the reflection axes.
Crystal classes
The square lattice class names, Schönflies notation, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal%20range | Tidal range is the difference in height between high tide and low tide. Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and Sun, by Earth's rotation and by centrifugal force caused by Earth's progression around the Earth-Moon barycenter. Tidal range depends on time and location.
Larger tidal range occur during spring tides (spring range), when the gravitational forces of both the Moon and Sun are aligned (at syzygy), reinforcing each other in the same direction (new moon) or in opposite directions (full moon). The largest annual tidal range can be expected around the time of the equinox if it coincides with a spring tide. Spring tides occur at the second and fourth (last) quarters of the lunar phases.
By contrast, during neap tides, when the Moon and Sun's gravitational force vectors act in quadrature (making a right angle to the Earth's orbit), the difference between high and low tides (neap range) is smallest. Neap tides occur at the first and third quarters of the lunar phases.
Tidal data for coastal areas is published by national hydrographic offices. The data is based on astronomical phenomena and is predictable. Sustained storm-force winds blowing from one direction combined with low barometric pressure can increase the tidal range, particularly in narrow bays. Such weather-related effects on the tide can cause ranges in excess of predicted values and can cause localized flooding. These weather-related effects are not calculable in advance.
Mean tidal range is calculated as the difference between mean high water (i.e., the average high tide level) and mean low water (the average low tide level).
Geography
The typical tidal range in the open ocean is about (blue and green on the map on the right). Closer to the coast, this range is much greater. Coastal tidal ranges vary globally and can differ anywhere from near zero to over . The exact range depends on the volume of water adjacent to the coast, and the g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzebiatowski%20Institute%20of%20Low%20Temperature%20and%20Structure%20Research%20of%20the%20Polish%20Academy%20of%20Sciences | The Włodzimierz Trzebiatowski Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research is a scientific institute in Wrocław, Poland. It is named after Włodzimierz Trzebiatowski, the Polish chemist, physicist and mathematician.
Localization
Until 1993 the Institute was placed at Gajowicka street and the Bishop Palace, that after the II World War was requisitioned by the Polish People's Republic government. Currently the Institute is placed at Okólna street in Wrocław.
External links
Institute webpage
Scientific organisations based in Poland
Buildings and structures in Wrocław
Physics research institutes
Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronoi%20formula | In mathematics, a Voronoi formula is an equality involving Fourier coefficients of automorphic forms, with the coefficients twisted by additive characters on either side. It can be regarded as a Poisson summation formula for non-abelian groups. The Voronoi (summation) formula for GL(2) has long been a standard tool for studying analytic properties of automorphic forms and their L-functions. There have been numerous results coming out the Voronoi formula on GL(2). The concept is named after Georgy Voronoy.
Classical application
To Voronoy and his contemporaries, the formula appeared tailor-made to evaluate certain finite sums. That seemed significant because several important questions in number theory involve finite sums of arithmetic quantities. In this connection, let us mention two classical examples, Dirichlet’s divisor problem and the Gauss’ circle problem. The former estimates the size of d(n),
the number of positive divisors of an integer n. Dirichlet proved
where is Euler’s constant ≈ 0.57721566. Gauss’ circle problem concerns the average size of
for which Gauss gave the estimate
Each problem has a geometric interpretation, with D(X) counting lattice
points in the region , and lattice points in the
disc . These two bounds are related, as we shall see, and come
from fairly elementary considerations.
In the series of papers Voronoy developed geometric and analytic methods to improve both Dirichlet’s and Gauss’ bound. Most importantly in
retrospect, he generalized the formula by allowing weighted sums, at the expense of introducing more general integral operations on f than the Fourier transform.
Modern formulation
Let ƒ be a Maass cusp form for the modular group PSL(2,Z) and a(n) its Fourier coefficients. Let a,c be integers with (a,c) = 1. Let ω be a well-behaved test function. The Voronoi formula for ƒ states
where is a multiplicative inverse of a modulo c and Ω is a certain integral Hankel transform of ω. (see ) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20Semi-Automated%20Forces | Joint Semi-Automated Forces (JSAF) is a U.S. government owned and developed simulation system. It is widely used in training and experimentation. Current users include the Joint Forces Command, the Navy Warfare Development Command (NWDC), and the USMC DVTE program. JSAF was developed as part of the DARPA Synthetic Theater of War (STOW) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD).
External links
HPC Spider
Navy Warfare Development Command (NWDC)
Military simulation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol%E2%80%93chloroform%20extraction | Phenol–chloroform extraction is a liquid-liquid extraction technique in molecular biology used to separate nucleic acids from proteins and lipids.
Process
Aqueous samples, lysed cells, or homogenised tissue are mixed with equal volumes of a phenol:chloroform mixture. This mixture is then centrifuged. Because the phenol:chloroform mixture is immiscible with water, the centrifuge will cause two distinct phases to form: an upper aqueous phase, and a lower organic phase. The aqueous phase rises to the top because it is less dense than the organic phase containing the phenol:chloroform. This difference in density is why phenol, which only has a slightly higher density than water, must be mixed with chloroform to form a mixture with a much higher density than water.
The hydrophobic lipids will partition into the lower organic phase, and the proteins will remain at the interphase between the two phases, while the nucleic acids (as well as other contaminants such as salts, sugars, etc.) remain in the upper aqueous phase. The upper aqueous phase can then be pipetted off. Care must be taken to avoid pipetting any of the organic phase or material at the interface. This procedure is often performed multiple times to increase the purity of the DNA. This procedure yields large double stranded DNA that can be used in PCR or RFLP.
If the mixture is acidic, DNA will precipitate into the organic phase while RNA remains in the aqueous phase. This is because DNA is more readily neutralized than RNA.
There are some disadvantages of this technique in forensic use. It is time-consuming and uses hazardous reagents. Also, because it is a two-step process involving transfer of reagents between tubes, it is at a greater risk of contamination.
See also
Acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction
Ethanol precipitation
Spin column-based nucleic acid purification |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe%20search | In computer science, fringe search is a graph search algorithm that finds the least-cost path from a given initial node to one goal node.
In essence, fringe search is a middle ground between A* and the iterative deepening A* variant (IDA*).
If g(x) is the cost of the search path from the first node to the current, and h(x) is the heuristic estimate of the cost from the current node to the goal, then , and h* is the actual path cost to the goal. Consider IDA*, which does a recursive left-to-right depth-first search from the root node, stopping the recursion once the goal has been found or the nodes have reached a maximum value ƒ. If no goal is found in the first threshold ƒ, the threshold is then increased and the algorithm searches again. I.E. It iterates on the threshold.
There are three major inefficiencies with IDA*. First, IDA* will repeat states when there are multiple (sometimes non-optimal) paths to a goal node - this is often solved by keeping a cache of visited states. IDA* thus altered is denoted as memory-enhanced IDA* (ME-IDA*), since it uses some storage. Furthermore, IDA* repeats all previous operations in a search when it iterates in a new threshold, which is necessary to operate with no storage. By storing the leaf nodes of a previous iteration and using them as the starting position of the next, IDA*'s efficiency is significantly improved (otherwise, in the last iteration it would always have to visit every node in the tree).
Fringe search implements these improvements on IDA* by making use of a data structure that is more or less two lists to iterate over the frontier or fringe of the search tree. One list now, stores the current iteration, and the other list later stores the immediate next iteration. So from the root node of the search tree, now will be the root and later will be empty. Then the algorithm takes one of two actions: If is greater than the current threshold, remove head from now and append it to the end of later; i.e. save he |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah%20cat | The Savannah is a breed of hybrid cat developed in the late 20th century from crossing a serval (Leptailurus serval) with a domestic cat (Felis catus). This hybridization typically produces large and lean offspring, with the Serval's characteristic large ears and markedly brown-spotted coats. F1 and F2 male Savannahs can be very large, and in 2016 an F2 male attained a world record for tallest cat at . Show-eligible F4–F5 cats range from however, comparable in size to other large domestic cat breeds such as the Maine Coon or Norwegian Forest cat.
History
On April 7, 1986, Judee Frank crossbred a male serval, belonging to Suzi Wood, with a Siamese domestic cat to produce the first Savannah cat, a female named Savannah. That first Savannah was bred with a Turkish Angora male and gave birth to viable F2 kittens in April 1989. In 1996, Patrick Kelley and Joyce Sroufe wrote the original version of the Savannah breed standard and presented it to the board of The International Cat Association (TICA). In 2001, the board accepted it as a new registered breed, and in May 2012, TICA accepted the Savannah as an eligible championship breed.
Physical features and breeding techniques
Size
The Savannah's tall and slim build give them the appearance of greater size than their actual weight. Size is very dependent on generation and sex. Early (F1 and F2) generations are usually the largest due to the stronger genetic influence of the African serval ancestor, usually weighing , although there is considerable financial incentive for breeders to produce F1 cats as large as possible; some are the size of dogs and can weigh or more, and in the US can fetch very high prices. Like most cat breeds, males tend to be larger than females, and as with other hybrid cat breeds such as the Chausie and Bengal, most F1 Savannah cats will possess many of the exotic traits from the wild (serval) ancestor, which recede in later generations.
Later-generation Savannahs are comparable in size to oth |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-entropy%20alloy | High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are alloys that are formed by mixing equal or relatively large proportions of (usually) five or more elements. Prior to the synthesis of these substances, typical metal alloys comprised one or two major components with smaller amounts of other elements. For example, additional elements can be added to iron to improve its properties, thereby creating an iron-based alloy, but typically in fairly low proportions, such as the proportions of carbon, manganese, and others in various steels. Hence, high-entropy alloys are a novel class of materials. The term "high-entropy alloys" was coined by Taiwanese scientist Jien-Wei Yeh because the entropy increase of mixing is substantially higher when there is a larger number of elements in the mix, and their proportions are more nearly equal. Some alternative names, such as multi-component alloys, compositionally complex alloys and multi-principal-element alloys are also suggested by other researchers.
These alloys are currently the focus of significant attention in materials science and engineering because they have potentially desirable properties.
Furthermore, research indicates that some HEAs have considerably better strength-to-weight ratios, with a higher degree of fracture resistance, tensile strength, and corrosion and oxidation resistance than conventional alloys. Although HEAs have been studied since the 1980s, research substantially accelerated in the 2010s.
Development
Although HEAs were considered from a theoretical standpoint as early as 1981 and 1996, and throughout the 1980s, in 1995 Taiwanese scientist Jien-Wei Yeh came up with his idea for ways of actually creating high-entropy alloys, while driving through the Hsinchu, Taiwan, countryside. Soon after, he decided to begin creating these special alloys in his lab, being in the only region researching these alloys for over a decade. Most countries in Europe, the United States, and other parts of the world lagged behind in the developme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper%20architecture | The Clipper architecture is a 32-bit RISC-like instruction set architecture designed by Fairchild Semiconductor. The architecture never enjoyed much market success, and the only computer manufacturers to create major product lines using Clipper processors were Intergraph and High Level Hardware, although Opus Systems offered a product based on the Clipper as part of its Personal Mainframe range. The first processors using the Clipper architecture were designed and sold by Fairchild, but the division responsible for them was subsequently sold to Intergraph in 1987; Intergraph continued work on Clipper processors for use in its own systems.
The Clipper architecture used a simplified instruction set compared to earlier CISC architectures, but it did incorporate some more complicated instructions than were present in other contemporary RISC processors. These instructions were implemented in a so-called Macro Instruction ROM within the Clipper CPU. This scheme allowed the Clipper to have somewhat higher code density than other RISC CPUs.
Versions
The initial Clipper microprocessor produced by Fairchild was the C100, which became available in 1986. This was followed by the faster C300 from Intergraph in 1988. The final model of the Clipper was the C400, released in 1990, which was extensively redesigned to be faster and added more floating-point registers. The C400 processor combined two key architectural techniques to achieve a new level of performance — superscalar instruction dispatch and superpipelined operation.
While many processors of the time used either superscalar instruction dispatch or superpipelined operation, the Clipper C400 was the first processor to use both.
Intergraph started work on a subsequent Clipper processor design known as the C5, but this was never completed or released. Nonetheless, some advanced processor design techniques were devised for the C5, and Intergraph was granted patents on these. These patents, along with the original C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persister%20cells | Persister cells are subpopulations of cells that resist treatment, and become antimicrobial tolerant by changing to a state of dormancy or quiescence. Persister cells in their dormancy do not divide. The tolerance shown in persister cells differs from antimicrobial resistance in that the tolerance is not inherited and is reversible. When treatment has stopped the state of dormancy can be reversed and the cells can reactivate and multiply. Most persister cells are bacterial, and there are also fungal persister cells, yeast persister cells, and cancer persister cells that show tolerance for cancer drugs.
History
Recognition of bacterial persister cells dates back to 1944 when Joseph Warwick Bigger, an Irish physician working in England, was experimenting with the recently discovered penicillin. Bigger used penicillin to lyse a suspension of bacteria and then inoculate a culture medium with the penicillin-treated liquid. Colonies of bacteria were able to grow after antibiotic exposure. The important observation that Bigger made was that this new population could again be almost eliminated by the use of penicillin except for a small residual population. Hence the residual organisms were not antibiotic resistant mutants but rather a subpopulation of what he called ‘persisters’. The formation of bacterial persisters is now known to be a common phenomenon that can occur by the formation of persister cells prior to the antibiotic treatment or in response to a variety of antibiotics.
Relevance to chronic infections
Antimicrobial tolerance is achieved by a small subpopulation of microbial cells termed persisters. Persisters are not mutants, but rather are dormant cells that can survive the antimicrobials that effectively eliminate their much greater number. Persister cells have entered a non-growing, or extremely slow-growing physiological state which makes them tolerant (insensitive or refractory) to the action of antimicrobials. When such persisting pathogenic microbes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrikhande%20graph | In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Shrikhande graph is a graph discovered by S. S. Shrikhande in 1959. It is a strongly regular graph with 16 vertices and 48 edges, with each vertex having degree 6. Every pair of nodes has exactly two other neighbors in common, whether the pair of nodes is connected or not.
Construction
The Shrikhande graph can be constructed as a Cayley graph. The vertex set is . Two vertices are adjacent if and only if the difference is in .
Properties
In the Shrikhande graph, any two vertices I and J have two distinct neighbors in common (excluding the two vertices I and J themselves), which holds true whether or not I is adjacent to J. In other words, it is strongly regular and its parameters are: {16,6,2,2}, i.e., . This equality implies that the graph is associated with a symmetric BIBD. The Shrikhande graph shares these parameters with exactly one other graph, the 4×4 rook's graph, i.e., the line graph L(K4,4) of the complete bipartite graph K4,4. The latter graph is the only line graph L(Kn,n) for which the strong regularity parameters do not determine that graph uniquely but are shared with a different graph, namely the Shrikhande graph (which is not a rook's graph).
The Shrikhande graph is locally hexagonal; that is, the neighbors of each vertex form a cycle of six vertices. As with any locally cyclic graph, the Shrikhande graph is the 1-skeleton of a Whitney triangulation of some surface; in the case of the Shrikhande graph, this surface is a torus in which each vertex is surrounded by six triangles. Thus, the Shrikhande graph is a toroidal graph. The embedding forms a regular map in the torus, with 32 triangular faces. The skeleton of the dual of this map (as embedded in the torus) is the Dyck graph, a cubic symmetric graph.
The Shrikhande graph is not a distance-transitive graph. It is the smallest distance-regular graph that is not distance-transitive.
The automorphism group of the Shrikhande graph is of order 192. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraperitoneal%20fascia | Extraperitoneal fascia (also: endoabdominal fascia, or subperitoneal fascia) is a fascial plane - consisting mostly of loose areolar connective tissue - situated between the fascial linings of the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities (transversalis fascia, anterior layer of thoracolumbar fascia, iliac fascia, and psoas fascia) externally, and the parietal peritoneum internally. Its quality and quantity is varies considerably. It occupies the extraperitoneal space.
Preperitoneal space
Anteriorly, it forms the thin and fibrous preperitoneal fascia that is interposed between the transversalis fascia, and the parietal peritoneum. The preperitoneal fascia contains a variable amount of fat, loose connective tissue, and membranous tissue. It is provided with its own blood supply. The membranous component lies just deep to the transversalis fascia and has been constured as a second layer of the transversalis fascia by some authors.
Retroperitoneal space
Posteriorly, it forms the thick and fatty pararenal fascia that surrounds the kidneys. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain%20relational%20calculus | In computer science, domain relational calculus (DRC) is a calculus that was introduced by Michel Lacroix and Alain Pirotte as a declarative database query language for the relational data model.
In DRC, queries have the form:
where each Xi is either a domain variable or constant, and denotes a DRC formula. The result of the query is the set of tuples X1 to Xn that make the DRC formula true.
This language uses the same operators as tuple calculus,
the logical connectives ∧ (and), ∨ (or) and ¬ (not). The existential quantifier (∃) and the universal quantifier (∀) can be used to bind the variables.
Its computational expressiveness is equivalent to that of relational algebra.
Examples
Let (A, B, C) mean (Rank, Name, ID) in the Enterprise relation
and let (D, E, F) mean (Name, DeptName, ID) in the Department relation
All captains of the starship USS Enterprise:
In this example, A, B, C denotes both the result set and a set in the table Enterprise.
Names of Enterprise crew members who are in Stellar Cartography:
In this example, we're only looking for the name, and that's B. The condition F = C is a requirement that describes the intersection of Enterprise crew members AND members of the Stellar Cartography Department.
An alternate representation of the previous example would be:
In this example, the value of the requested F domain is directly placed in the formula and the C domain variable is re-used in the query for the existence of a department, since it already holds a crew member's ID.
See also
Relational calculus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20symbols | Many (but not all) graphemes that are part of a writing system that encodes a full spoken language are included in the Unicode standard, which also includes graphical symbols. See:
Language code
List of Unicode characters
List of writing systems
Punctuation
:Category:Typographical symbols
The remainder of this list focuses on graphemes not part of spoken language-encoding systems.
Basic communication
— No symbol
Arrow (symbol)
Character
Emoji
☺ — Smiley
✓ — checkmark (UK: tick)
Harvey balls
☆ — Star (polygon)
I - signal
0 - lack of signal, example: [ ],[0]
Scientific and engineering symbols
Alchemical symbols
Astronomical symbols
Planet symbols
Chemical symbols
Electronic symbol (for circuit diagrams, etc.)
Engineering drawing symbols
Energy Systems Language
Hazard symbols
List of mathematical constants (typically letters and compound symbols)
Glossary of mathematical symbols
List of physical constants (typically letters and compound symbols)
List of common physics notations (typically letters used as variable names in equations)
Rod of Asclepius / Caduceus as a symbol of medicine
Consumer symbols
Various currency signs (sublist)
Navigational symbols
Traffic signs, including warning signs contain many specialized symbols (see article for list)
DOT pictograms
ISO 7001
Exit sign, "running man"
Gender symbols for public toilets
Map symbol
Japanese map symbols
International Breastfeeding Symbol
International Symbol of Access
Barber's pole
Food
EC identification and health marks, for animal products
Food safe symbol marking food contact materials in the European Union
British Egg Industry Council lion
Kosher symbols
Star-K Kosher Certification
OK Kosher Certification
EarthKosher Kosher Certification
General consumer products
Recycling symbol
Recycling codes
Japanese recycling symbols
Green Dot (symbol)
Laundry symbol
Period-after-opening symbol (on cosmetics as 6M, 12M, 18M, etc.)
- keep dry
- keep dry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/285%20%28number%29 | 285 is the natural number following 284 and preceding 286.
In mathematics
285 is an odd composite number.
285 is the 9th square pyramidal number. That means it is the sum of a number of consecutive perfect squares starting with 1. For 285, it is the sum of all of the single digits' perfect squares.
285 is the number of variations possible with a binary rooted tree with 13 points. A binary rooted tree means that it always begins with 1 point that is rooted. From there, each point can branch in up to two directions.
285 is a sphenic number which means that it has three prime factors.
285 is a Harshad number. That means that it is divisible by the sum of its digits. 285 is divisible by 15.
285 is a repdigit number in base 7. In base 7, 285 is 555.
285 is a very symmetric number. If flipped horizontally, these numbers are symmetrical.
In technology
The Turbojet 285 is a variation of the Williams Jet Tenders motorboat that is smaller than its other designs. It is designed for personal use.
The area code 285 does not exist. If you are receiving a call from a number that begins with 285, it is likely a spam call.
World Records
On December 9, 2022, Peter Thomson received the Guinness World Record for the greatest number of crossovers while jumping rope in a row.
On October 7, 2015, Camelot UK Lotteries Limited achieved the Guinness World Record for the longest champagne cork popping relay.
The Guinness World Record for the greatest number of people in an online video toast chain as of December 16, 2022, is 285. It was achieved in Cereser, Brazil.
On April 12, 2018, the Narraghmore Vintage Club received the Guinness World Record for having the largest parade of 285 tractors
Other fields
The calendar years 285 AD and 285 BC.
In the French Republican calendar, The year 285 would be a year 9 cycle and be in 2077.
285 Regina is a Main belt asteroid that was discovered in 1889 by Auguste Charlois in Nice, France.
In 1980 the 285th Civil Engineering Squadron in the United Stat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Sketch%20of%20the%20Vegetation%20of%20the%20Swan%20River%20Colony | "A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony", also known by its standard botanical abbreviation Sketch Veg. Swan R., is an 1839 article by John Lindley on the flora of the Swan River Colony. Nearly 300 new species were published in it, many of which are still current.
It appeared as Part Three of Appendix to the first twenty three volumes of Edward's Botanical Register, the first two parts being indices of previous volumes of Edwards's Botanical Register, of which Lindley was editor. It contained 58 pages, issued in three parts. Pages 1 to 16 were issued on 1 November 1839; pages 17 to 32 on 1 December 1839; and the remaining 26 pages on 1 January 1840. It also contained four woodcuts based on sketches by Lindley, and nine hand-coloured lithographic plates, the artist and lithographer of which are unacknowledged and are now unknown. According to Helen Hewson, the woodcuts are of high quality, but the plates "do not measure up to the standard of contemporary illustration".
"A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony" represents only the second attempt to provide a flora for the colony, the first being Stephan Endlicher's 1837 Enumeratio plantarum, a Latin work of which only one installment was published. Thus there were at the time a great many undescribed species awaiting publication — speaking of the (now defunct) order Stylidaceae, Lindley remarks "In Brown's prodromus forty-six species only are named for all New Holland... but I possess from Swan River alone at least forty well marked species, and there are some of Baron Hugel's with which I am unacquainted". Working primarily from the collections of James Drummond, Lindley was able to publish around 280 new taxa, many of which remain current. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlightGear | FlightGear Flight Simulator (often shortened to FlightGear or FGFS) is a free, open source multi-platform flight simulator developed by the project since 1997.
David Murr started this project on April 8, 1996. This project had its first release in 1997 and continued in development. It has specific builds for a variety of different operating systems including Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, IRIX, and Solaris.
FlightGear is an atmospheric and orbital flight simulator used in aerospace research and industry. Its flight dynamics engine (JSBSim) is used in a 2015 NASA benchmark to judge new simulation code to the standards of the space industry.
History
FlightGear started as an online proposal in 1996 by David Murr, living in the United States. He was dissatisfied with proprietary, available, simulators like the Microsoft Flight Simulator, citing motivations of companies not aligning with the simulators' players ("simmers"), and proposed a new flight simulator developed by volunteers over the Internet. The flight simulator was created using custom 3D graphics code. Development of an OpenGL based version was spearheaded by Curtis Olson starting in 1997. FlightGear incorporated other open-source resources, including the LaRCsim flight dynamics engine from NASA, and freely available elevation data. The first working binaries using OpenGL came out in 1997. By 1999 FlightGear had replaced LaRCsim with JSBSim built to the sims' needs, and in 2015 NASA used JSBSim alongside 6 other space industry standards to create a measuring stick to judge future space industry simulation code.
FlightGear reached 1.0 in 2007, 2.0 in 2010, and there were 9 major releases under 2.x and 3.x labels, with the final one under the previous numbering scheme being "3.4", since "3.6" was cancelled. The project moved to a regular release cadence with 2-4 releases per year since 2016, with the first version under the new naming scheme being "2016.1". Around that time, the graphical front end "Fli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Isakov | Victor Isakov (1947 – May 14, 2021) was a mathematician working in the field of inverse problems for partial differential equations and related topics (potential theory, uniqueness of continuation and Carleman estimates, nonlinear functional analysis and calculus of variation). He was a distinguished professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at Wichita State University.
His areas of professional interest included:
Inverse problems of gravimetry (general uniqueness conditions and local solvability theorems) and related problems of imaging including prospecting active part of the brain and the source of noise of the aircraft from exterior measurements of electromagnetic and acoustical fields.
Inverse problems of conductivity (uniqueness of discontinuous conductivity and numerical methods) and their applications to medical imaging and nondestructive testing of materials for cracks and inclusions.
Inverse scattering problems (uniqueness and stability of penetrable and soft scatterers).
Finding constitutional laws from experimental data (reconstructing nonlinear partial differential equation from all or some boundary data).
Uniqueness of the continuation for hyperbolic equations and systems of mathematical physics.
The inverse option pricing problem.
Publications
Isakov has over 90 publications in print or in preparation as of late 2005, which include:
Increased stability in the continuation of solutions to the Helmholtz equation (with Tomasz Hrycak), Inverse Problems, 20(2004), 697-712.
Inverse Problems for Partial Differential Equations, Applied Mathematical Sciences (Springer-Verlag), Vol 127, 2nd ed., 2006.
Presentations:
During the last 15 years, he delivered approximately 90 invited talks at international and national conferences and universities in Austria, Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, South Korea, Tunisia, and United Kingdom.
He was a principal speaker at the summer AMS-SIAM r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDoS%20mitigation | DDoS mitigation is a set of network management techniques and/or tools, for resisting or mitigating the impact of distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks on networks attached to the Internet, by protecting the target, and relay networks. DDoS attacks are a constant threat to businesses and organizations, by delaying service performance, or by shutting down a website entirely.
DDoS mitigation works by identifying baseline conditions for network traffic by analyzing "traffic patterns", to allow threat detection and alerting. DDoS mitigation also requires identifying incoming traffic, to separate human traffic from human-like bots and hijacked web browsers. This process involves comparing signatures and examining different attributes of the traffic, including IP addresses, cookie variations, HTTP headers, and browser fingerprints.
After the detection is made, the next process is filtering. Filtering can be done through anti-DDoS technology like connection tracking, IP reputation lists, deep packet inspection, blacklisting/whitelisting, or rate limiting.
One technique is to pass network traffic addressed to a potential target network through high-capacity networks, with "traffic scrubbing" filters.
Manual DDoS mitigation is no longer recommended, due to the size of attacks often outstripping the human resources available in many firms/organizations. Other methods to prevent DDoS attacks can be implemented, such as on-premises and/or cloud-based solution providers. On-premises mitigation technology (most commonly a hardware device) is often placed in front of the network. This would limit the maximum bandwidth available to what is provided by the Internet service provider. Common methods involve hybrid solutions, by combining on-premises filtering with cloud-based solutions.
Methods of attack
DDoS attacks are executed against websites and networks of selected victims. A number of vendors offer "DDoS-resistant" hosting services, mostly based on techniques sim |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytotope | Phytotope is the total habitat available for colonisation within any certain ecotope or biotope by plants and fungi. The community of plants and fungi so established constitutes the phytocoenosis of that ecotope.
All these words (ecotope, biotope, phytotope and others) describe environmental niches at very small scales of consideration. A suburban garden or village park or wilderness ravine would each be deserving of the label. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20mechanics | Matrix mechanics is a formulation of quantum mechanics created by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan in 1925. It was the first conceptually autonomous and logically consistent formulation of quantum mechanics. Its account of quantum jumps supplanted the Bohr model's electron orbits. It did so by interpreting the physical properties of particles as matrices that evolve in time. It is equivalent to the Schrödinger wave formulation of quantum mechanics, as manifest in Dirac's bra–ket notation.
In some contrast to the wave formulation, it produces spectra of (mostly energy) operators by purely algebraic, ladder operator methods. Relying on these methods, Wolfgang Pauli derived the hydrogen atom spectrum in 1926, before the development of wave mechanics.
Development of matrix mechanics
In 1925, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan formulated the matrix mechanics representation of quantum mechanics.
Epiphany at Helgoland
In 1925 Werner Heisenberg was working in Göttingen on the problem of calculating the spectral lines of hydrogen. By May 1925 he began trying to describe atomic systems by observables only. On June 7, after weeks of failing to alleviate his hay fever with aspirin and cocaine, Heisenberg left for the pollen-free North Sea island of Helgoland. While there, in between climbing and memorizing poems from Goethe's West-östlicher Diwan, he continued to ponder the spectral issue and eventually realised that adopting non-commuting observables might solve the problem. He later wrote:
It was about three o' clock at night when the final result of the calculation lay before me. At first I was deeply shaken. I was so excited that I could not think of sleep. So I left the house and awaited the sunrise on the top of a rock.
The three fundamental papers
After Heisenberg returned to Göttingen, he showed Wolfgang Pauli his calculations, commenting at one point:
Everything is still vague and unclear to me, but it seems as if the electrons will n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picrotoxin | Picrotoxin, also known as cocculin, is a poisonous crystalline plant compound. It was first isolated by the French pharmacist and chemist Pierre François Guillaume Boullay (1777–1869) in 1812. The name "picrotoxin" is a combination of the Greek words "picros" (bitter) and "toxicon" (poison). A mixture of two different compounds, picrotoxin occurs naturally in the fruit of the Anamirta cocculus plant, although it can also be synthesized chemically.
Due to its interactions with the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, picrotoxin acts as a stimulant and convulsant. It mainly impacts the central nervous system, causing seizures and respiratory paralysis in high enough doses.
Chemical structure and synthesis
Picrotoxin is an equimolar mixture of two compounds, picrotoxinin (C15H16O6; CAS# 17617-45-7) and picrotin (C15H18O7; CAS# 21416-53-5). Of the two compounds, picrotin is less active.
Picrotoxin occurs naturally in the fruit of the Anamirta cocculus, a climbing plant from India and other parts of Southeast Asia. The plant is known for its large stems of white wood and sweetly-scented flowers. It produces small stone fruits, Cocculus indicus, which are typically dried.
Currently, there are as many as five total syntheses of picrotoxinin — one of which was published as recently as June 2020. Most syntheses use carvone as a stereochemical template.
In 1988, researchers from Tohoku University in Japan completed a total stereoselective synthesis of both ()picrotoxinin and beginning with (+)5βhydroxycarvone. In this synthesis, eight asymmetric centers were stereoselectively prepared on a cis-fused hydrindane ring system using several different reactions: a Claisen rearrangement to introduce the quaternary center, an organoselenium-mediated reduction of an epoxy ketone, and a stereospecific construction of a glycidic ester.
The June 2020 synthesis instead employed the quick formation of the polycyclic core, followed by the manipulation of oxidation states of key |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20National%20Association%20of%20Senior%20Citizens%27%20Organizations | The German National Association of Senior Citizens' Organizations (German: Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft der Seniorenorganisationen or BAGSO) is an umbrella organization of about 120 civil society organizations, which together represent several million older people. BAGSO is a Nonprofit organization based in Bonn and it was founded in 1989.
Chairpersons
1989 to 1996: Marieluise Kluge-Steudel
1996 to 2006: Roswitha Verhülsdonk
2006 to 2009: Walter Link
2009 to 2015: Ursula Lehr
2015 to 2021: Franz Müntefering
since 2021: Regina Görner
International Commitment
On an international level, BAGSO is committed to strengthening the rights of older people worldwide, advocating for a UN convention on the rights of older people. To this end, BAGSO participates in the debate on how to better protect the rights of older people worldwide, in particular in the Open-ended Working Group on Ageing of the United Nations.
At the European level, BAGSO is part of the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) and is a member of AGE Platform Europe, the umbrella association of older people's organizations in Europe.
BAGSO’s international work is coordinated by its Secretariat for International Policy on Ageing.
See also
German Senior Citizens' Day
United Nations Economic and Social Council
Second World Assembly on Ageing
Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duckling%20%28software%29 | Duckling, the collaboration environment software suite for e-Science, is an open-source software suite developed by the Collaboration Environment Research Center of Computer Network Information Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to meet the rapid progress of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ e-Science activities. The goals of Duckling include integrating various resources such as digital hardware, software and data, and building a high efficient and easy-to-use environment over Internet for scientists distributed in different positions to enable a new type scientific action mode.
Components
Duckling consists of UMT, DCT, CLB and DLOG.
User Management Tool (UMT): used for creating, editing and deleting users, groups and roles.
Document Collaboration Tool (DCT): used for data publish in wiki mode.
Collaboration Library (CLB): used for data sharing among team members.
Duckling Log (DLOG): used for monitoring the events created by core services and plugins.
Moreover, various application plugins can be developed based on Duckling core services. Currently, there are several general application plugins, such as the Universal Communication Tool (UCT), the Conference Service Platform (CSP) and the Activities Arrangement Tool (AAT)。
History
Jan, 2006，CNIC launched the development of Duckling;
Nov 28, 2008，Duckling 1.0 Version released;
Sep 22, 2009, Duckling 1.2 version released;
Mar 17, 2010, Duckling released the first open source version on the SourceForge site.
Goal
To enable resource sharing, data fusion and collaboration working among scientific team members.
Communities
Duckling had been used in 63 teams, including the bio-energy, the accelerator mass spectrometry instrument and the atmosphere monitoring. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic%20module | In mathematics, more specifically in ring theory, a cyclic module or monogenous module is a module over a ring that is generated by one element. The concept is a generalization of the notion of a cyclic group, that is, an Abelian group (i.e. Z-module) that is generated by one element.
Definition
A left R-module M is called cyclic if M can be generated by a single element i.e. for some x in M. Similarly, a right R-module N is cyclic if for some .
Examples
2Z as a Z-module is a cyclic module.
In fact, every cyclic group is a cyclic Z-module.
Every simple R-module M is a cyclic module since the submodule generated by any non-zero element x of M is necessarily the whole module M. In general, a module is simple if and only if it is nonzero and is generated by each of its nonzero elements.
If the ring R is considered as a left module over itself, then its cyclic submodules are exactly its left principal ideals as a ring. The same holds for R as a right R-module, mutatis mutandis.
If R is F[x], the ring of polynomials over a field F, and V is an R-module which is also a finite-dimensional vector space over F, then the Jordan blocks of x acting on V are cyclic submodules. (The Jordan blocks are all isomorphic to ; there may also be other cyclic submodules with different annihilators; see below.)
Properties
Given a cyclic R-module M that is generated by x, there exists a canonical isomorphism between M and , where denotes the annihilator of x in R.
Every module is a sum of cyclic submodules.
See also
Finitely generated module |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo%20Bressani | Cesar Ricardo Bressani Castignoli (28 September 1926 – 30 January 2015) was a Guatemalan food scientist. Born in Guatemala City, he received a bachelor of science in chemical engineering degree from the University of Dayton in 1948. In 1951, he received a master's degree from Iowa State University. In the same year, Bressani returned to Guatemala where he worked at the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, INCAP. In 1952, he received a scholarship from the Rockefeller Foundation to study biochemistry at Purdue University, where Bressani obtained his Ph.D. in 1956. Afterwards, he reincorporated to the INCAP, this time as the Head of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Food until 1993.
In 1983, Bressani became one of the 42 founding members of the Third World Academy of Sciences, known today as The World Academy of Sciences. In the 1990s, Bressani was the editor-in-chief of the journal Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición. He was also an associate editor of the Food and Nutrition Bulletin. In 1992, he arrived to the Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, and in 1998, he founded the Center for the Studies of Food Science and Technology. Bressani wrote more than 300 publications in many scholarly international journals.
Bressani performed an investigation on practical solutions to nutritional problems within the population of Guatemala and the rest of Central America. His experiments led to the creation and production of Incaparina, a nutritional supplement based on a mixture of corn flour, soy flour, cottonseed meal, and Torula yeast. This supplement was intended to be primarily served in the form of gruel. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewandowski-Kurowicka-Joe%20distribution | In probability theory and Bayesian statistics, the Lewandowski-Kurowicka-Joe distribution, often referred to as the LKJ distribution, is a probability distribution over positive definite symmetric matrices with unit diagonals. It is commonly used as a prior for correlation matrix in hierarchical Bayesian modeling. Hierarchical Bayesian modeling often tries to make an inference on the covariance structure of the data, which can be decomposed into a scale vector and correlation matrix. Instead of the prior on the covariance matrix such as the inverse-Wishart distribution, LKJ distribution can serve as a prior on the correlation matrix along with some suitable prior distribution on the scale vector. The distribution was first introduced in a more general context and is an example of the vine copula, an approach to constrained high-dimensional probability distributions. It has been implemented as part of the Stan probabilistic programming language and as a library linked to the Turing.jl probabilistic programming library in Julia.
The distribution has a single shape parameter and the probability density function for a matrix is
with normalizing constant , a complicated expression including a product over Beta functions. For , the distribution is uniform over the space of all correlation matrices; i.e. the space of positive definite matrices with unit diagonal. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal%20to%20zygotic%20transition | Maternal to zygotic transition (MZT), also known as embryonic genome activation, is the stage in embryonic development during which development comes under the exclusive control of the zygotic genome rather than the maternal (egg) genome. The egg contains stored maternal genetic material mRNA which controls embryo development until the onset of MZT. After MZT the diploid embryo takes over genetic control.
This requires both zygotic genome activation (ZGA), and degradation of maternal products. This process is important because it is the first time that the new embryonic genome is utilized and the paternal and maternal genomes are used in combination (ie. different alleles will be expressed). The zygotic genome now drives embryo development.
MZT is often thought to be synonymous with midblastula transition (MBT), but these processes are, in fact, distinct. However, the MBT roughly coincides with ZGA in many metazoans, and thus may share some common regulatory features. For example, both processes are proposed to be regulated by the nucleocytoplasmic ratio. MBT strictly refers to changes in the cell cycle and cell motility that occur just prior to gastrulation. In the early cleavage stages of embryogenesis, rapid divisions occur synchronously and there are no "gap" stages in the cell cycle. During these stages, there is also little to no transcription of mRNA from the zygotic genome, but zygotic transcription is not required for MBT to occur. Cellular functions during early cleavage are carried out primarily by maternal products – proteins and mRNAs contributed to the egg during oogenesis.
Zygotic genome activation
To begin transcription of zygotic genes, the embryo must first overcome the silencing that has been established. The cause of this silencing could be due to several factors: chromatin modifications leading to repression, lack of adequate transcription machinery, or lack of time in which significant transcription can occur due to the shortened cell cycles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity%20darkening | Gravity darkening, also referred to as gravity brightening, is an astronomical phenomenon where the poles of a star are brighter than the equator, due to rapid rotation and oblate shape. When a star is oblate, it has a larger radius at its equator than it does at its poles. As a result, the poles have a higher surface gravity, and thus higher temperature and pressure is needed to maintain hydrostatic equilibrium. Thus, the poles are "gravity brightened", and the equator "gravity darkened".
The star becomes oblate (and hence gravity darkening occurs) because the centrifugal force resulting from rotation creates additional outward pressure on the star. The centrifugal force is expressed mathematically as
where is mass (in this case of a small volume element of the star), is the angular velocity, and is the radial distance from the axis of rotation. In the case of a star, the value of is largest at the equator and smallest at the poles. This means that equatorial regions of a star have a greater centrifugal force than the pole. The centrifugal force pushes mass away from the axis of rotation, resulting in less overall pressure on the gas in the equatorial regions of the star. This causes the gas in this region to become less dense, and cooler.
Von Zeipel's theorem states that the radiation from a star is proportional to the local effective gravity, that is to the gravity reduced by any centrifugal force at that location on the star's surface. Then the effective temperature is proportional to the fourth root of the effective gravity. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS%20box%20model | In web development, the CSS box model refers to how HTML elements are modeled in browser engines and how the dimensions of those HTML elements are derived from CSS properties. It is a fundamental concept for the composition of HTML webpages. The guidelines of the box model are described by web standards World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifically the CSS Working Group. For much of the late-1990s and early 2000s there had been non-standard compliant implementations of the box model in mainstream browsers. With the advent of CSS2 in 1998, which introduced the box-sizing property, the problem had mostly been resolved.
Specifics
The Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) specification describes how elements of web pages are displayed by graphical browsers. Section 4 of the CSS1 specification defines a "formatting model" that gives block-level elements—such as p and blockquote—a width and height, and three levels of boxes surrounding it: padding, borders, and margins. While the specification never uses the term "box model" explicitly, the term has become widely used by web developers and web browser vendors.
All HTML elements can be considered "boxes", this includes div tag, p tag, or a tag. Each of those boxes has five modifiable dimensions:
the height and width describe dimensions of the actual content of the box (text, images, ...)
the padding describes the space between this content and the border of the box
the border is any kind of line (solid, dotted, dashed...) surrounding the box, if present
the margin is the space around the border
According to the CSS1 specification, released by W3C in 1996 and revised in 1999, when a width or height is explicitly specified for any block-level element, it should determine only the width or height of the visible element, with the padding, borders, and margins applied afterward. Before CSS3, this box model was known as W3C box model, in CSS3, it is known as the content-box.
The total width of a box is therefore left-margin + left-b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen%E2%80%93Olesen%20string | In theoretical physics, Nielsen–Olesen string is a one-dimensional object or equivalently a classical solution of certain equations of motion. The solution does not depend on the direction along the string; the dependence on the other two, transverse dimensions is identical as in the case of a Nielsen–Olesen vortex.
Quantum field theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%20of%20Science%20in%20Human%20Biology | Several universities have designed interdisciplinary courses with a focus on human biology at the undergraduate level. There is a wide variation in emphasis ranging from business, social studies, public policy, healthcare and pharmaceutical research.
Americas
Human Biology major at Stanford University, Palo Alto (since 1970)
Stanford's Human Biology Program is an undergraduate major; it integrates the natural and social sciences in the study of human beings. It is interdisciplinary and policy-oriented and was founded in 1970 by a group of Stanford faculty (Professors Dornbusch, Ehrlich, Hamburg, Hastorf, Kennedy, Kretchmer, Lederberg, and Pittendrigh). It is a very popular major and alumni have gone to post-graduate education, medical school, law, business and government.
Human and Social Biology (Caribbean)
Human and Social Biology is a Level 4 & 5 subject in the secondary and post-secondary schools in the Caribbean and is optional for the Caribbean Secondary Education Certification (CSEC) which is equivalent to Ordinary Level (O-Level) under the British school system. The syllabus centers on structure and functioning (anatomy, physiology, biochemistry) of human body and the relevance to human health with Caribbean-specific experience. The syllabus is organized under five main sections: Living organisms and the environment, life processes, heredity and variation, disease and its impact on humans, the impact of human activities on the environment.
Human Biology Program at University of Toronto
The University of Toronto offers an undergraduate program in Human Biology that is jointly offered by the Faculty of Arts & Science and the Faculty of Medicine. The program offers several major and specialist options in: human biology, neuroscience, health & disease, global health, and fundamental genetics and its applications.
Asia
BSc (Honours) Human Biology at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (1980–2002)
BSc (honours) Human Biology at AIIMS (New |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20Mechanics%20%28Goldstein%29 | Classical Mechanics is a textbook about that subject written by Herbert Goldstein, a professor at Columbia University. Intended for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students, it has been one of the standard references in its subject around the world since its first publication in 1950.
Overview
In the second edition, Goldstein corrected all the errors that had been pointed out, added a new chapter on perturbation theory, a new section on Bertrand's theorem, and another on Noether's theorem. Other arguments and proofs were simplified and supplemented.
Before the death of its primary author in 2005, a new (third) edition of the book was released, with the collaboration of Charles P. Poole and John L. Safko from the University of South Carolina. In the third edition, the book discusses at length various mathematically sophisticated reformations of Newtonian mechanics, namely analytical mechanics, as applied to particles, rigid bodies and continua. In addition, it covers in some detail classical electromagnetism, special relativity, and field theory, both classical and relativistic. There is an appendix on group theory. New to the third edition include a chapter on nonlinear dynamics and chaos, a section on the exact solutions to the three-body problem obtained by Euler and Lagrange, a discussion of the damped driven pendulum that explains the Josephson junctions. This is counterbalanced by the reduction of several existing chapters motivated by the desire to prevent this edition from exceeding the previous one in length. For example, the discussions of Hermitian and unitary matrices were omitted because they are more relevant to quantum mechanics rather than classical mechanics, while those of Routh's procedure and time-independent perturbation theory were reduced.
Table of Contents (3rd Edition)
Preface
Chapter 1: Survey of Elementary Principles
Chapter 2: Variational Principles and Lagrange's Equations
Chapter 3: The Central Force Problem
Chapt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mint%20sauce | Mint sauce is a green sauce originating in the United Kingdom, made from finely chopped spearmint (Mentha spicata) leaves soaked in vinegar, and a small amount of sugar. Lime juice is sometimes added. The sauce based on mint and vinegar has a rather thin consistency and is flecked with chopped leaves of the herb. In British and Irish cuisine it is often served as a condiment for roast lamb or, in some areas, mushy peas.
It is often purchased ready-made, being easy to find in British food shops. A popular alternative is Mint jelly, which is of a thicker consistency and sweeter than mint sauce.
Similar herb-based green sauces were common throughout Medieval Europe, with the use of mint being more common in French and Italian cuisine of the period than that of the English; however, they became less common and mostly died out as Europe entered the Modern Era.
Variations
Mint chutney is a mint based sauce which is served with Indian snacks and breakfast items like Idly, Dhokla, etc. It is made with ground fresh mint leaves with a variety of ingredients like cilantro, green chili, lemon juice (in the northern parts of India) or tamarind (in southern India), salt, fried bengal gram and optionally curd.
In Tunisia a similar sauce is made out of dried mint and can be served with a méchoui, a mulukhiyah or as a base for a vinaigrette. Dried and fresh mint are also part of several dishes of Tunisian cuisine.
Mint sauces may include fruits in their preparation, such as raspberries.
See also
List of sauces
Chutney in South Asian cuisine may be made with mint |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIPAL4 | Nipa‐Like Domain‐Containing 4, also known as NIPAL4 or Ichthyin, is a gene that is predicted to code for a transmembrane protein with nine transmembrane domains. NIPAL4 codes for the protein magnesium transporter NIPA4, which acts as a transporter.
Expression
NIPAL4 is mainly expressed in the skin, specifically in the granular layer of the epidermis.
Function
NIPAL4 codes for a magnesium transporter that can also transport other divalent cations such as Ba2+, Mn2+, Sr2+ and Co2+, though to a much less extent than Mg2+. There is also evidence that NIPAL4 is involved in the synthesis of very long chain fatty acids involved in the epidermal lipid metabolism. Disruptions to this pathway results in impaired skin function, causing the symptoms of ARCI.
Pathology
Mutations in this gene account for 16% of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) cases, making it the 2nd most common gene involved with this disease. Since its first identification in 2004, 18 disease‐causing mutations have been reported in NIPAL4.
See also
Lamellar Ichthyosis
Congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma
Ichthyosis
Skin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myogenic%20tone | Myogenic tone is a state of muscle tone in living creatures that originates from the muscle itself rather than from the autonomic nervous system or from hormone processes. It may be contrasted with neurogenic tone, which is created by actions of the autonomic nervous system. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadband | A deadband or dead-band (also known as a dead zone or a neutral zone) is a band of input values in the domain of a transfer function in a control system or signal processing system where the output is zero (the output is 'dead' - no action occurs). Deadband regions can be used in control systems such as servoamplifiers to prevent oscillation or repeated activation-deactivation cycles (called 'hunting' in proportional control systems). A form of deadband that occurs in mechanical systems, compound machines such as gear trains is backlash.
Voltage regulators
In some power substations there are regulators that keep the voltage within certain predetermined limits, but there is a range of voltage in-between during which no changes are made, such as between 112 and 118 volts (the deadband is 6 volts), or between 215 to 225 volts (deadband is 10 volts).
Backlash
Gear teeth with slop (backlash) exhibit deadband. There is no drive from the input to the output shaft in either direction while the teeth are not meshed. Leadscrews generally also have backlash and hence a deadband, which must be taken into account when making position adjustments, especially with CNC systems. If mechanical backlash eliminators are not available, the control can compensate for backlash by adding the deadband value to the position vector whenever direction is reversed.
Hysteresis versus Deadband
Deadband is different from hysteresis. With hysteresis, there is no deadband and so the output is always in one direction or another. Devices with hysteresis have memory, in that previous system states dictate future states. Examples of devices with hysteresis are single-mode thermostats and smoke alarms. Deadband is the range in a process where no changes to output are made. Hysteresis is the difference in a variable depending on the direction of travel.
Thermostats
Simple (single mode) thermostats exhibit hysteresis. For example, the furnace in the basement of a house is adjusted automatically by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheotaxis | (Positive) Rheotaxis is a form of taxis seen in many aquatic organisms, e.g., fish, whereby they will (generally) turn to face into an oncoming current. In a flowing stream, this behavior leads them to hold their position rather than being swept downstream by the current. Rheotaxis has been noted in zebrafish and other species, and is found in most major aquatic invertebrate groups. Rheotaxis is important for animal survival because the positioning of an animal in the water can increase its chance of accessing food and lower the amount of energy it spends, especially when it remains stationary. Some organisms such as eels will exhibit negative rheotaxis where they will turn away from and avoid oncoming currents. This action is a part of their tendency to want to migrate. Some zooplankton also exhibit positive or negative rheotaxis.
In fish, the lateral line system is used to determine changes in the oncoming flow pattern of a body of water, and the corresponding orientation of the animal toward or away from the current. The lateral line sensory system consists of mechanosensory hair cells that detect the movement of water. Animals can also use rheotaxis in conjunction with other methods to orient themselves in the water. For example, sea lamprey will use the flow of the current to identify upstream chemical stimuli, and position themselves towards the direction of the signal.
Rheotaxis is also a phenomenon seen in small scale artificial systems. Recently, it was observed that certain self-propelled particles (gold-platinum nanorods) will rheotax and reorient themselves against the flow in small microfluidic channels. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry%20shipper | A dry shipper, or cryoshipper, is a container specifically engineered to transport biological specimens at cryogenic temperatures utilizing the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen.
Function
The architecture of a dry shipper encompasses two primary components: an internal canister and an external protective shell. The inner canister, designed to hold biological specimens, is positioned within the vapor phase of the liquid nitrogen. This configuration ensures that the specimens are maintained at temperatures below -150 °C for prolonged durations. A distinctive feature of dry shippers is their ability to avert direct contact between samples and liquid nitrogen, reducing risks of contamination and ensuring consistent cryogenic conditions during transit.
Applications
Dry shippers serve various sectors in both the scientific and medical arenas. In the realm of reproductive medicine, these containers facilitate the transportation of delicate biological entities, including human ova and embryos. Within the research landscape, they are employed to carry materials such as spermatozoa or preimplantation embryos of genetically modified mouse strains, safeguarding the integrity and viability of these research assets during their journey. Moreover, biobanks, which archive diverse biological specimens for subsequent scientific exploration, utilize dry shippers to dispatch and acquire samples from researchers worldwide.
Alternative for specimen transport
One common alternative to dry shippers is using dry ice. This method reduces package weight and costs since there's no need for return shipping, unlike with dry shippers. However, at -80 °C, dry ice might not provide a temperature low enough for all specimens. For instance, while cryopreserved mouse spermatozoa can handle this temperature for short periods without losing their fertilization capacity, cryopreserved mouse embryos require colder environments, such as those below -150 °C in dry shippers, to maintain their quality. Ano |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floradora | "Floradora", also called Keyword, was a doubly enciphered diplomatic code used by the Germans during the Second World War. The Allies used tabulating equipment, created by IBM, to break the code over period of more than a year in 1941 and 1942. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmus%20Pagh | Rasmus Pagh is a Danish computer scientist and a professor of computer science at the University of Copenhagen. His main work is in algorithms and data structures, and he is particularly known for the cuckoo hashing algorithm and for co-founding the Basic Algorithms Research Center, BARC, in Copenhagen.
Early life and education
Rasmus Pagh was born in Copenhagen, but soon after his family moved to Esbjerg in western Denmark. He went to high school at Rødkilde Amtsgymnasium where he participated in the "JP Forsker" science competition, and in the "Georg Mohr" mathematics competition.
After graduating in 1994, he went to study mathematics and computer science at Aarhus University.
In 1998 he started his PhD with Peter Bro Miltersen and started writing articles about hashing and efficient dictionaries, culminating in his work on cuckoo hashing.
Soon after his thesis defence was in the fall of 2002 he became an assistant professor at the recently founded IT University of Copenhagen.
Career
In 2007, Rasmus founded the Scalable Query Evaluation for Reliable Databases (SQERD) project. The project aimed at applying modern algorithmic techniques to problems arising in database management systems in connection with the evaluation of queries.
From 2011-2015, he ran the MaDaMS project, which partnered with Demetra A/S, Aarhus University and Apptus AB at finding more efficient approaches to data mining.
Rasmus Pagh was made full professor at ITU with his Inaugural Lecture in 2013.
In 2014, he received an ERC Consolidator Grant for a project on Scalable Similarity Search. The project resulted in many new algorithms, including a way to prevent false negatives in high dimensional search.
In 2017 Pagh co-founded the Basic Algorithms Research Center, BARC, in Copenhagen with Mikkel Thorup, Thore Husfeldt and Stephen Alstrup.
Soon thereafter he took a sabbatical to join the Simons Institute at University of California, Berkeley and become a Google visiting scholar.
In 2019, R |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501%20%28number%29 | 501 (five hundred [and] one) is the natural number following 500 and preceding 502.
501 is the sum of the first eighteen primes.
There are 501 degree-8 polynomials with integer coefficients, all of whose roots are in the unit disk.
There are 501 ways of partitioning the digits from 0 to 9 into two sets, each of which contains at least two digits, and 501 ways of partitioning a set of five elements into any number of ordered sequences.
501 is also a figurate number based on the 5-orthoplex or 5-dimensional cross polytope.
In the gematria of Eleazar of Worms, the Hebrew words "temunah" (image) and "parsuf 'adam" (human face) both had the numerological value of 501. Eleazar used this equivalence to argue that, in several Biblical passages, God appeared to His prophets in the form of a human face.
Other uses
501 is commonly used to refer to people deported from Australia under section 501 of the 1958 Migration Act. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korte%27s%20third%20law%20of%20apparent%20motion | In psychophysics, Korte's third law of apparent motion is an observation relating the phenomenon of apparent motion to the distance and duration between two successively presented stimuli.
Formulation
Korte's four laws were first proposed in 1915 by Adolf Korte. The third law, particularly, describes how the increase in distance between two stimuli narrows the range of interstimulus intervals (ISI), which produce the apparent motion. It holds that there is a requirement for the proportional decrease in the frequency in which two stimulators are activated in alternation with the increase in ISI to ensure the quality of apparent motion. One identified violation of the Korte's law occurs if the shortest path between seen arm positions is not possible anatomically. This was demonstrated by Maggie Shiffrar and Jennifer Freyd using a picture that showed a woman demonstrating two positions. This highlighted the problem in taking the shortest path to perform the alternating postures.
The laws were composed of general statements (laws) describing beta movement in the sense of "optimal motion". These outlined several constraints for obtaining the percept of apparent motion between flashes: "(1) larger separations require higher intensities, (2) slower presentation rates require higher intensities, (3) larger separations require slower presentation rates, (4) longer flash durations require shorter intervals .
A modern formulation of the law is that the greater the length of a path between two successively presented stimuli, the greater the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) must be for an observer to perceive the two stimuli as a single mobile object. Typically, the relationship between distance and minimal SOA is linear.
Arguably, Korte's third law is counterintuitive. One might expect that successive stimuli are less likely to be perceived as a single object as both distance and interval increase, and therefore, a negative relationship should be observed instead. In fact, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macacine%20betaherpesvirus%209 | Macacine betaherpesvirus 9 (McHV-9) is a species of virus in the genus Roseolovirus, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, and order Herpesvirales. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Copeland | Edmund "Ed" J. Copeland () is a theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and professor of physics working in the Faculty of Science at the University of Nottingham, United Kingdom. Copeland won the 2013 Rayleigh Medal and Prize awarded by the Institute of Physics for his work on particle/string cosmology. He obtained his PhD from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1985, with a thesis entitled "Quantum aspects of Kaluza-Klein cosmologies".
Copeland is well known for his appearances on the physics-popularizing YouTube channel Sixty Symbols, as well as the mathematics-popularizing channel Numberphile. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradyspory | Bradyspory is the gradual release of seed from a cone or fruit over a long period of time, as opposed to tachyspory, the more-or-less immediate release of seed as soon as they have matured.
Bradyspory may occur because seed release is spontaneous but very gradual, or because seed release does not occur until triggered to do so by some environmental event. The latter case is termed serotiny.
Plant physiology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Relativity%20and%20Gravitation | General Relativity and Gravitation is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal. It was established in 1970, and is published by Springer Science+Business Media under the auspices of the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation. The two editors-in-chief are Pablo Laguna and Mairi Sakellariadou; former editors include George Francis Rayner Ellis, Hermann Nicolai, Abhay Ashtekar, and Roy Maartens. The journal's field of interest is modern gravitational physics, encompassing all theoretical and experimental aspects of general relativity and gravitation.
Aims and scope
The aims of General Relativity and Gravitation include public outreach through teaching and public understanding, as well as disseminate the history of general relativity and gravitation. Another aim of the journal is to publish original research on numerous topics. Some of the topics of interest are observational, or theoretical work, in cosmology, general relativity, gravity, supergravity, quantum gravity, string theory (including extensions), relativity, and the related complex mathematics involved.
Publishing formats include original research papers, short communications, commentaries, review articles, and book reviews. The journal also includes mathematical topics related to the journal's science topics, along with mathematical results and techniques.
Abstracting and indexing
General Relativity and Gravitation is abstracted and indexed in Academic OneFile, Academic Search, Astrophysics Data System, Compendex, ProQuest, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences, Digital Mathematics Registry, INIS Atomindex, Inspec, Mathematical Reviews, Science Citation Index, VINITI Database RAS, and Zentralblatt MATH. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20probability | In probability theory and statistics, the empirical probability, relative frequency, or experimental probability of an event is the ratio of the number of outcomes in which a specified event occurs to the total number of trials, i.e., by means not of a theoretical sample space but of an actual experiment. More generally, empirical probability estimates probabilities from experience and observation.
Given an event in a sample space, the relative frequency of is the ratio being the number of outcomes in which the event occurs, and being the total number of outcomes of the experiment.
In statistical terms, the empirical probability is an estimator or estimate of a probability. In simple cases, where the result of a trial only determines whether or not the specified event has occurred, modelling using a binomial distribution might be appropriate and then the empirical estimate is the maximum likelihood estimate. It is the Bayesian estimate for the same case if certain assumptions are made for the prior distribution of the probability. If a trial yields more information, the empirical probability can be improved on by adopting further assumptions in the form of a statistical model: if such a model is fitted, it can be used to derive an estimate of the probability of the specified event
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
An advantage of estimating probabilities using empirical probabilities is that this procedure is relatively free of assumptions.
For example, consider estimating the probability among a population of men that they satisfy two conditions:
that they are over 6 feet in height.
that they prefer strawberry jam to raspberry jam.
A direct estimate could be found by counting the number of men who satisfy both conditions to give the empirical probability of the combined condition. An alternative estimate could be found by multiplying the proportion of men who are over 6 feet in height with the proportion of men who prefer strawberry jam to raspb |
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