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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript%20syntax | The syntax of JavaScript is the set of rules that define a correctly structured JavaScript program.
The examples below make use of the log function of the console object present in most browsers for standard text output.
The JavaScript standard library lacks an official standard text output function (with the exception of document.write). Given that JavaScript is mainly used for client-side scripting within modern web browsers, and that almost all Web browsers provide the alert function, alert can also be used, but is not commonly used.
Origins
Brendan Eich summarized the ancestry of the syntax in the first paragraph of the JavaScript 1.1 specification as follows:
Basics
Case sensitivity
JavaScript is case sensitive. It is common to start the name of a constructor with a capitalised letter, and the name of a function or variable with a lower-case letter.
Example:
var a = 5;
console.log(a); // 5
console.log(A); // throws a ReferenceError: A is not defined
Whitespace and semicolons
Unlike in C, whitespace in JavaScript source can directly impact semantics. Semicolons end statements in JavaScript. Because of automatic semicolon insertion (ASI), some statements that are well formed when a newline is parsed will be considered complete, as if a semicolon were inserted just prior to the newline. Some authorities advise supplying statement-terminating semicolons explicitly, because it may lessen unintended effects of the automatic semicolon insertion.
There are two issues: five tokens can either begin a statement or be the extension of a complete statement; and five restricted productions, where line breaks are not allowed in certain positions, potentially yielding incorrect parsing.
The five problematic tokens are the open parenthesis "(", open bracket "[", slash "/", plus "+", and minus "-". Of these, the open parenthesis is common in the immediately invoked function expression pattern, and open bracket occurs sometimes, while others are quite rare. An example:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonoblique%20correction | In four-fermion scattering processes of particle physics, a nonoblique correction, also called a direct correction, refers to a radiative correction of type
+ → +
in the electroweak sector of the Standard Model. These corrections are being studied at the CERN LEP collider. Together with the oblique corrections, nonoblique corrections can be used to constrain models of physics beyond the Standard Model.
Classes
There are three classes of radiative corrections to these processes:
vacuum polarization corrections,
vertex corrections, and
box corrections.
The vertex and box corrections, which depend on the identity of the initial and final state fermions, are referred to as the non-oblique corrections. The vacuum polarization corrections are referred to as oblique corrections, since they only affect the mixing and propagation of the gauge bosons and they do not depend on which type of fermions appear in the initial or final states.
Examples
An example of a vertex correction is the nonuniversality (flavor dependence) of the couplings of the quarks and leptons to the charged and neutral weak currents. Another example is the anomalous magnetic dipole moment.
In order to affect the nonoblique corrections, particles must couple directly to the external fermions. Such couplings are expected to be suppressed in most cases, with one exception being the vertex.
See also
Initial and final state radiation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreducible%20polynomial | In mathematics, an irreducible polynomial is, roughly speaking, a polynomial that cannot be factored into the product of two non-constant polynomials. The property of irreducibility depends on the nature of the coefficients that are accepted for the possible factors, that is, the field to which the coefficients of the polynomial and its possible factors are supposed to belong. For example, the polynomial is a polynomial with integer coefficients, but, as every integer is also a real number, it is also a polynomial with real coefficients. It is irreducible if it is considered as a polynomial with integer coefficients, but it factors as if it is considered as a polynomial with real coefficients. One says that the polynomial is irreducible over the integers but not over the reals.
Polynomial irreducibility can be considered for polynomials with coefficients in an integral domain, and there are two common definitions. Most often, a polynomial over an integral domain is said to be irreducible if it is not the product of two polynomials that have their coefficients in , and that are not unit in . Equivalently, for this definition, an irreducible polynomial is an irreducible element in the rings of polynomials over . If is a field, the two definitions of irreducibility are equivalent. For the second definition, a polynomial is irreducible if it cannot be factored into polynomials with coefficients in the same domain that both have a positive degree. Equivalently, a polynomial is irreducible if it is irreducible over the field of fractions of the integral domain. For example, the polynomial is irreducible for the second definition, and not for the first one. On the other hand, is irreducible in for the two definitions, while it is reducible in
A polynomial that is irreducible over any field containing the coefficients is absolutely irreducible. By the fundamental theorem of algebra, a univariate polynomial is absolutely irreducible if and only if its degree is on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%20Irradiation%20Examination | Post Irradiation Examination (PIE) is the study of used nuclear materials such as nuclear fuel. It has several purposes. It is known that by examination of used fuel that the failure modes which occur during normal use (and the manner in which the fuel will behave during an accident) can be studied. In addition information is gained which enables the users of fuel to assure themselves of its quality and it also assists in the development of new fuels. After major accidents the core (or what is left of it) is normally subject to PIE in order to find out what happened. One site where PIE is done is the ITU which is the EU centre for the study of highly radioactive materials.
Materials in a high radiation environment (such as a reactor) can undergo unique behaviors such as swelling and non-thermal creep. If there are nuclear reactions within the material (such as what happens in the fuel), the stoichiometry will also change slowly over time. These behaviors can lead to new material properties, cracking, and fission gas release:
Fission gas release
As the fuel is degraded or heated the more volatile fission products which are trapped within the uranium dioxide may become free.
Fuel cracking
As the fuel expands on heating, the core of the pellet expands more than the rim which may lead to cracking. Because of the thermal stress thus formed the fuel cracks, the cracks tend to go from the centre to the edge in a star shaped pattern.
In order to better understand and control these changes in materials, these behaviors are studied. . Due to the intensely radioactive nature of the used fuel this is done in a hot cell. A combination of nondestructive and destructive methods of PIE are common.
In addition to the effects of radiation and the fission products on materials, scientists also need to consider the temperature of materials in a reactor, and in particular, the fuel. Too high fuel temperatures can compromise the fuel, and therefore it is important to control t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekman%20transport | Ekman transport is part of Ekman motion theory, first investigated in 1902 by Vagn Walfrid Ekman. Winds are the main source of energy for ocean circulation, and Ekman transport is a component of wind-driven ocean current. Ekman transport occurs when ocean surface waters are influenced by the friction force acting on them via the wind. As the wind blows it casts a friction force on the ocean surface that drags the upper 10-100m of the water column with it. However, due to the influence of the Coriolis effect, the ocean water moves at a 90° angle from the direction of the surface wind. The direction of transport is dependent on the hemisphere: in the northern hemisphere, transport occurs at 90° clockwise from wind direction, while in the southern hemisphere it occurs at 90° anticlockwise. This phenomenon was first noted by Fridtjof Nansen, who recorded that ice transport appeared to occur at an angle to the wind direction during his Arctic expedition of the 1890s. Ekman transport has significant impacts on the biogeochemical properties of the world's oceans. This is because it leads to upwelling (Ekman suction) and downwelling (Ekman pumping) in order to obey mass conservation laws. Mass conservation, in reference to Ekman transfer, requires that any water displaced within an area must be replenished. This can be done by either Ekman suction or Ekman pumping depending on wind patterns.
Theory
Ekman theory explains the theoretical state of circulation if water currents were driven only by the transfer of momentum from the wind. In the physical world, this is difficult to observe because of the influences of many simultaneous current driving forces (for example, pressure and density gradients). Though the following theory technically applies to the idealized situation involving only wind forces, Ekman motion describes the wind-driven portion of circulation seen in the surface layer.
Surface currents flow at a 45° angle to the wind due to a balance between the Coriolis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNH7 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNH7 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a voltage-gated potassium channel subunit. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom%20tea | Mushroom tea is an infusion of mushrooms in water, made by using edible/medicinal mushrooms (such as lingzhi mushroom) or psychedelic mushrooms (such as Psilocybe cubensis). The active ingredient in psychedelic mushrooms is psilocybin, while the active ingredients in medicinal mushrooms are thought to be beta-glucans.
Korea
In Korea, mushroom teas known as beoseot-cha ( ) are made from edible mushrooms such as black hoof mushroom, lingzhi mushroom, oyster mushroom, scaly hedgehog, and shiitake mushroom.
Neungi-cha () – scaly hedgehog tea
Neutari-cha () – oyster mushroom tea
Pyogo-cha () – shiitake mushroom tea
Sanghwang-cha () – black hoof mushroom tea
Yeongji-cha () – lingzhi mushroom tea
See also
Kombucha (tea mushroom)
Psychedelic mushrooms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAAC | FAAC or Freeware Advanced Audio Coder is a software project which includes the AAC encoder FAAC and decoder FAAD2. It supports MPEG-2 AAC as well as MPEG-4 AAC. It supports several MPEG-4 Audio object types (LC, Main, LTP for encoding and SBR, PS, ER, LD for decoding), file formats (ADTS AAC, raw AAC, MP4), multichannel and gapless encoding/decoding and MP4 metadata tags. The encoder and decoder is compatible with standard-compliant audio applications using one or more of these object types and facilities. It also supports Digital Radio Mondiale.
FAAC and FAAD2, being distributed in C source code form, can be compiled on various platforms and are distributed free of charge. FAAD2 is free software. FAAC contains some code which is published as Free Software, but as a whole it is only distributed under a proprietary license.
FAAC was originally written by Menno Bakker.
FAAC encoder
FAAC stands for Freeware Advanced Audio Coder. The FAAC encoder is an audio compression computer program that creates AAC (MPEG-2 AAC/MPEG-4 AAC) sound files from other formats (usually, CD-DA audio files). It contains a library (libfaac) that can be used by other programs. AAC files are commonly used in computer programs and portable music players, being Apple Inc.'s recommended format for the company's iPod music player.
Some of the features that FAAC has are: cross-platform support, "reasonably" fast encoding, support for more than one "object type" of the AAC format, multi-channel encoding, and support for Digital Radio Mondiale streams. It also supports multi-channel streams, like 5.1. The MPEG-4 object types of the AAC format supported by FAAC are the "Low Complexity" (LC), "Main", and "Long Term Prediction" (LTP). The MPEG-2 AAC profiles supported by FAAC are LC and Main. The SBR and PS object types are not supported, so the HE-AAC and HE-AACv2 profiles are also not supported. The object type "Low Complexity" is the default and also happens to be used in videos meant to be play |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipaza%20Longwave%20Transmitter | Tipaza Longwave Transmitter is a Broadcast transmitter of Algeria's Entreprise nationale de Radiodiffusion sonore. It broadcasts the French-speaking station Alger Chaîne 3 on the longwave frequency of 252 kHz. Tipaza Longwave Transmitter, which is situated near Tipaza at 36°33'58" N and 2°28'50" E, has a transmission power of 1500 kW during the day and 750 kW at night. Tipaza Longwave Transmitter antenna is a 355-meter tall guyed mast, which is the second-tallest structure of Algeria.
External links
http://www.sia-enna.dz/PDF/AIP/ENR/ENR5/ENR5.4.pdf
http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0038754
Buildings and structures in Algeria
Broadcast transmitters
Buildings and structures in Tipaza Province |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substomatal%20cavity | In plants, the substomatal cavity is the cavity located immediately proximal to the stoma. It acts as a diffusion chamber connected with intercellular air spaces and allows rapid diffusion of carbon dioxide and other gases (such as plant pheromones) in and out of plant cells. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation%20%28sculpture%20series%29 | Constellation is a series of outdoor 2000 bronze sculptures by American artist Tad Savinar, installed at Holladay Park in northeast Portland, Oregon, United States. The work's three "distinct elements" include:
Constellation (Vase of Flowers) or Constellation: Flowers from a Neighborhood Garden, a slender vase of daisies, hydrangeas and other flowers;
Constellation (Molecule) or Constellation: Isolated Molecule for a Good Neighborhood, an abstract molecule representing a "good neighborhood"; and
Constellation: Neighborhood Gardiner or simply Constellation, a female figure carrying gardening shears.
According to the Regional Arts & Culture Council, which administers the installation, "This project attempts to illustrate the connection between the personal front yard garden and the civic park/garden." The figure depicts a neighborhood activist (Carolyn Marks Backs or Carolyn Marks-Bax, depending on the source). The decision to visualize backs and the objects depicted in the molecule were chosen by the Sullivan Gulch Neighborhood Association. Objects include a bagel, coffee mug, garden tool, house, milk carton, school, a family, and trees. Constellation was funded by the City of Portland's Percent for Art program. It is part of the City of Portland and Multnomah County Public Art Collection courtesy of the Regional Arts & Culture Council.
See also
2000 in art |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Frobenius%20Lie%20algebra | In mathematics, a quasi-Frobenius Lie algebra
over a field is a Lie algebra
equipped with a nondegenerate skew-symmetric bilinear form
, which is a Lie algebra 2-cocycle of with values in . In other words,
for all , , in .
If is a coboundary, which means that there exists a linear form such that
then
is called a Frobenius Lie algebra.
Equivalence with pre-Lie algebras with nondegenerate invariant skew-symmetric bilinear form
If is a quasi-Frobenius Lie algebra, one can define on another bilinear product by the formula
.
Then one has
and
is a pre-Lie algebra.
See also
Lie coalgebra
Lie bialgebra
Lie algebra cohomology
Frobenius algebra
Quasi-Frobenius ring |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactor%20Experiment%20for%20Neutrino%20Oscillation | The Reactor Experiment for Neutrino Oscillation (RENO) is a short baseline reactor neutrino oscillation experiment in South Korea. The experiment was designed to either measure or set a limit on the neutrino mixing matrix parameter θ13, a parameter responsible for oscillations of electron neutrinos into other neutrino flavours. RENO has two identical detectors, placed at distances of 294 m and 1383 m, that observe electron antineutrinos produced by six reactors at the Hanbit Nuclear Power Plant (the old name: the Yeonggwang Nuclear Power Plant) in Korea.
Each detector consists of of gadolinium-doped liquid scintillator (LAB), surrounded by an additional 450 tons of buffer, veto, and shielding liquids.
On 3 April 2012, with some corrections on 8 April, the RENO collaboration announced a 4.9σ observation of θ13 ≠ 0, with
This measurement confirmed a similar result announced by the Daya Bay Experiment three weeks before and is consistent with earlier, but less significant results by T2K, MINOS and Double Chooz.
RENO released updated results in December 2013, confirming θ13 ≠ 0 with a significance of 6.3σ:
In 2014, RENO announced the observation of an unexpectedly large number of neutrinos with an energy of . This has since been confirmed by the Daya Bay and Double Chooz experiments, and the cause remains an outstanding puzzle.
Expansion plans, referred to as RENO-50, will add a third medium-baseline detector at a distance of 47 km. This distance is better for observing neutrino oscillations, but requires a much larger detector due to the smaller neutrino flux. The location, near Dongshin University, has a 450 m high mountain (Mt. Guemseong), which will provide 900 m.w.e. shielding for the detector. If funded, this will contain of scintillator, surrounded by photomultiplier tubes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desomorphine | Desomorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid commercialized by Roche, with powerful, fast-acting effects, such as sedation and analgesia. It was first discovered and patented by a German team working for Knoll in 1920 but was not generally recognized. It was later synthesized in 1932 by Lyndon Frederick Small. Small also successfully patented it in 1934 in the United States. Desomorphine was used in Switzerland under the brand name Permonid and was described as having a fast onset and a short duration of action, with relatively little nausea compared to equivalent doses of morphine. Dose for dose it is eight to ten times more potent than morphine.
Desomorphine is a morphine analogue where the 6-hydroxyl group and the 7,8 double bond have been reduced. The traditional synthesis of desomorphine starts from α-chlorocodide, which is itself obtained by treating codeine with thionyl chloride. By catalytic reduction, α-chlorocodide gives dihydrodesoxycodeine, which yields desomorphine on demethylation.
A desomorphine product has been created by the public as a street drug, usually using codeine. Such product is highly impure, which lends the street drug name krokodil (Russian for crocodile), due to the scaly sores and necrosis that develop around the injection site.
Uses
Medical
Desomorphine was previously used in Switzerland for the treatment of severe pain. While medical usage of desomorphine was terminated in 1981, during the final years leading up to that it was being used to treat a single patient in Bern, Switzerland with a rare illness. While desomorphine was found to be faster acting and more effective than morphine for the rapid relief of severe pain, its shorter duration of action and the relatively more severe respiratory depression produced at equianalgesic doses, as well as a high incidence of other side effects such as hypotension and urinary retention, were felt to outweigh any potential advantages.
Recreational
Desomorphine abuse in Russia attracted inte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Carlson%20%28engineer%29 | Mark A. Carlson (born 1955) was a software engineer known in the systems management industry for his work in management standards and technology. Mark was the first employee of a small startup in Boulder, Colorado called Redcape Policy Software. Sun Microsystems acquired the company and its technology in 1998 and subsequently promoted it as Jiro, a common management framework based on Java and Jini.
Carlson was best known for his work on the development of a storage management standard called SMI-S for the SNIA, serving as the chair of the group overseeing the specification for several years. The specification is now an ANSI and ISO standard.
In addition to SMI-S, Mark also led the development of a reference implementation of the XAM standard, a next generation storage interface with support for metadata, query and compliance based data retention of fixed content. Based on this work, he authored the Storage Industry Resource Domain Model, a model for Computer data storage interfaces showing the role of system metadata for future integrated Data Services orchestrated by policy.
Carlson has led various efforts around Policy Based Management, including co-authoring RFC 3198 and chairing of the DMTF and SNIA policy working groups. He was a core contributor on the Apache incubator project called Imperius, which is an implementation of the standard CIM-SPL policy language.
Mark's most recent efforts were to lead the development of a standard cloud storage interface leveraging the preceding storage and data management technologies. As chair of the SNIA Cloud Storage Technical Work Group, he was driving the development of the Cloud Data Management Interface (CDMI) and a reference implementation of the interface.
He served on the SNIA Technical Council. He was also appointed as a DMTF Fellow for the Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF).
Death
Mark passed away unexpectedly May 3, 2023. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZertES | ZertES is a Swiss Federal law that regulates the conditions under which trust service providers may use certification services with electronic signatures. Additionally, this law provides a framework that outlines the provider’s obligations and rights as they apply to providing their certification services.
Description
ZertES was approved into law on December 19, 2003. The law promotes the use of secure services for electronic certification to facilitate the use of qualified electronic signatures. Under this law, the signatures would be equal to a handwritten signature.
Switzerland’s ZertES law possesses a similar tiered structure and standards of legal value as the European Union’s eIDAS Regulation. ZertES provides several assurance levels; qualified electronic signatures is the highest level, equivalent to a handwritten signature. For many official documents, it is required that the electronic signatures used be at this qualified electronic signature level.
Standards
Under ZertES, an electronic signature refers to electronic data that is either attached to or associated to other electronic data, which serves as a means of authentication for that data. Currently, ZertES does not provide specifications on how electronic signatures should be technically implemented. Despite this limitation, the Swiss Federal Council has made international agreements to facilitate the international use of electronic signatures and allow for their legal recognition. Therefore, the council allows that electronic signatures that have been technically implemented as digital standards in eIDAS be accepted.
The following standards are recognized by the Swiss Federal Council:
XAdES
PAdES
CAdES
Electronic transactions
A , also known as an advanced electronic signature, must meet certain requirements in order to prove its authenticity, including:
Establishing a unique link to its signatory
The ability to identify its signatory or holder
Having been created with software or equipmen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection%20%28composite%20bundle%29 | Composite bundles play a prominent role in gauge theory with symmetry breaking, e.g., gauge gravitation theory, non-autonomous mechanics where is the time axis, e.g., mechanics with time-dependent parameters, and so on. There are the important relations between connections on fiber bundles , and .
Composite bundle
In differential geometry by a composite bundle is meant the composition
of fiber bundles
It is provided with bundle coordinates , where are bundle coordinates on a fiber bundle , i.e., transition functions of coordinates are independent of coordinates .
The following fact provides the above mentioned physical applications of composite bundles. Given the composite bundle (1), let be a global section
of a fiber bundle , if any. Then the pullback bundle
over is a subbundle of a fiber bundle .
Composite principal bundle
For instance, let be a principal bundle with a structure Lie group which is reducible to its closed subgroup . There is a composite bundle where is a principal bundle with a structure group and is a fiber bundle associated with . Given a global section of , the pullback bundle is a reduced principal subbundle of with a structure group . In gauge theory, sections of are treated as classical Higgs fields.
Jet manifolds of a composite bundle
Given the composite bundle (1), consider the jet manifolds , , and of the fiber bundles , , and , respectively. They are provided with the adapted coordinates , , and
There is the canonical map
.
Composite connection
This canonical map defines the relations between connections on fiber bundles , and . These connections are given by the corresponding tangent-valued connection forms
A connection on a fiber bundle
and a connection on a fiber bundle define a connection
on a composite bundle . It is called the composite connection. This is a unique connection such that the horizontal lift onto of a vector field on by means of the composite connecti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20Science%20Educator | Medical Science Educator is a peer-reviewed journal that focuses on teaching the sciences that are fundamental to modern medicine and health. Coverage includes basic science education, clinical teaching and the incorporation of modern educational technologies. MSE offers all who teach in healthcare the most current information to succeed in their task by publishing scholarly activities, opinions, and resources in medical science education. MSE provides the readership a better understanding of teaching and learning techniques in order to advance medical science education. It is the official publication of the International Association of Medical Science Educators (IAMSE). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20P.%20Stanley | Richard Peter Stanley (born June 23, 1944) is an Emeritus Professor of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. From 2000 to 2010, he was the Norman Levinson Professor of Applied Mathematics. He received his Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1971 under the supervision of Gian-Carlo Rota. He is an expert in the field of combinatorics and its applications to other mathematical disciplines.
Contributions
Stanley is known for his two-volume book Enumerative Combinatorics (1986–1999). He is also the author of Combinatorics and Commutative Algebra (1983) and well over 200 research articles in mathematics. He has served as thesis advisor to 60 doctoral students, many of whom have had distinguished careers in combinatorial research. Donald Knuth named Stanley as one of his combinatorial heroes in a 2023 interview.
Awards and honors
Stanley's distinctions include membership in the National Academy of Sciences (elected in 1995), the 2001 Leroy P. Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition, the 2003 Schock Prize, a plenary lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians (in Madrid, Spain), and election in 2012 as a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. In 2022 he was awarded the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement.
Selected publications
Stanley, Richard P. (1996). Combinatorics and Commutative Algebra, 2nd ed. .
Stanley, Richard P. (1997, 1999). Enumerative Combinatorics, Volumes 1 and 2. Cambridge University Press. , 0-521-56069-1.
See also
Exponential formula
Order polynomial
Stanley decomposition
Stanley's reciprocity theorem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Longevity | Human Longevity, Inc. is a San Diego-based venture launched by Craig Venter and Peter Diamandis in 2013. Its goal is to build the world's most comprehensive database on human genotypes and phenotypes, and then subject it to machine learning so that it can help develop new ways to fight diseases associated with aging. The company received in investments in its Series A offering in summer 2014 and announced a further $220 million Series B investment offering in April 2016. It has made deals with drug companies Celgene and AstraZeneca to collaborate in its research.
Overview
While it is conducting research, the company is offering a wellness service known as "Health Nucleus," which offers customers a range of medical tests such as a full genome sequencing and tests for early indications of cancers, Alzheimer's and heart disease. This testing is meant to help people catch diseases earlier than otherwise possible and to identify risk factors for diseases later in life.
At the start of 2017, the company hired Cynthia Collins from GE Healthcare, and Venter became Executive Chair. The company's chief operating officer, Mark Winham, left the company in mid-2017, and Collins and the company's chief medical officer, Brad Perkins, left in December. Venter stepped back into the CEO role, but announced in May 2018 that he was leaving the company to return to the J. Craig Venter Institute. Venter was sued for allegedly 'stealing trade secrets' at Human Longevity. The case has been dismissed.
In November 2019, Human Longevity closes $30 million financing from Emerging Technology Partners (ETP) and other leading healthcare investors to renew its commitment to longevity and precision health.
In November 2019, C. Thomas Caskey, MD, FACP, FACMG, FRSC and Professor, Molecular & Human Genetics at the Baylor College of Medicine, joined the company as Chief Medical Officer.
In January 2020, Human Longevity published a ground-breaking study in the journal Proceedings of the National A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake%20cube | The snake cube is a mechanical puzzle, a chain of 27 or 64 cubelets, connected by an elastic band running through them, creating a specific sequence of straight and bent connections. The cubelets can rotate freely. The aim of the puzzle is to arrange the chain in such a way that they will form a 3×3×3 or 4×4×4 cube. While all commercially available 3×3×3 cubes appear to be identical in terms of the sequence of straight and bent connections, and have only one solution (up to symmetry), at least two different 4×4×4 cubes are sold, both having four unique solutions.
Variations
A variation on the puzzle is a Kibble cube, which is also a string of cubes but has slots on the cubes. There are also many different styles of the cube. It can be made up of wood or plastic and can vary in colour, material and size. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket%20notation | Bra–ket notation, also called Dirac notation, is a notation for linear algebra and linear operators on complex vector spaces together with their dual space both in the finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional case. It is specifically designed to ease the types of calculations that frequently come up in quantum mechanics. Its use in quantum mechanics is quite widespread.
Bra-ket notation was created by Paul Dirac in his 1939 publication A New Notation for Quantum Mechanics. The notation was introduced as an easier way to write quantum mechanical expressions. The name comes from the English word "Bracket".
Quantum mechanics
In quantum mechanics, bra–ket notation is used ubiquitously to denote quantum states. The notation uses angle brackets, and , and a vertical bar , to construct "bras" and "kets".
A ket is of the form . Mathematically it denotes a vector, , in an abstract (complex) vector space , and physically it represents a state of some quantum system.
A bra is of the form . Mathematically it denotes a linear form , i.e. a linear map that maps each vector in to a number in the complex plane . Letting the linear functional act on a vector is written as .
Assume that on there exists an inner product with antilinear first argument, which makes an inner product space. Then with this inner product each vector can be identified with a corresponding linear form, by placing the vector in the anti-linear first slot of the inner product: . The correspondence between these notations is then . The linear form is a covector to , and the set of all covectors form a subspace of the dual vector space , to the initial vector space . The purpose of this linear form can now be understood in terms of making projections on the state , to find how linearly dependent two states are, etc.
For the vector space , kets can be identified with column vectors, and bras with row vectors. Combinations of bras, kets, and linear operators are interpreted using matrix multiplic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLCN2 | Chloride channel protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLCN2 gene. Mutations of this gene have been found to cause leukoencephalopathy and Idiopathic generalised epilepsy (), although the latter claim has been disputed. CLCN2 contains a transmembrane region that is involved in chloride ion transport as well two intracellular copies of the CBS domain.
See also
Chloride channel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preconditioning%20%28adaptation%29 | Preconditioning occurs when an animal is exposed to a stressor or stimulus in order to prepare it for a later encounter with a similar stressor or stimulus.
For example, in vaccinations, a human is exposed to an artificially weakened virus in order to stimulate the body's immune system to produce antibodies that fight the virus. Then, when the live virus is encountered, the body can vigorously defend against it, already having produced the relevant antibodies. See pre-exposure prophylaxis.
Behaviorism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran%20%28protein%29 | Ran (RAs-related Nuclear protein) also known as GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAN gene. Ran is a small 25 kDa protein that is involved in transport into and out of the cell nucleus during interphase and also involved in mitosis. It is a member of the Ras superfamily.
Ran is a small G protein that is essential for the translocation of RNA and proteins through the nuclear pore complex. The Ran protein has also been implicated in the control of DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression, as mutations in Ran have been found to disrupt DNA synthesis.
Function
Ran cycle
Ran exists in the cell in two nucleotide-bound forms: GDP-bound and GTP-bound. RanGDP is converted into RanGTP through the action of RCC1, the nucleotide exchange factor for Ran. RCC1 is also known as RanGEF (Ran Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor). Ran's intrinsic GTPase-activity is activated through interaction with Ran GTPase activating protein (RanGAP), facilitated by complex formation with Ran-binding protein (RanBP). GTPase-activation leads to the conversion of RanGTP to RanGDP, thus closing the Ran cycle.
Ran can diffuse freely within the cell, but because RCC1 and RanGAP are located in different places in the cell, the concentration of RanGTP and RanGDP differs locally as well, creating concentration gradients that act as signals for other cellular processes. RCC1 is bound to chromatin and therefore located inside the nucleus. RanGAP is cytoplasmic in yeast and bound to the nuclear envelope in plants and animals. In mammalian cells, it is SUMO modified and attached to the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear pore complex via interaction with the nucleoporin RANBP2 (Nup358). This difference in location of the accessory proteins in the Ran cycle leads to a high RanGTP to RanGDP ratio inside the nucleus and an inversely low RanGTP to RanGDP ratio outside the nucleus. In addition to a gradient of the nucleotide bound state of Ran, there is a gradient of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Gitler%20spectrum | In the mathematical discipline of topology, the Brown–Gitler spectrum is a spectrum whose cohomology is a certain cyclic module over the Steenrod algebra.
Brown–Gitler spectra are defined by the isomorphism:
History
The concept was introduced by mathematicians Edgar H. Brown and Samuel Gitler in a 1973 paper.
In topology, Brown–Gitler spectrum is related to the concepts of the Segal conjecture
(proven in 1984) and the Burnside ring.
Applications
Brown–Gitler spectra have had many important applications in homotopy theory. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equating%20coefficients | In mathematics, the method of equating the coefficients is a way of solving a functional equation of two expressions such as polynomials for a number of unknown parameters. It relies on the fact that two expressions are identical precisely when corresponding coefficients are equal for each different type of term. The method is used to bring formulas into a desired form.
Example in real fractions
Suppose we want to apply partial fraction decomposition to the expression:
that is, we want to bring it into the form:
in which the unknown parameters are A, B and C.
Multiplying these formulas by x(x − 1)(x − 2) turns both into polynomials, which we equate:
or, after expansion and collecting terms with equal powers of x:
At this point it is essential to realize that the polynomial 1 is in fact equal to the polynomial 0x2 + 0x + 1, having zero coefficients for the positive powers of x. Equating the corresponding coefficients now results in this system of linear equations:
Solving it results in:
Example in nested radicals
A similar problem, involving equating like terms rather than coefficients of like terms, arises if we wish to de-nest the nested radicals to obtain an equivalent expression not involving a square root of an expression itself involving a square root, we can postulate the existence of rational parameters d, e such that
Squaring both sides of this equation yields:
To find d and e we equate the terms not involving square roots, so and equate the parts involving radicals, so which when squared implies This gives us two equations, one quadratic and one linear, in the desired parameters d and e, and these can be solved to obtain
which is a valid solution pair if and only if is a rational number.
Example of testing for linear dependence of equations
Consider this overdetermined system of equations (with 3 equations in just 2 unknowns):
To test whether the third equation is linearly dependent on the first two, postulate two parameters a and b suc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%E2%80%93domain%E2%80%93responder | Action–domain–responder (ADR) is a software architectural pattern that was proposed by Paul M. Jones as a refinement of Model–view–controller (MVC) that is better suited for web applications. ADR was devised to match the request-response flow of HTTP communications more closely than MVC, which was originally designed for desktop software applications. Similar to MVC, the pattern is divided into three parts.
Components
The action takes HTTP requests (URLs and their methods) and uses that input to interact with the domain, after which it passes the domain's output to one and only one responder.
The domain can modify state, interacting with storage and/or manipulating data as needed. It contains the business logic.
The responder builds the entire HTTP response from the domain's output which is given to it by the action.
Comparison to MVC
ADR should not be mistaken for a renaming of MVC; however, some similarities do exist.
The MVC model is very similar to the ADR domain. The difference is in behavior: in MVC, the view can send information to or modify the model, whereas in ADR, the domain only receives information from the action, not the responder.
In web-centric MVC, the view is merely used by the controller to generate the content of a response, which the controller could then manipulate before sending as output. In ADR, execution control passes to the responder after the action finishes interacting with the domain, and thus the responder is entirely responsible for generating all output. The responder can then use any view or template system that it needs to.
MVC controllers usually contain several methods that, when combined in a single class, require additional logic to handle properly, like pre- and post-action hooks. Each ADR action, however, is represented by separate classes or closures. In terms of behavior, the action interacts with the domain in the same way that the MVC controller interacts with the model, except that the action does not then int |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmipedium%20lindenii | Phragmipedium lindenii is a species of orchid found from Venezuela to Ecuador. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth%20trap | Moth traps are devices used for capturing moths for scientific research or domestic pest control.
Entomologists use moth traps to study moth populations, behavior, distribution, and role in ecosystems, contributing to biodiversity conservation and ecological monitoring efforts.
Homeowners, on the other hand, employ moth traps to protect their homes from moth infestations, particularly clothes moths and pantry moths, which can cause significant damage to textiles and contaminate stored food products.
Use in entomology
Entomologists primarily use light-based moth traps, which exploit the phototactic behavior of moths, attracting them to a light source. Moths navigate by using natural light sources such as the moon and stars, and artificial light sources can confuse and draw them in. The moths are then captured in a container, allowing researchers to identify and record the species present without causing harm. Various trapping methods and designs are employed, including mercury vapor light traps, actinic light traps, and LED light traps, to cater to different research objectives, environmental conditions, and target moth species. These traps often feature modifications to minimize bycatch and ensure minimal disturbance to non-target organisms, demonstrating a responsible and ethical approach to scientific research.
All moth traps follow the same basic design - consisting of a mercury vapour or actinic light to attract the moths and a box in which the moths can accumulate and be examined later. The moths fly towards the light and spiral down towards the source of the light and are deflected into the box. Besides moths, several other insects will also come to light, such as scarab beetles, Ichneumonid wasps, stink bugs, stick insects, diving beetles, and water boatmen. Occasionally diurnal species such as dragonflies, yellowjacket wasps, and hover flies will also visit.
The reason insects, and especially particular families of insects (e.g. moths), are attracted |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20encryption | Multiple encryption is the process of encrypting an already encrypted message one or more times, either using the same or a different algorithm. It is also known as cascade encryption, cascade ciphering, multiple encryption, and superencipherment. Superencryption refers to the outer-level encryption of a multiple encryption.
Some cryptographers, like Matthew Green of Johns Hopkins University, say multiple encryption addresses a problem that mostly doesn't exist: Modern ciphers rarely get broken... You’re far more likely to get hit by malware or an implementation bug than you are to suffer a catastrophic attack on AES. .... and in that quote lies the reason for multiple encryption, namely poor implementation. Using two different cryptomodules and keying processes from two different vendors requires both vendors' wares to be compromised for security to fail completely.
Independent keys
Picking any two ciphers, if the key used is the same for both, the second cipher could possibly undo the first cipher, partly or entirely. This is true of ciphers where the decryption process is exactly the same as the encryption process—the second cipher would completely undo the first. If an attacker were to recover the key through cryptanalysis of the first encryption layer, the attacker could possibly decrypt all the remaining layers, assuming the same key is used for all layers.
To prevent that risk, one can use keys that are statistically independent for each layer (e.g. independent RNGs).
Ideally each key should have separate and different generation, sharing, and management processes.
Independent Initialization Vectors
For en/decryption processes that require sharing an Initialization Vector (IV) / nonce these are typically, openly shared or made known to the recipient (and everyone else). Its good security policy never to provide the same data in both plaintext and ciphertext when using the same key and IV. Therefore, its recommended (although at this moment without spe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FITkit | FITkit is an immunological test for measuring natural rubber latex (NRL) allergens from a variety of rubber products, such as gloves.
Description
FITkit is a method for quantification of the major natural rubber latex (NRL) specific allergens: Hev b 1, Hev b 3, Hev b 5 and Hev b 6.02. The sum of four major allergens shows the allergenic potential of NRL products like gloves, condoms, teats, balloons, etc. These tests are based on the enzyme immunometric assay technique and use specific monoclonal antibodies developed against the clinically relevant latex allergens present in NRL products.
FITkit is known also under scientific names EIA (enzyme immunoassay) or IEMA (immuno-enzymometric assay).
The main value of FITkit technology is the focus only on those NRL allergens that are responsible for the majority of NRL sensitivity and allergy cases. Based on FITkit results, allergenicity potential of the tested product can be easily assessed.
FITkit technology is compliant with the ASTM International standard D7427-08
FITkit is a trade mark of Icosagen AS (formerly Quattromed Ltd). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPS%20199 | FIPS 199 (Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 199, Standards for Security Categorization of Federal Information and Information Systems) is a United States Federal Government standard that establishes security categories of information systems used by the Federal Government, one component of risk assessment. FIPS 199 and FIPS 200 are mandatory security standards as required by FISMA.
FIPS 199 requires Federal agencies to assess their information systems in each of the confidentiality, integrity, and availability categories, rating each system as low, moderate, or high impact in each category. The most severe rating from any category becomes the information system's overall security categorization.
External links
https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.199
https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/fips/199/final. NIST link for FIPS 199.
Computer security standards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20PI | Super PI is a computer program that calculates pi to a specified number of digits after the decimal point—up to a maximum of 32 million. It uses Gauss–Legendre algorithm and is a Windows port of the program used by Yasumasa Kanada in 1995 to compute pi to 232 digits.
Significance
Super PI is popular in the overclocking community, both as a benchmark to test the performance of these systems and as a stress test to check that they are still functioning correctly.
Credibility concerns
The competitive nature of achieving the best Super PI calculation times led to fraudulent Super PI results, reporting calculation times faster than normal. Attempts to counter the fraudulent results resulted in a modified version of Super PI, with a checksum to validate the results. However, other methods exist of producing inaccurate or fake time results, raising questions about the program's future as an overclocking benchmark.
Super PI utilizes x87 floating point instructions which are supported on all x86 and x86-64 processors, current versions which also support the lower precision Streaming SIMD Extensions vector instructions.
The future
Super PI is single threaded, so its relevance as a measure of performance in the current era of multi-core processors is diminishing quickly. Therefore, wPrime has been developed to support multiple threaded calculations to be run at the same time so one can test stability on multi-core machines. Other multithreaded programs include: Hyper PI, IntelBurnTest, Prime95, Montecarlo superPI, OCCT or y-cruncher. Last but not least, while SuperPi is unable to calculate more than 32 million digits, and Alexander J. Yee & Shigeru Kondo were able to set a record of 10 Trillion 50 Digits of Pi using y-cruncher under a 2 x Intel Xeon X5680 @ 3.33 GHz - (12 physical cores, 24 hyperthreaded) computer on October 16, 2011 Super PI is much slower than these other programs, and utilizes inferior algorithms to them. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baum%C3%A9%20scale | The Baumé scale is a pair of hydrometer scales developed by French pharmacist Antoine Baumé in 1768 to measure density of various liquids. The unit of the Baumé scale has been notated variously as degrees Baumé, B°, Bé° and simply Baumé (the accent is not always present). One scale measures the density of liquids heavier than water and the other, liquids lighter than water. The Baumé of distilled water is 0. The API gravity scale is based on errors in early implementations of the Baumé scale.
Definitions
Baumé degrees (heavy) originally represented the percent by mass of sodium chloride in water at . Baumé degrees (light) was calibrated with 0°Bé (light) being the density of 10% NaCl in water by mass and 10°Bé (light) set to the density of water.
Consider, at near room temperature:
+100°Bé (specific gravity, 3.325) would be among the densest fluids known (except some liquid metals), such as diiodomethane.
Near 0°Bé would be approximately the density of water.
−100°Bé (specific gravity, 0.615) would be among the lightest fluids known, such as liquid butane.
Thus, the system could be understood as representing a practical spectrum of the density of liquids between −100 and 100, with values near 0 being the approximate density of water.
Conversions
The relationship between specific gravity (s.g.; i.e., water-specific gravity, the density relative to water) and degrees Baumé is a function of the temperature. Different versions of the scale may use different reference temperatures. Different conversions formulae can therefore be found in various handbooks.
As an example, a 2008 handbook states the conversions between specific gravity and degrees Baumé at a temperature of :
The numerator in the specific gravity calculation is commonly known as the "modulus".
An older handbook gives the following formulae (no reference temperature being mentioned):
Other scales
Because of vague instructions or errors in translation a large margin of error was introduced when |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS | MorphOS is an AmigaOS-like computer operating system (OS). It is a mixed proprietary and open source OS produced for the Pegasos PowerPC (PPC) processor based computer, PowerUP accelerator equipped Amiga computers, and a series of Freescale development boards that use the Genesi firmware, including the Efika and mobileGT. Since MorphOS 2.4, Apple's Mac mini G4 is supported as well, and with the release of MorphOS 2.5 and MorphOS 2.6 the eMac and Power Mac G4 models are respectively supported. The release of MorphOS 3.2 added limited support for Power Mac G5. The core, based on the Quark microkernel, is proprietary, although several libraries and other parts are open source, such as the Ambient desktop.
Characteristics and versions
Developed for PowerPC CPUs from Freescale and IBM, it also supports the original AmigaOS Motorola 68000 series (68k, MC680x0) applications via proprietary task-based emulation, and most AmigaOS PPC applications via API wrappers. It is API compatible with AmigaOS 3.1 and has a GUI based on the Magic User Interface (MUI).
Besides the Pegasos version of MorphOS, there is a version for Amiga computers equipped with PowerUP accelerator cards produced by Phase5. This version is free, as is registration. If unregistered, it slows down after each two-hour session. PowerUP MorphOS was most recently updated on 23 February 2006; however, it does not exceed the feature set or advancement of the Pegasos release.
A version of MorphOS for the Efika, a very small mainboard based on the ultra-low-power MPC5200B processor from Freescale, has been shown at exhibitions and user gatherings in Germany. Current (since 2.0) release of MorphOS supports the Efika.
Components
ABox
ABox is an emulation sandbox featuring a PPC native AmigaOS API clone that is binary compatible with both 68k Amiga applications and both PowerUP and WarpOS formats of Amiga PPC executables. ABox is based in part on AROS Research Operating System. ABox includes Trance JIT code transla |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral%20earth%20pressure | Lateral earth pressure is the pressure that soil exerts in the horizontal direction. The lateral earth pressure is important because it affects the consolidation behavior and strength of the soil and because it is considered in the design of geotechnical engineering structures such as retaining walls, basements, tunnels, deep foundations and braced excavations.
The earth pressure problem dates from the beginning of the 18th century, when Gautier listed five areas requiring research, one of which was the dimensions of gravity-retaining walls needed to hold back soil. However, the first major contribution to the field of earth pressures was made several decades later by Coulomb, who considered a rigid mass of soil sliding upon a shear surface. Rankine extended earth pressure theory by deriving a solution for a complete soil mass in a state of failure, as compared with Coulomb's solution which had considered a soil mass bounded by a single failure surface. Originally, the Rankine's theory considered the case of only cohesionless soils. However, this theory has subsequently been extended by Bell to cover the case of soils possessing both cohesion and friction. Caquot and Kerisel modified Muller-Breslau's equations to account for a nonplanar rupture surface.
The coefficient of lateral earth pressure
The coefficient of lateral earth pressure, K, is defined as the ratio of the horizontal effective stress, σ’h, to the vertical effective stress, σ’v. The effective stress is the intergranular stress calculated by subtracting the pore pressure from the total stress as described in soil mechanics. K for a particular soil deposit is a function of the soil properties and the stress history. The minimum stable value of K is called the active earth pressure coefficient, Ka; the active earth pressure is obtained, for example, when a retaining wall moves away from the soil. The maximum stable value of K is called the passive earth pressure coefficient, Kp; the passive earth press |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/134th%20meridian%20east | The meridian 134° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, Australia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 134th meridian east forms a great circle with the 46th meridian west.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 134th meridian east passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="130" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" width="180" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Laptev Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Sakha Republic Khabarovsk Krai — from Amur Oblast — from Khabarovsk Krai — from Jewish Autonomous Oblast — from
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Heilongjiang
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Primorsky Krai
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Sea of Japan
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Island of Honshū— Tottori Prefecture— Okayama Prefecture — from Island of Nao— Kagawa Prefecture — from
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Seto Inland Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
|Island of Shikoku— Kagawa Prefecture— Tokushima Prefecture — from — Kōchi Prefecture — from
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of the island of Angaur, (at )
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Island of New Guinea
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arafura Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of the Aru Islands, (at )
|-valign="top"
|
! sco |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active%20Phased%20Array%20Radar | [[File:APAR.jpg|right|thumb|APAR mounted on top of the German Navy Sachsen class frigate Hamburgs superstructure.]]Active Phased Array Radar (APAR''') is a shipborne active electronically scanned array multifunction 3D radar (MFR) developed and manufactured by Thales Nederland. The radar receiver modules are developed and built in the US by the Sanmina Corporation.
Characteristics
APAR has four fixed (i.e., non-rotating) sensor arrays (faces), fixed on a pyramidal structure. Each face consists of 3424 transmit/receive (TR) modules operating at X band frequencies.
The radar provides the following capabilities:
air target tracking of over 200 targets out to 150 km
surface target tracking of over 150 targets out to 32 km
horizon search out to 75 km
"limited" volume search out to 150 km (in order to back up the volume search capabilities of the SMART-L)
cued search (a mode in which the search is cued using data originating from another sensor)
surface naval gunfire support
missile guidance using the Interrupted Continuous Wave Illumination (ICWI) technique, thus allowing guidance of 32 semi-active radar homing missiles in flight simultaneously, including 16 in the terminal guidance phase
"innovative" Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM)
Note: all ranges listed above are instrumented ranges.
Mountings
APAR is installed on four Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN) LCF De Zeven Provinciën class frigates, three German Navy F124 Sachsen class frigates, and three Royal Danish Navy Ivar Huitfeldt class frigates. The Netherlands and Germany (along with Canada) were the original sponsors for the development of APAR, whereas Denmark selected APAR for their frigates as part of a larger decision to select a Thales Nederland anti-air warfare system (designed around the APAR and SMART-L radars, the Raytheon ESSM and SM-2 missile systems, and the Lockheed Martin Mk-41 vertical launch system) over the competing Sea Viper anti-air warfare system (designed around the S1850M an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/83rd%20meridian%20west | The meridian 83° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, Costa Rica, Panama the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 83rd meridian west forms a great circle with the 97th meridian east.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 83rd meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 80%;"
! scope="col" style="width: 25%;"| Co-ordinates
! scope="col" style="width: 25%;"| Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" style="width: 50%;"| Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Ellesmere Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Jones Sound
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Devon Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Lancaster Sound
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Baffin Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Fury and Hecla Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Liddon Island, and Winter Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Foxe Basin
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Southampton Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Evans Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Coats Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Hudson Bay
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | La |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissile%20bond | In molecular biology, a scissile bond is a covalent chemical bond that can be broken by an enzyme. Examples would be the cleaved bond in the self-cleaving hammerhead ribozyme or the peptide bond of a substrate cleaved by a peptidase. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entotrust%20certification | The Entotrust certification is a voluntary product certification of insects as food, and related insect-based foods, which allows producers to communicate their food safety and sustainability. Increasingly used, in Europe, Africa, Asia, US, Mexico, and Latam with the mission to recognize and report quality products based on edible insects, the logo can only be used by fully certified producers and farmers.
The participated and open programme envisions a world where insects will provide healthy foods, high-value proteins, accessible to a large part of the population, with environmental and social benefits.
The Entotrust International certification covers a wide range of food products including bakery, pasta, confectionary, salted snacks and chips, protein and energy bars, whole dried insects, insect protein powder, and functional drinks. In general, it encompasses any product that might become a more sustainable and nutritious one, with the inclusion of a percentage of insect origin proteins.
The call for more sustainable proteins, healthier diets, and food innovation is driving wider adoption of insect food across the globe: a certificate and a seal of acceptance have a capability to play a major part in making clients trust edible insect solutions. It is easier making people wish to consume insects if they know they’re secure and bred in a sustainable manner.
The insect as food market is expected to grow significantly according independent analysis at an average CAGR of 8.9% during the forecast period (2023–2028). More than 2,100 insect species are currently eaten by two billion people from 130 countries. Insects have high-value nutritional profiles, and are rich in protein, omega-3 fatty acids, iron, zinc, folic acid and vitamins B12, C and E. Commercial insect farming is considered to have a low environmental footprint, requiring minimal water, energy, and land resources. Europe and the United States of America are the leading edible insect markets in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlyle%20circle | In mathematics, a Carlyle circle is a certain circle in a coordinate plane associated with a quadratic equation; it is named after Thomas Carlyle. The circle has the property that the solutions of the quadratic equation are the horizontal coordinates of the intersections of the circle with the horizontal axis. Carlyle circles have been used to develop ruler-and-compass constructions of regular polygons.
Definition
Given the quadratic equation
x2 − sx + p = 0
the circle in the coordinate plane having the line segment joining the points A(0, 1) and B(s, p) as a diameter is called the Carlyle circle of the quadratic equation.
Defining property
The defining property of the Carlyle circle can be established thus: the equation of the circle having the line segment AB as diameter is
x(x − s) + (y − 1)(y − p) = 0.
The abscissas of the points where the circle intersects the x-axis are the roots of the equation (obtained by setting y = 0 in the equation of the circle)
x2 − sx + p = 0.
Construction of regular polygons
Regular pentagon
The problem of constructing a regular pentagon is equivalent to the problem of constructing the roots of the equation
z5 − 1 = 0.
One root of this equation is z0 = 1 which corresponds to the point P0(1, 0). Removing the factor corresponding to this root, the other roots turn out to be roots of the equation
z4 + z3 + z2 + z + 1 = 0.
These roots can be represented in the form ω, ω2, ω3, ω4 where ω = exp (2i/5). Let these correspond to the points P1, P2, P3, P4. Letting
p1 = ω + ω4, p2 = ω2 + ω3
we have
p1 + p2 = −1, p1p2 = −1. (These can be quickly shown to be true by direct substitution into the quartic above and noting that ω6 = ω, and ω7 = ω2.)
So p1 and p2 are the roots of the quadratic equation
x2 + x − 1 = 0.
The Carlyle circle associated with this quadratic has a diameter with endpoints at (0, 1) and (−1, −1) and center at (−1/2, 0). Carlyle circles are used to construct p1 and p2. From the definitions of p1 and p2 it also follows t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research%20Unix | The term "Research Unix" refers to early versions of the Unix operating system for DEC PDP-7, PDP-11, VAX and Interdata 7/32 and 8/32 computers, developed in the Bell Labs Computing Sciences Research Center (CSRC).
History
The term Research Unix first appeared in the Bell System Technical Journal (Vol. 57, No. 6, Pt. 2 Jul/Aug 1978) to distinguish it from other versions internal to Bell Labs (such as PWB/UNIX and MERT) whose code-base had diverged from the primary CSRC version. However, that term was little-used until Version 8 Unix, but has been retroactively applied to earlier versions as well. Prior to V8, the operating system was most commonly called simply UNIX (in caps) or the UNIX Time-Sharing System.
AT&T licensed Version 5 to educational institutions, and Version 6 also to commercial sites. Schools paid $200 and others $20,000, discouraging most commercial use, but Version 6 was the most widely used version into the 1980s. Research Unix versions are often referred to by the edition of the manual that describes them, because early versions and the last few were never officially released outside of Bell Labs, and grew organically. So, the first Research Unix would be the First Edition, and the last the Tenth Edition. Another common way of referring to them is as "Version x Unix" or "Vx Unix", where x is the manual edition. All modern editions of Unix—excepting Unix-like implementations such as Coherent, Minix, and Linux—derive from the 7th Edition.
Starting with the 8th Edition, versions of Research Unix had a close relationship to BSD. This began by using 4.1cBSD as the basis for the 8th Edition. In a Usenet post from 2000, Dennis Ritchie described these later versions of Research Unix as being closer to BSD than they were to UNIX System V, which also included some BSD code:
Versions
Legacy
In 2002, Caldera International released Unix V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6, V7 on PDP-11 and Unix 32V on VAX as FOSS under a permissive BSD-like software license.
In 20 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/866A | The 866 is a mercury vapor half-wave rectifier intended for high-voltage applications. The voltage drop is approximately 15 volts up to 150 Hz. To avoid unwanted shorts the tube must be operated in a vertical position and the filament preheated for at least 30 seconds before applying the plate voltage.
Construction
Structurally, it consists of a linear electrode arrangement; a cup shaped anode with top cap and a cylindrical cathode. The socket is a medium 4 pin bayonet UX-4 and the glass envelope is ST-19. The 2.5 volt/ 5 Amp filament is connected to pins 1 and 4.
Operation
Under normal operating conditions the tube glows blue and mercury droplets are visible.
Pictures in working conditions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static%20universe | In cosmology, a static universe (also referred to as stationary, infinite, static infinite or static eternal) is a cosmological model in which the universe is both spatially and temporally infinite, and space is neither expanding nor contracting. Such a universe does not have so-called spatial curvature; that is to say that it is 'flat' or Euclidean. A static infinite universe was first proposed by English astronomer Thomas Digges (1546–1595).
In contrast to this model, Albert Einstein proposed a temporally infinite but spatially finite model - static eternal universe - as his preferred cosmology during 1917, in his paper Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity.
After the discovery of the redshift-distance relationship (deduced by the inverse correlation of galactic brightness to redshift) by American astronomers Vesto Slipher and Edwin Hubble, the astrophysicist and priest Georges Lemaître interpreted the redshift as evidence of universal expansion and thus a Big Bang, whereas Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky proposed that the redshift was caused by the photons losing energy as they passed through the matter and/or forces in intergalactic space. Zwicky's proposal would come to be termed 'tired light'—a term invented by the major Big Bang proponent Richard Tolman.
The Einstein universe
During 1917, Albert Einstein added a positive cosmological constant to his equations of general relativity to counteract the attractive effects of gravity on ordinary matter, which would otherwise cause a static, spatially finite universe to either collapse or expand forever.
This model of the universe became known as the Einstein World or Einstein's static universe.
This motivation ended after the proposal by the astrophysicist and Roman Catholic priest Georges Lemaître that the universe seems to be not static, but expanding. Edwin Hubble had researched data from the observations made by astronomer Vesto Slipher to confirm a relationship between redshift and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotochromogenic | Scotochromogenic bacteria develop pigment in the dark. Runyon Group II nontuberculous mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium gordonae are examples but the term could apply to many other organisms. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randi%C4%87%27s%20molecular%20connectivity%20index | The Randić index, also known as the connectivity index, of a graph is the sum of bond contributions where and are
the degrees of the vertices making bond i ~ j.
History
This graph invariant was introduced by Milan Randić in 1975. It is often used in chemoinformatics for investigations of organic compounds.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figuring | Figuring is the process of final polishing of an optical surface to remove imperfections or modify the surface curvature to achieve the shape required for a given application.
Types
An example of figuring is that used in reflecting telescope primary mirrors in a process of converting the smooth spherical mirror produced by earlier stages into the aspherical or parabolic shapes needed to form the correct image. It is done by applying different polishing stroke lengths with different sized and shaped tools. Manual figuring is a very laborious process, since the heat produced by polishing has to be allowed to dissipate before the shape of the mirror can be measured again, and the places for later polishing selected. Testing of the figure is usually done by a Foucault knife-edge test or Ronchi test in amateur telescope making and with very sophisticated null testers on research telescope optics.
For large mirrors, ion figuring is often used, in which a beam of neutral atoms is used to remove material from the optics in a very controlled way. This is particularly useful in the manufacture of segmented mirrors, since the shape of the optics can be maintained correctly all the way to the edge of the aperture, whilst mechanical polishing techniques tend to have trouble with distortion of the polishing tool when it overhangs the edge. The first major use of ion figuring was in making the mirror segments for the Keck telescope.
The ultra-high precision requirements for optical surfaces for X-ray astronomy and deep-ultraviolet lithography often require ion figuring.
Issues for ion beam figuring included re-sputtering and contamination. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta%20Physiologica | Acta Physiologica is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Scandinavian Physiological Society. According to the Journal Citation Reports, it has a 2021 impact factor of 7.523. It is the official journal of the Federation of European Physiological Societies.
The journal was established in 1889 as the Skandinavisches Archiv für Physiologie and renamed to Acta Physiologica Scandinavica in 1940, before obtaining its current name in 2006. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20medicine | A living medicine is a type of biologic that consists of a living organism that is used to treat a disease. This usually takes the form of a cell (animal, bacterial, or fungal) or a virus that has been genetically engineered to possess therapeutic properties that is injected into a patient. Perhaps the oldest use of a living medicine is the use of leeches for bloodletting, though living medicines have advanced tremendously since that time.
Examples of living medicines include cellular therapeutics (including immunotherapeutics), phage therapeutics, and bacterial therapeutics, a subset of the latter being probiotics.
Development of living medicines
Development of living medicines is an extremely active research area in the fields of synthetic biology and microbiology. Currently, there is a large focus on: 1) identifying microbes that naturally produce therapeutic effects (for example, probiotic bacteria), and 2) genetically programming organisms to produce therapeutic effects.
Applications
Cancer therapy
There is tremendous interest in using bacteria as a therapy to treat tumors. In particular, tumor-homing bacteria that thrive in hypoxic environments are particularly attractive for this purpose, as they will tend to migrate to, invade (through the leaky vasculature in the tumor microenvironment) and colonize tumors. This property tends to increase their residence time in the tumor, giving them longer to exert their therapeutic effects, in contrast to other bacteria that would be quickly cleared by the immune system. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi%20Behzad | Mehdi Behzad (Persian:مهدی بهزاد; born April 22, 1936) is an Iranian mathematician specializing in graph theory. He introduced his total coloring theory (also known as "Behzad's conjecture" or "the total chromatic number conjecture") during his Ph.D. studies in 1965. Despite the active work during the last 50 years this conjecture remains as challenging as it is open. In fact, Behzad's conjecture now belongs to mathematics’ classic open problems.
Behzad has been instrumental in institutionalizing mathematics education and popularization of mathematics in Iran, and has received numerous awards and recognition for his lifetime service to the Iranian scientific community.
Graph theory
Behzad is the coauthor of two text books on graph theory published in 1972 and 1979 in the U.S., which were among the key references on this new field of mathematics. He has been one of the direct collaborators of Paul Erdős.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Alavi | first1 = Y. | last2 = Behzad | first2 = M. | last3 = Erdös | first3 = Paul | last4 = Lick | first4 = D. R. | year = 1991 | title = Double vertex graphs | url = http://www.emis.de/classics/Erdos/cit/76405077.htm | journal = J. Comb. Inf. Syst. Sci. | volume = 16 | issue = 1| pages = 37–50 }}</ref>
Professorship
Behzad was the first faculty member of Sharif University of Technology (Persian:دانشگاه صنعتی شریف), formerly Arya-Mehr University of Technology (Persian: دانشگاه صنعتی آریامهر), who was promoted to full professor in this institution. He was a Senior Fulbright Scholar at Michigan State University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the academic year 1974–75, where his research was supported by U.S. National Academy of Sciences. He has taught courses in several universities in the United States and Iran. Although in 1981, he decided to "retire" as a university professor at the age of 45, he has continued to serve the Iranian scientific community in different capacities.
Institutionalizing of basic science |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exceptional%20object | Many branches of mathematics study objects of a given type and prove a classification theorem. A common theme is that the classification results in a number of series of objects and a finite number of exceptions — often with desirable properties — that do not fit into any series. These are known as exceptional objects. In many cases, these exceptional objects play a further and important role in the subject. Furthermore, the exceptional objects in one branch of mathematics often relate to the exceptional objects in others.
A related phenomenon is exceptional isomorphism, when two series are in general different, but agree for some small values. For example, spin groups in low dimensions are isomorphic to other classical Lie groups.
Regular polytopes
The prototypical examples of exceptional objects arise in the classification of regular polytopes: in two dimensions, there is a series of regular n-gons for n ≥ 3. In every dimension above 2, one can find analogues of the cube, tetrahedron and octahedron. In three dimensions, one finds two more regular polyhedra — the dodecahedron (12-hedron) and the icosahedron (20-hedron) — making five Platonic solids. In four dimensions, a total of six regular polytopes exist, including the 120-cell, the 600-cell and the 24-cell. There are no other regular polytopes, as the only regular polytopes in higher dimensions are of the hypercube, simplex, orthoplex series. In all dimensions combined, there are therefore three series and five exceptional polytopes.
Moreover, the pattern is similar if non-convex polytopes are included: in two dimensions, there is a regular star polygon for every rational number . In three dimensions, there are four Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra, and in four dimensions, ten Schläfli–Hess polychora; in higher dimensions, there are no non-convex regular figures.
These can be generalized to tessellations of other spaces, especially uniform tessellations, notably tilings of Euclidean space (honeycombs), which hav |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runas | In computing, runas (a compound word, from “run as”) is a command in the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems that allows a user to run specific tools and programs under a different username to the one that was used to logon to a computer interactively. It is similar to the Unix commands sudo and su, but the Unix commands generally require prior configuration by the system administrator to work for a particular user and/or command.
Microsoft Windows
The runas command was introduced with the Windows 2000 operating system. Any application can use this API to create a process with alternate credentials, for example, Windows Explorer in Windows 7 allows an application to be started under a different account if the shift key is held while right clicking its icon. The program has the ability to cache verified credentials so that the user only ever has to enter them once.
Syntax
The command-syntax is:
runas [{/profile | /noprofile}] [/env] [/netonly] [/smartcard] [/showtrustlevels] [/trustlevel:<TrustLevel>] [/savecred] /user:<UserAccountName> program
Parameters
This section is paraphrased from the runas /? command.
/noprofile: Speeds up the loading of the application by skipping the loading of the user's profile. Note that this might not speed up every application.
/profile: Do not skip loading the user's profile. This is the default setting.
/env: Use the actual environment, not the user's.
/netonly: Specifies that the given credentials are to be used for Remote access only.
/savecred: Credentials saved by the previous user. This setting is not available on Windows 7 Home or Windows 7 Starter Edition. This setting is left out from Windows XP Home Edition as well.
/smartcard: Specifies that the credentials will be supplied from a smartcard.
/user: Format is either USER@DOMAIN or DOMAIN\USER.
/showtrustlevels: Shows help (list of usable trust level parameters) for the /trustlevel switch.
/trustlevel: One of the trust levels listed by the /showtrustlevels switch.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA%20degree | In the mathematical field of computability theory, a PA degree is a Turing degree that computes a complete extension of Peano arithmetic (Jockusch 1987). These degrees are closely related to fixed-point-free (DNR) functions, and have been thoroughly investigated in recursion theory.
Background
In recursion theory, denotes the computable function with index (program) e in some standard numbering of computable functions, and denotes the eth computable function using a set B of natural numbers as an oracle.
A set A of natural numbers is Turing reducible to a set B if there is a computable function that, given an oracle for set B, computes the characteristic function χA of the set A. That is, there is an e such that . This relationship is denoted A ≤T B; the relation ≤T is a preorder.
Two sets of natural numbers are Turing equivalent if each is Turing reducible to the other. The notation A ≡T B indicates A and B are Turing equivalent. The relation ≡T is an equivalence relation known as Turing equivalence. A Turing degree is a collection of sets of natural numbers, such that any two sets in the collection are Turing equivalent. Equivalently, a Turing degree is an equivalence class of the relation ≡T.
The Turing degrees are partially ordered by Turing reducibility. The notation a ≤T b indicates there is a set in degree b that computes a set in degree a. Equivalently, a ≤T b holds if and only if every set in b computes every set in a.
A function f from the natural numbers to the natural numbers is said to be diagonally nonrecursive (DNR) if, for all n, (here inequality holds by definition if is undefined). If the range of f is the set {0,1} then f is a DNR2 function. It is known that there are DNR functions that do not compute any DNR2 function.
Completions of Peano arithmetic
A completion of Peano arithmetic is a set of formulas in the language of Peano arithmetic, such that the set is consistent in first-order logic and such that, for each formula, either |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2S%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, S2S is the monadic second order theory with two successors. It is one of the most expressive natural decidable theories known, with many decidable theories interpretable in S2S. Its decidability was proved by Rabin in 1969.
Basic properties
The first order objects of S2S are finite binary strings. The second order objects are arbitrary sets (or unary predicates) of finite binary strings. S2S has functions s→s0 and s→s1 on strings, and predicate s∈S (equivalently, S(s)) meaning string s belongs to set S.
Some properties and conventions:
By default, lowercase letters refer to first order objects, and uppercase to second order objects.
The inclusion of sets makes S2S second order, with "monadic" indicating absence of k-ary predicate variables for k>1.
Concatenation of strings s and t is denoted by st, and is not generally available in S2S, not even s→0s. The prefix relation between strings is definable.
Equality is primitive, or it can be defined as s = t ⇔ ∀S (S(s) ⇔ S(t)) and S = T ⇔ ∀s (S(s) ⇔ T(s)).
In place of strings, one can use (for example) natural numbers with n→2n+1 and n→2n+2 but no other operations.
The set of all binary strings is denoted by {0,1}*, using Kleene star.
Arbitrary subsets of {0,1}* are sometimes identified with trees, specifically as a {0,1}-labeled tree {0,1}*; {0,1}* forms a complete infinite binary tree.
For formula complexity, the prefix relation on strings is typically treated as first order. Without it, not all formulas would be equivalent to Δ12 formulas.
For properties expressible in S2S (viewing the set of all binary strings as a tree), for each node, only O(1) bits can be communicated between the left subtree and the right subtree and the rest (see communication complexity).
For a fixed k, a function from strings to k (i.e. natural numbers below k) can be encoded by a single set. Moreover, s,t ⇒ s01t where t doubles every character of t is injective, and s ⇒ {s01t: t∈{0,1}*} is S2S definable. B |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM181A | Family with sequence similarity 181, member A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM181A gene. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NProtect%20GameGuard | nProtect GameGuard (sometimes called GG) is an anti-cheating rootkit developed by INCA Internet. It is widely installed in many online games to block possibly malicious applications and prevent common methods of cheating. nProtect GameGuard provides B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) security services for online game companies and portal sites. The software is considered to be one of three software programs which "dominate the online game security market".
GameGuard uses rootkits to proactively prevent cheat software from running. GameGuard hides the game application process, monitors the entire memory range, terminates applications defined by the game vendor and INCA Internet to be cheats (QIP for example), blocks certain calls to Direct X functions and Windows APIs, keylogs keyboard input, and auto-updates itself to change as new possible threats surface.
Since GameGuard essentially works like a rootkit, players may experience unintended and potentially unwanted side effects. If set, GameGuard blocks any installation or activation of hardware and peripherals (e.g., a mouse) while the program is running. Since GameGuard monitors any changes in the computer's memory, it will cause performance issues when the protected game loads multiple or large resources all at once.
Additionally, some versions of GameGuard had an unpatched privilege escalation bug, allowing any program to issue commands as if they were running under an Administrator account.
GameGuard possesses a database on game hacks based on security references from more than 260 game clients. Some editions of GameGuard are now bundled with INCA Internet's Tachyon anti-virus/anti-spyware library, and others with nProtect Key Crypt, an anti-key-logger software that protects the keyboard input information.
List of online games using GameGuard
GameGuard is used in many online games.
9Dragons
Atlantica Online
Blackshot
Blade & Soul
Cabal Online
City Racer
Combat Arms: Reloaded
Combat Arms: Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonicity | In chemical biology, tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a partially-permeable cell membrane. Tonicity depends on the relative concentration of selective membrane-impermeable solutes across a cell membrane which determine the direction and extent of osmotic flux. It is commonly used when describing the swelling-versus-shrinking response of cells immersed in an external solution.
Unlike osmotic pressure, tonicity is influenced only by solutes that cannot cross the membrane, as only these exert an effective osmotic pressure. Solutes able to freely cross the membrane do not affect tonicity because they will always equilibrate with equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane without net solvent movement. It is also a factor affecting imbibition.
There are three classifications of tonicity that one solution can have relative to another: hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. A hypotonic solution example is distilled water.
Hypertonic solution
A hypertonic solution has a greater concentration of non-permeating solutes than another solution. In biology, the tonicity of a solution usually refers to its solute concentration relative to that of another solution on the opposite side of a cell membrane; a solution outside of a cell is called hypertonic if it has a greater concentration of solutes than the cytosol inside the cell. When a cell is immersed in a hypertonic solution, osmotic pressure tends to force water to flow out of the cell in order to balance the concentrations of the solutes on either side of the cell membrane. The cytosol is conversely categorized as hypotonic, opposite of the outer solution.
When plant cells are in a hypertonic solution, the flexible cell membrane pulls away from the rigid cell wall, but remains joined to the cell wall at points called plasmodesmata. The cells often take on the appearance of a pincushion, and the plasmodesmata almost cease to function b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbel | In botany, an umbel is an inflorescence that consists of a number of short flower stalks (called pedicels) that spread from a common point, somewhat like umbrella ribs. The word was coined in botanical usage in the 1590s, from Latin umbella "parasol, sunshade". The arrangement can vary from being flat-topped to almost spherical. Umbels can be simple or compound. The secondary umbels of compound umbels are known as umbellules or umbellets. A small umbel is called an umbellule. The arrangement of the inflorescence in umbels is referred to as umbellate, or occasionally subumbellate (almost umbellate).
Umbels are a characteristic of plants such as carrot, parsley, dill, and fennel in the family Apiaceae; ivy, Aralia and Fatsia in the family Araliaceae; and onion (Allium) in the family Alliaceae.
An umbel is a type of indeterminate inflorescence.
A compressed cyme, which is a determinate inflorescence, is called umbelliform if it resembles an umbel.
Gallery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametophytic%20selection | Gametophytic selection is the selection of one haploid pollen grain over another through the means of pollen competition (see also certation), and that resulting sporophytic generations are positively affected by this competition. Evidence for the positive effects of gametophytic selection on the sporophyte generation has been observed in several flowering plant species, but there are is still some debate as to the biological significance of gametophytic selection.
Non-random success of pollen tubes
Pollen competition hypothesis
The competitive ability of pollen grains (microgapmetophytes) is rooted in the expression of their haploid genomes. The haploid genes are expressed immediately after pollen development and during pollen germination and pollen-tube growth. About 60% of genes expressed in the sporophyte are also expressed in the microgametophyte. This expression influences the ability of pollen tubes to compete during growth. When pollen competition occurs, the competitive ability is determined by differences between tube growth rate or the time it takes for germination to occur. Pollen completion is increased when pollen is not limiting and when pollen is in abundance relative to the number of ovules present in the ovary, but this does not guarantee pollen competition.
Non-random success of pollen
Studies on corn have observed a non-random success of pollen grains possessing different alleles resulting in ratios that differ than those expected by Mendel's Law of Segregation of Genes (certation). Pollen from a heterozygous sporophyte should exhibit an equal distribution of gametes inherited by offspring. Evidence of higher fertilization frequencies by pollen carrying one allele resulted in differences from expected random mating ratios.
Offspring quality
Evidence suggests that gametophytic selection may influence the fitness of seedlings in the next sporophytic generation. Studies on specific species have observed improvement of offspring quality sugge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsushima%27s%20formula | In mathematics, Matsushima's formula, introduced by , is a formula for the Betti numbers of a quotient of a symmetric space G/H by a discrete group, in terms of unitary representations of the group G.
The Matsushima–Murakami formula is a generalization giving dimensions of spaces of automorphic forms, introduced by . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity%20distance | Luminosity distance DL is defined in terms of the relationship between the absolute magnitude M and apparent magnitude m of an astronomical object.
which gives:
where DL is measured in parsecs. For nearby objects (say, in the Milky Way) the luminosity distance gives a good approximation to the natural notion of distance in Euclidean space.
The relation is less clear for distant objects like quasars far beyond the Milky Way since the apparent magnitude is affected by spacetime curvature, redshift, and time dilation. Calculating the relation between the apparent and actual luminosity of an object requires taking all of these factors into account. The object's actual luminosity is determined using the inverse-square law and the proportions of the object's apparent distance and luminosity distance.
Another way to express the luminosity distance is through the flux-luminosity relationship,
where is flux (W·m−2), and is luminosity (W). From this the luminosity distance (in meters) can be expressed as:
The luminosity distance is related to the "comoving transverse distance" by
and with the angular diameter distance by the Etherington's reciprocity theorem:
where z is the redshift. is a factor that allows calculation of the comoving distance between two objects with the same redshift but at different positions of the sky; if the two objects are separated by an angle , the comoving distance between them would be . In a spatially flat universe, the comoving transverse distance is exactly equal to the radial comoving distance , i.e. the comoving distance from ourselves to the object.
See also
Distance measure
Distance modulus
Notes
External links
Ned Wright's Javascript Cosmology Calculator
iCosmos: Cosmology Calculator (With Graph Generation )
Observational astronomy
Physical quantities |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon%20usage%20bias | Codon usage bias refers to differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons in coding DNA. A codon is a series of three nucleotides (a triplet) that encodes a specific amino acid residue in a polypeptide chain or for the termination of translation (stop codons).
There are 64 different codons (61 codons encoding for amino acids and 3 stop codons) but only 20 different translated amino acids. The overabundance in the number of codons allows many amino acids to be encoded by more than one codon. Because of such redundancy it is said that the genetic code is degenerate. The genetic codes of different organisms are often biased towards using one of the several codons that encode the same amino acid over the others—that is, a greater frequency of one will be found than expected by chance. How such biases arise is a much debated area of molecular evolution. Codon usage tables detailing genomic codon usage bias for organisms in GenBank and RefSeq can be found in the HIVE-Codon Usage Tables (HIVE-CUTs) project, which contains two distinct databases, CoCoPUTs and TissueCoCoPUTs. Together, these two databases provide comprehensive, up-to-date codon, codon pair and dinucleotide usage statistics for all organisms with available sequence information and 52 human tissues, respectively.
It is generally acknowledged that codon biases reflect the contributions of 3 main factors, GC-biased gene conversion that favors GC-ending codons in diploid organisms, arrival biases reflecting mutational preferences (typically favoring AT-ending codons), and natural selection for codons that are favorable in regard to translation. Optimal codons in fast-growing microorganisms, like Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast), reflect the composition of their respective genomic transfer RNA (tRNA) pool. It is thought that optimal codons help to achieve faster translation rates and high accuracy. As a result of these factors, translational selection is expected t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido%20van%20Rossum | Guido van Rossum (; born 31 January 1956) is a Dutch programmer best known as the creator of the Python programming language, for which he was the "benevolent dictator for life" (BDFL) until he stepped down from the position on 12 July 2018. He remained a member of the Python Steering Council through 2019, and withdrew from nominations for the 2020 election.
Life and education
Van Rossum was born and raised in the Netherlands, where he received a master's degree in mathematics and computer science from the University of Amsterdam in 1982. He received a bronze medal in 1974 in the International Mathematical Olympiad. He has a brother, Just van Rossum, who is a type designer and programmer who designed the typeface used in the "Python Powered" logo.
Van Rossum lives in Belmont, California, with his wife, Kim Knapp, and their son. According to his home page and Dutch naming conventions, the "van" in his name is capitalized when he is referred to by surname alone, but not when using his first and last name together.
Work
Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica
While working at the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), Van Rossum wrote and contributed a glob() routine to BSD Unix in 1986 and helped develop the ABC programming language. He once stated, "I try to mention ABC's influence because I'm indebted to everything I learned during that project and to the people who worked on it." He also created Grail, an early web browser written in Python, and engaged in discussions about the HTML standard.
He has worked for various research institutes, including the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands, the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI). In May 2000, he left CNRI along with three other Python core developers to work for tech startup BeOpen.com, which subsequently collapsed by October of the same year. From late 2000 until 2003 he worked for Zope Corporation. In 2003 Van Rossu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2010%20Mobile | Windows 10 Mobile is a discontinued mobile operating system developed by Microsoft. First released in 2015, it is a successor to Windows Phone 8.1, but was marketed by Microsoft as being an edition of its PC operating system Windows 10.
Windows 10 Mobile aimed to provide greater consistency with its counterpart for PCs, including more extensive synchronization of content, Universal Windows Platform apps, as well as the capability, on supported hardware, to connect devices to an external display and use a desktop interface with mouse and keyboard input support (reminiscent of Windows on PCs). Microsoft built tools for developers to port iOS Objective-C apps with minimal modifications. Windows Phone 8.1 smartphones are eligible for upgrade to Windows 10 Mobile, pursuant to manufacturer and carrier support. Some features vary depending on hardware compatibility.
Windows 10 Mobile was designed for use on smartphones and phablets running on 32-bit ARM processor architectures. Microsoft also intended for the platform to be used on ARM tablets with screens 9 inches or smaller in size, but such devices were rarely commercially released. Windows 10 Mobile entered public beta for selected Lumia smartphones on February 12, 2015. The first Lumia smartphones powered by Windows 10 Mobile were released on November 20, 2015, while eligible Windows Phone devices began receiving updates to Windows 10 Mobile on March 17, 2016, pursuant to manufacturer and carrier support.
The platform never achieved any significant degree of popularity or market share in comparison to Android or iOS. By 2017, Microsoft had already begun to downplay Windows 10 Mobile, having discontinued active development (beyond maintenance releases) due to a lack of user and developer interest in the platform, and focused on serving incumbent mobile operating systems as part of its software and services strategy. Support for Windows 10 Mobile ended on January 14, 2020. , Windows 10 Mobile had approximately a 0.01 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerotolerant%20anaerobe | Aerotolerant anaerobes use fermentation to produce ATP. They do not use oxygen, but they can protect themselves from reactive oxygen molecules. In contrast, obligate anaerobes can be harmed by reactive oxygen molecules.
There are three categories of anaerobes. Where obligate aerobes require oxygen to grow, obligate anaerobes are damaged by oxygen, aerotolerant organisms cannot use oxygen but tolerate its presence, and facultative anaerobes use oxygen if it is present but can grow without it.
Most aerotolerant anaerobes have superoxide dismutase and (non-catalase) peroxidase but don't have catalase. More specifically, they may use a NADH oxidase/NADH peroxidase (NOX/NPR) system or a glutathione peroxidase system. An example of an aerotolerant anaerobe is Cutibacterium acnes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel%20determinacy%20theorem | In descriptive set theory, the Borel determinacy theorem states that any Gale–Stewart game whose payoff set is a Borel set is determined, meaning that one of the two players will have a winning strategy for the game. A Gale-Stewart game is a possibly infinite two-player game, where both players have perfect information and no randomness is involved.
The theorem is a far reaching generalization of Zermelo's Theorem about the determinacy of finite games. It was proved by Donald A. Martin in 1975, and is applied in descriptive set theory to show that Borel sets in Polish spaces have regularity properties such as the perfect set property and the property of Baire.
The theorem is also known for its metamathematical properties. In 1971, before the theorem was proved, Harvey Friedman showed that any proof of the theorem in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory must make repeated use of the axiom of replacement. Later results showed that stronger determinacy theorems cannot be proven in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, although they are relatively consistent with it, if certain large cardinals are consistent.
Background
Gale–Stewart games
A Gale–Stewart game is a two-player game of perfect information. The game is defined using a set A, and is denoted GA. The two players alternate turns, and each player is aware of all moves before making the next one. On each turn, each player chooses a single element of A to play. The same element may be chosen more than once without restriction. The game can be visualized through the following diagram, in which the moves are made from left to right, with the moves of player I above and the moves of player II below.
The play continues without end, so that a single play of the game determines an infinite sequence of elements of A. The set of all such sequences is denoted Aω. The players are aware, from the beginning of the game, of a fixed payoff set (a.k.a. winning set) that will determine who wins. The payoff set is a subset of Aω. If the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic%20acid | 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, also known as 20-HETE or 20-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, is an eicosanoid metabolite of arachidonic acid that has a wide range of effects on the vascular system including the regulation of vascular tone, blood flow to specific organs, sodium and fluid transport in the kidney, and vascular pathway remodeling. These vascular and kidney effects of 20-HETE have been shown to be responsible for regulating blood pressure and blood flow to specific organs in rodents; genetic and preclinical studies suggest that 20-HETE may similarly regulate blood pressure and contribute to the development of stroke and heart attacks. Additionally the loss of its production appears to be one cause of the human neurological disease, Hereditary spastic paraplegia. Preclinical studies also suggest that the overproduction of 20-HETE may contribute to the progression of certain human cancers, particularly those of the breast.
Biosynthesis
Production in humans
A subset of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) microsome-bound ω-hydroxylases, the Cytochrome P450 omega hydroxylases, metabolize arachidonic acid to 20-HETE by an omega oxidation reaction. CYP450 enzymes belong to a superfamily which in humans is composed of at least 57 members and in mice at least 120 members. Among this superfamily, certain members of the CYP4A and CYP4F subfamilies in the CYP4 family are considered predominant cytochrome P450 enzymes that are responsible in most tissues for forming 20-HETE and, concurrently, smaller amounts of 19-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (19-HETE). However, CYP2U1 may also contribute to the production of these two HETEs and CYP4F8 can metabolize arachidonic acid to 19-HETE while forming little or no 20-HETE.
The production of 19-HETE with 20-HETE may be significant since 19(R)-HETE, although not its stereoisomer, 19(S)-HETE, inhibits the action of 20-HETE on vascular endothelial cells. Based on studies analyzing the production of other |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacman%20conjecture | The Pacman conjecture holds that durable-goods monopolists have complete market power and so can exercise perfect price discrimination, thus extracting the total surplus. This is in contrast to the Coase conjecture which holds that a durable goods monopolist has no market power, and so price is equal to the competitive market price.
In a December 1989 journal article Mark Bagnoli, Stephen W. Salant, and Joseph E. Swierzbinski theorized that if each consumer could be relied upon to buy a good as soon as its price dipped below a certain point (with different consumers valuing goods differently, but all pursuing the same "get-it-while-you-can" strategy), then a monopolist could set prices very high initially and then "eat his way down the demand curve", extracting maximum profit in what Bagnoli et al. called "the Pacman strategy" after the voracious video-game character. Specifically, Bagnoli et al. state that "Pacman is a sequential best reply to get-it-while-you-can", a result they call "the Pacman Theorem". Their proof, however, relies strongly on the assumption that there is an infinite time horizon.
Durable-goods monopolists and the Coase conjecture
A durable-goods monopolist sells goods which are in finite supply and which last forever, (not depreciating over time). According to the Coase Conjecture, such a monopolist has no market power as it is in competition with itself; the more of the good it sells in period one the less it will be able to sell in future periods.
Assuming marginal costs are zero. In the first period the monopolist will produce quantity (Q1) where marginal cost = marginal revenue and so extract the monopoly surplus. However, in the second period the monopolist will face a new residual demand curve (Q − Q1) and so will produce quantity where the new marginal revenue is equal to the marginal cost, which is at the competitive market price.
There is then an incentive for consumers to delay purchase of the good as they realize that its price |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNH8 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNH8 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a voltage-gated potassium channel subunit. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20testing | Genetic testing, also known as DNA testing, is used to identify changes in DNA sequence or chromosome structure. Genetic testing can also include measuring the results of genetic changes, such as RNA analysis as an output of gene expression, or through biochemical analysis to measure specific protein output. In a medical setting, genetic testing can be used to diagnose or rule out suspected genetic disorders, predict risks for specific conditions, or gain information that can be used to customize medical treatments based on an individual's genetic makeup. Genetic testing can also be used to determine biological relatives, such as a child's biological parentage (genetic mother and father) through DNA paternity testing, or be used to broadly predict an individual's ancestry. Genetic testing of plants and animals can be used for similar reasons as in humans (e.g. to assess relatedness/ancestry or predict/diagnose genetic disorders), to gain information used for selective breeding, or for efforts to boost genetic diversity in endangered populations.
The variety of genetic tests has expanded throughout the years. Early forms of genetic testing which began in the 1950s involved counting the number of chromosomes per cell. Deviations from the expected number of chromosomes (46 in humans) could lead to a diagnosis of certain genetic conditions such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) or monosomy X (Turner syndrome). In the 1970s, a method to stain specific regions of chromosomes, called chromosome banding, was developed that allowed more detailed analysis of chromosome structure and diagnosis of genetic disorders that involved large structural rearrangements. In addition to analyzing whole chromosomes (cytogenetics), genetic testing has expanded to include the fields of molecular genetics and genomics which can identify changes at the level of individual genes, parts of genes, or even single nucleotide "letters" of DNA sequence. According to the National Institutes of Health, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkyard%20tornado | The junkyard tornado, sometimes known as Hoyle's fallacy, is an argument against abiogenesis, using a calculation of its probability based on false assumptions, as comparable to "a tornado sweeping through a junk-yard might assemble a Boeing 747 from the materials therein" and to compare the chance of obtaining even a single functioning protein by chance combination of amino acids to a solar system full of blind men solving Rubik's Cubes simultaneously. It was used originally by English astronomer Fred Hoyle (1915–2001) in his book The Intelligent Universe, where he tried to apply statistics to evolution and the origin of life. Similar reasoning were advanced in Darwin's time, and indeed as long ago as Cicero in classical antiquity. While Hoyle himself was an atheist, the argument has since become a mainstay in the rejection of evolution by religious groups.
Hoyle's fallacy contradicts many well-established and widely tested principles in the field of evolutionary biology. As the fallacy argues, the odds of the sudden construction of higher lifeforms are indeed improbable. However, what the junkyard tornado postulation fails to take into account is the vast amount of support that evolution proceeds in many smaller stages, each driven by natural selection rather than by random chance, over a long period of time. The Boeing 747 was not designed in a single unlikely burst of creativity, just as modern lifeforms were not constructed in one single unlikely event, as the junkyard tornado scenario suggests.
The theory of evolution has been studied and tested extensively by numerous researchers and scientists and is the most scientifically accurate explanation for the origins of complex life.
Hoyle's statement
According to Fred Hoyle's analysis, the probability of obtaining all of life's approximate 2000 enzymes in a random trial is about one-in-1040,000:
His junkyard analogy:
This echoes his stance, reported elsewhere:
Hoyle used this to argue in favor of panspermia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspensory%20ligament%20of%20penis | The suspensory ligament of the penis is attached to the pubic symphysis, which holds the penis close to the pubic bone and supports it when erect. The ligament does not directly connect to the corpus cavernosum penis, but may still play a role in erectile dysfunction. The ligament can be surgically lengthened in a procedure known as ligamentolysis, which is a form of penis enlargement.
Gallery
See also
Suspensory ligament of clitoris
fundiform ligament of penis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20q-Legendre%20polynomials | In mathematics, the continuous q-Legendre polynomials are a family of basic hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials in the basic Askey scheme. give a detailed list of their properties.
Definition
The polynomials are given in terms of basic hypergeometric functions by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20instrumentation | In the electronics industry, embedded instrumentation refers to the integration of test and measurement instrumentation into semiconductor chips (or integrated circuit devices). Embedded instrumentation differs from embedded system, which are electronic systems or subsystems that usually comprise the control portion of a larger electronic system. Instrumentation embedded into chips (embedded instrumentation) is employed in a variety of electronic test applications, including validating and testing chips themselves, validating, testing and debugging the circuit boards where these chips are deployed, and troubleshooting systems once they have been installed in the field.
A working group of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) that is developing a standard for accessing embedded instruments (the IEEE 1687 Internal JTAG standard) defines embedded instrumentation as follows:
Any logic structure within a device whose purpose is Design for Test (DFT), Design-for-Debug (DFD), Design-for-Yield (DFY), Test... There exists the widespread use of embedded instrumentation (such as BIST (built-in self-test) Engines, Complex I/O Characterization and Calibration, Embedded Timing Instrumentation, etc.).
History
Dating back to as early as the 1990s, the electronics industry recognized that design validation, test and debug would be seriously impeded in the near future. Initially, the impetus behind this recognition and the subsequent development of solutions was the emergence of new semiconductor chip packages such as the ball grid array (BGA) which placed the device's pins beneath the silicon die, making them inaccessible to physical contact with an instrument's or a test system's metal probes. At that time, most test instruments, such as the oscilloscope and logic analyzers in design, and in-circuit test (ICT) in volume manufacturing were external to the chips and circuit boards. They relied upon placing a probe on a chip or a circuit board to obtain test |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacman%20%28security%20vulnerability%29 | Pacman (stylized PACMAN or PacMan) is an exploit that takes advantage of a hardware bug in the speculative execution function of the Apple M1 processors which was made public on June 10, 2022, by MIT security researchers. The flaw is in a hardware security feature called pointer authentication codes (PAC) and is believed to be intrinsic to the platform and unable to be patched. The M1 was the first ARM desktop CPU to implement pointer authentication. Apple stated that they did not believe the vulnerability posed a serious danger to users because it requires specific conditions to be exploited. An exploit would involve a combination of memory corruption and speculative execution.
See also
Side-channel attack |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSE4 | SSE4 (Streaming SIMD Extensions 4) is a SIMD CPU instruction set used in the Intel Core microarchitecture and AMD K10 (K8L). It was announced on September 27, 2006, at the Fall 2006 Intel Developer Forum, with vague details in a white paper; more precise details of 47 instructions became available at the Spring 2007 Intel Developer Forum in Beijing, in the presentation. SSE4 is fully compatible with software written for previous generations of Intel 64 and IA-32 architecture microprocessors. All existing software continues to run correctly without modification on microprocessors that incorporate SSE4, as well as in the presence of existing and new applications that incorporate SSE4.
SSE4 subsets
Intel SSE4 consists of 54 instructions. A subset consisting of 47 instructions, referred to as SSE4.1 in some Intel documentation, is available in Penryn. Additionally, SSE4.2, a second subset consisting of the 7 remaining instructions, is first available in Nehalem-based Core i7. Intel credits feedback from developers as playing an important role in the development of the instruction set.
Starting with Barcelona-based processors, AMD introduced the SSE4a instruction set, which has 4 SSE4 instructions and 4 new SSE instructions. These instructions are not found in Intel's processors supporting SSE4.1 and AMD processors only started supporting Intel's SSE4.1 and SSE4.2 (the full SSE4 instruction set) in the Bulldozer-based FX processors. With SSE4a the misaligned SSE feature was also introduced which meant unaligned load instructions were as fast as aligned versions on aligned addresses. It also allowed disabling the alignment check on non-load SSE operations accessing memory. Intel later introduced similar speed improvements to unaligned SSE in their Nehalem processors, but did not introduce misaligned access by non-load SSE instructions until AVX.
Name confusion
What is now known as SSSE3 (Supplemental Streaming SIMD Extensions 3), introduced in the Intel Core 2 process |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20medicine | Regenerative medicine deals with the "process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human or animal cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function". This field holds the promise of engineering damaged tissues and organs by stimulating the body's own repair mechanisms to functionally heal previously irreparable tissues or organs.
Regenerative medicine also includes the possibility of growing tissues and organs in the laboratory and implanting them when the body cannot heal itself. When the cell source for a regenerated organ is derived from the patient's own tissue or cells, the challenge of organ transplant rejection via immunological mismatch is circumvented. This approach could alleviate the problem of the shortage of organs available for donation.
Some of the biomedical approaches within the field of regenerative medicine may involve the use of stem cells. Examples include the injection of stem cells or progenitor cells obtained through directed differentiation (cell therapies); the induction of regeneration by biologically active molecules administered alone or as a secretion by infused cells (immunomodulation therapy); and transplantation of in vitro grown organs and tissues (tissue engineering).
History
The ancient Greeks postulated whether parts of the body could be regenerated in the 700s BC. Skin grafting, invented in the late 19th century, can be thought of as the earliest major attempt to recreate bodily tissue to restore structure and function. Advances in transplanting body parts in the 20th century further pushed the theory that body parts could regenerate and grow new cells. These advances led to tissue engineering, and from this field, the study of regenerative medicine expanded and began to take hold. This began with cellular therapy, which led to the stem cell research that is widely being conducted today.
The first cell therapies were intended to slow the aging process. This began in the 1930s with Paul Niehans, a Swiss |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldenhar%20syndrome | Goldenhar syndrome is a rare congenital defect characterized by incomplete development of the ear, nose, soft palate, lip and mandible on usually one side of the body. Common clinical manifestations include limbal dermoids, preauricular skin tags and strabismus. It is associated with anomalous development of the first branchial arch and second branchial arch.
The term is sometimes used interchangeably with hemifacial microsomia, although this definition is usually reserved for cases without internal organ and vertebrae disruption.
It affects between 1 in 3,500 and 1 in 5,600 live births, with a male-to-female ratio of 3:2.
Signs and symptoms
Chief markers of Goldenhar syndrome are incomplete development of the ear, nose, soft palate, lip, and mandible on usually one side of the body. Additionally, some patients will have growing issues with internal organs, especially heart, kidneys and lungs. Typically, the organ will either not be present on one side or will be underdeveloped. While it is more usual for there to be problems on only one side, it has been known for defects to occur bilaterally (approximate incidence 10% of confirmed GS cases).
Other problems can include severe scoliosis (twisting of the vertebrae), limbal dermoids and hearing loss (see hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes), and deafness or blindness in one or both ears/eyes. Granulosa cell tumors may be associated as well.
Causes
The cause of Goldenhar syndrome is largely unknown. However, it is thought to be multifactorial, although there may be a genetic component, which would account for certain familial patterns. It has been suggested that there is a branchial arch development issue late in the first trimester.
An increase in Goldenhar syndrome in the children of Gulf War veterans has been suggested, but the difference was shown to be statistically insignificant.
Diagnosis
No general consensus on the minimal diagnostic criteria exists. The syndrome is characterized by hemifacial micr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amortization%20calculator | An amortization calculator is used to determine the periodic payment amount due on a loan (typically a mortgage), based on the amortization process.
The amortization repayment model factors varying amounts of both interest and principal into every installment, though the total amount of each payment is the same.
An amortization schedule calculator is often used to adjust the loan amount until the monthly payments will fit comfortably into budget, and can vary the interest rate to see the difference a better rate might make in the kind of home or car one can afford. An amortization calculator can also reveal the exact dollar amount that goes towards interest and the exact dollar amount that goes towards principal out of each individual payment. The amortization schedule is a table delineating these figures across the duration of the loan in chronological order.
The formula
The calculation used to arrive at the periodic payment amount assumes that the first payment is not due on the first day of the loan, but rather one full payment period into the loan.
While normally used to solve for A, (the payment, given the terms) it can be used to solve for any single variable in the equation provided that all other variables are known. One can rearrange the formula to solve for any one term, except for i, for which one can use a root-finding algorithm.
The annuity formula is:
Or, equivalently:
Where:
A = periodic payment amount
P = amount of principal, net of initial payments, meaning "subtract any down-payments"
i = periodic interest rate
n = total number of payments
This formula is valid if i > 0. If i = 0 then simply A = P / n.
For a 30-year loan with monthly payments,
Note that the interest rate is commonly referred to as an annual percentage rate (e.g. 8% APR), but in the above formula, since the payments are monthly, the rate must be in terms of a monthly percent. Converting an annual interest rate (that is to say, annual percentage yield or APY) to the m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly%20Drops | Jelly Drops is a British confectionary company based in London, England. It produces sugar-free sweets that are made of 95% water and contain electrolytes, natural flavourings and non-artificial colours. It was founded on 28 August 2018, by Lewis Hornby who was inspired by his grandmother Pat, who had dementia and was hospitalized for dehydration.
The company uses a patented method to manufacture sugar-free gummy candy which is 95% water. The confectionary is designed to increase hydration in people who are susceptible to becoming dehydrated, originally being conceived for the elderly, including those with dementia.
Jelly Drops are vegan, recyclable and available to buy online in the UK and the US.
History
Jelly Drops were invented in 2018 by Lewis Hornby, a 24-year-old Royal College of Art student, when his grandmother almost died of dehydration. He spent a month in her nursing home and realised that while many people with dementia refused to drink, did not feel thirst or failed to recognise cups, they would still eat confectionery. He therefore invented a fruity candy made up of 95 per cent water and electrolytes.
When a video of Hornby and his grandmother was shared on Facebook it received over 48 million views, with one viewer setting up a JustGiving page, which raised more than £9,000, in order to help bring the product to market.
In 2019, Jelly Drops received a further £100,000 grant, along with access to a network of industry experts, from the Alzheimer's Society as part of their Accelerator Programme, designed to support products intending to improve care and lifestyle quality of those living with dementia. In return for the charity's investment, Jelly Drops will donate 1% of its profits to help fund further Alzheimer's research.
Jelly Drops launched to the public in the United Kingdom in 2020, and in the United States in 2022. The confectionary is also reportedly used in healthcare settings including in NHS wards.
Awards and accolades
Pitch@Palac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional%20stability | Directional stability is stability of a moving body or vehicle about an axis which is perpendicular to its direction of motion. Stability of a vehicle concerns itself with the tendency of a vehicle to return to its original direction in relation to the oncoming medium (water, air, road surface, etc.) when disturbed (rotated) away from that original direction. If a vehicle is directionally stable, a restoring moment is produced which is in a direction opposite to the rotational disturbance. This "pushes" the vehicle (in rotation) so as to return it to the original orientation, thus tending to keep the vehicle oriented in the original direction.
Directional stability is frequently called "weather vaning" because a directionally stable vehicle free to rotate about its center of mass is similar to a weather vane rotating about its (vertical) pivot.
With the exception of spacecraft, vehicles generally have a recognisable front and rear and are designed so that the front points more or less in the direction of motion. Without this stability, they may tumble end over end, spin or orient themselves at a high angle of attack, even broadside on to the direction of motion. At high angles of attack, drag forces may become excessive, the vehicle may be impossible to control, or may even experience structural failure. In general, land, sea, air and underwater vehicles are designed to have a natural tendency to point in the direction of motion.
Example: road vehicle
Arrows, darts, rockets, and airships have tail surfaces (fins or feathers) to achieve directional stability; an airplane uses its vertical stabilizer for the same purpose. A road vehicle does not have elements specifically designed to maintain stability, but relies primarily on the distribution of mass.
Introduction
These points are best illustrated with an example. The first stage of studying the stability of a road vehicle is the derivation of a reasonable approximation to the equations of motion.
The diag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sight%20%28device%29 | A sight or sighting device is any device used to assist in precise visual alignment (i.e. aiming) of ranged weapons, surveying instruments, aircraft equipment or optical illumination equipments with the intended target. Sights can be a simple set or system of physical markers that serve as visual references for directly aligning the user's line of sight with the target (such as iron sights on firearms), or optical instruments that provide an optically enhanced — often magnified — target image aligned in the same focus with an aiming point (e.g. telescopic, reflector and holographic sights). There are also sights that actively project an illuminated point of aim (a.k.a. "hot spot") onto the target itself so it can be observed by anyone with a direct view, such as laser sights and infrared illuminators on some night vision devices, as well as augmented or even virtual reality-enabled digital cameras ("smart scopes") with software algorithms that produce digitally enhanced target images.
Simple sights
At its simplest, a sight typically has two components, front and rear aiming pieces that have to be lined up. Sights such as this can be found on many types of devices including weapons, surveying and measuring instruments, and navigational tools.
On weapons, these sights are usually formed by rugged metal parts, giving them the name "iron sights", as distinct from optical or computing sights. On many types of weapons they are built-in and may be fixed, adjustable, or marked for elevation, windage, target speed, etc. They are also classified in forms of notch (open sight) or aperture (closed sight). These types of sights can require considerable experience and skill, as the user has to hold proper eye position and simultaneously focus on the rear sight, the front sight, and a target, all at different distances, and align all three planes of focus.
Optical sights
Optical sights use optics that give the user an enhanced image with an aligned aiming point or pattern (al |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid%20Noe | Arne Vidar Røed (23 July 1946 – 24 April 1976), known in medical literature by the anagram Arvid Darre Noe, was a Norwegian sailor and truck driver who contracted one of the earliest confirmed cases of HIV/AIDS. His was the first confirmed HIV case in Europe though the disease was not identified at the time of his death.
The virus spread to his wife and youngest daughter both of whom also died; this was the first documented cluster of AIDS cases before the AIDS epidemic of the early 1980s.
The researchers studying the cases referred to Røed as the "Norwegian sailor" or the anagram "Arvid Darre Noe" to conceal his identity; his true name, Arne Vidar Røed, became known long after his death.
Illness and death
Røed began his career in the merchant navy in 1961, at the age of 15. As established by the journalist Edward Hooper, Røed visited Africa twice during his travels; the first time from 1961 to 1962 on board the Hoegh Aronde, along the west coast of Africa to Douala, Cameroon. On this trip, Røed contracted gonorrhea.
By 1968, Røed was no longer a sailor and was working as a long haul truck driver throughout Europe mainly in West Germany.
Beginning in 1968, Røed suffered from joint pain, lymphedema, and lung infections (This was also the year American teenager Robert Rayford first presented with similar symptoms; he was later identified as the first North American AIDS case).
Røed's condition stabilized with treatment until 1975, when his symptoms worsened. He developed motor control difficulties and dementia and died on 24 April 1976.
His wife grew ill with similar symptoms and died in December. Although their two older children were not born infected, their third child, a daughter, died on 4 January 1976, at the age of eight, and was the first person documented to have died of AIDS outside the United States.
Røed, his wife, and his daughter were buried in Borre, Vestfold, Norway.
Later investigations
Approximately a decade after Røed's death, tests |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray%20XT6 | The Cray XT6 is an updated version of the Cray XT5 supercomputer, launched on 16 November 2009. The dual- or quad-core AMD Opteron 2000-series processors of the XT5 are replaced in the XT6 with eight- or 12-core Opteron 6100 processors, giving up to 2,304 cores per cabinet. The XT6 includes the same SeaStar2+ interconnect router as the XT5, which is used to provide a 3-dimensional torus network topology between nodes. Each XT6 node has two processor sockets, one SeaStar2+ router and either 32 or 64 GB of DDR3 SDRAM memory. Four nodes form one X6 compute blade.
The XT6 family run the Cray Linux Environment version 3. This incorporates SUSE Linux Enterprise Server and Cray's Compute Node Linux.
The XT6m variant, announced at the same time as the XT6, is a mid-ranged supercomputer with most of the features of the XT6, but with a processor interconnect optimized for system sizes between 700 and 13000 cores and scalable up to 6 cabinets.
The first customer for the XT6 was the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) of the United Kingdom, which upgraded the existing XT5h system, named HECToR, at the University of Edinburgh in 2010. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit%20and%20colimit%20of%20presheaves | In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a limit or a colimit of presheaves on a category C is a limit or colimit in the functor category .
The category admits small limits and small colimits. Explicitly, if is a functor from a small category I and U is an object in C, then is computed pointwise:
The same is true for small limits. Concretely this means that, for example, a fiber product exists and is computed pointwise.
When C is small, by the Yoneda lemma, one can view C as the full subcategory of . If is a functor, if is a functor from a small category I and if the colimit in is representable; i.e., isomorphic to an object in C, then, in D,
(in particular the colimit on the right exists in D.)
The density theorem states that every presheaf is a colimit of representable presheaves.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsivi | Satsivi (, ; also known as chicken in walnut sauce) is a Georgian dish. It is made using poultry (such as chicken or turkey) mixed into a walnut sauce, typically seasoned with salt, pepper, garlic, fenugreek, coriander and cinnamon. The term satsivi is also used as a generic name for a variety of poultry made with the walnut sauce.
Bazhe
Bazhe (, baže) is the most versatile of the Georgian walnut sauces, being more runny than satsivi sauce and containing either red wine vinegar or pomegranate juice. It is often used to dress boiled or fried fish, such as trout. As is typical of the Georgian palate, this sauce is slightly tart, as sweeteners are not usually used by Georgians in their cooking.
Satsivi
Satsivi () is a Georgian dish made with walnut sauce and served cold, either as a dipping sauce for boiled or fried turkey or chicken. Traditionally, satsivi is made of walnuts, water, garlic, a combination of dried herbs (usually saffron and fenugreek), vinegar, cayenne pepper, and salt to taste. In this way, satsivi in the Caucasus is similar to the nut- or legume-based paste sauces to the south such as the hummus (which often contains garlic, lemon juice as a souring agent, and tahini, or sesame butter/paste) varieties found in Syrian, Lebanese, or generically Levantine cuisine.
Boiled turkey or chicken pieces submerged in satsivi is a staple of winter holiday feasts. The dish as a whole is usually also referred to as satsivi. There are also vegetarian varieties of this dish made with eggplants or cauliflower.
A similar dish of boiled chicken with walnut paste is known as Circassian chicken in Turkish, Levantine, and Egyptian cuisine, as well as "Aquz" in the Caspian cuisine of Northern Iran.
See also
Nigvziani badrijani
List of sauces |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics%20in%20Ancient%20Egypt%3A%20A%20Contextual%20History | Mathematics in Ancient Egypt: A Contextual History is a book on ancient Egyptian mathematics by Annette Imhausen. It was published by the Princeton University Press in 2016.
Topics
The history of ancient Egyptian mathematics covers roughly three thousand years, and as well as sketching the mathematics of this period, the book also provides background material on the culture and society of the period, and the role played by mathematics in society. These aspects of the subject advance the goal of understanding Egyptian mathematics in its cultural context rather than (as in much earlier work on the mathematics of ancient cultures) trying to translate it into modern mathematical ideas and notation. Particular emphases of the book are the elite status of the scribes, the Egyptian class entrusted with mathematical calculations, the practical rather than theoretical approach to mathematics taken by the scribes, and the ways that Egyptian conceptualizations of numbers affected the methods they used to solve mathematical problems.
In keeping with that change in emphasis, the book is ordered by time period rather than by mathematical topics. After an introduction that reviews past studies of the subject and calls for a reassessment of their conclusions, it divides its history into five major eras: prehistoric Egypt and the Early Dynastic Period, the Old Kingdom of Egypt, the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, the New Kingdom of Egypt, and Hellenistic and Roman Egypt.
The topics covered in the book include the Egyptian numbering systems, in both spoken and written (hieroglyphic) form, arithmetic, Egyptian fractions, and systems of measurement, their lunar calendar, calculations of volumes of solids, and word problems involving the measurement of beer and grain. As well, it covers the use of mathematics by the scribes in architectural design and the measurement of land. Although much past effort has gone into questions such as trying to deduce the rules used by the scribes to calcula |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyping | Genotyping is the process of determining differences in the genetic make-up (genotype) of an individual by examining the individual's DNA sequence using biological assays and comparing it to another individual's sequence or a reference sequence. It reveals the alleles an individual has inherited from their parents. Traditionally genotyping is the use of DNA sequences to define biological populations by use of molecular tools. It does not usually involve defining the genes of an individual.
Techniques
Current methods of genotyping include restriction fragment length polymorphism identification (RFLPI) of genomic DNA, random amplified polymorphic detection (RAPD) of genomic DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism detection (AFLPD), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, allele specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes, and hybridization to DNA microarrays or beads. Genotyping is important in research of genes and gene variants associated with disease. Due to current technological limitations, almost all genotyping is partial. That is, only a small fraction of an individual's genotype is determined, such as with (epi)GBS (Genotyping by sequencing) or RADseq. New mass-sequencing technologies promise to provide whole-genome genotyping (or whole genome sequencing) in the future.
Applications
Genotyping applies to a broad range of individuals, including microorganisms. For example, viruses and bacteria can be genotyped. Genotyping in this context may help in controlling the spreading of pathogens, by tracing the origin of outbreaks. This area is often referred to as molecular epidemiology or forensic microbiology.
Human genotyping
Humans can also be genotyped. For example, when testing fatherhood or motherhood, scientists typically only need to examine 10 or 20 genomic regions (like single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs)), which represent a tiny fraction of the human genome.
When genotyping transgenic organisms, a single genomic region may be all t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterolateral%20sulcus%20of%20spinal%20cord | The Anterolateral sulcus of spinal cord is a landmark on the anterior side of the spinal cord. It denotes the location at which the ventral fibers leave the spinal cord.
The anterolateral sulcus is less visible than the posterolateral sulcus.
See also
Anterolateral sulcus of medulla |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20hypothesis | The hydrogen hypothesis is a model proposed by William F. Martin and Miklós Müller in 1998 that describes a possible way in which the mitochondrion arose as an endosymbiont within a prokaryotic host in the archaea, giving rise to a symbiotic association of two cells from which the first eukaryotic cell could have arisen (symbiogenesis).
According to the hydrogen hypothesis:
The hosts that acquired the mitochondria were hydrogen-dependent archaea, possibly similar in physiology to modern methanogenic archaea, which use hydrogen and carbon dioxide to produce methane;
The future mitochondrion was a facultatively anaerobic eubacterium which produced hydrogen and carbon dioxide as byproducts of anaerobic respiration;
A symbiotic relationship between the two started, based on the host's hydrogen dependence (anaerobic syntrophy).
Mechanism
The hypothesis differs from many alternative views within the endosymbiotic theory framework, which suggest that the first eukaryotic cells evolved a nucleus but lacked mitochondria, the latter arising as a eukaryote engulfed a primitive bacterium that eventually became the mitochondrion. The hypothesis attaches evolutionary significance to hydrogenosomes and provides a rationale for their common ancestry with mitochondria. Hydrogenosomes are anaerobic mitochondria that produce ATP by, as a rule, converting pyruvate into hydrogen, carbon dioxide and acetate. Examples from modern biology are known where methanogens cluster around hydrogenosomes within eukaryotic cells. Most theories within the endosymbiotic theory framework do not address the common ancestry of mitochondria and hydrogenosomes. The hypothesis provides a straightforward explanation for the observation that eukaryotes are genetic chimeras with genes of archaeal and eubacterial ancestry. Furthermore, it would imply that archaea and eukarya split after the modern groups of archaea appeared. Most theories within the endosymbiotic theory framework predict that some eukaryo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex%20cap | A convex cap, also known as a convex floating body or just floating body, is a well defined structure in mathematics commonly used in convex analysis for approximating convex shapes. In general it can be thought of as the intersection of a convex Polytope with a half-space.
Definition
A cap, can be defined as the intersection of a half-space with a convex set . Note that the cap can be defined in any dimensional space. Given a , can be defined as the cap containing corresponding to a half-space parallel to with width times greater than that of the original.
The definition of a cap can also be extended to define a cap of a point where the cap can be defined as the intersection of a convex set with a half-space containing . The minimal cap of a point is a cap of with .
Floating Bodies and Caps
We can define the floating body of a convex shape using the following process. Note the floating body is also convex. In the case of a 2-dimensional convex compact shape , given some where is small. The floating body of this 2-dimensional shape is given by removing all the 2 dimensional caps of area from the original body. The resulting shape will be our convex floating body . We generalize this definition to n dimensions by starting with an n dimensional convex shape and removing caps in the corresponding dimension.
Relation to affine surface area
As , the floating body more closely approximates . This information can tell us about the affine surface area of which measures how the boundary behaves in this situation. If we take the convex floating body of a shape, we notice that the distance from the boundary of the floating body to the boundary of the convex shape is related to the convex shape's curvature.
Specifically, convex shapes with higher curvature have a higher distance between the two boundaries. Taking a look at the difference in the areas of the original body and the floating body as . Using the relation between curvature and distance, we |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%20paper | Graph paper, coordinate paper, grid paper, or squared paper is writing paper that is printed with fine lines making up a regular grid. The lines are often used as guides for plotting graphs of functions or experimental data and drawing curves. It is commonly found in mathematics and engineering education settings and in laboratory notebooks. Graph paper is available either as loose leaf paper or bound in notebooks.
History
The Metropolitan Museum of Art owns a pattern book dated to around 1596 in which each page bears a grid printed with a woodblock. The owner has used these grids to create block pictures in black and white and in colour.
The first commercially published "coordinate paper" is usually attributed to a Dr. Buxton of England, who patented paper, printed with a rectangular coordinate grid, in 1794. A century later, E. H. Moore, a distinguished mathematician at the University of Chicago, advocated usage of paper with "squared lines" by students of high schools and universities. The 1906 edition of Algebra for Beginners by H. S. Hall and S. R. Knight included a strong statement that "the squared paper should be of good quality and accurately ruled to inches and tenths of an inch. Experience shows that anything on a smaller scale (such as 'millimeter' paper) is practically worthless in the hands of beginners."
The term "graph paper" did not catch on quickly in American usage. A School Arithmetic (1919) by H. S. Hall and F. H. Stevens had a chapter on graphing with "squared paper". Analytic Geometry (1937) by W. A. Wilson and J. A. Tracey used the phrase "coordinate paper". The term "squared paper" remained in British usage for longer; for example it was used in Public School Arithmetic (2023) by W. M. Baker and A. A. Bourne published in London.
Formats
Quad paper, sometimes referred to as quadrille paper from French quadrillé, 'large square', is a common form of graph paper with a sparse grid printed in light blue or gray and right to the edge of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trek%202000%20International | Trek 2000 International Limited is a Singaporean technology company that is listed on the Singapore Exchange (SGX:TREK). The company claims to be the inventor of the ThumbDrive, a USB data storage device. The company owns a library of more than 600 patents, with 360 granted patents. It has also developed numerous other products in the same consumer electronics market segments including the Ai-Ball and offers products such as SSDs and Flash Drives. The ThumbDrive trademark is registered by Trek 2000 International in international markets, although the original inventors of the USB flash drive and the related patents are the subjects of multiple disputes.
History
In 1995, Trek’s current chief executive officer and chairman Henn Tan bought over the company, then a family-owned electronic components trading business, for S$1 million with a plan to provide customised engineering to companies. Tan and his engineers subsequently began to explore ways to utilise the USB interface to create a device that could replace the floppy disk, and this led to the eventual development of the ThumbDrive.
In 2000, Trek launched the ThumbDrive at the CeBIT international trade fair for information technology and telecommunications in Germany. Response to the product was overwhelming even though the booth was only modestly decorated. The success of the ThumbDrive propelled Trek into the global arena. The company grew from a five-man outfit to a global enterprise with offices in more than ten countries including the United States, Netherlands, Japan, India, China and the Philippines.
Products
Trek’s products include the ThumbDrive, Flucard, and Ai-Ball. The Flucard, a Wi-Fi enabled SD card, is hoped to eventually replace the standard SD card. Trek also provides customised engineering design. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aralkylamine%20N-acetyltransferase | Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) (), also known as arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase or serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT), is an enzyme that is involved in the day/night rhythmic production of melatonin, by modification of serotonin. It is in humans encoded by the ~2.5 kb AANAT gene containing four exons, located on chromosome 17q25. The gene is translated into a 23 kDa large enzyme. It is well conserved through evolution and the human form of the protein is 80 percent identical to sheep and rat AANAT. It is an acetyl-CoA-dependent enzyme of the GCN5-related family of N-acetyltransferases (GNATs). It may contribute to multifactorial genetic diseases such as altered behavior in sleep/wake cycle and research is on-going with the aim of developing drugs that regulate AANAT function.
Nomenclature
The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:2-arylethylamine N-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include:
AANAT
Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase
Melatonin rhythm enzyme
Serotonin acetylase
Serotonin acetyltransferase
Serotonin N-acetyltransferase
The officially accepted name is aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase.
Function and mechanism
Tissue distribution
The AANAT mRNA transcript is mainly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). It is detectable at low levels in several brain regions including the pituitary gland as well as in the retina. It is most highly abundant in the pineal gland which is the site of melatonin synthesis. Brain and pituitary AANAT may be involved in the modulation of serotonin-dependent aspects of human behavior and pituitary function.
Physiological function
In the pinealocyte cells of the pineal gland, aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase is involved in the conversion of serotonin to melatonin. It is the penultimate enzyme in the melatonin synthesis controlling the night/day rhythm in melatonin production in the vertebrate pineal gland. Melatonin is essential for seasonal reproduction, modulates the func |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic%20denitrification | Aerobic denitrification or co-respiration the simultaneous use of both oxygen (O2) and nitrate (NO3−) as oxidizing agents, performed by various genera of microorganisms. This process differs from anaerobic denitrification not only in its insensitivity to the presence of oxygen, but also in that it has a higher potential to create the harmful byproduct nitrous oxide.
Nitrogen, acting as an oxidant, is therefore reduced in a succession of four reactions performed by the enzymes nitrate, nitrite, nitric-oxide, and nitrous oxide reductases. The pathway ultimately yields reduced molecular nitrogen (N2), as well as, when the reaction does not reach completion, the intermediate species nitrous oxide (N2O). A simple denitrification reaction proceeds as+
− → − → NO → → (g)
The respiration reaction which utilizes oxygen as the oxidant is:
(aq) + 6 (g) → 6 (g) + 6
Classically, it was thought that denitrification would not occur in the presence of oxygen since there seems to be no energetic advantage to using nitrate as an oxidant when oxygen is available. Experiments have since proven that denitrifiers are often facultative anaerobes and that aerobic denitrification does indeed occur in a broad range of microbial organisms with varying levels of productivity, usually lower productivity than results from purely aerobic respiration. The advantages of being able to perform denitrification in the presence of oxygen are uncertain, though it is possible that the ability to adapt to changes in oxygen levels plays a role. Aerobic denitrification may be found in environments where fluctuating oxygen concentrations and reduced carbon are available. The relative harsh environment inspires the potential of denitrifiers to degrade toxic nitrate or nitrate under an aerobic atmosphere. Aerobic denitrifiers tend to work efficiently at 25 ~ 37 °C and pH 7 ~ 8, when dissolved oxygen concentration is 3 ~ 5 mg/L and C/N load ratio is 5 ~ 10.
Environmental impact
Wastewater treatm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAlio%20Ribeiro | Júlio César Ribeiro Vaughan (April 16, 1845 – November 1, 1890) was a Brazilian Naturalist novelist, philologist, journalist and grammarian. He is famous for his controversial romance A Carne and for designing the flag of the State of São Paulo, which he wanted to be the flag of Brazil.
He is patron of the 24th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.
Life
Ribeiro was born in 1845, in Sabará, to American George Washington Vaughan and Maria Francisca Vaughan (née Ribeiro). Initially homeschooled by his mother, he later entered a school in Minas, and, in 1862, he moved to Rio de Janeiro to ingress at the Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras. Three years later, he quit the Military School to dedicate himself to journalism. For that, he studied Latin in the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo and later became a teacher there.
As a journalist, he founded and wrote for O Sorocabano in Sorocaba; wrote for A Procelária and O Rebate in São Paulo, and also to O Estado de S. Paulo, Diário Mercantil, A Gazeta de Campinas and the Almanaque de São Paulo, where he published his studies on Philology.
He published his controversial and heavily erotic romance A Carne (The Flesh) in 1888. At the time of its publication, it was panned by critics such as José Veríssimo and Alfredo Pujol. The most vehement critic, however, was the priest Sena Freitas, who wrote an article in the Diário Mercantil named A Carniça (The Carrion). Ribeiro, a strong anti-clericalist, refuted Freitas' critics with the series of articles O Urubu Sena Freitas (Sena Freitas, the Vulture). Those articles were later compiled and published under the name of Uma Polêmica Célebre, in 1934.
He died in 1890, a victim of tuberculosis.
He is the grandfather of chronicler Elsie Lessa, great-grandfather of writers Ivan Lessa and Sérgio Pinheiro Lopes and great-great-grandfather of writer Juliana Foster.
Works
O Padre Belchior de Pontes (1877)
Gramática Portuguesa (1881)
Cartas Sertanejas (1885)
A Ca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian%20path%20problem | The Hamiltonian path problem is a topic discussed in the fields of complexity theory and graph theory. It decides if a directed or undirected graph, G, contains a Hamiltonian path, a path that visits every vertex in the graph exactly once. The problem may specify the start and end of the path, in which case the starting vertex s and ending vertex t must be identified.
The Hamiltonian cycle problem is similar to the Hamiltonian path problem, except it asks if a given graph contains a Hamiltonian cycle. This problem may also specify the start of the cycle. The Hamiltonian cycle problem is a special case of the travelling salesman problem, obtained by setting the distance between two cities to one if they are adjacent and two otherwise, and verifying that the total distance travelled is equal to n. If so, the route is a Hamiltonian cycle.
The Hamiltonian path problem and the Hamiltonian cycle problem belong to the class of NP-complete problems, as shown in Michael Garey and David S. Johnson's book Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness and Richard Karp's list of 21 NP-complete problems.
Reductions
Reduction from the Path Problem to the Cycle Problem
The problems of finding a Hamiltonian path and a Hamiltonian cycle can be related as follows:
In one direction, the Hamiltonian path problem for graph G can be related to the Hamiltonian cycle problem in a graph H obtained from G by adding a new universal vertex x, connecting x to all vertices of G. Thus, finding a Hamiltonian path cannot be significantly slower (in the worst case, as a function of the number of vertices) than finding a Hamiltonian cycle.
In the other direction, the Hamiltonian cycle problem for a graph G is equivalent to the Hamiltonian path problem in the graph H obtained by adding terminal (degree-one) vertices s and t attached respectively to a vertex v of G and to v', a cleaved copy of v which gives v' the same neighbourhood as v. The Hamiltonian path in H runni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiophanate-methyl | Thiophanate-methyl is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NHC(S)NH(CO)OCH3)2. The compound is a colorless or white solid, although commercial samples are generally tan-colored. It is prepared from o-phenylenediamine. It is a widely used fungicide used on tree, vine, and root crops. In Europe it is applied to tomato, wine grapes, beans, wheat, and aubergine.
Methods for its analysis have received considerable attention. It is commonly used to treat botrytis bunch rot and gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea strawberry in California. Thiophanate-methyl acts as a fungicide via its primary metabolite carbendazim. |
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