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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20mathematics | The subject of physical mathematics is concerned with physically motivated mathematics and is considered by some as a subfield of mathematical physics.
Overview
According to Margaret Osler the simple machines of Hero of Alexandria and the ray tracing of Alhazen did not refer to causality or forces. Accordingly these early expressions of kinematics and optics do not rise to the level of mathematical physics as practiced by Galileo and Newton.
The details of physical units and their manipulation were addressed by Alexander Macfarlane in Physical Arithmetic in 1885. The science of kinematics created a need for mathematical representation of motion and has found expression with complex numbers, quaternions, and linear algebra.
At Cambridge University the Mathematical Tripos tested students on their knowledge of "mixed mathematics". "... [N]ew books which appeared in the mid-eighteenth century offered a systematic introduction to the fundamental operations of the fluxional calculus and showed how it could be applied to a wide range of mathematical and physical problems. ... The strongly problem-oriented presentation in the treatises ... made it much easier for university students to master the fluxional calculus and its applications [and] helped define a new field of mixed mathematical studies..."
An adventurous expression of physical mathematics is found in A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism which used partial differential equations. The text aspired to describe phenomena in four dimensions but the foundation for this physical world, Minkowski space, trailed by forty years.
String theorist Greg Moore said this about physical mathematics in his vision talk at Strings 2014.
See also
Theoretical physics
Mathematical physics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20gardening | Atomic gardening is a form of mutation breeding where plants are exposed to radiation. Some of the mutations produced thereby have turned out to be useful. Typically this is gamma radiation in which case it is a produced by cobalt-60.
The practice of plant irradiation has resulted in the development of more than 2,000 new varieties of plants, most of which are now used in agricultural production. One example is the resistance to verticillium wilt of the 'Todd's Mitcham' cultivar of peppermint, which was produced from a breeding and test program at Brookhaven National Laboratory from the mid-1950s. Additionally, the Rio Red Grapefruit, developed at the Texas A&M Citrus Center in the 1970s and approved in 1984, now accounts for more than three quarters of the grapefruit produced in Texas.
History
Beginning in the 1950s, atomic gardens were a part of Atoms for Peace, a program to develop peaceful uses of fission energy after World War II. Gamma gardens were established in laboratories in the United States, Europe, Soviet Union, India, and Japan. Though these gardens were initially designed with the aim of testing the effects of radiation on plant life, research gradually turned towards using radiation to introduce beneficial mutations that could give plants useful characteristics. Such characteristics include increased resilience to adverse weather, or a faster growth rate. In addition, the Atomic Gardening Society was established in 1959 by Muriel Howorth, an atomic activist from the United Kingdom, in conjunction with a growing movement to bring atomic energy and experimentation into the lives of ordinary citizens.
In 1960, Howorth published a book entitled "Atomic Gardening for the Layman" along a similar theme. The Atomic Gardening Society utilized an early form of crowd-sourcing, in which members received irradiated seeds, planted them in their gardens, and sent reports back to Howorth detailing the results. Howorth herself made national news upon growing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological%20principle | In modern physical cosmology, the cosmological principle is the notion that the spatial distribution of matter in the universe is equally distributed and isotropic when viewed on a large enough scale, since the forces are expected to act equally throughout the universes on a large scale, and should, therefore, produce no observable inequalities in the large-scale structuring over the course of evolution of the matter field that was initially laid down by the Big Bang.
Definition
Astronomer William Keel explains:
The cosmological principle is usually stated formally as 'Viewed on a sufficiently large scale, the properties of the universe are the same for all observers.' This amounts to the strongly philosophical statement that the part of the universe which we can see is a fair sample, and that the same physical laws apply throughout. In essence, this in a sense says that the universe is knowable and is playing fair with scientists.
The cosmological principle depends on a definition of "observer", and contains an implicit qualification and two testable consequences.
"Observers" means any observer at any location in the universe, not simply any human observer at any location on Earth: as Andrew Liddle puts it, "the cosmological principle [means that] the universe looks the same whoever and wherever you are."
The qualification is that variation in physical structures can be overlooked, provided this does not imperil the uniformity of conclusions drawn from observation: the Sun is different from the Earth, our galaxy is different from a black hole, some galaxies advance toward rather than recede from us, and the universe has a "foamy" texture of galaxy clusters and voids, but none of these different structures appears to violate the basic laws of physics.
The two testable structural consequences of the cosmological principle are homogeneity and isotropy. Homogeneity means that the same observational evidence is available to observers at different locations in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet%20rim%20block | A toilet rim block is a substance in the shape of a block that is used in flush toilets, which slowly dissolves in water. The blocks usually come in a small holder that is attached over the rim of a toilet and hangs down into the bowl, so as the toilet gets flushed, the water passes through the holder coming into contact with the block. With "liquid rims", however, liquid is held in a small bottle above—and connected to—the holder that slowly releases into the bottom of the holder (which is beneath the toilet rim), and so coming into contact with the water when the toilet is flushed.
However, the blocks also come loose, for placement directly in-cistern (and therefore usable with squat toilets that lack the same sort of rim), although these tend to be slightly different in composition, so as to dissolve slower, due to the constant contact with water. These may also contain a colorant (typically blue or green) which shows up in the pan or bowl water.
Composition and action
Toilet rim blocks are marketed as disinfectants and deodorizers, while allegedly also helping to prevent the buildup of limescale in the toilet bowl.
The composition of toilet blocks can vary, but they may contain (among other components): borax (an ingredient of many detergents), hydroxyethylcellulose (a gelling agent), troclosene sodium (a disinfectant), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (a surfactant), sodium percarbonate (a form of oxygen bleach), sodium carbonate ("washing soda"), and various perfumes like, e.g., limonene, butylphenyl methylpropional, and linalool.
As in the closely related urinal deodorizer blocks, some of the ingredients have irritating effects when applied to skin, eyes, or when swallowed. Their ecotoxicity is rated to be harmful to aquatic organisms and these chemicals may have long-term adverse effects for an aquatic environment.
See also
Household chemicals
Ecological footprint
List of health articles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C8orf48 | C8orf48 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C8orf48 gene. C8orf48 is a nuclear protein specifically predicted to be located in the nuclear lamina. C8orf48 has been found to interact with proteins that are involved in the regulation of various cellular responses like gene expression, protein secretion, cell proliferation, and inflammatory responses. This protein has been linked to breast cancer and papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Gene
C8orf48 is located on chromosome 8 (8p22) and spans from 13,566,843 to 13,568,288 on the positive strand. C8orf48 has an exon count of 1 and no introns. This protein does not have any isoforms nor exhibit any alternative splicing.
Protein
The protein C8orf48 is 319 amino acids in length. The molecular weight of this protein is 36.9 kDa and the isoelectric point is 8.86. The C8orf48 protein is predicted to be a nuclear protein particularly located in the nuclear lamina. This protein does not possess any signal peptides or transmembrane domains. This protein has also been found to be fairly abundant in humans.
Structure
C8orf48 protein has two predicted nuclear localization signals one spanning from 135-149 amino acids and the other from 204-221. The secondary structure of C8orf48 protein is composed of primarily alpha-helices and coiled coils. The structure is composed of very little beta sheets, a total of three areas demonstrate possible beta sheet structure.
The Tertiary structure of C8orf48 was obtained from the iTASSER program.
Post-translational modifications
C8orf48 has various predicted post-translational modifications. These post-translational modifications include O-glycosylation, Glycation, N-linked glycosylation, Phosphorylation Sites, Yin-Yang sites, sumoylation, and SUMO interactions.
Subcellular localization
PSORT II results determined that the protein C8orf48 does not have a signalPeptide as well as no transmembrane domains. The prediction is that C8orf48 is most likely nuclear and potentially cytoplas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Mazya | Vladimir Gilelevich Maz'ya (; born 31 December 1937) (the family name is sometimes transliterated as Mazya, Maz'ja or Mazja) is a Russian-born Swedish mathematician, hailed as "one of the most distinguished analysts of our time" and as "an outstanding mathematician of worldwide reputation", who strongly influenced the development of mathematical analysis and the theory of partial differential equations.
Mazya's early achievements include: his work on Sobolev spaces, in particular the discovery of the equivalence between Sobolev and isoperimetric/isocapacitary inequalities (1960), his counterexamples related to Hilbert's 19th and Hilbert's 20th problem (1968), his solution, together with Yuri Burago, of a problem in harmonic potential theory (1967) posed by , his extension of the Wiener regularity test to –Laplacian and the proof of its sufficiency for the boundary regularity. Maz'ya solved Vladimir Arnol'd's problem for the oblique derivative boundary value problem (1970) and Fritz John's problem on the oscillations of a fluid in the presence of an immersed body (1977).
In recent years, he proved a Wiener's type criterion for higher order elliptic equations, together with Mikhail Shubin solved a problem in the spectral theory of the Schrödinger operator formulated by Israel Gelfand in 1953, found necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of maximum principles for elliptic and parabolic systems of PDEs and introduced the so–called approximate approximations. He also contributed to the development of the theory of capacities, nonlinear potential theory, the asymptotic and qualitative theory of arbitrary order elliptic equations, the theory of ill-posed problems, the theory of boundary value problems in domains with piecewise smooth boundary.
Biography
Life and academic career
Vladimir Maz'ya was born on 31 December 1937 in a Jewish family. His father died in December 1941 at the World War II front, and all four grandparents died during the siege of Leni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana%20peel | A banana peel, called banana skin in British English, is the outer covering of the banana fruit. Banana peels are used as food for animals, an ingredient in cooking, in water purification, for manufacturing of several biochemical products as well as for jokes and comical situations.
There are several methods to remove a peel from a banana.
Use
Bananas are a popular fruit consumed worldwide with a yearly production of over 165 million tonnes in 2011. Once the peel is removed, the fruit can be eaten raw or cooked and the peel is generally discarded. Because of this removal of the banana peel, a significant amount of organic waste is generated.
Banana peels are sometimes used as feedstock for cattle, goats, pigs, monkeys, poultry, rabbits, fish, zebras and several other species, typically on small farms in regions where bananas are grown. There are some concerns over the impact of tannins contained in the peels on animals that consume them.
The nutritional value of banana peel depends on the stage of maturity and the cultivar; for example plantain peels contain less fibre than dessert banana peels, and lignin content increases with ripening (from 7 to 15% dry matter). On average, banana peels contain 6-9% dry matter of protein and 20-30% fibre (measured as NDF). Green plantain peels contain 40% starch that is transformed into sugars after ripening. Green banana peels contain much less starch (about 15%) when green than plantain peels, while ripe banana peels contain up to 30% free sugars.
Banana peels are also used for water purification, to produce ethanol, cellulase, laccase, as fertilizer and in composting.
Culinary use
Cooking with banana peel is common place in Southeast Asian, Indian and Venezuelan cuisine where the peel of bananas and plantains is used in recipes. In April 2019, a vegan pulled pork recipe using banana peel by food blogger Melissa Copeland aka The Stingy Vegan went viral. In 2020, The Great British Bake Off winner Nadiya Hussain revealed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Climatic%20Data%20Center | The United States National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), previously known as the National Weather Records Center (NWRC), in Asheville, North Carolina, was the world's largest active archive of weather data.
In 2015, the NCDC merged with two other federal environmental records agencies to become the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).
History
In 1934, the U.S. government established a tabulation unit in New Orleans, Louisiana, to process weather records. Climate records and upper air observations were punched onto cards in 1936. This organization was transferred to Asheville, North Carolina, in 1951, where the National Weather Records Center (NWRC). It was housed in the Grove Arcade Building in Asheville, North Carolina.
Processing of the climate data was accomplished at Weather Records Processing Centers at Chattanooga, Tennessee; Kansas City, Missouri; and San Francisco, California, until January 1, 1963, when it was consolidated with the NWRC.
In 1967, the agency was renamed the National Climatic Data Center.
In 1995, the NCDC moved into the newly completed Veach-Baley Federal Complex in downtown Asheville.
In 2015, the NCDC merged with the National Geophysical Data Center and the National Oceanographic Data Center to become the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).
Sources
Data were received from a wide variety of sources, including weather satellites, radar, automated airport weather stations, National Weather Service (NWS) Cooperative Observers, aircraft, ships, radiosondes, wind profilers, rocketsondes, solar radiation networks, and NWS Forecast/Warnings/Analyses Products.
Climate focus
The Center provided historical perspectives on climate which were vital to studies on global climate change, the greenhouse effect, and other environmental issues. The Center stored information essential to industry, agriculture, science, hydrology, transportation, recreation, and engineering. These services are still provided |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum%20Voice | The Plum Group, Inc. (DBA Plum Voice) is a company.
Plum is headquartered in New York City with offices in Boston and Denver.
History
Plum Voice, founded in 2000 as The Plum Group, Inc., was incorporated to
create technologies for personalized audio communication. By 2001, Plum had
commercialized the open-standard Plum VoiceXML IVR platform which
facilitated the creation of dynamic telecom applications.
2001 - Commercial launch of Plum VoiceXML IVR platform for customer-premises deployment
2002 - Launch of Plum Voice Hosting Centers for 24x7x365 managed IVR hosting
2004 - Plum Voice application suite receives a "Product of the Year" award from Customer Interactions magazine
2008 - Plum Survey builder launched, a do-it-yourself IVR survey tool.
2010 - Plum launched QuickFuse, a web-based rapid development platform used to create voice applications.
2013 - Plum launched VoiceTrends, an analytics and reporting toolkit designed specifically for voice applications. Plum achieves PCI-DSS Level 1.
2015 - Plum launched Plum Insight, a multi-channel (voice, web, mobile) survey platform. Plum achieves HIPAA compliance.
2016 - Plum launched a new version of QuickFuse called Fuse+.
2020 - Plum sunsets QuickFuse, rebrands Fuse+ as Plum Fuse.
See also
IVR
PaaS
SaaS
Speech recognition
Voice
VoiceXML |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced%20gamma%20emission | In physics, induced gamma emission (IGE) refers to the process of fluorescent emission of gamma rays from excited nuclei, usually involving a specific nuclear isomer. It is analogous to conventional fluorescence, which is defined as the emission of a photon (unit of light) by an excited electron in an atom or molecule. In the case of IGE, nuclear isomers can store significant amounts of excitation energy for times long enough for them to serve as nuclear fluorescent materials. There are over 800 known nuclear isomers but almost all are too intrinsically radioactive to be considered for applications. there were two proposed nuclear isomers that appeared to be physically capable of IGE fluorescence in safe arrangements: tantalum-180m and hafnium-178m2.
History
Induced gamma emission is an example of interdisciplinary research bordering on both nuclear physics and quantum electronics. Viewed as a nuclear reaction it would belong to a class in which only photons were involved in creating and destroying states of nuclear excitation. It is a class usually overlooked in traditional discussions. In 1939 Pontecorvo and Lazard reported the first example of this type of reaction. Indium was the target and in modern terminology describing nuclear reactions it would be written 115In(γ,γ')115mIn. The product nuclide carries an "m" to denote that it has a long enough half life (4.5 h in this case) to qualify as being a nuclear isomer. That is what made the experiment possible in 1939 because the researchers had hours to remove the products from the irradiating environment and then to study them in a more appropriate location.
With projectile photons, momentum and energy can be conserved only if the incident photon, X-ray or gamma, has precisely the energy corresponding to the difference in energy between the initial state of the target nucleus and some excited state that is not too different in terms of quantum properties such as spin. There is no threshold behavior and the inc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk%20van%20Dalen | Dirk van Dalen (born 20 December 1932, Amsterdam) is a Dutch mathematician and historian of science.
Van Dalen studied mathematics and physics and astronomy at the University of Amsterdam. Inspired by the work of Brouwer and Heyting, he received his Ph.D. in 1963 from the University of Amsterdam for the thesis Extension problems in intuitionistic plane Projective geometry. From 1964 to 1966 Van Dalen taught logic and mathematics at MIT, and later Oxford. From 1967 he was professor at the University of Utrecht. In 2003 Dirk van Dalen was awarded the Academy Medal 2003 of the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences for bringing the works of Brouwer to international attention.
Works
1958: (with Yehoshua Bar-Hillel and Azriel Levy) Foundations of Set Theory, North Holland Publishing
1963: Extension problems in intuitionistic plane projective geometry
1978: (with H.C. Doets and H. De Swart) Sets: Naive, Axiomatic and Applied, Pergamon Press
1980: Logic and Structure, Springer Universitext
1981: (editor) Brouwer's Cambridge Lectures on Intuitionism Cambridge University Press
1988:
2000: (with Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus) "Zermelo and the Skolem Paradox", Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 6(2)
2001: "Intuitionistic Logic", in: The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic, Lou Goble (editor), Blackwell
2013: L.E.J. Brouwer - Topologist, Intuitionist, Philosopher: How mathematics is rooted in life, Springer-Verlag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-TA | Mitochondrially encoded tRNA alanine also known as MT-TA is a transfer RNA, which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TA gene.
MT-TA is a small 69 nucleotide RNA (human mitochondrial map position 5587-5655) that transfers the amino acid alanine to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosome site of protein synthesis during translation.
It has been reported that the 5650G-A mutation on MT-TA may cause muscular dystrophy. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Union%20of%20Food%20Science%20and%20Technology | The International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST) ( ) is the global scientific organization and voice for food science and technology representing more than 300,000 food scientists, engineers and technologists through its work in more than 100 countries. It is a voluntary, non-profit association of national food science organizations. IUFoST is the only elected scientific representative of Food Science and Technology in the International Science Council (ISC), elected by its peers across scientific disciplines. It is the only global representative of food science and technology to notable organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, United Nations Development Programme and (UNDP), CODEX Alimentarius.
Background
The feasibility of establishing an international organization of food scientists and technologists dedicated to the nutritional needs of the people of the world was informally explored during the First International Congress of Food Science and Technology (1962) held in London. The President of the Congress was Lord Rank who crystallised informal discussions that had already been taking place among a number of food scientists from around the world when he stated in his presidential message: "If the potentialities of ... food science and technology are to ... culminate and nutritionally adequate, then there must be international collaboration." From the Congress emerged the International Committee of Food Science and Technology.
The work of this Committee culminated in the formal inauguration of the International Union of Food Science and Technology during the Third International Congress of Food Science and Technology convened in 1970 in Washington, DC, USA. The 1970 meeting in Washington, DC, USA was referred to as "SOS/70" with SOS referring to Science and Survival.
NATO's Involvement in the Conception of IUFoST
In 1960, several British scientific societies and the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Monaghan%20%28engineer%29 | Paul Monaghan is a British Formula One engineer. He is currently the chief engineer at the Red Bull Racing Formula One team.
Career
Monaghan gained his master's degree in Mechanical Engineering and then began his motorsport career working at McLaren Racing in 1990 starting out in research and development department before moving to the special projects division. He eventually advanced to the position of data engineer, working alongside David Coulthard.
In 2000, seeking a new challenge, Monaghan joined the Benetton squad, which was in the process of transitioning into the Renault F1 Team. Initially, Monaghan worked as a performance engineer but soon after he joined, he took on the role of Race Engineer for Jenson Button. After Button left the team, Monaghan began working with Renault's exciting new prospect Fernando Alonso, engineering the young Spaniard to his first victory in 2003.
After a brief stint at Jordan Grand Prix, Monaghan joined Red Bull Racing at the end of 2005. Monaghan was initially appointed Head of Race Engineering but over time this has transitioned into the role of Chief Engineer, Car Engineering. This role sees him responsible for extracting maximum performance from the team's machinery across a grand prix weekend and turning racing concepts into performance gains. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisense | Hisense Group is a Chinese multinational major appliance and electronics manufacturer headquartered in Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. Televisions are the main products of Hisense, and it is the largest TV manufacturer in China by market share since 2004. Hisense is also an OEM, so some of its products are sold to other companies and carry brand names not related to Hisense.
Two major subsidiaries of Hisense Group are listed companies, Hisense Visual Technology () and Hisense H.A. (, ). Both had a state ownership of over 30% via Hisense holding company before the end of 2020.
Hisense Group has over 80,000 employees worldwide, as well as 14 industrial parks, some of which are located in Qingdao, Shunde, Huzhou, Czech Republic, South Africa and Mexico. There are also 18 R&D centers located in Qingdao, Shenzhen, the United States, Germany, Slovenia, Israel, and other countries.
History
Qingdao No.2 Radio Factory, the predecessor of Hisense Group, was established in September 1969; this is the year its existence was first officially recognized. The small factory's first product was a radio sold under the brand name Red Lantern, but the company later gained the know-how to make TVs through a trial-production of black and white televisions ordered by the Shandong National Defense Office. This involved the technical training of three employees at another Chinese factory, Tianjin 712, and resulted in the production of 82 televisions by 1971 and the development of transistor TVs by 1975. Their first TV model, CJD18, was produced in 1978.
Television production in China was limited until 1979, when a meeting of the Ministry of Electronics in Beijing concluded with calls for greater development of the civil-use electronics industry. Qingdao No.2 Radio Factory was then quickly merged with other local electronics makers and manufactured televisions under the name Qingdao General Television Factory in Shandong province.
Color televisions were manufactured through the purch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemic%20cell%20death | Ischemic cell death, or oncosis, is a form of accidental cell death. The process is characterized by an ATP depletion within the cell leading to impairment of ionic pumps, cell swelling, clearing of the cytosol, dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus, mitochondrial condensation, chromatin clumping, and cytoplasmic bleb formation. Oncosis refers to a series of cellular reactions following injury that precedes cell death. The process of oncosis is divided into three stages. First, the cell becomes committed to oncosis as a result of damage incurred to the plasma membrane through toxicity or ischemia, resulting in the leak of ions and water due to ATP depletion. The ionic imbalance that occurs subsequently causes the cell to swell without a concurrent change in membrane permeability to reverse the swelling. In stage two, the reversibility threshold for the cell is passed and the cell becomes committed to cell death. During this stage the membrane becomes abnormally permeable to trypan blue and propidium iodide, indicating membrane compromise. The final stage is cell death and removal of the cell via phagocytosis mediated by an inflammatory response.
Etymology
Although ischemic cell death is the accepted name of the process, the alternative name of oncosis was introduced as the process involves the affected cell(s) swelling to an abnormally large size in known models. This is thought to be caused by failure of the plasma membrane's ionic pumps. The name oncosis (derived from ónkos, meaning largeness, and ónkosis, meaning swelling) was first introduced in 1910 by pathologist Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen.
Comparison to Apoptosis
Oncosis and apoptosis are distinct processes of cellular death. Oncosis is characterized by cellular swelling caused by a failure in ion transporter function. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death involves a series of cell shrinking processes, beginning with cell size reduction and pyknosis, followed by cell budding and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20fluctuation | In quantum physics, a quantum fluctuation (also known as a vacuum state fluctuation or vacuum fluctuation) is the temporary random change in the amount of energy in a point in space, as prescribed by Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. They are minute random fluctuations in the values of the fields which represent elementary particles, such as electric and magnetic fields which represent the electromagnetic force carried by photons, W and Z fields which carry the weak force, and gluon fields which carry the strong force.
Vacuum fluctuations appear as virtual particles, which are always created in particle–antiparticle pairs. Since they are created spontaneously without a source of energy, vacuum fluctuations and virtual particles are said to violate the conservation of energy. This is theoretically allowable because the particles annihilate each other within a time limit determined by the uncertainty principle so they are not directly observable.
The uncertainty principle states the uncertainty in energy and time can be related by , where ≈ Js. This means that pairs of virtual particles with energy and lifetime shorter than are continually created and annihilated in empty space. Although the particles are not directly detectable, the cumulative effects of these particles are measurable. For example, without quantum fluctuations, the "bare" mass and charge of elementary particles would be infinite; from renormalization theory the shielding effect of the cloud of virtual particles is responsible for the finite mass and charge of elementary particles.
Another consequence is the Casimir effect. One of the first observations which was evidence for vacuum fluctuations was the Lamb shift in hydrogen. In July 2020, scientists reported that quantum vacuum fluctuations can influence the motion of macroscopic, human-scale objects by measuring correlations below the standard quantum limit between the position/momentum uncertainty of the mirrors of LIGO and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built-in%20self-test | A built-in self-test (BIST) or built-in test (BIT) is a mechanism that permits a machine to test itself. Engineers design BISTs to meet requirements such as:
high reliability
lower repair cycle times
or constraints such as:
limited technician accessibility
cost of testing during manufacture
The main purpose of BIST is to reduce the complexity, and thereby decrease the cost and reduce reliance upon external (pattern-programmed) test equipment. BIST reduces cost in two ways:
reduces test-cycle duration
reduces the complexity of the test/probe setup, by reducing the number of I/O signals that must be driven/examined under tester control.
Both lead to a reduction in hourly charges for automated test equipment (ATE) service.
Applications
BIST is commonly placed in weapons, avionics, medical devices, automotive electronics, complex machinery of all types, unattended machinery of all types, and integrated circuits.
Automotive
Automotive tests itself to enhance safety and reliability. For example, most vehicles with antilock brakes test them once per safety interval. If the antilock brake system has a broken wire or other fault, the brake system reverts to operating as a normal brake system. Most automotive engine controllers incorporate a "limp mode" for each sensor, so that the engine will continue to operate if the sensor or its wiring fails. Another, more trivial example of a limp mode is that some cars test door switches, and automatically turn lights on using seat-belt occupancy sensors if the door switches fail.
Aviation
Almost all avionics now incorporate BIST. In avionics, the purpose is to isolate failing line-replaceable units, which are then removed and repaired elsewhere, usually in depots or at the manufacturer. Commercial aircraft only make money when they fly, so they use BIST to minimize the time on the ground needed for repair and to increase the level of safety of the system which contains BIST. Similar arguments apply to military ai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seascape%20ecology | Seascape ecology is a scientific discipline that deals with the causes and ecological consequences of spatial pattern in the marine environment, drawing heavily on conceptual and analytical frameworks developed in terrestrial landscape ecology.
Overview
Seascape ecology, the application of landscape ecology concepts to the marine environment has been slowly emerging since the 1970s, yielding new ecological insights and showing growing potential to support the development of ecologically meaningful science-based management practices. For marine systems, the application of landscape ecology came about through a recognition that many of the concepts developed in the theory of island biogeography and the study of patch dynamics (precursors to modern landscape ecology) could be applicable to a range of marine environments from plankton patches to patch reefs, inter-tidal mussel beds and seagrass meadows.
Progress in the ecological understanding of spatial patterning was not confined to shallow seafloor environments. For the open ocean, advances in ocean observing systems since the 1970s have allowed scientists to map, classify, quantify and track dynamic spatial structure in the form of eddies, surface roughness, currents, runoff plumes, ice, temperature fronts and plankton patches using oceanographic technologies – a theme increasingly referred to as pelagic seascape ecology. Subsurface structures too, such as internal waves, thermoclines, haloclines, boundary layers and stratification resulting in distinct layering of organisms, is increasingly being mapped and modelled in multiple dimensions.
Like landscape ecologists, seascape ecologists are interested in the spatially explicit geometry of patterns and the relationships between pattern, ecological processes and environmental change. A central tenet in landscape ecology is that patch context matters, where local conditions are influenced by attributes of the surroundings. For instance, the physical arrangement o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estriol%20%28medication%29 | Estriol (E3), sold under the brand name Ovestin among others, is an estrogen medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone which is used in menopausal hormone therapy. It is also used in veterinary medicine as Incurin to treat urinary incontinence due to estrogen deficiency in dogs. The medication is taken by mouth in the form of tablets, as a cream that is applied to the skin, as a cream or pessary that is applied in the vagina, and by injection into muscle.
Estriol is well-tolerated and produces relatively few adverse effects. Side effects may include breast tenderness, vaginal discomfort and discharge, and endometrial hyperplasia. Estriol is a naturally occurring and bioidentical estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like endogenous estradiol. It is an atypical and relatively weak estrogen, with much lower potency than estradiol. When present continuously at adequate concentrations however, estriol produces full estrogenic effects similarly to estradiol.
Estriol was first discovered in 1930, and was introduced for medical use shortly thereafter. Estriol esters such as estriol succinate are also used. Although it is less commonly employed than other estrogens like estradiol and conjugated estrogens, estriol is widely available for medical use in Europe and elsewhere throughout the world.
Medical uses
Estriol is used in menopausal hormone therapy to treat menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes, vulvovaginal atrophy, and dyspareunia (difficult or painful sexual intercourse). The benefits of estriol on bone mineral density and osteoporosis prevention have been inconsistent and are less clear. Estriol has been found to reduce the risk of urinary tract infections and other urogenital symptoms. A combination of estriol and lactobacilli as a dual estrogen and probiotic has been marketed for the treatment of vaginal atrophy and urinary tract infections.
Available forms (except USA)
Estriol is available in oral tabl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length%20constant | In neurobiology, the length constant (λ) is a mathematical constant used to quantify the distance that a graded electric potential will travel along a neurite via passive electrical conduction. The greater the value of the length constant, the farther the potential will travel. A large length constant can contribute to spatial summation—the electrical addition of one potential with potentials from adjacent areas of the cell.
The length constant can be defined as:
where rm is the membrane resistance (the force that impedes the flow of electric current from the outside of the membrane to the inside, and vice versa), ri is the axial resistance (the force that impedes current flow through the axoplasm, parallel to the membrane), and ro is the extracellular resistance (the force that impedes current flow through the extracellular fluid, parallel to the membrane). In calculation, the effects of ro are negligible, so the equation is typically expressed as:
The membrane resistance is a function of the number of open ion channels, and the axial resistance is generally a function of the diameter of the axon. The greater the number of open channels, the lower the rm. The greater the diameter of the axon, the lower the ri.
The length constant is used to describe the rise of potential difference across the membrane
The fall of voltage can be expressed as:
Where voltage, V, is measured in millivolts, x is distance from the start of the potential (in millimeters), and λ is the length constant (in millimeters).
Vmax is defined as the maximum voltage attained in the action potential, where:
where rm is the resistance across the membrane and I is the current flow.
Setting for x = λ for the rise of voltage sets V(x) equal to .63 Vmax. This means that the length constant is the distance at which 63% of Vmax has been reached during the rise of voltage.
Setting for x = λ for the fall of voltage sets V(x) equal to .37 Vmax, meaning that the length constant is the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koopmans%27%20theorem | Koopmans' theorem states that in closed-shell Hartree–Fock theory (HF), the first ionization energy of a molecular system is equal to the negative of the orbital energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). This theorem is named after Tjalling Koopmans, who published this result in 1934.
Koopmans' theorem is exact in the context of restricted Hartree–Fock theory if it is assumed that the orbitals of the ion are identical to those of the neutral molecule (the frozen orbital approximation). Ionization energies calculated this way are in qualitative agreement with experiment – the first ionization energy of small molecules is often calculated with an error of less than two electron volts. Therefore, the validity of Koopmans' theorem is intimately tied to the accuracy of the underlying Hartree–Fock wavefunction. The two main sources of error are orbital relaxation, which refers to the changes in the Fock operator and Hartree–Fock orbitals when changing the number of electrons in the system, and electron correlation, referring to the validity of representing the entire many-body wavefunction using the Hartree–Fock wavefunction, i.e. a single Slater determinant composed of orbitals that are the eigenfunctions of the corresponding self-consistent Fock operator.
Empirical comparisons with experimental values and higher-quality ab initio calculations suggest that in many cases, but not all, the energetic corrections due to relaxation effects nearly cancel the corrections due to electron correlation.
A similar theorem (Janak's theorem) exists in density functional theory (DFT) for relating the exact first vertical ionization energy and electron affinity to the HOMO and LUMO energies, although both the derivation and the precise statement differ from that of Koopmans' theorem. Ionization energies calculated from DFT orbital energies are usually poorer than those of Koopmans' theorem, with errors much larger than two electron volts possible depending on the excha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus | The esophagus (American English) or oesophagus (British English, see spelling differences; both ; : (o)esophagi or (o)esophaguses), colloquially known also as the food pipe or gullet, is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by peristaltic contractions, from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus is a fibromuscular tube, about long in adults, that travels behind the trachea and heart, passes through the diaphragm, and empties into the uppermost region of the stomach. During swallowing, the epiglottis tilts backwards to prevent food from going down the larynx and lungs. The word oesophagus is from Ancient Greek οἰσοφάγος (oisophágos), from οἴσω (oísō), future form of φέρω (phérō, “I carry”) + ἔφαγον (éphagon, “I ate”).
The wall of the esophagus from the lumen outwards consists of mucosa, submucosa (connective tissue), layers of muscle fibers between layers of fibrous tissue, and an outer layer of connective tissue. The mucosa is a stratified squamous epithelium of around three layers of squamous cells, which contrasts to the single layer of columnar cells of the stomach. The transition between these two types of epithelium is visible as a zig-zag line. Most of the muscle is smooth muscle although striated muscle predominates in its upper third. It has two muscular rings or sphincters in its wall, one at the top and one at the bottom. The lower sphincter helps to prevent reflux of acidic stomach content. The esophagus has a rich blood supply and venous drainage. Its smooth muscle is innervated by involuntary nerves (sympathetic nerves via the sympathetic trunk and parasympathetic nerves via the vagus nerve) and in addition voluntary nerves (lower motor neurons) which are carried in the vagus nerve to innervate its striated muscle.
The esophagus passes through the thoracic cavity into the diaphragm into the stomach.
The esophagus may be affected by gastric reflux, cancer, prominent dilated blood vessels called varices that can bleed heavily, t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEK | , known as KEK, is a Japanese organization whose purpose is to operate the largest particle physics laboratory in Japan, situated in Tsukuba, Ibaraki prefecture. It was established in 1997. The term "KEK" is also used to refer to the laboratory itself, which employs approximately 695 employees. KEK's main function is to provide the particle accelerators and other infrastructure needed for high-energy physics, material science, structural biology, radiation science, computing science, nuclear transmutation and so on. Numerous experiments have been constructed at KEK by the internal and international collaborations that have made use of them. Makoto Kobayashi, emeritus professor at KEK, is known globally for his work on CP-violation, and was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics.
History
KEK was established in 1997 in a reorganization of the Institute of Nuclear Study, the University of Tokyo (established in 1955), the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (established in 1971), and the Meson Science Laboratory of the University of Tokyo (established in 1988). However, the reorganization was not a simple merge of the aforementioned laboratories. As such, KEK was not the only new institute created at that time, because not all of the work of the parent institutions fell under the umbrella of high energy physics; for example, the Center for Nuclear Study, the University of Tokyo, was concurrently established for low energy nuclear physics in a research partnership with RIKEN.
1971: National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK) was established.
1976: The proton synchrotron (PS) produced an 8 GeV beam as designed. The PS achieved 12 GeV.
1978: The Booster Synchrotron Utilization Facility and a Photon Factory (PF) were founded.
1982: The PF succeeded in storing a 2.5 GeV electron beam.
1984: The Transposable Ring Intersecting Storage Accelerator in Nippon (TRISTAN) Accumulation Ring (AR) accelerated an electron beam to 6.5 GeV.
1985: The AR accelerated |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TargetScan | In bioinformatics, TargetScan is a web server that predicts biological targets of microRNAs (miRNAs) by searching for the presence of sites that match the seed region of each miRNA. For many species, other types of sites, known as 3'-compensatory sites are also identified. These miRNA target predictions are regularly updated and improved by the laboratory of David Bartel in conjunction with the Whitehead Institute Bioinformatics and Research Computing Group.
TargetScan includes TargetScanHuman, TargetScanMouse, TargetScanFish, TargetScanFly, and TargetScanWorm. which provide predictions for mammals, zebrafish, insects, and nematodes centered on the genes of human, mouse, zebrafish, Drosophila melanogaster, and Caenorhabditis elegans, respectively.
Compared to other target-prediction tools TargetScan provides accurate rankings of the predicted targets for each miRNA. These rankings are based on either the probability of evolutionarily conserved targeting (PCT scores.) or the predicted efficacy of repression (context++ scores).
Another distinguishing feature of TargetScan is its use of extra mRNA annotations. In particular, TargetScanWorm and TargetScanFish are based on C. elegans and zebrafish mRNA models for which 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs) are defined using polyadenylation sites that are experimentally determined using accurate high-throughput methods. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metascape | Metascape is a free gene annotation and analysis resource that helps biologists make sense of one or multiple gene lists. Metascape provides automated meta-analysis tools to understand either common or unique pathways and protein networks within a group of orthogonal target-discovery studies.
History
In the "OMICs" age, it is important to gain biological insights into a list of genes. Although a number of bioinformatics sources exist for this purpose, such as DAVID, they are not all free, easy to use, and well maintained. To analyze multiple lists of genes originated from orthogonal but complementary "OMICs" studies, tools often require computational skills that are beyond the reach of many biologists. According to the Metascape blog, a team of scientists self-organized to address this challenge. The team includes core members Yingyao Zhou, Bin Zhou, Lars Pache, Max Chang, Christopher Benner, and Sumit Chanda, as well as other contributors over the time. Metascape was first released as a beta version on Oct 8, 2015. The first Metascape application was published on Dec 9, 2015. Metascape has gone through multiple releases since then. It currently supports key model organisms, pathway enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction network and component analysis, automatic presentation of the results as publication-ready web report, Excel and PowerPoint presentations.
The paper titled "Metascape provides a biologist-oriented resource for the analysis of systems-level datasets" was published on Apr 3, 2019 in Nature Communications.
Analysis workflow
Metascape implements a CAME analysis workflow:
Conversion: Convert gene identifiers from popular types (such as Symbol, RefSeq, Ensembl, UniProt, UCSC) into human Entrez gene IDs and vice versa.
Annotation: Extract from dozens of function-relevant gene annotations, including protein families, transmembrane/secreted predictions, disease associations, compound associations, etc.
Membership: Flag gene membersh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20acceleration | In a compressible sound transmission medium - mainly air - air particles get an accelerated motion: the particle acceleration or sound acceleration with the symbol a in metre/second2. In acoustics or physics, acceleration (symbol: a) is defined as the rate of change (or time derivative) of velocity. It is thus a vector quantity with dimension length/time2. In SI units, this is m/s2.
To accelerate an object (air particle) is to change its velocity over a period. Acceleration is defined technically as "the rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time" and is given by the equation
where
a is the acceleration vector
v is the velocity vector expressed in m/s
t is time expressed in seconds.
This equation gives a the units of m/(s·s), or m/s2 (read as "metres per second per second", or "metres per second squared").
An alternative equation is:
where
is the average acceleration (m/s2)
is the initial velocity (m/s)
is the final velocity (m/s)
is the time interval (s)
Transverse acceleration (perpendicular to velocity) causes change in direction. If it is constant in magnitude and changing in direction with the velocity, we get a circular motion. For this centripetal acceleration we have
One common unit of acceleration is g-force, one g being the acceleration caused by the gravity of Earth.
In classical mechanics, acceleration is related to force and mass (assumed to be constant) by way of Newton's second law:
Equations in terms of other measurements
The Particle acceleration of the air particles a in m/s2 of a plain sound wave is:
See also
Sound
Sound particle
Particle displacement
Particle velocity
External links
Relationships of acoustic quantities associated with a plane progressive acoustic sound wave - pdf
Acoustics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillus%20bovinus | Suillus bovinus, also known as the Jersey cow mushroom or bovine bolete, is a pored mushroom of the genus Suillus in the family Suillaceae. A common fungus native to Europe and Asia, it has been introduced to North America and Australia. It was initially described as Boletus bovinus by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, and given its current binomial name by Henri François Anne de Roussel in 1806. It is an edible mushroom, though not highly regarded.
The fungus grows in coniferous forests in its native range, and pine plantations in countries where it has become naturalised. It forms symbiotic ectomycorrhizal associations with living trees by enveloping the tree's underground roots with sheaths of fungal tissue, and is sometimes parasitised by the related mushroom Gomphidius roseus. Suillus bovinus produces spore-bearing fruit bodies, often in large numbers, above ground. The mushroom has a convex grey-yellow or ochre cap reaching up to in diameter, which flattens with age. Like other boletes, it has tubes extending downward from the underside of the cap, rather than gills; spores escape at maturity through the tube openings, or pores. The pore surface is yellow. The stipe, more slender than those of other Suillus boletes, lacks a ring.
Taxonomy and naming
Suillus bovinus was one of the many species first described in 1753 by the "father of taxonomy" Carl Linnaeus, who, in the second volume of his Species Plantarum, gave it the name Boletus bovinus. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word bos, meaning "cattle". The fungus was reclassified in (and became the type species of) the genus Suillus by French naturalist Henri François Anne de Roussel in 1796. Suillus is an ancient term for fungi, and is derived from the word "swine". Lucien Quélet classified it as Viscipellis bovina in 1886.
In works published before 1987, the species was written fully as Suillus bovinus (L.:Fr.) Kuntze, as the description by Linnaeus had been name sanctioned in 1821 by the "father |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohuslav%20Divi%C5%A1 | Bohuslav Diviš (December 20 1942 in Prague – July 26 1976 in Normal, Illinois, United States) was a Czech mathematician, who worked in the field of number theory.
Bohuslav Diviš won the Czechoslovak and International Mathematical Olympiad in 1959 and then studied mathematics at Charles University in Prague (as a student of Vojtěch Jarník). He wrote his thesis in 1966 and his doctorate in 1969 with a thesis on " superlattice points in multidimensional ellipsoids " at the Heidelberg University under Peter Roquette.
In 1970 Diviš became Assistant Professor at Ohio State University (USA), and after 1973 an Associate Professor.
During a conference visit to Illinois State University he died of heart failure at the age of 33.
He authored about 20 scientific articles.
Literature
B. Diviš: On the sums of continued fractions, Acta Arithmetica 22, 157–173, 1973
ders.: Lattice point theory of irrational ellipsoids with an arbitrary center, Monatsh. Math. 83, 279–307, 1977
ders.: Ω-estimates in lattice point theory, Acta Arithmetica 35, 247–258, 1979
F. Fricker: Einführung in die Gitterpunktlehre, Birkhäuser, 1982 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%20vocalization | Bird vocalization includes both bird calls and bird songs. In non-technical use, bird songs are the bird sounds that are melodious to the human ear. In ornithology and birding, songs (relatively complex vocalizations) are distinguished by function from calls (relatively simple vocalizations).
Definition
The distinction between songs and calls is based upon complexity, length, and context. Songs are longer and more complex and are associated with territory and courtship and mating, while calls tend to serve such functions as alarms or keeping members of a flock in contact. Other authorities such as Howell and Webb (1995) make the distinction based on function, so that short vocalizations, such as those of pigeons, and even non-vocal sounds, such as the drumming of woodpeckers and the "winnowing" of snipes' wings in display flight, are considered songs. Still others require song to have syllabic diversity and temporal regularity akin to the repetitive and transformative patterns that define music. It is generally agreed upon in birding and ornithology which sounds are songs and which are calls, and a good field guide will differentiate between the two.
Bird song is best developed in the order Passeriformes. Some groups are nearly voiceless, producing only percussive and rhythmic sounds, such as the storks, which clatter their bills. In some manakins (Pipridae), the males have evolved several mechanisms for mechanical sound production, including mechanisms for stridulation not unlike those found in some insects. The production of sounds by mechanical means as opposed to the use of the syrinx has been termed variously instrumental music by Charles Darwin, mechanical sounds and more recently sonation. The term sonate has been defined as the act of producing non-vocal sounds that are intentionally modulated communicative signals, produced using non-syringeal structures such as the bill, wings, tail, feet and body feathers.
Song is usually delivered from prominent perc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical%20Indian%20Ocean%20Dipole | The Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole (SIOD) is featured by the oscillation of sea surface temperatures (SST) in which the southwest Indian Ocean i.e. south of Madagascar is warmer and then colder than the eastern part i.e. off Australia. It was first identified in the studies of the relationship between the SST anomaly and the south-central Africa rainfall anomaly; the existence of such a dipole was identified from both observational studies and model simulations
.
The phenomenon
Positive phase of Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole is characterized by warmer-than-normal sea surface temperature in the southwestern part, south of Madagascar, and colder-than-normal sea surface temperature off Australia, causing above-than-normal precipitation in many regions over south and central Africa. Stronger winds prevail along the eastern edge of the subtropical high, which become intensified and shifted slightly to the south during the positive events, leading to the enhanced evaporation in the eastern Indian Ocean, and therefore result in the cooling SST off Australia. On the other hand, reduced evaporation in the southwestern part causes reduced seasonal latent heat loss, and therefore results in increased temperature in the southwestern part, south of Madagascar. The negative phase of the SIOD is featured by the opposite conditions, with warmer SSTs in the eastern part, and cooler SSTs over the southwestern part. The physical condition favoring negative events is also just opposite. Also, Ekman transport accompanied with surface mixing process also plays a role in the formation of the SST dipole.
Generally speaking, the Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole mode develops in December–January, peaks in February, then decays in the following two months, and finally dies down in May–June. The evolution and deformation process of the Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole event is highly affected by the position of the subtropical high; atmospheric forcing plays a significant role in the evolu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Kr%C3%A1%C4%BE | Daniel Kráľ (born June 30, 1978) is a Czech mathematician and computer scientist who works as a professor of mathematics and computer science at the Masaryk University. His research primarily concerns graph theory and graph algorithms.
Education and career
He obtained his Ph.D. from Charles University in Prague in 2004, under the supervision of Jan Kratochvíl. After short-term positions at TU Berlin, Charles University, and the Georgia Institute of Technology, he returned to Charles University as a researcher in 2006, and became a tenured associate professor there in 2010. He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in 2012, and in the same year moved to a professorship at the University of Warwick.
In 2018, Kráľ moved back to the Czech Republic and started working at Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, accepting the Donald Knuth professorship chair.
Contributions
In the 1970s, Michael D. Plummer and László Lovász
conjectured that every bridgeless cubic graph has an exponential number of perfect matchings, strengthening Petersen's theorem that at least one perfect matching exists. In a pair of papers with different sets of co-authors, Kráľ was able to show that this conjecture is true.
Recognition
Kráľ won first place and a gold medal at the International Olympiad in Informatics in 1996.
In 2011, Kráľ won the European Prize in Combinatorics for his work in graph theory, particularly citing his solution to the Plummer–Lovász conjecture and his results on graph coloring. In 2014, he won a Philip Leverhulme Prize in Mathematics and Statistics; the award citation again included Kráľ's research on the Plummer–Lovász conjecture, as well as other publications of Kráľ on pseudorandom permutations and systems of equations.
He was elected as a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society in the 2020 Class, for "contributions to extremal combinatorics and graph theory, and for service to the profession". |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-quinary%20coded%20decimal | Bi-quinary coded decimal is a numeral encoding scheme used in many abacuses and in some early computers, including the Colossus. The term bi-quinary indicates that the code comprises both a two-state (bi) and a five-state (quinary) component. The encoding resembles that used by many abacuses, with four beads indicating the five values either from 0 through 4 or from 5 through 9 and another bead indicating which of those ranges (which can alternatively be thought of as +5).
Several human languages, most notably Fula and Wolof also use biquinary systems. For example, the Fula word for 6, jowi e go'o, literally means five [plus] one. Roman numerals use a symbolic, rather than positional, bi-quinary base, even though Latin is completely decimal.
The Korean finger counting system Chisanbop uses a bi-quinary system, where each finger represents a one and a thumb represents a five, allowing one to count from 0 to 99 with two hands.
One advantage of one bi-quinary encoding scheme on digital computers is that it must have 2 bits set (one in the binary field and one in the quinary field), providing a built in checksum to verify if the number is valid or not. (Stuck bits happened frequently with computers using mechanical relays.)
Examples
Several different representations of bi-quinary coded decimal have been used by different machines. The two-state component is encoded as one or two bits, and the five-state component is encoded using three to five bits. Some examples are:
Roman and Chinese abacuses
Stibitz relay calculators at Bell Labs from Model II onwards
FACOM 128 relay calculators at Fujitsu
IBM 650 – seven bits
Two bi bits: 0 5 and five quinary bits: 0 1 2 3 4, with error checking.
Exactly one bi bit and one quinary bit is set in a valid digit. In the pictures of the front panel below and in close-up, the bi-quinary encoding of the internal workings of the machine are evident in the arrangement of the lights – the bi bits form the top of a T for each digit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLIWOC | The Climatological database for the world's oceans (CLIWOC) was a research project to convert ships' logbooks into a computerised database. It was funded by the European Union, and the bulk of the work was done between 2001 and 2003. The database draws on British, Dutch, French and Spanish ships' logbook records for the immediate pre-instrumental period, 1750 to 1850.
Logbooks in review
Logbooks from the eighteenth and early nineteenth century had previously been used in case studies of individual events of historic or climatic interest.
CLIWOC established early ships' logbooks as another source for those seeking to understand climate change, to be used alongside proxy and instrument data. The observations were made at local noon every single day, and cover most of the world's oceans - only the Pacific Ocean lacks detailed coverage. This volume of data was not available by any other means.
Interpreting the data
In researching the data, CLIWOC staff found that the data need to be treated with caution, and subjected to careful scrutiny. The range of information - wind force terms and directions, and general weather descriptions - is consistent between the different national sources. The data was primarily based on observations made by experienced officers.
Though each book used consistent terms to refer to wind speeds, these values were not always consistent between logbooks. The researchers chose to standardise the terms into their Beaufort scale equivalents. The vocabulary used also differed between the national sources - British mariners used a relatively narrow range of terms, while sailors from the Netherlands, Spain, and France used a wider set of descriptions. Researchers found that the majority of wind force entries were accounted for by twelve or so terms, allowing the group to prepare a dictionary defining most wind force terms in use. This multi-lingual dictionary has also been published.
Data verification
In order to establish the reliability of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nftables | nftables is a subsystem of the Linux kernel providing filtering and classification of network packets/datagrams/frames. It has been available since Linux kernel 3.13 released on 19 January 2014.
nftables replaces the legacy iptables portions of Netfilter. Among the advantages of nftables over iptables is less code duplication and easier extension to new protocols. nftables is configured via the user-space utility nft, while legacy tools are configured via the utilities iptables, ip6tables, arptables and ebtables frameworks.
nftables utilizes the building blocks of the Netfilter infrastructure, such as the existing hooks into the networking stack, connection tracking system, userspace queueing component, and logging subsystem.
nft
Command-line syntax
A command to drop any packets with destination IP address 1.2.3.4:
nft add rule ip filter output ip daddr 1.2.3.4 drop
Note that the new syntax differs significantly from that of iptables, in which the same rule would be written:
iptables -A OUTPUT -d 1.2.3.4 -j DROP
The new syntax can appear more verbose, but it is also far more flexible. nftables incorporates advanced data structures such as dictionaries, maps and concatenations that do not exist with iptables. Making use of these can significantly reduce the number of chains and rules needed to express a given packet filtering design.
The iptables-translate tool can be used to translate many existing iptables rules to equivalent nftables rules. Debian 10 (Buster), among other Linux distributions, uses nftables along with iptables-translate as the default packet filtering backend.
History
The project was first publicly presented at Netfilter Workshop 2008 by Patrick McHardy from the Netfilter Core Team. The first preview release of kernel and userspace implementation was given in March 2009. Although the tool has been called "the biggest change to Linux firewalling since the introduction of iptables in 2001", it has received little press attention. Notable ha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking%20energy | The Hawking energy or Hawking mass is one of the possible definitions of mass in general relativity. It is a measure of the bending of ingoing and outgoing rays of light that are orthogonal to a 2-sphere surrounding the region of space whose mass is to be defined.
Definition
Let be a 3-dimensional sub-manifold of a relativistic spacetime, and let be a closed 2-surface. Then the Hawking mass of is defined to be
where is the mean curvature of .
Properties
In the Schwarzschild metric, the Hawking mass of any sphere about the central mass is equal to the value of the central mass.
A result of Geroch implies that Hawking mass satisfies an important monotonicity condition. Namely, if has nonnegative scalar curvature, then the Hawking mass of is non-decreasing as the surface flows outward at a speed equal to the inverse of the mean curvature. In particular, if is a family of connected surfaces evolving according to
where is the mean curvature of and is the unit vector opposite of the mean curvature direction, then
Said otherwise, Hawking mass is increasing for the inverse mean curvature flow.
Hawking mass is not necessarily positive. However, it is asymptotic to the ADM or the Bondi mass, depending on whether the surface is asymptotic to spatial infinity or null infinity.
See also
Mass in general relativity
Inverse mean curvature flow |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation%20of%20signal%20parameters%20via%20rotational%20invariance%20techniques | In estimation theory, estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariant techniques (ESPRIT) is a technique to determine parameters of a mixture of sinusoids in a background noise. This technique is first proposed for frequency estimation, however, with the introduction of phased-array systems in daily use technology, it is also used for Angle of arrival estimations as well.
General description
System model
The model under investigation is the following (1-D version):
This model describes some system which is fed with inputs signals , with , and which produces output signals , with . The system's output is sampled at discrete time instances . All input signals are weighted and summed up. There are separate weights for each input signal and for each output signal. The quantity denotes noise added by the system.
The one-dimensional form of ESPRIT can be applied if the weights have the following form.That is, the weights are complex exponentials and the phases are integer multiples of some radial frequency . Note that this frequency only depends on the index of system's input!
The goal of ESPRIT is to estimate the radial frequencies given the outputs and the number of input signals .
Since, the radial frequencies are the actual objectives, we will change notation from to .Let us now change to a vector notation by putting the weights in a column vector .Now, the system model can be rewritten using and the output vector as follows.
Dividing into virtual sub-arrays
The basis of ESPRIT is that the weight vector has the property that adjacent entries are related as follows:
In order to write down this property for the whole vector we define two selection matrices and :
Here, is an identity matrix of size and is a vector of zeros.
The vector contains all elements of except the last one. The vector contains all elements of except the first one. Therefore, we can write:In general, we have multiple sinusoids with radial frequencies . The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%E2%80%93n%20junction | A p–n junction is a boundary or interface between two types of semiconductor materials, p-type and n-type, inside a single crystal of semiconductor. The "p" (positive) side contains an excess of holes, while the "n" (negative) side contains an excess of electrons in the outer shells of the electrically neutral atoms there. This allows electric current to pass through the junction only in one direction. The p- and n-type regions creating the junction are made by doping the semiconductor, for example by ion implantation, diffusion of dopants, or by epitaxy (growing a layer of crystal doped with one type of dopant on top of a layer of crystal doped with another type of dopant).
p–n junctions are elementary "building blocks" of semiconductor electronic devices such as diodes, transistors, solar cells, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and integrated circuits; they are the active sites where the electronic action of the device takes place. For example, a common type of transistor, the bipolar junction transistor (BJT), consists of two p–n junctions in series, in the form n–p–n or p–n–p; while a diode can be made from a single p-n junction. A Schottky junction is a special case of a p–n junction, where metal serves the role of the n-type semiconductor.
History
The invention of the p–n junction is usually attributed to American physicist Russell Ohl of Bell Laboratories in 1939. Two years later (1941), Vadim Lashkaryov reported discovery of p–n junctions in Cu2O and silver sulphide photocells and selenium rectifiers. The modern theory of p-n junctions was elucidated by William Shockley in his classic work Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors (1950).
Properties
The p–n junction possesses a useful property for modern semiconductor electronics. A p-doped semiconductor is relatively conductive. The same is true of an n-doped semiconductor, but the junction between them can become depleted of charge carriers, depending on the relative voltages of the two semiconductor regi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorrelation%20theory | In cryptography, decorrelation theory is a system developed by Serge Vaudenay in 1998 for designing block ciphers to be provably secure against differential cryptanalysis, linear cryptanalysis, and even undiscovered cryptanalytic attacks meeting certain broad criteria. Ciphers designed using these principles include COCONUT98 and the AES candidate DFC, both of which have been shown to be vulnerable to some forms of cryptanalysis not covered by the theory.
According to Vaudenay, the decorrelation theory has four tasks: 1) the definition of a measurement for the decorrelation, which usually relies on a matrix norm; 2) the construction of simple primitive or "decorrelation module" with a quite good decorrelation; 3) the construction of cryptographic algorithms with decorrelation modules so that the primitive can be inherited by the algorithm; and, 4) proving that the decorrelation provides security against attacks. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20weapons%20of%20mass%20destruction%20treaties | A variety of treaties and agreements have been enacted to regulate the use, development and possession of various types of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Treaties may regulate weapons use under the customs of war (Hague Conventions, Geneva Protocol), ban specific types of weapons (Chemical Weapons Convention, Biological Weapons Convention), limit weapons research (Partial Test Ban Treaty, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty), limit allowable weapons stockpiles and delivery systems (START I, SORT) or regulate civilian use of weapon precursors (Chemical Weapons Convention, Biological Weapons Convention). The history of weapons control has also included treaties to limit effective defense against weapons of mass destruction in order to preserve the deterrent doctrine of mutual assured destruction (Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty) as well as treaties to limit the spread of nuclear technologies geographically (African Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty).
There is a separate list of states parties to several of the major weapons of mass destruction treaties.
General
* Year of entry into force in parentheses
Protocol I (1977) and Protocol II (1977) of the Geneva Conventions (1949)
Environmental Modification Convention (1978) (list of states parties)
Delivery systems
International Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (2002, not a treaty)
Biological weapons
Chemical weapons
Nuclear weapons
Disarmament and non-proliferation
Regional restrictions
Weapons limitation
Cooperation
See also
Arms control
List of parties to weapons of mass destruction treaties
Nuclear arms race
Nuclear-free zone
Nuclear proliferation
Nuclear weapon
Nuclear warfare
Nuclear-weapon-free zone
International Atomic Energy Agency
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
General Purpose Criterion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogeography | Phylogeography is the study of the historical processes that may be responsible for the past to present geographic distributions of genealogical lineages. This is accomplished by considering the geographic distribution of individuals in light of genetics, particularly population genetics.
This term was introduced to describe geographically structured genetic signals within and among species. An explicit focus on a species' biogeography/biogeographical past sets phylogeography apart from classical population genetics and phylogenetics.
Past events that can be inferred include population expansion, population bottlenecks, vicariance, dispersal, and migration. Recently developed approaches integrating coalescent theory or the genealogical history of alleles and distributional information can more accurately address the relative roles of these different historical forces in shaping current patterns.
Development
The term phylogeography was first used by John Avise in his 1987 work Intraspecific Phylogeography: The Mitochondrial DNA Bridge Between Population Genetics and Systematics. Historical biogeography is a synthetic discipline that addresses how historical, geological, climatic and ecological conditions influenced the past and current distribution of species. As part of historical biogeography, researchers had been evaluating the geographical and evolutionary relationships of organisms years before. Two developments during the 1960s and 1970s were particularly important in laying the groundwork for modern phylogeography; the first was the spread of cladistic thought, and the second was the development of plate tectonics theory.
The resulting school of thought was vicariance biogeography, which explained the origin of new lineages through geological events like the drifting apart of continents or the formation of rivers. When a continuous population (or species) is divided by a new river or a new mountain range (i.e., a vicariance event), two populations (or spec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finno-Ugrian%20suicide%20hypothesis | The Finno-Ugrian suicide hypothesis proposes to link genetic ties originating among Finno-Ugric peoples to high rate of suicide, claiming an allele common among them is responsible.
Mari and Udmurts have been found to have a three times higher suicide rate than Finns and Hungarians. It has been thus theorized that such a possible allele may have arisen in those populations.
However, contrary to the hypothesis, available contemporary (1990–1994) suicide rates in the United States were uniformly negatively associated with the proportion of the population comprising people of self-reported Hungarian, Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, Slovakian, or Ukrainian descent. The findings of this first test outside Europe are therefore conflicting. A proposal based on the geographical study approach is offered to further the progress of investigations into the genetics of suicide.
See also
Human genetic variation
Finnish heritage disease
Gloomy Sunday
List of countries by suicide rate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast%20radiator | A mast radiator (or radiating tower) is a radio mast or tower in which the metal structure itself is energized and functions as an antenna. This design, first used widely in the 1930s, is commonly used for transmitting antennas operating at low frequencies, in the LF and MF bands, in particular those used for AM radio broadcasting stations. The conductive steel mast is electrically connected to the transmitter. Its base is usually mounted on a nonconductive support to insulate it from the ground. A mast radiator is a form of monopole antenna.
Structural design
Most mast radiators are built as guyed masts. Steel lattice masts of triangular cross-section are the most common type. Square lattice masts and tubular masts are also sometimes used. To ensure that the tower is a continuous conductor, the tower's structural sections are electrically bonded at the joints by short copper jumpers which are soldered to each side or "fusion" (arc) welds across the mating flanges.
Base-fed masts, the most common type, must be insulated from the ground. At its base, the mast is usually mounted on a thick ceramic insulator, which has the compressive strength to support the tower's weight and the dielectric strength to withstand the high voltage applied by the transmitter. The RF power to drive the antenna is supplied by a impedance matching network, usually housed in an antenna tuning hut near the base of the mast, and the cable supplying the current is simply bolted or brazed to the tower. The actual transmitter is usually located in a separate building, which supplies RF power to the tuning hut via a transmission line.
To keep it upright the mast has tensioned guy wires attached, usually in sets of 3 at 120° angles, which are anchored to the ground usually with concrete anchors. Multiple sets of guys (from 2 to 5) at different levels are used to make the tower rigid against buckling. The guy lines have strain insulators inserted, usually at the top near the attachment point |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20studies | Internet studies is an interdisciplinary field studying the social, psychological, political, technical, cultural and other dimensions of the Internet and associated information and communication technologies. The human aspects of the Internet are a subject of focus in this field. While that may be facilitated by the underlying technology of the Internet, the focus of study is often less on the technology itself than on the social circumstances that technology creates or influences.
While studies of the Internet are now widespread across academic disciplines, there is a growing collaboration among these investigations. In recent years, Internet studies have become institutionalized as courses of study at several institutions of higher learning. Cognates are found in departments of a number of other names, including departments of "Internet and Society", "virtual society", "digital culture", "new media" or "convergent media", various "iSchools", or programs like "Media in Transition" at MIT. On the research side, Internet studies intersects with studies of cyberculture, human–computer interaction, and science and technology studies.
Internet and society is a research field that addresses the interrelationship of Internet and society, i.e. how society has changed the Internet and how the Internet has changed society.
The topic of social issues relating to Internet has become notable since the rise of the World Wide Web, which can be observed from the fact that journals and newspapers run many stories on topics such as cyberlove, cyberhate, Web 2.0, cybercrime, cyberpolitics, Internet economy, etc.
As most of the scientific monographs that have considered Internet and society in their book titles are social theoretical in nature, Internet and society can be considered as a primarily social theoretical research approach of Internet studies.
Topics of study
In recent years, Internet studies have become institutionalized as courses of study, and even separate departme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20control%20property | For applied mathematics, in nonlinear control theory, a non-linear system of the form is said to satisfy the small control property if for every there exists a so that for all there exists a so that the time derivative of the system's Lyapunov function is negative definite at that point.
In other words, even if the control input is arbitrarily small, a starting configuration close enough to the origin of the system can be found that is asymptotically stabilizable by such an input. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome%20Reference%20Consortium | The Genome Reference Consortium (GRC) is an international collective of academic and research institutes with expertise in genome mapping, sequencing, and informatics, formed to improve the representation of reference genomes. At the time the human reference was initially described, it was clear that some regions were recalcitrant to analysis with existing technology, leaving gaps in the known sequence. The main reason for improving the reference assemblies are that they are the cornerstones upon which all whole genome studies are based (e.g. the 1000 Genomes Project).
The GRC is a collaborative effort which interacts with various groups in the scientific community. The primary member institutes are:
The Wellcome Sanger Institute
The McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University
The European Bioinformatics Institute
The National Center for Biotechnology Information
Zebrafish Model Organism Database
Rat Genome Database
The goal of the Consortium is to correct the small number of regions in the reference that are currently misrepresented, to close as many remaining gaps as possible and to produce alternative assemblies of structurally variant loci when necessary. Initially the focus was on the human and mouse reference genomes, but in expansions new organisms were added to the consortium. In October 2010 full maintenance and improvement of the zebrafish genome sequence was added to the GRC; in 2015, after the release of the chicken genome assembly Gallus_gallus-5.0, GRC added the chicken reference genome, and in November 2020 the rat genome assembly was added.
As of September 2019, the major assembly releases for human, mouse, zebrafish, and chicken are GRCh38, GRCm38, GRCz11, and GRCg6a, respectively. Major assembly releases do not follow a fixed cycle; however, there are minor assembly updates in the form of genome patches which either correct errors in the assembly or add additional alternate loci. These assemblies are represented in various geno |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison%20Storage%20Battery%20Company%20Building | Edison Storage Battery Company Building, is located at 177 Main Street and Lakeside Avenue in West Orange, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 1996.
The building was a manufacturing facility for Edison Storage Battery Company to make nickel-iron batteries developed by Thomas Edison in 1901. Manufacturing began around 1903 and was discontinued in 1975 when Edison Storage was sold to Exide.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, New Jersey
Thomas Edison National Historical Park
Battery (electricity) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prone%20position | Prone position () is a body position in which the person lies flat with the chest down and the back up. In anatomical terms of location, the dorsal side is up, and the ventral side is down. The supine position is the 180° contrast.
Etymology
The word prone, meaning "naturally inclined to something, apt, liable," has been recorded in English since 1382; the meaning "lying face-down" was first recorded in 1578, but is also referred to as "lying down" or "going prone."
Prone derives from the Latin , meaning "bent forward, inclined to," from the adverbial form of the prefix pro- "forward." Both the original, literal, and the derived figurative sense were used in Latin, but the figurative is older in English.
Anatomy
In anatomy, the prone position is a position of the body lying face down. It is opposed to the supine position which is face up. Using the terms defined in the anatomical position, the ventral side is down, and the dorsal side is up.
Concerning the forearm, prone refers to that configuration where the palm of the hand is directed posteriorly, and the radius and ulna are crossed.
Researchers observed that the expiratory reserve volume measured at relaxation volume increased from supine to prone by the factor of 0.15.
Shooting
In competitive shooting, the prone position is the position of a shooter lying face down on the ground. It is considered the easiest and most accurate position as the ground provides extra stability. It is one of the positions in three positions events. For many years (1932-2016), the only purely prone Olympic event was the 50 meter rifle prone; however, this has since been dropped from the Olympic program. Both men and women still have the 50 meter rifle three positions as an Olympic shooting event.
Prone position is often used in military combat as, like in competitive shooting, the prone position provides the best accuracy and stability.
Many first-person shooter video games also allow the player character to go into the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20Physics%20C | Chinese Physics C (CPC) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Chinese Physical Society along with the Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. CPC is hosted online by IOP Publishing. It reports on research into the theory, experiment and applications of particle physics, nuclear physics and astrophysics. The journal was established in 1977 as High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics, and renamed to its present title in 2008. Its current impact factor is 2.145 (2020).
Chinese Physics C is part of the SCOAP3 initiative.
In 2014 and 2016, the journal hosted the publication of the Particle Data Group's bi-annual Review of Particle Physics, the most highly cited article in the field of particle physics.
External links
Chinese Physics C @ IOP Publishing
Chinese Physics C @ Chinese Physical Society
Physics journals
Chinese Physical Society academic journals
IOP Publishing academic journals
Academic journals established in 1977
Open access journals
Particle physics journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Food%20and%20Drug%20Safety | The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS; ), formerly known as the Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA; ), is a government agency responsible for promoting the public health by ensuring the safety and efficiency of foods, pharmaceuticals, medical devices and cosmetics as well as supporting the development of the food and pharmaceutical industries in South Korea. The main goal is to offer people safe foods and drugs.
The headquarters are located in the Osong Health Technology Administration Complex in Cheongju, North Chungcheong Province.
History
In April 1996, Korea Food and Drug Safety and its six regional offices were established. It was raised to the status of administration (Korea Food & Drug Administration), in 1998. In 2004, the organization was restructured with the creation of Medical Devices Management Division and Bioproduct Technical Support Division. In March 2013, the organization was again restructured and upgraded to a ministry, receiving its name change.
List of ministers
Park Jong-sei, 1998–1999
Huh Kun, 1999-2000
Yang Gyuhwan, 2000-2002
Lee Youngsoon, 2002-2003
Shim Changkoo, 2003-2004
Kim Chungsook, 2004-2006
Moon Changjin, 2006-2007
Kim Myunghyun, 2007-2008
Yun Yeopyo, 2008-2010
Noh Yunhong, 2010-2011
Lee Heesung, 2011-2013
Chung Seung, 2013-2015
Kim Seunghee, 2015-2016
Sohn Mungi, 2016-2017
Ryu Youngjin, 2017-2019
Lee Eui-Kyung, 2019-2020
Kim Ganglip, 2020-
See also
List of food safety organisations
Pharmaceutical Affairs Law (South Korea) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, a singularity is a point at which a given mathematical object is not defined, or a point where the mathematical object ceases to be well-behaved in some particular way, such as by lacking differentiability or analyticity.
For example, the reciprocal function has a singularity at , where the value of the function is not defined, as involving a division by zero. The absolute value function also has a singularity at , since it is not differentiable there.
The algebraic curve defined by in the coordinate system has a singularity (called a cusp) at . For singularities in algebraic geometry, see singular point of an algebraic variety. For singularities in differential geometry, see singularity theory.
Real analysis
In real analysis, singularities are either discontinuities, or discontinuities of the derivative (sometimes also discontinuities of higher order derivatives). There are four kinds of discontinuities: type I, which has two subtypes, and type II, which can also be divided into two subtypes (though usually is not).
To describe the way these two types of limits are being used, suppose that is a function of a real argument , and for any value of its argument, say , then the left-handed limit, , and the right-handed limit, , are defined by:
, constrained by and
, constrained by .
The value is the value that the function tends towards as the value approaches from below, and the value is the value that the function tends towards as the value approaches from above, regardless of the actual value the function has at the point where .
There are some functions for which these limits do not exist at all. For example, the function
does not tend towards anything as approaches . The limits in this case are not infinite, but rather undefined: there is no value that settles in on. Borrowing from complex analysis, this is sometimes called an essential singularity.
The possible cases at a given value for the argument are as follows.
A po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interprovincial%20migration%20in%20Canada | Interprovincial migration in Canada is the movement by people from one Canadian province or territory to another with the intention of settling, permanently or temporarily, in the new province or territory; it is more-or-less stable over time. In fiscal year 2019–20, 278,316 Canadians migrated province, representing 0.729% of the population.
The Interprovincial migration levels of each province can be construed as a way to measure the success of these jurisdiction. The main measurement used is net interprovincial migration, which is simply the difference between residents moving out of a province (out-migration) and the number of residents from other provinces moving into that province (in-migration). Since 1971, the provinces which received the most net cumulative interprovincial migrants (adjusted for population) were Alberta and British Columbia, while the provinces which had the largest net loss of interprovincial migrants (adjusted for population) were Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Quebec, and the Atlantic provinces.
History
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Canadians who left their home province to settle elsewhere usually went to the United States rather than to other Canadian provinces. In fact, from the early years of confederation to the 1930s, Quebec and the Maritimes experienced a period of mass emigration to the United States. From 1860 to 1920, half a million people left the Maritimes, while about 900,000 French Canadians left Quebec between 1840 and 1930 to immigrate to the United States, mainly New England.
However, some French Canadians and Maritimers were also drawn to Ontario in the 19th and early 20th centuries, when the development of mining and forestry resources in the northeastern and eastern regions of the province attracted a large workforce. This migration significantly increased the proportion of Francophones in Ontario. The Francophone population of Ontario continues to be concentrated mainly in the northeastern and eastern parts, clo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20C.%20Shortridge | Guy Chester Shortridge (1880–1949) was a South African mammalogist who undertook expeditions in his own state, in Java, Guatemala, Southern India, Burma and at the prompting of Oldfield Thomas travelled to Southwest Australia.
Biography
Guy Chester Shortridge was born at Honiton, Devon on 21 June 1880, the son of a medical practitioner. He served in the police force during the Boer War. His interest in natural history was advanced to a career with the support of W. L. Sclater of the South African Museum.
He returned to England and met Oldfield Thomas, who suggested an expedition to Western Australia.
He also joined collecting expeditions to Java, New Guinea, Guatemala and on the Indian subcontinent. Shortridge eventually returned to South Africa and was director of the Kaffrarian Museum in King William's Town at the end of his life. He died on 12 January 1949.
Works
Shortridge is noted for his collections, including living animals, made in regions where little of no zoological research had been undertaken.
He was first engaged by Sclater to assemble specimen collections in South Africa, birds and mammals he obtained in the Pondoland and Colesberg regions.
His collections in Southwest Australia, made between 1904 and 1907, were at the coastal forests around Bunbury, Busselton, Margaret River and King George Sound. Shortridge travelled to regions accessible via the Great Southern Railway on a rail pass granted by the government. He also travelled to make collections at the semi-arid to desert interior of Southwest Australia to the Gascoyne region, making collections at Laverton, Kalgoorlie, Southern Cross, and an offshore visit to Bernier Island. Shortridge's collection was made at a period that provides rare historical data and specimens, obtained in a period of local or complete extinction of mammal species in Southwest Australia. Details of the relative abundance or absence of species has been found in his extensive notes and correspondence with Bernard H. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20M.%20Lee | John "Jack" Marshall Lee (born September 2, 1950) is an American mathematician and professor at the University of Washington specializing in differential geometry.
Education
Lee graduated from Princeton University with a bachelor's degree in 1972, then became a systems programmer (at Texas Instruments from 1972 to 1974 and at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in 1974–1975) and a teacher at Wooster School in Danbury, Connecticut in 1975–1977. He continued his studies at Tufts University in 1977–1978. He received his doctorate from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1982 under the direction of Richard Melrose with the dissertation Higher asymptotics of the complex Monge-Ampère equation and geometry of CR manifolds.
Career
From 1982 to 1987, Lee was an assistant professor at Harvard University. At the University of Washington he became in 1987 an assistant professor, in 1989 an associate professor, and in 1996 a full professor.
Research
Lee's research has focused on the Yamabe problem, geometry of and analysis on CR manifolds, and differential geometry questions of general relativity (such as the constraint equations in the initial value problem of Einstein equations and existence of Einstein metrics on manifolds).
Lee created a mathematical software package named Ricci for performing tensor calculations in differential geometry. Ricci, named in honor of Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro and completed in 1992, consists of 7000 lines of Mathematica code. It was chosen for inclusion in the MathSource library of Mathematica packages supported by Wolfram Research.
Awards
In 2012, Lee received, jointly with David Jerison, the Stefan Bergman Prize from the American Mathematical Society.
Selected publications
Textbooks
Riemannian Manifolds: An Introduction to Curvature, Springer-Verlag, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 1997
(formally, the second edition of the above text)
Introduction to Topological Manifolds, Springer-Verlag, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 20 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin%20Frankel | Justin Frankel (born 1978) is an American computer programmer best known for his work on the Winamp media player application and for inventing the Gnutella peer-to-peer network. Frankel is also the founder of Cockos Incorporated, which creates music production and development software such as the REAPER digital audio workstation, the NINJAM collaborative music tool and the Jesusonic expandable effects processor. In 2002, he was named in the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35.
Early life
Justin Frankel was born in 1978 and grew up in Sedona, Arizona. Frankel had an aptitude for computers at an early age. His skill eventually led him to running the student computer network of Verde Valley School, which he attended, as well as writing an email application for the students.
Winamp
After graduating high school with a 2.9 GPA, he attended the University of Utah in 1996, where he majored in computer science, but dropped out after two quarters. A few months later, he released the first version of WinAMP under his newly formed company's name Nullsoft. By 1998, more than fifteen million people had downloaded the program. Since many people had sent in the $10 donation suggested in return for using the program, Frankel earned tens of thousands of dollars a month.
Frankel, along with Tom Pepper (who played a big part of the Winamp development and distribution), later completed SHOUTcast, which allowed ordinary users with an Internet connection to broadcast, or "stream", audio over the Internet. He also created the Advanced Visualization Studio, a plugin for Winamp which enabled users to create their own music visualizations in real-time, without any programming knowledge required.
Sale of Nullsoft to AOL
In June 1999 AOL simultaneously acquired Nullsoft and Spinner.com in a combined purchase worth approximately $400 million. In a July 21, 1999 SEC filing by AOL, the transaction was recorded as a payment of 2,863 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Kong%202%3A%20Yomigaeru%20Densetsu | is a 1986 MSX2 role-playing video game by Konami. It was released only in Japan and based on the movie of the same year, King Kong Lives (King Kong 2 being the film's title in Japan). Similar to Konami's later Hi no Tori games, two separate games were developed together and released for the MSX and Famicom respectively. While the Famicom King Kong 2: Ikari no Megaton Punch has players playing as King Kong in a more action-oriented format similar to Nintendo's The Legend of Zelda, Yomigaeru Densetsu has players playing as Mitchell in a role-playing style.
The game was unofficially re-released in English by the South Korean company Zemina in 1987, as 킹콩II (King Kong II).
External links
King Kong 2 - Generation MSX
1986 video games
King Kong (franchise) video games
MSX2 games
MSX2-only games
Konami games
Japan-exclusive video games
Unauthorized video games
Video games developed in Japan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web%20browsing%20history | Web browsing history refers to the list of web pages a user has visited, as well as associated metadata such as page title and time of visit. It is usually stored locally by web browsers in order to provide the user with a history list to go back to previously visited pages. It can reflect the user's interests, needs, and browsing habits.
All major browsers have a private browsing mode in which browsing history is not recorded. This is to protect against browsing history being collected by third parties for targeted advertising or other purposes.
Applications
Local history
Locally stored browsing history can facilitate rediscovering lost previously visited web pages of which one only has a vague memory in mind, or pages difficult to find due to being located within deep web. Browsers also utilize it to enable autocompletion in their address bar for quicker and more convenient navigation to frequently visited pages.
The retention span of browsing history varies per internet browser. Mozilla Firefox (desktop version) records history indefinitely by default inside a file named places.sqlite, but automatically erases the earliest history upon exhausted disk space, while Google Chrome (desktop version) stores history for ten weeks by default, automatically pruning earlier entries. An indefinite history file named Archived History was once recorded, but has been removed and automatically deleted in version 37, released in September 2014.
Browser extensions such as History Trends Unlimited for Google Chrome (desktop version) allow the indefinite local storage of browsing history, exporting into a portable file, and self-analysis of browsing habits and statistics.
Browsing history is not recorded when using the private browsing mode provided by most browsers.
Targeted advertising
Targeted advertising means presenting the user with advertisements that are more relevant to one based on one's browsing history. A typical example is a user receiving advertisements on s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation | In the chemical sciences, methylation denotes the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group. Methylation is a form of alkylation, with a methyl group replacing a hydrogen atom. These terms are commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, soil science, and the biological sciences.
In biological systems, methylation is catalyzed by enzymes; such methylation can be involved in modification of heavy metals, regulation of gene expression, regulation of protein function, and RNA processing. In vitro methylation of tissue samples is also one method for reducing certain histological staining artifacts. The reverse of methylation is demethylation.
In biology
In biological systems, methylation is accomplished by enzymes. Methylation can modify heavy metals, regulate gene expression, RNA processing and protein function. It has been recognized as a key process underlying epigenetics.
Methanogenesis
Methanogenesis, the process that generates methane from CO2, involves a series of methylation reactions. These reactions are effected by a set of enzymes harbored by a family of anaerobic microbes.
In reverse methanogenesis, methane serves as the methylating agent.
O-methyltransferases
A wide variety of phenols undergo O-methylation to give anisole derivatives. This process, catalyzed by enzymes such as caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, is a key reaction in the biosynthesis of lignols, percursors to lignin, a major structural component of plants.
Plants produce flavonoids and isoflavones with methylations on hydroxyl groups, i.e. methoxy bonds. This 5-O-methylation affects the flavonoid's water solubility. Examples are 5-O-methylgenistein, 5-O-methylmyricetin or 5-O-methylquercetin, also known as azaleatin.
Proteins
Together with ubiquitination and phosphorylation, methylation is a major biochemical process for modifying protein function. The most prevalent protein methylations affect arginine and lysine residue of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EconStor | EconStor is a disciplinary repository for Economics and Business Studies which offers research literature in Open Access and makes it findable in various portals and search engines. The service is operated by the ZBW – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
The majority of the publications originates from German institutions in economic research and is provided in accordance with usage agreements. Individual researchers can also submit their scholarly papers to EconStor.
EconStor maintains a list of influential journals publishing literature in economics. According to latest criteria toll access journals and open access journals can only be included in EconStor collections/archives on condition that they are indexed in Scopus or SSCI and DOAJ as well. EconStor also feed its data to other databases and portals like EconBiz, Google & Google Scholar, BASE — Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, WorldCat, and OpenAIRE. Report publishers and journals publishing quality research are archived with EconStor e.g., Journal of Choice Modelling, International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, and Weekly Report - DIW Berlin.
Publications include mostly working papers, discussion papers and conference proceedings, but also articles in journals and theses.
The most important professional association for economists in Germany, the Verein für Socialpolitik (German Economic Association), has been using EconStor since 2010 to publish conference papers submitted for its Annual Meeting online.
One of the most important online dissemination channels for EconStor documents is the database RePEc, where EconStor is also one of the largest content providers.
EconStor counts among the largest repositories in its discipline and in Germany with more than 212,000 full-texts.
External links
EconStor website
See also
Open access in Germany |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fic/DOC%20protein%20family | In molecular biology, the Fic/DOC protein family is a family of proteins which catalyzes the post-translational modification of proteins using phosphate-containing compound as a substrate. Fic domain proteins typically use ATP as a co-factor, but in some cases GTP or UTP is used. Post-translational modification performed by Fic domains is usually NMPylation (AMPylation, GMPylation or UMPylation), however they also catalyze phosphorylation and phosphocholine transfer. This family contains a central conserved motif HPFX[D/E]GNGR in most members and it carries the invariant catalytic histidine. Fic domain was found in bacteria, eukaryotes and archaea and can be found organized in almost hundred different multi-domain assemblies.
Functions
First fic gene was discovered in the late 1980s in Escherichia coli. Mutation in this gene impaired cell division under stress conditions (cyclic AMP in growth medium at high temperature), which led to annotation as fic-1 for filamentation induced by cAMP. The product of fic-1 was later characterized as toxin from toxin-antitoxin system. Fic domain protein from the Vibrio parahaemolyticus VopS is a toxin secreted by type III secretion system. It catalyses AMPylation of Rho GTPases in eukaryotic cells and therefore induces the collapse of the actin cytoskeleton. Doc (death on curing) protein is also part of a toxin-antitoxin module Phd-Doc from prophage P1. Doc toxin uses inverted substrate and catalyses phosphorylation instead of transferring NMP moiety. Doc phosphorylates elongation factor EF-Tu and locks it in an unfavorable open conformation to bind tRNAs and therefore blocks protein translation. Doc provides stability for P1 lysogens of Escherichia coli. Bacteria carry the prophage as a stable low copy number plasmid. The frequency with which viable cells cured of prophage are produced is about 10(-5) per cell per generation. A significant part of this remarkable stability can be attributed to a plasmid-encoded toxin-antitoxin m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robust%20Regression%20and%20Outlier%20Detection | Robust Regression and Outlier Detection is a book on robust statistics, particularly focusing on the breakdown point of methods for robust regression. It was written by Peter Rousseeuw and Annick M. Leroy, and published in 1987 by Wiley.
Background
Linear regression is the problem of inferring a linear functional relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables, from data sets where that relation has been obscured by noise. Ordinary least squares assumes that the data all lie near the fit line or plane, but depart from it by the addition of normally distributed residual values. In contrast, robust regression methods work even when some of the data points are outliers that bear no relation to the fit line or plane, possibly because the data draws from a mixture of sources or possibly because an adversarial agent is trying to corrupt the data to cause the regression method to produce an inaccurate result. A typical application, discussed in the book, involves the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram of star types, in which one wishes to fit a curve through the main sequence of stars without the fit being thrown off by the outlying giant stars and white dwarfs. The breakdown point of a robust regression method is the fraction of outlying data that it can tolerate while remaining accurate. For this style of analysis, higher breakdown points are better. The breakdown point for ordinary least squares is near zero (a single outlier can make the fit become arbitrarily far from the remaining uncorrupted data) while some other methods have breakdown points as high as 50%. Although these methods require few assumptions about the data, and work well for data whose noise is not well understood, they may have somewhat lower efficiency than ordinary least squares (requiring more data for a given accuracy of fit) and their implementation may be complex and slow.
Topics
The book has seven chapters. The first is introductory; it describes simple linear regres |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonised%20service%20of%20social%20value | A harmonised service of social value is a type of freephone service available in the European Union and in some non-EU countries (including the countries in the European Economic Area and United Kingdom), which answers a specific social need, in particular which contributes to the well-being or safety of citizens, or particular groups of citizens, or helps citizens in difficulty. The phone numbers and the corresponding service descriptions are managed by the European Commission and harmonised across all EU and EEA member states. Harmonised services of social value use the prefix 116, which is then followed by three digits indicating the type of service.
After the commission has assigned a number, it is then up to the telephone regulator in each country to allocate the number to a telephone service provider and providing organisation of their choice. The first telephone numbers to be allocated are 116 000 (missing children helplines), 116 111 (child help lines) and 116 123 (emotional support helplines).
Assignments
As of March 2010, the following numbers have been assigned by the European Commission:
The number 116 112 will not be used in order to avoid confusion with the single European emergency number 112. In addition, the number 116 116 is in use in Germany as an anti-fraud hotline.
A reservation by the commission obligates member states to make the numbers available for registration by interested parties. However, the listing of a specific number and the associated harmonised service of social value does not carry an obligation for member states to ensure that the service in question is provided within their territory.
National implementations
Each service is now available in at least part of the EU and the UK. The 116 117 medical assistance line is the least-widely implemented so far, having only been activated in Austria, Germany, and former EU-member Great Britain. By contrast, the 116 000 missing children line is active in 27 countries and the 116 11 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implication%20graph | In mathematical logic and graph theory, an implication graph is a skew-symmetric, directed graph composed of vertex set and directed edge set . Each vertex in represents the truth status of a Boolean literal, and each directed edge from vertex to vertex represents the material implication "If the literal is true then the literal is also true". Implication graphs were originally used for analyzing complex Boolean expressions.
Applications
A 2-satisfiability instance in conjunctive normal form can be transformed into an implication graph by replacing each of its disjunctions by a pair of implications. For example, the statement can be rewritten as the pair . An instance is satisfiable if and only if no literal and its negation belong to the same strongly connected component of its implication graph; this characterization can be used to solve 2-satisfiability instances in linear time.
In CDCL SAT-solvers, unit propagation can be naturally associated with an implication graph that captures all possible ways of deriving all implied literals from decision literals, which is then used for clause learning. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFAT5 | Nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5, also known as NFAT5 and sometimes TonEBP, is a human gene that encodes a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in the osmotic stress.
The product of this gene is a member of the nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors. Proteins belonging to this family play a central role in inducible gene transcription during the immune response. This protein regulates gene expression induced by osmotic stress in mammalian cells. Unlike monomeric members of this protein family, this protein exists as a homodimer and forms stable dimers with DNA elements. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Osmotic stress
Tissues that comprise the kidneys, skin, and eyes are often subjected to osmotic stresses. When the extracellular environment is hypertonic, cells lose water and consequently, shrink. To counteract this, cells increase their sodium uptake in order to lose less water. However, an increase in intracellular ionic concentration is harmful to the cell. Cells can alternatively synthesize enzymes and transporters that increase intracellular concentration of organic osmolytes, which are less toxic than excess ions but which also aid in water retention. Under conditions of hyperosmolarity, NFAT5 is synthesized and accumulates in the nucleus. NFAT5 stimulates the transcription of genes for aldose reductase (AR), the sodium chloride-betaine cotransporter (SLC6A12) the sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter (SLC5A3), the taurine transporter (SLC6A6) and neuropathy target esterase which are involved in the production and uptake of organic osmolytes. Additionally, NFAT5 induces heat shock proteins, Hsp70, and osmotic stress proteins. NFAT5 is also implicated in cytokine production.
It has been shown that when NFAT5 is inhibited in renal and immune cells, these cells become significantly more susceptible to osmotic stress. NFAT5 deficient mi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jog%20dial | A jog dial, jog wheel, shuttle dial, or shuttle wheel is a type of knob, ring, wheel, or dial which allows the user to shuttle or jog through audio or video media. It is commonly found on models of CD players which are made for disc jockeys, and on professional video equipment such as video tape recorders. More recently, they are found on handheld PDAs, and as the scroll wheel on computer mice. "Jog" refers to going at a very slow speed, whereas "shuttle" refers to a very fast speed.
There are two basic types of wheels. One type has no stops and can be spun the entire way around, because it is a rotary incremental encoder. This type depends on tracking the actual motion of the dial: the faster it spins forward or back, the faster it fast-forwards or rewinds. Once the dial stops moving, the media continues playing or remains paused at that point. Another type has stops on either side, and often has three or so speeds which depend on how far it is turned. Once the wheel is released, it springs back to the middle position and the media pauses or begins playing again.
If the device is set or designed to pause after the wheel is used, the audio is often stuttered, repeating a small section over and over again. This is usually done on DJ CD players, for the purpose of beatmatching, and is equivalent to an earlier turntablist DJ moving a phonograph record back and forth slightly to find the physical location of a starting beat within the groove. On the video, the pause is a freeze frame of the current video frame.
Sony Corporation holds a patent for a 5-way version of the jog dial. A 5-way jog dial allows up and down scrolling, right and left deflections, and a press-to-click action. Such jog dial was a feature of the Sony CLIÉ PDA series and Sony Ericsson P800, P900 and P910 smartphones. A 5-way jog dial has not been used by Sony or its subsidiaries since 2006.
See also
iPod click wheel
Dial box |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor%20Control%20Command%20Set | Monitor Control Command Set or MCCS is a computer standard developed by Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA). It defines a binary protocol for controlling the properties of computer monitors from a host device such as PC, set-top box, etc.
MCCS requires a bidirectional communication protocol like Display Data Channel between host and display, although the specification does not favour any particular protocol.
Controls
A virtual control panel (VCP) code is a binary code that represents a single command entity in the MCCS language. Each command contains variable number of data parameters and command attributes.
The following groups of controls are defined in the standard:
Factory preset Commands for restoring factory defaults, as well as specifically restoring color, geometry, brightness/contrast, and TV settings defaults, and storing/restoring presets.
Color adjustment Commands that control color temperature, hue, and saturation.
Geometry adjustment Commands for adjusting CRT display geometry, such as parallelogram, pincushion, etc.
Image adjustment Various general commands such as display orientation, degauss, gamma, zoom, focus, brightness/contrast, backlight control, etc.
It is possible to select the input source using a VCP command. Some monitors will only take VCP commands from the active input source, others will take commands from any connected input source.
Three categories of controls exist:
Continuous (C) Allow values between zero and a maximum value.
Non-continuous (NC) Only support a limited set of values.
Table (T) Large blocks of data.
Control data may be read and write (RW), read-only (RO), or write-only (WO).
The display exposes its supported internal controls via capability strings.
Versions
The original MCCS standard version 1 was released on September 11, 1998.
MCCS Version 2 was released on October 17, 2003. A major update of the standard, it provided support for flat panel displays, VESA DPVL (Digital Packet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLIC | The GLIC receptor is a bacterial (Gloeobacter) Ligand-gated Ion Channel, homolog to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is a proton-gated (the channel opens when it binds a proton, ion), cation-selective channel (it selectively lets the positive ions through). Like the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is a functional pentameric oligomer (the channel normally works as an assembly of five subunits). However while its eukaryotic homologues are hetero-oligomeric (assembled from different subunits), all until now known bacteria known to express LICs encode a single monomeric unit, indicating the GLIC to be functionally homo-oligomeric (assembled from identical subunits).
The similarity of amino-acid sequence to the eukaryotic LGICs is not localized to any single or particular tertiary domain, indicating the similar function of the GLIC to its eukaryotic equivalents. Regardless, the purpose of regulating the threshold for action potential excitation in the nerve signal transmission of multicellular organisms cannot translate to single-cell organisms, thereby not making the purpose of bacterial LGICs immediately obvious.
Structure
The structure of the open channel structure was solved by two independent research teams in 2009 at low pH values of 4-4.6 (GLIC being proton-gated).
See also
Cys-loop receptors
Ion channel
Receptor (biochemistry) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time%20Neutron%20Monitor%20Database | The Real-time Neutron Monitor Database (or NMDB) is a worldwide network of standardized neutron monitors, used to record variations of the primary cosmic rays. The measurements complement space-based cosmic ray measurements.
Unlike data from satellite experiments, neutron monitor data has never been available in high resolution from many stations in real-time. The data is often only available from the individual stations website, in varying formats, and not in real-time. To overcome this deficit, the European Commission is supporting the Real-time Neutron Monitor Database (NMDB) as an e-Infrastructures project in the Seventh Framework Programme in the Capacities section. Stations that do not have 1-minute resolution will be supported by the development of an affordable standard registration system that will submit the measurements to the database via the internet in real-time. This resolves the problem of different data formats and for the first time allows to use real-time cosmic ray measurements for space weather predictions (Steigies, Klein et al.)
Besides creating a database and developing applications working with this data, a part of the project is dedicated to create a public outreach website to inform about cosmic rays and possible effects on humans, technological systems, and the environment (Mavromichalaki et al.)
See also
Altitude SEE Test European Platform (ASTEP) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubo-ovarian%20abscess | A tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is one of the late complications of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and can be life-threatening if the abscess ruptures and results in sepsis. It consists of an encapsulated or confined pocket of pus with defined boundaries that forms during an infection of a fallopian tube and ovary. These abscesses are found most commonly in reproductive age women and typically result from upper genital tract infection. It is an inflammatory mass involving the fallopian tube, ovary and, occasionally, other adjacent pelvic organs. A TOA can also develop as a complication of a hysterectomy.
Symptoms typically include fever, an elevated white blood cell count, lower abdominal-pelvic pain, and/or vaginal discharge. Fever and leukocytosis may be absent. TOAs are often polymicrobial with a high percentage of anaerobic bacteria. The cost of treatment in the United States is approximately $2,000 per patient, which equals about $1.5 billion annually. Though rare, TOA can occur without a preceding episode of PID or sexual activity.
Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) are the same as with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) with the exception that the abscess can be found with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), sonography and x-ray. It also differs from PID in that it can create symptoms of acute-onset pelvic pain. Typically this disease is found in sexually active women. Tubo-ovarian abscess can mimic abdominal tumours.
Complications
Complications of TOA are related to the possible removal of one or both ovaries and fallopian tubes. Without these reproductive structures, fertility can be affected. Surgical complications can develop and include:
Allergic shock due to anesthetics
A paradoxical reaction to a drug
Infection
Cause
The development of TOA is thought to begin with the pathogens spreading from the cervix to the endometrium, through the salpinx, into the peritoneal cavity and forming the tubo-ovarian abscess |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerolineaceae | Anaerolineaceae is a family of bacteria from the order of Anaerolineales.
Anaerolineaceae bacteria occur in marine sediments. There are a total of twelve genera in this family, most of which only encompass one species. All known members of the family are Gram-negative and non-motile. They also do not form bacterial spores and are either mesophilic or thermophilic obligate anaerobes. It is also known that all species in this family are chemoheterotrophs.
History
The first species discovered in the family Anaerolineaceae was the species Anaerolinea thermophila, with a report on the matter written by Yuji Sekiguchi et. al. in 2003. It was isolated alongside the bacterial species Caldilinea aerophila, a facultative anaerobe. The discovery of these two specimens prompted the addition of a new subphylum in bacterial taxonomy.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra%20Cardenas | Alexandra Cardenas (born 1976) is a Colombian composer and improviser now based in Berlin, who has followed a path from Western classical composition to improvisation and live electronics. Her recent work has included live coding performance, including performances at the forefront of the Algorave scene, she also co-organised a live coding community in Mexico City. At the 2014 Kurukshetra Festival Cardenas was a keynote speaker and hosted a music live coding workshop, the first of its kind in India. Cardenas has been invited to talk about and perform live coding at events such as the Berlin based Transmediale festival and the Ableton sponsored Loop symposium, and held residencies including at Tokyo Wonder Site in Japan and Centre for the Arts in Mexico City.
She has been featured in videos by governmental broadcast agencies.. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otic%20pit | The auditory pit, also known as the otic pit, is the first rudiment of the internal ear. It appears shortly after that of the eye, in the form of a patch of thickened ectoderm, the auditory plate, over the region of the hind-brain. The auditory plate becomes depressed and converted into the auditory pit (or otic pit). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PULSE%20%28P2PTV%29 | PULSE is a P2PTV application developed by the European FP7 NAPA-WINE (Network-Aware P2P-TV Application over Wise Networks) research consortium.
PULSE stands for Peer-to-Peer Unstructured Live Streaming Experiment and is a peer-to-peer live streaming system designed to operate in scenarios where the bandwidth resources of nodes can be highly heterogeneous and variable over time, as is the case for the Internet.
History
The principles and basic algorithms of PULSE were proposed by Fabio Pianese.
The prototype was developed by Diego Perino
and released with a LGPL Software License.
The development has been taken over by the NAPA-WINE consortium in 2008, and version 0.2.2 can be downloaded via anonymous svn from the NAPA-WINE website.
P2PMyLive
In 2009, PULSE introduced P2PMyLive, where content providers can announce their streaming. Either the source or the participant can use the same graphical front-end to the pulse engine, which is available for Windows and Linux Ubuntu. Live streaming can be performed without any restriction.
See also
P2PTV
PeerStreamer (from NAPA-WINE too, first released in 2011). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source%20journalism | Open-source journalism, a close cousin to citizen journalism or participatory journalism, is a term coined in the title of a 1999 article by Andrew Leonard of Salon.com. Although the term was not actually used in the body text of Leonard's article, the headline encapsulated a collaboration between users of the internet technology blog Slashdot and a writer for Jane's Intelligence Review. The writer, Johan J. Ingles-le Nobel, had solicited feedback on a story about cyberterrorism from Slashdot readers, and then re-wrote his story based on that feedback and compensated the Slashdot writers whose information and words he used.
This early usage of the phrase clearly implied the paid use, by a mainstream journalist, of copyright-protected posts made in a public online forum. It thus referred to the standard journalistic techniques of news gathering and fact checking, and reflected a similar term—open-source intelligence—that was in use from 1992 in military intelligence circles.
The meaning of the term has since changed and broadened, and it is now commonly used to describe forms of innovative publishing of online journalism, rather than the sourcing of news stories by a professional journalist.
The term open-source journalism is often used to describe a spectrum on online publications: from various forms of semi-participatory online community journalism (as exemplified by projects such as the copyright newspaper NorthWest Voice), through to genuine open-source news publications (such as the Spanish 20 minutos, and Wikinews).
A relatively new development is the use of convergent polls, allowing editorials and opinions to be submitted and voted on. Over time, the poll converges on the most broadly accepted editorials and opinions. Examples of this are Opinionrepublic.com and Digg. Scholars are also experimenting with the process of journalism itself, such as open-sourcing the story skeletons that journalists build.
Usage
At first sight, it would appear to many that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%20State%20Migration%20Tool | The User State Migration Tool (USMT) is a command line utility program developed by Microsoft that allows users comfortable with scripting languages to transfer files and settings between Windows PCs. This task is also performed by Windows Easy Transfer, which was designed for general users but then discontinued with the release of Windows 10, where they instead partnered with Laplink. Starting with Windows 8, many settings and data are now being synchronized in cloud services via a Microsoft Account and OneDrive. USMT allows a high-volume, automated deployment of files and settings, and is also useful in migrating user settings and files during OS upgrades. Because USMT has high complexity and a command line interface, there have been several attempts to provide access to its useful functionality by creating GUI wrappers for it. 32-bit to 64-bit migrations are supported, but 64-bit to 32-bit are not.
USMT 4 is included in the Windows Automated Installation Kit. USMT 5 is included in the Windows Assessment and Deployment Kit (ADK). Versions of the USMT are included in the Windows ADKs for Windows 10, versions 1511 and 1607.
Overview
USMT consists of two separate programs. Scanstate.exe scans the source PC for the data and settings and stores it in a file. Loadstate migrates the data and settings from the file onto the target PC.
What to transfer is specified as commandline switches in the configuration XML files migapp.xml, migsys.xml, miguser.xml and other optional Config.xml files. Which Users (and their data) to transfer is controlled by other switches.
An example of a "load data on to PC" command could look like this (in one line – newlines and indents added here for readability):
loadstate "Y:\temp\Migrationstorage\WS_toolshop1"
/i:"Y:\temp\Migrationstorage\WS_toolshop1\migapp.xml"
"Y:\temp\Migrationstorage\WS_toolshop1\migsys.xml"
/i:"Y:\temp\Migrationstorage\WS_toolshop1\miguser.xml"
/ue:*\* /ui:gutte /ui:L |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20Z%20%282019%20video%20game%29 | World War Z is a third-person shooter video game developed and published by Saber Interactive. It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on 16 April 2019, and a Nintendo Switch version was released on 2 November 2021. It was also released for Google Stadia on 5 April 2022. Ports for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S released on 24 January 2023. Loosely based on the 2006 novel of the same name and set in the same universe as the 2013 film adaptation, the game follows groups of four survivors of a zombie apocalypse in the cities of New York, Jerusalem, Moscow, Tokyo, Marseille, Rome and Kamchatka.
Gameplay
The game is a co-operative third-person shooter in which four players fight against massive hordes of zombies in seven locations, including New York, Jerusalem, Moscow, Tokyo, Marseille, Rome and Kamchatka.
Players can choose from seven classes: the Gunslinger (specializes in range), the Hellraiser (specializes in explosives), the Fixer (engineer), the Medic (healer), the Slasher (specializes in melee), the Exterminator (specializes in crowd control), and the Dronemaster (specializes in offensive/defensive support drones). New perks can be unlocked for each class as players continue progressing in the game.
The game can support up to 1,000 enemies appearing on-screen simultaneously, and they can climb onto each other to reach players on a higher level. Players can collect different items in the battlefield, but their locations are procedurally generated. In addition to fighting zombies, players also need to complete different objectives, such as escorting survivors, in each location.
Each location, or episode as it is known in-game, is divided into 3-5 individual levels. After completing a level, players receive "supplies" based on a resulting defeat or victory. Supplies can be used to upgrade weapons and unlock new attachments. Aforementioned perks can also be bought for specific classes using supplies.
The game features five competiti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Efficient%20Data%20types%20and%20Algorithms | The Library of Efficient Data types and Algorithms (LEDA) is a proprietarily-licensed software library providing C++ implementations of a broad variety of algorithms for graph theory and computational geometry. It was originally developed by the Max Planck Institute for Informatics Saarbrücken. Since 2001, LEDA is further developed and distributed by the Algorithmic Solutions Software GmbH.
LEDA is available as Free, Research, and Professional edition. The Free edition is freeware, with source code access available for purchase. The Research and Professional editions require payment of licensing fees for any use. Since October 2017, LEDA graph algorithms are also available for Java development environment.
Technical details
Data types
Numerical representations
LEDA provides four additional numerical representations alongside those built-in to C++: integer, rational, bigfloat, and real:
LEDA's integer type offers an improvement over the built-in int datatype by eliminating the problem of overflow at the cost of unbounded memory usage for increasingly large numbers.
It follows that LEDA's rational type has the same resistance to overflow because it is based directly on the mathematical definition of rational as the quotient of two integers.
The bigfloat type improves on the C++ floating-point types by allowing for mantissa to be set to an arbitrary level of precision instead of following the IEEE standard.
LEDA's real type allows for precise representations of real numbers, and can be used to compute the sign of a radical expression.
Error checking
LEDA makes use of certifying algorithms to demonstrate that the results of a function are mathematically correct. In addition to the input and output of a function, LEDA computes a third "witness" value which can be used as an input to checker programs to validate the output of the function. LEDA's checker programs were developed in Simpl, an imperative programming language, and validated using Isabelle/HOL, a sof |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9 | 9 (nine) is the natural number following and preceding .
Evolution of the Hindu–Arabic digit
Circa 300 BCE, as part of the Brahmi numerals, various Indians wrote a digit 9 similar in shape to the modern closing question mark without the bottom dot. The Kshatrapa, Andhra and Gupta started curving the bottom vertical line coming up with a -look-alike. The Nagari continued the bottom stroke to make a circle and enclose the 3-look-alike, in much the same way that the sign @ encircles a lowercase a. As time went on, the enclosing circle became bigger and its line continued beyond the circle downwards, as the 3-look-alike became smaller. Soon, all that was left of the 3-look-alike was a squiggle. The Arabs simply connected that squiggle to the downward stroke at the middle and subsequent European change was purely cosmetic.
While the shape of the glyph for the digit 9 has an ascender in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures the character usually has a descender, as, for example, in .
The modern digit resembles an inverted 6. To disambiguate the two on objects and documents that can be inverted, they are often underlined. Another distinction from the 6 is that it is sometimes handwritten with two strokes and a straight stem, resembling a raised lower-case letter q. In seven-segment display, the number 9 can be constructed either with a hook at the end of its stem or without one. Most LCD calculators use the former, but some VFD models use the latter.
Mathematics
Nine is the fourth composite number, and the first composite number that is odd. Nine is the third square number (32), and the second non-unitary square prime of the form p2, and, the first that is odd, with all subsequent squares of this form odd as well. Nine has the even aliquot sum of 4, and with a composite number sequence of two (9, 4, 3, 1, 0) within the 3-aliquot tree. There are nine Heegner numbers, or square-free positive integers that yield an imaginary quadratic field whose ring |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%20spanning%20tree | In the mathematical field of graph theory, a good spanning tree of an embedded planar graph is a rooted spanning tree of whose non-tree edges satisfy the following conditions.
there is no non-tree edge where and lie on a path from the root of to a leaf,
the edges incident to a vertex can be divided by three sets and , where,
is a set of non-tree edges, they terminate in red zone
is a set of tree edges, they are children of
is a set of non-tree edges, they terminate in green zone
Formal definition
Let be a plane graph. Let be a rooted spanning tree of . Let be the path in from the root to a vertex . The path divides the children of , , except , into two groups; the left group and the right group . A child of is in group and denoted by if the edge appears before the edge in clockwise ordering of the edges incident to when the ordering is started from the edge . Similarly, a child of is in the group and denoted by if the edge appears after the edge in clockwise order of the edges incident to when the ordering is started from the edge . The tree is called a good spanning tree of if every vertex of satisfies the following two conditions with respect to .
[Cond1] does not have a non-tree edge , ; and
[Cond2] the edges of incident to the vertex excluding can be partitioned into three disjoint (possibly empty) sets and satisfying the following conditions (a)-(c)
(a) Each of and is a set of consecutive non-tree edges and is a set of consecutive tree edges.
(b) Edges of set , and appear clockwise in this order from the edge .
(c) For each edge , is contained in , , and for each edge , is contained in , .
Applications
In monotone drawing of graphs, in 2-visibility representation of graphs.
Finding good spanning tree
Every planar graph has an embedding such that contains a good spanning tree. A good spanning tree and a suitable embedding can be found from in linear-time. Not all embeddings of con |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemmatimonas%20groenlandica | Gemmatimonas groenlandica is a bacterium species from the genus of Gemmatimonas which has been isolated from Greenland. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%20Henderson | Callum James Henderson-Begg (born 17 January 1981), known as Cal Henderson, is a British computer programmer and author based in San Francisco.
Education
Henderson attended Sharnbrook Upper School and Community College, and Birmingham City University where he graduated with a degree in software engineering in 2002.
Career
Henderson is best known as the co-founder and chief technology officer at Slack, as well as co-owning and developing the online creative community B3ta with Denise Wilton and Rob Manuel; being the chief software architect for the photo-sharing application Flickr (originally working for Ludicorp and then Yahoo); and writing the book Building Scalable Web Sites for O'Reilly Media.
He has also worked for EMAP as their technical director of special web projects and is responsible for writing City Creator among many other websites, services and desktop applications. Cal was the co-founder and VP of engineering at Tiny Speck, the company whose internal tool transitioned into Slack.
Henderson's connection to Stewart Butterfield and Slack began through a game developed by Butterfield's first company, Ludicorp, called Game Neverending. He ran a fan website dedicated to the game and broke into an internal Ludicorp mailing list. Instead of repercussions, Butterfield hired Henderson to work for his company.
Personal life
Henderson is color blind, and has worked on applications to make the web more accessible to the color blind. He is also a frequent contributor to open-source software projects and runs a number of utility websites, such as Unicodey, to make certain programming tasks easier.
Politics
In August 2022, Henderson contributed $50,000 to The Next 50, a liberal political action committee (PAC). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20%28geometry%29 | In classical Euclidean geometry, a point is a primitive notion that models an exact location in space, and has no length, width, or thickness. In modern mathematics, a point is considered as an element of some set, a point set. A space is a point set with some additional structure. An isolated point has no other neighboring points in a given subset.
Being a primitive notion means that a point cannot be defined in terms of previously defined objects. That is, a point is defined only by some properties, called axioms, that it must satisfy; for example, "there is exactly one line that passes through two different points".
Points in Euclidean geometry
Points, considered within the framework of Euclidean geometry, are one of the most fundamental objects. Euclid originally defined the point as "that which has no part". In the two-dimensional Euclidean plane, a point is represented by an ordered pair (, ) of numbers, where the first number conventionally represents the horizontal and is often denoted by , and the second number conventionally represents the vertical and is often denoted by . This idea is easily generalized to three-dimensional Euclidean space, where a point is represented by an ordered triplet (, , ) with the additional third number representing depth and often denoted by . Further generalizations are represented by an ordered tuplet of terms, where is the dimension of the space in which the point is located.
Many constructs within Euclidean geometry consist of an infinite collection of points that conform to certain axioms. This is usually represented by a set of points; As an example, a line is an infinite set of points of the form
where through and are constants and is the dimension of the space. Similar constructions exist that define the plane, line segment, and other related concepts. A line segment consisting of only a single point is called a degenerate line segment.
In addition to defining points and constructs related to points, Eucli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R8000 | The R8000 is a microprocessor chipset developed by MIPS Technologies, Inc. (MTI), Toshiba, and Weitek. It was the first implementation of the MIPS IV instruction set architecture. The R8000 is also known as the TFP, for Tremendous Floating-Point, its name during development.
History
Development of the R8000 started in the early 1990s at Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI). The R8000 was specifically designed to provide the performance of circa 1990s supercomputers with a microprocessor instead of a central processing unit (CPU) built from many discrete components such as gate arrays. At the time, the performance of traditional supercomputers was not advancing as rapidly as reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessors. It was predicted that RISC microprocessors would eventually match the performance of more expensive and larger supercomputers at a fraction of the cost and size, making computers with this level of performance more accessible and enabling deskside workstations and servers to replace supercomputers in many situations.
First details of the R8000 emerged in April 1992 in an announcement by MIPS Computer Systems detailing future MIPS microprocessors. In March 1992, SGI announced it was acquiring MIPS Computer Systems, which became a subsidiary of SGI called MIPS Technologies, Inc. (MTI) in mid-1992. Development of the R8000 was transferred to MTI, where it continued. The R8000 was expected to be introduced in 1993, but it was delayed until mid-1994. The first R8000, a 75 MHz part, was introduced on 7 June 1994. It was priced at US$2,500 at the time. In mid-1995, a 90 MHz part appeared in systems from SGI. The R8000's high cost and narrow market (technical and scientific computing) restricted its market share, and although it was popular in its intended market, it was largely replaced with the cheaper and generally better performing R10000 introduced January 1996.
Users of the R8000 were SGI, who used it in their Power Indigo2 workstation, Power Chal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinePaint | CinePaint is a free and open source computer program for painting and retouching bitmap frames of films. It is a fork of version 1.0.4 of the GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP). It enjoyed some success as one of the earliest open source tools developed for feature motion picture visual effects and animation work.
The main reason for this adoption over mainline GIMP was its support for high bit depths (greater than 8-bits per channel) which can be required for film work. The mainline GIMP project later added high bit depths in GIMP 2.9.2, released November 2015. It is free software under the GPL-2.0-or-later. In 2018, a post titled "CinePaint 2.0 Making Progress" announced progress, but version 2.0 has not been released as of 2022.
Main features
Features that set CinePaint apart from its photo-editing predecessor include the frame manager, onion skinning, and the ability to work with 16-bit and floating point pixels for high-dynamic-range imaging (HDR). CinePaint supports a 16-bit color managed workflow for photographers and printers, including CIE*Lab and CMYK editing. It supports the Cineon, DPX, and OpenEXR image file formats. HDR creation from bracketed exposures is easy.
CinePaint is a professional open-source raster graphics editor, not a video editor. Per-channel color engine core: 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit. The image formats it supports include BMP, CIN, DPX, EXR, GIF, JPEG, OpenEXR, PNG, TIFF, and XCF.
CinePaint is currently available for UNIX and Unix-like OSes including Mac OS X and IRIX. The program is available on Linux, Mac OS X, FreeBSD and NetBSD. Its main competitors are the mainline GIMP and Adobe Photoshop, although the latter is only available for Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows. Glasgow, a completely new code architecture being used for CinePaint, is expected to make a new Windows version possible and is currently under production. The Glasgow effort is FLTK based. This effort appears to have stalled.
CinePaint version 1.4.4 appeared on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations%20Research%20Society%20of%20South%20Africa | The Operations Research Society of South Africa (ORSSA) (Afrikaans: Die Operasionele Navorsingsvereniging van Suid-Afrika (ONSA)) is the national, professional body tasked with furthering the interests of those engaged in, or interested in, operations research (OR) activities in South Africa. The society is affiliated to the International Federation of Operational Research Societies and its subgrouping, the Association of European Operational Research Societies, and is the main national society for Operations Research in the country.
ORSSA is a nonprofit organization. The society is continually involved in matters which concern operations researchers, such as organising conferences at which papers on OR-related topics are delivered, drawing up guidelines for OR education, presenting short courses on specialist topics in OR, marketing OR at secondary school level, providing information to the public on the nature of OR, and providing information to students at tertiary level on career opportunities in OR.
History
On 18 April 1968 a meeting of individuals interested in OR was held at the Gatehouse at the Sunnyside Hotel in Johannesburg, as a result of initiatives taken by Dave Masterson, Jonathan Miller, Alan H. Munro and John C. Joslin with the support of Dr. H.S. Sichel. The attendance at this multi-disciplinary meeting was in excess of 180. The guest speaker was Prof. B.H. Patrick Rivett of England, an excellent speaker and at that time one of the best known operations researchers in the world. Out of this meeting a National Steering Committee was formed which would be responsible for the organisation of the possible establishment of an Operations Research Society in South Africa. The committee consisted of Dr. H.S. Sichel (Chairman), Profs. G.J. Rudolph of Rhodes University, H.J. Venter of the University of Potchefstroom and C. Jacobs of the CSIR, and Messrs. H.I.D. du Plessis and J.W. Grobbelaar of Unisa, and Peter C. Pirow, R.T. Rozwadowski and J.C. Joslin of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental%20Bacteriology | Experimental Bacteriology: in Its Applications to the Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Immunology of Infectious Diseases is a textbook on bacteriology and infectious diseases. It was one of the most authoritative works in medical microbiology in the first half of the 20th century.
Aimed at medical students and practitioners, it has been published in ten/eleven editions in German, and in editions in French and English. The first edition appeared in 1906, written by Wilhelm Kolle and Heinrich Hetsch, and the book is frequently referred to as "Kolle-Hetsch." The eighth (1938) and ninth (1942) editions were edited by Hetsch and Hans Schlossberger. The last, significantly revised and largely newly written edition, numbered as a combined tenth and eleventh edition, was published in 1952 by Urban & Schwarzenberg (now Elsevier) with Hans Schlossberger as general editor, and with contributions from H. Brandis, B. Schmidt, H.G. Haussmann, , I. Weimershaus-Eckart, , A. Kutzsche and W. Weimershaus. Although Schlossberger was general editor, much of the editing work was done by Brandis.
A French translation appeared in 1910, published by Doin, and an English edition was published in 1934 by Allen & Unwin.
Bibliography
Wilhelm Kolle, Heinrich Hetsch, Die experimentelle Bakteriologie und die Infektionskrankheiten mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Immunitätslehre. Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende, Ärzte und Medizinalbeamte, Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1906
Hans Schlossberger (general editor), Experimentelle Bakteriologie und Infektionskrankheiten; mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Immunitätslehre, 10th/11th significantly revised edition, Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1952
Wilhelm Kolle, Heinrich Hetsch, La bactériologie expérimentale: appliquée à l'étude des maladies infectieuses, translated by H. Carrière, Paris, Doin, 1910
Wilhelm Kolle, Heinrich Hetsch, Dagny Erikson, John William Henry Eyre, Experimental Bacteriology in Its Applications to the Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Immunology o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium%20stearate | Magnesium stearate is the chemical compound with the formula . It is a soap, consisting of salt containing two equivalents of stearate (the anion of stearic acid) and one magnesium cation (Mg2+). Magnesium stearate is a white, water-insoluble powder. Its applications exploit its softness, insolubility in many solvents, and low toxicity. It is used as a release agent and as a component or lubricant in the production of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
Manufacturing
Magnesium stearate is produced by the reaction of sodium stearate with magnesium salts or by treating magnesium oxide with stearic acid.
Uses
Magnesium stearate is often used as an anti-adherent in the manufacture of medical tablets, capsules and powders. In this regard, the substance is also useful because it has lubricating properties, preventing ingredients from sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets; magnesium stearate is the most commonly used lubricant for tablets. However, it might cause lower wettability and slower disintegration of the tablets and slower and even lower dissolution of the drug.
Magnesium stearate can also be used efficiently in dry coating processes.
In the production of pressed candies, magnesium stearate serves as a release agent. It is also used to bind sugar in hard candies such as mints.
Magnesium stearate is a common ingredient in baby formulas.
In the EU and EFTA it is listed as food additive E470b.
Occurrence
Magnesium stearate is a major component of bathtub rings. When produced by soap and hard water, magnesium stearate and calcium stearate both form a white solid insoluble in water, and are collectively known as soap scum.
Safety
Magnesium stearate is generally considered safe for human consumption at levels below 2500 mg per kg of body weight per day and is classified in the United States as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). In 1979, the FDA's Subcommittee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) reported, "There |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point%20construction | In electronics, point-to-point construction is a non-automated technique for constructing circuits which was widely used before the use of printed circuit boards (PCBs) and automated assembly gradually became widespread following their introduction in the 1950s. Circuits using thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) were relatively large, relatively simple (the number of large, hot, expensive devices which needed replacing was minimised), and used large sockets, all of which made the PCB less obviously advantageous than with later complex semiconductor circuits. Point-to-point construction is still widespread in power electronics, where components are bulky and serviceability is a consideration, and to construct prototype equipment with few or heavy electronic components. A common practice, especially in older point-to-point construction, is to use the leads of components such as resistors and capacitors to bridge as much of the distance between connections as possible, reducing the need to add additional wire between the components.
Before point-to-point connection, electrical assemblies used screws or wire nuts to hold wires to an insulating wooden or ceramic board. The resulting devices were prone to fail from corroded contacts, or mechanical loosening of the connections. Early premium marine radios, especially from Marconi, sometimes used welded copper in the bus-bar circuits, but this was expensive. The crucial invention was to apply soldering to electrical assembly. In soldering, an alloy of tin and lead (and/or other metals), known as solder, is melted and adheres to other, nonmolten metals, such as copper or tinned steel. Solder makes a strong electrical and mechanical connection.
Point-to-point wiring is not suitable for automated assembly (though see wire wrap, a similar method that is) and is carried out manually, making it both more expensive and more susceptible to wiring errors than PCBs, as connections are determined by the person doing assembly rather tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EURO%20Journal%20on%20Transportation%20and%20Logistics | The EURO Journal on Transportation and Logistics (EJTL) is a peer-reviewed academic journal in operations research that was established in 2011 and is now published by Elsevier. It is an official journal of the Association of European Operational Research Societies, promoting the use of mathematics in general, and operations research in particular, in the context of transportation and logistics.
The editor-in-chief is
Dominique Feillet.
Past Editor-in-Chief:
Michel Bierlaire (2011-2019).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the following databases:
EBSCO Information Services
Emerging Sources Citation Index
Google Scholar
International Abstracts in Operations Research
OCLC
Research Papers in Economics
Scopus
Summon by ProQuest
Transportation Research International Documentation (TRID) of Transportation Research Board
External links
Operations research
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 2011
Transportation journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial%20immunodiffusion | Radial immunodiffusion (RID), Mancini immunodiffusion or single radial immunodiffusion assay, is an immunodiffusion technique used in immunology to determine the quantity or concentration of an antigen in a sample.
Description
Preparation
A solution containing antibody is added to a heated medium such as agar or agarose dissolved in buffered normal saline. The molten medium is then poured onto a microscope slide or into an open container, such as a Petri dish, and allowed to cool and form a gel. A solution containing the antigen is then placed in a well that is punched into the gel. The slide or container is then covered, closed or placed in a humidity box to prevent evaporation.
The antigen diffuses radially into the medium, forming a circle of precipitin that marks the boundary between the antibody and the antigen. The diameter of the circle increases with time as the antigen diffuses into the medium, reacts with the antibody, and forms insoluble precipitin complexes. The antigen is quantitated by measuring the diameter of the precipitin circle and comparing it with the diameters of precipitin circles formed by known quantities or concentrations of the antigen.
Antigen-antibody complexes are small and soluble when in antigen excess. Therefore, precipitation near the center of the circle is usually less dense than it is near the circle's outer edge, where antigen is less concentrated.
Expansion of the circle reaches an endpoint and stops when free antigen is depleted and when antigen and antibody reach equivalence. However, the clarity and density of the circle's outer edge may continue to increase after the circle stops expanding.
Interpretation
For most antigens, the area and the square of the diameter of the circle at the circle's endpoint are directly proportional to the initial quantity of antigen and are inversely proportional to the concentration of antibody. Therefore, a graph that compares the quantities or concentrations of antigen in the origin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-event%20upset | A single-event upset (SEU), also known as a single-event error (SEE), is a change of state caused by one single ionizing particle (ions, electrons, photons...) striking a sensitive node in a live micro-electronic device, such as in a microprocessor, semiconductor memory, or power transistors. The state change is a result of the free charge created by ionization in or close to an important node of a logic element (e.g. memory "bit"). The error in device output or operation caused as a result of the strike is called an SEU or a soft error.
The SEU itself is not considered permanently damaging to the transistor's or circuits' functionality unlike the case of single-event latch-up (SEL), single-event gate rupture (SEGR), or single-event burnout (SEB). These are all examples of a general class of radiation effects in electronic devices called single-event effects (SEEs).
History
Single-event upsets were first described during above-ground nuclear testing, from 1954 to 1957, when many anomalies were observed in electronic monitoring equipment. Further problems were observed in space electronics during the 1960s, although it was difficult to separate soft failures from other forms of interference. In 1972, a Hughes satellite experienced an upset where the communication with the satellite was lost for 96 seconds and then recaptured. Scientists Dr. Edward C. Smith, Al Holman, and Dr. Dan Binder explained the anomaly as a single-event upset (SEU) and published the first SEU paper in the IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science journal in 1975. In 1978, the first evidence of soft errors from alpha particles in packaging materials was described by Timothy C. May and M.H. Woods. In 1979, James Ziegler of IBM, along with W. Lanford of Yale, first described the mechanism whereby a sea-level cosmic ray could cause a single-event upset in electronics. 1979 also saw the world’s first heavy ion "single-event effects" test at a particle accelerator facility, conducted at Lawrence Berke |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursescu%20theorem | In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis and convex analysis, the Ursescu theorem is a theorem that generalizes the closed graph theorem, the open mapping theorem, and the uniform boundedness principle.
Ursescu Theorem
The following notation and notions are used, where is a set-valued function and is a non-empty subset of a topological vector space :
the affine span of is denoted by and the linear span is denoted by
denotes the algebraic interior of in
denotes the relative algebraic interior of (i.e. the algebraic interior of in ).
if is barreled for some/every while otherwise.
If is convex then it can be shown that for any if and only if the cone generated by is a barreled linear subspace of or equivalently, if and only if is a barreled linear subspace of
The domain of is
The image of is For any subset
The graph of is
is closed (respectively, convex) if the graph of is closed (resp. convex) in
Note that is convex if and only if for all and all
The inverse of is the set-valued function defined by For any subset
If is a function, then its inverse is the set-valued function obtained from canonically identifying with the set-valued function defined by
is the topological interior of with respect to where
is the interior of with respect to
Statement
Corollaries
Closed graph theorem
Uniform boundedness principle
Open mapping theorem
Additional corollaries
The following notation and notions are used for these corollaries, where is a set-valued function, is a non-empty subset of a topological vector space :
a convex series with elements of is a series of the form where all and is a series of non-negative numbers. If converges then the series is called convergent while if is bounded then the series is called bounded and b-convex.
is ideally convex if any convergent b-convex series of elements of has its sum in
is lower ideally convex if there exists a Fréchet space such t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioresistance | Radioresistance is the level of ionizing radiation that organisms are able to withstand.
Ionizing-radiation-resistant organisms (IRRO) were defined as organisms for which the dose of acute ionizing radiation (IR) required to achieve 90% reduction (D10) is greater than 1,000 gray (Gy)
Radioresistance is surprisingly high in many organisms, in contrast to previously held views. For example, the study of environment, animals and plants around the Chernobyl disaster area has revealed an unexpected survival of many species, despite the high radiation levels. A Brazilian study in a hill in the state of Minas Gerais which has high natural radiation levels from uranium deposits, has also shown many radioresistant insects, worms and plants. Certain extremophiles, such as the bacteria Deinococcus radiodurans and the tardigrades, can withstand large doses of ionizing radiation on the order of 5,000 Gy.
Induced radioresistance
In the graph on left, a dose/survival curve for a hypothetical group of cells has been drawn with and without a rest time for the cells to recover. Other than the recovery time partway through the irradiation, the cells would have been treated identically.
Radioresistance may be induced by exposure to small doses of ionizing radiation. Several studies have documented this effect in yeast, bacteria, protozoa, algae, plants, insects, as well as in in vitro mammalian and human cells and in animal models. Several cellular radioprotection mechanisms may be involved, such as alterations in the levels of some cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins and increased gene expression, DNA repair and other processes. Also biophysical models presented general basics for this phenomenon.
Many organisms have been found to possess a self-repair mechanism that can be activated by exposure to radiation in some cases. Two examples of this self-repair process in humans are described below.
Devair Alves Ferreira received a large dose (7.0 Gy) during the Goiânia accident, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20biology | Engineering biology is the set of methods for designing, building, and testing engineered biological systems which have been used to manipulate information, construct materials, process chemicals, produce energy, provide food, and help maintain or enhance human health and environment.
History
Rapid advances in the ability to genetically modify biological organisms have advanced a new engineering discipline, commonly referred to as synthetic biology. This approach seeks to harness the power of living systems for a variety of manufacturing applications, such as advanced therapeutics, sustainable fuels, chemical feedstocks, and advanced materials. To date, research in synthetic biology has typically relied on trial-and-error approaches, which are costly, laborious, and inefficient. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenticel | A lenticel is a porous tissue consisting of cells with large intercellular spaces in the periderm of the secondarily thickened organs and the bark of woody stems and roots of gymnosperms and dicotyledonous flowering plants. It functions as a pore, providing a pathway for the direct exchange of gases between the internal tissues and atmosphere through the bark, which is otherwise impermeable to gases. The name lenticel, pronounced with an , derives from its lenticular (lens-like) shape. The shape of lenticels is one of the characteristics used for tree identification.
Evolution
Before there was much evidence for the existence and functionality of lenticels, the fossil record has shown the first primary mechanism of aeration in early vascular plants to be the stomata. However, in woody plants, with vascular and cork cambial activity and secondary growth, the entire epidermis may be replaced by a suberized periderm or bark in which the functions of the stomata are replaced by lenticels.
The extinct arboreal plants of the genera Lepidodendron and Sigillaria were the first to have distinct aeration structures that rendered these modifications. "Parichnoi" (singular: parichnos) are canal-like structures that, in association with foliar traces of the stem, connected the stem's outer and middle cortex to the mesophyll of the leaf. Parichnoi were thought to eventually give rise to lenticels as they helped solve the issue of long-range oxygen transport in these woody plants during the Carboniferous period. They also acquired secondary connections as they evolved to become transversely elongated to efficiently aerate the maximum number of vertical rays as well as the central core tissue of the stem. The evolutionary significance of parichnoi was their functionality in the absence of cauline stomata, where they can also be affected and destroyed by pressure similar to what can damage to stomatal tissue. Evidently, in both conifers and Lepidodendroids, the parichnoi, as the p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossabaw%20Island%20Hog | The Ossabaw Island Hog or Ossabaw Island is a breed of pig derived from a population of feral pigs on Ossabaw Island, Georgia, United States. The original Ossabaw hogs are descended from swine released on the island in the 16th century by Spanish explorers. A breeding population has been established on American farms off the island, but they remain a critically endangered variety of pig.
History
As the Spanish explored the coast of the Americas in the 16th century, livestock such as pigs were often left on islands as a future food source. This was the origin of the pigs that would become the Ossabaw breed. Over the following hundreds of years, the population of these feral pigs remained isolated on Ossabaw, which is one of the Sea Islands, barrier islands off the Georgia coast, and there was very little introduction of other domestic breeds. Since 1978 the island has been owned by the State and managed by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) as a preserve.
The human population of the island was never high, and the pigs generally ranged freely over its entire acreage. Like feral pigs elsewhere in the world, those on Ossabaw have had an adverse effect on native habitat and species. The pigs are highly omnivorous, and will consume everything from roots and tubers to small reptiles and mammals. Ossabaw hogs have even been observed feeding on white-tailed deer entrails.
Ossabaw Island hogs have been documented as having a negative impact on endangered species such as the loggerhead sea turtle and snowy plover, disturbing nests and eating eggs. This, plus the varied other impacts they have on the ecosystem, have convinced the Georgia DNR to recommend the eradication of feral swine via trapping, shooting and hunting by the public.
Aside from the environmental concerns posed by Ossabaw Island hogs, they are also recognized as a unique genetic resource by scientists and breed conservationists. They are thought to be the only U.S. breed which is descended fro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Update | Windows Update is a Microsoft service for the Windows 9x and Windows NT families of the Microsoft Windows operating system, which automates downloading and installing Microsoft Windows software updates over the Internet. The service delivers software updates for Windows, as well as the various Microsoft antivirus products, including Windows Defender and Microsoft Security Essentials. Since its inception, Microsoft has introduced two extensions of the service: Microsoft Update and Windows Update for Business. The former expands the core service to include other Microsoft products, such as Microsoft Office and Microsoft Expression Studio. The latter is available to business editions of Windows 10 and permits postponing updates or receiving updates only after they have undergone rigorous testing.
As the service has evolved over the years, so has its client software. For a decade, the primary client component of the service was the Windows Update web app that could only be run on Internet Explorer. Starting with Windows Vista, the primary client component became Windows Update Agent, an integral component of the operating system.
The service provides several kinds of updates. Security updates or critical updates mitigate vulnerabilities against security exploits against Microsoft Windows. Cumulative updates are updates that bundle multiple updates, both new and previously released updates. Cumulative updates were introduced with Windows 10 and have been backported to Windows 7 and Windows 8.1.
Microsoft routinely releases updates on the second Tuesday of each month (known as the Patch Tuesday), but can provide them whenever a new update is urgently required to prevent a newly discovered or prevalent exploit. System administrators can configure Windows Update to install critical updates for Microsoft Windows automatically, so long as the computer has an Internet connection.
In Windows 10 and Windows 11, the use of Windows Update is mandatory, however, the software ag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite%20flare | Satellite flare, also known as satellite glint, is a satellite pass visible to the naked eye as a brief, bright "flare". It is caused by the reflection toward the Earth below of sunlight incident on satellite surfaces such as solar panels and antennas (e.g., synthetic aperture radar). Streaks from satellite flare are a form of light pollution that can negatively affect ground-based astronomy, stargazing, and indigenous people.
Many satellites flare with magnitudes bright enough to see with the unaided eye, i.e. brighter than magnitude +6.5. Smaller magnitude numbers are brighter, so negative magnitudes are brighter than positive magnitudes, i.e. the scale is reverse logarithmic .
The Iridium constellation was one of the first anthropogenic sources of near-space light pollution to draw criticism. Larger satellite constellations, like OneWeb and Starlink, have received increased criticism. Scientific and policy analyses have raised questions about which regulatory bodies hold jurisdiction over human actions that obscure starlight in ways that affect astronomy, stargazers, and indigenous communities.
Controlled satellites
The time and place of the satellite's flare can be predicted only when the satellite is controlled, and its orientation in space is known. In this case it is possible to predict the exact time of the flare, its place in the sky, the brightness and duration.
Iridium flares
The first generation of the Iridium constellation launched a total of 95 telecommunication satellites in low Earth orbit which were known to cause Iridium flares, the brightest flares of all orbiting satellites, starting in 1997. From 2017 to 2019 they were replaced with a new generation that does not produce flares, with the first generation completely deorbited by 27 December 2019.
While the first-generation Iridium satellites were still controlled, their flares could be predicted. These Iridium communication satellites had three polished door-sized antennas, 120° apar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9sor%20de%20la%20langue%20fran%C3%A7aise%20informatis%C3%A9 | The or TLFi ("Digitized Treasury of the French Language") is a digital version of the or TLF ("Treasury of the French Language"), a 16-volume dictionary of the French language of the 19th and 20th centuries, which was published between 1971 and 1994. It is freely available via a web interface. It was previously sold as a CD-ROM for Mac and Windows.
Since 2008, there are applications for macOS, iOS and Android.
The TLFi was created by the Analyse et traitement informatique de la langue française (ATILF; Computer Processing and Analysis of the French Language) joint research group, a collaboration between the French National Center for Scientific Research and the University of Lorraine. French linguist Alain Rey participated in its creation.
History
The first upload of the TLFi took place in the early 90s at the National Institute of the French Language (INaLF) with the help of Alain Rey and Bernard Cerquiglini. The online version of the dictionary is presented without any modifications or updates. In 2001, the INaLF and Nancy 2 University collaborated to create the ATILF, a research lab associated with the French National Center for Scientific Research and the University of Lorraine.
The dictionary became available on CD-ROM on November 5, 2004, for Windows and Mac OS X.
Description
The dictionary stems from the semantic analysis of the TLF and its analysis in several domains: definitions, usage examples, and semantic and lexical information.
Taking advantage of the rich database extracted from its analysis, the dictionary offers not only the capability to search by entry but also the possibility to do more complex searches. The hypertext interface allows for referencing across different versions of the dictionary.
Contents
The TLFi contains definitions, examples from literary excerpts, technical field usages guides, information on semantics, history, etymology, grammar, usages, and synonyms and antonyms as well as hierarchical analyses linking these indi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory%20tubercle | The olfactory tubercle (OT), also known as the tuberculum olfactorium, is a multi-sensory processing center that is contained within the olfactory cortex and ventral striatum and plays a role in reward cognition. The OT has also been shown to play a role in locomotor and attentional behaviors, particularly in relation to social and sensory responsiveness, and it may be necessary for behavioral flexibility. The OT is interconnected with numerous brain regions, especially the sensory, arousal, and reward centers, thus making it a potentially critical interface between processing of sensory information and the subsequent behavioral responses.
The OT is a composite structure that receives direct input from the olfactory bulb and contains the morphological and histochemical characteristics of the ventral pallidum and the striatum of the forebrain. The dopaminergic neurons of the mesolimbic pathway project onto the GABAergic medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle (receptor D3 is abundant in these two areas ). In addition, the OT contains tightly packed cell clusters known as the islands of Calleja, which consist of granule cells. Even though it is part of the olfactory cortex and receives direct input from the olfactory bulb, it has not been shown to play a role in processing of odors.
Structure
The olfactory tubercle differs in location and relative size between humans, other primates, rodents, birds, and other animals. In most cases, the olfactory tubercle is identified as a round bulge along the basal forebrain anterior to the optic chiasm and posterior to the olfactory peduncle. In humans and other primates, visual identification of the olfactory tubercle is not easy because the basal forebrain bulge is small in these animals. With regard to functional anatomy, the olfactory tubercle can be considered to be a part of three larger networks. First, it is considered to be part of the basal forebrain, the nucleus accumbens, and the amygdalo |
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